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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 3
+(of 6), by Havelock Ellis
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 3 (of 6)
+
+Author: Havelock Ellis
+
+Release Date: October 8, 2004  [eBook #13612]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX,
+VOLUME 3 (OF 6)***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland and the Project Gutenberg Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX, VOLUME III
+
+   Analysis of the Sexual Impulse
+   Love and Pain
+   The Sexual Impulse in Women
+
+
+by
+
+HAVELOCK ELLIS
+
+1927
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.
+
+
+This volume has been thoroughly revised for the present edition and
+considerably enlarged throughout, in order to render it more accurate and
+more illustrative, while bringing it fairly up to date with reference to
+scientific investigation. Numerous histories have also been added to the
+Appendix.
+
+It has not been found necessary to modify the main doctrines set forth ten
+years ago. At the same time, however, it may be mentioned, as regards the
+first study in the volume, that our knowledge of the physiological
+mechanism of the sexual instinct has been revolutionized during recent
+years. This is due to the investigations that have been made, and the
+deductions that have been built up, concerning the part played by
+hormones, or internal secretions of the ductless glands, in the physical
+production of the sexual instinct and the secondary sexual characters. The
+conception of the psychology of the sexual impulse here set forth, while
+correlated to terms of a physical process of tumescence and detumescence,
+may be said to be independent of the ultimate physiological origins of
+that process. But we cannot fail to realize the bearing of physiological
+chemistry in this field; and the doctrine of internal secretions, since it
+may throw light on many complex problems presented by the sexual instinct,
+is full of interest for us.
+
+HAVELOCK ELLIS.
+
+June, 1913.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.
+
+
+The present volume of _Studies_ deals with some of the most essential
+problems of sexual psychology. The _Analysis of the Sexual Impulse_ is
+fundamental. Unless we comprehend the exact process which is being worked
+out beneath the shifting and multifold phenomena presented to us we can
+never hope to grasp in their true relations any of the normal or abnormal
+manifestations of this instinct. I do not claim that the conception of the
+process here stated is novel or original. Indeed, even since I began to
+work it out some years ago, various investigators in these fields,
+especially in Germany, have deprived it of any novelty it might otherwise
+have possessed, while at the same time aiding me in reaching a more
+precise statement. This is to me a cause of satisfaction. On so
+fundamental a matter I should have been sorry to find myself tending to a
+peculiar and individual standpoint. It is a source of gratification to me
+that the positions I have reached are those toward which current
+intelligent and scientific opinions are tending. Any originality in my
+study of this problem can only lie in the bringing together of elements
+from somewhat diverse fields. I shall be content if it is found that I
+have attained a fairly balanced, general, and judicial statement of these
+main factors in the sexual instinct.
+
+In the study of _Love and Pain_ I have discussed the sources of those
+aberrations which are commonly called, not altogether happily, "sadism"
+and "masochism." Here we are brought before the most extreme and perhaps
+the most widely known group of sexual perversions. I have considered them
+from the medico-legal standpoint, because that has already been done by
+other writers whose works are accessible. I have preferred to show how
+these aberrations may be explained; how they may be linked on to normal
+and fundamental aspects of the sexual impulse; and, indeed, in their
+elementary forms, may themselves be regarded as normal. In some degree
+they are present, in every case, at some point of sexual development;
+their threads are subtly woven in and out of the whole psychological
+process of sex. I have made no attempt to reduce their complexity to a
+simplicity that would be fallacious. I hope that my attempt to unravel
+these long and tangled threads will be found to make them fairly clear.
+
+In the third study, on _The Sexual Impulse in Women_, we approach a
+practical question of applied sexual psychology, and a question of the
+first importance. No doubt the sex impulse in men is of great moment from
+the social point of view. It is, however, fairly obvious and well
+understood. The impulse in women is not only of at least equal moment, but
+it is far more obscure. The natural difficulties of the subject have been
+increased by the assumption of most writers who have touched it--casually
+and hurriedly, for the most part--that the only differences to be sought
+in the sexual impulse in man and in woman are quantitative differences. I
+have pointed out that we may more profitably seek for qualitative
+differences, and have endeavored to indicate such of these differences as
+seem to be of significance.
+
+In an Appendix will be found a selection of histories of more or less
+normal sexual development. Histories of gross sexual perversion have often
+been presented in books devoted to the sexual instinct; it has not
+hitherto been usual to inquire into the facts of normal sexual
+development. Yet it is concerning normal sexual development that our
+ignorance is greatest, and the innovation can scarcely need justification.
+I have inserted these histories not only because many of them are highly
+instructive in themselves, but also because they exhibit the nature of the
+material on which my work is mainly founded.
+
+I am indebted to many correspondents, medical and other, in various parts
+of the world, for much valuable assistance. When they have permitted me
+to do so I have usually mentioned their names in the text. This has not
+been possible in the case of many women friends and correspondents, to
+whom, however, my debt is very great. Nature has put upon women the
+greater part of the burden of sexual reproduction; they have consequently
+become the supreme authorities on all matters in which the sexual emotions
+come into question. Many circumstances, however, that are fairly obvious,
+conspire to make it difficult for women to assert publicly the wisdom and
+knowledge which, in matters of love, the experiences of life have brought
+to them. The ladies who, in all earnestness and sincerity, write books on
+these questions are often the last people to whom we should go as the
+representatives of their sex; those who know most have written least. I
+can therefore but express again, as in previous volumes I have expressed
+before, my deep gratitude to these anonymous collaborators who have aided
+me in throwing light on a field of human life which is of such primary
+social importance and is yet so dimly visible.
+
+HAVELOCK ELLIS.
+
+Carbis Water,
+
+Lelant, Cornwall, England.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+ANALYSIS OF THE SEXUAL IMPULSE.
+
+Definition of Instinct--The Sexual Impulse a Factor of the Sexual
+Instinct--Theory of the Sexual Impulse as an Impulse of Evacuation--The
+Evidence in Support of this Theory Inadequate--The Sexual Impulse to Some
+Extent Independent of the Sexual Glands--The Sexual Impulse in Castrated
+Animals and Men--The Sexual Impulse in Castrated Women, After the
+Menopause, and in the Congenital Absence of the Sexual Glands--The
+Internal Secretions--Analogy between the Sexual Relationship and that of
+the Suckling Mother and her Child--The Theory of the Sexual Impulse as a
+Reproductive Impulse--This Theory Untenable--Moll's Definition--The
+Impulse of Detumescence--The Impulse of Contrectation--Modification of
+this Theory Proposed--Its Relation to Darwin's Sexual Selection--The
+Essential Element in Darwin's Conception--Summary of the History of the
+Doctrine of Sexual Selection. Its Psychological Aspect--Sexual Selection a
+Part of Natural Selection--The Fundamental Importance of
+Tumescence--Illustrated by the Phenomena of Courtship in Animals and in
+Man--The Object of Courtship is to Produce Sexual Tumescence--The
+Primitive Significance of Dancing in Animals and Man--Dancing is a Potent
+Agent for Producing Tumescence--The Element of Truth in the Comparison of
+the Sexual Impulse with an Evacuation, Especially of the Bladder--Both
+Essentially Involve Nervous Explosions--Their Intimate and Sometimes
+Vicarious Relationships--Analogy between Coitus and Epilepsy--Analogy of
+the Sexual Impulse to Hunger--Final Object of the Impulses of Tumescence
+and Detumescence.
+
+
+LOVE AND PAIN.
+
+I.
+
+The Chief Key to the Relationship between Love and Pain to be Found in
+Animal Courtship--Courtship a Source of Combativity and of Cruelty--Human
+Play in the Light of Animal Courtship--The Frequency of Crimes Against the
+Person in Adolescence--Marriage by Capture and its Psychological
+Basis--Man's Pleasure in Exerting Force and Woman's Pleasure in
+Experiencing it--Resemblance of Love to Pain even in Outward
+Expression--The Love-bite--In What Sense Pain May be Pleasurable--The
+Natural Contradiction in the Emotional Attitude of Women Toward
+Men--Relative Insensibility to Pain of the Organic Sexual Sphere in
+Women--The Significance of the Use of the Ampallang and Similar Appliances
+in Coitus--The Sexual Subjection of Women to Men in Part Explainable as
+the Necessary Condition for Sexual Pleasure.
+
+II.
+
+The Definition of Sadism--De Sade--Masochism to some Extent
+Normal--Sacher-Masoch--No Real Line of Demarcation between Sadism and
+Masochism--Algolagnia Includes Both Groups of Manifestations--The
+Love-bite as a Bridge from Normal Phenomena to Algolagnia--The Fascination
+of Blood--The Most Extreme Perversions are Linked on to Normal Phenomena.
+
+III.
+
+Flagellation as a Typical Illustration of Algolagnia--Causes of Connection
+between Sexual Emotion and Whipping--Physical Causes--Psychic Causes
+Probably More Important--The Varied Emotional Associations of
+Whipping--Its Wide Prevalence.
+
+IV.
+
+The Impulse to Strangle the Object of Sexual Desire--The Wish to be
+Strangled. Respiratory Disturbance the Essential Element in this Group of
+Phenomena--The Part Played by Respiratory Excitement in the Process of
+Courtship--Swinging and Suspension--The Attraction Exerted by the Idea of
+being Chained and Fettered.
+
+V.
+
+Pain, and not Cruelty, the Essential Element in Sadism and Masochism--Pain
+Felt as Pleasure--Does the Sadist Identify Himself with the Feelings of
+his Victim?--The Sadist Often a Masochist in Disguise--The Spectacle of
+Pain or Struggle as a Sexual Stimulant.
+
+VI.
+
+Why is Pain a Sexual Stimulant?--It is the Most Effective Method of
+Arousing Emotion--Anger and Fear the Most Powerful Emotions--Their
+Biological Significance in Courtship--Their General and Special Effects in
+Stimulating the Organism--Grief as a Sexual Stimulant--The Physiological
+Mechanism of Fatigue Renders Pain Pleasurable.
+
+VII.
+
+Summary of Results Reached--The Joy of Emotional Expansion--The
+Satisfaction of the Craving for Power--The Influence of Neurasthenic and
+Neuropathic Conditions--The Problem of Pain in Love Largely Constitutes a
+Special Case of Erotic Symbolism.
+
+
+THE SEXUAL IMPULSE IN WOMEN.
+
+Introduction.
+
+I.
+
+The Primitive View of Women--As a Supernatural Element in Life--As
+Peculiarly Embodying the Sexual Instinct--The Modern Tendency to
+Underestimate the Sexual Impulse in Women--This Tendency Confined to
+Recent Times--Sexual Anæsthesia--Its Prevalence--Difficulties in
+Investigating the Subject--Some Attempts to Investigate it--Sexual
+Anæsthesia Must be Regarded as Abnormal--The Tendency to Spontaneous
+Manifestations of the Sexual Impulse in Young Girls at Puberty.
+
+II.
+
+Special Characters of the Sexual Impulse in Women--The More Passive Part
+Played by Women in Courtship--This Passivity Only Apparent--The Physical
+Mechanism of the Sexual Process in Women More Complex--The Slower
+Development of Orgasm in Women--The Sexual Impulse in Women More
+Frequently Needs to be Actively Aroused--The Climax of Sexual Energy Falls
+Later in Women's Lives than in Men's--Sexual Ardor in Women increased
+After the Establishment of Sexual Relationships--Women Bear Sexual
+Excesses Better than Men--The Sexual Sphere Larger and More Diffused in
+Women--The Sexual Impulse in Women Shows a Greater Tendency to Periodicity
+and a Wider Range of Variation.
+
+III.
+
+Summary of Conclusions.
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+The Sexual Instinct in Savages.
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+The Development of the Sexual Instinct.
+
+
+INDEX OF AUTHORS.
+
+
+INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
+
+
+
+
+ANALYSIS OF THE SEXUAL IMPULSE.
+
+Definition of Instinct--The Sexual Impulse a Factor of the Sexual
+Instinct--Theory of the Sexual Impulse as an Impulse of Evacuation--The
+Evidence in Support of this Theory Inadequate--The Sexual Impulse to Some
+Extent Independent of the Sexual Glands--The Sexual Impulse in Castrated
+Animals and Men--The Sexual Impulse in Castrated Women, after the
+Menopause, and in the Congenital Absence of the Sexual Glands--The
+Internal Secretions--Analogy between the Sexual Relationship and that of
+the Suckling Mother and her Child--The Theory of the Sexual Impulse as a
+Reproductive Impulse--This Theory Untenable--Moll's Definition--The
+Impulse of Detumescence--The Impulse of Contrectation--Modification of
+this Theory Proposed--Its Relation to Darwin's Sexual Selection--The
+Essential Element in Darwin's Conception--Summary of the History of the
+Doctrine of Sexual Selection--Its Psychological Aspect--Sexual Selection a
+Part of Natural Selection--The Fundamental Importance of
+Tumescence--Illustrated by the Phenomena of Courtship in Animals and in
+Man--The Object of Courtship is to Produce Sexual Tumescence--The
+Primitive Significance of Dancing in Animals and Man--Dancing is a Potent
+Agent for Producing Tumescence--The Element of Truth in the Comparison of
+the Sexual Impulse with an Evacuation, Especially of the Bladder--Both
+Essentially Involve Nervous Explosions--Their Intimate and Sometimes
+Vicarious Relationships--Analogy between Coitus and Epilepsy--Analogy of
+the Sexual Impulse to Hunger--Final Object of the Impulses of Tumescence
+and Detumescence.
+
+
+The term "sexual instinct" may be said to cover the whole of the
+neuropsychic phenomena of reproduction which man shares with the lower
+animals. It is true that much discussion has taken place concerning the
+proper use of the term "instinct," and some definitions of instinctive
+action would appear to exclude the essential mechanism of the process
+whereby sexual reproduction is assured. Such definitions scarcely seem
+legitimate, and are certainly unfortunate. Herbert Spencer's definition of
+instinct as "compound reflex action" is sufficiently clear and definite
+for ordinary use.
+
+    A fairly satisfactory definition of instinct is that supplied by
+    Dr. and Mrs. Peckham in the course of their study _On the
+    Instincts and Habits of Solitary Wasps_. "Under the term
+    'instinct,'" they say, "we place all complex acts which are
+    performed previous to experience and in a similar manner by all
+    members of the same sex and race, leaving out as non-essential,
+    at this time, the question of whether they are or are not
+    accompanied by consciousness." This definition is quoted with
+    approval by Lloyd Morgan, who modifies and further elaborates it
+    (_Animal Behavior_, 1900, p. 21). "The distinction between
+    instinctive and reflex behavior," he remarks, "turns in large
+    degree on their relative complexity," and instinctive behavior,
+    he concludes, may be said to comprise "those complex groups of
+    co-ordinated acts which are, on their first occurrence,
+    independent of experience; which tend to the well-being of the
+    individual and the preservation of the race; which are due to the
+    co-operation of external and internal stimuli; which are
+    similarly performed by all the members of the same more or less
+    restricted group of animals; but which are subject to variation,
+    and to subsequent modification under the guidance of experience."
+    Such a definition clearly justifies us in speaking of a "sexual
+    instinct." It may be added that the various questions involved in
+    the definition of the sexual instinct have been fully discussed
+    by Moll in the early sections of his _Untersuchungen über die
+    Libido Sexualis_.
+
+    Of recent years there has been a tendency to avoid the use of the
+    term "instinct," or, at all events, to refrain from attaching any
+    serious scientific sense to it. Loeb's influence has especially
+    given force to this tendency. Thus, while Piéron, in an
+    interesting discussion of the question ("Les Problèmes Actuels de
+    l'Instinct," _Revue Philosophique_, Oct., 1908), thinks it would
+    still be convenient to retain the term, giving it a philosophical
+    meaning, Georges Bohn, who devotes a chapter to the notion of
+    instinct (_La Naissance de l'Intelligence_, 1909), is strongly in
+    favor of eliminating the word, as being merely a legacy of
+    medieval theologians and metaphysicians, serving to conceal our
+    ignorance or our lack of exact analysis.
+
+It may be said that the whole of the task undertaken in these _Studies_ is
+really an attempt to analyze what is commonly called the sexual instinct.
+In order to grasp it we have to break it up into its component parts.
+Lloyd Morgan has pointed out that the components of an instinct may be
+regarded as four: first, the internal messages giving rise to the impulse;
+secondly, the external stimuli which co-operate with the impulse to affect
+the nervous centers; thirdly, the active response due to the co-ordinate
+outgoing discharges; and, fourthly, the message from the organs concerned
+in the behavior by which the central nervous system is further
+affected.[1]
+
+In dealing with the sexual instinct the first two factors are those which
+we have most fully to discuss. With the external stimuli we shall be
+concerned in a future volume (IV). We may here confine ourselves mainly to
+the first factor: the nature of the internal messages which prompt the
+sexual act. We may, in other words, attempt to analyze the _sexual
+impulse_.
+
+The first definition of the sexual impulse we meet with is that which
+regards it as an impulse of evacuation. The psychological element is thus
+reduced to a minimum. It is true that, especially in early life, the
+emotions caused by forced repression of the excretions are frequently
+massive or acute in the highest degree, and the joy of relief
+correspondingly great. But in adult life, on most occasions, these desires
+can be largely pushed into the background of consciousness, partly by
+training, partly by the fact that involuntary muscular activity is less
+imperative in adult life; so that the ideal element in connection with the
+ordinary excretions is almost a negligible quantity. The evacuation theory
+of the sexual instinct is, however, that which has most popular vogue, and
+the cynic delights to express it in crude language. It is the view that
+appeals to the criminal mind, and in the slang of French criminals the
+brothel is _le cloaque_. It was also the view implicitly accepted by
+medieval ascetic writers, who regarded woman as "a temple built over a
+sewer," and from a very different standpoint it was concisely set forth by
+Montaigne, who has doubtless contributed greatly to support this view of
+the matter: "I find," he said, "that Venus, after all, is nothing more
+than the pleasure of discharging our vessels, just as nature renders
+pleasurable the discharges from other parts."[2] Luther, again, always
+compared the sexual to the excretory impulse, and said that marriage was
+just as necessary as the emission of urine. Sir Thomas More, also, in the
+second book of _Utopia_, referring to the pleasure of evacuation, speaks
+of that felt "when we do our natural easement, or when we be doing the act
+of generation." This view would, however, scarcely deserve serious
+consideration if various distinguished investigators, among whom Féré may
+be specially mentioned, had not accepted it as the best and most accurate
+definition of the sexual impulse. "The genesic need may be considered,"
+writes Féré, "as a need of evacuation; the choice is determined by the
+excitations which render the evacuation more agreeable."[3] Certain facts
+observed in the lower animals tend to support this view; it is, therefore,
+necessary, in the first place, to set forth the main results of
+observation on this matter. Spallanzani had shown how the male frog during
+coitus will undergo the most horrible mutilations, even decapitation, and
+yet resolutely continue the act of intercourse, which lasts from four to
+ten days, sitting on the back of the female and firmly clasping her with
+his forelegs. Goltz confirmed Spallanzani's observations and threw new
+light on the mechanism of the sexual instinct and the sexual act in the
+frog. By removing various parts of the female frog Goltz found that every
+part of the female was attractive to the male at pairing time, and that he
+was not imposed on when parts of a male were substituted. By removing
+various of the sense-organs of the male Goltz[4] further found that it was
+not by any special organ, but by the whole of his sensitive system, that
+this activity was set in action. If, however, the skin of the arms and of
+the breast between was removed, no embrace took place; so that the sexual
+sensations seemed to be exerted through this apparatus. When the
+testicles were removed the embrace still took place. It could scarcely be
+said that these observations demonstrated, or in any way indicated, that
+the sexual impulse is dependent on the need of evacuation. Professor
+Tarchanoff, of St. Petersburg, however, made an experiment which seemed to
+be crucial. He took several hundred frogs (_Rana temporaria_), nearly all
+in the act of coitus, and in the first place repeated Goltz's experiments.
+He removed the heart; but this led to no direct or indirect stoppage of
+coitus, nor did removal of the lungs, parts of the liver, the spleen, the
+intestines, the stomach, or the kidneys. In the same way even careful
+removal of both testicles had no result. But on removing the seminal
+receptacles coitus was immediately or very shortly stopped, and not
+renewed. Thus, Tarchanoff concluded that in frogs, and possibly therefore
+in mammals, the seminal receptacles are the starting-point of the
+centripetal impulse which by reflex action sets in motion the complicated
+apparatus of sexual activity.[5] A few years later the question was again
+taken up by Steinach, of Prague. Granting that Tarchanoff's experiments
+are reliable as regards the frog, Steinach points out that we may still
+ask whether in mammals the integrity of the seminal receptacles is bound
+up with the preservation of sexual excitability. This cannot be taken for
+granted, nor can we assume that the seminal receptacles of the frog are
+homologous with the seminal vesicles of mammals. In order to test the
+question, Steinach chose the white rat, as possessing large seminal
+vesicles and a very developed sexual impulse. He found that removal of the
+seminal sacs led to no decrease in the intensity of the sexual impulse;
+the sexual act was still repeated with the same frequency and the same
+vigor. But these receptacles, Steinach proceeded to argue, do not really
+contain semen, but a special secretion of their own; they are anatomically
+quite unlike the seminal receptacles of the frog; so that no doubt is thus
+thrown on Tarchanoff's observations. Steinach remarked, however, that
+one's faith is rather shaken by the fact that in the _Esculenta_, which
+in sexual life closely resembles _Rana temporaria_, there are no seminal
+receptacles. He therefore repeated Tarchanoff's experiments, and found
+that the seminal receptacles were empty before coitus, only becoming
+gradually filled during coitus; it could not, therefore, be argued that
+the sexual impulse started from the receptacles. He then extirpated the
+seminal receptacles, avoiding hemorrhage as far as possible, and found
+that, in the majority of cases so operated on, coitus still continued for
+from five to seven days, and in the minority for a longer time. He
+therefore concluded, with Goltz, that it is from the swollen testicles,
+not from the seminal receptacles, that the impulse first starts. Goltz
+himself pointed out that the fact that the removal of the testicles did
+not stop coitus by no means proves that it did not begin it, for, when the
+central nervous mechanism is once set in action, it can continue even when
+the exciting stimulus is removed. By extirpating the testicles some months
+before the sexual season he found that no coitus occurred. At the same
+time, even in these frogs, a certain degree of sexual inclination and a
+certain excitability of the embracing center still persisted, disappearing
+when the sexual epoch was over.
+
+According to most recent writers, the seminal vesicles of mammals are
+receptacles for their own albuminous secretion, the function of which is
+unknown. Steinach could find no spermatozoa in these "seminal" sacs, and
+therefore he proposed to use Owen's name of _glandulæ vesiculares_. After
+extirpation of these vesicular glands in the white rat typical coitus
+occurred. But the capacity for _procreation_ was diminished, and
+extirpation of both _glandulæ vesiculares_ and _glandulæ prostaticæ_ led
+to disappearance of the capacity for procreation. Steinach came to the
+conclusion that this is because the secretions of these glands impart
+increased vitality to the spermatozoa, and he points out that great
+fertility and high development of the accessory sexual glands go together.
+
+Steinach found that, when sexually mature white rats were castrated,
+though at first they remained as potent as ever, their potency gradually
+declined; sexual excitement, however, and sexual inclination always
+persisted. He then proceeded to castrate rats before puberty and
+discovered the highly significant fact that in these also a quite
+considerable degree of sexual inclination appeared. They followed,
+sniffed, and licked the females like ordinary males; and that this was not
+a mere indication of curiosity was shown by the fact that they made
+attempts at coitus which only differed from those of normal males by the
+failure of erection and ejaculation, though, occasionally, there was
+imperfect erection. This lasted for a year, and then their sexual
+inclinations began to decline, and they showed signs of premature age.
+These manifestations of sexual sense Steinach compares to those noted in
+the human species during childhood.[6]
+
+The genesic tendencies are thus, to a certain degree, independent of the
+generative glands, although the development of these glands serves to
+increase the genesic ability and to furnish the impulsion necessary to
+assure procreation, as well as to insure the development of the secondary
+sexual characters, probably by the influence of secretions elaborated and
+thrown into the system from the primary sexual glands.[7]
+
+    Halban ("Die Entstehung der Geschlechtscharaktere," _Archiv für
+    Gynäkologie_, 1903, pp. 205-308) argues that the primary sex
+    glands do not necessarily produce the secondary sex characters,
+    nor inhibit the development of those characteristic of the
+    opposite sex. It is indeed the rule, but it is not the inevitable
+    result. Sexual differences exist from the first. Nussbaum made
+    experiments on frogs (_Rana fusca_), which go through a yearly
+    cycle of secondary sexual changes at the period of heat. These
+    changes cease on castration, but, if the testes of other frogs
+    are introduced beneath the skin of the castrated frogs, Nussbaum
+    found that they acted as if the frog had not been castrated. It
+    is the secretion of the testes which produces the secondary
+    sexual changes. But Nussbaum found that the testicular secretion
+    does not work if the nerves of the secondary sexual region are
+    cut, and that the secretion has no direct action on the organism.
+    Pflüger, discussing these experiments (_Archiv für die Gesammte
+    Physiologie_, 1907, vol. cxvi, parts 5 and 6), disputes this
+    conclusion, and argues that the secretion is not dependent on the
+    action of the nervous system, and that therefore the secondary
+    sexual characters are independent of the nervous system.
+
+    Steinach has also in later experiments ("Geschlechtstrieb und
+    echt Sekundäre Geschlechtsmerkmale als Folge der
+    innerskretorischen Funktion der Keimdrusen," _Zentralblatt für
+    Physiologie_, Bd. xxiv, Nu. 13, 1910) argued against any local
+    nervous influence. He found in _Rana fusca_ and _esculenta_ that
+    after castration in autumn the impulse to grasp the female
+    persisted in some degrees and then disappeared, reappearing in a
+    slight degree, however, every winter at the normal period of
+    sexual activity. But when the testicular substance of actively
+    sexual frogs was injected into the castrated frogs it exerted an
+    elective action on the sexual reflex, sometimes in a few hours,
+    but the action is, Steinach concludes, first central. The
+    testicular secretion of frogs that were not sexually active had
+    no stimulating action, but if the frogs were sexually active the
+    injection of their central nervous substance was as effective as
+    their testicular substance. In either case, Steinach concludes,
+    there is the removal of an inhibition which is in operation at
+    sexually quiescent periods.
+
+    Speaking generally, Steinach considers that there is a process of
+    "erotisation" (Erotisieurung) of the nervous center under the
+    influence of the internal testicular secretions, and that this
+    persists even when the primary physical stimulus has been
+    removed.
+
+The experience of veterinary surgeons also shows that the sexual impulse
+tends to persist in animals after castration. Thus the ox and the gelding
+make frequent efforts to copulate with females in heat. In some cases, at
+all events in the case of the horse, castrated animals remain potent, and
+are even abnormally ardent, although impregnation cannot, of course,
+result.[8]
+
+The results obtained by scientific experiment and veterinary experience on
+the lower animals are confirmed by observation of various groups of
+phenomena in the human species. There can be no doubt that castrated men
+may still possess sexual impulses. This has been noted by observers in
+various countries in which eunuchs are made and employed.[9]
+
+    It is important to remember that there are different degrees of
+    castration, for in current language these are seldom
+    distinguished. The Romans recognized four different degrees: 1.
+    True _castrati_, from whom both the testicles and the penis had
+    been removed. 2. _Spadones_, from whom the testicles only had
+    been removed; this was the most common practice. 3. _Thlibiæ_, in
+    whom the testicles had not been removed, but destroyed by
+    crushing; this practice is referred to by Hippocrates. 4.
+    _Thlasiæ_, in whom the spermatic cord had simply been cut.
+    Millant, from whose Paris thesis (_Castration Criminelle et
+    Maniaque_, 1902) I take these definitions, points out that it was
+    recognized that _spadones_ remained apt for coitus if the
+    operation was performed after puberty, a fact appreciated by many
+    Roman ladies, _ad seouras libidinationes_, as St. Jerome
+    remarked, while Martial (lib. iv) said of a Roman lady who sought
+    eunuchs: "Vult futui Gallia, non parere." (See also Millant, _Les
+    Eunuques à Travers les Ages_, 1909, and articles by Lipa Bey and
+    Zambaco, _Sexual-Probleme_, Oct. and Dec., 1911.)
+
+In China, Matignon, formerly physician to the French legation in Pekin,
+tells us that eunuchs are by no means without sexual feeling, that they
+seek the company of women and, he believes, gratify their sexual desires
+by such methods as are left open to them, for the sexual organs are
+entirely removed. It would seem probable that, the earlier the age at
+which the operation is performed, the less marked are the sexual desires,
+for Matignon mentions that boys castrated before the age of 10 are
+regarded by the Chinese as peculiarly virginal and pure.[10] At
+Constantinople, where the eunuchs are of negro race, castration is usually
+complete and performed before puberty, in order to abolish sexual potency
+and desire as far as possible. Even when castration is effected in
+infancy, sexual desire is not necessarily rendered impossible. Thus Marie
+has recorded the case of an insane Egyptian eunuch whose penis and scrotum
+were removed in infancy; yet, he had frequent and intense sexual desire
+with ejaculation of mucus and believed that an invisible princess touched
+him and aroused voluptuous sensations. Although the body had a feminine
+appearance, the prostate was normal and the vesiculæ seminales not
+atrophied.[11] It may be added that Lancaster[12] quotes the following
+remark, made by a resident for many years in the land, concerning Nubian
+eunuchs: "As far as I can judge, sex feeling exists unmodified by absence
+of the sexual organs. The eunuch differs from the man not in the absence
+of sexual passion, but only in the fact that he cannot fully gratify it.
+As far as he can approach a gratification of it he does so." In this
+connection it may be noted that (as quoted by Moll) Jäger attributes the
+preference of some women--noted in ancient Rome and in the East--for
+castrated men as due not only to the freedom from risk of impregnation in
+such intercourse, but also to the longer duration of erection in the
+castrated.
+
+When castration is performed without removal of the penis it is said that
+potency remains for at least ten years afterward, and Disselhorst, who in
+his _Die accessorischen Geschlechtsdrüsen der Wirbelthiere_ takes the same
+view as has been here adopted, mentions that, according to Pelikan (_Das
+Skopzentum in Rüssland_), those castrated at puberty are fit for coitus
+long afterward. When castration is performed for surgical reasons at a
+later age it is still less likely to affect potency or to change the
+sexual feelings.[13] Guinard concludes that the sexual impulse after
+castration is relatively more persistent in man than in the lower animals,
+and is sometimes even heightened, being probably more dependent on
+external stimuli.[14]
+
+Except in the East, castration is more often performed on women than on
+men, and then the evidence as to the influence of the removal of the
+ovaries on the sexual emotions shows varying results. It has been found
+that after castration sexual desire and sexual pleasure in coitus may
+either remain the same, be diminished or extinguished, or be increased. By
+some the diminution has been attributed to autosuggestion, the woman being
+convinced that she can no longer be like other women; the augmentation of
+desire and pleasure has been supposed to be due to the removal of the
+dread of impregnation. We have, of course, to take into account individual
+peculiarities, method of life, and the state of the health.
+
+    In France Jayle ("Effets physiologiques de la Castration chez la
+    Femme," _Revue de Gynécologie_, 1897, pp. 403-57) found that,
+    among 33 patients in whom ovariotomy had been performed, in 18
+    sexual desire remained the same, in 3 it was diminished, in 8
+    abolished, in 3 increased; while pleasure in coitus remained the
+    same in 17, was diminished in 1, abolished in 4, and increased in
+    5, in 6 cases sexual intercourse was very painful. In two other
+    groups of cases--one in which both ovaries and uterus were
+    removed and another in which the uterus alone was removed--the
+    results were not notably different.
+
+    In Germany Gläveke (_Archiv für Gynäkologie_, Bd. xxxv, 1889)
+    found that desire remained in 6 cases, was diminished in 10, and
+    disappeared in 11, while pleasure in intercourse remained in 8,
+    was diminished in 10, and was lost in 8. Pfister, again (_Archiv
+    für Gynäkologie_, Bd. lvi, 1898), examined this point in 99
+    castrated women; he remarks that sexual desire and sexual
+    pleasure in intercourse were usually associated, and found the
+    former unchanged in 19 cases, decreased in 24, lost in 35, never
+    present in 21, while the latter was unchanged in 18 cases and
+    diminished or lost in 60. Keppler (International Medical
+    Congress, Berlin, 1890) found that among 46 castrated women
+    sexual feeling was in no case abolished. Adler also, who
+    discusses this question (_Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung
+    des Weibes_, 1904, p. 75 et seq.), criticises Gläveke's
+    statements and concludes that there is no strict relation between
+    the sexual organs and the sexual feelings. Kisch, who has known
+    several cases in which the feelings remained the same as before
+    the operation, brings together (_The Sexual Life of Women_)
+    varying opinions of numerous authors regarding the effects of
+    removal of the ovaries on the sexual appetite.
+
+    In America Bloom (as quoted in _Medical Standard_, 1896, p. 121)
+    found that in none of the cases of women investigated, in which
+    oöphorectomy had been performed before the age of 33, was the
+    sexual appetite entirely lost; in most of them it had not
+    materially diminished and in a few it was intensified. There
+    was, however, a general consensus of opinion that the normal
+    vaginal secretion during coitus was greatly lessened. In the
+    cases of women over 33, including also hysterectomies, a gradual
+    lessening of sexual feeling and desire was found to occur most
+    generally. Dr. Isabel Davenport records 2 cases (reported in
+    _Medical Standard_, 1895, p. 346) of women between 30 and 35
+    years of age whose erotic tendencies were extreme; the ovaries
+    and tubes were removed, in one case for disease, in the other
+    with a view of removing the sexual tendencies; in neither case
+    was there any change. Lapthorn Smith (_Medical Record_, vol.
+    xlviii) has reported the case of an unmarried woman of 24 whose
+    ovaries and tubes had been removed seven years previously for
+    pain and enlargement, and the periods had disappeared for six
+    years; she had had experience of sexual intercourse, and declared
+    that she had never felt such extreme sexual excitement and
+    pleasure as during coitus at the end of this time.
+
+    In England Lawson Tait and Bantock (_British Medical Journal_,
+    October 14, 1899, p. 975) have noted that sexual passion seems
+    sometimes to be increased even after the removal of ovaries,
+    tubes, and uterus. Lawson Tait also stated (_British
+    Gynæcological Journal_, Feb., 1887, p. 534) that after systematic
+    and extensive inquiry he had not found a single instance in
+    which, provided that sexual appetite existed before the removal
+    of the appendages, it was abolished by that operation. A Medical
+    Inquiry Committee appointed by the Liverpool Medical Institute
+    (ibid., p. 617) had previously reported that a considerable
+    number of patients stated that they had suffered a distinct loss
+    of sexual feeling. Lawson Tait, however, throws doubts on the
+    reliability of the Committee's results, which were based on the
+    statements of unintelligent hospital patients.
+
+    I may quote the following remarks from a communication sent to me
+    by an experienced physician in Australia: "No rule can be laid
+    down in cases in which both ovaries have been extirpated. Some
+    women say that, though formerly passionate, they have since
+    become quite indifferent, but I am of opinion that the majority
+    of women who have had prior sexual experience retain desire and
+    gratification in an equal degree to that they had before
+    operation. I know one case in which a young girl hardly 19 years
+    old, who had been accustomed to congress for some twelve months,
+    had trouble which necessitated the removal of the ovaries and
+    tubes on both sides. Far from losing all her desire or
+    gratification, both were very materially increased in intensity.
+    Menstruation has entirely ceased, without loss of femininity in
+    either disposition or appearance. During intercourse, I am told,
+    there is continuous spasmodic contraction of various parts of the
+    vagina and vulva."
+
+The independence of the sexual impulse from the distention of the sexual
+glands is further indicated by the great frequency with which sexual
+sensations, in a faint or even strong degree, are experienced in childhood
+and sometimes in infancy, and by the fact that they often persist in women
+long after the sexual glands have ceased their functions.
+
+    In the study of auto-erotism in another volume of these _Studies_
+    I have brought together some of the evidence showing that even in
+    very young children spontaneous self-induced sexual excitement,
+    with orgasm, may occur. Indeed, from an early age sexual
+    differences pervade the whole nervous tissue. I may here quote
+    the remarks of an experienced gynecologist: "I venture to think,"
+    Braxton Hicks said many years ago, "that those who have much
+    attended to children will agree with me in saying that, almost
+    from the cradle, a difference can be seen in manner, habits of
+    mind, and in illness, requiring variations in their treatment.
+    The change is certainly hastened and intensified at the time of
+    puberty; but there is, even to an average observer, a clear
+    difference between the sexes from early infancy, gradually
+    becoming more marked up to puberty. That sexual feelings exist
+    [it would be better to say 'may exist'] from earliest infancy is
+    well known, and therefore this function does not depend upon
+    puberty, though intensified by it. Hence, may we not conclude
+    that the progress toward development is not so abrupt as has been
+    generally supposed?... The changes of puberty are all of them
+    dependent on the primordial force which, gradually gathering in
+    power, culminates in the perfection both of form and of the
+    sexual system, primary and secondary."
+
+    There appear to have been but few systematic observations on the
+    persistence of the sexual impulse in women after the menopause.
+    It is regarded as a fairly frequent phenomenon by Kisch, and also
+    by Löwenfeld (_Sexualleben und Nervenleiden_, p. 29). In America,
+    Bloom (as quoted in _Medical Standard_, 1896), from an
+    investigation of four hundred cases, found that in some cases the
+    sexual impulse persisted to a very advanced age, and mentions a
+    case of a woman of 70, twenty years past the menopause, who had
+    been long a widow, but had recently married, and who declared
+    that both desire and gratification were as great, if not greater,
+    than before the menopause.
+
+Reference may finally be made to those cases in which the sexual impulse
+has developed notwithstanding the absence, verified or probable, of any
+sexual glands at all. In such cases sexual desire and sexual gratification
+are sometimes even stronger than normal. Colman has reported a case in
+which neither ovaries nor uterus could be detected, and the vagina was too
+small for coitus, but pleasurable intercourse took place by the rectum and
+sexual desire was at times so strong as to amount almost to nymphomania.
+Clara Barrus has reported the case of a woman in whom there was congenital
+absence of uterus and ovaries, as proved subsequently by autopsy, but the
+sexual impulse was very strong and she had had illicit intercourse with a
+lover. She suffered from recurrent mania, and then masturbated
+shamelessly; when sane she was attractively feminine. Macnaughton-Jones
+describes the case of a woman of 32 with normal sexual feelings and fully
+developed breasts, clitoris, and labia, but no vagina or internal
+genitalia could be detected even under the most thorough examination. In a
+case of Bridgman's, again, the womb and ovaries were absent, and the
+vagina small, but coitus was not painful, and the voluptuous sensations
+were complete and sexual passion was strong. In a case of Cotterill's, the
+ovaries and uterus were of minute size and functionless, and the vagina
+was absent, but the sexual feelings were normal, and the clitoris
+preserved its usual sensibility. Mundé had recorded two similar cases, of
+which he presents photographs. In all these cases not only was the sexual
+impulse present in full degree, but the subjects were feminine in
+disposition and of normal womanly conformation; in most cases the external
+sexual organs were properly developed.[15]
+
+    Féré (_L'Instinct sexuel_, p. 241) has sought to explain away
+    some of these phenomena, in so far as they may be brought against
+    the theory that the secretions and excretions of the sexual
+    glands are the sole source of the sexual impulse. The persistence
+    of sexual feelings after castration may be due, he argues, to the
+    presence of the nerves in the cicatrices, just as the amputated
+    have the illusion that the missing limb is still there. Exactly
+    the same explanation has since been put forward by Moll,
+    _Medizinische Klinik_, 1905, Nrs. 12 and 13. In the same way the
+    presence of sexual feelings after the menopause may be due to
+    similar irritation determined by degeneration during involution
+    of the glands. The precocious appearance of the sexual impulse in
+    childhood he would explain as due to an anomaly of development in
+    the sexual organs. Féré makes no attempt to explain the presence
+    of the sexual impulse in the congenital absence of the sexual
+    glands; here, however, Mundé intervenes with the suggestion that
+    it is possible that in most cases "an infinitesimal trace of
+    ovary" may exist, and preserve femininity, though insufficient to
+    produce ovulation or menstruation.
+
+    It is proper to mention these ingenious arguments. They are,
+    however, purely hypothetical, obviously invented to support a
+    theory. It can scarcely be said that they carry conviction. We
+    may rather agree with Guinard that so great is the importance of
+    reproduction that nature has multiplied the means by which
+    preparation is made for the conjunction of the sexes and the
+    roads by which sexual excitation may arrive. As Hirschfeld puts
+    it, in a discussion of this subject (_Sexual-Probleme_, Feb.,
+    1912), "Nature has several irons in the fire."
+
+    It will be seen that the conclusions we have reached indirectly
+    involve the assumption that the spinal nervous centers, through
+    which the sexual mechanism operates, are not sufficient to
+    account for the whole of the phenomena of the sexual impulse. The
+    nervous circuit tends to involve a cerebral element, which may
+    sometimes be of dominant importance. Various investigators, from
+    the time of Gall onward, have attempted to localize the sexual
+    instinct centrally. Such attempts, however, cannot be said to
+    have succeeded, although they tend to show that there is a real
+    connection between the brain and the generative organs. Thus
+    Ceni, of Modena, by experiments on chickens, claims to have
+    proved the influence of the cortical centers of procreation on
+    the faculty of generation, for he found that lesions of the
+    cortex led to sterility corresponding in degree to the lesion;
+    but as these results followed even independently of any
+    disturbance of the sexual instinct, their significance is not
+    altogether clear (Carlo Ceni, "L'Influenza dei Centri Corticali
+    sui Fenomeni della Generazione," _Revista Sperimentale di
+    Freniatria_, 1907, fasc. 2-3). At present, as Obici and
+    Marchesini have well remarked, all that we can do is to assume
+    the existence of cerebral as well as spinal sexual centers; a
+    cerebral sexual center, in the strictest sense, remains purely
+    hypothetical.
+
+    Although Gall's attempt to locate the sexual instinct in the
+    cerebellum--well supported as it was by observations--is no
+    longer considered to be tenable, his discussion of the sexual
+    instinct was of great value, far in advance of his time, and
+    accompanied by a mass of facts gathered from many fields. He
+    maintained that the sexual instinct is a function of the brain,
+    not of the sexual organs. He combated the view ruling in his day
+    that the seat of erotic mania must be sought in the sexual
+    organs. He fully dealt with the development of the sexual
+    instinct in many children before maturity of the sexual glands,
+    the prolongation of the instinct into old age, its existence in
+    the castrated and in the congenital absence of the sexual glands;
+    he pointed out that even with an apparently sound and normal
+    sexual apparatus all sorts of psychic pathological deviations may
+    yet occur. In fact, all the lines of argument I have briefly
+    indicated in the foregoing pages--although when they were first
+    written this fact was unknown to me--had been fully discussed by
+    this remarkable man nearly a century ago. (The greater part of
+    the third volume of Gall's _Sur les Fonctions du Cerveau_, in the
+    edition of 1825, is devoted to this subject. For a good summary,
+    sympathetic, though critical, of Gall's views on this matter, see
+    Möbius, "Ueber Gall's Specielle Organologie," _Schmidt's
+    Jahrbücher der Medicin_, 1900, vol. cclxvii; also _Ausgewahlte
+    Werke_, vol. vii.)
+
+It will be seen that the question of the nature of the sexual impulse has
+been slowly transformed. It is no longer a question of the formation of
+semen in the male, of the function of menstruation in the female. It has
+become largely a question of physiological chemistry. The chief parts in
+the drama of sex, alike on its psychic as on its physical sides, are thus
+supposed to be played by two mysterious protagonists, the hormones, or
+internal secretions, of the testes and of the ovary. Even the part played
+by the brain is now often regarded as chemical, the brain being considered
+to be a great chemical laboratory. There is a tendency, moreover, to
+extend the sexual sphere so as to admit the influence of internal
+secretions from other glands. The thymus, the adrenals, the thyroid, the
+pituitary, even the kidneys: it is possible that internal secretions from
+all these glands may combine to fill in the complete picture of sexuality
+as we know it in men and women.[16] The subject is, however, so complex
+and at present so little known that it would be hazardous, and for the
+present purpose it is needless, to attempt to set forth any conclusions.
+
+It is sufficiently clear that there is on the surface a striking analogy
+between sexual desire and the impulse to evacuate an excretion, and that
+this analogy is not only seen in the frog, but extends also to the highest
+vertebrates. It is quite another matter, however, to assert that the
+sexual impulse can be adequately defined as an impulse to evacuate. To
+show fully the inadequate nature of this conception would require a
+detailed consideration of the facts of sexual life. That is, however,
+unnecessary. It is enough to point out certain considerations which alone
+suffice to invalidate this view. In the first place, it must be remarked
+that the trifling amount of fluid emitted in sexual intercourse is
+altogether out of proportion to the emotions aroused by the act and to its
+after-effect on the organism; the ancient dictum _omne animal post coitum
+triste_ may not be exact, but it is certain that the effect of coitus on
+the organism is far more profound than that produced by the far more
+extensive evacuation of the bladder or bowels. Again, this definition
+leaves unexplained all those elaborate preliminaries which, both in man
+and the lower animals, precede the sexual act, preliminaries which in
+civilized human beings sometimes themselves constitute a partial
+satisfaction to the sexual impulse. It must also be observed that, unlike
+the ordinary excretions, this discharge of the sexual glands is not
+always, or in every person, necessary at all. Moreover, the theory of
+evacuation at once becomes hopelessly inadequate when we apply it to
+women; no one will venture to claim that an adequate psychological
+explanation of the sexual impulse in a woman is to be found in the desire
+to expel a little bland mucus from the minute glands of the genital tract.
+We must undoubtedly reject this view of the sexual impulse. It has a
+certain element of truth and it permits an instructive and helpful
+analogy; but that is all. The sexual act presents many characters which
+are absent in an ordinary act of evacuation, and, on the other hand, it
+lacks the special characteristic of the evacuation proper, the
+elimination of waste material; the seminal fluid is not a waste material,
+and its retention is, to some extent perhaps, rather an advantage than a
+disadvantage to the organism.
+
+Eduard von Hartmann long since remarked that the satisfaction of what we
+call the sexual instinct through an act carried out with a person of the
+opposite sex is a very wonderful phenomenon. It cannot be said, however,
+that the conception of the sexual act as a simple process of evacuation
+does anything to explain the wonder. We are, at most, in the same position
+as regards the stilling of normal sexual desire as we should be as regards
+the emptying of the bladder, supposing it were very difficult for either
+sex to effect this satisfactorily without the aid of a portion of the body
+of a person of the other sex acting as a catheter. In such a case our
+thoughts and ideals would center around persons of opposite sex, and we
+should court their attention and help precisely as we do now in the case
+of our sexual needs. Some such relationship does actually exist in the
+case of the suckling mother and her infant. The mother is indebted to the
+child for the pleasurable relief of her distended breasts; and, while in
+civilization more subtle pleasures and intelligent reflection render this
+massive physical satisfaction comparatively unessential to the act of
+suckling, in more primitive conditions and among animals the need of this
+pleasurable physical satisfaction is a real bond between the mother and
+her offspring. The analogy is indeed very close: the erectile nipple
+corresponds to the erectile penis, the eager watery mouth of the infant to
+the moist and throbbing vagina, the vitally albuminous milk to the vitally
+albuminous semen.[17] The complete mutual satisfaction, physical and
+psychic, of mother and child, in the transfer from one to the other of a
+precious organized fluid, is the one true physiological analogy to the
+relationship of a man and a woman at the climax of the sexual act. Even
+this close analogy, however, fails to cover all the facts of the sexual
+life.
+
+A very different view is presented to us in the definition of the sexual
+instinct as a reproductive impulse, a desire for offspring. Hegar,
+Eulenburg, Näcke, and Löwenfeld have accepted this as, at all events, a
+partial definition.[18] No one, indeed, would argue that it is a complete
+definition, although a few writers appear to have asserted that it is so
+sometimes as regards the sexual impulse in women. There is, however,
+considerable mental confusion in the attempt to set up such a definition.
+If we define an instinct as an action adapted to an end which is not
+present to consciousness, then it is quite true that the sexual instinct
+is an instinct of reproduction. But we do not adequately define the sexual
+instinct by merely stating its ultimate object. We might as well say that
+the impulse by which young animals seize food is "an instinct of
+nutrition." The object of reproduction certainly constitutes no part of
+the sexual impulse whatever in any animal apart from man, and it reveals a
+lack of the most elementary sense of biological continuity to assert that
+in man so fundamental and involuntary a process can suddenly be
+revolutionized. That the sexual impulse is very often associated with a
+strong desire for offspring there can be no doubt, and in women the
+longing for a child--that is to say, the longing to fulfill those
+functions for which their bodies are constituted--may become so urgent and
+imperative that we may regard it as scarcely less imperative than the
+sexual impulse. But it is not the sexual impulse, though intimately
+associated with it, and though it explains it. A reproductive instinct
+might be found in parthenogenetic animals, but would be meaningless,
+because useless, in organisms propagating by sexual union. A woman may not
+want a lover, but may yet want a child. This merely means that her
+maternal instincts have been aroused, while her sexual instincts are still
+latent. A desire for reproduction, as soon as that desire becomes
+instinctive, necessarily takes on the form of the sexual impulse, for
+there is no other instinctive mechanism by which it can possibly express
+itself. A "reproductive instinct," apart from the sexual instinct and
+apart from the maternal instinct, cannot be admitted; it would be an
+absurdity. Even in women in whom the maternal instincts are strong, it may
+generally be observed that, although before a woman is in love, and also
+during the later stages of her love, the conscious desire for a child may
+be strong, during the time when sexual passion is at its highest the
+thought of offspring, under normally happy conditions, tends to recede
+into the background. Reproduction is the natural end and object of the
+sexual instinct, but the statement that it is part of the contents of the
+sexual impulse, or can in any way be used to define that impulse, must be
+dismissed as altogether inacceptable. Indeed, although the term
+"reproductive instinct" is frequently used, it is seldom used in a sense
+that we need take seriously; it is vaguely employed as a euphemism by
+those who wish to veil the facts of the sexual life; it is more precisely
+employed mainly by those who are unconsciously dominated by a
+superstitious repugnance to sex.
+
+I now turn to a very much more serious and elaborate attempt to define the
+constitution of the sexual impulse, that of Moll. He finds that it is made
+up of two separate components, each of which may be looked upon as an
+uncontrollable impulse.[19] One of these is that by which the tension of
+the sexual organs is spasmodically relieved; this he calls the _impulse of
+detumescence_,[20] and he regards it as primary, resembling the impulse to
+empty a full bladder. The other impulse is the "instinct to approach,
+touch, and kiss another person, usually of the opposite sex"; this he
+terms the _impulse of contrectation_, and he includes under this head not
+only the tendency to general physical contact, but also the psychic
+inclination to become generally interested in a person of the opposite
+sex. Each of these primary impulses Moll regards as forming a constituent
+of the sexual instinct in both men and women. It seems to me undoubtedly
+true that these two impulses do correspond to the essential phenomena. The
+awkward and unsatisfactory part of Moll's analysis is the relation of the
+one to the other. It is true that he traces both impulses back to the
+sexual glands, that of detumescence directly, that of contrectation
+indirectly; but evidently he does not regard them as intimately related to
+each other; he insists on the fact that they may exist apart from each
+other, that they do not appear synchronously in youth: the contrectation
+impulse he regards as secondary; it is, he states, an indirect result of
+the sexual glands, "only to be understood by the developmental history of
+these glands and the object which they subserve"; that is to say, that it
+is connected with the rise of the sexual method of reproduction and the
+desirability of the mingling of the two sexes in procreation, while the
+impulse of detumescence arose before the sexual method of reproduction had
+appeared; thus the contrectation impulse was propagated by natural
+selection together with the sexual method of reproduction. The impulse of
+contrectation is secondary, and Moll even regards it as a secondary sexual
+character.
+
+While, therefore, this analysis seems to include all the phenomena and to
+be worthy of very careful study as a serious and elaborate attempt to
+present an adequate psychological definition of the sexual impulse, it
+scarcely seems to me that we can accept it in precisely the form in which
+Moll presents it. I believe, however, that by analyzing the process a
+little more minutely we shall find that these two constituents of the
+sexual impulse are really much more intimately associated than at the
+first glance appears, and that we need by no means go back to the time
+when the sexual method of reproduction arose to explain the significance
+of the phenomena which Moll includes under the term contrectation.
+
+To discover the true significance of the phenomena in men it is necessary
+to observe carefully the phenomena of love-making not only among men, but
+among animals, in which the impulse of contrectation plays a very large
+part, and involves an enormous expenditure of energy. Darwin was the first
+to present a comprehensive view of, at all events a certain group of, the
+phenomena of contrectation in animals; on his interpretation of those
+phenomena he founded his famous theory of sexual selection. We are not
+primarily concerned with that theory; but the facts on which Darwin based
+his theory lie at the very roots of our subject, and we are bound to
+consider their psychological significance. In the first place, since these
+phenomena are specially associated with Darwin's name, it may not be out
+of place to ask what Darwin himself considered to be their psychological
+significance. It is a somewhat important question, even for those who are
+mainly concerned with the validity of the theory which Darwin established
+on those facts, but so far as I know it has not hitherto been asked. I
+find that a careful perusal of the _Descent of Man_ reveals the presence
+in Darwin's mind of two quite distinct theories, neither of them fully
+developed, as to the psychological meaning of the facts he was collecting.
+The two following groups of extracts will serve to show this very
+conclusively: "The lower animals have a sense of beauty," he declares,
+"powers of discrimination and taste on the part of the female" (p.
+211[21]); "the females habitually or occasionally prefer the more
+beautiful males," "there is little improbability in the females of insects
+appreciating beauty in form or color" (p. 329); he speaks of birds as the
+most "esthetic" of all animals excepting man, and adds that they have
+"nearly the same taste for the beautiful as we have" (p. 359); he remarks
+that a change of any kind in the structure or color of the male bird
+"appears to have been admired by the female" (p. 385). He speaks of the
+female Argus pheasant as possessing "this almost human degree of taste."
+Birds, again, "seem to have some taste for the beautiful both in color and
+sound," and "we ought not to feel too sure that the female does not attend
+to each detail of beauty" (p. 421). Novelty, he says, is "admired by birds
+for its own sake" (p. 495). "Birds have fine powers of discrimination and
+in some few instances it can be shown that they have a taste for the
+beautiful" (p. 496). The "esthetic capacity" of female animals has been
+advanced by exercise just as our own taste has improved (p. 616). On the
+other hand, we find running throughout the book quite another idea. Of
+cicadas he tells us that it is probable that, "like female birds, they are
+excited or allured by the male with the most attractive voice" (p. 282);
+and, coming to _Locustidæ_, he states that "all observers agree that the
+sounds serve either to call or excite the mute females" (p. 283). Of birds
+he says, "I am led to believe that the females prefer or are most excited
+by the more brilliant males" (p. 316). Among birds also the males
+"endeavor to charm or excite their mates by love-notes," etc., and "the
+females are excited by certain males, and thus unconsciously prefer them"
+(p. 367), while ornaments of all kinds "apparently serve to excite,
+attract, or fascinate the female" (p. 394). In a supplemental note, also,
+written in 1876, five years after the first publication of the _Descent of
+Man_, and therefore a late statement of his views, Darwin remarks that "no
+supporter of the principle of sexual selection believes that the females
+select particular points of beauty in the males; they are merely excited
+or attracted in a greater degree by one male than by another, and this
+seems often to depend, especially with birds, on brilliant coloring" (p.
+623). Thus, on the one hand, Darwin interprets the phenomena as involving
+a real esthetic element, a taste for the beautiful; on the other hand, he
+states, without apparently any clear perception that the two views are
+quite distinct, that the colors and sounds and other characteristics of
+the male are not an appeal to any esthetic sense of the female, but an
+appeal to her sexual emotions, a stimulus to sexual excitement, an
+allurement to sexual contact. According to the first theory, the female
+admires beauty, consciously or unconsciously, and selects the most
+beautiful partner[22]; according to the second theory, there is no
+esthetic question involved, but the female is unconsciously influenced by
+the most powerful or complex organic stimulus to which she is subjected.
+There can be no question that it is the second, and not the first, of
+these two views which we are justified in accepting. Darwin, it must be
+remembered, was not a psychologist, and he lived before the methods of
+comparative psychology had begun to be developed; had he written twenty
+years later we may be sure he would never have used so incautiously some
+of the vague and hazardous expressions I have quoted. He certainly injured
+his theory of sexual selection by stating it in too anthropomorphic
+language, by insisting on "choice," "preference," "esthetic sense," etc.
+There is no need whatever to burden any statement of the actual facts by
+such terms borrowed from human psychology. The female responds to the
+stimulation of the male at the right moment just as the tree responds to
+the stimulation of the warmest days in spring. We should but obscure this
+fact by stating that the tree "chooses" the most beautiful days on which
+to put forth its young sprouts. In explaining the correlation between
+responsive females and accomplished males the supposition of esthetic
+choice is equally unnecessary. It is, however, interesting to observe
+that, though Darwin failed to see that the love-combats, pursuits, dances,
+and parades of the males served as a method of stimulating the impulse of
+contrectation--or, as it would be better to term it, tumescence--in the
+male himself,[23] he to some extent realized the part thus played in
+exciting the equally necessary activity of tumescence in the female.
+
+    The justification for using the term "tumescence," which I here
+    propose, is to be found in the fact that vascular congestion,
+    more especially of the parts related to generation, is an
+    essential preliminary to acute sexual desire. This is clearly
+    brought out in Heape's careful study of the "sexual season" in
+    mammals. Heape distinguishes between the "pro-estrum," or
+    preliminary period of congestion, in female animals and the
+    immediately following "estrus," or period of desire. The latter
+    period is the result of the former, and, among the lower animals
+    at all events, intercourse only takes place during the estrus,
+    not during the pro-estrum. Tumescence must thus be obtained
+    before desire can become acute, and courtship runs _pari passu_
+    with physiological processes. "Normal estrus," Heape states,
+    "occurs in conjunction with certain changes in the uterine
+    tissue, and this is accompanied by congestion and stimulation or
+    irritation of the copulatory organs.... Congestion is invariably
+    present and is an essential condition.... The first sign of
+    pro-estrum noticed in the lower mammals is a swollen and
+    congested vulva and a general restlessness, excitement, or
+    uneasiness. There are other signs familiar to breeders of various
+    mammals, such as the congested conjunctiva of the rabbit's eye
+    and the drooping ears of the pig. Many monkeys exhibit congestion
+    of the face and nipples, as well as of the buttocks, thighs, and
+    neighboring parts; sometimes they are congested to a very marked
+    extent, and in some species a swelling, occasionally prodigious,
+    of the soft tissues round the anal and generative openings, which
+    is also at the time brilliantly congested, indicates the progress
+    of the pro-estrum.... The growth of the stroma-tissue [in the
+    uterus of monkeys during the pro-estrum] is rapidly followed by
+    an increase in the number and size of the vessels of the stroma;
+    the whole becomes richly supplied with blood, and the surface is
+    flushed and highly vascular. This process goes on until the whole
+    of the internal stroma becomes tense and brilliantly injected
+    with blood.... In all essential points the menstruation or
+    pro-estrum of the human female is identical with that of
+    monkeys.... Estrus is possible only after the changes due to
+    pro-estrum have taken place in the uterus. A wave of disturbance,
+    at first evident in the external generative organs, extends to
+    the uterus, and after the various phases of pro-estrum have been
+    gone through in that organ, and the excitement there is
+    subsiding, it would seem as if the external organs gain renewed
+    stimulus, and it is then that estrus takes place.... In all
+    animals which have been investigated coition is not allowed by
+    the female until some time after the swelling and congestion of
+    the vulva and surrounding tissue are first demonstrated, and in
+    those animals which suffer from a considerable discharge of blood
+    the main portion of that discharge, if not the whole of it, will
+    be evacuated before sexual intercourse is allowed." (W. Heape,
+    "The 'Sexual Season' of Mammals," _Quarterly Journal of
+    Microscopical Science_, vol. xliv, Part I, 1900. Estrus has since
+    been fully discussed in Marshall's _Physiology of Reproduction_.)
+    This description clearly brings out the fundamentally vascular
+    character of the process I have termed "tumescence"; it must be
+    added, however, that in man the nervous elements in the process
+    tend to become more conspicuous, and more or less obliterate
+    these primitive limitations of sexual desire. (See "Sexual
+    Periodicity" in the first volume of these _Studies_.)
+
+    Moll subsequently restated his position with reference to my
+    somewhat different analysis of the sexual impulse, still
+    maintaining his original view ("Analyse des Geschlechtstriebes,"
+    _Medizinische Klinik_, Nos. 12 and 13, 1905; also _Geschlecht und
+    Gesellschaft_, vol. ii, Nos. 9 and 10). Numa Praetorius
+    (_Jahrbuch für Sexeuelle Zwischenstufen_, 1904, p. 592) accepts
+    contrectation, tumescence, and detumescence as all being stages
+    in the same process, contrectation, which he defines as the
+    sexual craving for a definite individual, coming first. Robert
+    Müller (_Sexualbiologie_, 1907, p. 37) criticises Moll much in
+    the same sense as I have done and considers that contrectation
+    and detumescence cannot be separated, but are two expressions of
+    the same impulse; so also Max Katte, "Die Präliminarien des
+    Geschlechtsaktes," _Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft_, Oct.,
+    1908, and G. Saint-Paul, _L'Homosexualité et les Types
+    Homosexuels_, 1910, p. 390.
+
+    While I regard Moll's analysis as a valuable contribution to the
+    elucidation of the sexual impulse, I must repeat that I cannot
+    regard it as final or completely adequate. As I understand the
+    process, contrectation is an incident in the development of
+    tumescence, an extremely important incident indeed, but not an
+    absolutely fundamental and primitive part of it. It is equally an
+    incident, highly important though not primitive and fundamental,
+    of detumescence. Contrectation, from first to last; furnishes
+    the best conditions for the exercise of the sexual process, but
+    it is not an absolutely essential part of the process and in the
+    early stages of zoölogical development it had no existence at
+    all. Tumescence and detumescence are alike fundamental,
+    primitive, and essential; in resting the sexual impulse on these
+    necessarily connected processes we are basing ourselves on the
+    solid bedrock of nature.
+
+    Moreover, of the two processes, tumescence, which in time comes
+    first, is by far the most important, and nearly the whole of
+    sexual psychology is rooted in it. To assert, with Moll, that the
+    sexual process may be analyzed into contrectation and
+    detumescence alone is to omit the most essential part of the
+    process. It is much the same as to analyze the mechanism of a gun
+    into probable contact with the hand, and a more or less
+    independent discharge, omitting all reference to the loading of
+    the gun. The essential elements are the loading and the
+    discharging. Contrectation is a part of loading, though not a
+    necessary part, since the loading may be effected mechanically.
+    But to understand the process of firing a gun and to comprehend
+    the mechanism of the discharge, we must insist on the act of
+    loading and not merely on the contact of the hand. So it is in
+    analyzing the sexual impulse. Contrectation is indeed highly
+    important, but it is important only in so far as it aids
+    tumescence, and so may be subordinated to tumescence, exactly as
+    it may also be subordinated to detumescence. It is tumescence
+    which is the really essential part of the process, and we cannot
+    afford, with Moll, to ignore it altogether.
+
+Wallace opposed Darwin's theory of sexual selection, but it can scarcely
+be said that his attitude toward it bears critical examination. On the one
+hand, as has already been noted, he saw but one side of that theory and
+that the unessential side, and, on the other hand, his own view really
+coincided with the more essential elements in Darwin's theory. In his
+_Tropical Nature_ he admitted that the male's "persistency and energy win
+the day," and also that this "vigor and liveliness" of the male are
+usually associated with intense coloration, while twenty years later (in
+his _Darwinism_) he admitted also that it is highly probable that the
+female is pleased or excited by the male's display. But all that is really
+essential in Darwin's theory is involved, directly or indirectly, in these
+admissions.
+
+Espinas, in 1878, in his suggestive book, _Des Sociétés Animales_,
+described the odors, colors and forms, sounds, games, parades, and mock
+battles of animals, approaching the subject in a somewhat more
+psychological spirit than either Darwin or Wallace, and he somewhat more
+clearly apprehended the object of these phenomena in producing mutual
+excitement and stimulating tumescence. He noted the significance of the
+action of the hermaphroditic snails in inserting their darts into each
+other's flesh near the vulva in order to cause preliminary excitation. He
+remarks of this whole group of phenomena: "It is the preliminary of sexual
+union, it constitutes the first act of it. By it the image of the male is
+graven on the consciousness of the female, and in a manner impregnates it,
+so as to determine there, as the effects of this representation descend to
+the depths of the organism, the physiological modifications necessary to
+fecundation." Beaunis, again, in an analysis of the sexual sensations, was
+inclined to think that the dances and parades of the male are solely
+intended to excite the female, not perceiving, however, that they at the
+same time serve to further excite the male also.[24]
+
+A better and more comprehensive statement was reached by Tillier, who, to
+some extent, may be said to have anticipated Groos. Darwin, Tillier
+pointed out, had not sufficiently taken into account the coexistence of
+combat and courtship, nor the order of the phenomena. Courtship without
+combat, Tillier argued, is rare; "there is a normal coexistence of combat
+and courtship."[25] Moreover, he proceeded, force is the chief factor in
+determining the possession of the female by the male, who in some species
+is even prepared to exert force on her; so that the female has little
+opportunity of sexual selection, though she is always present at these
+combats. He then emphasized the significant fact that courtship takes
+place long after pairing has ceased, and the question of selection thus
+been eliminated. The object of courtship, he concluded, is not sexual
+selection by the female, but the sexual excitement of both male and
+female, such excitement, he asserted, not only rendering coupling easier,
+but favoring fecundation. Modesty, also, Tillier further argued, again
+anticipating Groos, works toward the same end; it renders the male more
+ardent, and by retarding coupling may also increase the secretions of the
+sexual glands and favor the chances of reproduction.[26]
+
+    In a charming volume entitled _The Naturalist in La Plata_ (1892)
+    Mr. W.H. Hudson included a remarkable chapter on "Music and
+    Dancing in Nature." In this chapter he described many of the
+    dances, songs, and love-antics of birds, but regarded all such
+    phenomena as merely "periodical fits of gladness." While,
+    however, we may quite well agree with Mr. Hudson that conscious
+    sexual gratification on the part of the female is not the cause
+    of music and dancing performances in birds, nor of the brighter
+    colors and ornaments that distinguish the male, such an opinion
+    by no means excludes the conclusion that these phenomena are
+    primarily sexual and intimately connected with the process of
+    tumescence in both sexes. It is noteworthy that, according to
+    H.E. Howard ("On Sexual Selection in Birds," _Zoölogist_, Nov.,
+    1903), color is most developed just before pairing, rapidly
+    becoming less beautiful--even within a few hours--after this, and
+    the most beautiful male is most successful in getting paired. The
+    fact that, as Mr. Hudson himself points out, it is at the season
+    of love that these manifestations mainly, if not exclusively,
+    appear, and that it is the more brilliant and highly endowed
+    males which play the chief part in them, only serves to confirm
+    such a conclusion. To argue, with Mr. Hudson, that they cannot be
+    sexual because they sometimes occur before the arrival of the
+    females, is much the same as to argue that the antics of a
+    kitten with a feather or a reel have no relationship whatever to
+    mice. The birds that began earliest to practise their
+    accomplishments would probably have most chance of success when
+    the females arrived. Darwin himself said that nothing is commoner
+    than for animals to take pleasure in practising whatever instinct
+    they follow at other times for some real good. These
+    manifestations are primarily for the sake of producing sexual
+    tumescence, and could not well have been developed to the height
+    they have reached unless they were connected closely with
+    propagation. That they may incidentally serve to express
+    "gladness" one need not feel called upon to question.
+
+    Another observer of birds, Mr. E. Selous, has made observations
+    which are of interest in this connection. He finds that all
+    bird-dances are not nuptial, but that some birds--the
+    stone-curlew (or great plover), for example--have different kinds
+    of dances. Among these birds he has made the observation, very
+    significant from our present point of view, that the nuptial
+    dances, taken part in by both of the pair, are immediately
+    followed by intercourse. In spring "all such runnings and
+    chasings are, at this time, but a part of the business of
+    pairing, and one divines at once that such attitudes are of a
+    sexual character.... Here we have a bird with distinct nuptial
+    (sexual) and social (non-sexual) forms of display or antics, and
+    the former as well as the latter are equally indulged in by both
+    sexes." (E. Selous, _Bird Watching_, pp. 15-20.)
+
+    The same author (ibid., pp. 79, 94) argues that in the fights of
+    two males for one female--with violent emotion on one side and
+    interested curiosity on the other--the attitude of the former
+    "might gradually come to be a display made entirely for the
+    female, and of the latter a greater or less degree of pleasurable
+    excitement raised by it, with a choice in accordance." On this
+    view the interest of the female would first have been directed,
+    not to the plumage, but to the frenzied actions and antics of the
+    male. From these antics in undecorated birds would gradually
+    develop the interest in waving plumes and fluttering wings. Such
+    a dance might come to be of a quite formal and non-courting
+    nature.
+
+    Last, we owe to Professor Häcker what may fairly be regarded, in
+    all main outlines, as an almost final statement of the matter. In
+    his _Gesang der Vögel_ (1900) he gives a very clear account of
+    the evolution of bird-song, which he regards as the most
+    essential element in all this group of manifestations, furnishing
+    the key also to the dancing and other antics. Originally the song
+    consists only of call-cries and recognition-notes. Under the
+    parallel influence of natural selection and sexual selection they
+    become at the pairing season reflexes of excitement and thus
+    develop into methods of producing excitement, in the male by the
+    muscular energy required, and in the female through the ear;
+    finally they become play, though here also it is probable that
+    use is not excluded. Thus, so far as the male bird is concerned,
+    bird-song possesses a primary prenuptial significance in
+    attracting the female, a secondary nuptial significance in
+    producing excitement (p. 48). He holds also that the
+    less-developed voices of the females aid in attaining the same
+    end (p. 51). Finally, bird-song possesses a tertiary extranuptial
+    significance (including exercise play, expression of gladness).
+    Häcker points out, at the same time, that the maintenance of some
+    degree of sexual excitement beyond pairing time may be of value
+    for the preservation of the species, in case of disturbance
+    during breeding and consequent necessity for commencing breeding
+    over again.
+
+    Such a theory as this fairly coincides with the views brought
+    forward in the preceding pages,--views which are believed to be
+    in harmony with the general trend of thought today,--since it
+    emphasizes the importance of tumescence and all that favors
+    tumescence in the sexual process. The so-called esthetic element
+    in sexual selection is only indirectly of importance. The male's
+    beauty is really a symbol of his force.
+
+    It will be seen that this attitude toward the facts of tumescence
+    among birds and other animals includes the recognition of dances,
+    songs, etc., as expressions of "gladness." As such they are
+    closely comparable to the art manifestations among human races.
+    Here, as Weismann in his _Gedanken über Musik_ has remarked, we
+    may regard the artistic faculty as a by-product: "This [musical]
+    faculty is, as it were, the mental hand with which we play on our
+    own emotional nature, a hand not shaped for this purpose, not due
+    to the necessity for the enjoyment of music, but owing its origin
+    to entirely different requirements."
+
+The psychological significance of these facts has been carefully studied
+and admirably developed by Groos in his classic works on the play instinct
+in animals and in men.[27] Going beyond Wallace, Groos denies _conscious_
+sexual selection, but, as he points out, this by no means involves the
+denial of unconscious selection in the sense that "the female is most
+easily won by the male who most strongly excites her sexual instincts."
+Groos further quotes a pregnant generalization of Ziegler: "In all animals
+a high degree of excitement of the nervous system is _necessary to
+procreation_, and thus we find an excited prelude to procreation widely
+spread."[28] Such a stage, indeed, as Groos points out, is usually
+necessary before any markedly passionate discharge of motor energy, as may
+be observed in angry dogs and the Homeric heroes. While, however, in other
+motor explosions the prelude may be reduced to a minimum, in courtship it
+is found in a highly marked degree. The primary object of courtship, Groos
+insists, is to produce sexual excitement.
+
+It is true that Groos's main propositions were by no means novel. Thus, as
+I have pointed out, he was at most points anticipated by Tillier. But
+Groos developed the argument in so masterly a manner, and with so many
+wide-ranging illustrations, that he has carried conviction where the mere
+insight of others had passed unperceived. Since Darwin wrote the _Descent
+of Man_ the chief step in the development of the theory of sexual
+selection has been taken by Groos, who has at the same time made it clear
+that sexual selection is largely a special case of natural selection.[29]
+The conjunction of the sexes is seen to be an end only to be obtained with
+much struggle; the difficulty of achieving sexual erethism in both sexes,
+the difficulty of so stimulating such erethism in the female that her
+instinctive coyness is overcome, these difficulties the best and most
+vigorous males,[30] those most adapted in other respects to carry on the
+race, may most easily overcome. In this connection we may note what Marro
+has said in another connection, when attempting to answer the question why
+it is that among savages courtship becomes so often a matter in which
+persuasion takes the form of force. The explanation, he remarks, is yet
+very simple. Force is the foundation of virility, and its psychic
+manifestation is courage. In the struggle for life violence is the first
+virtue. The modesty of women--in its primordial form consisting in
+physical resistance, active or passive, to the assaults of the male--aided
+selection by putting to the test man's most important quality, force. Thus
+it is that when choosing among rivals for her favors a woman attributes
+value to violence.[31] Marro thus independently confirms the result
+reached by Groos.
+
+The debate which has for so many years been proceeding concerning the
+validity of the theory of sexual selection may now be said to be brought
+to an end. Those who supported Darwin and those who opposed him were, both
+alike, in part right and in part wrong, and it is now possible to combine
+the elements of truth on either side into a coherent whole. This is now
+beginning to be widely recognized; Lloyd Morgan,[32] for instance, has
+readjusted his position as regards the "pairing instinct" in the light of
+Groos's contribution to the subject. "The hypothesis of sexual selection,"
+he concludes, "suggests that the accepted male is the one which adequately
+evokes the pairing impulse.... Courtship may thus be regarded from the
+physiological point of view as a means of producing the requisite amount
+of pairing hunger; of stimulating the whole system and facilitating
+general and special vascular changes; of creating that state of profound
+and explosive irritability which has for its psychological concomitant or
+antecedent an imperious and irresistible craving.... Courtship is thus
+the strong and steady bending of the bow that the arrow may find its mark
+in a biological end of the highest importance in the survival of a healthy
+and vigorous race."
+
+    Having thus viewed the matter broadly, we may consider in detail
+    a few examples of the process of tumescence among the lower
+    animals and man, for, as will be seen, the process in both is
+    identical. As regards animal courtship, the best treasury of
+    facts is Brehm's _Thierleben_, while Büchner's _Liebe und
+    Liebes-Leben in der Thierwelt_ is a useful summary; the admirable
+    discussion of bird-dancing and other forms of courtship in
+    Häcker's _Gesang der Vögel_, chapter iv, may also be consulted.
+    As regards man, Wallaschek's _Primitive Music_, chapter vii,
+    brings together much scattered material, and is all the more
+    valuable since the author rejects any form of sexual selection;
+    Hirn's _Origins of Art_, chapter xvii, is well worth reading, and
+    Finck's _Primitive Love and Love-stories_ contains a large amount
+    of miscellaneous information. I have preferred not to draw on any
+    of these easily accessible sources (except that in one or two
+    cases I have utilized references they supplied), but here simply
+    furnish illustrations met with in the course of my own reading.
+
+    Even in the hermaphroditic slugs (_Limax maximus_) the process of
+    courtship is slow and elaborate. It has been described by James
+    Bladon ("The Loves of the Slug [_Limax cinereus_]," _Zoölogist_,
+    vol. xv, 1857, p. 6272). It begins toward midnight on sultry
+    summer nights, one slug slowly following another, resting its
+    mouth on what may be called the tail of the first, and following
+    its every movement. Finally they stop and begin crawling around
+    each other, emitting large quantities of mucus. When this has
+    constituted a mass of sufficient size and consistence they
+    suspend themselves from it by a cord of mucus from nine to
+    fifteen inches in length, continuing to turn round each other
+    till their bodies form a cone. Then the organs of generation are
+    protruded from their orifice near the mouth and, hanging down a
+    short distance, touch each other. They also then begin again the
+    same spiral motion, twisting around each other, like a two-strand
+    cord, assuming various and beautiful forms, sometimes like an
+    inverted agaric, or a foliated murex, or a leaf of curled
+    parsley, the light falling on the ever-varying surface of the
+    generative organs sometimes producing iridescence. It is not
+    until after a considerable time that the organs untwist and are
+    withdrawn and the bodies separate, to crawl up the suspending
+    cord and depart.
+
+    Some snails have a special organ for creating sexual excitement.
+    A remarkable part of the reproductive system in many of the true
+    Helicidæ is the so-called _dart, Liebespfeil_, or _telum
+    Veneris_. It consists of a straight or curved, sometimes
+    slightly twisted, tubular shaft of carbonate of lime, tapering to
+    a fine point above, and enlarging gradually, more often somewhat
+    abruptly, to the base. The sides of the shaft are sometimes
+    furnished with two or more blades; these are apparently not for
+    cutting purposes, but simply to brace the stem. The dart is
+    contained in a dart-sac, which is attached as a sort of pocket to
+    the vagina, at no great distance from its orifice. In _Helix
+    aspersa_ the dart is about five-sixteenths of an inch in length,
+    and one-eighth of an inch in breadth at its base. It appears most
+    probable that the dart is employed as an adjunct for the sexual
+    act. Besides the fact of the position of the dart-sac
+    anatomically, we find that the darts are extended and become
+    imbedded in the flesh, just before or during the act of
+    copulation. It may be regarded, then, as an organ whose functions
+    induce excitement preparatory to sexual union. It only occurs in
+    well-grown specimens. (Rev. L.H. Cooke, "Molluscs," _Cambridge
+    Natural History_, vol. iii, p. 143.)
+
+    Racovitza has shown that in the octopus (_Octopus vulgaris_)
+    courtship is carried on with considerable delicacy, and not
+    brutally, as had previously been supposed. The male gently
+    stretches out his third arm on the right and caresses the female
+    with its extremity, eventually passing it into the chamber formed
+    by the mantle. The female contracts spasmodically, but does not
+    attempt to move. They remain thus about an hour or more, and
+    during this time the male shifts the arm from one oviduct to the
+    other. Finally he withdraws his arm, caresses her with it for a
+    few moments, and then replaces it with his other arm. (E.G.
+    Racovitza, in _Archives de Zoölogie Expérimentale_, quoted in
+    _Natural Science_, November, 1894.)
+
+    The phenomena of courtship are very well illustrated by spiders.
+    Peckham, who has carefully studied them, tells us of _Saitis
+    pulex_: "On May 24th we found a mature female, and placed her in
+    one of the larger boxes, and the next day we put a male in with
+    her. He saw her as she stood perfectly still, twelve inches away;
+    the glance seemed to excite him, and he at once moved toward her;
+    when some four inches from her he stood still, and then began the
+    most remarkable performances that an amorous male could offer to
+    an admiring female. She eyed him eagerly, changing her position
+    from time to time so that he might be always in view. He, raising
+    his whole body on one side by straightening out the legs, and
+    lowering it on the other by folding the first two pairs of legs
+    up and under, leaned so far over as to be in danger of losing his
+    balance, which he only maintained by sliding rapidly toward the
+    lowered side. The palpus, too, on this side was turned back to
+    correspond to the direction of the legs nearest it. He moved in a
+    semicircle for about two inches, and then instantly reversed the
+    position of the legs and circled in the opposite direction,
+    gradually approaching nearer and nearer to the female. Now she
+    dashes toward him, while he, raising his first pair of legs,
+    extends them upward and forward as if to hold her off, but withal
+    slowly retreats. Again and again he circles from side to side,
+    she gazing toward him in a softer mood, evidently admiring the
+    grace of his antics. This is repeated until we have counted one
+    hundred and eleven circles made by the ardent little male. Now he
+    approaches nearer and nearer, and when almost within reach whirls
+    madly around and around her, she joining and whirling with him in
+    a giddy maze. Again he falls back and resumes his semicircular
+    motions, with his body tilted over; she, all excitement, lowers
+    her head and raises her body so that it is almost vertical; both
+    draw nearer; she moves slowly under him, he crawling over her
+    head, and the mating is accomplished."
+
+    The same author thus describes the courtship of _Dendryphantes
+    elegans_: "While from three to five inches distant from her, he
+    begins to wave his plumy first legs in a way that reminds one of
+    a windmill. She eyes him fiercely, and he keeps at a proper
+    distance for a long time. If he comes close she dashes at him,
+    and he quickly retreats. Sometimes he becomes bolder, and when
+    within an inch, pauses, with the first legs outstretched before
+    him, not raised as is common in other species; the palpi also are
+    held stiffly out in front with the points together. Again she
+    drives him off, and so the play continues. Now the male grows
+    excited as he approaches her, and while still several inches
+    away, whirls completely around and around; pausing, he runs
+    closer and begins to make his abdomen quiver as he stands on
+    tiptoe in front of her. Prancing from side to side, he grows
+    bolder and bolder, while she seems less fierce, and yielding to
+    the excitement, lifts up her magnificently iridescent abdomen,
+    holding it at one time vertical, and at another sideways to him.
+    She no longer rushes at him, but retreats a little as he
+    approaches. At last he comes close to her, lying flat, with his
+    first legs stretched out and quivering. With the tips of his
+    front legs he gently pats her; this seems to arouse the old demon
+    of resistance, and she drives him back. Again and again he pats
+    her with a caressing movement, gradually creeping nearer and
+    nearer, which she now permits without resistance, until he crawls
+    over her head to her abdomen, far enough to reach the epigynum
+    with his palpus." (G.W. Peckham, "Sexual Selection of Spiders,"
+    _Occasional Papers of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin_,
+    1889, quoted in _Nature_, August 21, 1890.)
+
+    The courtship of another spider, the _Agelena labyrinthica_, has
+    been studied by Lécaillon ("Les Instincts et les Psychismes des
+    Araignées," _Revue Scientifique_, Sept. 15, 1906.) The male
+    enters the female's web and may be found there about the middle
+    of July. When courtship has begun it is not interrupted by the
+    closest observation, even under the magnifying glass. At first it
+    is the male which seeks to couple and he pursues the female over
+    her web till she consents. The pursuit may last some hours, the
+    male agitating his abdomen in a peculiar way, while the female
+    simply retreats a short distance without allowing herself to be
+    approached. At last the female holds herself completely
+    motionless, and then the male approaches, seizes her, places her
+    on her side, sometimes carrying her to a more suitable part of
+    the web. Then one of his copulative apparatus is applied to the
+    female genital opening, and copulation begins. When completed (on
+    an average in about two hours) the male withdraws his copulatory
+    palpus and turns over the female, who is still inert, on to her
+    other side, then brings his second copulatory apparatus to the
+    female opening and starts afresh. When the process is definitely
+    completed the male leaves the female, suddenly retiring to a
+    little distance. The female, who had remained completely
+    motionless for four hours, suddenly runs after the male. But she
+    only pursues him for a short distance, and the two spiders remain
+    together without any danger to either. Lécaillon disbelieves the
+    statement of Romanes (in his _Animal Intelligence_) that the
+    female eats the male after copulation. But this certainly seems
+    to occur sometimes among insects, as illustrated by the following
+    instance described by so careful an observer of insects as Fabre.
+
+    The _Mantis religiosa_ is described by Fabre as contemplating the
+    female for a long time in an attitude of ecstasy. She remains
+    still and seems indifferent. He is small and she is large. At
+    last he approaches; spreads his wings, which tremble
+    convulsively; leaps on her back, and fixes himself there. The
+    preludes are long and the coupling itself sometimes occupies five
+    or six hours. Then they separate. But the same day or the
+    following day she seizes him and eats him up in small mouthfuls.
+    She will permit a whole series of males to have intercourse with
+    her, always eating them up directly afterward. Fabre has even
+    seen her eating the male while still on her back, his head and
+    neck gone, but his body still firmly attached. (J.H. Fabre,
+    _Souvenirs Entomologiques_, fifth series, p. 307.) Fabre also
+    describes in great detail (ibid., ninth series, chs. xxi-xxii)
+    the sexual parades of the Languedoc scorpion (_Scorpio
+    occitanus_), an arachnid. These parades are in public; for their
+    subsequent intercourse the couple seek complete seclusion, and
+    the female finally eats the male.
+
+    An insect (a species of _Empis_) has been described which excites
+    the female by manipulating a large balloon. "This is of
+    elliptical shape, about seven millimeters long (nearly twice as
+    long as the fly), hollow, and composed entirely of a single layer
+    of minute bubbles, nearly uniform in size, arranged in regular
+    circles concentric with the axis of the structure. The
+    beautiful, glistening whiteness of the object when the sun shines
+    upon it makes it very conspicuous. The bubbles were slightly
+    viscid, and in nearly every case there was a small fly pressed
+    into the front end of the balloon, apparently as food for the
+    _Empis_. In all cases they were dead. The balloon appears to be
+    made while the insect is flying in the air. Those flying highest
+    had the smallest balloons. The bubbles are probably produced by
+    some modification of the anal organs. It is possible that the
+    captured fly serves as a nucleus to begin the balloon on. One
+    case of a captured fly but no balloon was observed. After
+    commencing, it is probable that the rest of the structure is made
+    by revolving the completed part between the hind legs and adding
+    more bubbles somewhat spirally. The posterior end of the balloon
+    is left more or less open. The purpose of this structure is to
+    attract the female. When numerous males were flying up and down
+    the road, it happened several times that a female was seen to
+    approach them from some choke-cherry blossoms near by. The males
+    immediately gathered in her path, and she with little hesitation
+    selected for a mate the one with the largest balloon, taking a
+    position _upon his back_. After copulation had begun, the pair
+    would settle down toward the ground, select a quiet spot, and the
+    female would alight by placing her front legs across a horizontal
+    grass blade, her head resting against the blade so as to brace
+    the body in position. Here she would continue to hold the male
+    beneath her for a little time, until the process was finished.
+    The male, meanwhile, would be rolling the balloon about in a
+    variety of positions, juggling with it, one might almost say.
+    After the male and female parted company, the male immediately
+    dropped the balloon upon the ground, and it was greedily seized
+    by ants. No illustration could properly show the beauty of the
+    balloon." (Aldrich and Turley, "A Balloon-making Fly," _American
+    Naturalist_, October, 1899.)
+
+    "In many species of moths the males 'assemble' around the freshly
+    emerged female, but no special advantage appears to attend on
+    early arrival. The female sits apparently motionless, while the
+    little crowd of suitors buzz around her for several minutes.
+    Suddenly, and, as far as one can see, without any sign from the
+    female, one of the males pairs with her and all the others
+    immediately disappear. In these cases the males do not fight or
+    struggle in any way, and as one watches the ceremony the wonder
+    arises as to how the moment is determined, and why the pairing
+    did not take place before. Proximity does not decide the point,
+    for long beforehand the males often alight close to the female
+    and brush against her with fluttering wings. I have watched the
+    process exactly as I have described it in a common Northern
+    _Noctua_, the antler moth (_Charæax graminis_), and I have seen
+    the same thing among beetles." (E.B. Poulton, _The Colors of
+    Animals_, 1890, p. 391.) This author mentions that among some
+    butterflies the females take the active part. The example here
+    quoted of courtship among moths illustrates how phenomena which
+    are with difficulty explicable by the theory of sexual selection
+    in its original form become at once intelligible when we realize
+    the importance of tumescence in courtship.
+
+    Of the Argentine cow-bird (_Molothrus bonariensis_) Hudson says
+    (_Argentine Ornithology_, vol. i, p. 73): "The song of the male,
+    particularly when making love, is accompanied with gestures and
+    actions somewhat like those of the domestic pigeon. He swells
+    himself out, beating the ground with his wings, and uttering a
+    series of deep internal notes, followed by others loud and clear;
+    and occasionally, when uttering them, he suddenly takes wing and
+    flies directly away from the female to a distance of fifty yards,
+    and performs a wide circuit about her in the air, singing all the
+    time. The homely object of his passion always appears utterly
+    indifferent to this curious and pretty performance; yet she must
+    be even more impressionable than most female birds, since she
+    continues scattering about her parasitical and often wasted eggs
+    during four months in every year."
+
+    Of a tyrant-bird (_Pitangus Bolivianus_) Hudson writes
+    (_Argentine Ornithology_, vol. i, p. 148): "Though the male and
+    female are greatly attached, they do not go afield to hunt in
+    company, but separate to meet again at intervals during the day.
+    One of a couple (say, the female) returns to the trees where they
+    are accustomed to meet, and after a time, becoming impatient or
+    anxious at the delay of her consort, utters a very long, clear
+    call-note. He is perhaps a quarter of a mile away, watching for a
+    frog beside a pool, or beating over a thistle-bed, but he hears
+    the note and presently responds with one of equal power. Then,
+    perhaps, for half an hour, at intervals of half a minute, the
+    birds answer each other, though the powerful call of the one must
+    interfere with his hunting. At length he returns; then the two
+    birds, perched close together, with their yellow bosoms almost
+    touching, crests elevated, and beating the branch with their
+    wings, scream their loudest notes in concert--a confused jubilant
+    noise that rings through the whole plantation. Their joy at
+    meeting is patent, and their action corresponds to the warm
+    embrace of a loving human couple."
+
+    Of the red-breasted marsh-bird (_Leistes superciliaris_) Hudson
+    (_Argentine Ornithology_, vol. i, p. 100) writes: "These birds
+    are migratory, and appear everywhere in the eastern part of the
+    Argentine country early in October, arriving singly, after which
+    each male takes up a position in a field or open space abounding
+    with coarse grass and herbage, where he spends most of his time
+    perched on the summit of a tall stalk or weed, his glowing
+    crimson bosom showing at a distance like some splendid flower
+    above the herbage. At intervals of two or three minutes he soars
+    vertically up to a height of twenty or twenty-five yards to utter
+    his song, composed of a single long, powerful and rather musical
+    note, ending with an attempt at a flourish, during which the bird
+    flutters and turns about in the air; then, as if discouraged at
+    his failure, he drops down, emitting harsh, guttural chirps, to
+    resume his stand. Meanwhile the female is invisible, keeping
+    closely concealed under the long grass. But at length, attracted
+    perhaps by the bright bosom and aërial music of the male, she
+    occasionally exhibits herself for a few moments, starting up with
+    a wild zigzag flight, and, darting this way and that, presently
+    drops into the grass once more. The moment she appears above the
+    grass the male gives chase, and they vanish from sight together."
+
+    "Courtship with the mallard," says J.G. Millais (_Natural History
+    of British Ducks_, p. 6), "appears to be carried on by both
+    sexes, though generally three or four drakes are seen showing
+    themselves off to attract the attention of a single duck.
+    Swimming round her, in a coy and semi-self-conscious manner, they
+    now and again all stop quite still, nod, bow, and throw their
+    necks out in token of their admiration and their desire of a
+    favorable response. But the most interesting display is when all
+    the drakes simultaneously stand up in the water and rapidly pass
+    their bills down their breasts, uttering at the same time a low
+    single note somewhat like the first half of the call that teal
+    and pintail make when 'showing off.' At other times the
+    love-making of the drake seems to be rather passive than active.
+    While graciously allowing himself to be courted, he holds his
+    head high with conscious pride, and accepts as a matter of course
+    any attention that may be paid to him. A proud bird is he when
+    three or four ducks come swimming along beside and around him,
+    uttering a curious guttural note, and at the same time dipping
+    their bills in quick succession to right and left. He knows what
+    that means, and carries himself with even greater dignity than
+    before. In the end, however, he must give in. As a last appeal,
+    one of his lady lovers may coyly lower herself in the water till
+    only the top of her back, head, and neck is seen, and so
+    fascinating an advance as this no drake of any sensibility can
+    withstand."
+
+    The courting of the Argus pheasant, noted for the extreme beauty
+    of the male's plumage, was observed by H.O. Forbes in Sumatra. It
+    is the habit of this bird to make "a large circus, some ten or
+    twelve feet in diameter, in the forest, which it clears of every
+    leaf and twig and branch, till the ground is perfectly swept and
+    garnished. On the margin of this circus there is invariably a
+    projecting branch or high-arched root, at a few feet elevation
+    above the ground, on which the female bird takes its place, while
+    in the ring the male--the male birds alone possess great
+    decoration--shows off all its magnificence for the gratification
+    and pleasure of his consort and to exalt himself in her eyes."
+    (H.O. Forbes, _A. Naturalist's Wanderings_, 1885, p. 131.)
+
+    "All ostriches, adults as well as chicks, have a strange habit
+    known as 'waltzing.' After running for a few hundred yards they
+    will also stop, and, with raised wings, spin around rapidly for
+    some time after until quite giddy, when a broken leg occasionally
+    occurs.... Vicious cocks 'roll' when challenging to fight or when
+    wooing the hen. The cock will suddenly bump down on to his knees
+    (the ankle-joint), open his wings, and then swing them
+    alternately backward and forward, as if on a pivot.... While
+    rolling, every feather over the whole body is on end, and the
+    plumes are open, like a large white fan. At such a time the bird
+    sees very imperfectly, if at all; in fact, he seems so
+    preoccupied that, if pursued, one may often approach unnoticed.
+    Just before rolling, a cock, especially if courting the hen, will
+    often run slowly and daintily on the points of his toes, with
+    neck slightly inflated, upright, and rigid, the tail
+    half-drooped, and all his body-feathers fluffed up; the wings
+    raised and expanded, the inside edges touching the sides of the
+    neck for nearly the whole of its length, and the plumes showing
+    separately, like an open fan. In no other attitude is the
+    splendid beauty of his plumage displayed to such advantage."
+    (S.C. Cronwright Schreiner, "The Ostrich," _Zoölogist_, March,
+    1897.)
+
+    As may be seen from the foregoing fairly typical examples, the
+    phenomena of courtship are highly developed, and have been most
+    carefully studied, in animals outside the mammal series. It may
+    seem a long leap from birds to man; yet, as will be seen, the
+    phenomena among primitive human peoples, if not, indeed, among
+    many civilized peoples also, closely resemble those found among
+    birds, though, unfortunately, they have not usually been so
+    carefully studied.
+
+    In Australia, where dancing is carried to a high pitch of
+    elaboration, its association with the sexual impulse is close and
+    unmistakable. Thus, Mr. Samuel Gason (of whom it has been said
+    that "no man living has been more among blacks or knows more of
+    their ways") remarks concerning a dance of the Dieyerie tribe:
+    "This dance men and women only take part in, in regular form and
+    position, keeping splendid time to the rattle of the beat of two
+    boomerangs; some of the women keep time by clapping their hands
+    between their thighs; promiscuous sexual intercourse follows
+    after the dance; jealousy is forbidden." Again, at the Mobierrie,
+    or rat-harvest, "many weeks' preparation before the dance comes
+    off; no quarreling is allowed; promiscuous sexual intercourse
+    during the ceremony." The fact that jealousy is forbidden at
+    these festivals clearly indicates that sexual intercourse is a
+    recognized and probably essential element in the ceremonies. This
+    is further emphasized by the fact that at other festivals open
+    sexual intercourse is not allowed. Thus, at the Mindarie, or
+    dance at a peace festival (when a number of tribes comes
+    together), "there is great rejoicing at the coming festival,
+    which is generally held at the full of the moon, and kept up all
+    night. The men are artistically decorated with down and feathers,
+    with all kinds of designs. The down and feathers are stuck on
+    their bodies with blood freshly taken from their penis; they are
+    also nicely painted with various colors; tufts of boughs are tied
+    on their ankles to make a noise while dancing. Promiscuous sexual
+    intercourse is carried on _secretly_; many quarrels occur at this
+    time." (_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, vol. xxiv,
+    November, 1894, p. 174.)
+
+    In Australian dances, sometimes men and women dance together,
+    sometimes the men dance alone, sometimes the women. In one dance
+    described by Eyre: "Women are the chief performers; their bodies
+    are painted with white streaks, and their hair adorned with
+    cockatoo feathers. They carry large sticks in their hands, and
+    place themselves in a row in front, while the men with their
+    spears stand in a row behind them. They then all commence their
+    movements, but without intermingling, the males and females
+    dancing by themselves. The women have occasionally another mode
+    of dancing, by joining the hands together over the head, closing
+    the feet, and bringing the knees into contact. The legs are then
+    thrown outward from the knee, while the feet and hands are kept
+    in their original position, and, being drawn quickly in again, a
+    sharp sound is produced by the collision. This is also practised
+    alone by young girls or by several together for their own
+    amusement. It is adopted also when a single woman is placed in
+    front of a row of male dancers to excite their passions." (E.J.
+    Eyre, _Journals of Expeditions into Central Australia_, vol. ii,
+    p. 235.)
+
+    A charming Australian folk-tale concerning two sisters with
+    wings, who disliked men, and their wooing by a man, clearly
+    indicates, even among the Australians (whose love-making is
+    commonly supposed to be somewhat brutal in character), the
+    consciousness that it is by his beauty, charm, and skill in
+    courtship that a man wins a woman. Unahanach, the lover, stole
+    unperceived to the river where the girls were bathing and at last
+    showed himself carelessly sitting on a high tree. The girls were
+    startled, but thought it would be safe to amuse themselves by
+    looking at the intruder. "Young and with the most active figure,
+    yet of a strength that defied the strongest emu, and even enabled
+    him to resist an 'old man' kangaroo, he had no equal in the
+    chase, and conscious power gave a dignity to his expression that
+    at one glance calmed the fears of the two girls. His large
+    brilliant eyes, shaded by a deep fringe of soft black eyelashes,
+    gazed down upon them admiringly, and his rich black hair hung
+    around his well-formed face, smooth and shining from the emu-oil
+    with which it was abundantly covered." At last he persuaded them
+    to talk and by and by induced them to call him husband. Then they
+    went off with him, with no thought of flight in their hearts.
+    ("Australian Folklore Stories," collected by W. Dunlop, _Journal
+    of the Anthropological Institute_, new series, vol. i, 1898, p.
+    33.)
+
+    Of the people of Torres Straits Haddon states (_Reports
+    Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits_, vol. v, p. 222):
+    "It was during the secular dance, or _Kap_, that the girls
+    usually lost their hearts to the young men. A young man who was a
+    good dancer would find favor in the sight of the girls. This can
+    be readily understood by anyone who has seen the active, skilful,
+    and fatiguing dances of these people. A young man who could
+    acquit himself well in these dances must be possessed of no mean
+    strength and agility, qualities which everywhere appeal to the
+    opposite sex. Further, he was decorated, according to local
+    custom, with all that would render him more imposing in the eyes
+    of the spectators. As the former chief of Mabuiag put it, 'In
+    England if a man has plenty of money, women want to marry him; so
+    here, if a man dances well they too want him.' In olden days the
+    war-dance, which was performed after a successful foray, would be
+    the most powerful excitement to a marriageable girl, especially
+    if a young man had distinguished himself sufficiently to bring
+    home the head of someone he had killed."
+
+    Among the tribes inhabiting the mouth of the Wanigela River, New
+    Guinea, "when a boy admires a girl, he will not look at her,
+    speak to her, or go near her. He, however, shows his love by
+    athletic bounds, posing, and pursuit, and by the spearing of
+    imaginary enemies, etc., before her, to attract her attention. If
+    the girl reciprocates his love she will employ a small girl to
+    give to him an _ugauga gauna_, or love invitation, consisting of
+    an areca-nut whose skin has been marked with different designs,
+    significant of her wish to _ugauga_. After dark he is apprised of
+    the place where the girl awaits him; repairing thither, he seats
+    himself beside her as close as possible, and they mutually share
+    in the consumption of the betel-nut." This constitutes betrothal;
+    henceforth he is free to visit the girl's house and sleep there.
+    Marriages usually take place at the most important festival of
+    the year, the _kapa_, preparations for which are made during the
+    three previous months, so that there may be a bountiful and
+    unfailing supply of bananas. Much dancing takes place among the
+    unmarried girls, who, also, are tattooed at this time over the
+    whole of the front of the body, special attention being paid to
+    the lower parts, as a girl who is not properly tattooed there
+    possesses no attraction in the eyes of young men. Married women
+    and widows and divorced women are not forbidden to take part in
+    these dances, but it would be considered ridiculous for them to
+    do so. (R.E. Guise, "On the Tribes of the Wanigela River,"
+    _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, new series, vol. i,
+    1899, pp. 209, 214 et seq.)
+
+    In the island of Nias in the Malay Archipelago, Modigliani
+    (mainly on the excellent authority of Sundermann, the missionary)
+    states, at a wedding "dancing and singing go on throughout the
+    day. The women, two or three at a time, a little apart from the
+    men, take part in the dancing, which is very well adapted to
+    emphasize the curves of the flanks and the breasts, though at the
+    same time the defects of their legs are exhibited in this series
+    of rhythmic contortions which constitute a Nias dance. The most
+    graceful movement they execute is a lascivious undulation of the
+    flanks while the face and breast are slowly wound round by the
+    _sarong_ [a sort of skirt] held in the hands, and then again
+    revealed. These movements are executed with jerks of the wrist
+    and contortions of the flanks, not always graceful, but which
+    excite the admiration of the spectators, even of the women, who
+    form in groups to sing in chorus a compliment, more or less
+    sincere, in which they say: 'They dance with the grace of birds
+    when they fly. They dance as the hawk flies; it is lovely to
+    see.' They sing and dance both at weddings and at other
+    festivals." (Elio Modigliani, _Un Viaggio a Nias_, 1890, p. 549.)
+
+    In Sumatra Marsden states that chastity prevails more, perhaps,
+    than among any other people: "But little apparent courtship
+    precedes their marriages. Their manners do not admit of it, the
+    _boojong_ and _geddas_ (youths of each sex) being carefully kept
+    asunder and the latter seldom trusted from under the wings of
+    their mothers.... The opportunities which the young people have
+    of seeing and conversing with each other are at the _birnbangs_,
+    or public festivals. On these occasions the young people meet
+    together and dance and sing in company. The men, when determined
+    in their regard, generally employ an old woman as their agent, by
+    whom they make known their sentiments, and send presents to the
+    female of their choice. The parents then interfere, and the
+    preliminaries being settled, a _birnbang_ takes place. The young
+    women proceed in a body to the upper end of the _balli_ (hall),
+    where there is a part divided off for them by a curtain. They do
+    not always make their appearance before dinner, that time,
+    previous to a second or third meal, being appropriated to
+    cock-fighting or other diversions peculiar to men. In the evening
+    their other amusements take place, of which the dances are the
+    principal. These are performed either singly or by two women, two
+    men, or with both mixed. Their motions and attitudes are usually
+    slow, approaching often to the lascivious. They bend forward as
+    they dance, and usually carry a fan, which they close and strike
+    smartly against their elbows at particular cadences.... The
+    assembly seldom breaks up before daylight and these _birnbangs_
+    are often continued for several days together. The young men
+    frequent them in order to look out for wives, and the lasses of
+    course set themselves off to the best advantage. They wear their
+    best silken dresses, of their own weaving, as many ornaments of
+    filigree as they possess, silver rings upon their arms and legs,
+    and ear-rings of a particular construction. Their hair is
+    variously adorned with flowers, and perfumed with oil of
+    benjamin. Civet is also in repute, but more used by the men. To
+    render their skin fine, smooth, and soft they make use of a white
+    cosmetic called _poopoor_ [a mixture of ginger, patch-leaf,
+    maize, sandal-wood, fairy-cotton, and mush-seed with a basis of
+    fine rice]." (W. Marsden, _History of Sumatra_, 1783, p. 230.)
+
+    The Alfurus of Seram in the Moluccas, who have not yet been
+    spoilt by foreign influences, are very fond of music and dancing.
+    Their _maku_ dances, which take place at night, have been
+    described by Joest: "Great torches of dry bamboos and piles of
+    burning resinous leaves light up the giant trees to their very
+    summits and reveal in the distance the little huts which the
+    Alfuras have built in the virgin forests, as well as the skulls
+    of the slain. The women squat together by the fire, making a
+    deafening noise with the gongs and the drums, while the young
+    girls, richly adorned with pearls and fragrant flowers, await the
+    beginning of the dance. Then appear the men and youths without
+    weapons, but in full war-costume, the girdle freshly marked with
+    the number of slain enemies. [Among the Alfuras it is the man who
+    has the largest number of heads to show who has most chance of
+    winning the object of his love.] They hold each other's arms and
+    form a circle, which is not, however, completely closed. A song
+    is started, and with small, slow steps this ring of bodies, like
+    a winding snake, moves sideways, backward, closes, opens again,
+    the steps become heavier, the songs and drums louder, the girls
+    enter the circle and with closed eyes grasp the girdle of their
+    chosen youths, who clasp them by the hips and necks, the chain
+    becomes longer and longer, the dance and song more ardent, until
+    the dancers grow tired and disappear in the gloom of the forest."
+    (W. Joest, _Welt-Fahrten_, 1895, Bd. ii, p. 159.)
+
+    The women of the New Hebrides dance, or rather sway, to and fro
+    in the midst of a circle formed by the men, with whom they do not
+    directly mingle. They leap, show their genital parts to the men,
+    and imitate the movements of coitus. Meanwhile the men unfasten
+    the _manou_ (penis-wrap) from their girdles with one hand, with
+    the other imitating the action of seizing a woman, and, excited
+    by the women, also go through a mock copulation. Sometimes, it is
+    said, the dancers masturbate. This takes place amid plaintive
+    songs, interrupted from time to time by loud cries and howls.
+    (_Untrodden Fields of Anthropology_, by a French army-surgeon,
+    1898, vol. ii, p. 341.)
+
+    Among the hill tribes of the Central Indian Hills may be traced a
+    desire to secure communion with the spirit of fertility embodied
+    in vegetation. This appears, for instance, in a tree-dance, which
+    is carried out on a date associated not only with the growths of
+    the crops or with harvest, but also with the seasonal period for
+    marriage and the annual Saturnalia. (W. Crooke, "The Hill
+    Tribes," _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, new series,
+    vol. i, 1899, p. 243.) The association of dancing with seasonal
+    ritual festivals of a generative character--of which the above is
+    a fairly typical instance--leads us to another aspect of these
+    phenomena on which I have elsewhere touched in these _Studies_
+    (vol. i) when discussing the "Phenomena of Periodicity."
+
+    The Tahitians, when first discovered by Europeans, appear to have
+    been highly civilized on the sexual side and very licentious. Yet
+    even at Tahiti, when visited by Cook, the strict primitive
+    relationship between dancing and courtship still remained
+    traceable. Cook found "a dance called Timorodee, which is
+    performed by young girls, whenever eight or ten of them can be
+    collected together, consisting of motions and gestures beyond
+    imagination wanton, in the practice of which they are brought up
+    from their earliest childhood, accompanied by words which, if it
+    were possible, would more explicitly convey the same ideas. But
+    the practice which is allowed to the virgin is prohibited to the
+    woman from the moment that she has put these hopeful lessons in
+    practice and realized the symbols of the dance." He added,
+    however, that among the specially privileged class of the Areoi
+    these limitations were not observed, for he had heard that this
+    dance was sometimes performed by them as a preliminary to sexual
+    intercourse. (Hawkesworth, _An Account of the Voyages_, etc.,
+    1775, vol. ii, p. 54.)
+
+    Among the Marquesans at the marriage of a woman, even of high
+    rank, she lies with her head at the bridegroom's knees and all
+    the male guests come in single file, singing and dancing--those
+    of lower class first and the great chiefs last--and have
+    connection with the woman. There are often a very large number of
+    guests and the bride is sometimes so exhausted at the end that
+    she has to spend several days in bed. (Tautain, "Etude sur le
+    Mariage chez les Polynésiens," _L'Anthropologie_,
+    November-December, 1895, p. 642.) The interesting point for us
+    here is that singing and dancing are still regarded as a
+    preliminary to a sexual act. It has been noted that in sexual
+    matters the Polynesians, when first discovered by Europeans, had
+    largely gone beyond the primitive stage, and that this applies
+    also to some of their dances. Thus the _hula-hula_ dance, while
+    primitive in origin, may probably be compared more to a civilized
+    than to a primitive dance, since it has become divorced from real
+    life. In the same way, while the sexual pantomime dance of the
+    Azimba girls of central Africa has a direct and recognized
+    relationship to the demands of real life, the somewhat allied
+    _danses du ventre_ of the Hamitic peoples of northern Africa are
+    merely an amusement, a play more or less based on the sexual
+    instinct. At the same time it is important to bear in mind that
+    there is no rigid distinction between dances that are, and those
+    that are not, primitive. As Haddon truly points out in a book
+    containing valuable detailed descriptions of dances, even among
+    savages dances are so developed that it is difficult to trace
+    their origin, and at Torres Straits, he remarks, "there are
+    certainly play or secular dances, dances for pure amusement
+    without any ulterior design." (A.C. Haddon, _Head Hunters_, p.
+    233.) When we remember that dancing had probably become highly
+    developed long before man appeared on the earth, this difficulty
+    in determining the precise origin of human dancing cannot cause
+    surprise.
+
+    Spix and Martius described how the Muras of Brazil by moonlight
+    would engage all night in a Bacchantic dance in a great circle,
+    hand in hand, the men on one side, the women on the other,
+    shouting out all the time, the men "Who will marry me?" the
+    women, "You are a beautiful devil; all women will marry you,"
+    (Spix and Martius, _Reise in Brasilien_, 1831, vol. iii, p.
+    1117.) They also described in detail the dance of the Brazilian
+    Puris, performed in a state of complete nakedness, the men in a
+    row, the women in another row behind them. They danced backward
+    and forward, stamping and singing, at first in a slow and
+    melancholy style, but gradually with increasing vigor and
+    excitement. Then the women began to rotate the pelvis backward
+    and forward, and the men to thrust their bodies forward, the
+    dance becoming a pantomimic representation of sexual intercourse
+    (ibid., vol. i, 1823, pp. 373-5).
+
+    Among the Apinages of Brazil, also, the women stand in a row,
+    almost motionless, while the men dance and leap in front of them,
+    both men and women at the same time singing. (Buscalioni, "Reise
+    zu den Apinages," _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1899, ht. 6, p.
+    650.)
+
+    Among the Gilas of New Mexico, "when a young man sees a girl whom
+    he desires for a wife, he first endeavors to gain the good-will
+    of the parents; this accomplished, he proceeds to serenade his
+    lady-love, and will often sit for hours, day after day, near her
+    home, playing on his flute. Should the girl not appear, it is a
+    sign she rejects him; but if, on the other hand, she comes out to
+    meet him, he knows that his suit is accepted, and he takes her to
+    his home. No marriage ceremony is performed."[33] (H.H. Bancroft,
+    _Native Races of the Pacific_, vol. i, p. 549.)
+
+    "Among the Minnetarees a singular night-dance is, it is said,
+    sometimes held. During this amusement an opportunity is given to
+    the squaws to select their favorites. A squaw, as she dances,
+    will advance to a person with whom she is captivated, either for
+    his personal attractions or for his renown in arms; she taps him
+    on the shoulder and immediately runs out of the lodge and betakes
+    herself to the bushes, followed by the favorite. But if it should
+    happen that he has a particular preference for another from whom
+    he expects the same favor, or if he is restrained by a vow, or is
+    already satiated with indulgence, he politely declines her offer
+    by placing his hand in her bosom, on which they return to the
+    assembly and rejoin the dance." It is worthy of remark that in
+    the language of the Omahas the word _watche_ applies equally to
+    the amusement of dancing and to sexual intercourse. (S.H. Long,
+    _Expedition to the Rocky Mountains_, 1823, vol. i, p. 337.)
+
+    At a Kaffir marriage "singing and dancing last until midnight.
+    Each party [the bride's and the bridegroom's] dances in front of
+    the other, but they do not mingle together. As the evening
+    advances, the spirits and passions of all become greatly excited;
+    and the power of song, the display of muscular action, and the
+    gesticulations of the dancers and leapers are something
+    extraordinary. The manner in which, at certain times, one man or
+    woman, more excited than the rest, bounds from the ranks, leaps
+    into the air, bounces forward, and darts backward beggars all
+    description. These violent exercises usually close about
+    midnight, when each party retires; generally, each man selects a
+    paramour, and, indulging in sexual gratification, spends the
+    remainder of the night." (W.C. Holden, _The Kaffir Race_, 1866,
+    p. 192.)
+
+    At the initiation of Kaffir boys into manhood, as described by
+    Holden, they were circumcised. "Cattle are then slaughtered by
+    the parents, and the boys are plentifully supplied with flesh
+    meat; a good deal of dancing also ensues at this stage of the
+    proceedings. The _ukut-shila_ consists in attiring themselves
+    with the leaves of the wild date in the most fantastic manner;
+    thus attired they visit each of the kraals to which they belong
+    in rotation, for the purpose of dancing. These dances are the
+    most licentious which can be imagined. The women act a prominent
+    part in them, and endeavor to excite the passions of the novices
+    by performing all sorts of obscene gesticulations. As soon as the
+    soreness occasioned by the act of circumcision is healed the boys
+    are, as it were, let loose upon society, and exempted from nearly
+    all the restraints of law; so that should they even steal and
+    slaughter their neighbor's cattle they would not be punished; and
+    they have the special privilege of seizing by force, if force be
+    necessary, every unmarried woman they choose, for the purpose of
+    gratifying their passions." Similar festivals take place at the
+    initiation of girls. (W.C. Holden, _The Kaffir Race_, 1866, p.
+    185.)
+
+    The Rev. J. Macdonald has described the ceremonies and customs
+    attending and following the initiation-rites of a young girl on
+    her first menstruation among the Zulus between the Tugela and
+    Delagoa Bay. At this time the girl is called an _intonjane_. A
+    beast is killed as a thank-offering to the ancestral spirits,
+    high revel is held for several days, and dancing and music take
+    place every night till those engaged in it are all exhausted or
+    daylight arrives. "After a few days and when dancing has been
+    discontinued, young men and girls congregate in the outer
+    apartment of the hut, and begin singing, clapping their hands,
+    and making a grunting noise to show their joy. At nightfall most
+    of the young girls who were the intonjane's attendants, leave for
+    their own homes for the night, to return the following morning.
+    Thereafter the young men and girls who gathered into the hut in
+    the afternoon separate into pairs and sleep together _in puris
+    naturalibus_, for that is strictly ordained by custom. Sexual
+    intercourse is not allowed, but what is known as _metsha_ or
+    _ukumetsha_ is the sole purpose of the novel arrangement.
+    _Ukumetsha_ may be defined as partial intercourse. Every man who
+    sleeps thus with a girl has to send to the father of the
+    intonjane an assegai; should he have formed an attachment for his
+    partner of the night and wish to pay her his addresses, he sends
+    two assegais." (Rev. J. Macdonald, "Manners, etc., of South
+    African Tribes," _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, vol.
+    xx, November, 1890, p. 117.)
+
+    Goncourt reports the account given him by a French officer from
+    Senegal of the dances of the women, "a dance which is a gentle
+    oscillation of the body, with gradually increasing excitement,
+    from time to time a woman darting forward from the group to stand
+    in front of her lover, contorting herself as though in a
+    passionate embrace, and, on passing her hand between her thighs,
+    showing it covered with the moisture of amorous enjoyment."
+    (_Journal_, vol. ix, p. 79.) The dance here referred to is
+    probably the Bamboula dance of the Wolofs, a spring festival
+    which has been described by Pierre Loti in his _Roman d'un
+    Spahi_, and concerning which various details are furnished by a
+    French army-surgeon, acquainted with Senegal, in his _Untrodden
+    Fields of Anthropology_. The dance, as described by the latter,
+    takes place at night during full moon, the dancers, male and
+    female, beginning timidly, but, as the beat of the tam-tams and
+    the encouraging cries of the spectators become louder, the dance
+    becomes more furious. The native name of the dance is _anamalis
+    fobil_, "the dance of the treading drake." "The dancer in his
+    movements imitates the copulation of the great Indian duck. This
+    drake has a member of a corkscrew shape, and a peculiar movement
+    is required to introduce it into the duck. The woman tucks up her
+    clothes and convulsively agitates the lower part of her body; she
+    alternately shows her partner her vulva and hides it from him by
+    a regular movement, backward and forward, of the body."
+    (_Untrodden Fields of Anthropology_, Paris, 1898, vol. ii, p.
+    112.)
+
+    Among the Gurus of the Ivory Coast (Gulf of Guinea), Eysséric
+    observes, dancing is usually carried on at night and more
+    especially by the men, and on certain occasions women must not
+    appear, for if they assisted at fetichistic dances "they would
+    die." Under other circumstances men and women dance together with
+    ardor, not forming couples but often _vis-à-vis_: their movements
+    are lascivious. Even the dances following a funeral tend to
+    become sexual in character. At the end of the rites attending the
+    funeral of a chief's son the entire population began to dance
+    with ever-growing ardor; there was nothing ritualistic or sad in
+    these contortions, which took on the character of a lascivious
+    dance. Men and women, boys and girls, young and old, sought to
+    rival each other in suppleness, and the festival became joyous
+    and general, as if in celebration of a marriage or a victory.
+    (Eysséric, "La Côte d'Ivoire," _Nouvelles Archives des Missions
+    Scientifiques_, tome ix, 1890, pp. 241-49.)
+
+    Mrs. French-Sheldon has described the marriage-rites she observed
+    at Taveta in East Africa. "During this time the young people
+    dance and carouse and make themselves generally merry and
+    promiscuously drunk, carrying the excess of their dissipation to
+    such an extent that they dance until they fall down in a species
+    of epileptic fit." It is the privilege of the bridegroom's four
+    groomsmen to enjoy the bride first, and she is then handed over
+    to her legitimate husband. This people, both men and women, are
+    "great dancers and merry-makers; the young fellows will collect
+    in groups and dance as though in competition one with the other;
+    one lad will dash out from the circle of his companions, rush
+    into the middle of a circumscribed space, and scream out 'Wow,
+    wow!' Another follows him and screams; then a third does the
+    same. These men will dance with their knees almost rigid, jumping
+    into the air until their excitement becomes very great and their
+    energy almost spasmodic, leaving the ground frequently three feet
+    as they spring into the air. At some of their festivals their
+    dancing is carried to such an extent that I have seen a young
+    fellow's muscles quiver from head to foot and his jaws tremble
+    without any apparent ability on his part to control them, until,
+    foaming at the mouth and with his eyes rolling, he falls in a
+    paroxysm upon the ground, to be carried off by his companions."
+    The writer adds significantly that this dancing "would seem to
+    emanate from a species of voluptuousness." (Mrs. French-Sheldon,
+    "Customs among the Natives of East Africa," _Journal of the
+    Anthropological Institute_, vol. xxi, May, 1892, pp. 366-67.) It
+    may be added that among the Suaheli dances are intimately
+    associated with weddings; the Suaheli dances have been minutely
+    described by Velten (_Sitten und Gebraüche der Suaheli_, pp.
+    144-175). Among the Akamba of British East Africa, also,
+    according to H.R. Tate (_Journal of the Anthropological
+    Institute_, Jan.-June, 1904, p. 137), the dances are followed by
+    connection between the young men and girls, approved of by the
+    parents.
+
+    The dances of the Faroe Islanders have been described by Raymond
+    Pilet ("Rapport sur une Mission en Islande et aux lies Féroë,"
+    _Nouvelles Archives des Missions Scientifiques_, tome vii, 1897,
+    p. 285). These dances, which are entirely decorous, include
+    poetry, music, and much mimicry, especially of battle. They
+    sometimes last for two consecutive days and nights. "The dance is
+    simply a permitted and discreet method by which the young men may
+    court the young girls. The islander enters the circle and places
+    himself beside the girl to whom he desires to show his affection;
+    if he meets with her approval she stays and continues to dance at
+    his side; if not, she leaves the circle and appears later at
+    another spot."
+
+    Pitre (_Usi, etc., del Popolo Siciliano_, vol. ii, p. 24, as
+    quoted in Marro's _Pubertà_) states that in Sicily the youth who
+    wishes to marry seeks to give some public proof of his valor and
+    to show himself off. In Chiaramonte, in evidence of his virile
+    force, he bears in procession the standard of some confraternity,
+    a high and richly adorned standard which makes its staff bend to
+    a semicircle, of such enormous weight that the bearer must walk
+    in a painfully bent position, his head thrown back and his feet
+    forward. On reaching the house of his betrothed he makes proof of
+    his boldness and skill in wielding this extremely heavy standard
+    which at this moment seems a plaything in his hands, but may yet
+    prove fatal to him through injury to the loins or other parts.
+
+    This same tendency, which we find in so highly developed a degree
+    among animals and primitive human peoples, is also universal
+    among the children of even the most civilized human races,
+    although in a less organized and more confused way. It manifests
+    itself as "showing-off." Sanford Bell, in his study of the
+    emotion of love in children, finds that "showing-off" is an
+    essential element in the love of children in what he terms the
+    second stage (from the eighth to the twelfth year in girls and
+    the fourteenth in boys). "It constitutes one of the chief numbers
+    in the boy's repertory of love charms, and is not totally absent
+    from the girl's. It is a most common sight to see the boys taxing
+    their resources in devising means of exposing their own
+    excellencies, and often doing the most ridiculous and extravagant
+    things. Running, jumping, dancing, prancing, sparring, wrestling,
+    turning handsprings, somersaults, climbing, walking fences,
+    swinging, giving yodels and yells, whistling, imitating the
+    movements of animals, 'taking people off,' courting danger,
+    affecting courage are some of its common forms.... This
+    'showing-off' in the boy lover is the forerunner of the skilful,
+    purposive, and elaborate means of self-exhibition in the adult
+    male and the charming coquetry in the adult female, in their
+    love-relations." (Sanford Bell, "The Emotion of Love Between the
+    Sexes," _American Journal Psychology_, July, 1902; cf.
+    "Showing-off and Bashfulness," _Pedagogical Seminary_, June,
+    1903.)
+
+If, in the light of the previous discussion, we examine such facts as
+those here collected, we may easily trace throughout the perpetual
+operations of the same instinct. It is everywhere the instinctive object
+of the male, who is very rarely passive in the process of courtship, to
+assure by his activity in display, his energy or skill or beauty, both his
+own passion and the passion of the female. Throughout nature sexual
+conjugation only takes place after much expenditure of energy.[34] We are
+deceived by what we see among highly fed domesticated animals, and among
+the lazy classes of human society, whose sexual instincts are at once both
+unnaturally stimulated and unnaturally repressed, when we imagine that the
+instinct of detumescence is normally ever craving to be satisfied, and
+that throughout nature it can always be set off at a touch whenever the
+stimulus is applied. So far from the instinct of tumescence naturally
+needing to be crushed, it needs, on the contrary, in either sex to be
+submitted to the most elaborate and prolonged processes in order to bring
+about those conditions which detumescence relieves. A state of tumescence
+is not normally constant, and tumescence must be obtained before
+detumescence is possible.[35] The whole object of courtship, of the mutual
+approximation and caresses of two persons of the opposite sex, is to
+create the state of sexual tumescence.
+
+It will be seen that the most usual method of attaining tumescence--a
+method found among the most various kinds of animals, from insects and
+birds to man--is some form of the dance. Among the Negritos of the
+Philippines dancing is described by A.B. Meyer as "jumping in a circle
+around a girl and stamping with the feet"; as we have seen, such a dance
+is, essentially, a form of courtship that is widespread among animals.
+"The true cake-walk," again, Stanley Hall remarks, "as seen in the South
+is perhaps the purest expression of this impulse to courtship antics seen
+in man."[36] Muscular movement of which the dance is the highest and most
+complex expression, is undoubtedly a method of auto-intoxication of the
+very greatest potency. All energetic movement, indeed, tends to produce
+active congestion. In its influence on the brain violent exercise may thus
+result in a state of intoxication even resembling insanity. As Lagrange
+remarks, the visible effects of exercise--heightened color, bright eyes,
+resolute air and walk--are those of slight intoxication, and a girl who
+has waltzed for a quarter of an hour is in the same condition as if she
+had drunk champagne.[37] Groos regards the dance as, above all, an
+intoxicating play of movement, possessing, like other methods of
+intoxication,--and even apart from its relationship to combat and
+love,--the charm of being able to draw us out of our everyday life and
+lead us into a self-created dream-world.[38] That the dance is not only a
+narcotic, but also a powerful stimulant, we may clearly realize from the
+experiments which show that this effect is produced even by much less
+complex kinds of muscular movement. This has been clearly determined, for
+instance, by Féré, in the course of a long and elaborate series of
+experiments dealing with the various influences that modify work as
+measured by Mosso's ergograph. This investigator found that muscular
+movement is the most efficacious of all stimulants in increasing muscular
+power.[39] It is easy to trace these pleasurable effects of combined
+narcotic and stimulant motion in everyday life and it is unnecessary to
+enumerate its manifestations.[40]
+
+    Dancing is so powerful an agent on the organism, as Sergi truly
+    remarks (_Les Emotions_, p. 288), because its excitation is
+    general, because it touches every vital organ, the higher centers
+    no longer dominating. Primitive dancing differs very widely from
+    that civilized kind of dancing--finding its extreme type in the
+    ballet--in which energy is concentrated into the muscles below
+    the knee. In the finest kinds of primitive dancing all the limbs,
+    the whole body, take part. For instance, "the Marquisan girls,"
+    Herman Melville remarked in _Typee_, "dance all over, as it were;
+    not only do their feet dance, but their arms, hands,
+    fingers,--ay, their very eyes seem to dance in their heads. In
+    good sooth, they so sway their floating forms, arch their necks,
+    toss aloft their naked arms, and glide, and swim, and whirl,"
+    etc.
+
+    If we turn to a very different people, we find this
+    characteristic of primitive dancing admirably illustrated by the
+    missionary, Holden, in the case of Kaffir dances. "So far as I
+    have observed," he states, "the perfection of the art or science
+    consists in their _being able to put every part of the body into
+    motion at the same time_. And as they are naked, the bystander
+    has a good opportunity of observing the whole process, which
+    presents a remarkably odd and grotesque appearance,--the head,
+    the trunk, the arms, the legs, the hands, the feet, bones,
+    muscles, sinews, skin, scalp, and hair, each and all in motion at
+    the same time, with feathers waving, tails of monkeys and wild
+    beasts dangling, and shields beating, accompanied with whistling,
+    shouting, and leaping. It would appear as though the whole frame
+    was hung on springing wires or cords. Dances are held in high
+    repute, being the natural expression of joyous emotion, or
+    creating it when absent. There is, perhaps, no exercise in
+    greater accordance with the sentiments or feelings of a barbarous
+    people, or more fully calculated to gratify their wild and
+    ungoverned passions." (W.C. Holden, _The Kaffir Race_, 1866, p.
+    274.)
+
+Dancing, as the highest and most complex form of muscular movement, is the
+most potent method of obtaining the organic excitement muscular movement
+yields, and thus we understand how from the earliest zoölogical ages it
+has been brought to the service of the sexual instinct as a mode of
+attaining tumescence. Among savages this use of dancing works harmoniously
+with the various other uses which dancing possesses in primitive times
+and which cause it to occupy so large and vital a part in savage life that
+it may possibly even affect the organism to such an extent as to mold the
+bones; so that some authorities have associated platycnemia with dancing.
+As civilization advances, the other uses of dancing fall away, but it
+still remains a sexual stimulant. Burton, in his _Anatomy of Melancholy_,
+brings forward a number of quotations from old authors showing that
+dancing is an incitement to love.[41]
+
+    The Catholic theologians (Debreyne, _Moechialogie_, pp. 190-199)
+    for the most part condemn dancing with much severity. In
+    Protestant Germany, also, it is held that dance meetings and
+    musical gatherings are frequent occasions of unchastity. Thus in
+    the Leipzig district when a girl is asked "How did you fall?" she
+    nearly always replies "At the dance." (_Die
+    Geschlechtlich-Sittliche Verhältnisse im Deutschen Reiche_, vol.
+    i, p. 196.) It leads quite as often, and no doubt oftener, to
+    marriage. Rousseau defended it on this account (_Nouvelle
+    Heloïse_, bk. iv, letter x); dancing is, he held, an admirable
+    preliminary to courtship, and the best way for young people to
+    reveal themselves to each other, in their grace and decorum,
+    their qualities and defects, while its publicity is its
+    safeguard. An International Congress of Dancing Masters was held
+    at Barcelona in 1907. In connection with this Congress, Giraudet,
+    president of the International Academy of Dancing Masters, issued
+    an inquiry to over 3000 teachers of dancing throughout the world
+    in order to ascertain the frequency with which dancing led to
+    marriage. Of over one million pupils of dancing, either married
+    or engaged to be married, it was found that in most countries
+    more than 50 per cent. met their conjugal partners at dances. The
+    smallest proportion was in Norway, with only 39 per cent., and
+    the highest, Germany, with 97 per cent. Intermediate are France,
+    83 per cent.; America, 80 per cent.; Italy, 70 per cent.; Spain,
+    68 per cent.; Holland, Bulgaria, and England, 65 per cent.;
+    Australia and Roumania, 60 per cent., etc. Of the teachers
+    themselves 92 per cent. met their partners at dances. (Quoted
+    from the _Figaro_ in Beiblatt "Sexualreform" to _Geschlecht und
+    Gesellschaft_, 1907, p. 175.)
+
+In civilization, however, dancing is not only an incitement to love and a
+preliminary to courtship, but it is often a substitute for the normal
+gratification of the sexual instinct, procuring something of the pleasure
+and relief of gratified love. In occasional abnormal cases this may be
+consciously realized. Thus Sadger, who regards the joy of dancing as a
+manifestation of "muscular eroticism," gives the case of a married
+hysterical woman of 21, with genital anesthesia, but otherwise strongly
+developed skin eroticism, who was a passionate dancer: "I often felt as
+though I was giving myself to my partner in dancing," she said, "and was
+actually having coitus with him. I have the feeling that in me dancing
+takes the place of coitus."[42] Normally something of the same feeling is
+experienced by many young women, who will expend a prodigious amount of
+energy in dancing, thus procuring, not fatigue, but happiness and
+relief.[43] It is significant that, after sexual relations have begun,
+girls generally lose much of their ardor in dancing. Even our modern
+dances, it is worthy of note, are often of sexual origin; thus, the most
+typical of all, the waltz, was originally (as Schaller, quoted by Groos,
+states) the close of a complicated dance which "represented the romance of
+love, the seeking and the fleeing, the playful sulking and shunning, and
+finally the jubilation of the wedding."[44]
+
+Not only is movement itself a source of tumescence, but even the spectacle
+of movement tends to produce the same effect. The pleasure of witnessing
+movement, as represented by its stimulating effect on the muscular
+system,--for states of well-being are accompanied by an increase of
+power,--has been found susceptible of exact measurement by Féré. He has
+shown that to watch a colored disk when in motion produced stronger
+muscular contractions, as measured by the dynamometer, than to watch the
+same disk when motionless. Even in the absence of color a similar
+influence of movement was noted, and watching a modified metronome
+produced a greater increase of work with the ergograph than when working
+to the rhythm of the metronome without watching it.[45] This psychological
+fact has been independently discovered by advertisers, who seek to impress
+the value of their wares on the public by the device of announcing them by
+moving colored lights. The pleasure given by the ballet largely depends on
+the same fact. Not only is dancing an excitation, but the spectacle of
+dancing is itself exciting, and even among savages dances have a public
+which becomes almost as passionately excited as the dancers
+themselves.[46] It is in virtue of this effect of dancing and similar
+movements that we so frequently find, both among the lower animals and
+savage man, that to obtain tumescence in both sexes, it is sufficient for
+one sex alone, usually the male, to take the active part. This point
+attracted the attention of Kulischer many years ago, and he showed how the
+dances of the men, among savages, excite the women, who watch them
+intently though unobtrusively, and are thus influenced in choosing their
+lovers. He was probably the first to insist that in man sexual selection
+has taken place mainly through the agency of dances, games, and
+festivals.[47]
+
+It is now clear, therefore, why the evacuation theory of the sexual
+impulse must necessarily be partial and inadequate. It leaves out of
+account the whole of the phenomena connected with tumescence, and those
+phenomena constitute the most prolonged, the most important, the most
+significant stage of the sexual process. It is during tumescence that the
+whole psychology of the sexual impulse is built up; it is as an incident
+arising during tumescence and influencing its course that we must probably
+regard nearly every sexual aberration. It is with the second stage of the
+sexual process, when the instinct of detumescence arises, that the analogy
+of evacuation can alone be called in. Even here, that analogy, though
+real, is not complete, the nervous element involved in detumescence being
+out of all proportion to the extent of the evacuation. The typical act of
+evacuation, however, is a nervous process, and when we bear this in mind
+we may see whatever truth the evacuation theory possesses. Beaunis classes
+the sexual impulse with the "needs of activity," but under this head he
+coordinates it with the "need of urination." That is to say, that both
+alike are nervous explosions. Micturition, like detumescence, is a
+convulsive act, and, like detumescence also, it is certainly connected
+with cerebral processes; thus in epilepsy the passage of urine which may
+occur (as in a girl described by Gowers with minor attacks during which it
+was emitted consciously, but involuntarily) is really a part of the
+process.[48]
+
+There appears, indeed, to be a special and intimate connection between the
+explosion of sexual detumescence and the explosive energy of the bladder;
+so that they may reinforce each other and to a limited extent act
+vicariously in relieving each other's tension. It is noteworthy that
+nocturnal and diurnal incontinence of urine, as well as "stammering" of
+the bladder, are all specially liable to begin or to cease at puberty. In
+men and even infants, distention of the bladder favors tumescence by
+producing venous congestion, though at the same time it acts as a physical
+hindrance to sexual detumescence[49]; in women--probably not from pressure
+alone, but from reflex nervous action--a full bladder increases both
+sexual excitement and pleasure, and I have been informed by several women
+that they have independently discovered this fact for themselves and
+acted in accordance with it. Conversely, sexual excitement increases the
+explosive force of the bladder, the desire to urinate is aroused, and in
+women the sexual orgasm, when very acute and occurring with a full
+bladder, is occasionally accompanied, alike in savage and civilized life,
+by an involuntary and sometimes full and forcible expulsion of urine.[50]
+The desire to urinate may possibly be, as has been said, the normal
+accompaniment of sexual excitement in women (just as it is said to be in
+mares; so that the Arabs judge that the mare is ready for the stallion
+when she urinates immediately on hearing him neigh). The association may
+even form the basis of sexual obsessions.[51] I have elsewhere shown that,
+of all the influences which increase the expulsive force of the bladder,
+sexual excitement is the most powerful.[52] It may also have a reverse
+influence and inhibit contraction of the bladder, sometimes in association
+with shyness, but also independently of shyness. There is also reason to
+suppose that the nervous energy expended in an explosion of the tension
+of the sexual organs may sometimes relieve the bladder; it is well
+recognized that a full bladder is a factor in producing sexual emissions
+during sleep, the explosive energy of the bladder being inhibited and
+passing over into the sexual sphere. Conversely, it appears that explosion
+of the bladder relieves sexual tension. An explosion of the nervous
+centers connected with the contraction of the bladder will relieve nervous
+tension generally; there are forms of epilepsy in which the act of
+urination constitutes the climax, and Gowers, in dealing with minor
+epilepsy, emphasizes the frequency of micturition, which "may occur with
+spasmodic energy when there is only the slightest general stiffness,"
+especially in women. He adds the significant remark that it "sometimes
+seems to relieve the cerebral tension,"[53] and gives the case of a girl
+in whom the aura consisted mainly of a desire to urinate; if she could
+satisfy this the fit was arrested; if not she lost consciousness and a
+severe fit followed.
+
+If micturition may thus relieve nervous tension generally, it is not
+surprising that it should relieve the tension of the centers with which it
+is most intimately connected. Sérieux records the case of a girl of 12,
+possessed by an impulse to masturbation which she was unable to control,
+although anxious to conquer it, who only found relief in the act of
+urination; this soothed her and to some extent satisfied the sexual
+excitement; when the impulse to masturbate was restrained the impulse to
+urinate became imperative; she would rise four or five times in the night
+for this purpose, and even urinate in bed or in her clothes to obtain the
+desired sexual relief.[54] I am acquainted with a lady who had a similar,
+but less intense, experience during childhood. Sometimes, especially in
+children, the act of urination becomes an act of gratification at the
+climax of sexual pleasure, the imitative symbol of detumescence. Thus
+Schultze-Malkowsky describes a little girl of 7 who would bribe her girl
+companions with little presents to play the part of horses on all fours
+while she would ride on their necks with naked thighs in order to obtain
+the pleasurable sensation of close contact. With one special friend she
+would ride facing backward, and leaning forward to embrace her body
+impulsively, and at the same time pressing the neck closely between her
+thighs, would urinate.[55] Féré has recorded the interesting case of a man
+who, having all his life after puberty been subject to monthly attacks of
+sexual excitement, after the age of 45 completely lost the liability to
+these manifestations, but found himself subject, in place of them, to
+monthly attacks of frequent and copious urination, accompanied by sexual
+day-dreams, but by no genital excitement.[56] Such a case admirably
+illustrates the compensatory relation of sexual and vesical excitation.
+This mutual interaction is easily comprehensible when we recall the very
+close nervous connection which exists between the mechanisms of the sexual
+organs and the bladder.
+
+Nor are such relationships found to be confined to these two centers; in a
+lesser degree the more remote explosive centers are also affected; all
+motor influences may spread to related muscles; the convulsion of
+laughter, for instance, seems to be often in relation with the sexual
+center, and Groos has suggested that the laughter which, especially in the
+sexually minded, often follows allusions to the genital sphere is merely
+an effort to dispel nascent sexual excitement by liberating an explosion
+of nervous energy in another direction.[57] Nervous discharges tend to
+spread, or to act vicariously, because the motor centers are more or less
+connected.[58] Of all the physiological motor explosions, the sexual
+orgasm, or detumescence, is the most massive, powerful, and overwhelming.
+So volcanic is it that to the ancient Greek philosophers it seemed to be a
+minor kind of epilepsy. The relief of detumescence is not merely the
+relief of an evacuation; it is the discharge, by the most powerful
+apparatus for nervous explosion in the body, of the energy accumulated and
+stored up in the slow process of tumescence, and that discharge
+reverberates through all the nervous centers in the organism.
+
+    "The sophist of Abdera said that coitus is a slight fit of
+    epilepsy, judging it to be an incurable disease." (Clement of
+    Alexandria, _Pædagogus_, bk. ii, chapter x.) And Coelius
+    Aurelianus, one of the chief physicians of antiquity, said that
+    "coitus is a brief epilepsy." Féré has pointed out that both
+    these forms of nervous storm are sometimes accompanied by similar
+    phenomena, by subjective sensations of sight or smell, for
+    example; and that the two kinds of discharge may even be
+    combined. (Féré, _Les Epileptiques_, pp. 283-84; also "Exces
+    Vénériens et Epilepsie," _Comptes-rendus de la Société de
+    Biologie_, April 3, 1897, and the same author's _Instinct
+    Sexuel_, pp. 209, 221, and his "Priapisme Epileptique," _La
+    Médecine Moderne_, February 4, 1899.) The epileptic convulsion in
+    some cases involves the sexual mechanism, and it is noteworthy
+    that epilepsy tends to appear at puberty. In modern times even so
+    great a physician as Boerhaave said that coitus is a "true
+    epilepsy," and more recently Roubaud, Hammond, and Kowalevsky
+    have emphasized the resemblance between coitus and epilepsy,
+    though without identifying the two states. Some authorities have
+    considered that coitus is a cause of epilepsy, but this is denied
+    by Christian, Strümpell, and Löwenfeld. (Löwenfeld, _Sexualleben
+    und Nervenleiden_, 1899, p. 68.) Féré has recorded the case of a
+    youth in whom the adoption of the practice of masturbation,
+    several times a day, was followed by epileptic attacks which
+    ceased when masturbation was abandoned. (Féré, _Comptes-rendus de
+    la Socitété de Biologie_, April 3, 1897.)
+
+It seems unprofitable at present to attempt any more fundamental analysis
+of the sexual impulse. Beaunis, in the work already quoted, vaguely
+suggests that we ought possibly to connect the sexual excitation which
+leads the male to seek the female with chemical action, either exercised
+directly on the protoplasm of the organism or indirectly by the
+intermediary of the nervous system, and especially by smell in the higher
+animals. Clevenger, Spitzka, Kiernan, and others have also regarded the
+sexual impulse as protoplasmic hunger, tracing it back to the presexual
+times when one protozoal form absorbed another. In the same way Joanny
+Roux, insisting that the sexual need is a need of the whole organism, and
+that "we love with the whole of our body," compares the sexual instinct to
+hunger, and distinguishes between "sexual hunger" affecting the whole
+system and "sexual appetite" as a more localized desire; he concludes that
+the sexual need is an aspect of the nutritive need.[59] Useful as these
+views are as a protest against too crude and narrow a conception of the
+part played by the sexual impulse, they carry us into a speculative region
+where proof is difficult.
+
+We are now, however, at all events, in a better position to define the
+contents of the sexual impulse. We see that there are certainly, as Moll
+has indicated, two constituents in that impulse; but, instead of being
+unrelated, or only distantly related, we see that they are really so
+intimately connected as to form two distinct stages in the same process: a
+first stage, in which--usually under the parallel influence of internal
+and external stimuli--images, desires, and ideals grow up within the mind,
+while the organism generally is charged with energy and the sexual
+apparatus congested with blood; and a second stage, in which the sexual
+apparatus is discharged amid profound sexual excitement, followed by deep
+organic relief. By the first process is constituted the tension which the
+second process relieves. It seems best to call the first impulse the
+_process of tumescence_; the second the _process of detumescence_.[60] The
+first, taking on usually a more active form in the male, has the double
+object of bringing the male himself into the condition in which discharge
+becomes imperative, and at the same time arousing in the female a similar
+ardent state of emotional excitement and sexual turgescence. The second
+process has the object, directly, of discharging the tension thus produced
+and, indirectly, of effecting the act by which the race is propagated.
+
+It seems to me that this is at present the most satisfactory way in which
+we can attempt to define the sexual impulse.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] C. Lloyd Morgan, "Instinct and Intelligence in Animals," _Nature_,
+February 3, 1898.
+
+[2] _Essais_, livre iii, ch. v.
+
+[3] Féré, "La Prédisposition dans l'étiologie des perversions sexuelles,"
+_Revue de médecine_, 1898. In his more recent work on the evolution and
+dissolution of the sexual instinct Féré perhaps slightly modified his
+position by stating that "the sexual appetite is, above all, a general
+need of the organism based on a sensation of fullness, a sort of need of
+evacuation," _L'Instinct sexuel_, 1899, p. 6. Löwenfeld (_Ueber die
+Sexuelle Konstitution_, p. 30) gives a qualified acceptance to the
+excretory theory, as also Rohleder (_Die Zeugung beim Menschen_, p. 25).
+
+[4] Goltz, _Centralblatt für die med. Wissenschaften_, 1865, No. 19, and
+1866, No. 18; also _Beiträge zur Lehre von den Funktionen des Frosches_,
+Berlin, 1869, p. 20.
+
+[5] J. Tarchanoff, "Zur Physiologie des Geschlechtsapparatus des
+Frosches," _Archiv für die Gesammte Physiologie_, 1887, vol. xl, p. 330.
+
+[6] E. Steinach, "Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden Physiologie der
+männlicher Geschlechtsorgane insbesondere der accessorischen
+Geschlechtsdrüsen," _Archiv für die Gesammte Physiologie_, vol. lvi, 1894,
+pp. 304-338.
+
+[7] See, e.g., Shattock and Seligmann, "The Acquirement of Secondary
+Sexual Characters," _Proceedings of the Royal Society_, vol. lxxiii, 1904,
+p. 49.
+
+[8] For facts bearing on this point, see Guinard, art. "Castration,"
+Richet's _Dictionnaire de Physiologie_. The general results of castration
+are summarized by Robert Müller in ch. vii of his _Sexualbiologie_; also
+by F.H.A. Marshall, _The Physiology of Reproduction_, ch, ix; see also E.
+Pittard, "Les Skoptzy," _L'Anthropologie_, 1903, p. 463.
+
+[9] For an ancient discussion of this point, see Schurig, _Spermatologia_,
+1720, cap. ix.
+
+[10] J.J. Matignon, _Superstition, Crime, et Misère en Chine_, "Les
+Eunuques du Palais Impérial de Pékin," 1901.
+
+[11] P. Marie, "Eunuchisme et Erotisme," _Nouvelle Iconographie de la
+Salpêtrière_, 1906, No. 5, and _Progrès médical_, Jan. 26, 1907.
+
+[12] _Pedagogical Seminary_, July, 1897, p. 121.
+
+[13] See, for instance, the case reported in another volume of these
+_Studies_ ("Sexual Inversion"), in which castration was performed on a
+sexual invert without effecting any change.
+
+[14] Guinard, art. "Castration," _Dictionnaire de Physiologie_.
+
+[15] M.A. Colman, _Medical Standard_, August, 1895; Clara Barrus,
+_American Journal of Insanity_, April, 1895; Macnaughton-Jones, _British
+Gynæcological Journal_, August, 1902; W.G. Bridgman, _Medical Standard_,
+1896; J.M. Cotterill, _British Medical Journal_, April 7, 1900 (also
+private communication); Paul F. Mundé, _American Journal of Obstetrics_,
+March, 1899.
+
+[16] See Swale Vincent, _Internal Secretion and the Ductless Glands_,
+1912; F.H.A. Marshall, _The Physiology of Reproduction_, 1910, ch. ix;
+Munzer, _Berliner klinische Wochenschrift_, Nov., 1910; C. Sajous, _The
+Internal Secretions_, vol. i, 1911. The adrenal glands have been fully and
+interestingly studied by Glynn, _Quarterly Journal of Medicine_, Jan.,
+1912; the thyroid, by Ewan Waller, _Practitioner_, Aug., 1912; the
+internal secretion of the ovary, by A. Louise McIlroy, _Proceedings Royal
+Society Medicine_, July, 1912. For a discussion at the Neurology Section
+of the British Medical Association Meeting, 1912, see _British Medical
+Journal_, Nov. 16, 1912.
+
+[17] Since this was written I have come across a passage in _Hampa_ (p.
+228), by Rafael Salillas, the Spanish sociologist, which shows that the
+analogy has been detected by the popular mind and been embodied in popular
+language: "A significant anatomico-physiological concordance supposes a
+resemblance between the mouth and the sexual organs of a woman, between
+coitus and the ingestion of food, and between foods which do not require
+mastication and the spermatic ejaculation; these representations find
+expression in the popular name _papo_ given to women's genital organs.
+'Papo' is the crop of birds, and is derived from 'papar' (Latin,
+_papare_), to eat soft food such as we call pap. With this representation
+of infantile food is connected the term _leche_ [milk] as applied to the
+ejaculated genital fluid." Cleland, it may be added, in the most
+remarkable of English erotic novels, _The Memoirs of Fanny Hill_, refers
+to "the compressive exsuction with which the sensitive mechanism of that
+part [the vagina] thirstily draws and drains the nipple of Love," and
+proceeds to compare it to the action of the child at the breast. It
+appears that, in some parts of the animal world at least, there is a real
+analogy of formation between the oral and vaginal ends of the trunk. This
+is notably the case in some insects, and the point has been elaborately
+discussed by Walter Wesché, "The Genitalia of Both the Sexes in Diptera,
+and their Relation to the Armature of the Mouth," _Transactions of the
+Linnean Society_, second series, vol. ix, Zoölogy, 1906.
+
+[18] Näcke now expresses himself very dubiously on the point; see, e.g.,
+_Archiv für Kriminal-Anthropologie_, 1905, p. 186.
+
+[19] _Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, Berlin, 1897-98.
+
+[20] Moll adopts the term "impulse of detumescence" (_Detumescenztrieb_)
+instead of "impulse of ejaculation," because in women there is either no
+ejaculation or it cannot be regarded as essential.
+
+[21] I quote from the second edition, as issued in 1881.
+
+[22] This is the theory which by many has alone been seen in Darwin's
+_Descent of Man_. Thus even his friend Wallace states unconditionally
+(_Tropical Nature_, p. 193) that Darwin accepted a "voluntary or conscious
+sexual selection," and seems to repeat the same statement in _Darwinism_
+(1889), p. 283. Lloyd Morgan, in his discussion of the pairing instinct in
+_Habit and Instinct_ (1896), seems also only to see this side of Darwin's
+statement.
+
+[23] In his _Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication_, Darwin
+was puzzled by the fact that, in captivity, animals often copulate without
+conceiving and failed to connect that fact with the processes behind his
+own theory of sexual selection.
+
+[24] Beaunis, _Sensations Internes_, ch. v, "Besoins Sexuels," 1889. It
+may be noted that many years earlier Burdach (in his _Physiologie als
+Erfahrungswissenschaft_, 1826) had recognized that the activity of the
+male favored procreation, and that mental and physical excitement seemed
+to have the same effect in the female also.
+
+[25] It is scarcely necessary to point out that this is too extreme a
+position. As J.G. Millais remarks of ducks (_Natural History of British
+Ducks_, p. 45), in courtship "success in winning the admiration of the
+female is rather a matter of persistent and active attention than physical
+force," though the males occasionally fight over the female. The ruff
+(_Machetes pugnax_) is a pugnacious bird, as his name indicates. Yet, the
+reeve, the female of this species, is, as E. Selous shows ("Sexual
+Selection in Birds," _Zoölogist_, Feb. and May, 1907), completely mistress
+of the situation. "She seems the plain and unconcerned little mistress of
+a numerous and handsome seraglio, each member of which, however he flounce
+and bounce, can only wait to be chosen." Any fighting among the males is
+only incidental and is not a factor in selection. Moreover, as R. Müller
+points out (loc. cit., p. 290), fighting would not usually attain the end
+desired, for if the males expend their time and strength in a serious
+combat they merely afford a third less pugnacious male a better
+opportunity of running off with the prize.
+
+[26] L. Tillier, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, 1889, pp. 74, 118, 119, 124 et seq.,
+289.
+
+[27] K. Groos, _Die Spiele der Thiere_, 1896; _Die Spiele der Menschen_,
+1899; both are translated into English.
+
+[28] Prof. H.E. Ziegler, in a private letter to Professor Groos, _Spiele
+der Thiere_, p. 202.
+
+[29] _Die Spiele der Thiere_, p. 244. This had been briefly pointed out by
+earlier writers. Thus, Haeckel (_Gen. Morph._, ii, p. 244) remarked that
+fighting for females is a special or modified kind of struggle for
+existence, and that it acts on both sexes.
+
+[30] It may be added that in the human species, as Bray remarks ("Le Beau
+dans la Nature," _Revue Philosophique_, October, 1901, p. 403), "the hymen
+would seem to tend to the same end, as if nature had wished to reinforce
+by a natural obstacle the moral restraint of modesty, so that only the
+vigorous male could insure his reproduction." There can be no doubt that
+among many animals pairing is delayed so far as possible until maturity is
+reached. "It is a strict rule amongst birds," remarks J.G. Millais (op.
+cit., p. 46), "that they do not breed until both sexes have attained the
+perfect adult plumage." Until that happens, it seems probable, the
+conditions for sexual excitation are not fully established. We know
+little, says Howard (_Zoölogist_, 1903, p. 407), of the age at which birds
+begin to breed, but it is known that "there are yearly great numbers of
+individuals who do not breed, and the evidence seems to show that such
+individuals are immature."
+
+[31] A. Marro, _La Puberté_, 1901, p. 464.
+
+[32] Lloyd Morgan, _Animal Behavior_, 1900, pp. 264-5. It may be added
+that, on the esthetic side, Hirn, in his study (_The Origins of Art_,
+1900), reaches conclusions which likewise, in the main, concord with those
+of Groos.
+
+[33] It may be noted that the marriage ceremony itself is often of the
+nature of a courtship, a symbolic courtship, embodying a method of
+attaining tumescence. As Crawley, who has brought out this point, puts it,
+"Marriage-rites of union are essentially identical with love charms," and
+he refers in illustration to the custom of the Australian Arunta, among
+whom the man or woman by making music on the bull-roarer compels a person
+of the opposite sex to court him or her, the marriage being thus
+completed. (E. Crawley, _The Mystic Rose_, p. 318.)
+
+[34] The more carefully animals are observed, the more often this is found
+to be the case, even with respect to species which possess no obvious and
+elaborate process for obtaining tumescence. See, for instance, the
+detailed and very instructive account--too long to quote here--given by E.
+Selous of the preliminaries to intercourse practised by a pair of great
+crested grebes, while nest-building. Intercourse only took place with much
+difficulty, after many fruitless invitations, more usually given by the
+female. ("Observational Diary of the Habits of the Great Crested Grebe,"
+_Zöologist_, September, 1901.) It is exactly the same with savages. The
+observation of Foley (_Bulletin de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris_,
+November 6, 1879) that in savages "sexual erethism is very difficult" is
+of great significance and certainly in accordance with the facts. This
+difficulty of erethism is the real cause of many savage practices which to
+the civilized person often seem perverse; the women of the Caroline
+Islands, for instance, as described by Finsch, require the tongue or even
+the teeth to be applied to the clitoris, or a great ant to be applied to
+bite the parts, in order to stimulate orgasm. Westermarck, after quoting a
+remark of Mariner's concerning the women of Tonga,--"it must not be
+supposed that these women are always easily won; the greatest attentions
+and the most fervent solicitations are sometimes requisite, even though
+there be no other lover in the way,"--adds that these words "hold true for
+a great many, not to say all, savage and barbarous races now existing."
+(_Human Marriage_, p. 163.) The old notions, however, as to the sexual
+licentiousness of peoples living in natural conditions have scarcely yet
+disappeared. See Appendix A; "The Sexual Instinct in Savages."
+
+[35] In men a certain degree of tumescence is essential before coitus can
+be effected at all; in women, though tumescence is not essential to
+coitus, it is essential to orgasm and the accompanying physical and
+psychic relief. The preference which women often experience for prolonged
+coitus is not, as might possibly be imagined, due to sensuality, but has a
+profound physiological basis.
+
+[36] Stanley Hall, _Adolescence_, vol. i, p. 223.
+
+[37] See Lagrange's _Physiology of Bodily Exercise_, especially chapter
+ii. It is a significant fact that, as Sergi remarks (_Les Emotions_, p.
+330), the physiological results of dancing are identical with the
+physiological results of pleasure.
+
+[38] Groos, _Spiele der Menschen_, p. 112. Zmigrodzki (_Die Mutter bei den
+Volkern des Arischen Stammes_, p. 414 et seq.) has an interesting passage
+describing the dance--especially the Russian dance--in its orgiastic
+aspects.
+
+[39] Féré, "L'Influence sur le Travail Volontaire d'un muscle de
+l'activité d'autres muscles," _Nouvelles Iconographie de la Salpêtrière_,
+1901.
+
+[40] "The sensation of motion," Kline remarks ("The Migratory Impulse,"
+_American Journal of Psychology_, October, 1898, p. 62), "as yet but
+little studied from a pleasure-pain standpoint, is undoubtedly a
+pleasure-giving sensation. For Aristippus the end of life is pleasure,
+which he defines as gentle motion. Motherhood long ago discovered its
+virtue as furnished by the cradle. Galloping to town on the parental knee
+is a pleasing pastime in every nursery. The several varieties of swings,
+the hammock, see-saw, flying-jenny, merry-go-round, shooting the chutes,
+sailing, coasting, rowing, and skating, together with the fondness of
+children for rotating rapidly in one spot until dizzy and for jumping from
+high places, are all devices and sports for stimulating the sense of
+motion. In most of these modes of motion the body is passive or
+semipassive, save in such motions as skating and rotating on the feet. The
+passiveness of the body precludes any important contribution of stimuli
+from kinesthetic sources. The stimuli are probably furnished, as Dr. Hall
+and others have suggested, by a redistribution of fluid pressure (due to
+the unusual motions and positions of the body) to the inner walls of the
+several vascular systems of the body."
+
+[41] _Anatomy of Melancholy_, part iii., sect. ii, mem. ii, subs. iv.
+
+[42] Sadger, "Haut-, Schleimhaut-, und Muskel-erotik," _Jahrbuch für
+psychoanalytische Forschungen_, Bd. iii, 1912, p. 556.
+
+[43] Marro (_Pubertà_, p. 367 et seq.) has some observations on this
+point. It was an insight into this action of dancing which led the Spanish
+clergy of the eighteenth century to encourage the national enthusiasm for
+dancing (as Baretti informs us) in the interests of morality.
+
+[44] It is scarcely necessary to remark that a primitive dance, even when
+associated with courtship, is not necessarily a sexual pantomime; as
+Wallaschek, in his comprehensive survey of primitive dances, observes, it
+is more usually an animal pantomime, but nonetheless connected with the
+sexual instinct, separation of the sexes, also, being no proof to the
+contrary. (Wallaschek, _Primitive Music_, pp. 211-13.) Grosse (_Anfänge
+der Kunst_, English translation, p. 228) has pointed out that the best
+dancer would be the best fighter and hunter, and that sexual selection and
+natural selection would thus work in harmony.
+
+[45] Féré, "Le plaisir de la vue du Mouvement," _Comptes-rendus de la
+Société de Biologie_, November 2, 1901; also _Travail et Plaisir_, ch.
+xxix.
+
+[46] Groos repeatedly emphasizes the significance of this fact (_Spiele
+der Menschen_, pp. 81-9, 460 et seq.); Grosse (_Anfänge der Kunst_, p.
+215) had previously made some remarks on this point.
+
+[47] M. Kulischer, "Die Geschlechtliche Zuchtwahl bei den Menschen in der
+Urzeit," _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1876, p. 140 _et seq._
+
+[48] Sir W.R. Gowers, _Epilepsy_, 2d ed., 1901, pp. 61, 138.
+
+[49] Guyon, _Leçons Cliniques sur les Maladies des Voies Urinaires_, 3d
+ed., 1896, vol. ii, p. 397.
+
+[50] See, e.g., Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, pp. 222-23: Brantôme was
+probably the first writer in modern times who referred to this phenomenon.
+MacGillicuddy (_Functional Disorders of the Nervous System in Women_, p.
+110) refers to the case of a lady who always had sudden and uncontrollable
+expulsion of urine whenever her husband even began to perform the marital
+act, on which account he finally ceased intercourse with her. Kubary
+states that in Ponape (Western Carolines) the men are accustomed to
+titillate the vulva of their women with the tongue until the excitement is
+so intense that involuntary emission of urine takes place; this is
+regarded as the proper moment for intercourse.
+
+[51] Thus Pitres and Régis (_Transactions of the International Medical
+Congress, Moscow_, vol. iv, p. 19) record the case of a young girl whose
+life was for some years tormented by a groundless fear of experiencing an
+irresistible desire to urinate. This obsession arose from once seeing at a
+theater a man whom she liked, and being overcome by sexual feeling
+accompanied by so strong a desire to urinate that she had to leave the
+theater. An exactly similar case in a young woman of erotic temperament,
+but prudish, has been recorded by Freud (_Zur Neurosenlehre_, Bd. i, p.
+54). Morbid obsessions of modesty involving the urinary sphere and
+appearing at puberty are evidently based on transformed sexual emotion.
+Such a case has been recorded by Marandon de Montyel (_Archives de
+Neurologie_, vol. xii, 1901, p. 36); this lady, who was of somewhat
+neuropathic temperament, from puberty onward, in order to be able to
+urinate found it necessary not only to be absolutely alone, but to feel
+assured that no one even knew what was taking place.
+
+[52] H. Ellis, "The Bladder as a Dynamometer," _American Journal of
+Dermatology_, May, 1902.
+
+[53] Sir W. Gowers, "Minor Epilepsy," _British Medical Journal_, January
+6, 1900; ib., _Epilepsy_, 2d ed., 1901, p. 106; see also H. Ellis, art.
+"Urinary Bladder, Influence of the Mind on the," in Tuke's _Dictionary of
+Psychological Medicine_.
+
+[54] Sérieux, _Recherches Cliniques sur les Anomalies de l'Instinct
+Sexuel_, p. 22.
+
+[55] Emil Schultze-Malkowsky, "Der Sexuelle Trieb in Kindesalter,"
+_Geschlecht und Gesellschaft_, vol. ii, part 8, p. 372.
+
+[56] Féré, "Note sur un Cas de Periodicité Sexuelle chez l'Homme,"
+_Comptes-rendus Société de Biologie_, July 23, 1904.
+
+[57] It is a familiar fact that, in women, occasionally, a violent
+explosion of laughter may be propagated to the bladder-center and produce
+urination. "She laughed till she nearly wetted the floor," I have heard a
+young woman in the country say, evidently using without thought a familiar
+locution. Professor Bechterew has recorded the case of a young married
+lady who, from childhood, wherever she might be--in friends' houses, in
+the street, in her own drawing-room--had always experienced an involuntary
+and forcible emission of urine, which could not be stopped or controlled,
+whenever she laughed; the bladder was quite sound and no muscular effort
+produced the same result. (W. Bechterew, _Neurologisches Centralblatt_,
+1899.) In women these relationships are most easily observed, partly
+because in them the explosive centers are more easily discharged, and
+partly, it is probable, so far as the bladder is concerned, because,
+although after death the resistance to the emission of urine is notably
+less in women, during life about the same amount of force is necessary in
+both sexes; so that a greater amount of energy flows to the bladder in
+women, and any nervous storm or disturbance is thus specially apt to
+affect the bladder.
+
+[58] "Every pain," remarks Marie de Manacéine, "produces a number of
+movements which are apparently useless: we cry out, we groan, we move our
+limbs, we throw ourselves from one side to the other, and at bottom all
+these movements are logical because by interrupting and breaking our
+attention they render us less sensitive to the pain. In the days before
+chloroform, skillful surgeons requested their patients to cry out during
+the operation, as we are told by Gratiolet, who could not explain so
+strange a fact, for in his time the antagonism of movements and attention
+was not recognized." (Marie de Manacéine, _Archives Italiennes de
+Biologie_, 1894, p. 250.) This antagonism of attention by movement is but
+another way of expressing the vicarious relationship of motor discharges.
+
+[59] Joanny Roux, _Psychologie de l'Instinct Sexuel_, 1899, pp. 22-23. It
+is disputed whether hunger is located in the whole organism, and powerful
+arguments have been brought against the view. (W. Cannon, "The Nature of
+Hunger," _Popular Science Monthly_, Sept., 1912.) Thirst is usually
+regarded as organic (A. Mayer, _La Soif_, 1901).
+
+[60] If there is any objection to these terms it is chiefly because they
+have reference to vascular congestion rather than to the underlying
+nervous charging and discharging, which is equally fundamental, and in man
+more prominent than the vascular phenomena.
+
+
+
+
+LOVE AND PAIN.
+
+I.
+
+The Chief Key to the Relationship between Love and Pain to be Found in
+Animal Courtship--Courtship a Source of Combativity and of Cruelty--Human
+Play in the Light of Animal Courtship--The Frequency of Crimes Against the
+Person in Adolescence--Marriage by Capture and its Psychological
+Basis--Man's Pleasure in Exerting Force and Woman's Pleasure in
+Experiencing it--Resemblance of Love to Pain even in Outward
+Expression--The Love-bite--In what Sense Pain may be Pleasurable--The
+Natural Contradiction in the Emotional Attitude of Women Toward
+Men--Relative Insensibility to Pain of the Organic Sexual Sphere in
+Women--The Significance of the Use of the Ampallang and Similar Appliances
+in Coitus--The Sexual Subjection of Women to Men in Part Explainable as
+the Necessary Condition for Sexual Pleasure.
+
+
+The relation of love to pain is one of the most difficult problems, and
+yet one of the most fundamental, in the whole range of sexual psychology.
+Why is it that love inflicts, and even seeks to inflict, pain? Why is it
+that love suffers pain, and even seeks to suffer it? In answering that
+question, it seems to me, we have to take an apparently circuitous route,
+sometimes going beyond the ostensible limits of sex altogether; but if we
+can succeed in answering it we shall have come very near one of the great
+mysteries of love. At the same time we shall have made clear the normal
+basis on which rest the extreme aberrations of love.
+
+The chief key to the relationship of love to pain is to be found by
+returning to the consideration of the essential phenomena of courtship in
+the animal world generally. Courtship is a play, a game; even its combats
+are often, to a large extent, mock-combats; but the process behind it is
+one of terrible earnestness, and the play may at any moment become deadly.
+Courtship tends to involve a mock-combat between males for the possession
+of the female which may at any time become a real combat; it is a pursuit
+of the female by the male which may at any time become a kind of
+persecution; so that, as Colin Scott remarks, "Courting may be looked upon
+as a refined and delicate form of combat." The note of courtship, more
+especially among mammals, is very easily forced, and as soon as we force
+it we reach pain.[61] The intimate and inevitable association in the
+animal world of combat--of the fighting and hunting impulses--with the
+process of courtship alone suffices to bring love into close connection
+with pain.
+
+Among mammals the male wins the female very largely by the display of
+force. The infliction of pain must inevitably be a frequent indirect
+result of the exertion of power. It is even more than this; the infliction
+of pain by the male on the female may itself be a gratification of the
+impulse to exert force. This tendency has always to be held in check, for
+it is of the essence of courtship that the male should win the female, and
+she can only be won by the promise of pleasure. The tendency of the male
+to inflict pain must be restrained, so far as the female is concerned, by
+the consideration of what is pleasing to her. Yet, the more carefully we
+study the essential elements of courtship, the clearer it becomes that,
+playful as these manifestations may seem on the surface, in every
+direction they are verging on pain. It is so among animals generally; it
+is so in man among savages. "It is precisely the alliance of pleasure and
+pain," wrote the physiologist Burdach, "which constitutes the voluptuous
+emotion."
+
+Nor is this emotional attitude entirely confined to the male. The female
+also in courtship delights to arouse to the highest degree in the male the
+desire for her favors and to withhold those favors from him, thus finding
+on her part also the enjoyment of power in cruelty. "One's cruelty is
+one's power," Millament says in Congreve's _Way of the World_, "and when
+one parts with one's cruelty one parts with one's power."
+
+At the outset, then, the impulse to inflict pain is brought into
+courtship, and at the same time rendered a pleasurable idea to the female,
+because with primitive man, as well as among his immediate ancestors, the
+victor in love has been the bravest and strongest rather than the most
+beautiful or the most skilful. Until he can fight he is not reckoned a man
+and he cannot hope to win a woman. Among the African Masai a man is not
+supposed to marry until he has blooded his spear, and in a very different
+part of the world, among the Dyaks of Borneo, there can be little doubt
+that the chief incentive to head-hunting is the desire to please the
+women, the possession of a head decapitated by himself being an excellent
+way of winning a maiden's favor.[62] Such instances are too well known to
+need multiplication here, and they survive in civilization, for, even
+among ourselves, although courtship is now chiefly ruled by quite other
+considerations, most women are in some degree emotionally affected by
+strength and courage. But the direct result of this is that a group of
+phenomena with which cruelty and the infliction of pain must inevitably be
+more or less allied is brought within the sphere of courtship and rendered
+agreeable to women. Here, indeed, we have the source of that love of
+cruelty which some have found so marked in women. This is a phase of
+courtship which helps us to understand how it is that, as we shall see,
+the idea of pain, having become associated with sexual emotion, may be
+pleasurable to women.
+
+Thus, in order to understand the connection between love and pain, we have
+once more to return to the consideration, under a somewhat new aspect, of
+the fundamental elements in the sexual impulse. In discussing the
+"Evolution of Modesty" we found that the primary part of the female in
+courtship is the playful, yet serious, assumption of the rôle of a hunted
+animal who lures on the pursuer, not with the object of escaping, but with
+the object of being finally caught. In considering the "Analysis of the
+Sexual Impulse" we found that the primary part of the male in courtship is
+by the display of his energy and skill to capture the female or to arouse
+in her an emotional condition which leads her to surrender herself to him,
+this process itself at the same time heightening his own excitement. In
+the playing of these two different parts is attained in both male and
+female that charging of nervous energy, that degree of vascular
+tumescence, necessary for adequate discharge and detumescence in an
+explosion by which sperm-cells and germ-cells are brought together for the
+propagation of the race. We are now concerned with the necessary interplay
+of the differing male and female rôles in courtship, and with their
+accidental emotional by-products. Both male and female are instinctively
+seeking the same end of sexual union at the moment of highest excitement.
+There cannot, therefore, be real conflict.[63] But there is the semblance
+of a conflict, an apparent clash of aim, an appearance of cruelty.
+Moreover,--and this is a significant moment in the process from our
+present point of view,--when there are rivals for the possession of one
+female there is always a possibility of actual combat, so tending to
+introduce an element of real violence, of undisguised cruelty, which the
+male inflicts on his rival and which the female views with satisfaction
+and delight in the prowess of the successful claimant. Here we are brought
+close to the zoölogical root of the connection between love and pain.[64]
+
+In his admirable work on play in man Groos has fully discussed the plays
+of combat (_Kampfspiele_), which begin to develop even in childhood and
+assume full activity during adolescence; and he points out that, while the
+impulse to such play certainly has a wider biological significance, it
+still possesses a relationship to the sexual life and to the rivalries of
+animals in courtship which must not be forgotten.[65]
+
+Nor is it only in play that the connection between love and combativity
+may still be traced. With the epoch of the first sexual relationship,
+Marro points out, awakes the instinct of cruelty, which prompts the youth
+to acts which are sometimes in absolute contrast to his previous conduct,
+and leads him to be careless of the lives of others as well as of his own
+life.[66] Marro presents a diagram showing how crimes against the person
+in Italy rise rapidly from the age of 16 to 20 and reach a climax between
+21 and 25. In Paris, Gamier states, crimes of blood are six times more
+frequent in adolescents (aged 16 to 20) than in adults. It is the same
+elsewhere.[67] This tendency to criminal violence during the age-period of
+courtship is a by-product of the sexual impulse, a kind of tertiary sexual
+character.
+
+In the process of what is commonly termed "marriage by capture" we have a
+method of courtship which closely resembles the most typical form of
+animal courtship, and is yet found in all but the highest and most
+artificial stages of human society. It may not be true that, as MacLennan
+and others have argued, almost every race of man has passed through an
+actual stage of marriage by capture, but the phenomena in question have
+certainly been extremely widespread and exist in popular custom even among
+the highest races today. George Sand has presented a charming picture of
+such a custom, existing in France, in her _Mare au Diable_. Farther away,
+among the Kirghiz, the young woman is pursued by all her lovers, but she
+is armed with a formidable whip, which she does not hesitate to use if
+overtaken by a lover to whom she is not favorable. Among the Malays,
+according to early travelers, courtship is carried on in the water in
+canoes with double-bladed paddles; or, if no water is near, the damsel,
+stripped naked of all but a waistband, is given a certain start and runs
+off on foot followed by her lover. Vaughan Stevens in 1896 reported that
+this performance is merely a sport; but Skeat and Blagden, in their more
+recent and very elaborate investigations in the Malay States, find that it
+is a rite.
+
+Even if we regard "marriage by capture" as simply a primitive human
+institution stimulated by tribal exigencies and early social conditions,
+yet, when we recall its widespread and persistent character, its close
+resemblance to the most general method of courtship among animals, and the
+emotional tendencies which still persist even in the most civilized men
+and women, we have to recognize that we are in presence of a real
+psychological impulse which cannot fail in its exercise to introduce some
+element of pain into love.
+
+There are, however, two fundamentally different theories concerning
+"marriage by capture." According to the first, that of MacLennan, which,
+until recently, has been very widely accepted, and to which Professor
+Tylor has given the weight of his authority, there has really been in
+primitive society a recognized stage in which marriages were effected by
+the capture of the wife. Such a state of things MacLennan regarded as once
+world-wide. There can be no doubt that women very frequently have been
+captured in this way among primitive peoples. Nor, indeed, has the custom
+been confined to savages. In Europe we find that even up to comparatively
+recent times the abduction of women was not only very common, but was
+often more or less recognized. In England it was not until Henry VII's
+time that the violent seizure of a woman was made a criminal offense, and
+even then the statute was limited to women possessed of lands and goods. A
+man might still carry off a girl provided she was not an heiress; but even
+the abduction of heiresses continued to be common, and in Ireland remained
+so until the end of the eighteenth century. But it is not so clear that
+such raids and abductions, even when not of a genuinely hostile character,
+have ever been a recognized and constant method of marriage.
+
+According to the second set of theories, the capture is not real, but
+simulated, and may be accounted for by psychological reasons. Fustel de
+Coulanges, in _La Cité Antique_,[68] discussing simulated marriage by
+capture among the Romans, mentioned the view that it was "a symbol of the
+young girl's modesty," but himself regarded it as an act of force to
+symbolize the husband's power. He was possibly alluding to Herbert
+Spencer, who suggested a psychological explanation of the apparent
+prevalence of marriage by capture based on the supposition that, capturing
+a wife being a proof of bravery, such a method of obtaining a wife would
+be practised by the strongest men and be admired, while, on the other
+hand, he considered that "female coyness" was "an important factor" in
+constituting the more formal kinds of marriage by capture ceremonial.[69]
+Westermarck, while accepting true marriage by capture, considers that
+Spencer's statement "can scarcely be disproved."[70] In his valuable study
+of certain aspects of primitive marriage Crawley, developing the
+explanation rejected by Fustel de Coulanges, regards the fundamental fact
+to be the modesty of women, which has to be neutralized, and this is done
+by "a ceremonial use of force, which is half real and half make-believe."
+Thus the manifestations are not survivals, but "arising in a natural way
+from normal human feelings. It is not the tribe from which the bride is
+abducted, nor, primarily, her family and kindred, but her _sex_"; and her
+"sexual characters of timidity, bashfulness, and passivity are
+sympathetically overcome by make-believe representations of male
+characteristic actions."[71]
+
+It is not necessary for the present purpose that either of these two
+opposing theories concerning the origin of the customs and feelings we are
+here concerned with should be definitely rejected. Whichever theory is
+adopted, the fundamental psychic element which here alone concerns us
+still exists intact.[72] It may be pointed out, however, that we probably
+have to accept two groups of such phenomena: one, seldom or never existing
+as the sole form of marriage, in which the capture is real; and another in
+which the "capture" is more or less ceremonial or playful. The two groups
+coexist among the Turcomans, as described by Vambery, who are constantly
+capturing and enslaving the Persians of both sexes, and, side by side with
+this, have a marriage ceremonial of mock-capture of entirely playful
+character. At the same time the two groups sometimes overlap, as is
+indicated by cases in which, while the "capture" appears to be ceremonial,
+the girl is still allowed to escape altogether if she wishes. The
+difficulty of disentangling the two groups is shown by the fact that so
+careful an investigator as Westermarck cites cases of real capture and
+mock-capture together without attempting to distinguish between them. From
+our present point of view it is quite unnecessary to attempt such a
+distinction. Whether the capture is simulated or real, the man is still
+playing the masculine and aggressive part proper to the male; the woman is
+still playing the feminine and defensive part proper to the female. The
+universal prevalence of these phenomena is due to the fact that
+manifestations of this kind, real or pretended, afford each sex the very
+best opportunity for playing its proper part in courtship, and so, even
+when the force is real, must always gratify a profound instinct.
+
+    It is not necessary to quote examples of marriage by capture from
+    the numerous and easily accessible books on the evolution of
+    marriage. (Sir A.B. Ellis, adopting MacLennan's standpoint,
+    presented a concise statement of the facts in an article on
+    "Survivals from Marriage by Capture," _Popular Science Monthly_,
+    1891, p. 207.) It may, however, be worth while to bring together
+    from scattered sources a few of the facts concerning the
+    phenomena in this group and their accompanying emotional state,
+    more especially as they bear on the association of love with
+    force, inflicted or suffered.
+
+    In New Caledonia, Foley remarks, the successful coquette goes off
+    with her lover into the bush. "It usually happens that, when she
+    is successful, she returns from her expedition, tumbled, beaten,
+    scratched, even bitten on the nape and shoulders, her wounds thus
+    bearing witness to the quadrupedal attitude she has assumed amid
+    the foliage." (Foley, _Bulletin de la Société d'Anthropologie_,
+    Paris, November 6, 1879.)
+
+    Of the natives of New South Wales, Turnbull remarked at the
+    beginning of the nineteenth century that "their mode of courtship
+    is not without its singularity. When a young man sees a female to
+    his fancy he informs her she must accompany him home; the lady
+    refuses; he not only enforces compliance with threats but blows;
+    thus the gallant, according to the custom, never fails to gain
+    the victory, and bears off the willing, though struggling
+    pugilist. The colonists for some time entertained the idea that
+    the women were compelled and forced away against their
+    inclinations; but the young ladies informed them that this mode
+    of gallantry was the custom, and perfectly to their taste," (J.
+    Turnbull, _A Voyage Round the World_, 1813, p. 98; cf. Brough
+    Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, 1878, vol. i, p. 81.)
+
+    As regards capture of women among Central Australian tribes,
+    Spencer and Gillen remark: "We have never in any of these central
+    tribes met with any such thing, and the clubbing part of the
+    story may be dismissed, so far as the central area of the
+    continent is concerned. To the casual observer what looks like a
+    capture (we are, of course, only speaking of these tribes) is in
+    reality an elopement, in which the woman is an aiding and
+    abetting party." (_Northern Tribes of Central Australia_. p. 32.)
+
+    "The New Zealand method of courtship and matrimony is a most
+    extraordinary one. A man sees a woman whom he fancies he should
+    like for a wife; he asks the consent of her father, or, if an
+    orphan, of her nearest relative, which, if he obtain, he carries
+    his intended off by force, she resisting with all her strength,
+    and, as the New Zealand girls are generally fairly robust,
+    sometimes a dreadful struggle takes place; both are soon stripped
+    to the skin and it is sometimes the work of hours to remove the
+    fair prize a hundred yards. It sometimes happens that she secures
+    her retreat into her father's house, and the lover loses all
+    chance of ever obtaining her." (A. Earle, _Narratives of
+    Residence in New Zealand_, 1832, p. 244.)
+
+    Among the Eskimos (probably near Smith Sound) "there is no
+    marriage ceremony further than that the boy is required to carry
+    off his bride by main force, for even among these blubber-eating
+    people the woman only saves her modesty by a show of resistance,
+    although she knows years beforehand that her destiny is sealed
+    and that she is to become the wife of the man from whose
+    embraces, when the nuptial day comes, she is obliged by the
+    inexorable law of public opinion to free herself, if possible, by
+    kicking and screaming with might and main until she is safely
+    landed in the hut of her future lord, when she gives up the
+    combat very cheerfully and takes possession of her new abode. The
+    betrothal often takes place at a very early period of life and at
+    very dissimilar ages." Marriage only takes place when the lover
+    has killed his first seal; this is the test of manhood and
+    maturity. (J.J. Hayes, _Open Polar Sea_, 1867, p. 432.)
+
+    Marriage by "capture" is common in war and raiding in central
+    Africa. "The women, as a rule," Johnston says, "make no very
+    great resistance on these occasions. It is almost like playing a
+    game. A woman is surprised as she goes to get water at the
+    stream, or when she is on the way to or from the plantation. The
+    man has only got to show her she is cornered and that escape is
+    not easy or pleasant and she submits to be carried off. As a
+    general rule, they seem to accept very cheerfully these abrupt
+    changes in their matrimonial existence." (Sir H.H. Johnston,
+    _British Central Africa_, p. 412.)
+
+    Among the wild tribes of the Malay Peninsula in one form of
+    wedding rite the bridegroom is required to run seven times around
+    an artificial mound decorated with flowers and the emblem of the
+    people's religion. In the event of the bridegroom failing to
+    catch the bride the marriage has to be postponed. Among the Orang
+    Laut, or sea-gipsies, the pursuit sometimes takes the form of a
+    canoe-race; the woman is given a good start and must be overtaken
+    before she has gone a certain distance. (W.W. Skeat, _Journal
+    Anthropological Institute_, Jan.-June, 1902, p. 134; Skeat and
+    Blagden, _Pagan Races of the Malay_, vol. ii, p. 69 et seq.,
+    fully discuss the ceremony around the mound.)
+
+    "Calmuck women ride better than the men. A male Calmuck on
+    horseback looks as if he was intoxicated, and likely to fall off
+    every instant, though he never loses his seat; but the women sit
+    with more ease, and ride with extraordinary skill. The ceremony
+    of marriage among the Calmucks is performed on horseback. A girl
+    is first mounted, who rides off at full speed. Her lover pursues,
+    and if he overtakes her she becomes his wife and the marriage is
+    consummated upon the spot, after which she returns with him to
+    his tent. But it sometimes happens that the woman does not wish
+    to marry the person by whom she is pursued, in which case she
+    will not suffer him to overtake her; and we were assured that no
+    instance occurs of a Calmuck girl being thus caught, unless she
+    has a partiality for her pursuer. If she dislikes him, she rides,
+    to use the language of English sportsmen, 'neck or nothing,'
+    until she has completely escaped or until the pursuer's horse is
+    tired out, leaving her at liberty to return, to be afterward
+    chased by some more favored admirer." (E.D. Clarke, _Travels_,
+    1810, vol. i, p. 333.)
+
+    Among the Bedouins marriage is arranged between the lover and the
+    girl's father, often without consulting the girl herself. "Among
+    the Arabs of Sinai the young maid comes home in the evening with
+    the cattle. At a short distance from the camp she is met by the
+    future spouse and a couple of his young friends and carried off
+    by force to her father's tent. If she entertains any suspicion of
+    their designs she defends herself with stones, and often inflicts
+    wounds on the young men, even though she does not dislike the
+    lover, for, according to custom, the more she struggles, bites,
+    kicks, cries, and strikes, the more she is applauded ever after
+    by her own companions." After being taken to her father's tent,
+    where a man's cloak is thrown over her by one of the bridegroom's
+    relations, she is dressed in garments provided by her future
+    husband, and placed on a camel, "still continuing to struggle in
+    a most unruly manner, and held by the bridegroom's friends on
+    both sides." She is then placed in a recess of the husband's
+    tent. Here the marriage is finally consummated, "the bride still
+    continuing to cry very loudly. It sometimes happens that the
+    husband is obliged to tie his bride, and even to beat her, before
+    she can be induced to comply with his desires." If, however, she
+    really does not like her husband, she is perfectly free to leave
+    him next morning, and her father is obliged to receive her back
+    whether he wishes to or not. It is not considered proper for a
+    widow or divorced woman to make any resistance on being married.
+    (J.L. Burckhardt, _Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys_, 1830, p.
+    149 et seq.)
+
+    Among the Turcomans forays for capturing and enslaving their
+    Persian neighbors were once habitual. Vambery describes their
+    "marriage ceremonial when the young maiden, attired in bridal
+    costume, mounts a high-bred courser, taking on her lap the
+    carcass of a lamb or goat, and setting off at full gallop,
+    followed by the bridegroom and other young men of the party, also
+    on horseback; she is always to strive, by adroit turns, etc., to
+    avoid her pursuers, that no one approach near enough to snatch
+    from her the burden on her lap. This game, called _kökbüri_
+    (green wolf), is in use among all the nomads of central Asia."
+    (A. Vambery, _Travels in Central Asia_, 1864, p. 323.)
+
+    In China, a missionary describes how, when he was called upon to
+    marry the daughter of a Chinese Christian brought up in native
+    customs, he was compelled to wait several hours, as the bride
+    refused to get up and dress until long after the time appointed
+    for the wedding ceremony, and then only by force. "Extreme
+    reluctance and dislike and fear are the true marks of a happy and
+    lively wedding." (A.E. Moule, _New China and Old_, p. 128.)
+
+    It is interesting to find that in the Indian art of love a kind
+    of mock-combat, accompanied by striking, is a recognized and
+    normal method of heightening tumescence. Vatsyayana has a
+    chapter "On Various Manners of Striking," and he approves of the
+    man striking the woman on the back, belly, flanks, and buttocks,
+    before and during coitus, as a kind of play, increasing as sexual
+    excitement increases, which the woman, with cries and groans,
+    pretends to bid the man to stop. It is mentioned that, especially
+    in southern India, various instruments (scissors, needles, etc.)
+    are used in striking, but this practice is condemned as barbarous
+    and dangerous. (_Kama Sutra_, French translation, iii, chapter
+    v.)
+
+    In the story of Aladdin, in the _Arabian Nights_, the bride is
+    undressed by the mother and the other women, who place her in the
+    bridegroom's bed "as if by force, and, according to the custom of
+    the newly married, she pretends to resist, twisting herself in
+    every direction, and seeking to escape from their hands." (_Les
+    Mille Nuits_, tr. Mardrus, vol. xi, p. 253.)
+
+    It is said that in those parts of Germany where preliminary
+    _Probenächte_ before formal marriage are the rule it is not
+    uncommon for a young woman before finally giving herself to a man
+    to provoke him to a physical struggle. If she proves stronger she
+    dismisses him; if he is stronger she yields herself willingly.
+    (W. Henz, "Probenächte," _Sexual-Probleme_, Oct., 1910, p. 743.)
+
+    Among the South Slavs of Servia and Bulgaria, according to
+    Krauss, it is the custom to win a woman by seizing her by the
+    ankle and bringing her to the ground by force. This method of
+    wooing is to the taste of the woman, and they are refractory to
+    any other method. The custom of beating or being beaten before
+    coitus is also found among the South Slavs. (Kryptadia, vol. vi,
+    p. 209.)
+
+    In earlier days violent courtship was viewed with approval in the
+    European world, even among aristocratic circles. Thus in the
+    medieval _Lai de Graélent_ of Marie de France this Breton knight
+    is represented as very chaste, possessing a high ideal of love
+    and able to withstand the wiles of women. One day when he is
+    hunting in a forest he comes upon a naked damsel bathing,
+    together with her handmaidens. Overcome by her beauty, he seizes
+    her clothes in case she should be alarmed, but is persuaded to
+    hand them to her; then he proceeds to make love to her. She
+    replies that his love is an insult to a woman of her high
+    lineage. Finding her so proud, Graélent sees that his prayers are
+    in vain. He drags her by force into the depth of the forest, has
+    his will of her, and begs her very gently not to be angry,
+    promising to love her loyally and never to leave her. The damsel
+    saw that he was a good knight, courteous, and wise. She thought
+    within herself that if she were to leave him she would never find
+    a better friend.
+
+    Brantôme mentions a lady who confessed that she liked to be
+    "half-forced" by her husband, and he remarks that a woman who is
+    "a little difficult and resists" gives more pleasure also to her
+    lover than one who yields at once, just as a hard-fought battle
+    is a more notable triumph than an easily won victory. (Brantôme,
+    _Vie des Dames Galantes_, discours i.) Restif de la Bretonne,
+    again, whose experience was extensive, wrote in his
+    _Anti-Justine_ that "all women of strong temperament like a sort
+    of brutality in sexual intercourse and its accessories."
+
+    Ovid had said that a little force is pleasing to a woman, and
+    that she is grateful to the ravisher against whom she struggles
+    (_Ars Amatoria_, lib. i). One of Janet's patients (Raymond and
+    Janet, _Les Obsessions et la Psychasthénie_, vol. ii, p. 406)
+    complained that her husband was too good, too devoted. "He does
+    not know how to make me suffer a little. One cannot love anyone
+    who does not make one suffer a little." Another hysterical woman
+    (a silk fetichist, frigid with men) had dreams of men and animals
+    abusing her: "I cried with pain and was happy at the same time."
+    (Clérambault, _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, June, 1908,
+    p. 442.)
+
+    It has been said that among Slavs of the lower class the wives
+    feel hurt if they are not beaten by their husbands. Paullinus, in
+    the seventeenth century, remarked that Russian women are never
+    more pleased and happy than when beaten by their husbands, and
+    regard such treatment as proof of love. (See, e.g., C.F. von
+    Schlichtegroll, _Sacher-Masoch und der Masochismus_, p. 69.)
+    Krafft-Ebing believes that this is true at the present day, and
+    adds that it is the same in Hungary, a Hungarian official having
+    informed him that the peasant women of the Somogyer Comitate do
+    not think they are loved by their husbands until they have
+    received the first box on the ear. (Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia
+    Sexualis_, English translation of the tenth edition, p. 188.) I
+    may add that a Russian proverb says "Love your wife like your
+    soul and beat her like your _shuba_" (overcoat); and, according
+    to another Russian proverb, "a dear one's blows hurt not long."
+    At the same time it has been remarked that the domination of men
+    by women is peculiarly frequent among the Slav peoples. (V.
+    Schlichtegroll, op. cit., p. 23.) Cellini, in an interesting
+    passage in his _Life_ (book ii, chapters xxxiv-xxxv), describes
+    his own brutal treatment of his model Caterina, who was also his
+    mistress, and the pleasure which, to his surprise, she took in
+    it. Dr. Simon Forman, also, the astrologist, tells in his
+    _Autobiography_ (p. 7) how, as a young and puny apprentice to a
+    hosier, he was beaten, scolded, and badly treated by the servant
+    girl, but after some years of this treatment he turned on her,
+    beat her black and blue, and ever after "Mary would do for him
+    all that she could."
+
+    That it is a sign of love for a man to beat his sweetheart, and a
+    sign much appreciated by women, is illustrated by the episode of
+    Cariharta and Repolido, in "Rinconete and Cortadillo," one of
+    Cervantes's _Exemplary Novels_. The Indian women of South
+    America feel in the same way, and Mantegazza when traveling in
+    Bolivia found that they complained when they were not beaten by
+    their husbands, and that a girl was proud when she could say "He
+    loves me greatly, for he often beats me." (_Fisiologia della
+    Donna_, chapter xiii.) The same feeling evidently existed in
+    classic antiquity, for we find Lucian, in his "Dialogues of
+    Courtesans," makes a woman say: "He who has not rained blows on
+    his mistress and torn her hair and her garments is not yet in
+    love," while Ovid advises lovers sometimes to be angry with their
+    sweethearts and to tear their dresses.
+
+    Among the Italian Camorrista, according to Russo, wives are very
+    badly treated. Expression is given to this fact in the popular
+    songs. But the women only feel themselves tenderly loved when
+    they are badly treated by their husbands; the man who does not
+    beat them they look upon as a fool. It is the same in the east
+    end of London. "If anyone has doubts as to the brutalities
+    practised on women by men," writes a London magistrate, "let him
+    visit the London Hospital on a Saturday night. Very terrible
+    sights will meet his eye. Sometimes as many as twelve or fourteen
+    women may be seen seated in the receiving room, waiting for their
+    bruised and bleeding faces and bodies to be attended to. In nine
+    cases out of ten the injuries have been inflicted by brutal and
+    perhaps drunken husbands. The nurses tell me, however, that any
+    remarks they may make reflecting on the aggressors are received
+    with great indignation by the wretched sufferers. They positively
+    will not hear a single word against the cowardly ruffians.
+    'Sometimes,' said a nurse to me, 'when I have told a woman that
+    her husband is a brute, she has drawn herself up and replied:
+    "You mind your own business, miss. We find the rates and taxes,
+    and the likes of you are paid out of 'em to wait on us."'"
+    (Montagu Williams, _Round London_, p. 79.)
+
+    "The prostitute really loves her _souteneur_, notwithstanding all
+    the persecutions he inflicts on her. Their torments only increase
+    the devotion of the poor slaves to their 'Alphonses.'
+    Parent-Duchâtelet wrote that he had seen them come to the
+    hospital with their eyes out of their heads, faces bleeding, and
+    bodies torn by the blows of their drunken lovers, but as soon as
+    they were healed they went back to them. Police-officers tell us
+    that it is very difficult to make a prostitute confess anything
+    concerning her _souteneur_. Thus, Rosa L., whom her 'Alphonse'
+    had often threatened to kill, even putting the knife to her
+    throat, would say nothing, and denied everything when the
+    magistrate questioned her. Maria R., with her face marked by a
+    terrible scar produced by her _souteneur_, still carefully
+    preserved many years afterward the portrait of the aggressor, and
+    when we asked her to explain her affection she replied: 'But he
+    wounded me because he loved me.' The _souteneur's_ brutality only
+    increases the ill-treated woman's love; the humiliation and
+    slavery in which the woman's soul is drowned feed her love."
+    (Niceforo, _Il Gergo_, etc., 1897, p. 128.)
+
+    In a modern novel written in autobiographic form by a young
+    Australian lady the heroine is represented as striking her
+    betrothed with a whip when he merely attempts to kiss her. Later
+    on her behavior so stings him that his self-control breaks down
+    and he seizes her fiercely by the arms. For the first time she
+    realizes that he loves her. "I laughed a joyous little laugh,
+    saying 'Hal, we are quits'; when on disrobing for the night I
+    discovered on my soft white shoulders and arms--so susceptible to
+    bruises--many marks, and black. It had been a very happy day for
+    me." (Miles Franklin, _My Brilliant Career_.)
+
+    It is in large measure the existence of this feeling of
+    attraction for violence which accounts for the love-letters
+    received by men who are accused of crimes of violence. Thus in
+    one instance, in Chicago (as Dr. Kiernan writes to me), "a man
+    arrested for conspiracy to commit abortion, and also suspected of
+    being a sadist, received many proposals of marriage and other
+    less modest expressions of affection from unknown women. To judge
+    by the signatures, these women belonged to the Germans and Slavs
+    rather than to the Anglo-Celts."
+
+    Neuropathic or degenerative conditions sometimes serve to
+    accentuate or reveal ancestral traits that are very ancient in
+    the race. Under such conditions the tendency to find pleasure in
+    subjection and pain, which is often faintly traceable even in
+    normal civilized women, may become more pronounced. This may be
+    seen in a case described in some detail in the _Archivio di
+    Psichiatria_. The subject was a young lady of 19, of noble
+    Italian birth, but born in Tunis. On the maternal side there is a
+    somewhat neurotic heredity, and she is herself subject to attacks
+    of hystero-epileptoid character. She was very carefully, but
+    strictly, educated; she knows several languages, possesses marked
+    intellectual aptitudes, and is greatly interested in social and
+    political questions, in which she takes the socialistic and
+    revolutionary side. She has an attractive and sympathetic
+    personality; in complexion she is dark, with dark eyes and very
+    dark and abundant hair; the fine down on the upper lip and lower
+    parts of the cheeks is also much developed; the jaw is large, the
+    head acrocephalic, and the external genital organs of normal
+    size, but rather asymmetric. Ever since she was a child she has
+    loved to work and dream in solitude. Her dreams have always been
+    of love, since menstruation began as early as the age of 10, and
+    accompanied by strong sexual feelings, though at that age these
+    feelings remained vague and indefinite; but in them the desire
+    for pleasure was always accompanied by the desire for pain, the
+    desire to bite and destroy something, and, as it were, to
+    annihilate herself. She experienced great relief after periods of
+    "erotic rumination," and if this rumination took place at night
+    she would sometimes masturbate, the contact of the bedclothes,
+    she said, giving her the illusion of a man. In time this vague
+    longing for the male gave place to more definite desires for a
+    man who would love her, and, as she imagined, strike her.
+    Eventually she formed secret relationships with two or three
+    lovers in succession, each of these relationships being, however,
+    discovered by her family and leading to ineffectual attempts at
+    suicide. But the association of pain with love, which had
+    developed spontaneously in her solitary dreams, continued in her
+    actual relations with her lovers. During coitus she would bite
+    and squeeze her arms until the nails penetrated the flesh. When
+    her lover asked her why at the moment of coitus she would
+    vigorously repel him, she replied: "Because I want to be
+    possessed by force, to be hurt, suffocated, to be thrown down in
+    a struggle." At another time she said: "I want a man with all his
+    vitality, so that he can torture and kill my body." We seem to
+    see here clearly the ancient biological character of animal
+    courtship, the desire of the female to be violently subjugated by
+    the male. In this case it was united to sensitiveness to the
+    sexual domination of an intellectual man, and the subject also
+    sought to stimulate her lovers' intellectual tastes. (_Archivio
+    di Psichiatria_, vol. xx, fasc. 5-6, p. 528.)
+
+This association between love and pain still persists even among the most
+normal civilized men and women possessing well-developed sexual impulses.
+The masculine tendency to delight in domination, the feminine tendency to
+delight in submission, still maintain the ancient traditions when the male
+animal pursued the female. The phenomena of "marriage by capture," in its
+real and its simulated forms, have been traced to various causes. But it
+has to be remembered that these causes could only have been operative in
+the presence of a favorable emotional aptitude, constituted by the
+zoölogical history of our race and still traceable even today. To exert
+power, as psychologists well recognize, is one of our most primary
+impulses, and it always tends to be manifested in the attitude of a man
+toward the woman he loves.[73]
+
+It might be possible to maintain that the primitive element of more or
+less latent cruelty in courtship tends to be more rather than less marked
+in civilized man. In civilization the opportunity of dissipating the
+surplus energy of the courtship process by inflicting pain on rivals
+usually has to be inhibited; thus the woman to be wooed tends to become
+the recipient of the whole of this energy, both in its pleasure-giving and
+its pain-giving aspects. Moreover, the natural process of courtship, as it
+exists among animals and usually among the lower human races, tends to
+become disguised and distorted in civilization, as well by economic
+conditions as by conventional social conditions and even ethical
+prescription. It becomes forgotten that the woman's pleasure is an
+essential element in the process of courtship. A woman is often reduced to
+seek a man for the sake of maintenance; she is taught that pleasure is
+sinful or shameful, that sex-matters are disgusting, and that it is a
+woman's duty, and also her best policy, to be in subjection to her
+husband. Thus, various external checks which normally inhibit any passing
+over of masculine sexual energy into cruelty are liable to be removed.
+
+We have to admit that a certain pleasure in manifesting his power over a
+woman by inflicting pain upon her is an outcome and survival of the
+primitive process of courtship, and an almost or quite normal constituent
+of the sexual impulse in man. But it must be at once added that in the
+normal well-balanced and well-conditioned man this constituent of the
+sexual impulse, when present, is always held in check. When the normal man
+inflicts, or feels the impulse to inflict, some degree of physical pain on
+the woman he loves he can scarcely be said to be moved by cruelty. He
+feels, more or less obscurely, that the pain he inflicts, or desires to
+inflict, is really a part of his love, and that, moreover, it is not
+really resented by the woman on whom it is exercised. His feeling is by
+no means always according to knowledge, but it has to be taken into
+account as an essential part of his emotional state. The physical force,
+the teasing and bullying, which he may be moved to exert under the stress
+of sexual excitement, are, he usually more or less unconsciously persuades
+himself, not really unwelcome to the object of his love.[74] Moreover, we
+have to bear in mind the fact--a very significant fact from more than one
+point of view--that the normal manifestations of a woman's sexual pleasure
+are exceedingly like those of pain. "The outward expressions of pain," as
+a lady very truly writes,--"tears, cries, etc.,--which are laid stress on
+to prove the cruelty of the person who inflicts it, are not so different
+from those of a woman in the ecstasy of passion, when she implores the man
+to desist, though that is really the last thing she desires."[75] If a man
+is convinced that he is causing real and unmitigated pain, he becomes
+repentant at once. If this is not the case he must either be regarded as a
+radically abnormal person or as carried away by passion to a point of
+temporary insanity.
+
+The intimate connection of love with pain, its tendency to approach
+cruelty, is seen in one of the most widespread of the occasional and
+non-essential manifestations of strong sexual emotion, especially in
+women, the tendency to bite. We may find references to love-bites in the
+literature of ancient as well as of modern times, in the East as well as
+in the West. Plautus, Catullus, Propertius, Horace, Ovid, Petronius, and
+other Latin writers refer to bites as associated with kisses and usually
+on the lips. Plutarch says that Flora, the mistress of Cnæus Pompey, in
+commending her lover remarked that he was so lovable that she could never
+leave him without giving him a bite. In the Arabic _Perfumed Garden_ there
+are many references to love-bites, while in the Indian _Kama Sutra_ of
+Vatsyayana a chapter is devoted to this subject. Biting in love is also
+common among the South Slavs.[76] The phenomenon is indeed sufficiently
+familiar to enable Heine, in one of his _Romancero_, to describe those
+marks by which the ancient chronicler states that Edith Swanneck
+recognized Harold, after the Battle of Hastings, as the scars of the bites
+she had once given him.
+
+It would be fanciful to trace this tendency back to that process of
+devouring to which sexual congress has, in the primitive stages of its
+evolution, been reduced. But we may probably find one of the germs of the
+love-bite in the attitude of many mammals during or before coitus; in
+attaining a firm grip of the female it is not uncommon (as may be observed
+in the donkey) for the male to seize the female's neck between his teeth.
+The horse sometimes bites the mare before coitus and it is said that among
+the Arabs when a mare is not apt for coitus she is sent to pasture with a
+small ardent horse, who excites her by playing with her and biting
+her.[77] It may be noted, also, that dogs often show their affection for
+their masters by gentle bites. Children also, as Stanley Hall has pointed
+out, are similarly fond of biting.
+
+Perhaps a still more important factor is the element of combat in
+tumescence, since the primitive conditions associated with tumescence
+provide a reservoir of emotions which are constantly drawn on even in the
+sexual excitement of individuals belonging to civilization. The tendency
+to show affection by biting is, indeed, commoner among women than among
+men and not only in civilization. It has been noted among idiot girls as
+well as among the women of various savage races. It may thus be that the
+conservative instincts of women have preserved a primitive tendency that
+at its origin marked the male more than the female. But in any case the
+tendency to bite at the climax of sexual excitement is so common and
+widespread that it must be regarded, when occurring in women, as coming
+within the normal range of variation in such manifestations. The
+gradations are of wide extent; while in its slight forms it is more or
+less normal and is one of the origins of the kiss,[78] in its extreme
+forms it tends to become one of the most violent and antisocial of sexual
+aberrations.
+
+    A correspondent writes regarding his experience of biting and
+    being bitten: "I have often felt inclination to bite a woman I
+    love, even when not in coitus or even excited. (I like doing so
+    also with my little boy, playfully, as a cat and kittens.) There
+    seem to be several reasons for this: (1) the muscular effect
+    relieves me; (2) I imagine I am giving the woman pleasure; (3) I
+    seem to attain to a more intimate possession of the loved one. I
+    cannot remember when I first felt desire to be bitten in coitus,
+    or whether the idea was first suggested to me. I was initiated
+    into pinching by a French prostitute who once pinched my nates in
+    coitus, no doubt as a matter of business; it heightened my
+    pleasure, perhaps by stimulating muscular movement. It does not
+    occur to me to ask to be pinched when I am very much excited
+    already, but only at an earlier stage, no doubt with the object
+    of promoting excitement. Apart altogether from sexual excitement,
+    being pinched is unpleasant to me. It has not seemed to me that
+    women usually like to be bitten. One or two women have bitten and
+    sucked my flesh. (The latter does not affect me.) I like being
+    bitten, partly for the same reason as I like being pinched,
+    because if spontaneous it is a sign of my partner's amorousness
+    and the biting never seems too hard. Women do not usually seem to
+    like being bitten, though there are exceptions; 'I should like to
+    bite you and I should like you to bite me,' said one woman; I did
+    so hard, in coitus, and she did not flinch." "She is particularly
+    anxious to eat me alive," another correspondent writes, "and
+    nothing gives her greater satisfaction than to tear open my
+    clothes and fasten her teeth into my flesh until I yell for
+    mercy. My experience has generally been, however," the same
+    correspondent continues, "that the cruelty is _unconscious_. A
+    woman just grows mad with the desire to squeeze or bite
+    something, with a complete unconsciousness of what result it will
+    produce in the victim. She is astonished when she sees the result
+    and will hardly believe she has done it." It is unnecessary to
+    accumulate evidence of a tendency which is sufficiently common to
+    be fairly well known, but one or two quotations may be presented
+    to show its wide distribution. In the _Kama Sutra_ we read: "If
+    she is very exalted, and if in the exaltation of her passionate
+    transports she begins a sort of combat, then she takes her lover
+    by the hair, draws his head to hers, kisses his lower lip, and
+    then in her delirium bites him all over his body, shutting her
+    eyes"; it is added that with the marks of such bites lovers can
+    remind each other of their affections, and that such love will
+    last for ages. In Japan the maiden of Ainu race feels the same
+    impulse. A.H. Savage Landor (_Alone with the Hairy Ainu_, 1893,
+    p. 140) says of an Ainu girl: "Loving and biting went together
+    with her. She could not do the one without the other. As we sat
+    on a stone in the twilight she began by gently biting my fingers
+    without hurting me, as affectionate dogs do to their masters. She
+    then bit my arm, then my shoulder, and when she had worked
+    herself up into a passion she put her arms around my neck and bit
+    my cheeks. It was undoubtedly a curious way of making love, and,
+    when I had been bitten all over, and was pretty tired of the new
+    sensation, we retired to our respective homes. Kissing,
+    apparently, was an unknown art to her."
+
+    The significance of biting, and the close relationship which, as
+    will have to be pointed out later, it reveals to other phenomena,
+    may be illustrated by some observations which have been made by
+    Alonzi on the peasant women of Sicily. "The women of the people,"
+    he remarks, "especially in the districts where crimes of blood
+    are prevalent, give vent to their affection for their little ones
+    by kissing and sucking them on the neck and arms till they make
+    them cry convulsively; all the while they say: 'How sweet you
+    are! I will bite you, I will gnaw you all over,' exhibiting every
+    appearance of great pleasure. If a child commits some slight
+    fault they do not resort to simple blows, but pursue it through
+    the street and bite it on the face, ears, and arms until the
+    blood flows. At such moments the face of even a beautiful woman
+    is transformed, with injected eyes, gnashing teeth, and
+    convulsive tremors. Among both men and women a very common threat
+    is 'I will drink your blood.' It is told on ocular evidence that
+    a man who had murdered another in a quarrel licked the hot blood
+    from the victim's hand." (G. Alonzi, _Archivio di Psichiatria_,
+    vol. vi, fasc. 4.) A few years ago a nurse girl in New York was
+    sentenced to prison for cruelty to the baby in her charge. The
+    mother had frequently noticed that the child was in pain and at
+    last discovered the marks of teeth on its legs. The girl admitted
+    that she had bitten the child because that action gave her
+    intense pleasure. (_Alienist and Neurologist_, August, 1901, p.
+    558.) In the light of such observations as these we may
+    understand a morbid perversion of affection such as was recorded
+    in the London police news some years ago (1894). A man of 30 was
+    charged with ill-treating his wife's illegitimate daughter, aged
+    3, during a period of many months; her lips, eyes, and hands were
+    bitten and bruised from sucking, and sometimes her pinafore was
+    covered with blood. "Defendant admitted he had bitten the child
+    because he loved it."
+
+    It is not surprising that such phenomena as these should
+    sometimes be the stimulant and accompaniment to the sexual act.
+    Ferriani thus reports such a case in the words of the young man's
+    mistress: "Certainly he is a strange, maddish youth, though he is
+    fond of me and spends money on me when he has any. He likes much
+    sexual intercourse, but, to tell the truth, he has worn out my
+    patience, for before our embraces there are always struggles
+    which become assaults. He tells me he has no pleasure except when
+    he sees me crying on account of his bites and vigorous pinching.
+    Lately, just before going with me, when I was groaning with
+    pleasure, he threw himself on me and at the moment of emission
+    furiously bit my right cheek till the blood came. Then he kissed
+    me and begged my pardon, but would do it again if the wish took
+    him." (L. Ferriani, _Archivio di Psicopatie Sessuale_, vol. i,
+    fasc. 7 and 8, 1896, p. 107.)
+
+    In morbid cases biting may even become a substitute for coitus.
+    Thus, Moll (_Die Konträre Sexualempfindung_, second edition, p.
+    323) records the case of a hysterical woman who was sexually
+    anesthetic, though she greatly loved her husband. It was her
+    chief delight to bite him till the blood flowed, and she was
+    content if, instead of coitus, he bit her and she him, though she
+    was grieved if she inflicted much pain. In other still more
+    morbid cases the fear of inflicting pain is more or less
+    abolished.
+
+    An idealized view of the impulse of love to bite and devour is
+    presented in the following passage from a letter by a lady who
+    associates this impulse with the idea of the Last Supper: "Your
+    remarks about the Lord's Supper in 'Whitman' make it natural to
+    me to tell you my thoughts about that 'central sacrament of
+    Christianity.' I cannot tell many people because they
+    misunderstand, and a clergyman, a very great friend of mine, when
+    I once told what I thought and felt, said I was carnal. He did
+    not understand the divinity and intensity of human love as I
+    understand it. Well, when one loves anyone very much,--a child, a
+    woman, or a man,--one loves everything belonging to him: the
+    things he wears, still more his hands, and his face, every bit of
+    his body. We always want to have all, or part, of him as part of
+    ourselves. Hence the expression: I could _devour_ you, I love you
+    so. In some such warm, devouring way Jesus Christ, I have always
+    felt, loved each and every human creature. So it was that he took
+    this mystery of food, which by eating became part of ourselves,
+    as the symbol of the most intense human love, the most intense
+    Divine love. Some day, perhaps, love will be so understood by all
+    that this sacrament will cease to be a superstition, a bone of
+    contention, an 'article' of the church, and become, in all
+    simplicity, a symbol of pure love."
+
+While in men it is possible to trace a tendency to inflict pain, or the
+simulacrum of pain, on the women they love, it is still easier to trace in
+women a delight in experiencing physical pain when inflicted by a lover,
+and an eagerness to accept subjection to his will. Such a tendency is
+certainly normal. To abandon herself to her lover, to be able to rely on
+his physical strength and mental resourcefulness, to be swept out of
+herself and beyond the control of her own will, to drift idly in delicious
+submission to another and stronger will--this is one of the commonest
+aspirations in a young woman's intimate love-dreams. In our own age these
+aspirations most often only find their expression in such dreams. In ages
+when life was more nakedly lived, and emotion more openly expressed, it
+was easier to trace this impulse. In the thirteenth century we have found
+Marie de France--a French poetess living in England who has been credited
+with "an exquisite sense of the generosities and delicacy of the heart,"
+and whose work was certainly highly appreciated in the best circles and
+among the most cultivated class of her day--describing as a perfect, wise,
+and courteous knight a man who practically commits a rape on a woman who
+has refused to have anything to do with him, and, in so acting, he wins
+her entire love. The savage beauty of New Caledonia furnishes no better
+illustration of the fascination of force, for she, at all events, has done
+her best to court the violence she undergoes. In Middleton's _Spanish
+Gypsy_ we find exactly the same episode, and the unhappy Portuguese nun
+wrote: "Love me for ever and make me suffer still more." To find in
+literature more attenuated examples of the same tendency is easy.
+Shakespeare, whose observation so little escaped, has seldom depicted the
+adult passion of a grown woman, but in the play which he has mainly
+devoted to this subject he makes Cleopatra refer to "amorous pinches," and
+she says in the end: "The stroke of death is as a lover's pinch, which
+hurts and is desired." "I think the Sabine woman enjoyed being carried off
+like that," a woman remarked in front of Rubens's "Rape of the Sabines,"
+confessing that such a method of love-making appealed strongly to
+herself, and it is probable that the majority of women would be prepared
+to echo that remark.
+
+    It may be argued that pain cannot give pleasure, and that when
+    what would usually be pain is felt as pleasure it cannot be
+    regarded as pain at all. It must be admitted that the emotional
+    state is often somewhat complex. Moreover, women by no means
+    always agree in the statement of their experience. It is
+    noteworthy, however, that even when the pleasurableness of pain
+    in love is denied it is still admitted that, under some
+    circumstances, pain, or the idea of pain, is felt as pleasurable.
+    I am indebted to a lady for a somewhat elaborate discussion of
+    this subject, which I may here quote at length: "As regards
+    physical pain, though the idea of it is sometimes exciting, I
+    think the reality is the reverse. A very slight amount of pain
+    destroys my pleasure completely. This was the case with me for
+    fully a month after marriage, and since. When pain has
+    occasionally been associated with passion, pleasure has been
+    sensibly diminished. I can imagine that, when there is a want of
+    sensitiveness so that the tender kiss or caress might fail to
+    give pleasure, more forcible methods are desired; but in that
+    case what would be pain to a sensitive person would be only a
+    pleasant excitement, and it could not be truly said that such
+    obtuse persons liked pain, though they might appear to do so. I
+    cannot think that anyone enjoys what is pain _to them_, if only
+    from the fact that it detracts and divides the attention. This,
+    however, is only my own idea drawn from my own negative
+    experience. No woman has ever told me that she would like to have
+    pain inflicted on her. On the other hand, the desire to inflict
+    pain seems almost universal among men. I have only met one man in
+    whom I have never at any time been able to detect it. At the same
+    time most men shrink from putting their ideas into practice. A
+    friend of my husband finds his chief pleasure in imagining women
+    hurt and ill-treated, but is too tender-hearted ever to inflict
+    pain on them in reality, even when they are willing to submit to
+    it. Perhaps a woman's readiness to submit to pain to please a man
+    may sometimes be taken for pleasure in it. Even when women like
+    the idea of pain, I fancy it is only because it implies
+    subjection to the man, from association with the fact that
+    physical pleasure must necessarily be preceded by submission to
+    his will."
+
+    In a subsequent communication this lady enlarged and perhaps
+    somewhat modified her statements on this point:--
+
+    "I don't think that what I said to you was quite correct.
+    _Actual_ pain gives me no pleasure, yet the _idea_ of pain does,
+    _if inflicted by way of discipline and for the ultimate good of
+    the person suffering it_. This is essential. For instance, I once
+    read a poem in which the devil and the lost souls in hell were
+    represented as recognizing that they could not be good except
+    under torture, but that while suffering the purifying actions of
+    the flames of hell they so realized the beauty of holiness that
+    they submitted willingly to their agony and praised God for the
+    sternness of his judgment. This poem gave me decided physical
+    pleasure, yet I know that if my hand were held in a fire for five
+    minutes I should feel nothing but the pain of the burning. To get
+    the feeling of pleasure, too, I must, for the moment, revert to
+    my old religious beliefs and my old notion that mere suffering
+    has an elevating influence; one's emotions are greatly modified
+    by one's beliefs. When I was about fifteen I invented a game
+    which I played with a younger sister, in which we were supposed
+    to be going through a process of discipline and preparation for
+    heaven after death. Each person was supposed to enter this state
+    on dying and to pass successively into the charge of different
+    angels named after the special virtues it was their function to
+    instill. The last angel was that of Love, who governed solely by
+    the quality whose name he bore. In the lower stages, we were
+    under an angel called Severity who prepared us by extreme
+    harshness and by exacting implicit obedience to arbitrary orders
+    for the acquirement of later virtues. Our duties were to
+    superintend the weather, paint the sunrise and sunset, etc., the
+    constant work involved exercising us in patience and submission.
+    The physical pleasure came in in inventing and recounting to each
+    other our day's work and the penalties and hardships we had been
+    subjected to. We never told each other that we got any physical
+    pleasure out of this, and I cannot therefore be sure that my
+    sister did so; I only imagine she did because she entered so
+    heartily into the spirit of the game. I could get as much
+    pleasure by imagining myself the angel and inflicting the pain,
+    under the conditions mentioned; but my sister did not like this
+    so much, as she then had no companion in subjection. I could not,
+    however, thus reverse my feelings in regard to a man, as it would
+    appear to me unnatural, and, besides, the greater physical
+    strength is essential in the superior position. I can, however,
+    by imagining myself a man, sometimes get pleasure in conceiving
+    myself as educating and disciplining a woman by severe measures.
+    There is, however, no real cruelty in this idea, as I always
+    imagine her liking it.
+
+    "I only get pleasure in the idea of a woman submitting herself to
+    pain and harshness from the man she loves when the following
+    conditions are fulfilled: 1. She must be absolutely sure of the
+    man's love. 2. She must have perfect confidence in his judgment.
+    3. The pain must be deliberately inflicted, not accidental. 4. It
+    must be inflicted in kindness and for her own improvement, not in
+    anger or with any revengeful feelings, as that would spoil one's
+    ideal of the man. 5. The pain must not be excessive and must be
+    what when we were children we used to call a 'tidy' pain; i.e.,
+    there must be no mutilation, cutting, etc. 6. Last, one would
+    have to feel very sure of one's own influence over the man. So
+    much for the idea. As I have never suffered pain under a
+    combination of all these conditions, I have no right to say that
+    I should or should not experience pleasure from its infliction in
+    reality."
+
+    Another lady writes: "I quite agree that the idea of pain may be
+    pleasurable, but must be associated with something to be gained
+    by it. My experience is that it [coitus] does often hurt for a
+    few moments, but that passes and the rest is easy; so that the
+    little hurt is nothing terrible, but all the same annoying if
+    only for the sake of a few minutes' pleasure, which is not long
+    enough. I do not know how my experience compares with other
+    women's, but I feel sure that in my case the time needed is
+    longer than usual, and the longer the better, always, with me. As
+    to liking pain--no, I do not really like it, although I can
+    tolerate pain very well, of any kind; but I like to feel force
+    and strength; this is usual, I think, women being--or supposed to
+    be--passive in love. I have not found that 'pain at once kills
+    pleasure.'"
+
+    Again, another lady briefly states that, for her, pain has a
+    mental fascination, and that such pain as she has had she has
+    liked, but that, if it had been any stronger, pleasure would have
+    been destroyed.
+
+    The evidence thus seems to point, with various shades of
+    gradation, to the conclusion that the idea or even the reality of
+    pain in sexual emotion is welcomed by women, provided that this
+    element of pain is of small amount and subordinate to the
+    pleasure which is to follow it. Unless coitus is fundamentally
+    pleasure the element of pain must necessarily be unmitigated
+    pain, and a craving for pain unassociated with a greater
+    satisfaction to follow it cannot be regarded as normal.
+
+    In this connection I may refer to a suggestive chapter on "The
+    Enjoyment of Pain" in Hirn's _Origins of Art_. "If we take into
+    account," says Hirn, "the powerful stimulating effect which is
+    produced by acute pain, we may easily understand why people
+    submit to momentary unpleasantness for the sake of enjoying the
+    subsequent excitement. This motive leads to the deliberate
+    creation, not only of pain-sensations, but also of emotions in
+    which pain enters as an element. The violent activity which is
+    involved in the reaction against fear, and still more in that
+    against anger, affords us a sensation of pleasurable excitement
+    which is well worth the cost of the passing unpleasantness. It
+    is, moreover, notorious that some persons have developed a
+    peculiar art of making the initial pain of anger so transient
+    that they can enjoy the active elements in it with almost
+    undivided delight. Such an accomplishment is far more difficult
+    in the case of sorrow.... The creation of pain-sensations may be
+    explained as a desperate device for enhancing the intensity of
+    the emotional state."
+
+    The relation of pain and pleasure to emotion has been thoroughly
+    discussed, I may add, by H.R. Marshall in his _Pain, Pleasure,
+    and Æsthetics_. He contends that pleasure and pain are "general
+    qualities, one of which must, and either of which may, belong to
+    any fixed element of consciousness." "Pleasure," he considers,
+    "is experienced whenever the physical activity coincident with
+    the psychic state to which the pleasure is attached involves the
+    use of surplus stored force." We can see, therefore, how, if pain
+    acts as a stimulant to emotion, it becomes the servant of
+    pleasure by supplying it with surplus stored force.
+
+    This problem of pain is thus one of psychic dynamics. If we
+    realize this we shall begin to understand the place of cruelty in
+    life. "One ought to learn anew about cruelty," said Nietzsche
+    (_Beyond Good and Evil_, 229), "and open one's eyes. Almost
+    everything that we call 'higher culture' is based upon the
+    spiritualizing and intensifying of _cruelty_.... Then, to be
+    sure, we must put aside teaching the blundering psychology of
+    former times, which could only teach with regard to cruelty that
+    it originated at the sight of the suffering of _others_; there is
+    an abundant, superabundant enjoyment even in one's own suffering,
+    in causing one's own suffering." The element of paradox
+    disappears from this statement if we realize that it is not a
+    question of "cruelty," but of the dynamics of pain.
+
+    Camille Bos in a suggestive essay ("Du Plaisir de la Douleur,"
+    _Revue Philosophique_, July, 1902) finds the explanation of the
+    mystery in that complexity of the phenomena to which I have
+    already referred. Both pain and pleasure are complex feelings,
+    the resultant of various components, and we name that resultant
+    in accordance with the nature of the strongest component. "Thus
+    we give to a complexus a name which strictly belongs only to one
+    of its factors, _and in pain all is not painful_." When pain
+    becomes a desired end Camille Bos regards the desire as due to
+    three causes: (1) the pain contrasts with and revives a pleasure
+    which custom threatens to dull; (2) the pain by preceding the
+    pleasure accentuates the positive character of the latter; (3)
+    pain momentarily raises the lowered level of sensibility and
+    restores to the organism for a brief period the faculty of
+    enjoyment it had lost.
+
+    It must therefore be said that, in so far as pain is pleasurable,
+    it is so only in so far as it is recognized as a prelude to
+    pleasure, or else when it is an actual stimulus to the nerves
+    conveying the sensation of pleasure. The nymphomaniac who
+    experienced an orgasm at the moment when the knife passed through
+    her clitoris (as recorded by Mantegazza) and the prostitute who
+    experienced keen pleasure when the surgeon removed vegetations
+    from her vulva (as recorded by Féré) took no pleasure in pain,
+    but in one case the intense craving for strong sexual emotion,
+    and in the other the long-blunted nerves of pleasure, welcomed
+    the abnormally strong impulse; and the pain of the incision, if
+    felt at all, was immediately swallowed up in the sensation of
+    pleasure. Moll remarks (_Konträre Sexualempfindung_, third
+    edition, p. 278) that even in man a trace of physical pain may be
+    normally combined with sexual pleasure, when the vagina
+    contracts on the penis at the moment of ejaculation, the pain,
+    when not too severe, being almost immediately felt as pleasure.
+    That there is no pleasure in the actual pain, even in masochism,
+    is indicated by the following statement which Krafft-Ebing gives
+    as representing the experiences of a masochist (_Psychopathia
+    Sexualis_ English translation, p. 201): "The relation is not of
+    such a nature that what causes physical pain is simply perceived
+    as physical pleasure, for the person in a state of masochistic
+    ecstasy feels no pain, either because by reason of his emotional
+    state (like that of the soldier in battle) the physical effect on
+    his cutaneous nerves is not apperceived, or because (as with
+    religious martyrs and enthusiasts) in the preoccupation of
+    consciousness with sexual emotion the idea of maltreatment
+    remains merely a symbol, without its quality of pain. To a
+    certain extent there is overcompensation of physical pain in
+    psychic pleasure, and only the excess remains in consciousness as
+    psychic lust. This also undergoes an increase, since, either
+    through reflex spinal influence or through a peculiar coloring in
+    the sensorium of sensory impressions, a kind of hallucination of
+    bodily pleasure takes place, with a vague localization of the
+    objectively projected sensation. In the self-torture of religious
+    enthusiasts (fakirs, howling dervishes, religious flagellants)
+    there is an analogous state, only with a difference in the
+    quality of pleasurable feeling. Here the conception of martyrdom
+    is also apperceived without its pain, for consciousness is filled
+    with the pleasurably colored idea of serving God, atoning for
+    sins, deserving Heaven, etc., through martyrdom." This statement
+    cannot be said to clear up the matter entirely; but it is fairly
+    evident that, when a woman says that she finds pleasure in the
+    pain inflicted by a lover, she means that under the special
+    circumstances she finds pleasure in treatment which would at
+    other times be felt as pain, or else that the slight real pain
+    experienced is so quickly followed by overwhelming pleasure that
+    in memory the pain itself seems to have been pleasure and may
+    even be regarded as the symbol of pleasure.
+
+    There is a special peculiarity of physical pain, which may be
+    well borne in mind in considering the phenomena now before us,
+    for it helps to account for the tolerance with which the idea of
+    pain is regarded. I refer to the great ease with which physical
+    pain is forgotten, a fact well known to all mothers, or to all
+    who have been present at the birth of a child. As Professor von
+    Tschisch points out ("Der Schmerz," _Zeitschrift für Psychologie
+    und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane_, Bd. xxvi, ht. 1 and 2, 1901),
+    memory can only preserve impressions as a whole; physical pain
+    consists of a sensation and of a feeling. But memory cannot
+    easily reproduce the definite sensation of the pain, and thus the
+    whole memory is disintegrated and speedily forgotten. It is quite
+    otherwise with moral suffering, which persists in memory and has
+    far more influence on conduct. No one wishes to suffer moral pain
+    or has any pleasure even in the idea of suffering it.
+
+It is the presence of this essential tendency which leads to a certain
+apparent contradiction in a woman's emotions. On the one hand, rooted in
+the maternal instinct, we find pity, tenderness, and compassion; on the
+other hand, rooted in the sexual instinct, we find a delight in roughness,
+violence, pain, and danger, sometimes in herself, sometimes also in
+others. The one impulse craves something innocent and helpless, to cherish
+and protect; the other delights in the spectacle of recklessness,
+audacity, sometimes even effrontery.[79] A woman is not perfectly happy in
+her lover unless he can give at least some satisfaction to each of these
+two opposite longings.
+
+The psychological satisfaction which women tend to feel in a certain
+degree of pain in love is strictly co-ordinated with a physical fact.
+Women possess a minor degree of sensibility in the sexual region. This
+fact must not be misunderstood. On the one hand, it by no means begs the
+question as to whether women's sensibility generally is greater or less
+than that of men; this is a disputed question and the evidence is still
+somewhat conflicting.[80] On the other hand, it also by no means involves
+a less degree of specific sexual pleasure in women, for the tactile
+sensibility of the sexual organs is no index to the specific sexual
+sensibility of those organs when in a state of tumescence. The real
+significance of the less tactile sensibility of the genital region in
+women is to be found in parturition and the special liability of the
+sexual region in women to injury.[81] The women who are less sensitive in
+this respect would be better able and more willing to endure the risks of
+childbirth, and would therefore tend to supplant those who were more
+sensitive. But, as a by-product of this less degree of sensibility, we
+have a condition in which physical irritation amounting even to pain may
+become to normal women in the state of extreme tumescence a source of
+pleasurable excitement, such as it would rarely be to normal men.
+
+    To Calmann appear to be due the first carefully made observations
+    showing the minor sensibility of the genital tract in women.
+    (Adolf Calmann, "Sensibilitütsprufungen am weiblicken Genitale
+    nach forensichen Gesichtspunkten," _Archiv für Gynäkologie_,
+    1898, p. 454.) He investigated the vagina, urethra, and anus in
+    eighteen women and found a great lack of sensibility, least
+    marked in anus, and most marked in vagina. [This distribution of
+    the insensitiveness alone indicates that it is due, as I have
+    suggested, to natural selection.] Sometimes a finger in the
+    vagina could not be felt at all. One woman, when a catheter was
+    introduced into the anus, said it might be the vagina or urethra,
+    but was certainly not the anus. (Calmann remarks that he was
+    careful to put his questions in an intelligible form.) The women
+    were only conscious of the urine being drawn off when they heard
+    the familiar sound of the stream or when the bladder was very
+    full; if the sound of the stream was deadened by a towel they
+    were quite unconscious that the bladder had been emptied. [In
+    confirmation of this statement I have noticed that in a lady
+    whose distended bladder it was necessary to empty by the catheter
+    shortly before the birth of her first child--but who had, indeed,
+    been partly under the influence of chloroform--there was no
+    consciousness of the artificial relief; she merely remarked that
+    she thought she could now relieve herself.] There was some sense
+    of temperature, but sense of locality, tactile sense, and
+    judgment of size were often widely erroneous. It is significant
+    that virgins were just as insensitive as married women or those
+    who had had children. Calmann's experiments appear to be
+    confirmed by the experiments of Marco Treves, of Turin, on the
+    thermoesthesiometry of mucous membranes, as reported to the Turin
+    International Congress of Physiology (and briefly noted in
+    _Nature_, November 21, 1901). Treves found that the sensitivity
+    of mucous membranes is always less than that of the skin. The
+    mucosa of the urethra and of the cervix uteri was quite incapable
+    of heat and cold sensations, and even the cautery excited only
+    slight, and that painful, sensation.
+
+    In further illustration of this point reference may be made to
+    the not infrequent cases in which the whole process of
+    parturition and the enormous distention of tissues which it
+    involves proceed throughout in an almost or quite painless
+    manner. It is sufficient to refer to two cases reported in Paris
+    by Macé and briefly summarized in the _British Medical Journal_,
+    May 25, 1901. In the first the patient was a primipara 20 years
+    of age, and, until the dilatation of the cervix was complete and
+    efforts at expulsion had commenced, the uterine contractions were
+    quite painless. In the second case, the mother, aged 25, a
+    tripara, had previously had very rapid labors; she awoke in the
+    middle of the night without pains, but during micturition the
+    fetal head appeared at the vulva, and was soon born.
+
+    Further illustration may be found in those cases in which severe
+    inflammatory processes may take place in the genital canal
+    without being noticed. Thus, Maxwell reports the case of a young
+    Chinese woman, certainly quite normal, in whom after the birth of
+    her first child the vagina became almost obliterated, yet beyond
+    slight occasional pain she noticed nothing wrong until the
+    husband found that penetration was impossible (_British Medical
+    Journal_, January 11, 1902, p. 78). The insensitiveness of the
+    vagina and its contrast, in this respect, with the penis--though
+    we are justified in regarding the penis as being, like organs of
+    special sense, relatively deficient in general sensibility--are
+    vividly presented in such an incident as the following, reported
+    a few years ago in America by Dr. G.W. Allen in the _Boston
+    Medical and Surgical Journal_: A man came under observation with
+    an edematous, inflamed penis. The wife, the night previous, on
+    advice of friends, had injected pure carbolic acid into the
+    vagina just previous to coitus. The husband, ignorant of the
+    fact, experienced untoward burning and smarting during and after
+    coitus, but thought little of it, and soon fell asleep. The next
+    morning there were large blisters on the penis, but it was no
+    longer painful. When seen by Dr. Allen the prepuce was retracted
+    and edematous, the whole penis was much swollen, and there were
+    large, perfectly raw surfaces on either side of the glans.
+
+In this connection we may well bring into line a remarkable group of
+phenomena concerning which much evidence has now accumulated. I refer to
+the use of various appliances, fixed in or around the penis, whether
+permanently or temporarily during coitus, such appliance being employed at
+the woman's instigation and solely in order to heighten her excitement in
+congress. These appliances have their great center among the Indonesian
+peoples (in Borneo, Java, Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, the Philippines,
+etc.), thence extending in a modified form through China, to become, it
+appears, considerably prevalent in Russia; I have also a note of their
+appearance in India. They have another widely diffused center, through
+which, however, they are more sparsely scattered, among the American
+Indians of the northern and more especially of the southern continents.
+Amerigo Vespucci and other early travelers noted the existence of some of
+these appliances, and since Miklucho-Macleay carefully described them as
+used in Borneo[82] their existence has been generally recognized. They are
+usually regarded merely as ethnological curiosities. As such they would
+not concern us here. Their real significance for us is that they
+illustrate the comparative insensitiveness of the genital canal in women,
+while at the same time they show that a certain amount of what we cannot
+but regard as painful stimulation is craved by women, in order to heighten
+tumescence and increase sexual pleasure, even though it can only by
+procured by artificial methods. It is, of course, possible to argue that
+in these cases we are not concerned with pain at all, but with a strong
+stimulation that is felt as purely pleasurable. There can be no doubt,
+however, that in the absence of sexual excitement this stimulation would
+be felt as purely painful, and--in the light of our previous
+discussion--we may, perhaps, fairly regard it as a painful stimulation
+which is craved, not because it is itself pleasurable, but because it
+heightens the highly pleasurable state of tumescence.
+
+    Borneo, the geographical center of the Indonesian world, appears
+    also to be the district in which these instruments are most
+    popular. The _ampallang, palang, kambion_, or _sprit-sail yard_,
+    as it is variously termed, is a little rod of bone or metal
+    nearly two inches in length, rounded at the ends, and used by the
+    Kyans and Dyaks of Borneo. Before coitus it is inserted into a
+    transverse orifice in the penis, made by a painful and somewhat
+    dangerous operation and kept open by a quill. Two or more of
+    these instruments are occasionally worn. Sometimes little brushes
+    are attached to each end of the instrument. Another instrument,
+    used by the Dyaks, but said to have been borrowed from the
+    Malays, is the _palang anus_, which is a ring or collar of
+    plaited palm-fiber, furnished with a pair of stiffish horns of
+    the same wiry material; it is worn on the neck of the glans and
+    fits tight to the skin so as not to slip off. (Brooke Low, "The
+    Natives of Borneo," _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
+    August and November, 1892, p. 45; the _ampallang_ and similar
+    instruments are described by Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, Bd.
+    i, chapter xvii; also in _Untrodden Fields of Anthropology_, by a
+    French army surgeon, 1898, vol. ii, pp. 135-141; also Mantegazza,
+    _Gli Amori degli Uomini_, French translation, p. 83 et seq.)
+    Riedel informed Miklucho-Macleay that in the Celebes the Alfurus
+    fasten the eyelids of goats with the eyelashes round the corona
+    of the glans penis, and in Java a piece of goatskin is used in a
+    similar way, so as to form a hairy sheath (_Zeitschrift für
+    Ethnologie_, 1876, pp. 22-25), while among the Batta, of Sumatra,
+    Hagen found that small stones are inserted by an incision under
+    the skin of the penis (_Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1891, ht. 3,
+    p. 351).
+
+    In the Malay peninsula Stevens found instruments somewhat similar
+    to the _ampallang_ still in use among some tribes, and among
+    others formerly in use. He thinks they were brought from Borneo.
+    (H.V. Stevens, _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1896, ht. 4, p.
+    181.) Bloch, who brings forward other examples of similar devices
+    (_Beiträge zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, pp. 56-58),
+    considers that the Australian mica operation may thus in part be
+    explained.
+
+    Such instruments are not, however, entirely unknown in Europe. In
+    France, in the eighteenth century, it appears that rings,
+    sometimes set with hard knobs, and called "aides," were
+    occasionally used by men to heighten the pleasure of women in
+    intercourse. (Dühren, _Marquis de Sade_, 1901, p. 130.) In
+    Russia, according to Weissenberg, of Elizabethsgrad, it is not
+    uncommon to use elastic rings set with little teeth; these rings
+    are fastened around the base of the glans. (Weissenberg,
+    _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1893, ht. 2, p. 135.) This
+    instrument must have been brought to Russia from the East, for
+    Burton (in the notes to his _Arabian Nights_) mentions a
+    precisely similar instrument as in use in China. Somewhat similar
+    is the "Chinese hedgehog," a wreath of fine, soft feathers with
+    the quills solidly fastened by silver wire to a ring of the same
+    metal, which is slipped over the glans. In South America the
+    Araucanians of Argentina use a little horsehair brush fastened
+    around the penis; one of these is in the museum at La Plata; it
+    is said the custom may have been borrowed from the Patagonians;
+    these instruments, called _geskels_, are made by the women and
+    the workmanship is very delicate. (Lehmann-Nitsche, _Zeitschrift
+    für Ethnologie_, 1900, ht. 6, p. 491.) It is noteworthy that a
+    somewhat similar tuft of horsehair is also worn in Borneo.
+    (Breitenstein, _21 Jahre in India_, 1899, pt. i, p. 227.) Most of
+    the accounts state that the women attach great importance to the
+    gratification afforded by such instruments. In Borneo a modest
+    woman symbolically indicates to her lover the exact length of the
+    ampallang she would prefer by leaving at a particular spot a
+    cigarette of that length. Miklucho-Macleay considers that these
+    instruments were invented by women. Brooke Low remarks that "no
+    woman once habituated to its use will ever dream of permitting
+    her bedfellow to discontinue the practice of wearing it," and
+    Stevens states that at one time no woman would marry a man who
+    was not furnished with such an apparatus. It may be added that a
+    very similar appliance may be found in European countries
+    (especially Germany) in the use of a condom furnished with
+    irregularities, or a frill, in order to increase the woman's
+    excitement. It is not impossible to find evidence that, in
+    European countries, even in the absence of such instruments, the
+    craving which they gratify still exists in women. Thus, Mauriac
+    tells of a patient with vegetations on the glans who delayed
+    treatment because his mistress liked him so best (art.
+    "Végétations," _Dictionnaire de Médecine et Chirurgie pratique_).
+
+    It may seem that such impulses and such devices to gratify them
+    are altogether unnatural. This is not so. They have a zoölogical
+    basis and in many animals are embodied in the anatomical
+    structure. Many rodents, ruminants, and some of the carnivora
+    show natural developments of the penis closely resembling some of
+    those artificially adopted by man. Thus the guinea-pigs possess
+    two horny styles attached to the penis, while the glans of the
+    penis is covered with sharp spines. Some of the Caviidæ also have
+    two sharp, horny saws at the side of the penis. The cat, the
+    rhinoceros, the tapir, and other animals possess projecting
+    structures on the penis, and some species of ruminants, such as
+    the sheep, the giraffe, and many antelopes, have, attached to the
+    penis, long filiform processes through which the urethra passes.
+    (F.H.A. Marshall, _The Physiology of Reproduction_, pp. 246-248.)
+
+    We find, even in creatures so delicate and ethereal as the
+    butterflies, a whole armory of keen weapons for use in coitus.
+    These were described in detail in an elaborate and fully
+    illustrated memoir by P.H. Gosse ("On the Clasping Organs
+    Ancillary to Generation in Certain Groups of the Lepidoptera,"
+    _Transactions of the Linnæan Society_, second series, vol. ii,
+    Zoölogy, 1882). These organs, which Gosse terms _harpes_ (or
+    grappling irons), are found in the Papilionidæ and are very
+    beautiful and varied, taking the forms of projecting claws,
+    hooks, pikes, swords, knobs, and strange combinations of these,
+    commonly brought to a keen edge and then cut into sharp teeth.
+
+    It is probable that all these structures serve to excite the
+    sexual apparatus of the female and to promote tumescence.
+
+    To the careless observer there may seem to be something vicious
+    or perverted in such manifestations in man. That opinion becomes
+    very doubtful when we consider how these tendencies occur in
+    people living under natural conditions in widely separated parts
+    of the world. It becomes still further untenable if we are
+    justified in believing that the ancestors of men possessed
+    projecting epithelial appendages attached to the penis, and if we
+    accept the discovery by Friedenthal of the rudiment of these
+    appendages on the penis of the human fetus at an early stage
+    (Friedenthal, "Sonderformen der menschlichen Leibesbildung,"
+    _Sexual-Probleme_, Feb., 1912, p. 129). In this case human
+    ingenuity would merely be seeking to supply an organ which nature
+    has ceased to furnish, although it is still in some cases needed,
+    especially among peoples whose aptitude for erethism has remained
+    at, or fallen to, a subhuman level.
+
+At first sight the connection between love and pain--the tendency of men
+to delight in inflicting it and women in suffering it--seems strange and
+inexplicable. It seems amazing that a tender and even independent woman
+should maintain a passionate attachment to a man who subjects her to
+physical and moral insults, and that a strong man, often intelligent,
+reasonable, and even kind-hearted, should desire to subject to such
+insults a woman whom he loves passionately and who has given him every
+final proof of her own passion. In understanding such cases we have to
+remember that it is only within limits that a woman really enjoys the
+pain, discomfort, or subjection to which she submits. A little pain which
+the man knows he can himself soothe, a little pain which the woman gladly
+accepts as the sign and forerunner of pleasure--this degree of pain comes
+within the normal limits of love and is rooted, as we have seen, in the
+experience of the race. But when it is carried beyond these limits, though
+it may still be tolerated because of the support it receives from its
+biological basis, it is no longer enjoyed. The natural note has been too
+violently struck, and the rhythm of love has ceased to be perfect. A woman
+may desire to be forced, to be roughly forced, to be ravished away beyond
+her own will. But all the time she only desires to be forced toward those
+things which are essentially and profoundly agreeable to her. A man who
+fails to realize this has made little progress in the art of love. "I like
+being knocked about and made to do things I don't want to do," a woman
+said, but she admitted, on being questioned, that she would not like to
+have _much_ pain inflicted, and that she might not care to be made to do
+important things she did not want to do. The story of Griselda's unbounded
+submissiveness can scarcely be said to be psychologically right, though it
+has its artistic rightness as an elaborate fantasia on this theme
+justified by its conclusion.
+
+    This point is further illustrated by the following passage from a
+    letter written by a lady: "Submission to the man's will is still,
+    and always must be, the prelude to pleasure, and the association
+    of ideas will probably always produce this much misunderstood
+    instinct. Now, I find, indirectly from other women and directly
+    from my own experience, that, when the point in dispute is very
+    important and the man exerts his authority, the desire to get
+    one's own way completely obliterates the sexual feeling, while,
+    conversely, in small things the sexual feeling obliterates the
+    desire to have one's own way. Where the two are nearly equal a
+    conflict between them ensues, and I can stand aside and wonder
+    which will get the best of it, though I encourage the sexual
+    feeling when possible, as, if the other conquers, it leaves a
+    sense of great mental irritation and physical discomfort. A man
+    should command in small things, as in nine cases out of ten this
+    will produce excitement. He should _advise_ in large matters, or
+    he may find either that he is unable to enforce his orders or
+    that he produces a feeling of dislike and annoyance he was far
+    from intending. Women imagine men must be stronger than
+    themselves to excite their passion. I disagree. A passionate man
+    has the best chance, for in him the primitive instincts are
+    strong. The wish to subdue the female is one of them, and in
+    small things he will exert his authority to make her feel his
+    power, while she knows that on a question of real importance she
+    has a good chance of getting her own way by working on his
+    greater susceptibility. Perhaps an illustration will show what I
+    mean. I was listening to the band and a girl and her _fiancé_
+    came up to occupy two seats near me. The girl sank into one seat,
+    but for some reason the man wished her to take the other. She
+    refused. He repeated his order twice, the second time so
+    peremptorily that she changed places, and I heard him say: 'I
+    don't think you heard what I said. I don't expect to give an
+    order three times.'
+
+    "This little scene interested me, and I afterward asked the girl
+    the following questions:--
+
+    "'Had you any reason for taking one chair more than the other?'
+
+    "'No.'
+
+    "'Did Mr. ----'s insistence on your changing give you any
+    pleasure?'
+
+    "'Yes' (after a little hesitation).
+
+    "'Why?'
+
+    "'I don't know.'
+
+    "'Would it have done so if you had particularly wished to sit in
+    that chair; if, for instance, you had had a boil on your cheek
+    and wished to turn that side away from him?'
+
+    "'No; certainly not. The worry of thinking he was looking at it
+    would have made me too cross to feel pleased.'
+
+    "Does this explain what I mean? The occasion, by the way, need
+    not be really important, but, as in this imaginary case of the
+    boil, if it _seems important_ to the woman, irritation will
+    outweigh the physical sensation."
+
+I am well aware that in thus asserting a certain tendency in women to
+delight in suffering pain--however careful and qualified the position I
+have taken--many estimable people will cry out that I am degrading a whole
+sex and generally supporting the "subjection of women." But the day for
+academic discussion concerning the "subjection of women" has gone by. The
+tendency I have sought to make clear is too well established by the
+experience of normal and typical women--however numerous the exceptions
+may be--to be called in question. I would point out to those who would
+deprecate the influence of such facts in relation to social progress that
+nothing is gained by regarding women as simply men of smaller growth. They
+are not so; they have the laws of their own nature; their development must
+be along their own lines, and not along masculine lines. It is as true now
+as in Bacon's day that we only learn to command nature by obeying her. To
+ignore facts is to court disappointment in our measure of progress. The
+particular fact with which we have here come in contact is very vital and
+radical, and most subtle in its influence. It is foolish to ignore it; we
+must allow for its existence. We can neither attain a sane view of life
+nor a sane social legislation of life unless we possess a just and
+accurate knowledge of the fundamental instincts upon which life is built.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[61] Various mammals, carried away by the reckless fury of the sexual
+impulse, are apt to ill-treat their females (R. Müller, _Sexualbiologie_,
+p. 123). This treatment is, however, usually only an incident of
+courtship, the result of excess of ardor. "The chaffinches and
+saffron-finches (_Fringella_ and _Sycalis_) are very rough wooers," says
+A.G. Butler (_Zoölogist_, 1902, p. 241); "they sing vociferously, and
+chase their hens violently, knocking them over in their flight, pursuing
+and savagely pecking them even on the ground; but when once the hens
+become submissive, the males change their tactics, and become for the time
+model husbands, feeding their wives from their crop, and assisting in
+rearing the young."
+
+[62] Cf. A.C. Haddon, _Head Hunters_, p. 107.
+
+[63] Marro considers that there may be transference of emotion,--the
+impulse of violence generated in the male by his rivals being turned
+against his partner,--according to a tendency noted by Sully and
+illustrated by Ribot in his _Psychology of the Emotions_, part i, chapter
+xii.
+
+[64] Several writers have found in the facts of primitive animal courtship
+the explanation of the connection between love and pain. Thus,
+Krafft-Ebing (_Psychopathia Sexualis_, English translation of tenth German
+edition, p. 80) briefly notes that outbreaks of sadism are possibly
+atavistic. Marro (_La Pubertà_, 1898, p. 219 et seq.) has some suggestive
+pages on this subject. It would appear that this explanation was vaguely
+outlined by Jäger. Laserre, in a Bordeaux thesis mentioned by Féré, has
+argued in the same sense. Féré (_L'Instinct Sexuel_, p. 134), on grounds
+that are scarcely sufficient, regards this explanation as merely a
+superficial analogy. But it is certainly not a complete explanation.
+
+[65] Schäfer (_Jahrbücher für Psychologie_, Bd. ii, p. 128, and quoted by
+Krafft-Ebing in _Psychopathia Sexualis_), in connection with a case in
+which sexual excitement was produced by the sight of battles or of
+paintings of them, remarks: "The pleasure of battle and murder is so
+predominantly an attribute of the male sex throughout the animal kingdom
+that there can be no question about the close connection between this side
+of the masculine character and male sexuality. I believe that I can show
+by observation that in men who are absolutely normal, mentally and
+physically, the first indefinite and incomprehensible precursors of sexual
+excitement may be induced by reading exciting scenes of chase and war.
+These give rise to unconscious longings for a kind of satisfaction in
+warlike games (wrestling, etc.) which express the fundamental sexual
+impulse to close and complete contact with a companion, with a secondary
+more or less clearly defined thought of conquest." Groos (_Spiele der
+Menschen_, 1899, p. 232) also thinks there is more or less truth in this
+suggestion of a subconscious sexual element in the playful wrestling
+combats of boys. Freud considers (_Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie_,
+p. 49) that the tendency to sexual excitement through muscular activity in
+wrestling, etc., is one of the roots of sadism. I have been told of normal
+men who feel a conscious pleasure of this kind when lifted in games, as
+may happen, for instance, in football. It may be added that in some parts
+of the world the suitor has to throw the girl in a wrestling-bout in order
+to secure her hand.
+
+[66] A minor manifestation of this tendency, appearing even in quite
+normal and well-conditioned individuals, is the impulse among boys at and
+after puberty to take pleasure in persecuting and hurting lower animals or
+their own young companions. Some youths display a diabolical enjoyment and
+ingenuity in torturing sensitive juniors, and even a boy who is otherwise
+kindly and considerate may find enjoyment in deliberately mutilating a
+frog. In some cases, in boys and youths who have no true sadistic impulse
+and are not usually cruel, this infliction of torture on a lower animal
+produces an erection, though not necessarily any pleasant sexual
+sensations.
+
+[67] Marro, _La Pubertà_, 1898, p. 223; Garnier, "La Criminalité
+Juvenile," _Comptes-rendus Congrès Internationale d'Anthropologie
+Criminelle_, Amsterdam, 1901, p. 296; _Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1899,
+fasc. v-vi, p. 572.
+
+[68] Bk. ii, ch. ii.
+
+[69] Herbert Spencer, _Principles of Sociology_, 1876, vol. i, p. 651.
+
+[70] Westermarck, _Human Marriage_, p. 388. Grosse is of the same opinion;
+he considers also that the mock-capture is often an imitation, due to
+admiration, of real capture; he does not believe that the latter has ever
+been a form of marriage recognized by custom and law, but only "an
+occasional and punishable act of violence." (_Die Formen der Familie_, pp.
+105-7.) This position is too extreme.
+
+[71] Ernest Crawley, _The Mystic Rose_, 1902, p. 350 et seq. Van Gennep
+rightly remarks that we cannot correctly say that the woman is abducted
+from "her sex," but only from her "sexual society."
+
+[72] A. Van Gennep (_Rites de Passage_, 1909, pp. 175-186) has put forward
+a third theory, though also of a psychological character, according to
+which the "capture" is a rite indicating the separation of the young girl
+from the special societies of her childhood. Gennep regards this rite as
+one of a vast group of "rites of passage," which come into action whenever
+a person changes his social or natural environment.
+
+[73] Féré (_L'Instinct Sexuel_, p. 133) appears to regard the
+satisfaction, based on the sentiment of personal power, which may be
+experienced in the suffering and subjection of a victim as an adequate
+explanation of the association of pain with love. This I can scarcely
+admit. It is a factor in the emotional attitude, but when it only exists
+in the sexual sphere it is reasonable to base this attitude largely on the
+still more fundamental biological attitude of the male toward the female
+in the process of courtship. Féré regards this biological element as
+merely a superficial analogy, on the ground that an act of cruelty may
+become an equivalent of coitus. But a sexual perversion is quite commonly
+constituted by the selection and magnification of a single moment in the
+normal sexual process.
+
+[74] The process may, however, be quite conscious. Thus, a correspondent
+tells me that he not only finds sexual pleasure in cruelty toward the
+woman he loves, but that he regards this as an essential element. He is
+convinced that it gives the woman pleasure, and that it is possible to
+distinguish by gesture, inflection of voice, etc., an hysterical, assumed,
+or imagined feeling of pain from real pain. He would not wish to give real
+pain, and would regard that as sadism.
+
+[75] De Sade had already made the same remark, while Duchenne, of
+Boulogne, pointed out that the facial expressions of sexual passion and of
+cruelty are similar.
+
+[76] Kryptadia, vol. vi, p. 208.
+
+[77] Daumas, _Chevaux de Sahara_, p. 49.
+
+[78] See in vol. iv of these _Studies_ ("Sexual Selection in Man"),
+Appendix A, on "The Origins of the Kiss."
+
+[79] De Stendhal (_De l'Amour_) mentions that when in London he was on
+terms of friendship with an English actress who was the mistress of a
+wealthy colonel, but privately had another lover. One day the colonel
+arrived when the other man was present. "This gentleman has called about
+the pony I want to sell," said the actress. "I have come for a very
+different purpose," said the little man, and thus aroused a love which was
+beginning to languish.
+
+[80] See Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_, chapter vi, "The Senses."
+
+[81] This liability is emphasized by Adler, _Die Mangelhafte
+Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes_, p. 125.
+
+[82] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, Bd. viii, 1876, pp. 22-28.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+The Definition of Sadism--De Sade--Masochism to some Extent
+Normal--Sacher-Masoch--No Real Line of Demarcation between Sadism and
+Masochism--Algolagnia includes both Groups of Manifestations--The
+Love-bite as a Bridge from Normal Phenomena to Algolagnia--The Fascination
+of Blood--The Most Extreme Perversions are Linked on to Normal Phenomena.
+
+
+We thus see that there are here two separate groups of feelings: one, in
+the masculine line, which delights in displaying force and often inflicts
+pain or the simulacrum of pain; the other, in the feminine line, which
+delights in submitting to that force, and even finds pleasure in a slight
+amount of pain, or the idea of pain, when associated with the experiences
+of love. We see, also, that these two groups of feelings are
+complementary. Within the limits consistent with normal and healthy life,
+what men are impelled to give women love to receive. So that we need not
+unduly deprecate the "cruelty" of men within these limits, nor unduly
+commiserate the women who are subjected to it.
+
+Such a conclusion, however, as we have also seen, only holds good within
+those normal limits which an attempt has here been made to determine. The
+phenomena we have been considering are strictly normal phenomena, having
+their basis in the conditions of tumescence and detumescence in animal and
+primitive human courtship. At one point, however, when discussing the
+phenomena of the love-bite, I referred to the facts which indicate how
+this purely normal manifestation yet insensibly passes over into the
+region of the morbid. It is an instance that enables us to realize how
+even the most terrible and repugnant sexual perversions are still
+demonstrably linked on to phenomena that are fundamentally normal. The
+love-bite may be said to give us the key to that perverse impulse which
+has been commonly called sadism.
+
+There is some difference of opinion as to how "sadism" may be best
+defined. Perhaps the simplest and most usual definition is that of
+Krafft-Ebing, as sexual emotion associated with the wish to inflict pain
+and use violence, or, as he elsewhere expresses it, "the impulse to cruel
+and violent treatment of the opposite sex, and the coloring of the idea of
+such acts with lustful feeling."[83] A more complete definition is that of
+Moll, who describes sadism as a condition in which "the sexual impulse
+consists in the tendency to strike, ill-use, and humiliate the beloved
+person."[84] This definition has the advantage of bringing in the element
+of moral pain. A further extension is made in Féré's definition as "the
+need of association of violence and cruelty with sexual enjoyment, such
+violence or cruelty not being necessarily exerted by the person himself
+who seeks sexual pleasure in this association."[85] Garnier's definition,
+while comprising all these points, further allows for the fact that a
+certain degree of sadism may be regarded as normal. "Pathological sadism,"
+he states, "is an impulsive and obsessing sexual perversion characterized
+by a close connection between suffering inflicted or mentally represented
+and the sexual orgasm, without this necessary and sufficing condition
+frigidity usually remaining absolute."[86] It must be added that these
+definitions are very incomplete if by "sadism" we are to understand the
+special sexual perversions which are displayed in De Sade's novels. Iwan
+Bloch ("Eugen Dühren"), in the course of his book on De Sade, has
+attempted a definition strictly on this basis, and, as will be seen, it is
+necessary to make it very elaborate: "A connection, whether intentionally
+sought or offered by chance, of sexual excitement and sexual enjoyment
+with the real or only symbolic (ideal, illusionary) appearance of
+frightful and shocking events, destructive occurrences and practices,
+which threaten or destroy the life, health, and property of man and other
+living creatures, and threaten and interrupt the continuity of inanimate
+objects, whereby the person who from such occurrences obtains sexual
+enjoyment may either himself be the direct cause, or cause them to take
+place by means of other persons, or merely be the spectator, or, finally,
+be, voluntarily or involuntarily, the object against which these processes
+are directed."[87] This definition of sadism as found in De Sade's works
+is thus, more especially by its final clause, a very much wider conception
+than the usual definition.
+
+    Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis De Sade, was born in 1740 at
+    Paris in the house of the great Condé. He belonged to a very
+    noble, ancient, and distinguished Provençal family; Petrarch's
+    Laura, who married a De Sade, was one of his ancestors, and the
+    family had cultivated both arms and letters with success. He was,
+    according to Lacroix, "an adorable youth whose delicately pale
+    and dusky face, lighted up by two large black [according to
+    another account blue] eyes, already bore the languorous imprint
+    of the vice which was to corrupt his whole being"; his voice was
+    "drawling and caressing"; his gait had "a softly feminine grace."
+    Unfortunately there is no authentic portrait of him. His early
+    life is sketched in letter iv of his _Aline et Valcourt_. On
+    leaving the Collège-Louis-le-Grand he became a cavalry officer
+    and went through the Seven Years' War in Germany. There can be
+    little doubt that the experiences of his military life, working
+    on a femininely vicious temperament, had much to do with the
+    development of his perversion. He appears to have got into
+    numerous scrapes, of which the details are unknown, and his
+    father sought to marry him to the daughter of an aristocratic
+    friend of his own, a noble and amiable girl of 20. It so chanced
+    that when young De Sade first went to the house of his future
+    wife only her younger sister, a girl of 13, was at home; with her
+    he at once fell in love and his love was reciprocated; they were
+    both musical enthusiasts, and she had a beautiful voice. The
+    parents insisted on carrying out the original scheme of marriage.
+    De Sade's wife loved him, and, in spite of everything, served his
+    interests with Griselda-like devotion; she was, Ginisty remarks,
+    a saint, a saint of conjugal life; but her love was from the
+    first only requited with repulsion, contempt, and suspicion.
+    There were, however, children of the marriage; the career of the
+    eldest--an estimable young man who went into the army and also
+    had artistic ability, but otherwise had no community of tastes
+    with his father--has been sketched by Paul Ginisty, who has also
+    edited the letters of the Marquise. De Sade's passion for the
+    younger sister continued (he idealized her as Juliette), though
+    she was placed in a convent beyond his reach, and at a much later
+    period he eloped with her and spent perhaps the happiest period
+    of his life, soon terminated by her death. It is evident that
+    this unhappy marriage was decisive in determining De Sade's
+    career; he at once threw himself recklessly into every form of
+    dissipation, spending his health and his substance sometimes
+    among refinedly debauched nobles and sometimes among coarsely
+    debauched lackeys. He was, however, always something of an
+    artist, something of a student, something of a philosopher, and
+    at an early period he began to write, apparently at the age of
+    23. It was at this age, and only a few months after his marriage,
+    that on account of some excess he was for a time confined in
+    Vincennes. He was destined to spend 27 years of his life in
+    prisons, if we include the 13 years which in old age he passed in
+    the asylum at Charenton. His actual offenses were by no means so
+    terrible as those he loved to dwell on in imagination, and for
+    the most part they have been greatly exaggerated. His most
+    extreme offenses were the indecent and forcible flagellation in
+    1768 of a young woman, Rosa Keller, who had accosted him in the
+    street for alms, and whom he induced by false pretenses to come
+    to his house, and the administration of aphrodisiacal bonbons to
+    some prostitutes at Marseilles. It is owing to the fact that the
+    prime of his manhood was spent in prisons that De Sade fell back
+    on dreaming, study, and novel-writing. Shut out from real life,
+    he solaced his imagination with the perverted visions--to a very
+    large extent, however, founded on knowledge of the real facts of
+    perverted life in his time--which he has recorded in _Justine_
+    (1781); _Les 120 Journées de Sodome ou l'Ecole du Libertinage_
+    (1785); _Aline et Valcour ou le Roman Philosophique_ (1788);
+    _Juliette_ (1796); _La Philosophie dans le Boudoir_ (1795). These
+    books constitute a sort of encyclopedia of sexual perversions, an
+    eighteenth century _Psychopathia Sexualis_, and embody, at the
+    same time, a philosophy. He was the first, Bloch remarks, who
+    realized the immense importance of the sexual question. His
+    general attitude may be illustrated by the following passage (as
+    quoted by Lacassagne): "If there are beings in the world whose
+    acts shock all accepted prejudices, we must not preach at them or
+    punish them ... because their bizarre tastes no more depend upon
+    themselves than it depends on you whether you are witty or
+    stupid, well made or hump-backed.... What would become of your
+    laws, your morality, your religion, your gallows, your Paradise,
+    your gods, your hell, if it were shown that such and such
+    fluids, such fibers, or a certain acridity in the blood, or in
+    the animal spirits, alone suffice to make a man the object of
+    your punishments or your rewards?" He was enormously well read,
+    Bloch points out, and his interest extended to every field of
+    literature: _belles lettres_, philosophy, theology, politics,
+    sociology, ethnology, mythology, and history. Perhaps his
+    favorite reading was travels. He was minutely familiar with the
+    bible, though his attitude was extremely critical. His favorite
+    philosopher was Lamettrie, whom he very frequently quotes, and he
+    had carefully studied Machiavelli.
+
+    De Sade had foreseen the Revolution; he was an ardent admirer of
+    Marat, and at this period he entered into public life as a mild,
+    gentle, rather bald and gray-haired person. Many scenes of the
+    Revolution were the embodiment in real life of De Sade's
+    imagination; such, for instance, were the barbaric tortures
+    inflicted, at the instigation of Théroigne de Méricourt, on La
+    Belle Bouquetière. Yet De Sade played a very peaceful part in the
+    events of that time, chiefly as a philanthropist, spending much
+    of his time in the hospitals. He saved his parents-in-law from
+    the scaffold, although they had always been hostile to him, and
+    by his moderation aroused the suspicions of the revolutionary
+    party, and was again imprisoned. Later he wrote a pamphlet
+    against Napoleon, who never forgave him and had him shut up in
+    Charenton as a lunatic; it was a not unusual method at that time
+    of disposing of persons whom it was wished to put out of the way,
+    and, notwithstanding De Sade's organically abnormal temperament,
+    there is no reason to regard him as actually insane.
+    Royer-Collard, an eminent alienist of that period, then at the
+    head of Charenton, declared De Sade to be sane, and his detailed
+    report is still extant. Other specialists were of the same
+    opinion. Bloch, who quotes these opinions (_Neue Forschungen_,
+    etc., p. 370), says that the only possible conclusion is that De
+    Sade was sane, but neurasthenic, and Eulenburg also concludes
+    that he cannot be regarded as insane, although he was highly
+    degenerate. In the asylum he amused himself by organizing a
+    theater. Lacroix, many years later, questioning old people who
+    had known him, was surprised to find that even in the memory of
+    most virtuous and respectable persons he lived merely as an
+    "_aimable mauvais sujet_." It is noteworthy that De Sade aroused,
+    in a singular degree, the love and devotion of women,--whether or
+    not we may regard this as evidence of the fascination exerted on
+    women by cruelty. Janin remarks that he had seen many pretty
+    little letters written by young and charming women of the great
+    world, begging for the release of the "_pauvre marquis_."
+
+    Sardou, the dramatist, has stated that in 1855 he visited the
+    Bicêtre and met an old gardener who had known De Sade during his
+    reclusion there. He told that one of the marquis's amusements
+    was to procure baskets of the most beautiful and expensive roses;
+    he would then sit on a footstool by a dirty streamlet which ran
+    through the courtyard, and would take the roses, one by one, gaze
+    at them, smell them with a voluptuous expression, soak them in
+    the muddy water, and fling them away, laughing as he did so. He
+    died on the 2d of December, 1814, at the age of 74. He was almost
+    blind, and had long been a martyr to gout, asthma, and an
+    affection of the stomach. It was his wish that acorns should be
+    planted over his grave and his memory effaced. At a later period
+    his skull was examined by a phrenologist, who found it small and
+    well formed; "one would take it at first for a woman's head." The
+    skull belonged to Dr. Londe, but about the middle of the century
+    it was stolen by a doctor who conveyed it to England, where it
+    may possibly yet be found. [The foregoing account is mainly
+    founded on Paul Lacroix, _Revue de Paris_, 1837, and _Curiosités
+    de l'Histoire de France_, second series, _Procès Célèbres_, p.
+    225; Janin, _Revue de Paris_, 1834; Eugen Dühren (Iwan Bloch),
+    _Der Marquis de Sade und Seine Zeit_, third edition, 1901; id.,
+    _Neue Forschungen über den Marquis de Sade und Seine Zeit_, 1904;
+    Lacassagne, _Vacher l'Eventreur et les Crimes Sadiques_, 1899;
+    Paul Ginisty, _La Marquise de Sade_, 1901.]
+
+The attempt to define sadism strictly and penetrate to its roots in De
+Sade's personal temperament reveals a certain weakness in the current
+conception of this sexual perversion. It is not, as we might infer, both
+from the definition usually given and from its probable biological
+heredity from primitive times, a perversion due to excessive masculinity.
+The strong man is more apt to be tender than cruel, or at all events knows
+how to restrain within bounds any impulse to cruelty; the most extreme and
+elaborate forms of sadism (putting aside such as are associated with a
+considerable degree of imbecility) are more apt to be allied with a
+somewhat feminine organization. Montaigne, indeed, observed long ago that
+cruelty is usually accompanied by feminine softness.
+
+    In the same way it is a mistake to suppose that the very feminine
+    woman is not capable of sadistic tendencies. Even if we take into
+    account the primitive animal conditions of combat, the male must
+    suffer as well as inflict pain, and the female must not only
+    experience subjection to the male, but also share in the emotions
+    of her partner's victory over his rivals. As bearing on these
+    points, I may quote the following remarks written by a lady: "It
+    is said that, the weaker and more feminine a woman is, the
+    greater the subjection she likes. I don't think it has anything
+    at all to do with the general character, but depends entirely on
+    whether the feeling of constraint and helplessness affects her
+    sexually. In men I have several times noticed that those who were
+    most desirous of subjection to the women they loved had, in
+    ordinary life, very strong and determined characters. I know of
+    others, too, who with very weak characters are very imperious
+    toward the women they care for. Among women I have often been
+    surprised to see how a strong, determined woman will give way to
+    a man she loves, and how tenacious of her own will may be some
+    fragile, clinging creature who in daily life seems quite unable
+    to act on her own responsibility. A certain amount of passivity,
+    a desire to have their emotions worked on, seems to me, so far as
+    my small experience goes, very common among ordinary, presumably
+    normal men. A good deal of stress is laid on femininity as an
+    attraction in a woman, and this may be so to very strong natures,
+    but, so far as I have seen, the women who obtain extraordinary
+    empire over men are those with a certain _virility_ in their
+    character and passions. If with this virility they combine a
+    fragility or childishness of appearance which appeals to a man in
+    another way at the same time, they appear to be irresistible."
+
+    I have noted some of the feminine traits in De Sade's temperament
+    and appearance. The same may often be noted in sadists whose
+    crimes were very much more serious and brutal than those of De
+    Sade. A man who stabbed women in the streets at St. Louis was a
+    waiter with a high-pitched, effeminate voice and boyish
+    appearance. Reidel, the sadistic murderer, was timid, modest, and
+    delicate; he was too shy to urinate in the presence of other
+    people. A sadistic zoöphilist, described by A. Marie, who
+    attempted to strangle a woman fellow-worker, had always been very
+    timid, blushed with much facility, could not look even children
+    in the eyes, or urinate in the presence of another person, or
+    make sexual advances to women.
+
+    Kiernan and Moyer are inclined to connect the modesty and
+    timidity of sadists with a disgust for normal coitus. They were
+    called upon to examine an inverted married woman who had
+    inflicted several hundred wounds, mostly superficial, with forks,
+    scissors, etc., on the genital organs and other parts of a girl
+    whom she had adopted from a "Home." This woman was very prominent
+    in church and social matters in the city in which she lived, so
+    that many clergymen and local persons of importance testified to
+    her chaste, modest, and even prudish character; she was found to
+    be sane at the time of the acts. (Moyer, _Alienist and
+    Neurologist_, May, 1907, and private letter from Dr. Kiernan.)
+
+We are thus led to another sexual perversion, which is usually considered
+the opposite of sadism. Masochism is commonly regarded as a peculiarly
+feminine sexual perversion, in women, indeed, as normal in some degree,
+and in man as a sort of inversion of the normal masculine emotional
+attitude, but this view of the matter is not altogether justified, for
+definite and pronounced masochism seems to be much rarer in women than
+sadism.[88] Krafft-Ebing, whose treatment of this phenomenon is, perhaps,
+his most valuable and original contribution to sexual psychology, has
+dealt very fully with the matter and brought forward many cases. He thus
+defines this perversion: "By masochism I understand a peculiar perversion
+of the psychical _vita sexualis_ in which the individual affected, in
+sexual feeling and thought, is controlled by the idea of being completely
+and unconditionally subject to the will of a person of the opposite sex,
+of being treated by this person as by a master, humiliated and abused.
+This idea is colored by sexual feeling; the masochist lives in fancies in
+which he creates situations of this kind, and he often attempts to realize
+them."[89]
+
+In a minor degree, not amounting to a complete perversion of the sexual
+instinct, this sentiment of abnegation, the desire to be even physically
+subjected to the adored woman, cannot be regarded as abnormal. More than
+two centuries before Krafft-Ebing appeared, Robert Burton, who was no mean
+psychologist, dilated on the fact that love is a kind of slavery. "They
+are commonly slaves," he wrote of lovers, "captives, voluntary servants;
+_amator amicæ mancipium_, as Castilio terms him; his mistress's servant,
+her drudge, prisoner, bondman, what not?"[90] Before Burton's time the
+legend of the erotic servitude of Aristotle was widely spread in Europe,
+and pictures exist of the venerable philosopher on all fours ridden by a
+woman with a whip.[91] In classic times various masochistic phenomena are
+noted with approval by Ovid. It has been pointed out by Moll[92] that
+there are traces of masochistic feeling in some of Goethe's poems,
+especially "Lilis Park" and "Erwin und Elmire." Similar traces have been
+found in the poems of Heine, Platen, Hamerling, and many other poets.[93]
+The poetry of the people is also said to contain many such traces. It may,
+indeed, be said that passion in its more lyric exaltations almost
+necessarily involves some resort to masochistic expression. A popular lady
+novelist in a novel written many years ago represents her hero, a robust
+soldier, imploring the lady of his love, in a moment of passionate
+exaltation, to trample on him, certainly without any wish to suggest
+sexual perversion. If it is true that the Antonio of Otway's _Venice
+Preserved_ is a caricature of Shaftesbury, then it would appear that one
+of the greatest of English statesmen was supposed to exhibit very
+pronounced and characteristic masochistic tendencies; and in more recent
+days masochistic expressions have been noted as occurring in the
+love-letters of so emphatically virile a statesman as Bismarck.
+
+Thus a minor degree of the masochistic tendency may be said to be fairly
+common, while its more pronounced manifestations are more common than
+pronounced sadism.[94] It very frequently affects persons of a sensitive,
+refined, and artistic temperament. It may even be said that this tendency
+is in the line of civilization. Krafft-Ebing points out that some of the
+most delicate and romantic love-episodes of the Middle Ages are distinctly
+colored by masochistic emotion.[95] The increasing tendency to masochism
+with increasing civilization becomes explicable if we accept Colin Scott's
+"secondary law of courting" as accessory to the primary law that the male
+is active, and the female passive and imaginatively attentive to the
+states of the excited male. According to the secondary law, "the female
+develops a superadded activity, the male becoming relatively passive and
+imaginatively attentive to the psychical and bodily states of the
+female."[96] We may probably agree that this "secondary law of courting"
+does really represent a tendency of love in individuals of complex and
+sensitive nature, and the outcome of such a receptive attitude on the part
+of the male is undoubtedly in well-marked cases a desire of submission to
+the female's will, and a craving to experience in some physical or psychic
+form, not necessarily painful, the manifestations of her activity.
+
+When we turn from vague and unpronounced forms of the masochistic tendency
+to the more definite forms in which it becomes an unquestionable sexual
+perversion, we find a very eminent and fairly typical example in Rousseau,
+an example all the more interesting because here the subject has himself
+portrayed his perversion in his famous _Confessions_. It is, however, the
+name of a less eminent author, the Austrian novelist, Sacher-Masoch, which
+has become identified with the perversion through the fact that
+Krafft-Ebing fixed upon it as furnishing a convenient counterpart to the
+term "sadism." It is on the strength of a considerable number of his
+novels and stories, more especially of _Die Venus im Pelz_, that
+Krafft-Ebing took the scarcely warrantable liberty of identifying his
+name, while yet living, with a sexual perversion.
+
+    Sacher-Masoch's biography has been written with intimate
+    knowledge and much candor by C.F. von Schlichtegroll
+    (_Sacher-Masoch und der Masochismus_, 1901) and, more indirectly,
+    by his first wife Wanda von Sacher-Masoch in her autobiography
+    (_Meine Lebensbeichte_, 1906; French translation, _Confession de
+    ma Vie_, 1907). Schlichtegroll's book is written with a somewhat
+    undue attempt to exalt his hero and to attribute his misfortunes
+    to his first wife. The autobiography of the latter, however,
+    enables us to form a more complete picture of Sacher-Masoch's
+    life, for, while his wife by no means spares herself, she clearly
+    shows that Sacher-Masoch was the victim of his own abnormal
+    temperament, and she presents both the sensitive, refined,
+    exalted, and generous aspects of his nature, and his morbid,
+    imaginative, vain aspects.
+
+    Leopold von Sacher-Masoch was born in 1836 at Lemberg in Galicia.
+    He was of Spanish, German, and more especially Slavonic race. The
+    founder of the family may be said to be a certain Don Matthias
+    Sacher, a young Spanish nobleman, in the sixteenth century, who
+    settled in Prague. The novelist's father was director of police
+    in Lemberg and married Charlotte von Masoch, a Little Russian
+    lady of noble birth. The novelist, the eldest child of this
+    union, was not born until after nine years of marriage, and in
+    infancy was so delicate that he was not expected to survive. He
+    began to improve, however, when his mother gave him to be suckled
+    to a robust Russian peasant woman, from whom, as he said later,
+    he gained not only health, but "his soul"; from her he learned
+    all the strange and melancholy legends of her people and a love
+    of the Little Russians which never left him. While still a child
+    young Sacher-Masoch was in the midst of the bloody scenes of the
+    revolution which culminated in 1848. When he was 12 the family
+    migrated to Prague, and the boy, though precocious in his
+    development, then first learned the German language, of which he
+    attained so fine a mastery. At a very early age he had found the
+    atmosphere, and even some of the most characteristic elements, of
+    the peculiar types which mark his work as a novelist.
+
+    It is interesting to trace the germinal elements of those
+    peculiarities which so strongly affected his imagination on the
+    sexual side. As a child, he was greatly attracted by
+    representations of cruelty; he loved to gaze at pictures of
+    executions, the legends of martyrs were his favorite reading, and
+    with the onset of puberty he regularly dreamed that he was
+    fettered and in the power of a cruel woman who tortured him. It
+    has been said by an anonymous author that the women of Galicia
+    either rule their husbands entirely and make them their slaves or
+    themselves sink to be the wretchedest of slaves. At the age of
+    10, according to Schlichtegroll's narrative, the child Leopold
+    witnessed a scene in which a woman of the former kind, a certain
+    Countess Xenobia X., a relative of his own on the paternal side,
+    played the chief part, and this scene left an undying impress on
+    his imagination. The Countess was a beautiful but wanton
+    creature, and the child adored her, impressed alike by her beauty
+    and the costly furs she wore. She accepted his devotion and
+    little services and would sometimes allow him to assist her in
+    dressing; on one occasion, as he was kneeling before her to put
+    on her ermine slippers, he kissed her feet; she smiled and gave
+    him a kick which filled him with pleasure. Not long afterward
+    occurred the episode which so profoundly affected his
+    imagination. He was playing with his sisters at hide-and-seek and
+    had carefully hidden himself behind the dresses on a clothes-rail
+    in the Countess's bedroom. At this moment the Countess suddenly
+    entered the house and ascended the stairs, followed by a lover,
+    and the child, who dared not betray his presence, saw the
+    countess sink down on a sofa and begin to caress her lover. But a
+    few moments later the husband, accompanied by two friends, dashed
+    into the room. Before, however, he could decide which of the
+    lovers to turn against the Countess had risen and struck him so
+    powerful a blow in the face with her fist that he fell back
+    streaming with blood. She then seized a whip, drove all three men
+    out of the room, and in the confusion the lover slipped away. At
+    this moment the clothes-rail fell and the child, the involuntary
+    witness of the scene, was revealed to the Countess, who now fell
+    on him in anger, threw him to the ground, pressed her knee on his
+    shoulder, and struck him unmercifully. The pain was great, and
+    yet he was conscious of a strange pleasure. While this
+    castigation was proceeding the Count returned, no longer in a
+    rage, but meek and humble as a slave, and kneeled down before her
+    to beg forgiveness. As the boy escaped he saw her kick her
+    husband. The child could not resist the temptation to return to
+    the spot; the door was closed and he could see nothing, but he
+    heard the sound of the whip and the groans of the Count beneath
+    his wife's blows.
+
+    It is unnecessary to insist that in this scene, acting on a
+    highly sensitive and somewhat peculiar child, we have the key to
+    the emotional attitude which affected so much of Sacher-Masoch's
+    work. As his biographer remarks, woman became to him, during a
+    considerable part of his life, a creature at once to be loved and
+    hated, a being whose beauty and brutality enabled her to set her
+    foot at will on the necks of men, and in the heroine of his first
+    important novel, the _Emissär_, dealing with the Polish
+    Revolution, he embodied the contradictory personality of Countess
+    Xenobia. Even the whip and the fur garments, Sacher-Masoch's
+    favorite emotional symbols, find their explanation in this early
+    episode. He was accustomed to say of an attractive woman: "I
+    should like to see her in furs," and, of an unattractive woman:
+    "I could not imagine her in furs." His writing-paper at one time
+    was adorned with the figure of a woman in Russian Boyar costume,
+    her cloak lined with ermine, and brandishing a scourge. On his
+    walls he liked to have pictures of women in furs, of the kind of
+    which there is so magnificent an example by Rubens in the gallery
+    at Munich. He would even keep a woman's fur cloak on an ottoman
+    in his study and stroke it from time to time, finding that his
+    brain thus received the same kind of stimulation as Schiller
+    found in the odor of rotten apples.[97]
+
+    At the age of 13, in the revolution of 1848, young Sacher-Masoch
+    received his baptism of fire; carried away in the popular
+    movement, he helped to defend the barricades together with a
+    young lady, a relative of his family, an amazon with a pistol in
+    her girdle, such as later he loved to depict. This episode was,
+    however, but a brief interruption of his education; he pursued
+    his studies with brilliance, and on the higher side his education
+    was aided by his father's esthetic tastes. Amateur theatricals
+    were in special favor at his home, and here even the serious
+    plays of Goethe and Gogol were performed, thus helping to train
+    and direct the boy's taste. It is, perhaps, however, significant
+    that it was a tragic event which, at the age of 16, first brought
+    to him the full realization of life and the consciousness of his
+    own power. This was the sudden death of his favorite sister. He
+    became serious and quiet, and always regarded this grief as a
+    turning-point in his life.
+
+    At the Universities of Prague and Graz he studied with such zeal
+    that when only 19 he took his doctor's degree in law and shortly
+    afterward became a _privatdocent_ for German history at Graz.
+    Gradually, however, the charms of literature asserted themselves
+    definitely, and he soon abandoned teaching. He took part,
+    however, in the war of 1866 in Italy, and at the battle of
+    Solferino he was decorated on the field for bravery in action by
+    the Austrian field-marshal. These incidents, however, had little
+    disturbing influence on Sacher-Masoch's literary career, and he
+    was gradually acquiring a European reputation by his novels and
+    stories.
+
+    A far more seriously disturbing influence had already begun to be
+    exerted on his life by a series of love-episodes. Some of these
+    were of slight and ephemeral character; some were a source of
+    unalloyed happiness, all the more so if there was an element of
+    extravagance to appeal to his Quixotic nature. He always longed
+    to give a dramatic and romantic character to his life, his wife
+    says, and he spent some blissful days on an occasion when he ran
+    away to Florence with a Russian princess as her private
+    secretary. Most often these episodes culminated in deception and
+    misery. It was after a relationship of this kind from which he
+    could not free himself for four years that he wrote _Die
+    Geschiedene Frau, Passionsgeschichte eines Idealisten_, putting
+    into it much of his own personal history. At one time he was
+    engaged to a sweet and charming young girl. Then it was that he
+    met a young woman at Graz, Laura Rümelin, 27 years of age,
+    engaged as a glove-maker, and living with her mother. Though of
+    poor parentage, with little or no knowledge of the world, she had
+    great natural ability and intelligence. Schlichtegroll represents
+    her as spontaneously engaging in a mysterious intrigue with the
+    novelist. Her own detailed narrative renders the circumstances
+    more intelligible. She approached Sacher-Masoch by letter,
+    adopting for disguise the name of his heroine Wanda von Dunajev,
+    in order to recover possession of some compromising letters which
+    had been written to him, as a joke, by a friend of hers.
+    Sacher-Masoch insisted on seeing his correspondent before
+    returning the letters, and with his eager thirst for romantic
+    adventure he imagined that she was a married woman of the
+    aristocratic world, probably a Russian countess, whose simple
+    costume was a disguise. Not anxious to reveal the prosaic facts,
+    she humored him in his imaginations and a web of mystification
+    was thus formed. A strong attraction grew up on both sides and,
+    though for some time Laura Rümelin maintained the mystery and
+    held herself aloof from him, a relationship was formed and a
+    child born. Thereupon, in 1893, they married. Before long,
+    however, there was disillusion on both sides. She began to detect
+    the morbid, chimerical, and unpractical aspects of his character,
+    and he realized that not only was his wife not an aristocrat,
+    but, what was of more importance to him, she was by no means the
+    domineering heroine of his dreams. Soon after marriage, in the
+    course of an innocent romp in which the whole of the small
+    household took part, he asked his wife to inflict a whipping on
+    him. She refused, and he thereupon suggested that the servant
+    should do it; the wife failed to take this idea seriously; but he
+    had it carried out, with great satisfaction at the severity of
+    the castigation he received. When, however, his wife explained to
+    him that, after this incident, it was impossible for the servant
+    to stay, Sacher-Masoch quite agreed and she was at once
+    discharged. But he constantly found pleasure in placing his wife
+    in awkward or compromising circumstances, a pleasure she was too
+    normal to share. This necessarily led to much domestic
+    wretchedness. He had persuaded her, against her wish, to whip him
+    nearly every day, with whips which he devised, having nails
+    attached to them. He found this a stimulant to his literary work,
+    and it enabled him to dispense in his novels with his stereotyped
+    heroine who is always engaged in subjugating men, for, as he
+    explained to his wife, when he had the reality in his life he was
+    no longer obsessed by it in his imaginative dreams. Not content
+    with this, however, he was constantly desirous for his wife to be
+    unfaithful. He even put an advertisement in a newspaper to the
+    effect that a young and beautiful woman desired to make the
+    acquaintance of an energetic man. The wife, however, though she
+    wished to please her husband, was not anxious to do so to this
+    extent. She went to an hotel by appointment to meet a stranger
+    who had answered this advertisement, but when she had explained
+    to him the state of affairs he chivalrously conducted her home.
+    It was some time before Sacher-Masoch eventually succeeded in
+    rendering his wife unfaithful. He attended to the minutest
+    details of her toilette on this occasion, and as he bade her
+    farewell at the door he exclaimed: "How I envy him!" This episode
+    thoroughly humiliated the wife, and from that moment her love for
+    her husband turned to hate. A final separation was only a
+    question of time. Sacher-Masoch formed a relationship with Hulda
+    Meister, who had come to act as secretary and translator to him,
+    while his wife became attached to Rosenthal, a clever journalist
+    later known to readers of the _Figaro_ as "Jacques St.-Cère," who
+    realized her painful position and felt sympathy and affection for
+    her. She went to live with him in Paris and, having refused to
+    divorce her husband, he eventually obtained a divorce from her;
+    she states, however, that she never at any time had physical
+    relationships with Rosenthal, who was a man of fragile
+    organization and health. Sacher-Masoch united himself to Hulda
+    Meister, who is described by the first wife as a prim and faded
+    but coquettish old maid, and by the biographer as a highly
+    accomplished and gentle woman, who cared for him with almost
+    maternal devotion. No doubt there is truth in both descriptions.
+    It must be noted that, as Wanda clearly shows, apart from his
+    abnormal sexual temperament, Sacher-Masoch was kind and
+    sympathetic, and he was strongly attached to his eldest child.
+    Eulenburg also quotes the statement of a distinguished Austrian
+    woman writer acquainted with him that, "apart from his sexual
+    eccentricities, he was an amiable, simple, and sympathetic man
+    with a touchingly tender love for his children." He had very few
+    needs, did not drink or smoke, and though he liked to put the
+    woman he was attached to in rich furs and fantastically gorgeous
+    raiment he dressed himself with extreme simplicity. His wife
+    quotes the saying of another woman that he was as simple as a
+    child and as naughty as a monkey.
+
+    In 1883 Sacher-Masoch and Hulda Meister settled in Lindheim, a
+    village in Germany near the Taunus, a spot to which the novelist
+    seems to have been attached because in the grounds of his little
+    estate was a haunted and ruined tower associated with a tragic
+    medieval episode. Here, after many legal delays, Sacher-Masoch
+    was able to render his union with Hulda Meister legitimate; here
+    two children were in due course born, and here the novelist spent
+    the remaining years of his life in comparative peace. At first,
+    as is usual, treated with suspicion by the peasants,
+    Sacher-Masoch gradually acquired great influence over them; he
+    became a kind of Tolstoy in the rural life around him, the friend
+    and confidant of all the villagers (something of Tolstoy's
+    communism is also, it appears, to be seen in the books he wrote
+    at this time), while the theatrical performances which he
+    inaugurated, and in which his wife took an active part, spread
+    the fame of the household in many neighboring villages. Meanwhile
+    his health began to break up; a visit to Nauheim in 1894 was of
+    no benefit, and he died March 9, 1895.
+
+A careful consideration of the phenomena of sadism and masochism may be
+said to lead us to the conclusion that there is no real line of
+demarcation. Even De Sade himself was not a pure sadist, as Bloch's
+careful definition is alone sufficient to indicate; it might even be
+argued that De Sade was really a masochist; the investigation of histories
+of sadism and masochism, even those given by Krafft-Ebing (as, indeed,
+Colin Scott and Féré have already pointed out), constantly reveals traces
+of both groups of phenomena in the same individual. They cannot,
+therefore, be regarded as opposed manifestations. This has been felt by
+some writers, who have, in consequence, proposed other names more clearly
+indicating the relationship of the phenomena. Féré speaks of sexual
+algophily[98]; he only applies the term to masochism; it might equally
+well be applied to sadism. Schrenck-Notzing, to cover both sadism and
+masochism, has invented the term algolagnia (algos, pain, and lagnos
+sexually excited), and calls the former active, the latter passive,
+algolagnia.[99] Eulenburg has also emphasized the close connection between
+these groups of perverted sexual manifestations, and has adopted the same
+terms, adding the further group of ideal (illusionary) algolagnia, to
+cover the cases in which the mere autosuggestive representation of pain,
+inflicted or suffered, suffices to give sexual gratification.[100]
+
+A brief discussion of the terms "sadism" and "masochism" has imposed
+itself upon us at this point because as soon as, in any study of the
+relationship between love and pain, we pass over the limits of normal
+manifestations into a region which is more or less abnormal, these two
+conceptions are always brought before us, and it was necessary to show on
+what grounds they are here rejected as the pivots on which the discussion
+ought to turn. We may accept them as useful terms to indicate two groups
+of clinical phenomena; but we cannot regard them as of any real scientific
+value. Having reached this result, we may continue our consideration of
+the love-bite, as the normal manifestation of the connection between love
+and pain which most naturally leads us across the frontier of the
+abnormal.
+
+The result of the love-bite in its extreme degree is to shed blood. This
+cannot be regarded as the direct aim of the bite in its normal
+manifestations, for the mingled feelings of close contact, of passionate
+gripping, of symbolic devouring, which constitute the emotional
+accompaniments of the bite would be too violently discomposed by actual
+wounding and real shedding of blood. With some persons, however, perhaps
+more especially women, the love-bite is really associated with a conscious
+desire, even if more or less restrained, to draw blood, a real delight in
+this process, a love of blood. Probably this only occurs in persons who
+are not absolutely normal, but on the borderland of the abnormal. We have
+to admit that this craving has, however, a perfectly normal basis. There
+is scarcely any natural object with so profoundly emotional an effect as
+blood, and it is very easy to understand why this should be so.[101]
+Moreover, blood enters into the sphere of courtship by virtue of the same
+conditions by which cruelty enters into it; they are both accidents of
+combat, and combat is of the very essence of animal and primitive human
+courtship, certainly its most frequent accompaniment. So that the
+repelling or attracting fascination of blood may be regarded as a
+by-product of normal courtship, which, like other such by-products, may
+become an essential element of abnormal courtship.[102]
+
+Normally the fascination of blood, if present at all during sexual
+excitement, remains more or less latent, either because it is weak or
+because the checks that inhibit it are inevitably very powerful.
+Occasionally it becomes more clearly manifest, and this may happen early
+in life. Féré records the case of a man of Anglo-Saxon origin, of sound
+heredity so far as could be ascertained and presenting no obvious stigmata
+of degeneration, who first experienced sexual manifestations at the age of
+5 when a boy cousin was attacked by bleeding at the nose. It was the first
+time he had seen such a thing and he experienced erection and much
+pleasure at the sight. This was repeated the next time the cousin's nose
+bled and also whenever he witnessed any injuries or wounds, especially
+when occurring in males. A few years later he began to find pleasure in
+pinching and otherwise inflicting slight suffering. This sadism was not,
+however, further developed, although a tendency to inversion
+persisted.[103]
+
+    Somewhat similar may have been the origin of the attraction of
+    blood in a case which has been reported to me of a youth of 17,
+    the youngest of a large family who are all very strong and
+    entirely normal. He is himself, however, delicate, overgrown,
+    with a narrow chest, a small head, and babyish features, while
+    mentally he is backward, with very defective memory and scant
+    powers of assimilation. He is intensely nervous, peevish, and
+    subject to fits of childish rage. He takes violent fancies to
+    persons of his own sex. But he appears to have only one way of
+    obtaining sexual excitement and gratification. It is his custom
+    to get into a hot bath and there to produce erection and
+    emission, not by masturbation, but by thinking of flowing blood.
+    He does not associate himself with the causation of this
+    imaginary flow of blood; he is merely the passive but pleased
+    spectator. He is aware of his peculiarity and endeavors to shake
+    it off, but his efforts to obtain normal pleasure by thinking of
+    a girl are vain.
+
+    I may here narrate a case which has been communicated to me of
+    algolagnia in a woman, combined with sexual hyperesthesia.
+
+    R.D., aged 25, married, and of good social position; she is a
+    small and dark woman, restless and alert in manner. She has one
+    child.
+
+    She has practised masturbation from an early age--ever since she
+    can remember--by the method of external friction and pressure.
+    From the age of 17 she was able (and is still) to produce the
+    orgasm almost without effort, by calling up the image of any man
+    who had struck her fancy. She has often done so while seated
+    talking to such a man, even when he is almost a stranger; in
+    doing it, she says, a tightening of the muscles of the thighs and
+    the slightest movement are sufficient. Ugly men (if not
+    deformed), as well as men with the reputation of being _roués_,
+    greatly excite her sexually, more especially if of good social
+    position, though this is not essential.
+
+    At the age of 18 she became hysterical, probably, she herself
+    believes, in consequence of a great increase at that time of
+    indulgence in masturbation. The doctors, apparently suspecting
+    her habits, urged her parents to get her married early. She
+    married, at the age of 20, a man about twice her own age.
+
+    As a child (and in a less degree still) she was very fond of
+    watching dog-fights. This spectacle produced strong sexual
+    feelings and usually orgasm, especially if much blood was shed
+    during the fight. Clean cuts and wounds greatly attract her,
+    whether on herself or a man. She has frequently slightly cut or
+    scratched herself "to see the blood," and likes to suck the
+    wound, thinking the taste "delicious." This produces strong
+    sexual feelings and often orgasm, especially if at the time she
+    thinks of some attractive man and imagines that she is sucking
+    his blood. The sight of injury to a woman only very slightly
+    affects her, and that, she thinks, only because of an involuntary
+    association of ideas. Nor has the sight of suffering in illness
+    any exciting effects, only that which is due to violence, and
+    when there is a visible cause for the suffering, such as cuts and
+    wounds. (Bruises, from the absence of blood, have only a slight
+    effect.) The excitement is intensified if she imagines that she
+    has herself inflicted the injury. She likes to imagine that the
+    man wished to rape her, and that she fought him in order to make
+    him more greatly value her favor, so wounding him.
+
+    Impersonal ideas of torture also excite her. She thinks Fox's
+    _Book of Martyrs_ "lovely," and the more horrible and bloody the
+    tortures described the greater is the sexual excitement produced.
+    The book excites her from the point of view of the torturer, not
+    that of the victim. She has frequently masturbated while reading
+    it.
+
+    So far as practicable she has sought to carry out these ideas in
+    her relations with her husband. She has several times bitten him
+    till the blood came and sucked the bite during coitus. She likes
+    to bite him enough to make him wince. The pleasure is greatly
+    heightened by thinking of various tortures, chiefly by cutting.
+    She likes to have her husband talk to her, and she to him, of all
+    the tortures they could inflict on each other. She has, however,
+    never actually tried to carry out these tortures. She would like
+    to, but dares not, as she is sure he could not endure them. She
+    has no desire for her husband to try them on her, although she
+    likes to hear him talk about it.
+
+    She is at the same time fond of normal coitus, even to excess.
+    She likes her husband to remain entirely passive during
+    connection, so that he can continue in a state of strong erection
+    for a long time. She can thus, she says, procure for herself the
+    orgasm a number of times in succession, even nine or ten, quite
+    easily. On one occasion she even had the orgasm twenty-six times
+    within about one and a quarter hours, her husband during this
+    time having two orgasms. (She is quite certain about the accuracy
+    of this statement.) During this feat much talk about torture was
+    indulged in, and it took place after a month's separation from
+    her husband, during which she was careful not to masturbate, so
+    that she might have "a real good time" when he came back. She
+    acknowledges that on this occasion she was a "complete wreck" for
+    a couple of days afterward, but states that usually ten or a
+    dozen orgasms (or spasms, as she terms them) only make her "feel
+    lively." She becomes frenzied with excitement during intercourse
+    and insensible to everything but the pleasure of it.
+
+    She has never hitherto allowed anyone (except her husband after
+    marriage) to know of her sadistic impulses, nor has she carried
+    them out with anyone, though she would like to, if she dared. Nor
+    has she allowed any man but her husband to have connection with
+    her or to take any liberties.
+
+Outbursts of sadism may occur episodically in fairly normal persons. Thus,
+Coutagne describes the case of a lad of 17--always regarded as quite
+normal, and without any signs of degeneracy, even on careful examination,
+or any traces of hysteria or alcoholism, though there was insanity among
+his cousins--who had had occasional sexual relations for a year or two,
+and on one occasion, being in a state of erection, struck the girl three
+times on the breast and abdomen with a kitchen knife bought for the
+purpose. He was much ashamed of his act immediately afterward, and, all
+the circumstances being taken into consideration, he was acquitted by the
+court.[104] Here we seem to have the obscure and latent fascination of
+blood, which is almost normal, germinating momentarily into an active
+impulse which is distinctly abnormal, though it produced little beyond
+those incisions which Vatsyayana disapproved of, but still regarded as a
+part of courtship. One step more and we are amid the most outrageous and
+extreme of all forms of sexual perversion: with the heroes of De Sade's
+novels, who, in exemplification of their author's most cherished ideals,
+plan scenes of debauchery in which the flowing of blood is an essential
+element of coitus; with the Marshall Gilles de Rais and the Hungarian
+Countess Bathory, whose lust could only be satiated by the death of
+innumerable victims.
+
+    This impulse to stab--with no desire to kill, or even in most
+    cases to give pain, but only to draw blood and so either
+    stimulate or altogether gratify the sexual impulse--is no doubt
+    the commonest form of sanguinary sadism. These women-stabbers
+    have been known in France as _piqueurs_ for nearly a century, and
+    in Germany are termed _Stecher_ or _Messerstecher_ (they have
+    been studied by Näcke, "Zur Psychologie der sadistischen
+    Messerstecher," _Archiv für Kriminal-Anthropologie_, Bd. 35,
+    1909). A case of this kind where a man stabbed girls in the
+    abdomen occurred in Paris in the middle of the eighteenth
+    century, and in 1819 or 1820 there seems to have been an epidemic
+    of _piqueurs_ in Paris; as we learn from a letter of Charlotte
+    von Schiller's to Knebel; the offenders (though perhaps there was
+    only one) frequented the Boulevards and the Palais Royal and
+    stabbed women in the buttocks or thighs; they were never caught.
+    About the same time similar cases of a slighter kind occurred in
+    London, Brussels, Hamburg, and Munich.
+
+    Stabbers are nearly always men, but cases of the same perversion
+    in women are not unknown. Thus Dr. Kiernan informs me of an Irish
+    woman, aged 40, and at the beginning of the menopause, who, in
+    New York in 1909, stabbed five men with a hatpin. The motive was
+    sexual and she told one of the men that she stabbed him because
+    she "loved" him.
+
+    Gilles de Rais, who had fought beside Joan of Arc, is the classic
+    example of sadism in its extreme form, involving the murder of
+    youths and maidens. Bernelle considers that there is some truth
+    in the contention of Huysmans that the association with Joan of
+    Arc was a predisposing cause in unbalancing Gilles de Rais.
+    Another cause was his luxurious habit of life. He himself, no
+    doubt rightly, attached importance to the suggestions received in
+    reading Suetonius. He appears to have been a sexually precocious
+    child, judging from an obscure passage in his confessions. He was
+    artistic and scholarly, fond of books, of the society of learned
+    men, and of music. Bernelle sums him up as "a pious warrior, a
+    cruel and keen artist, a voluptuous assassin, an exalted mystic,"
+    who was at the same time unbalanced, a superior degenerate, and
+    morbidly impulsive. (The best books on Gilles de Rais are the
+    Abbé Bossard's _Gilles de Rais_, in which, however, the author,
+    being a priest, treats his subject as quite sane and abnormally
+    wicked; Huysmans's novel, _La-Bas_, which embodies a detailed
+    study of Gilles de Rais, and F.H. Bernelle's Thèse de Paris, _La
+    Psychose de Gilles de Rais_, 1910.)
+
+    The opinion has been hazarded that the history of Gilles de Rais
+    is merely a legend. This view is not accepted, but there can be
+    no doubt that the sadistic manifestations which occurred in the
+    Middle Ages were mixed up with legendary and folk-lore elements.
+    These elements centered on the conception of the _werwolf_,
+    supposed to be a man temporarily transformed into a wolf with
+    blood-thirsty impulses. (See, e.g., articles "Werwolf" and
+    "Lycanthropy" in _Encyclopædia Britannica_.) France, especially,
+    was infested with werwolves in the sixteenth century. In 1603,
+    however, it was decided at Bordeaux, in a trial involving a
+    werwolf, that lycanthropy was only an insane delusion. Dumas
+    ("Les Loup-Garous," _Journal de Psychologie Normale et
+    Pathologique_, May-June, 1907) argues that the medieval werwolves
+    were sadists whose crimes were largely imaginative, though
+    sometimes real, the predecessor of the modern Jack the Ripper.
+    The complex nature of the elements making up the belief in the
+    werwolf is emphasized by Ernest Jones, _Der Alptraum_, 1912.
+
+    Related to the werwolf, but distinct, was the _vampire_, supposed
+    to be a dead person who rose from the dead to suck the blood of
+    the living during sleep. By way of reprisal the living dug up,
+    exorcised, and mutilated the supposed vampires. This was called
+    vampirism. The name vampire was then transferred to the living
+    person who had so treated a corpse. All profanation of the
+    corpse, whatever its origin, is now frequently called vampirism
+    (Epaulow, _Vampirisme_, Thèse de Lyon, 1901; id., "Le Vampire du
+    Muy," _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, Sept., 1903). The
+    earliest definite reference to necrophily is in Herodotus, who
+    tells (bk. ii, ch. lxxxix) of an Egyptian who had connection with
+    the corpse of a woman recently dead. Epaulow gives various old
+    cases and, at full length, the case which he himself
+    investigated, of Ardisson, the "Vampire du Muy." W.A.F. Browne
+    also has an interesting article on "Necrophilism" (_Journal of
+    Mental Science_, Jan., 1875) which he regards as atavistic. When
+    there is, in addition, mutilation of the corpse, the condition is
+    termed necrosadism. There seems usually to be no true sadism in
+    either necrosadism or necrophilism. (See, however, Bloch,
+    _Beiträge_, vol. ii, p. 284 et seq.)
+
+    It must be said also that cases of rape followed by murder are
+    quite commonly not sadistic. The type of such cases is
+    represented by Soleilland, who raped and then murdered children.
+    He showed no sadistic perversion. He merely killed to prevent
+    discovery, as a burglar who is interrupted may commit murder in
+    order to escape. (E. Dupré, "L'Affaire Soleilland," _Archives
+    d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, Jan.-Feb., 1910.)
+
+    A careful and elaborate study of a completely developed sadist
+    has been furnished by Lacassagne, Rousset, and Papillon
+    ("L'Affaire Reidal," _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_,
+    Oct.-Nov., 1907). Reidal, a youth of 18, a seminarist, was a
+    congenital sanguinary sadist who killed another youth and was
+    finally sent to an asylum. From the age of 4 he had voluptuous
+    ideas connected with blood and killing, and liked to play at
+    killing with other children. He was of infantile physical
+    development, with a pleasant, childish expression of face, very
+    religious, and hated obscenity and immorality. But the love of
+    blood and murder was an irresistible obsession and its
+    gratification produced immense emotional relief.
+
+    Sadism generally has been especially studied by Lacassagne,
+    _Vacher l'Eventreur et les Crimes Sadiques_, 1899. Zoösadism, or
+    sadism toward animals, has been dealt with by P. Thomas, "Le
+    Sadisme sur les Animaux," _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_,
+    Sept., 1903. Auto-sadism, or "auto-erotic cruelty," that is to
+    say, injuries inflicted on a person by himself with a sexual
+    motive, has been investigated by G. Bach (_Sexuelle Verrirungen
+    des Menschen und der Nature_, p. 427); this condition seems,
+    however, a form of algolagnia more masochistic than sadistic in
+    character.
+
+    With regard to the medico-legal aspects, Kiernan ("Responsibility
+    in Active Algophily," _Medicine_, April, 1903) sets forth the
+    reasons in favor of the full and complete responsibility of
+    sadists, and Harold Moyer comes to the same conclusion ("Is
+    Sexual Perversion Insanity?" _Alienist and Neurologist_, May,
+    1907). See also Thoinot's _Medico-legal Aspects of Moral
+    Offenses_ (edited by Weysse, 1911), ch. xviii. While we are
+    probably justified in considering the sadist as morally not
+    insane in the technical sense, we must remember that he is, for
+    the most part, highly abnormal from the outset. As Gaupp points
+    out (_Sexual-Probleme_, Oct., 1909, p. 797), we cannot measure
+    the influences which create the sadist and we must not therefore
+    attempt to "punish" him, but we are bound to place him in a
+    position where he will not injure society.
+
+It is enough here to emphasize the fact that there is no solution of
+continuity in the links that bind the absolutely normal manifestations of
+sex with the most extreme violations of all human law. This is so true
+that in saying that these manifestations are violations of all human law
+we cannot go on to add, what would seem fairly obvious, that they are
+violations also of all natural law. We have but to go sufficiently far
+back, or sufficiently far afield, in the various zoölogical series to find
+that manifestations which, from the human point of view, are in the
+extreme degree abnormally sadistic here become actually normal. Among very
+various species wounding and rending normally take place at or immediately
+after coitus; if we go back to the beginning of animal life in the
+protozoa sexual conjugation itself is sometimes found to present the
+similitude, if not the actuality, of the complete devouring of one
+organism by another. Over a very large part of nature, as it has been
+truly said, "but a thin veil divides love from death."[105]
+
+There is, indeed, on the whole, a point of difference. In that abnormal
+sadism which appears from time to time among civilized human beings it is
+nearly always the female who becomes the victim of the male. But in the
+normal sadism which occurs throughout a large part of nature it is nearly
+always the male who is the victim of the female. It is the male spider who
+impregnates the female at the risk of his life and sometimes perishes in
+the attempt; it is the male bee who, after intercourse with the queen,
+falls dead from that fatal embrace, leaving her to fling aside his
+entrails and calmly pursue her course.[106] If it may seem to some that
+the course of our inquiry leads us to contemplate with equanimity, as a
+natural phenomenon, a certain semblance of cruelty in man in his relations
+with woman, they may, if they will, reflect that this phenomenon is but a
+very slight counterpoise to that cruelty which has been naturally exerted
+by the female on the male long even before man began to be.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[83] Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia Sexualis_, English translation of tenth
+German edition, pp. 80, 209. It should be added that the object of the
+sadistic impulse is not necessarily a person of the opposite sex.
+
+[84] A. Moll, _Die Konträre Sexualempfindung_, third edition, 1899, p.
+309.
+
+[85] Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, p. 133.
+
+[86] P. Garnier, "Des Perversions Sexuelles," Thirteenth International
+Congress of Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, Paris, 1900.
+
+[87] E. Dühren, _Der Marquis de Sade und Seine Zeit_, third edition, 1901,
+p. 449.
+
+[88] See, for instance, Bloch's _Beiträge zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia
+Sexualis_, part ii, p. 178.
+
+[89] Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia Sexualis_, English translation of tenth
+German edition, p. 115. Stefanowsky, who also discussed this condition
+(_Archives de l'Anthropologie Criminelle_, May, 1892, and translation,
+with notes by Kiernan, _Alienist and Neurologist_, Oct., 1892), termed it
+passivism.
+
+[90] _Anatomy of Melancholy_, part iii, section 2, mem. iii, subs, 1.
+
+[91] "Aristoteles als Masochist," _Geschlecht und Gesellschaft_, Bd. ii,
+ht. 2.
+
+[92] _Die Konträre Sexualempfindung_, third edition, p. 277. Cf. C.F. von
+Schlichtegroll, _Sacher-Masoch und der Masochismus_, p. 120.
+
+[93] See C.F. von Schlichtegroll, loc. cit., p. 124 et seq.
+
+[94] Iwan Bloch considers that it is the commonest of all sexual
+perversions, more prevalent even than homosexuality.
+
+[95] It has no doubt been prominent in earlier civilization. A very
+pronounced masochist utterance may be found in an ancient Egyptian
+love-song written about 1200 B.C.: "Oh! were I made her porter, I should
+cause her to be wrathful with me. Then when I did but hear her voice, the
+voice of her anger, a child shall I be for fear." (Wiedemann, _Popular
+Literature in Ancient Egypt_, p. 9.) The activity and independence of the
+Egyptian women at the time may well have offered many opportunities to the
+ancient Egyptian masochist.
+
+[96] Colin Scott, "Sex and Art," _American Journal of Psychology_, vol.
+vii, No. 2, p. 208.
+
+[97] It must not be supposed that the attraction of fur or of the whip is
+altogether accounted for by such a casual early experience as in
+Sacher-Masoch's case served to evoke it. The whip we shall have to
+consider briefly later on. The fascination exerted by fur, whether
+manifesting itself as love or fear, would appear to be very common in many
+children, and almost instinctive. Stanley Hall, in his "Study of Fears"
+(_American Journal of Psychology_, vol. viii, p. 213) has obtained as many
+as 111 well-developed cases of fear of fur, or, as he terms it,
+doraphobia, in some cases appearing as early as the age of 6 months, and
+he gives many examples. He remarks that the love of fur is still more
+common, and concludes that "both this love and fear are so strong and
+instinctive that they can hardly be fully accounted for without recourse
+to a time when association with animals was far closer than now, or
+perhaps when our remote ancestors were hairy." (Cf. "Erotic Symbolism,"
+iv, in the fifth volume of these _Studies_.)
+
+[98] Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, p. 138.
+
+[99] Schrenck-Notzing, _Zeitschrift für Hypnotismus_, Bd. ix, ht. 2, 1899.
+
+[100] Eulenburg, _Sadismus und Masochismus_, second edition, 1911, p. 5.
+
+[101] I have elsewhere dealt with this point in discussing the special
+emotional tone of red (Havelock Ellis, "The Psychology of Red," _Popular
+Science Monthly_, August and September, 1900).
+
+[102] It is probable that the motive of sexual murders is nearly always to
+shed blood, and not to cause death. Leppmann (_Bulletin Internationale de
+Droit Pénal_, vol. vi, 1896, p. 115) points out that such murders are
+generally produced by wounds in the neck or mutilation of the abdomen,
+never by wounds of the head. T. Claye Shaw, who terms the lust for blood
+hemothymia, has written an interesting and suggestive paper ("A Prominent
+Motive in Murder," _Lancet_, June 19, 1909) on the natural fascination of
+blood. Blumröder, in 1830, seems to have been the first who definitely
+called attention to the connection between lust and blood.
+
+[103] Féré, _Revue de Chirurgie_, March 10, 1905.
+
+[104] H. Coutagne, "Cas de Perversion Sanguinaire de l'Instinct Sexuel,"
+_Annales Médico-Psychologiques_, July and August, 1893. D.S. Booth
+(_Alienist and Neurologist_, Aug., 1906) describes the case of a man of
+neurotic heredity who slightly stabbed a woman with a penknife when on his
+way to a prostitute.
+
+[105] Kiernan appears to have been the first to suggest the bearing of
+these facts on sadism, which he would regard as the abnormal human form of
+phenomena which may be found at the very beginning of animal life, as,
+indeed, the survival or atavistic reappearance of a primitive sexual
+cannibalism. See his "Psychological Aspects of the Sexual Appetite,"
+_Alienist and Neurologist_, April, 1891, and "Responsibility in Sexual
+Perversion," _Chicago Medical Recorder_, March, 1892. Penta has also
+independently developed the conception of the biological basis of sadism
+and other sexual perversions (_I Pervertimenti Sessuali_, 1893). It must
+be added that, as Remy de Gourmont points out (_Promenades
+Philosophiques_, 2d series, p. 273), this sexual cannibalism exerted by
+the female may have, primarily, no erotic significance: "She eats him
+because she is hungry and because when exhausted he is an easy prey."
+
+[106] In the chapter entitled "Le Vol Nuptial" of his charming book on the
+life of bees Maeterlinck has given an incomparable picture of the tragic
+courtship of these insects.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+Flagellation as a Typical Illustration of Algolagnia--Causes of Connection
+between Sexual Emotion and Whipping--Physical Causes--Psychic Causes
+probably more Important--The Varied Emotional Associations of
+Whipping--Its Wide Prevalence.
+
+
+The whole problem of love and pain, in its complementary sadistic and
+masochistic aspects, is presented to us in connection with the pleasure
+sometimes experienced in whipping, or in being whipped, or in witnessing
+or thinking about scenes of whipping. The association of sexual emotion
+with bloodshed is so extreme a perversion, it so swiftly sinks to phases
+that are obviously cruel, repulsive, and monstrous in an extreme degree,
+that it is necessarily rare, and those who are afflicted by it are often
+more or less imbecile. With whipping it is otherwise. Whipping has always
+been a recognized religious penance; it is still regarded as a beneficial
+and harmless method of chastisement; there is nothing necessarily cruel,
+repulsive, or monstrous in the idea or the reality of whipping, and it is
+perfectly easy and natural for an interest in the subject to arise in an
+innocent and even normal child, and thus to furnish a germ around which,
+temporarily at all events, sexual ideas may crystallize. For these reasons
+the connection between love and pain may be more clearly brought out in
+connection with whipping than with blood.
+
+There is, by no means, any necessary connection between flagellation and
+the sexual emotions. If there were, this form of penance would not have
+been so long approved or at all events tolerated by the Church.[107]
+
+As a matter of fact, indeed, it was not always approved or even tolerated.
+Pope Adrian IV in the eighth century forbade priests to beat their
+penitents, and at the time of the epidemic of flagellation in the
+thirteenth century, which was highly approved by many holy men, the abuses
+were yet so frequent that Clement VI issued a bull against these
+processions. All such papal prohibitions remained without effect. The
+association of religious flagellation with perverted sexual motives is
+shown by its condemnation in later ages by the Inquisition, which was
+accustomed to prosecute the priests who, in prescribing flagellation as a
+penance, exerted it personally, or caused it to be inflicted on the
+stripped penitent in his presence, or made a woman penitent discipline
+him, such offences being regarded as forms of "solicitation."[108] There
+seems even to be some reason to suppose that the religious flagellation
+mania which was so prevalent in the later Middle Ages, when processions of
+penitents, male and female, eagerly flogged themselves and each other, may
+have had something to do with the discovery of erotic flagellation,[109]
+which, at all events in Europe, seems scarcely to have been known before
+the sixteenth century. It must, in any case, have assisted to create a
+predisposition. The introduction of flagellation as a definitely
+recognized sexual stimulant is by Eulenburg, in his interesting book,
+_Sadismus und Masochismus_, attributed to the Arabian physicians. It would
+appear to have been by the advice of an Arabian physician that the Duchess
+Leonora Gonzaga, of Mantua, was whipped by her mother to aid her in
+responding more warmly to her husband's embraces and to conceive.
+
+Whatever the precise origin of sexual flagellation in Europe, there can be
+no doubt that it soon became extremely common, and so it remains at the
+present day. Those who possess a special knowledge of such matters declare
+that sexual flagellation is the most frequent of all sexual perversions
+in England.[110] This belief is, I know, shared by many people both inside
+and outside England. However this may be, the tendency is certainly
+common. I doubt if it is any or at all less common in Germany, judging by
+the large number of books on the subject of flagellation which have been
+published in German. In a catalogue of "interesting books" on this and
+allied subjects issued by a German publisher and bookseller, I find that,
+of fifty-five volumes, as many as seventeen or eighteen, all in German,
+deal solely with the question of flagellation, while many of the other
+books appear to deal in part with the same subject.[111] It is, no doubt,
+true that the large part which the rod has played in the past history of
+our civilization justifies a considerable amount of scientific interest in
+the subject of flagellation, but it is clear that the interest in these
+books is by no means always scientific, but very frequently sexual.
+
+    It is remarkable that, while the sexual associations of whipping,
+    whether in slight or in marked degrees, are so frequent in modern
+    times, they appear to be by no means easy to trace in ancient
+    times. "Flagellation," I find it stated by a modern editor of the
+    _Priapeia_, "so extensively practised in England as a provocation
+    to venery, is almost entirely unnoticed by the Latin erotic
+    writers, although, in the _Satyricon_ of Petronius (ch.
+    cxxxviii), Encolpius, in describing the steps taken by OEnothea
+    to undo the temporary impotence to which he was subjected, says:
+    'Next she mixed nasturtium-juice with southern wood, and, having
+    bathed my foreparts, she took a bunch of green nettles, and
+    gently whipped my belly all over below the navel.'" It appears
+    also that many ancient courtesans dedicated to Venus as ex-votos
+    a whip, a bridle, or a spur as tokens of their skill in riding
+    their lovers. The whip was sometimes used in antiquity, but if it
+    aroused sexual emotions they seem to have passed unregarded. "We
+    naturally know nothing," Eulenburg remarks (_Sadismus und
+    Masochismus_, p. 72), "of the feelings of the priestess of
+    Artemis at the flagellation of Spartan youths; or what emotions
+    inspired the priestess of the Syrian goddess under similar
+    circumstances; or what the Roman Pontifex Maximus felt when he
+    castigated the exposed body of a negligent vestal (as described
+    by Plutarch) behind a curtain, and the 'plagosus Orbilius' only
+    practised on children."
+
+    It was at the Renaissance that cases of abnormal sexual pleasure
+    in flagellation began to be recorded. The earliest distinct
+    reference to a masochistic flagellant seems to have been made by
+    Pico della Mirandola, toward the end of the fifteenth century, in
+    his _Disputationes Adversus Astrologiam Divinatricem_, bk. iii,
+    ch. xxvii. Coelius Rhodiginus in 1516, again, narrated the case
+    of a man he knew who liked to be severely whipped, and found this
+    a stimulant to coitus. Otto Brunfels, in his _Onomasticon_
+    (1534), art. "Coitus," refers to another case of a man who could
+    not have intercourse with his wife until he had been whipped.
+    Then, a century later, in 1643, Meibomius wrote _De Usu Flagrorum
+    in re Venerea_, the earliest treatise on this subject, narrating
+    various cases. Numerous old cases of pleasure in flagellation and
+    urtication were brought together by Schurig in 1720 in his
+    _Spermatologia_, pp. 253-258.
+
+    The earliest definitely described medical case of sadistic
+    pleasure in the sight of active whipping which I have myself come
+    across belongs to the year 1672, and occurs in a letter in which
+    Nesterus seeks the opinion of Garmann. He knows intimately, he
+    states, a very learned man--whose name, for the honor he bears
+    him, he refrains from mentioning--who, whenever in a school or
+    elsewhere he sees a boy unbreeched and birched, and hears him
+    crying out, at once emits semen copiously without any erection,
+    but with great mental commotion. The same accident frequently
+    happens to him during sleep, accompanied by dreams of whipping.
+    Nesterus proceeds to mention that this "_laudatus vir_" was also
+    extremely sensitive to the odor of strawberries and other fruits,
+    which produced nausea. He was evidently a neurotic subject.
+    (L.C.F. Garmanni et Aliorum Virorum Clarissimorum, _Epistolarum
+    Centuria_, Rostochi et Lipsiæ, 1714.)
+
+    In England we find that toward the end of the sixteenth century
+    one of Marlowe's epigrams deals with a certain Francus who before
+    intercourse with his mistress "sends for rods and strips himself
+    stark naked," and by the middle of the seventeenth century the
+    existence of an association between flagellation and sexual
+    pleasure seems to have been popularly recognized. In 1661, in a
+    vulgar "tragicomedy" entitled _The Presbyterian Lash_, we find:
+    "I warrant he thought that the tickling of the wench's buttocks
+    with the rod would provoke her to lechery." That whipping was
+    well known as a sexual stimulant in England in the eighteenth
+    century is sufficiently indicated by the fact that in one of
+    Hogarth's series representing the "Harlot's Progress" a birch rod
+    hangs over the bed. The prevalence of sexual flagellation in
+    England at the end of that century and the beginning of the
+    nineteenth is discussed by Dühren (Iwan Bloch) in his
+    _Geschlechtsleben in England_ (1901-3), especially vol. ii, ch.
+    vi.
+
+    While, however, the evidence regarding sexual flagellation is
+    rare, until recent times whipping as a punishment was extremely
+    common. It is even possible that its very prevalence, and the
+    consequent familiarity with which it was regarded, were
+    unfavorable to the development of any mysterious emotional state
+    likely to act on the sexual sphere, except in markedly neurotic
+    subjects. Thus, the corporal chastisement of wives by husbands
+    was common and permitted. Not only was this so to a proverbial
+    extent in eastern Europe, but also in the extreme west and among
+    a people whose women enjoyed much freedom and honor. Cymric law
+    allowed a husband to chastise his wife for angry speaking, such
+    as calling him a cur; for giving away property she was not
+    entitled to give away; or for being found in hiding with another
+    man. For the first two offenses she had the option of paying him
+    three kine. When she accepted the chastisement she was to receive
+    "three strokes with a rod of the length of her husband's forearm
+    and the thickness of his long finger, and that wheresoever he
+    might will, excepting on the head"; so that she was to suffer
+    pain only, and not injury. (R.B. Holt, "Marriage Laws and Customs
+    of the Cymri," _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
+    August-November, 1898, p. 162.)
+
+    "The Cymric law," writes a correspondent, "seems to have survived
+    in popular belief in the Eastern and Middle States of the United
+    States. In police-courts in New York, for example, it has been
+    unsuccessfully pleaded that a man is entitled to beat his wife
+    with a stick no thicker than his thumb. In Pennsylvania actual
+    acquittals have been rendered."
+
+    Among all classes children were severely whipped by their parents
+    and others in authority over them. It may be recalled that in the
+    twelfth century when Abelard became tutor to Heloise, then about
+    18 years of age, her uncle authorized him to beat her, if
+    negligent in her studies. Even in the sixteenth century Jeanne
+    d'Albert, who became the mother of Henry IV of France, at the
+    age of 13½ was married to the Duke of Cleves, and to overcome her
+    resistance to this union the Queen, her mother, had her whipped
+    to such an extent that she thought she would die of it. The whip
+    on this occasion was, however, only partially successful, for the
+    Duke never succeeded in consummating the marriage, which was, in
+    consequence, annulled. (Cabanès brings together numerous facts
+    regarding the prevalence of flagellation as a chastisement in
+    ancient France in the interesting chapter on "La Flagellation a
+    la Cour et à la Ville" in his _Indiscretions de l'Histoire_,
+    1903.)
+
+    As to the prevalence of whipping in England evidence is furnished
+    by Andrews, in the chapter on "Whipping and Whipping Posts," in
+    his book on ancient punishments. It existed from the earliest
+    times and was administered for a great variety of offenses, to
+    men and women alike, for vagrancy, for theft, to the fathers and
+    mothers of illegitimate children, for drunkenness, for insanity,
+    even sometimes for small-pox. At one time both sexes were whipped
+    naked, but from Queen Elizabeth's time only from the waist
+    upward. In 1791 the whipping of female vagrants ceased by law.
+    (W. Andrews, _Bygone Punishments_, 1899.)
+
+    It must, however, be remarked that law always lags far behind
+    social feeling and custom, and flagellation as a common
+    punishment had fallen into disuse or become very perfunctory long
+    before any change was made in the law, though it is not
+    absolutely extinct, even by law, today. There is even an ignorant
+    and retrograde tendency to revive it. Thus, even in severe
+    Commonwealth days, the alleged whipping with rods of a
+    servant-girl by her master, though with no serious physical
+    injury, produced a great public outcry, as we see by the case of
+    the Rev. Zachary Crofton, a distinguished London clergyman, who
+    was prosecuted in 1657 on the charge of whipping his
+    servant-girl, Mary Cadman, because she lay in bed late in the
+    morning and stole sugar. This incident led to several pamphlets.
+    In _The Presbyterian, Lash or Noctroff's Maid Whipt_ (1661), a
+    satire on Crofton, we read: "It is not only contrary to Gospel
+    but good manners to take up a wench's petticoats, smock and all";
+    and in the doggerel ballad of "Bo-Peep," which was also written
+    on the same subject, it is said that Crofton should have left his
+    wife to chastise the maid. Crofton published two pamphlets, one
+    under his own name and one under that of Alethes Noctroff (1657),
+    in which he elaborately dealt with the charge as both false and
+    frivolous. In one passage he offers a qualified defense of such
+    an act: "I cannot but bewail the exceeding rudeness of our times
+    to suffer such foolery to be prosecuted as of some high and
+    notorious crime. Suppose it were (as it is not) true, may not
+    some eminent congregational brother be found guilty of the same
+    act? Is it not much short of drinking an health naked on a
+    signpost? May it not be as theologically defended as the
+    husband's correction of his wife?" This passage, and the whole
+    episode, show that feeling in regard to this matter was at that
+    time in a state of transition.
+
+    Flagellation as a penance, whether inflicted by the penitent
+    himself or by another person, was also extremely common in
+    medieval and later days. According to Walsingham ("Master of the
+    Rolls' Collection," vol. i, p. 275), in England, in the middle of
+    the fourteenth century, penitents, sometimes men of noble birth,
+    would severely flagellate themselves, even to the shedding of
+    blood, weeping or singing as they did so; they used cords with
+    knots containing nails.
+
+    At a later time the custom of religious flagellation was more
+    especially preserved in Spain. The Countess d'Aulnoy, who visited
+    Spain in 1685, has described the flagellations practised in
+    public at Madrid. After giving an account of the dress worn by
+    these flagellants, which corresponds to that worn in Spain in
+    Holy Week at the present time by the members of the _Cofradias_,
+    the face concealed by the high sugar-loaf head-covering, she
+    continues: "They attach ribbons to their scourges, and usually
+    their mistresses honor them with their favors. In gaining public
+    admiration they must not gesticulate with the arm, but only move
+    the wrist and hand; the blows must be given without haste, and
+    the blood must not spoil the costume. They make terrible wounds
+    on their shoulders, from which the blood flows in streams; they
+    march through the streets with measured steps; they pass before
+    the windows of their mistresses, where they flagellate themselves
+    with marvelous patience. The lady gazes at this fine sight
+    through the blinds of her room, and by a sign she encourages him
+    to flog himself, and lets him understand how much she likes this
+    sort of gallantry. When they meet a good-looking woman they
+    strike themselves in such a way that the blood goes on to her;
+    this is a great honor, and the grateful lady thanks them.... All
+    this is true to the letter."
+
+    The Countess proceeds to describe other and more genuine
+    penitents, often of high birth, who may be seen in the street
+    naked above the waist, and with naked feet on the rough and sharp
+    pavement; some had swords passed through the skin of their body
+    and arms, others heavy crosses that weighed them down. She
+    remarks that she was told by the Papal Nuncio that he had
+    forbidden confessors to impose such penances, and that they were
+    due to the devotion of the penitents themselves. (_Relation du
+    Voyage d'Espagne_, 1692, vol. ii, pp. 158-164.)
+
+    The practice of public self-flagellation in church during Lent
+    existed in Spain and Portugal up to the early years of the
+    nineteenth century. Descriptions of it will often be met with in
+    old volumes of travel. Thus, I find a traveler through Spain in
+    1786 describing how, at Barcelona, he was present when, in Lent,
+    at a Miserere in the Convent Church of San Felipe Neri on Friday
+    evening the doors were shut, the lights put out, and in perfect
+    darkness all bared their backs and applied the discipline,
+    singing while they scourged themselves, ever louder and harsher
+    and with ever greater vehemence until in twenty minutes' time the
+    whole ended in a deep groan. It is mentioned that at Malaga,
+    after such a scene, the whole church was in the morning sprinkled
+    with blood. (Joseph Townsend, _A Journey through Spain in 1786_,
+    vol. i, p. 122; vol. iii, p. 15.)
+
+    Even to our own day religious self-flagellation is practised by
+    Spaniards in the Azores, in the darkened churches during Lent,
+    and the walls are often spotted and smeared with blood at this
+    time. (O.H. Howarth, "The Survival of Corporal Punishment,"
+    _Journal Anthropological Institute_, Feb., 1889.) In remote
+    districts of Spain (as near Haro in Rioja) there are also
+    brotherhoods who will flagellate themselves on Good Friday, but
+    not within the church. (Dario de Regoyos, _España Negra_, 1899,
+    p. 72.)
+
+When we glance over the history of flagellation and realize that, though
+whipping as a punishment has been very widespread and common, there have
+been periods and lands showing no clear knowledge of any sexual
+association of whipping, it becomes clear that whipping is not necessarily
+an algolagnic manifestation. It seems evident that there must be special
+circumstances, and perhaps a congenital predisposition, to bring out
+definitely the relationship of flagellation to the sexual impulse. Thus,
+Löwenfeld considers that only about 1 per cent, of people can be sexually
+excited by flagellation of the buttocks,[112] and Näcke also is decidedly
+of opinion that there can be no sexual pleasure in flagellation without
+predisposition, which is rare.[113] On these grounds many are of opinion
+that physical chastisement, provided it is moderate, seldom applied, and
+only to children who are quite healthy and vigorous, need not be
+absolutely prohibited.[114] But, however rare and abnormal a sexual
+response to actual flagellation may be in adults, we shall see that the
+general sexual association of whipping in the minds of children, and
+frequently of their elders, is by; no means rare and scarcely abnormal.
+
+What is the cause of the connection between sexual emotion and whipping? A
+very simple physical cause has been believed by some to account fully for
+the phenomena. It is known that strong stimulation of the gluteal region
+may, especially under predisposing conditions, produce or heighten sexual
+excitement, by virtue of the fact that both regions are supplied by
+branches of the same nerve.
+
+There is another reason why whipping should exert a sexual influence. As
+Féré especially has pointed out, in moderate amount it has a tonic effect,
+and as such has a general beneficial result in stimulating the whole body.
+This fact was, indeed, recognized by the classic physicians, and Galen
+regarded flagellation as a tonic.[115] Thus, not only must it be said that
+whipping, when applied to the gluteal region, has a direct influence in
+stimulating the sexual organs, but its general tonic influence must
+naturally extend to the sexual system.
+
+    It is possible that we must take into account here a biological
+    factor, such as we have found involved in other forms of sadism
+    and masochism. In this connection a lady writes to me: "With
+    regard to the theory which connects the desire for whipping with
+    the way in which animals make love, where blows or pressure on
+    the hindquarters are almost a necessary preliminary to pleasure,
+    have you ever noticed the way in which stags behave? Their does
+    seem as timid as the males are excitable, and the blows inflicted
+    on them by the horns of their mates to reduce them to submission
+    must be, I should think, an exact equivalent to being beaten with
+    a stick."
+
+    It is remarkable that in some cases the whip would even appear to
+    have a psychic influence in producing sexual excitement in
+    animals accustomed to its application as a stimulant to action.
+    Thus, Professor Cornevin, of Lyons, describes the case of a
+    Hungarian stallion, otherwise quite potent, in whom erection
+    could only be produced in the presence of a mare in heat when a
+    whip was cracked near him, and occasionally applied gently to his
+    legs. (Cornevin, _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, January,
+    1896.)
+
+Here, undoubtedly, we have a definite anatomical and physiological
+relationship which often serves as a starting-point for the turning of the
+sexual feelings in this direction, and will sometimes support the
+perversion when it has otherwise arisen. But this relationship, even if we
+regard it as a fairly frequent channel by which sexual emotion is aroused,
+will not suffice to account for most, or even many, of the cases in which
+whipping exerts a sexual fascination. In many, if not most, cases it is
+found that the idea of whipping asserts its sexual significance quite
+apart from any personal experience, even in persons who have never been
+whipped;[116] not seldom also in persons who have been whipped and who
+feel nothing but repugnance for the actual performance, attractive as it
+may be in imagination.
+
+It is evident that we have to seek the explanation of this phenomenon
+largely in psychic causes. Whipping, whether inflicted or suffered, tends
+to arouse, vaguely but massively, the very fundamental and primitive
+emotions of anger and fear, which, as we have seen, have always been
+associated with courtship, and it tends to arouse them at an age when the
+sexual emotions have not become clearly defined, and under circumstances
+which are likely to introduce sexual associations. From their earliest
+years children have been trained to fear whipping, even when not actually
+submitted to it, and an unjust punishment of this kind, whether inflicted
+on themselves or others, frequently arouses intense anger, nervous
+excitement, or terror in the sensitive minds of children.[117] Moreover,
+as has been pointed out to me by a lady who herself in early life was
+affected by the sexual associations of whipping, a child only sees the
+naked body of elder children when uncovered for whipping, and its sexual
+charm may in part be due to this cause. We further have to remark that the
+spectacle of suffering itself is, to some extent and under some
+circumstances, a stimulant of sexual emotion. It is evident that a number
+of factors contribute to surround whipping at a very early age with
+powerful emotional associations, and that these associations are of such a
+character that in predisposed subjects they are very easily led into a
+sexual channel.[118] Various lines of evidence support this conclusion.
+Thus, from several reliable quarters I learn that the sight of a boy being
+caned at school may produce sexual excitement in the boys who look on. The
+association of sexual emotion with whipping is, again, very liable to show
+itself in schoolmasters, and many cases have been recorded in which the
+flogging of boys, under the stress of this impulse, has been carried to
+extreme lengths. An early and eminent example is furnished by Udall, the
+humanist, at one time headmaster of Eton, who was noted for his habit of
+inflicting frequent corporal punishment for little or no cause, and who
+confessed to sexual practices with the boys under his care.[119]
+
+Sanitchenko has called attention to the case of a Russian functionary, a
+school inspector, who every day had some fifty pupils flogged in his
+presence, as evidence of a morbid pleasure in such scenes. Even when no
+sexual element can be distinctly traced, scenes of whipping sometimes
+exert a singular fascination on some persons of sensitive emotional
+temperament. A friend, a clergyman, who has read many novels tells me that
+he has been struck by the frequency with which novelists describe such
+scenes with much luxury of detail; his list includes novels by well-known
+religious writers of both sexes. In some of these cases there is reason to
+believe that the writers felt this sexual association of whipping.
+
+It is natural that an interest in whipping should be developed very early
+in childhood, and, indeed, it enters very frequently into the games of
+young children, and constitutes a much relished element of such games,
+more especially among girls. I know of many cases in which young girls
+between 6 and 12 years of age took great pleasure in games in which the
+chief point consisted in unfastening each other's drawers and smacking
+each other, and some of these girls, when they grew older, realized that
+there was an element of sexual enjoyment in their games. It has indeed, it
+seems, always been a child's game, and even an amusement of older persons,
+to play at smacking each other's nates. In _The Presbyter's Lash_ in 1661
+a young woman is represented as stating that she had done this as a child,
+and in ancient France it was a privileged custom on Innocents' Day
+(December 28th) to smack all the young people found lying late in bed; it
+was a custom which, as Clement Marot bears witness, was attractive to
+lovers.
+
+    If we turn to the histories I have brought together in Appendix B
+    we find various references to whipping more or less clearly
+    connected with the rudimentary sexual feelings of childhood.
+
+    I am acquainted with numerous cases in which the idea of
+    whipping, or the impulse to whip or be whipped, distinctly
+    exists, though usually, when persisting to adult life, only in a
+    rudimentary form. History I in the Appendix B presents a
+    well-marked instance. I may quote the remarks in another case of
+    a lady regarding her early feelings: "As a child the idea of
+    being whipped excited me, but only in connection with a person I
+    loved, and, moreover, one who had the right to correct me. On one
+    occasion I was beaten with the back of a brush, and the pain was
+    sufficient to overcome any excitement; so that, ever after, this
+    particular form of whipping left me unaffected, though the
+    excitement still remained connected with forms of which I had no
+    experience."
+
+    Another lady states that when a little girl of 4 or 5 the
+    servants used to smack her nates with a soft brush to amuse
+    themselves (undoubtedly, as she now believes, this gave them a
+    kind of sexual pleasure); it did not hurt her, but she disliked
+    it. Her father used to whip her severely on the nates at this age
+    and onward to the age of 13, but this never gave her any
+    pleasure. When, however, she was about 9 she began in waking
+    dreams to imagine that she was whipping somebody, and would
+    finish by imagining that she was herself being whipped. She would
+    make up stories of which the climax was a whipping, and felt at
+    the same time a pleasurable burning sensation in her sexual
+    parts; she used to prolong the preliminaries of the story to
+    heighten the climax; she felt more pleasure in the idea of being
+    whipped than of whipping, although she never experienced any
+    pleasure from an actual whipping. These day-dreams were most
+    vivid when she was at school, between the ages of 11 and 14. They
+    began to fade with the growth of affection for real persons. But
+    in dreams, even in adult life, she occasionally experienced
+    sexual excitement accompanied by images of smacking.
+
+    Another correspondent, this time a man, writes: "I experienced
+    the connection between sexual excitement and whipping long before
+    I knew what sexuality meant or had any notion regarding the
+    functions of the sexual organs. What I now know to be distinct
+    sexual feeling used to occur whenever the idea of whipping arose
+    or the mention of whipping was made in a way to arrest my
+    attention. I well remember the strange, mysterious fascination it
+    had, even apart from any actual physical excitement. I have been
+    told by many men and a few women that it was the same with them.
+    Even now the feeling exists sometimes, especially when reading
+    about whipping."
+
+    The following confession, which I find recorded by a German
+    manufacturer's wife, corresponds with those I have obtained in
+    England: "When about 5 years old I was playing with a little girl
+    friend in the park. Our governesses sat on a bench talking. For
+    some reason--perhaps because we had wandered away too far and
+    failed to hear a call to return--my friend aroused the anger of
+    the governess in charge of her. That young lady, therefore, took
+    her aside, raised her dress, and vigorously smacked her with the
+    flat hand. I looked on fascinated, and possessed by an
+    inexplicable feeling to which I naïvely gave myself up. The
+    impression was so deep that the scene and the persons concerned
+    are still clearly present to my mind, and I can even recall the
+    little details of my companion's underclothing." When sexual
+    associations are permanently brought into play through such an
+    early incident it is possible that a special predisposition
+    exists. (_Gesellschaft und Geschlecht_, Bd. ii, ht. 4, p. 120.)
+
+It would certainly seem that we must look upon this association as coming
+well within the normal range of emotional life in childhood, although
+after puberty, when the sexual feelings become clearly defined, the
+attraction of whipping normally tends to be left behind as a piece of
+childishness, only surviving in the background of consciousness, if at
+all, to furnish a vaguely sexual emotional tone to the subject of
+whipping, but not affecting conduct, sometimes only emerging in erotic
+dreams.
+
+This, however, is not invariably the case in persons who are organically
+abnormal. In such cases, and especially, it would seem, in highly
+sensitive and emotional children, the impress left by the fact or the
+image of whipping may be so strong that it affects not only definitely,
+but permanently, the whole subsequent course of development of the sexual
+impulse. Régis has recorded a case which well illustrates the
+circumstances and hereditary conditions under which the idea of whipping
+may take such firm root in the sexual emotional nature of a child as to
+persist into adult life; at the same time the case shows how a sexual
+perversion may, in an intelligent person, take on an intellectual
+character, and it also indicates a rational method of treatment.
+
+    Jules P., aged 22, of good heredity on father's side, but bad on
+    that of mother, who is highly hysterical, while his grandmother
+    was very impulsive and sometimes pursued other women with a
+    knife. He has one brother and one sister, who are somewhat morbid
+    and original. He is himself healthy, intelligent, good looking,
+    and agreeable, though with slightly morbid peculiarities. At the
+    age of 4 or 5 he suddenly opened a door and saw his sister, then
+    a girl of 14 or 15, kneeling, with her clothes raised and her
+    head on her governess's lap, at the moment of being whipped for
+    some offense. This trivial incident left a profound impression on
+    his mind, and he recalls every detail of it, especially the sight
+    of his sister's buttocks,--round, white, and enormous as they
+    seemed to his childish eyes,--and that momentary vision gave a
+    permanent direction to the whole of his sexual life. Always after
+    that he desired to touch and pat his sister's gluteal regions. He
+    shared her bed, and, though only a child, acquired great skill in
+    attaining his ends without attracting her attention, lifting her
+    night-gown when she slept and gently caressing the buttocks, also
+    contriving to turn her over on to her stomach and then make a
+    pillow of her hips. This went on until the age of 7, when he
+    began to play with two little girls of the neighborhood, the
+    eldest of whom was 10; he liked to take the part of the father
+    and whip them. The older girl was big for her age, and he would
+    separate her drawers and smack her with much voluptuous emotion;
+    so that he frequently sought opportunities to repeat the
+    experience, to which the girl willingly lent herself, and they
+    were constantly together in dark corners, the girl herself
+    opening her drawers to enable him to caress her thighs and
+    buttocks with his hand until he became conscious of an erection.
+    Sometimes he would gently use a whip. On one occasion she asked
+    him if he would not now like to see her in front, but he
+    declined.
+
+    One day, when 8 or 9 years old, being with a boy companion, he
+    came upon a picture of a monk being flagellated, and thereupon
+    persuaded his companion to let himself be whipped; the boy
+    enjoyed the experience, which was therefore often repeated. Jules
+    P. himself, however, never took the slightest pleasure in playing
+    the passive part. These practices were continued even after the
+    friend became a conscript, when, however, they became very rare.
+    Only once or twice has he ever done anything of this kind to
+    girls who were strangers to him. Nor has he ever masturbated or
+    had any desire for sexual intercourse. He contents himself with
+    the pleasure of being occasionally able to witness scenes of
+    whipping in public places--parks and gardens--or of catching
+    glimpses of the thighs and buttocks of young girls or, if
+    possible, women.
+
+    His principal enjoyment is in imagination. From the first he has
+    loved to invent stories in which whippings were the climax, and
+    at 13 such stories produced the first spontaneous emission. Thus,
+    he imagines, for instance, a young girl from the country who
+    comes up to Paris by train; on the way a lady is attracted by
+    her, takes an interest in her, brings her home to dinner, and at
+    last can no longer resist the temptation to take the girl in her
+    arms and whip her amorously. He writes out these scenes and
+    illustrates them with drawings, many of which Régis reproduces.
+    He has even written comedies in which whipping plays a prominent
+    part. He has, moreover, searched public libraries for references
+    to flagellation, inserted queries in the _Intermédiare des
+    Chercheurs et des Curieux_, and thus obtained a complete
+    bibliography of flagellation which is of considerable value.
+    Régis is acquainted with these _Archives de la Fessée_, and
+    states that they are carried on with great method and care. He is
+    especially interested in the whipping of women by women. He
+    considers that the pleasure of whippings should always be shared
+    by the person whipped, and he is somewhat concerned to find that
+    he has an increasing inclination to imagine an element of cruelty
+    in the whipping. Emissions are somewhat frequent. According to
+    the latest information, he is much better; he has entered into
+    sexual relationship with a woman who is much in love with him,
+    and to whom he has confided his peculiarities. With her aid and
+    suggestions he has been able to have intercourse with her, at the
+    moment of coitus whipping her with a harmless India-rubber tube.
+    (E. Régis, "Un Cas de Perversion Sexuelle, a forme Sadique,"
+    _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelles_, July, 1899.)
+
+    In a case also occurring in a highly educated man (narrated by
+    Marandon de Montyel) a doctor of laws, brilliantly intellectual
+    and belonging to a family in which there had been some insanity,
+    when at school at the age of 11, saw for the first time a
+    schoolfellow whipped on the nates, and experienced a new pleasure
+    and emotion. He was never himself whipped at school, but would
+    invent games with his sisters and playfellows in which whipping
+    formed an essential part. At the age of 13 he teased a young
+    woman, a cook, until she seized him and whipped him. He put his
+    arms around her and experienced his first voluptuous spasm of
+    sex. The love of flagellation temporarily died out, however, and
+    gave place to masturbation and later to a normal attraction to
+    women. But at the age of 32 the old ideas were aroused anew by a
+    story his mistress told him. He suffered from various obsessions
+    and finally committed suicide. (Marandon de Montyel, "Obsessions
+    et Vie Sexuelle," _Archives de Neurologie_, Oct., 1904.)
+
+    In a case that has been reported to me, somewhat similar ideas
+    played a part. The subject is a tall, well-developed man, aged
+    28, delicate in childhood, but now normal in health and physical
+    condition, though not fond of athletics. His mental ability is
+    much above the average, especially in scientific directions; he
+    was brought up in narrow and strict religious views, but at an
+    early age developed agnostic views of his own.
+
+    From the age of 6, and perhaps earlier, he practised masturbation
+    almost every night. This was a habit which he carried on in all
+    innocence. It was as invariable a preliminary, he states, to
+    going to sleep as was lying down, and at this period he would
+    have felt no hesitation in telling all about it had the question
+    been asked. At the age of 12 or 13 he recognized the habit as
+    abnormal, and fear of ridicule then caused him to keep silence
+    and to avoid observation. In carrying it out he would lie on his
+    stomach with the penis directed downward, and not up, and the
+    thumb resting on the region above the root of the penis. There
+    was desire for micturition after the act, and when that was
+    satisfied sound sleep followed. When he realized that the habit
+    was abnormal he began to make efforts to discontinue it, and
+    these efforts have been continued up to the present. The chief
+    obstacle has been the difficulty of sleep without carrying out
+    the practice. Emissions first began to occur at the age of 13 and
+    at first caused some alarm. During the six following years
+    indulgence was irregular, sometimes occurring every other night
+    and sometimes with a week's intermission. Then at the age of 19
+    the habit was broken for a year, during which nocturnal emissions
+    took place during sleep about every three weeks. Since this,
+    shorter periods of non-indulgence have occurred, these periods
+    always coinciding with unusual mental or physical strain, as of
+    examinations. He has some degree of attraction for women; this is
+    strongest during cessation from masturbation and tends to
+    disappear when the habit is resumed. He has never had sexual
+    intercourse because he prefers his own method of gratification
+    and feels great abhorrence for professional prostitutes; he could
+    not afford to marry. Any indecency or immorality, except (he
+    observes) his own variety, disgusts him.
+
+    At the earliest period no mental images accompanied the act of
+    masturbation. At about the age of 8, however, sexual excitement
+    began to be constantly associated with ideas of being whipped. At
+    or soon after this age only the fear of disgrace prevented him
+    from committing serious childish offenses likely to be punished
+    by a good whipping. Parents and masters, however, seem to have
+    used corporal punishment very sparingly.
+
+    At first this desire was for whipping in general, without
+    reference to the operator. Soon after the age of 10, however, he
+    began to wish that certain boy friends should be the operators.
+    At about the same time definite desire arose for closer contact
+    with these friends and later for definite indecent acts which,
+    however, the subject failed to specify; he probably meant mutual
+    masturbation. These desires were under control, and the fear of
+    ridicule seems to have been the chief restraining cause. At about
+    the age of 15 he began to realize that such acts might be
+    considered morally bad and wrong, and this led to reticence and
+    careful concealment. Up to the age of 20 there were four definite
+    attachments to persons of his own sex. There was a tendency,
+    sometimes, to regard women as possible whippers, and this became
+    stronger at 22, the images of the two sexes then mingling in his
+    thoughts of flagellation. Latterly the mental accompaniments of
+    masturbation have been less personal, lapsing into the mental
+    picture of being whipped by an unknown and vague somebody. When
+    definite it has always been a man, and preferably of the type of
+    a schoolmaster. His desire has been for punishment by whips,
+    canes, or birches, especially upon the buttocks. He has always
+    shrunk from the thought of the production of blood or bruises. He
+    wishes, in mental contemplation, for a punishment sufficiently
+    severe to make him anxious to stop it, and yet not able to stop
+    it. He also takes pleasure in the idea of being tied up so as to
+    be unable to move.
+
+    He has at times indulged in self-whipping, of no great severity.
+
+    In the preceding case we see a tendency to erotic
+    self-flagellation which in a minor degree is not uncommon.
+    Occasionally it becomes highly developed. Max Marcuse has
+    presented such a case in elaborate detail (_Zeitschrift für die
+    Gesamte Neurologie_, 1912, ht. 3, fully summarized in
+    _Sexual-Probleme_, Nov., 1912, pp. 815-820). This is the case of
+    a Catholic priest of highly neurotic heredity, who spontaneously
+    began to whip himself at the age of 12, this self-flagellation
+    being continued and accompanied by masturbation after the age of
+    15. Other associated perversions were Narcissism and nates
+    fetichism, as well as homosexual phantasies. He experienced a
+    certain pleasure (with erection, not ejaculation) in punishing
+    his boy pupils. It is not uncommon for all forms of erotic
+    flagellation to be associated with a homosexual element. I have
+    elsewhere brought forward a case of this kind (the case of A.F.,
+    vol. ii of these _Studies_).
+
+    Significant is Rousseau's account of the origin of his own
+    masochistic pleasure in whipping at the age of 8: "Mademoiselle
+    Lambercier showed toward me a mother's affection and also a
+    mother's authority, which she sometimes carried so far as to
+    inflict on us the usual punishment of children when we had
+    deserved it. For a long time she was content with the threat, and
+    that threat of a chastisement which for me was quite new seemed
+    very terrible; but after it had been executed I found the
+    experience less terrible than the expectation had been; and,
+    strangely enough, this punishment increased my affection for her
+    who had inflicted it. It needed all my affection and all my
+    natural gentleness to prevent me from seeking a renewal of the
+    same treatment by deserving it, for I had found in the pain and
+    even in the shame of it an element of sensuality which left more
+    desire than fear of receiving the experience again from the same
+    hand. It is true that, as in all this a precocious sexual element
+    was doubtless mixed, the same chastisement if inflicted by her
+    brother would not have seemed so pleasant." He goes on to say
+    that the punishment was inflicted a second time, but that that
+    time was the last, Mademoiselle Lambercier having apparently
+    noted the effects it produced, and, henceforth, instead of
+    sleeping in her room, he was placed in another room and treated
+    by her as a big boy. "Who would have believed," he adds, "that
+    this childish punishment, received at the age of 8 from the hand
+    of a young woman of 30, would have determined my tastes, my
+    desires, my passions, for the rest of my life?" He remarks that
+    this strange taste drove him almost to madness, but maintained
+    the purity of his morals, and the joys of love existed for him
+    chiefly in imagination. (J.J. Rousseau, _Les Confessions_, partie
+    i, livre i.) It will be seen how all the favoring conditions of
+    fear, shame, and precocious sexuality were here present in an
+    extremely sensitive child destined to become the greatest
+    emotional force of his century, and receptive to influences which
+    would have had no permanent effect on any ordinary child. (When,
+    as occasionally happens, the first sexual feelings are
+    experienced under the stimulation of whipping in normal children,
+    no permanent perversion necessarily follows; Moll mentions that
+    he knows such cases, _Zeitschrift für Pädagogie, Psychiatrie, und
+    Pathologie_, 1901.) It may be added that it is, perhaps, not
+    fanciful to see a certain inevitableness in the fact that on
+    Rousseau's highly sensitive and receptive temperament it was a
+    masochistic germ that fell and fructified, while on Régis's
+    subject, with his more impulsive ancestral antecedents, a
+    sadistic germ found favorable soil.
+
+    It may be noted that in Régis's sadistic case the little girl who
+    was the boy's playmate found scarcely less pleasure in the
+    passive part of whipping than he found in the active. There is
+    ample evidence to show that this is very often the case, and that
+    the attractiveness of the idea of being whipped often even arises
+    spontaneously in children. Lombroso (_La Donna Delinquente_, p.
+    404) refers to a girl of 7 who had voluptuous pleasure in being
+    whipped, and Hammer (_Monatschrift für Harnkrankheiten_, 1906, p.
+    398) speaks of a young girl who similarly experienced pleasure in
+    punishment by whipping. Krafft-Ebing records the case of a girl
+    of between 6 and 8 years of age, never at that time having been
+    whipped or seen anyone else whipped, who spontaneously
+    acquired--how she did not know--the desire to be castigated in
+    this manner. It gave her very great pleasure to imagine a woman
+    friend doing this to her. She never desired to be whipped by a
+    man, though there was no trace of inversion, and she never
+    masturbated until the age of 24, when a marriage engagement was
+    broken off. At the age of 10 this longing passed away before it
+    was ever actually realized. (Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia
+    Sexualis_, eighth edition, p. 136.)
+
+    In the case of another young woman described by
+    Krafft-Ebing--where there was neurasthenia with other minor
+    morbid conditions in the family, but the girl herself appears to
+    have been sound--the desire to be whipped existed from a very
+    early age. She traced it to the fact that when she was 5 years
+    old a friend of her father's playfully placed her across his
+    knees and pretended to whip her. Since then she has always longed
+    to be caned, but to her great regret the wish has never been
+    realized. She longs to be the slave of a man whom she loves:
+    "Lying in fancy before him, he puts one foot on my neck while I
+    kiss the other. I revel in the idea of being whipped by him and
+    imagine different scenes in which he beats me. I take the blows
+    as so many tokens of love; he is at first extremely kind and
+    tender, but then in the excess of his love he beats me. I fancy
+    that to beat me for love's sake gives him the highest pleasure."
+    Sometimes she imagines that she is his slave, but not his female
+    slave, for every woman may be her husband's slave. She is of
+    proud and independent nature in all other matters, and to imagine
+    herself a man who consents to be a slave gives her a more
+    satisfying sense of humiliation. She does not understand that
+    these manifestations are of a sexual nature. (Krafft-Ebing,
+    _Psychopathia Sexualis_, English translation of tenth edition, p.
+    189.)
+
+    Sometimes a woman desires to take the active part in whipping.
+    Thus Marandon de Montyel records the case of a girl of 19,
+    hereditarily neuropathic (her father was alcoholic), but very
+    intelligent and good-hearted, who had never been whipped or seen
+    anyone whipped. At this age, however, she happened to visit a
+    married friend who was just about to punish her boy of 9 by
+    whipping him with a wet towel. The girl spectator was much
+    interested, and though the boy screamed and struggled she
+    experienced a new sensation she could not define. "At every
+    stroke," she said, "a strange shiver went through all my body
+    from my brain to my heels." She would like to have whipped him
+    herself and felt sorry when it was over. She could not forget the
+    scene and would dream of herself whipping a boy. At last the
+    desire became irresistible and she persuaded a boy of 12, whom
+    she was very fond of, and who was much attached to her, to let
+    her whip him on the naked nates. She did this so ferociously that
+    he at last fainted. She was overcome by grief and remorse.
+    (Marandon de Montyel, _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_,
+    Jan., 1906, p. 30.)
+
+    Although masochism in a pronounced degree may be said to be rare
+    in women, the love of active flagellation, and sadistic impulses
+    generally are not uncommon among them. Bloch believes they are
+    especially common among English women. Cases occur from time to
+    time of extreme harshness, cruelty, degrading punishment, and
+    semi-starvation inflicted upon children. The accused are most
+    usually women, and when a man and woman in conjunction are
+    accused it appears generally to have been the woman who played
+    the more active part. But it is rarely demonstrated in these
+    cases that the cruelty exercised had a definite sexual origin.
+    There is nothing, for instance, to indicate true sadism in the
+    famous English case in the eighteenth century of Mrs. Brownrigg
+    (Bloch, _Geschlechtsleben in England_, vol. ii, p. 425). It may
+    well be, however, in many of these cases that the real motive is
+    sexual, although latent and unconscious. The normal sexual
+    impulse in women is often obscured and disguised, and it would
+    not be surprising if the perverse instinct is so likewise.
+
+    It is noteworthy that a passion for whipping may be aroused by
+    contact with a person who desires to be whipped. This is
+    illustrated by the following case which has been communicated to
+    me: "K. is a Jew, about 40 years of age, apparently normal.
+    Nothing is known of his antecedents. He is a manufacturer with
+    several shops. S., an Englishwoman, aged 25, entered his service;
+    she is illegitimate, believed to have been reared in a brothel
+    kept by her mother, is prepossessing in appearance. On entering
+    K.'s service S. was continually negligent and careless. This so
+    provoked K. that on one occasion he struck her. She showed great
+    pleasure and confessed that her blunder had been deliberately
+    intended to arouse him to physical violence. At her suggestion K.
+    ultimately consented to thrash her. This operation took place in
+    K.'s office, S. stripping for the purpose, and the leather
+    driving band from a sewing-machine was used. S. manifested
+    unmistakable pleasure during the flagellation, and connection
+    occurred after it. These thrashings were repeated at frequent
+    intervals, and K. found a growing liking for the operation on his
+    own part. Once, at the suggestion of S., a girl of 13 employed by
+    K. was thrashed by both K. and S. alternately. The child
+    complained to her parents and K. made a money payment to them to
+    avoid scandal, the parents agreeing to keep silence. Other women
+    (Jewish tailoresses) employed by K. were subsequently thrashed by
+    him. He asserts that they enjoyed the experience. Mrs. K.,
+    discovering her husband's infatuation for S., commenced divorce
+    proceedings. S. consented to leave the country at K.'s request,
+    but returned almost immediately and was kept in hiding until the
+    decree was granted. The mutual infatuation of K. and S.
+    continues, though K. asserts that he cares less for her than
+    formerly. Flagellation has, however, now become a passion with
+    him, though he declares that the practice was unknown to him
+    before he met S. His great fear is that he will kill S. during
+    one of these operations. He is convinced that S. is not an
+    isolated case, and that all women enjoy flagellation. He claims
+    that the experiences of the numerous women whom he has now
+    thrashed bear out this opinion; one of them is a wealthy woman
+    separated from her husband, and is now infatuated with K."
+
+    Flagellation, more especially in its masochistic form, is
+    sometimes associated with true inversion. Moll presents the case
+    of a young inverted woman of 26, showing, indeed, many other
+    minor sexual anomalies, who is sexually excited when beaten with
+    a switch. A whip would not do, and the blows must only be on the
+    nates; she cannot imagine being beaten by a small woman. She has
+    often in this way been beaten by a friend, who should be naked at
+    the time, and must submit afterward to cunnilinctus. (Moll,
+    _Konträre Sexualempfindung_ third edition, p. 568.)
+
+    In the preceding case there were no masochistic ideas; it is
+    likely that in such a case beating is desired largely on account
+    of that purely physical effect to which attention has already
+    been called. In the same way self-beating with a switch or whip
+    has sometimes been spontaneously discovered as a method of
+    self-excitement preliminary to masturbation. I am acquainted with
+    a lady of much intellectual ability, sexually normal, who made
+    this discovery at the age of 18, and practised it for a time.
+    Professor Reverdin, also, speaks of the case of a young girl
+    under his care who, after having exhausted all the resources of
+    her intelligence, finally discovered that the climax of enjoyment
+    was best reached by violently whipping her own buttocks and
+    thighs. She had invented for this purpose a whip composed of
+    twelve cords each of which terminated in a large chestnut-burr
+    provided with its spines. (A. Reverdin, _Revue Médicale de la
+    Suisse Romande_, January 20, 1888, p. 17.)
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[107] The discipline or scourge was classed with fasting as a method of
+mastering the flesh and of penance. See, e.g., Lea, _History of Auricular
+Confession_, vol. ii, p. 122. For many centuries bishops and priests used
+themselves to apply the discipline to their penitents. At first it was
+applied to the back; later, especially in the case of female penitents, it
+was frequently applied to the nates. Moreover, partial or complete nudity
+came to be frequently demanded, the humiliation thereby caused being
+pleasant in the sight of God.
+
+[108] Dulaure, _Des Divinités Génératrices_, ch. xv; Lea, _History of
+Sacerdotal Celibacy_, 3d ed., vol. ii, p. 278; Kiernan, "Asceticism as an
+Auto-erotism," _Alienist and Neurologist_, Aug., 1911.
+
+[109] This is the opinion of Löwenfeld, _Ueber die Sexuelle Konstitution_,
+p. 43.
+
+[110] Thus, Dühren (Iwan Bloch) remarks (_Der Marquis de Sade und Seine
+Zeit_, 1901, p. 211): "It is well known that England is today the classic
+land of sexual flagellation." See the same author's _Geschlechtsleben in
+England_, vol. ii, ch. vi. In America it appears also to be common, and
+Kiernan mentions that in advertisements of Chicago "massage shops" there
+often appears the announcement: "Flagellation a Specialty." The reports of
+police inspectors in eighteenth century France show how common
+flagellation then was in Paris. It may be added that various men of
+distinguished intellectual ability of recent times and earlier are
+reported as addicted to passive flagellation; this was the case with
+Helvétius.
+
+[111] A full bibliography of flagellation would include many hundred
+items. The more important works on this subject, in connection with the
+sexual impulse, are enumerated by Eulenburg, in his _Sadismus und
+Masochismus_. An elaborate history of flagellation generally is now being
+written by Georg Collas, _Geschichte des Flagellantismus_, vol. i, 1912.
+
+[112] Löwenfeld, _Ueber die Sexuelle Konstitution_, p. 43.
+
+[113] _Archiv für Kriminal-Anthropologie_, 1909, p. 361. He brings forward
+the evidence of a reliable and cultured man who at one time sought to
+obtain the pleasures of passive sexual flagellation. But in spite of his
+expectation and good will the only result was to disperse every trace of
+sexual desire.
+
+[114] E.g., Kiefer, _Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft_, Aug., 1908.
+
+[115] Féré, _Revue de Médecine_, August, 1900. In this paper Féré brings
+together many interesting facts concerning flagellation in ancient times.
+
+[116] Schmidt-Heuert (_Monatschrift für Harnkrankheiten_, 1906, ht. 7)
+argues that it is not so much the actual use of the rod as playful,
+threatening and mysterious suggestions playing around it which nowadays
+gives it sexual fascination.
+
+[117] Moll (_Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, Bd. 1, p. 18)
+points out that these emotions frequently suffice to cause sexual
+emissions in schoolboys.
+
+[118] As Eulenburg truly points out, the circumstances attending the
+whipping of a woman may be sexually attractive, even in the absence of any
+morbid impulse. Such circumstances are "the sight of naked feminine charms
+and especially--in the usual mode of flagellation--of those parts which
+possess for the sexual epicure a peculiar esthetic attraction; the idea of
+treating a loved, or at all events desired, person as a child, of having
+her in complete subjection and being able to dispose of her despotically;
+and finally the immediate results of whipping: the changes in skin-color,
+the to and fro movements which simulate or anticipate the initial
+phenomena of coitus." (Eulenburg, _Sexuale Neuropathie_, p. 121.)
+
+[119] See the article on Udall in the _Dictionary of National Biography_.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+The Impulse to Strangle the Object of Sexual Desire--The Wish to be
+Strangled--Respiratory Disturbance the Essential Element in this Group of
+Phenomena--The Part Played by Respiratory Excitement in the Process of
+Courtship--Swinging and Suspension--The Attraction Exerted by the Idea of
+being Chained and Fettered.
+
+
+There is another impulse which it may be worth while to consider briefly
+here, for the sake of the light it throws on the relationship between love
+and pain. I allude to the impulse to strangle the object of sexual desire,
+and to the corresponding craving to be strangled. Cases have been recorded
+in which this impulse was so powerful that men have actually strangled
+women at the moment of coitus.[120] Such cases are rare; but, as a mere
+idea, the thought of strangling a woman appears to be not infrequently
+associated with sexual emotion. We must probably regard it as, in the
+main,--with whatever subsidiary elements,--an aspect of that physical
+seizure, domination, and forcible embrace of the female which is one of
+the primitive elements of courtship.[121]
+
+The corresponding idea--the pleasurable connection of the thought of being
+strangled with sexual emotion--appears to occur still more frequently,
+perhaps especially in women. Here we seem to have, as in the case of
+whipping, a combination of a physical with a psychic element. Not only is
+the idea attractive, but, as a matter of fact, strangulation, suffocation,
+or any arrest of respiration, even when carried to the extent of producing
+death, may actually provoke emission, as is observed after death by
+hanging.[122] It is noteworthy that, as Eulenburg remarks, the method of
+treating diseases of the spinal cord by suspension--a method much in vogue
+a few years ago--often produced sexual excitement.[123] In brothels, it is
+said, some of the clients desire to be suspended vertically by a cord
+furnished with pads.[124] A playful attempt to throttle her on the part of
+her lover is often felt by a woman as pleasurable, though it may not
+necessarily produce definite sexual excitement. Sometimes, however, this
+feeling becomes so strong that it must be regarded as an actual
+perversion, and I have been told of a woman who is indifferent to the
+ordinary sexual embrace; her chief longing is to be throttled, and she
+will do anything to have her neck squeezed by her lover till her eyeballs
+bulge.[125]
+
+    "I think if I could be left my present feelings," a lady writes,
+    "and be changed into a male imbecile,--that is, given a man's
+    strength, but deprived, to a large extent, of reasoning power,--I
+    might very likely act in the apparently cruel way they do. And
+    this partly because many of their actions appeal to me on the
+    passive side. The idea of being _strangled_ by a person I love
+    does. The great sensitiveness of one's throat and neck come in
+    here as well as the loss of breath. Once when I was about to be
+    separated from a man I cared for I put his hands on my throat and
+    implored him to kill me. It was a moment of madness, which helps
+    me to understand the feelings of a person always insane. Even now
+    that I am cool and collected I know that if I were deeply in love
+    with a man who I thought was going to kill me, especially in that
+    way, I would make no effort to save myself beforehand, though, of
+    course, in the final moments nature would assert herself without
+    my volition. What makes the horror of such cases in insanity is
+    the fact of the love being left out. But I think I find no
+    greater difficulty in picturing the mental attitude of a sadistic
+    lunatic than that of a normal man who gets pleasure out of women
+    for whom he has no love."
+
+The imagined pleasure of being strangled by a lover brings us to a group
+of feelings which would seem to be not unconnected with respiratory
+elements. I refer to the pleasurable excitement experienced by some in
+suspension, swinging, restraint, and fetters. Strangulation is the extreme
+and most decided type of this group of imagined or real situations, in all
+of which a respiratory disturbance seems to be an essential element.[126]
+
+In explaining these phenomena we have to remark that respiratory
+excitement has always been a conspicuous part of the whole process of
+tumescence and detumescence, of the struggles of courtship and of its
+climax, and that any restraint upon respiration, or, indeed, any restraint
+upon muscular and emotional activity generally, tends to heighten the
+state of sexual excitement associated with such activity.
+
+    I have elsewhere, when studying the spontaneous solitary
+    manifestation of the sexual instinct (_Auto-erotism_, in vol. i
+    of these _Studies_), referred to the pleasurably emotional, and
+    sometimes sexual, effects of swinging and similar kinds of
+    movement. It is possible that there is a certain significance in
+    the frequency with which the eighteenth-century French painters,
+    who lived at a time when the refinements of sexual emotion were
+    carefully sought out, have painted women in the act of swinging.
+    Fragonard mentions that in 1763 a gentleman invited him into the
+    country, with the request to paint his mistress, especially
+    stipulating that she should be depicted in a swing. The same
+    motive was common among the leading artists of that time. It may
+    be said that this attitude was merely a pretext to secure a
+    vision of ankles, but that result could easily have been attained
+    without the aid of the swing.
+
+    I may here quote, as bearing on this and allied questions, a
+    somewhat lengthy communication from a lady to whom I am indebted
+    for many subtle and suggestive remarks on the whole of this group
+    of manifestations:--
+
+    "With regard to the connection between swinging and suspension,
+    perhaps the physical basis of it is the loss of breath. Temporary
+    loss of breath with me produces excitement. Swinging at a height
+    or a fall from a height would cause loss of breath; in a state of
+    suspension the imagination would suggest the idea of falling and
+    the attendant loss of breath. People suffering from lung disease
+    are often erotically inclined, and anesthetics affect the
+    breathing. Men also seem to like the idea of suspension, but from
+    the active side. One man used to put his wife on a high swinging
+    shelf when she displeased him, and my husband told me once he
+    would like to suspend me to a crane we were watching at work,
+    though I have never mentioned my own feeling on this point to
+    him. Suspension is often mentioned in descriptions of torture.
+    Beatrice Cenci was hung up by her hair and the recently murdered
+    Queen of Korea was similarly treated. In Tolstoi's _My Husband
+    and I_ the girl says she would like her husband to hold her over
+    a precipice. That passage gave me great pleasure.[127]
+
+    "The idea of slipping off an inclined plane gives me the same
+    sensation. I always feel it on seeing Michael Angelo's 'Night,'
+    though the slipping look displeases me artistically. I remember
+    that when I saw the 'Night' first I did feel excited and was
+    annoyed, and it seemed to me it was the slipping-off look that
+    gave it; but I think I am now less affected by that idea. Certain
+    general ideas seem to excite one, but the particular forms under
+    which they are presented lose their effect and have to be varied.
+    The sentence mentioned in Tolstoi leaves me now quite cold, but
+    if I came across the same idea elsewhere, expressed differently,
+    then it would excite me. I am very capricious in the small
+    things, and I think women are so more than men. The idea of
+    slipping down a plank formerly produced excitement with me; now
+    it has a less vivid effect, though the idea of loss of breath
+    still produces excitement. The idea of the plank does not now
+    affect me unless there is a certain amount of drapery. I think,
+    therefore, that the feeling must come in part from the
+    possibility of the drapery catching on some roughness of the
+    surface of the slope, and so producing pressure on the sexual
+    organs. The effect is still produced, however, even without any
+    clothing, if the slope is supposed to end in a deep drop, so that
+    the idea of falling is strongly presented. I cannot recollect any
+    early associations that would tend to explain these feelings,
+    except that jumping from a height, which I used frequently to do
+    as a child, has a tendency to create excitement.
+
+    "With me, I may add, it is when I cannot express myself, or am
+    trying to understand what I feel is beyond my grasp, that the
+    first stage of sexual excitement results. For instance, I never
+    get excited in thinking over sexual questions, because my ideas,
+    correct or incorrect, are fairly clear and definite. But I often
+    feel sexually excited over that question of the inheritance of
+    acquired characteristics, not because I can't decide between the
+    two sets of evidence, but because I don't feel confident of
+    having fully grasped the true significance of either. This
+    feeling of want of power, mental or physical, always has the same
+    effect. I feel it if my eyes are blindfolded or my hands tied. I
+    don't like to see the Washington Post dance, in which the man
+    stands behind the woman and holds her hands, on that account. If
+    he held her wrists the feeling would be stronger, as her apparent
+    helplessness would be increased. The nervous irritability that is
+    caused by being under restraint seems to manifest itself in that
+    way, while in the case of mental disability the excitement, which
+    should flow down a mental channel, being checked, seems to take a
+    physical course instead.
+
+    "Possibly this would help to explain masochistic sexual feelings.
+    A physical cause working in the present would be preferable as an
+    explanation to a psychological cause to be traced back through
+    heredity to primitive conditions. I believe such feelings are
+    very common in men as well as in women, only people do not care
+    to admit them, as a rule."
+
+The idea of being chained and fettered appears to be not uncommonly
+associated with pleasurable sexual feelings, for I have met with numerous
+cases in both men and women, and it not infrequently coexists with a
+tendency to inversion. It often arises at a very early age, and it is of
+considerable interest because we cannot account for its frequency by any
+chance association nor by any actual experiences. It would appear to be a
+purely psychic fantasia founded on the elementary physical fact that
+restraint of emotion, like suspension, produces a heightening of emotion.
+In any case the spontaneous character of such ideas and emotions in
+children of both sexes suffices to show that they must possess a very
+definite organic basis.
+
+    In one of the histories (X) contained in Appendix B at the end of
+    the present volume a lady describes how, as a child, she reveled
+    in the idea of being chained and tortured, these ideas appearing
+    to rise spontaneously. In another case, that of A.N. (for the
+    most part reproduced in "Erotic Symbolism," in vol. v of these
+    _Studies_), whose ideals are inverted and who is also affected by
+    boot-fetichism, the idea of fetters is very attractive. In this
+    case self-excitement was produced at a very early age, without
+    the use of the hands, by strapping the legs together. We can,
+    however, scarcely explain away the idea of fetters in this case
+    as merely the result of an early association, for it may well be
+    argued that the idea led to this method of self-excitement. "The
+    mere idea of fetters," this subject writes, "produces the
+    greatest excitement, and the sight of pictures representing such
+    things is a temptation. The reading of books dealing with prison
+    life, etc., anywhere where physical restraint is treated of, is a
+    temptation. The temptation is aggravated when the picture
+    represents the person booted. I suppose all this will have been
+    intensified in my case by my practices as a child. But why should
+    a child of 6 do such things unless it were a natural instinct in
+    him? Nobody showed me; I have never mentioned such things to
+    anyone. I used to read historical romances for the pleasure of
+    reading of people being put in prison, in fetters, and tortured,
+    and always envied them. I feel now that I should like to undergo
+    the sensation. If I could get anyone to humor me without losing
+    their self-respect, I should jump at the opportunity. I have been
+    most powerfully excited by visiting an old Australian
+    convict-ship, where all the means of restraint are shown; I have
+    been attracted to it night after night, wanting, but not daring
+    to ask, to be allowed to have a practical experience."
+
+    Stcherbak, of Warsaw, has recorded a case which resembles that of
+    A.N., but there was no inversion and the attraction of fetters
+    was active rather than passive; the subject desired to fetter and
+    not to be fettered. It is possible that this difference is not
+    fundamental, though Stcherbak regards the case as one of
+    fetichism of sadistic origin ("Contribution à l'Etude des
+    Perversions Sexuelles," _Archives de Neurologie_, Oct., 1907).
+    The subject was a highly intelligent though neurasthenic youth,
+    who from the age of 5 had been deeply interested in criminals who
+    were fettered and sent to prison. The fate of Siberian prisoners
+    was a frequent source of prolonged meditations. It was the
+    fettering which alone interested him, and he spent much time in
+    trying to imagine the feelings of the fettered prisoners, and he
+    often imagined that he was himself a prisoner in fetters. (This
+    seems to indicate that the impulse was in its origin masochistic
+    as much as sadistic, and better described as algolagnia than as
+    sadism.) He delighted in stories and pictures of fettered
+    persons. At the age of 15 the sex of the fettered person became
+    important and he was interested chiefly in fettered women. A new
+    element also appeared; he was attracted to well-dressed women and
+    especially to those wearing elegant shoes, delighting to imagine
+    them fettered. He fastened his own feet together with chains,
+    attempting to walk about his room in this condition, but
+    experienced comparatively little pleasure in this way. At the age
+    of 15 he met a lady 10 years older than himself and of great
+    intelligence. As he began to know her more intimately she allowed
+    him to take liberties with her; he fastened her hands behind her
+    back, and this caused him a violent but delicious emotion which
+    he had never experienced before. Next time he fastened her feet
+    together as well as her hands; as he did so her shoes slightly
+    touched his sexual organs; this caused erection and ejaculation,
+    accompanied by the most acute sexual pleasure he had ever felt.
+    He had no wish to see her naked or to uncover himself, and as
+    long as this relationship lasted he had no abnormal thoughts at
+    other times, or in connection with other people. He never
+    masturbated, and his sexual dreams were of fettered men or women.
+    Stcherbak discusses the case at length and considers that it is
+    essentially an example of sadism, on the ground that the impulse
+    of fettering was prompted by the desire to humiliate. There is,
+    however, no evidence of any such desire, and, as a matter of
+    fact, no humiliation was effected. The primary and fundamental
+    element in this and similar cases is an almost abstract sexual
+    fascination in the idea of restraint, whether endured, inflicted,
+    or merely witnessed or imagined; the feet become the chief focus
+    of this fascination, and the basis on which a foot-fetichism or
+    shoe-fetichism tends to arise, because restraint of the feet
+    produces a more marked effect than restraint of the hands.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[120] An attenuated and symbolic form of this impulse is seen in the
+desire to strangle birds with the object of stimulating or even satisfying
+sexual desire. Prostitutes are sometimes acquainted with men who bring a
+live pigeon with them to be strangled just before intercourse. Lanphear,
+of St. Louis (_Alienist and Neurologist_, May, 1907, p. 204) knew a woman,
+having learned masturbation in a convent school, who was only excited and
+not satisfied by coitus with her husband, and had to rise from bed, catch
+and caress a chicken, and finally wring its neck, whereupon orgasm
+occurred.
+
+[121] Even young girls, however, may experience pleasure in the playful
+attempt to strangle. Thus a lady speaking of herself at the time of
+puberty, when she was in the habit of masturbating, writes
+(_Sexual-Probleme_, Aug., 1909, p. 636): "I acquired a desire to seize
+people, especially girls, by the throat, and I enjoyed their way of
+screaming out."
+
+[122] Godard observed that when animals are bled, or felled, as well as
+strangled, there is often abundant emission, rich in spermatozoa, but
+without erection, though accompanied by the same movements of the tail as
+during copulation. Robin (art. "Fécondation," _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique
+des Sciences Médicales_), who quotes this observation, has the following
+remarks on this subject: "Ejaculation occurring at the moment when the
+circulation, maintained artificially, stops is a fact of significance.
+It shows how congestive conditions--or inversely anemic
+conditions--constitute organic states sufficient to set in movement the
+activity of the nerve-centers, as is the case for muscular
+contractility.... Everything leads us to believe that at the moment when
+the motor nervous action takes place the corresponding sensitive centers
+also come into play." It must be added that Minovici, in his elaborate
+study of death by hanging ("Etude sur la Pendaison," _Archives
+d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, 1905, especially p. 791 et seq.), concludes
+that the turgescence of penis and flow of spermatic fluid (sometimes only
+prostatic secretion) usually observed in these cases is purely passive and
+generally, though not always, of post-mortem occurrence. There is,
+therefore, no sexual pleasure in death by hanging, and persons who have
+been rescued at the last moment have experienced no voluptuous sensations.
+This was so even in the case, referred to by Minovici, of a man who hanged
+himself solely with the object of producing sexual pleasure.
+
+[123] Eulenburg, _Sexuale Neuropathie_, p. 114.
+
+[124] Bernaldo de Quirós and Llanos Aguilaniedo (_La Mala Vida en Madrid_,
+p. 294) knew the case of a man who found pleasure in lying back on an
+inclined couch while a prostitute behind him pulled at a slipknot until he
+was nearly suffocated; it was the only way in which he could attain sexual
+gratification.
+
+[125] Arrest of respiration, it may be noted, may accompany strong sexual
+excitement, as it may some other emotional states; one recalls passages in
+the _Arabian Nights_ in which we are told of ladies who at the sight of a
+very beautiful youth "felt their reason leave them, yearned to embrace the
+marvelous youth, and _ceased breathing_." Inhibited respiration is indeed,
+as Stevens shows ("Study of Attention," _American Journal of Psychology_,
+Oct., 1905), a characteristic of all active attention.
+
+[126] The exact part played by the respiration and even the circulation in
+constituting emotional states is still not clear, although various
+experiments have been made; see, e.g., Angell and Thompson, "A Study of
+the Relations between Certain Organic Processes and Consciousness,"
+_Psychological Review_, January, 1899. A summary statement of the
+relations of the respiration and circulation to emotional states will be
+found in Külpe's _Outlines of Psychology_, part i, section 2, § 37.
+
+[127] The words alluded to by my correspondent are as follows: "I needed a
+struggle; what I needed was that feeling should guide life, and not that
+life should guide feeling. I wanted to go with him to the edge of an abyss
+and say: 'Here a step and I will throw myself over; and here a motion and
+I have gone to destruction'; and for him, turning pale, to seize me in his
+strong arms, hold me back over it till my heart grew cold within me, and
+then carry me away wherever he pleased." The whole of the passage in which
+these lines occur is of considerable psychological interest. In one
+English translation the story is entitled _Family Happiness_.
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+Pain, and Not Cruelty, the Essential Element in Sadism and Masochism--Pain
+Felt as Pleasure--Does the Sadist Identify Himself with the Feelings of
+his Victim?--The Sadist often a Masochist in Disguise--The Spectacle of
+Pain or Struggle as a Sexual Stimulant.
+
+
+In the foregoing rapid survey of the great group of manifestations in
+which the sexual emotions come into intimate relationship with pain, it
+has become fairly clear that the ordinary division between "sadism" and
+"masochism," convenient as these terms may be, has a very slight
+correspondence with facts. Sadism and masochism may be regarded as
+complementary emotional states; they cannot be regarded as opposed
+states.[128] Even De Sade himself, we have seen, can scarcely be regarded
+as a pure sadist. A passage in one of his works expressing regret that
+sadistic feeling is rare among women, as well as his definite recognition
+of the fact that the suffering of pain may call forth voluptuous emotions,
+shows that he was not insensitive to the charm of masochistic experience,
+and it is evident that a merely blood-thirsty vampire, sane or insane,
+could never have retained, as De Sade retained, the undying devotion of
+two women so superior in heart and intelligence as his wife and
+sister-in-law. Had De Sade possessed any wanton love of cruelty, it would
+have appeared during the days of the Revolution, when it was safer for a
+man to simulate blood-thirstiness, even if he did not feel it, than to
+show humanity. But De Sade distinguished himself at that time not merely
+by his general philanthropic activities, but by saving from the scaffold,
+at great risk to himself, those who had injured him. It is clear that,
+apart from the organically morbid twist by which he obtained sexual
+satisfaction in his partner's pain,--a craving which was, for the most
+part, only gratified in imaginary visions developed to an inhuman extent
+under the influence of solitude,--De Sade was simply, to those who knew
+him, "_un aimable mauvais sujet_" gifted with exceptional intellectual
+powers. Unless we realize this we run the risk of confounding De Sade and
+his like with men of whom Judge Jeffreys was the sinister type.
+
+It is necessary to emphasize this point because there can be no doubt that
+De Sade is really a typical instance of the group of perversions he
+represents, and when we understand that it is pain only, and not cruelty,
+that is the essential in this group of manifestations we begin to come
+nearer to their explanation. The masochist desires to experience pain, but
+he generally desires that it should be inflicted in love; the sadist
+desires to inflict pain, but in some cases, if not in most, he desires
+that it should be felt as love. How far De Sade consciously desired that
+the pain he sought to inflict should be felt as pleasure it may not now be
+possible to discover, except by indirect inference, but the confessions of
+sadists show that such a desire is quite commonly essential.
+
+    I am indebted to a lady for the following communication on the
+    foregoing aspect of this question: "I believe that, when a person
+    takes pleasure in inflicting pain, he or she imagines himself or
+    herself in the victim's place. This would account for the
+    transmutability of the two sets of feelings. This might be
+    particularly so in the case of men. A man may not care to lower
+    his dignity and vanity by putting himself in subjection to a
+    woman, and he might fear she would feel contempt for him. By
+    subduing her and subjecting her to passive restraint he would
+    preserve, even enhance, his own power and dignity, while at the
+    same time obtaining a reflected pleasure from what he imagined
+    she was feeling.
+
+    "I think that when I get pleasure out of the idea of subduing
+    another it is this reflected pleasure I get. And if this is so
+    one could thus feel more kindly to persons guilty of cruelty,
+    which has hitherto always seemed the one unpardonable sin. Even
+    criminals, if it is true that they are themselves often very
+    insensitive, may, in the excitement of the moment, imagine that
+    they are only inflicting trifling pain, as it would be to them,
+    and that their victim's feelings are really pleasurable. The men
+    I have known most given to inflicting pain are all particularly
+    tender-hearted when their passions are not in question. I cannot
+    understand how (as in a case mentioned by Krafft-Ebing) a man
+    could find any pleasure in binding a girl's hands except by
+    imagining what he supposed were her feelings, though he would
+    probably be unconscious that he put himself in her place.
+
+    "As a child I exercised a good deal of authority and influence
+    over my youngest sister. It used to give me considerable pleasure
+    to be somewhat arbitrary and severe with her, but, though I never
+    admitted it to myself or to her, I knew instinctively that she
+    took pleasure in my treatment. I used to give her childish
+    lessons, over which I was very strict. I invented catechisms and
+    chapters of the Bible in which elder sisters were exhorted to
+    keep their juniors under discipline, and younger sisters were
+    commanded to give implicit submission and obedience. Some parts
+    of the _Imitation_ lent themselves to this sort of parody, which
+    never struck me as in any way irreverent. I used to give her
+    arbitrary orders to 'exercise her in obedience,' as I told her,
+    and I used to punish her if she disobeyed me. In all this I was,
+    _though only half consciously_, guided through my own feelings as
+    to what I should have liked in her place. For instance, I would
+    make her put down her playthings and come and repeat a lesson;
+    but, though she was in appearance having her will subdued to
+    mine, I always chose a moment when I foresaw she would soon be
+    tired of play. There was sufficient resistance to make restraint
+    pleasurable, not enough to render it irksome. In my punishments I
+    acted on a similar principle. I used to tie her hands behind her
+    (like the man in Krafft-Ebing's case), but only for a few
+    moments; I once shut her in a sort of cupboard-room, also for a
+    very short time. On two or three occasions I completely undressed
+    her, made her lie down on the bed, tied her hands and feet to the
+    bedstead, and gave her a slight whipping. I did not wish to hurt
+    her, only to inflict just enough pain to produce the desire to
+    move or resist. _My pleasure, a very keen one, came from the
+    imagined excitement produced by the thwarting of this desire_.
+    (Are not your own words--that 'emotion' is 'motion in a more or
+    less arrested form'--an epigrammatic summary of all this, though
+    in a somewhat different connection?) I did not undress her from
+    any connection of nakedness with sexual feeling, but simply to
+    enhance her feeling of helplessness and defenselessness under my
+    hands. If I were a man and the woman I loved were refractory I
+    should undress her before finding fault with her. A woman's dress
+    symbolizes to her the protection civilization affords to the weak
+    and gives her a fictitious strength. Naked, she is face to face
+    with primitive conditions, her weakness opposed to the man's
+    power. Besides, the sense of shame at being naked under the eyes
+    of a man who regarded her with displeasure would extend itself to
+    her offense and give him a distinct, though perhaps unfair,
+    advantage. I used the bristle side of a brush to chastise her
+    with, as suggesting the greatest amount of severity with the
+    least possible pain. In fact, my idea was to produce the maximum
+    of emotion with the minimum of actual discomfort.
+
+    "You must not, however, suppose that at the time I reasoned about
+    it at all in this way. I was very fond of her, and honestly
+    believed I was doing it for her good. Had I realized then, as I
+    do now, that my sole aim and object was physical pleasure, I
+    believe my pleasure would have ceased; in any case I should not
+    have felt justified in so treating her. Do I at all persuade you
+    that my pleasure was a reflection of hers? That it was, I think,
+    is clear from the fact that I only obtained it when she was
+    willing to submit. Any _real_ resistance or signs that I was
+    overpassing the boundary of pleasure in her and urging on pain
+    without excitement caused me to desist and my own pleasure to
+    cease.
+
+    "I disclaim all altruism in my dealings with my sister. What
+    occurs appears to me to be this: A situation appeals to one in
+    imagination and one at once desires to transfer it to the realms
+    of fact, being one's self one of the principal actors. If it is
+    the passive side which appeals to one, one would prefer to be
+    passive; but if that is not obtainable then one takes the active
+    part as next best. In either case, however, it is _the
+    realization of the imagined situation_ that gives the pleasure,
+    not the other person's pleasure as such, although his or her
+    supposed pleasure creates the situation. If I were a man it would
+    afford me great delight to hold a woman over a precipice, even if
+    she disliked it. The idea appeals to me so strongly that I could
+    not help _imagining_ her pleasure, though I might _know_ she got
+    none, and even though she made every demonstration of fear and
+    dislike of it. The situation so often imagined would have become
+    a fact. It seems to me I have to say a thing is and is not in the
+    same breath, but the confusion is only in the words.
+
+    "Let me give you another example: I have a tame pigeon which has
+    a great affection for me. It sits on my shoulder and squats down
+    with its wings out as birds do when courting, pecking me to make
+    me take notice of it, and flickering its wings. I like to hold it
+    so that it can't move its wings, because I imagine this increases
+    its excitement. If it struggles, or seems to dislike my holding
+    it, I let it go.
+
+    "In an early engagement (afterward broken off) my _fiancé_ used
+    to take an evident pleasure in telling me how he would punish me
+    if I disobeyed him when we were married. Though we had but little
+    in common mentally, I was frequently struck with the similarity
+    between his ideas and what my own had been in regard to my
+    sister. He used his authority over me most capriciously. On one
+    occasion he would not let me have any supper at a dance. On
+    another he objected to my drinking black coffee. No day passed
+    without a command or prohibition on some trifling point. Whenever
+    he saw, though, that I really disliked the interference or made
+    any decided resistance, which happened very seldom, he let me
+    have my own way at once. I cannot but think, when I recall the
+    various circumstances, that he got a certain pleasure, as I had
+    done with my sister, by an almost unconscious transference of my
+    feelings to himself.
+
+    "I find, too, that, when I want a man to say or do to me what
+    would cause me pleasure and he does not gratify me, I feel an
+    intense longing to change places, to be the man and make him, as
+    the woman, feel what I want to feel. Combined with this is a
+    sense of irritation at not being gratified and a desire to punish
+    him for my deprivation, for his stupidity in not saying or doing
+    the right thing. I don't feel any anger at a man not caring for
+    me, but only for not divining my feelings when he does care.
+
+    "Now let me take another case: that of the man who used to
+    experience pleasure when surprising a woman making water. (Cf.
+    _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, Nov. 15, 1900.) Here the
+    woman's embarrassment appears to be a factor; but it seems to me
+    there must be more than this, as confusion might be produced in
+    so many other ways, as if she were found bathing, or undressed,
+    though it might not be so acute. In reality, I fancy she would be
+    checked in what she was doing, and that the man, perhaps
+    unconsciously, imagined this check and a resulting excitement.
+    That such a check does sometimes produce excitement I know from
+    experience in traveling. If the bladder is not emptied before
+    connection the pleasure is often more intense. Long before I
+    understood these things at all I was struck by this quotation:
+    'Cette volupté que ressentent les bords de la mer, d'être
+    toujours pleins sans jamais déborder?' What would be the effect
+    on a man of a sudden check at the supreme moment of sexual
+    pleasure? In reality, I suppose, pain, as the nerves would be at
+    their full tension and unable to respond to any further stimulus;
+    but, in imagination, one's nerves are _not_ at their highest
+    tension, and one imagines an increase or, at any rate, a
+    prolongation of the pleasurable sensations. Something of all
+    this, some vague _reflection_ of the woman's possible sensations,
+    seems to enter in the man's feelings in surprising the woman. In
+    any case his pleasure in her confusion seems to me a reflection
+    of her feelings, for the sense of shame and embarrassment before
+    a man is very exciting, and doubly so if one realizes that the
+    man enjoys it. Ouida speaks of the 'delicious shame' experienced
+    by 'Folle Farine.'
+
+    "It seems to me that whenever we are affected by another's
+    emotion we do practically, though unconsciously, put ourselves in
+    his place; but we are not always able to gauge accurately its
+    intensity or to allow for differences between ourselves and
+    another, and, in the case of pain, it is doubly difficult, as we
+    can never recall the pain itself, but only the mental effects
+    upon us of the pain. We cannot even recall the feeling of heat
+    when we are cold, or _vice versâ_, with any degree of vividness.
+
+    "A woman tells me of a man who frequently asks her if she would
+    not like him to whip her. He is greatly disappointed when she
+    says she gets no pleasure from it, as it would give him so much
+    to do it. He cannot believe she experiences none, because he
+    would enjoy being whipped so keenly if he were a girl. In another
+    case the man thinks the woman _must_ enjoy suffering, _because_
+    he would get intense pleasure from inflicting it! Why is this,
+    unless he would like it if a woman, and confuses in his mind the
+    two personalities? All the men I know who are sadistically
+    inclined admit that if they were women they would like to be
+    harshly treated.
+
+    "Of course, I quite see there may be many complications; a man's
+    natural anger at resistance may come in, and also simple, not
+    sexual, pleasure in acts of crushing, etc. I always feel inclined
+    to crush anything very soft or a person with very pretty thick
+    hair, to rub together two shining surfaces, two bits of satin,
+    etc., apart from any feelings of excitement. My explanation only
+    refers to that part of sadism which is sexual enjoyment of
+    another's pain."
+
+    That the foregoing view holds good as regards the traces of
+    sadism found within the normal limits of sexual emotion has
+    already been stated. We may also believe that it is true in many
+    genuinely perverse cases. In this connection reference may be
+    made to an interesting case, reported by Moll, of a married lady
+    23 years of age, with pronounced sadistic feelings. She belongs
+    to a normal family and is herself apparently quite healthy, a
+    tall and strongly built person, of feminine aspect, fond of music
+    and dancing, of more than average intelligence. Her perverse
+    inclinations commenced obscurely about the age of 14, when she
+    began to be dominated by the thought of the pleasure it would be
+    to strike and torture a man, but were not clearly defined until
+    the age of 18, while at an early age she was fond of teasing and
+    contradicting men, though she never experienced the same impulse
+    toward women. She has never, except in a very slight degree,
+    actually carried her ideas into practice, either with her husband
+    or anyone else, being restrained, she says, by a feeling of
+    shame. Coitus, though frequently practised, gives her no
+    pleasure, seems, indeed, somewhat disgusting to her, and has
+    never produced orgasm. Her own ideas, also, though very
+    pleasurable to her, have not produced definite sexual excitement,
+    except on two or three occasions, when they had been combined
+    with the influence of alcohol. She frankly regrets that modern
+    social relationship makes it impossible for her to find sexual
+    satisfaction in the only way in which such satisfaction would be
+    possible to her.
+
+    Her chief delight would be to torture the man she was attached to
+    in every possible way; to inflict physical pain and mental pain
+    would give her equal pleasure. "I would bite him till the blood
+    came, as I have often done to my husband. At that moment all
+    sympathy for him would disappear." She frequently identifies her
+    imaginary lover with a real man to whom she feels that she could
+    be much more attracted than she is to her husband. She imagines
+    to herself that she makes appointments with this lover, and that
+    she reaches the rendezvous in her carriage, but only after her
+    lover has been waiting for her a very long time in the cold. Then
+    he must feel all her power, he must be her slave with no will of
+    his own, and she would torture him with various implements as
+    seemed good to her. She would use a rod, a riding-whip, bind him
+    and chain him, and so on. But it is to be noted that she declares
+    "_this could, in general, only give me enjoyment if the man
+    concerned endured such torture with a certain pleasure_. He must,
+    indeed, writhe with pain, but at the same time be in a state of
+    sexual ecstasy, followed by satisfaction." His pleasure must not,
+    however, be so great that it overwhelms his pain; if it did, her
+    own pleasure would vanish, and she has found witty her husband
+    that when in kissing him her bites have given him much pleasure
+    she has at once refrained.
+
+    It is further noteworthy that only the pain she herself had
+    inflicted would give her pleasure. If the lover suffered pain
+    from an accident or a wound she is convinced that she would be
+    full of sympathy for him. Outside her special sexual perversion
+    she is sympathetic and very generous. (Moll, _Konträre
+    Sexualempfindung_, 1899, pp. 507-510.)
+
+    This case is interesting as an uncomplicated example of almost
+    purely ideal sadism. It is interesting to note the feelings of
+    the sadist subject toward her imaginary lover's feelings. It is
+    probably significant that, while his pleasure is regarded as
+    essential, his pain is regarded as even more essential, and the
+    resulting apparent confusion may well be of the very essence of
+    the whole phenomenon. The pleasure of the imaginary lover must be
+    secured or the manifestation passes out of the sexual sphere; but
+    his pleasure must, at all costs, be conciliated with his pain,
+    for in the sadist's eyes the victim's pain has become a vicarious
+    form of sexual emotion. That, at the same time, the sadist
+    desires to give pleasure rather than pain finds confirmation in
+    the fact that he often insists on pleasure being feigned even
+    though it is not felt. Some years ago a rich Jewish merchant
+    became notorious for torturing girls with whom he had
+    intercourse; his performances acquired for him the title of
+    "_l'homme qui pique_," and led to his prosecution. It was his
+    custom to spend some hours in sticking pins into various parts of
+    the girl's body, but it was essential that she should wear a
+    smiling face throughout the proceedings. (Hamon, _La France
+    Sociale et Politique_, 1891, p. 445 et seq.)
+
+We have thus to recognize that sadism by no means involves any love of
+inflicting pain outside the sphere of sexual emotion, and is even
+compatible with a high degree of general tender-heartedness. We have also
+to recognize that even within the sexual sphere the sadist by no means
+wishes to exclude the victim's pleasure, and may even regard that pleasure
+as essential to his own satisfaction. We have, further, to recognize that,
+in view of the close connection between sadism and masochism, it is highly
+probable that in some cases the sadist is really a disguised masochist and
+enjoys his victim's pain because he identifies himself with that pain.
+
+But there is a further group of cases, and a very important group, on
+account of the light it throws on the essential nature of these phenomena,
+and that is the group in which the thought or the spectacle of pain acts
+as a sexual stimulant, without the subject identifying himself clearly
+either with the inflicter or the sufferer of the pain. Such cases are
+sometimes classed as sadistic; but this is incorrect, for they might just
+as truly be called masochistic. The term algolagnia might properly be
+applied to them (and Eulenburg now classes them as "ideal algolagnia"),
+for they reveal an undifferentiated connection between sexual excitement
+and pain not developed into either active or passive participation. Such
+feelings may arise sporadically in persons in whom no sadistic or
+masochistic perversion can be said to exist, though they usually appear in
+individuals of neurotic temperament. Casanova describes an instance of
+this association which came immediately under his own eyes at the torture
+and execution of Damiens in 1757.[129] W.G. Stearns knew a man (having
+masturbated and had intercourse to excess) who desired to see his wife
+delivered of a child, and finally became impotent without this idea. He
+witnessed many deliveries and especially obtained voluptuous gratification
+at the delivery of a primipara when the suffering was greatest.[130] A
+very trifling episode may, however, suffice. In one case known to me a
+man, neither sadistic nor masochistic in his tendencies, when sitting
+looking out of his window saw a spider come out of its hole to capture and
+infold a fly which had just been caught in its web; as he watched the
+process he became conscious of a powerful erection, an occurrence which
+had never taken place under such circumstances before.[131] Under favoring
+conditions some incident of this kind at an early age may exert a decisive
+influence on the sexual life. Tambroni, of Ferrara, records the case of a
+boy of 11 who first felt voluptuous emotions on seeing in an illustrated
+journal the picture of a man trampling on his daughter; ever afterward he
+was obliged to evoke this image in masturbation or coitus.[132] An
+instructive case has been recorded by Féré. In this case a lady of
+neurotic heredity on one side, and herself liable to hysteria, experienced
+her first sexual crisis at the age of 13, not long after menstruation had
+become established, and when she had just recovered from an attack of
+chorea. Her old nurse, who had remained in the service of the family, had
+a ne'er-do-well son who had disappeared for some years and had just now
+suddenly returned and thrown himself, crying and sobbing, at the knees of
+his mother, who thrust him away. The young girl accidentally witnessed
+this scene. The cries and the sobs provoked in her a sexual excitement she
+had never experienced before. She rushed away in surprise to the next
+room, where, however, she could still hear the sobs, and soon she was
+overcome by a sexual orgasm. She was much troubled at this occurrence, and
+at the attraction which she now experienced for a man she had never seen
+before and whom she had always looked upon as a worthless vagabond.
+Shortly afterward she had an erotic dream concerning a man who sobbed at
+her knees. Later she again saw the nurse's son, but was agreeably
+surprised to find that, though a good-looking youth, he no longer caused
+her any emotion, and he disappeared from her mind, though the erotic
+dreams concerning an unknown sobbing man still occurred rather frequently.
+During the next ten years she suffered from various disorders of more or
+less hysterical character, and, although not disinclined to the idea of
+marriage, she refused all offers, for no man attracted her. At the age of
+23, when staying in the Pyrenees, she made an excursion into Spain, and
+was present at a bull-fight. She was greatly excited by the charges of the
+bull, especially when the charge was suddenly arrested.[133] She felt no
+interest in any of the men who took part in the performance or were
+present; no man was occupying her imagination. But she experienced sexual
+sensations and accompanying general exhilaration, which were highly
+agreeable. After one bull had charged successively several times the
+orgasm took place. She considered the whole performance barbarous, but
+could not resist the desire to be present at subsequent bull-fights, a
+desire several times gratified, always with the same results, which were
+often afterward repeated in dreams. From that time she began to take an
+interest in horse-races, which she now found produced the same effect,
+though not to the same degree, especially when there was a fall. She
+subsequently married, but never experienced sexual satisfaction except
+under these abnormal circumstances or in dreams.[134]
+
+As the foregoing case indicates, horses, and especially running or
+struggling horses, sometimes have the same effect in stimulating the
+sexual emotions, especially on persons predisposed by neurotic heredity,
+as we have found that the spectacle of pain possesses. A medical
+correspondent in New Zealand tells me of a patient of his own, a young
+carpenter of 26, not in good health, who had never masturbated or had
+connection with a woman. He lived in a room overlooking a livery-stable
+yard where was kept, among other animals, a large black horse. Nearly
+every night he had a dream in which he seemed to be pursuing this large
+black horse, and when he caught it, which he invariably did, there was a
+copious emission. A holiday in the country and tonic treatment dispelled
+the dreams and reduced the nocturnal emissions to normal frequency. Féré
+has recorded a case of a boy, of neuropathic heredity, who, when 14 years
+of age, was one day about to practise mutual masturbation with another boy
+of his own age. They were seated on a hillside overlooking a steep road,
+and at this moment a heavy wagon came up the road drawn by four horses,
+which struggled painfully up, encouraged by the cries and the whip of the
+driver. This sight increased the boy's sexual excitement, which reached
+its climax when one of the horses suddenly fell. He had never before
+experienced such intense excitement, and always afterward a similar
+spectacle of struggling horses produced a similar effect.[135]
+
+In this connection reference may be made to the frequency with which
+dreams of struggling horses occur in connection with disturbance or
+disease of the heart. In such cases it is clear that the struggling horses
+seem to dream-consciousness to embody and explain the panting struggles to
+which the heart is subjected. They become, as it were, a visual symbol of
+the cardiac oppression. In much the same way, it would appear, under the
+influence of sexual excitement, in which cardiac disturbance is one of the
+chief constituent elements, the struggling horses became a sexual symbol,
+and, having attained that position, they are henceforth alone adequate to
+produce sexual excitement.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[128] This opinion appears to be in harmony with the conclusions of
+Eulenburg, who has devoted special study to De Sade, and points out that
+the ordinary conception of "sadism" is much too narrow. (Eulenburg,
+_Sexuale Neuropathie_, 1895, p. 110 et seq.)
+
+[129] Casanova, _Mémoires_, vol. viii, pp. 74-76. Goncourt in his
+_Journal_, under date of April, 1862 (vol. ii, p. 27), tells a story of an
+Englishman who engaged a room overlooking a scaffold where a murderer was
+to be hanged, proposing to take a woman with him and to avail himself of
+the excitement aroused by the scene. This scheme was frustrated by the
+remission of the death penalty.
+
+[130] _Alienist and Neurologist_, May, 1907, p. 204.
+
+[131] This spectacle of the spider and the fly seems indeed to be
+specially apt to exert a sexual influence. I have heard of a precisely
+similar case in a man of intellectual distinction, and another in a lady
+who acknowledged to a feeling of "exquisite pleasure," on one occasion, at
+the mere sound of the death agony of a fly in a spider's web.
+
+[132] Quoted by Obici and Marchesini, _Le Amicizie di Collegio_, p. 245.
+
+[133] It may be noted that we have already several times encountered this
+increase of excitement produced by arrest of movement. The effect is
+produced whether the arrest is witnessed or is actually experienced. "A
+man can increase a woman's excitement," a lady writes, "by forbidding her
+to respond in any way to his caresses. It is impossible to remain quite
+passive for more than a few seconds, but, during these few, excitement is
+considerably augmented." In a similar way I have been told of a man of
+brilliant intellectual ability who very seldom has connection with a woman
+without getting her to compress with her hand the base of the urethral
+canal to such an extent as to impede the passage of the semen. On
+withdrawal of the hand copious emission occurs, but it is the shock of the
+arrest caused by the constriction which gives him supreme pleasure. He has
+practised this method for years without evil results.
+
+[134] Féré, "Le Sadisme aux Courses de Taureaux," _Revue de médecine_,
+August, 1900.
+
+[135] Féré, _L'Instinct sexuel_, p. 255.
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+Why is Pain a Sexual Stimulant?--It is the Most Effective Method of
+Arousing Emotion--Anger and Fear the Most Powerful Emotions--Their
+Biological Significance in Courtship--Their General and Special Effects in
+Stimulating the Organism--Grief as a Sexual Stimulant--The Physiological
+Mechanism of Fatigue Renders Pain Pleasurable.
+
+
+We have seen that the distinction between "sadism" and "masochism" cannot
+be maintained; not only was even De Sade himself something of a masochist
+and Sacher-Masoch something of a sadist, but between these two extreme
+groups of phenomena there is a central group in which the algolagnia is
+neither active nor passive. "Sadism" and "masochism" are simply convenient
+clinical terms for classes of manifestations which quite commonly occur in
+the same person. We have further found that--as might have been
+anticipated in view of the foregoing result--it is scarcely correct to use
+the word "cruelty" in connection with the phenomena we have been
+considering. The persons who experience these impulses usually show no
+love of cruelty outside the sphere of sexual emotion; they may even be
+very intolerant of cruelty. Even when their sexual impulses come into play
+they may still desire to secure the pleasure of the persons who arouse
+their sexual emotions, even though it may not be often true that those who
+desire to inflict pain at these moments identify themselves with the
+feelings of those on whom they inflict it. We have thus seen that when we
+take a comprehensive survey of all these phenomena a somewhat general
+formula will alone cover them. Our conclusion so far must be that under
+certain abnormal circumstances pain, more especially the mental
+representation of pain, acts as a powerful sexual stimulant.
+
+The reader, however, who has followed the discussion to this point will be
+prepared to take the next and final step in our discussion and to reach a
+more definite conclusion. The question naturally arises: By what process
+does pain or its mental representation thus act as a sexual stimulant? The
+answer has over and over again been suggested by the facts brought forward
+in this study. Pain acts as a sexual stimulant because it is the most
+powerful of all methods for arousing emotion.
+
+The two emotions most intimately associated with pain are anger and fear.
+The more masculine and sthenic emotion of anger, the more passive and
+asthenic emotion of fear, are the fundamental animal emotions through
+which, on the psychic side, the process of natural selection largely
+works. Every animal in some degree owes its survival to the emotional
+reaction of anger against weaker rivals, to the emotional reaction of fear
+against stronger rivals. To this cause we owe it that these two emotions
+are so powerfully and deeply rooted in the whole zoölogical series to
+which we belong. But anger and fear are not less fundamental in the sexual
+life. Courtship on the male's part is largely a display of combativity,
+and even the very gestures by which the male seeks to appeal to the female
+are often those gestures of angry hostility by which he seeks to
+intimidate enemies. On the female's part courtship is a skillful
+manipulation of her own fears, and, as we have seen elsewhere, when
+studying the phenomena of modesty, that fundamental attitude of the female
+in courtship is nothing but an agglomeration of fears.
+
+    The biological significance of the emotions is now well
+    recognized. "In general," remarks one of the shrewdest writers on
+    animal psychology, "we may say that emotional states are, under
+    natural conditions, closely associated with behavior of
+    biological value--with tendencies that are beneficial in
+    self-preservation and race preservation--with actions that
+    promote survival, and especially with the behavior which clusters
+    round the pairing and parental instincts. The value of the
+    emotions in animals is that they are an indirect means of
+    furthering survival." (Lloyd Morgan, _Animal Behavior_, p. 293.)
+    Emotional aptitudes persist not only by virtue of the fact that
+    they are still beneficial, but because they once were; that is to
+    say, they may exist as survivals. In this connection I may quote
+    from a suggestive paper on "Teasing and Bullying," by F.L. Burk;
+    at the conclusion of this study, which is founded on a large
+    body of data concerning American children, the author asks:
+    "Accepting for the moment the theories of Spencer and Ribot upon
+    the transmission of rudimentary instincts, is it possible that
+    the movements which comprise the chief elements of bullying,
+    teasing, and the egotistic impulses in general of the classes
+    cited--pursuing, throwing down, punching, striking, throwing
+    missiles, etc.--are, from the standpoint of consciousness, broken
+    neurological fragments, which are parts of old chains of activity
+    involved in the pursuit, combat, capture, torture, and killing of
+    men and enemies?... Is not this hypothesis of transmitted
+    fragments of instincts in accord with the strangely anomalous
+    fact that children are at one moment seemingly cruel and at the
+    next affectionate and kind, vibrating, as it were, between two
+    worlds, egotistic and altruistic, without conscious sense of
+    incongruity?" (F.L. Burk, "Teasing and Bullying," _Pedagogical
+    Seminary_, April, 1897.)
+
+    The primitive connection of the special emotions of anger and
+    fear with the sexual impulse has been well expressed by Colin
+    Scott in his remarkable study of "Sex and Art": "If the higher
+    forms of courting are based on combat, among the males at least
+    anger must be intimately associated with love. And below both of
+    these lies the possibility of fear. In combat the animal is
+    defeated who is first afraid. Competitive exhibition of prowess
+    will inspire the less able birds with a deterring fear. Young
+    grouse and woodcock do not enter the lists with the older birds,
+    and sing very quietly. It is the same with the very oldest birds.
+    Audubon says that the old maids and bachelors of the Canada goose
+    move off by themselves during the courting of the younger birds.
+    In order to succeed in love, fear must be overcome in the male as
+    well as in the female. Courage is the essential male virtue, love
+    is its outcome and reward. The strutting, crowing, dancing, and
+    singing of male birds and the preliminary movements generally of
+    animals must gorge the neuromotor and muscular systems with blood
+    and put them in better fighting trim. The effects of this upon
+    the feelings of the animal himself must be very great. Hereditary
+    tendencies swell his heart. He has 'the joy that warriors feel.'
+    He becomes regardless of danger, and sometimes almost oblivious
+    of his surroundings. This intense passionateness must react
+    powerfully on the whole system, and more particularly on those
+    parts which are capable, such as the brain, of using up a great
+    surplus of blood, and on the naturally erethic functions of sex.
+    The flood of anger or fighting instinct is drained off by the
+    sexual desires, the antipathy of the female is overcome, and
+    sexual union successfully ensues.... Courting and combat shade
+    into one another, courting tending to take the place of the more
+    basal form of combat. The passions which thus come to be
+    associated with love are those of fear and anger, both of which,
+    by arousing the whole nature and stimulating the nutritive
+    sources from which they flow, come to increase the force of the
+    sexual passion to which they lead up and in which they culminate
+    and are absorbed," (Colin Scott, "Sex and Art," _American Journal
+    of Psychology_, vol. vii, No. 2, pp. 170 and 215.)
+
+    It must be remembered that fear is an element liable to arise in
+    all courtship on one side or the other. It is usually on the side
+    of the female, but not invariably. Among spiders, for instance,
+    it is usually the male who feels fear, and very reasonably, for
+    he is much weaker than the female. "Courtship by the male spider"
+    says T.H. Montgomery ("The Courtship of Araneads," _American
+    Naturalist_, March, 1910, p. 166), "results from a combination of
+    the state of desire for and fear of the female." It is by his
+    movements of fear that he advertises himself to the female as a
+    male, and it is by the same movements that he is unconsciously
+    impelled to display prominently his own ornamentation.
+
+We are thus brought to those essential facts of primitive courtship with
+which we started. But we are now able to understand more clearly how it is
+that alien emotional states became abnormally associated with the sexual
+life. Normally the sexual impulse is sufficiently reinforced by the
+ordinary active energies of the organism which courtship itself arouses,
+energies which, while they may be ultimately in part founded on anger and
+fear, rarely allow these emotions to be otherwise than latent. Motion, it
+may be said, is more prominent than emotion.
+
+Even normally a stimulant to emotional activities is pleasurable, just as
+motion itself is pleasurable. It may even be useful, as was noted long ago
+by Erasmus Darwin; he tells of a friend of his who, when painfully
+fatigued by riding, would call up ideas arousing indignation, and thus
+relieve the fatigue, the indignation, as Darwin pointed out, increasing
+muscular activity.[136]
+
+It is owing to this stimulating action that discomfort, even pain, may be
+welcomed on account of the emotional waves they call up, because they
+"lash into movement the dreary calm of the sea's soul," and produce that
+alternation of pain and enjoyment for which Faust longed. Groos, who
+recalls this passage in his very thorough and profound discussion of the
+region wherein tragedy has its psychological roots, points out that it is
+the overwhelming might of the storm itself, and not the peace of calm
+after the storm, which appeals to us. In the same way, he observes, even
+surprise and shock may also be pleasurable, and fear, though the most
+depressing of emotional states, by virtue of the joy produced by strong
+stimuli is felt as attractive; we not only experience an impulse of
+pleasure in dominating our environment, but also have pleasure in being
+dominated and rendered helpless by a higher power.[137] Hirn, again, in
+his work on the origins of art, has an interesting chapter on "The
+Enjoyment of Pain," a phenomenon which he explains by its resultant
+reactions in increase of outward activity, of motor excitement. Anger, he
+observes elsewhere, is "in its active stage a decidedly pleasurable
+emotion. Fear, which in its initial stage is paralyzing and depressing,
+often changes in time when the first shock has been relieved by motor
+reaction.... Anger, fear, sorrow, notwithstanding their distinctly painful
+initial stage, are often not only not avoided, but even deliberately
+sought."[138]
+
+In the ordinary healthy organism, however, although the stimulants of
+strong emotion may be vaguely pleasurable, they do not have more than a
+general action on the sexual sphere, nor are they required for the due
+action of the sexual mechanism. But in a slightly abnormal
+organism--whether the anomaly is due to a congenital neuropathic
+condition, or to a possibly acquired neurasthenic condition, or merely to
+the physiological inadequacy of childhood or old age--the balance of
+nervous energy is less favorable for the adequate play of the ordinary
+energies in courtship. The sexual impulse is itself usually weaker, even
+when, as often happens, its irritability assumes the fallacious appearance
+of strength. It has become unusually sensitive to unusual stimuli and
+also, it is possible,--perhaps as a result of those conditions,--more
+liable to atavistic manifestations. An organism in this state becomes
+peculiarly apt to seize on the automatic sources of energy generated by
+emotion. The parched sexual instinct greedily drinks up and absorbs the
+force it obtains by applying abnormal stimuli to its emotional apparatus.
+It becomes largely, if not solely, dependent on the energy thus secured.
+The abnormal organism in this respect may become as dependent on anger or
+fear, and for the same reason, as in other respects it may become
+dependent on alcohol.
+
+We see the process very well illustrated by the occasional action of the
+emotion of anger. In animals the connection between love and anger is so
+close that even normally, as Groos points out, in some birds the sight of
+an enemy may call out the gestures of courtship.[139] As Krafft-Ebing
+remarks, both love and anger "seek their object, try to possess themselves
+of it, and naturally exhaust themselves in a physical effect on it; both
+throw the psychomotor sphere into the most intense excitement, and by
+means of this excitement reach their normal expression."[140] Féré has
+well remarked that the impatience of desire may itself be regarded as a
+true state of anger, and Stanley Hall, in his admirable study of anger,
+notes that "erethism of the breasts or sexual parts" was among the
+physical manifestations of anger occurring in some of his cases, and in
+one case a seminal emission accompanied every violent outburst.[141] Thus
+it is that anger may be used to reinforce a weak sexual impulse, and
+cases have been recorded in which coitus could only be performed when the
+man had succeeded in working himself up into an artificial state of
+anger.[142] On the other hand, Féré has recorded a case in which the
+sexual excitement accompanying delayed orgasm was always transformed into
+anger, though without any true sadistic manifestations.[143]
+
+As a not unexpected complementary phenomenon to this connection of anger
+and sexual emotion in the male, it is sometimes found that the spectacle
+of masculine anger excites pleasurable emotion in women. The case has been
+recorded of a woman who delighted in arousing anger for the pleasure it
+gave her, and who advised another woman to follow her example and excite
+her husband's anger, as nothing was so enjoyable as to see a man in a fury
+of rage[144]; Lombroso mentions a woman who was mostly frigid, but
+experienced sexual feelings when she heard anyone swearing; and a medical
+friend tells me of a lady considerably past middle age who experienced
+sexual erethism after listening to a heated argument between her husband
+and a friend on religious topics. The case has also been recorded of a
+masochistic man who found sexual satisfaction in masturbating while a
+woman, by his instructions, addressed him in the lowest possible terms of
+abuse.[145] Such a feeling doubtless underlies that delight in teasing men
+which is so common among young women. Stanley Hall, referring to the
+almost morbid dread of witnessing manifestations of anger felt by many
+women, remarks: "In animals, females are often described as watching with
+complacency the conflict of rival males for their possession, and it seems
+probable that the intense horror of this state, which many females
+report, is associated more or less unconsciously with the sexual rage
+which has followed it."[146] The dread may well be felt at least as much
+as regards the emotional state in themselves as in the males.
+
+Even when the emotion aroused is disgust it may still act as a sexual
+stimulant. Stcherbak has narrated the instructive case of a very
+intelligent and elegant married lady of rather delicate constitution, an
+artist of some talent, who never experienced any pleasure in sexual
+intercourse, but ever since sexual feelings first began to be manifested
+at all (at the age of 18) has only experienced them in relation to
+disgusting things. Anything that is repulsive, like vomit, etc., causes
+vague but pleasurable feelings which she gradually came to recognize as
+sexual. The sight of a crushed frog will cause very definite sexual
+sensations. She has had many admirers and she has observed that a
+declaration of love by a disagreeable or even repulsive man sexually
+excites her, though she has no desire for sexual intercourse with
+him.[147]
+
+After all that has gone before it is easy to see how the emotion of fear
+may act in an analogous manner to anger. Just as anger may reinforce the
+active forms of the sexual impulse to which it is allied, so fear may
+reinforce the passive forms of that impulse. The following observations,
+written by a lady, very well show how we may thus explain the sexual
+attractiveness of whipping: "The fascination of whipping, which has always
+greatly puzzled me, seems to be a sort of hankering after the stimulus of
+fear. In a wild state animals live in constant fear. In civilized life one
+but rarely feels it. A woman's pleasure in being afraid of a husband or
+lover may be an equivalent of a man's love of adventure; and the fear of
+children for their parents may be the dawning of the love of adventure. In
+a woman this desire of adventure receives a serious check when she begins
+to realize what she might be subjected to by a man if she gratified it.
+Excessive fear is demoralizing, but it seems to me that the idea of being
+whipped gives a sense of fear which is not excessive. It is almost the
+only kind of pain (physical) which is inflicted on children or women by
+persons whom they can love and trust, and with a moral object. Any other
+kind of bodily ill treatment suggests malignity and may rouse resentment,
+and, in extreme cases, an excess of fear which goes beyond the limits of
+pleasurable excitement. Given a hereditary feeling of this sort, I think
+it is helped by the want of actual experience, as the association with
+excitement is freed from the idea of pain as such." In his very valuable
+and suggestive study of fears, Stanley Hall, while recognizing the evil of
+excessive fear, has emphasized the emotional and even the intellectual
+benefits of fear, and the great part played by fear in the evolution of
+the race as "the rudimentary organ on the full development and subsequent
+reduction of which many of the best things in the soul are dependent."
+"Fears that paralyze some brains," he remarks, "are a good tonic for
+others. In some form and degree all need it always. Without the fear
+apparatus in us, what a wealth of motive would be lost!"[148]
+
+It is on the basis of this tonic influence of fear that in some morbidly
+sensitive natures fear acts as a sexual stimulant. Cullerre has brought
+together a number of cases in both men and women, mostly neurasthenic, in
+which fits of extreme anxiety and dread, sometimes of a religious
+character and often in highly moral people, terminate in spontaneous
+orgasm or in masturbation.[149]
+
+Professor Gurlitt mentions that his first full sexual emission took place
+in class at school, when he was absorbed in writing out the life of
+Aristides and very anxious lest he should not be able to complete it
+within the set time.[150]
+
+Dread and anxiety not only excite sexual emotion, but in the more extreme
+morbid cases they may suppress and replace it. Terror, say Fliess, is
+transmuted coitus, and Freud believes that the neurosis of anxiety always
+has a sexual cause, while Ballet, Capgras, Löwenfeld, and others, though
+not regarding a sexual traumatism as the only cause, still regard it as
+frequent.
+
+It is worthy of note that not only fear, but even so depressing an emotion
+as grief, may act as a sexual stimulant, more especially in women. This
+fact is not sufficiently recognized, though probably everyone can recall
+instances from his personal knowledge, such cases being generally regarded
+as inexplicable. It is, however, not more surprising that grief should be
+transformed into sexual emotion than that (as in a case recorded by
+Stanley Hall) it should manifest itself as anger. In any case we have to
+bear in mind the frequency of this psychological transformation in the
+presence of cases which might otherwise seem to call for a cynical
+interpretation.
+
+    The case has been recorded of an English lady of good social
+    position who fell in love with an undertaker at her father's
+    funeral and insisted on marrying him. It is known that some men
+    have been so abnormally excited by the funeral trappings of death
+    that only in such surroundings have they been able to effect
+    coitus. A case has been recorded of a physician of unimpeachable
+    morality who was unable to attend funerals, even of his own
+    relatives, on account of the sexual excitement thus aroused.
+    Funerals, tragedies at the theater, pictures of martyrdom, scenes
+    of execution, and trials at the law-courts have been grouped
+    together as arousing pleasure in many people, especially women.
+    (C.F. von Schlichtegroll, _Sacher-Masoch und der Masochismus_,
+    pp. 30-31.) Wakes and similar festivals may here find their
+    psychological basis, and funerals are an unquestionable source of
+    enjoyment among some people, especially of so-called "Celtic"
+    race. The stimulating reaction after funerals is well known to
+    many, and Leigh Hunt refers to this (in his _Autobiography_) as
+    affecting the sincerely devoted friends who had just cremated
+    Shelley.
+
+    It may well be, as Kiernan has argued (_Alienist and
+    Neurologist_, 1891; ibid., 1902, p. 263), that in the disturbance
+    of emotional balance caused by grief the primitive instincts
+    become peculiarly apt to respond to stimulus, and that in the
+    aboulia of grief the mind is specially liable to become the prey
+    to obsessions.
+
+    "When my child died at the age of 6 months," a correspondent
+    writes, "I had a violent paroxysm of weeping and for some days I
+    could not eat. When I kissed the dead boy for the last time (I
+    had never seen a corpse before) I felt I had reached the depths
+    of misery and could never smile or have any deep emotions again.
+    Yet that night, though my thoughts had not strayed to sexual
+    subjects since the child's death, I had a violent erection. I
+    felt ashamed to desire carnal things when my dead child was still
+    in the house, and explained to my wife. She was sympathetic, for
+    her idea was that our common grief had intensified my love for
+    her. I feel convinced, however, that my desire was the result of
+    a stimulus propagated to the sexual centers from the centers
+    affected by my grief, the transference of my emotion from one set
+    of nerves to another. I do not perhaps express my meaning
+    clearly."
+
+    How far the emotional influence of grief entered into the
+    following episode it is impossible to say, for here it is
+    probable that we are mainly concerned with one of those almost
+    irresistible impulses by which adolescent girls are sometimes
+    overcome. The narrative is from the lips of a reliable witness, a
+    railway guard, who, some thirty years ago, when a youth of 18, in
+    Cornwall, lodged with a man and woman who had a daughter of his
+    own age. Some months later, when requiring a night's lodging, he
+    called at the house, and was greeted warmly by the woman, who
+    told him her husband had just died and that she and her daughter
+    were very nervous and would be glad if he would stay the night,
+    but that as the corpse occupied the other bedroom he would have
+    to share their bed ("We don't think very much of that among us,"
+    my informant added). He agreed, and went to bed, and when, a
+    little later, the two women also came to bed, the girl, at her
+    own suggestion, lay next to the youth. Nothing happened during
+    the night, but in the morning, when the mother went down to light
+    the fire, the daughter immediately threw off the bedclothes,
+    exposing her naked person, and before the youth had realized what
+    was happening she had drawn him over on to her. He was so utterly
+    surprised that nothing whatever happened, but the incident made a
+    life-long impression on him.
+
+    In this connection reference may be made to the story of the
+    Ephesian matron in Petronius; the story of the widow, overcome by
+    grief, who watches by her husband's tomb, and very speedily falls
+    into the arms of the soldier who is on guard. This story, in very
+    various forms, is found in China and India, and has occurred
+    repeatedly in European literature during the last two thousand
+    years. The history of the wanderings of this story has been told
+    by Grisebach (Eduard Grisebach, _Die Treulose Witwe_, third
+    edition, 1877). It is not probable, however, that all the stories
+    of this type are actually related; in any case it would seem that
+    their vitality is due to the fact that they have been found to
+    show a real correspondence to life; one may note, for instance,
+    the curious tone of personal emotion with which George Chapman
+    treated this theme in his play, _Widow's Tears_.
+
+It may be added that, in explaining the resort to pain as an emotional
+stimulus, we have to take into account not only the biological and
+psychological considerations here brought forward, but also the abnormal
+physiological conditions under which stimuli usually felt as painful come
+specially to possess a sexually exciting influence. The neurasthenic and
+neuropathic states may be regarded as conditions of more or less permanent
+fatigue. It is true that under the conditions we are considering there may
+be an extreme sensitiveness to stimuli not usually felt as of sexual
+character, a kind of hyperesthesia; but hyperesthesia, it has well been
+said, is nothing but the beginning of anesthesia.[151] Sergeant Bertrand,
+the classical example of necrophily,[152] began to masturbate at the age
+of 9, stimulating a sexual impulse which may have been congenitally feeble
+by accompanying thoughts of ill-treating women. It was not till
+subsequently that he began to imagine that the women were corpses. The
+sadistic thoughts were only incidents in the emotional evolution, and the
+real object throughout was to procure strong emotion and not to inflict
+cruelty. Some observations of Féré's as to the conditions which influence
+the amount of muscular work accomplished with the ergograph are
+instructive from the present point of view: "Although sensibility
+diminishes in the course of fatigue," Féré found that "there are periods
+during which the excitability increases before it disappears. As fatigue
+increases, the perception of the intercurrent excitation is retarded; an
+odor is perceived as exciting before it is perceived as a differentiated
+sensation; the most fetid odors arouse feelings of well-being before being
+perceived as odors, and their painful quality only appears afterward, or
+is not noticed at all." And after recording a series of results with the
+ergograph obtained under the stimulus of unpleasant odors he remarks: "We
+are thus struck by two facts: the diminution of work during painful
+excitation, and its increase when the excitation has ceased. When the
+effects following the excitation have disappeared the diminution is more
+rapid than in the ordinary state. When the fatigue is manifested by a
+notable diminution, if the same excitation is brought into action again,
+no diminution is produced, but a more or less durable increase, exactly as
+though there had been an agreeable excitation. Moreover, the stimulus
+which appears painful in a state of repose loses that painful character
+either partially or completely when acting on the same subject in a more
+and more fatigued state." Féré defines a painful stimulus as a strong
+excitation which causes displays of energy which the will cannot utilize;
+when, as a result of diminished sensibility, the excitants are attenuated,
+the will can utilize them, and so there is no pain.[153] These experiments
+had no reference to the sexual instinct, but it will be seen at once that
+they have an extremely significant bearing on the subject before us, for
+they show us the mechanism of the process by which in an abnormal organism
+pain becomes a sexual stimulant.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[136] Erasmus Darwin, _Zoönomia_, vol. i, p. 496.
+
+[137] K. Groos, _Spiele der Menschen_, pp. 200-210.
+
+[138] Hirn, _Origins of Art_, p. 54. Reference may here perhaps be made to
+the fact that unpleasant memories persist in women more than in men
+(_American Journal of Psychology_, 1899, p. 244). This had already been
+pointed out by Coleridge. "It is a remark that I have made many times," we
+find it said in one of his fragments (_Anima Poetæ_, p. 89), "and many
+times, I guess, shall repeat, that women are infinitely fonder of clinging
+to and beating about, hanging upon and keeping up, and reluctantly letting
+fall any doleful or painful or unpleasant subject, than men of the same
+class and rank."
+
+[139] Groos, _Spiele der Thiere_, p. 251. Maeder (_Jahrbuch für
+Psychoanalytische Forschungen_, 1909, vol. i, p. 149) mentions an
+epileptic girl of 22 who masturbates when she is in a rage with anyone.
+
+[140] Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia Sexualis_, English translation of tenth
+edition, p. 78.
+
+[141] Stanley Hall, "A Study of Anger," _American Journal of Psychology_,
+July, 1899, p. 549.
+
+[142] Krafft-Ebing refers to such a case as recorded by Schulz,
+_Psychopathia Sexualis_, p. 78.
+
+[143] Féré, _L'Instinct sexuel_, p. 213.
+
+[144] C.F. von Schlichtegroll, _Sacher-Masoch und der Masochismus_, p. 31.
+
+[145] _Archivio di Psichiatria_, vol. xv, p. 120. Mention may also be made
+of the cases (described as hysterical mixoscopia by Kiernan, _Alienist and
+Neurologist_, May, 1903) in which young women address to themselves
+anonymous letters of an abusive and disgusting character, and show them to
+others.
+
+[146] Stanley Hall, loc. cit., p. 587.
+
+[147] _Archives de Neurologie_, Oct., 1907.
+
+[148] G. Stanley Hall, "A Study of Fears," _American Journal of
+Psychology_, vol. viii, No. 2.
+
+[149] A. Cullerre, "De l'Excitation Sexuelle dans les Psychopathies
+Anxieuses," _Archives de Neurologie_, Feb., 1905.
+
+[150] L. Gurlitt (_Die Neue Generation_, July, 1909). Moll (_Sexualleben
+des Kindes_, p. 84) also give examples of the connection between anxiety
+and sexual excitement. Freud (_Der Wahn und die Traüme in Jensen's
+Gradiva_, p. 52) considers that in dream-interpretation we may replace
+"terror" by "sexual excitement." In noting the general sexual effects of
+fear, we need not strictly separate the group of cases in which the sexual
+effects are physical only, and fail to be circuited through the brain.
+
+[151] See the article on "Neurasthenia" by Rudolf Arndt in Tuke's
+_Dictionary of Psychological Medicine_.
+
+[152] Lunier, _Annales Médico-psychologiques_, 1849, p. 153.
+
+[153] Féré, _Comptes-rendus de la Société de Biologie_, December 15 and
+22, 1900; id., _Année Psychologique_, seventh year, 1901, pp. 82-129; more
+especially the same author's _Travail et Plaisir_, 1904.
+
+
+
+
+VII.
+
+Summary of Results Reached--The Joy of Emotional Expansion--The
+Satisfaction of the Craving for Power--The Influence of Neurasthenic and
+Neuropathic Conditions--The Problem of Pain in Love Largely Constitutes a
+Special Case of Erotic Symbolism.
+
+
+It may seem to some that in our discussion of the relationships of love
+and pain we have covered a very wide field. This was inevitable. The
+subject is peculiarly difficult and complex, and if we are to gain a real
+insight into its nature we must not attempt to force the facts to fit into
+any narrow and artificial formulas of our own construction. Yet, as we
+have unraveled this seemingly confused mass of phenomena it will not have
+escaped the careful reader that the apparently diverse threads we have
+disentangled run in a parallel and uniform manner; they all have a like
+source and they all converge to a like result. We have seen that the
+starting-point of the whole group of manifestations must be found in the
+essential facts of courtship among animal and primitive human societies.
+Pain is seldom very far from some of the phases of primitive courtship;
+but it is not the pain which is the essential element in courtship, it is
+the state of intense emotion, of tumescence, with which at any moment, in
+some shape or another, pain may, in some way or another, be brought into
+connection. So that we have come to see that in the phrase "love and pain"
+we have to understand by "pain" a state of intense emotional excitement
+with which pain in the stricter sense may be associated, but is by no
+means necessarily associated. It is the strong emotion which exerts the
+irresistible fascination in the lover, in his partner, or in both. The
+pain is merely the means to that end. It is the lever which is employed to
+bring the emotional force to bear on the sexual impulse. The question of
+love and pain is mainly a question of emotional dynamics.
+
+In attaining this view of our subject we have learned that any impulse of
+true cruelty is almost outside the field altogether. The mistake was
+indeed obvious and inevitable. Let us suppose that every musical
+instrument is sensitive and that every musical performance involves the
+infliction of pain on the instrument. It would then be very difficult
+indeed to realize that the pleasure of music lies by no means in the
+infliction of pain. We should certainly find would-be scientific and
+analytical people ready to declare that the pleasure of music is the
+pleasure of giving pain, and that the emotional effects of music are due
+to the pain thus inflicted. In algolagnia, as in music, it is not cruelty
+that is sought; it is the joy of being plunged among the waves of that
+great primitive ocean of emotions which underlies the variegated world of
+our everyday lives, and pain--a pain which, as we have seen, is often
+deprived so far as possible of cruelty, though sometimes by very thin and
+feeble devices--is merely the channel by which that ocean is reached.
+
+If we try to carry our inquiry beyond the point we have been content to
+reach, and ask ourselves why this emotional intoxication exerts so
+irresistible a fascination, we might find a final reply in the explanation
+of Nietzsche--who regarded this kind of intoxication as of great
+significance both in life and in art--that it gives us the consciousness
+of energy and the satisfaction of our craving for power.[154] To carry the
+inquiry to this point would be, however, to take it into a somewhat
+speculative and metaphysical region, and we have perhaps done well not to
+attempt to analyze further the joy of emotional expansion. We must be
+content to regard the profound satisfaction of emotion as due to a
+widespread motor excitement, the elements of which we cannot yet
+completely analyze.[155]
+
+It is because the joy of emotional intoxication is the end really sought
+that we have to regard the supposed opposition between "sadism" and
+"masochism" as unimportant and indeed misleading. The emotional value of
+pain is equally great whether the pain is inflicted, suffered, witnessed,
+or merely exists as a mental imagination, and there is no reason why it
+should not coexist in all these forms in the same person, as, in fact, we
+frequently find it.
+
+The particular emotions which are invoked by pain to reinforce the sexual
+impulse are more especially anger and fear, and, as we have seen, these
+two very powerful and primitive emotions are--on the active and passive
+sides, respectively--the emotions most constantly brought into play in
+animal and early human courtship; so that they naturally constitute the
+emotional reservoirs from which the sexual impulse may still most easily
+draw. It is not difficult to show that the various forms in which
+"pain"--as we must here understand pain--is employed in the service of the
+sexual impulse are mainly manifestations or transformations of anger or
+fear, either in their simple or usually more complex forms, in some of
+which anger and fear may be mingled.
+
+We thus accept the biological origin of the psychological association
+between love and pain; it is traceable to the phenomena of animal
+courtship. We do not on this account exclude the more direct physiological
+factor. It may seem surprising that manifestations that have their origin
+in primeval forms of courtship should in many cases coincide with actual
+sensations of definite anatomical base today, and still more surprising
+that these traditional manifestations and actual sensations should so
+often be complementary to each other in their active and passive aspects:
+that is to say, that the pleasure of whipping should be matched by the
+pleasure of being whipped, the pleasure of mock strangling by the pleasure
+of being so strangled, that pain inflicted is not more desirable than pain
+suffered. But such coincidence is of the very essence of the whole group
+of phenomena. The manifestations of courtship were from the first
+conditioned by physiological facts; it is not strange that they should
+always tend to run _pari passu_ with physiological facts. The
+manifestations which failed to find anchorage in physiological
+relationships might well tend to die out. Even under the most normal
+circumstances, in healthy persons of healthy heredity, the manifestations
+we have been considering are liable to make themselves felt. Under such
+circumstances, however, they never become of the first importance in the
+sexual process; they are often little more than play. It is only under
+neurasthenic or neuropathic conditions--that is to say, in an organism
+which from acquired or congenital causes, and usually perhaps both, has
+become enfeebled, irritable, "fatigued"--that these manifestations are
+liable to flourish vigorously, to come to the forefront of sexual
+consciousness, and even to attain such seriously urgent importance that
+they may in themselves constitute the entire end and aim of sexual desire.
+Under these pathological conditions, pain, in the broad and special sense
+in which we have been obliged to define it, becomes a welcome tonic and a
+more or less indispensable stimulant to the sexual system.
+
+It will not have escaped the careful reader that in following out our
+subject we have sometimes been brought into contact with manifestations
+which scarcely seem to come within any definition of pain. This is
+undoubtedly so, and the references to these manifestations were not
+accidental, for they serve to indicate the real bearings of our subject.
+The relationships of love and pain constitute a subject at once of so
+much gravity and so much psychological significance that it was well to
+devote to them a special study. But pain, as we have here to understand
+it, largely constitutes a special case of what we shall later learn to
+know as erotic symbolism: that is to say, the psychic condition in which a
+part of the sexual process, a single idea or group of ideas, tends to
+assume unusual importance, or even to occupy the whole field of sexual
+consciousness, the part becoming a symbol that stands for the whole. When
+we come to the discussion of this great group of abnormal sexual
+manifestations it will frequently be necessary to refer to the results we
+have reached in studying the sexual significance of pain.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[154] See, for instance, the section "Zur Physiologie der Kunst" in
+Nietzsche's fragmentary work, _Der Wille zur Macht_, Werke, Bd. xv. Groos
+(_Spiele der Menschen_, p. 89) refers to the significance of the fact that
+nearly all races have special methods of procuring intoxication. Cf.
+Partridge's study of the psychology of alcohol (_American Journal of
+Psychology_, April, 1900). "It is hard to imagine," this writer remarks of
+intoxicants, "what the religious or social consciousness of primitive man
+would have been without them."
+
+[155] The muscular element is the most conspicuous in emotion, though it
+is not possible, as a careful student of the emotions (H.R. Marshall,
+_Pain, Pleasure, and Æsthetics_, p. 84) well points out, "to limit the
+physical activities involved with the emotions to such effects of
+voluntary innervation or alteration of size of blood-vessels or spasm of
+organic muscle, as Lange seems to think determines them; nor to increase
+or decrease of muscle-power, as Féré's results might suggest; nor to such
+changes, in relation of size of capillaries, in voluntary innervation, in
+respiratory and heart functioning, as Lehmann has observed. Emotions seem
+to me to be coincidents of reactions of the whole organism tending to
+certain results."
+
+
+
+
+THE SEXUAL IMPULSE IN WOMEN.
+
+
+A special and detailed study of the normal characters of the sexual
+impulse in men seems unnecessary. I have elsewhere discussed various
+aspects of the male sexual impulse, and others remain for later
+discussion. But to deal with it broadly as a whole seems unnecessary, if
+only because it is predominantly open and aggressive. Moreover, since the
+constitution of society has largely been in the hands of men, the nature
+of the sexual impulse in men has largely been expressed in the written and
+unwritten codes of social law. The sexual instinct in women is much more
+elusive. This, indeed, is involved at the outset in the organic
+psychological play of male and female, manifesting itself in the phenomena
+of modesty and courting. The same elusiveness, the same mocking mystery,
+meet us throughout when we seek to investigate the manifestations of the
+sexual impulse in women. Nor is it easy to find any full and authentic
+record of a social state clearly founded in sexual matters on the demands
+of woman's nature.
+
+    An illustration of our ignorance and bias in these matters is
+    furnished by the relationship of marriage, celibacy, and divorce
+    to suicide in the two sexes. There can be no doubt that the
+    sexual emotions of women have a profound influence in determining
+    suicide. This is indicated, among other facts, by a comparison of
+    the suicide-rate in the sexes according to age; while in men the
+    frequency of suicide increases progressively throughout life, in
+    women there is an arrest after the age of 30; that is to say,
+    when the period of most intense sexual emotion has been passed.
+    This phenomenon is witnessed among peoples so unlike as the
+    French, the Prussians, and the Italians. Now, how do marriage and
+    divorce affect the sexual liability to suicide? We are always
+    accustomed to say that marriage protects women, and it is even
+    asserted that men have self-sacrificingly maintained the
+    institution of marriage mainly for the benefit of women.
+    Professor Durkheim, however, who has studied suicide elaborately
+    from the sociological standpoint, so far as possible eliminating
+    fallacies, has in recent years thrown considerable doubt on the
+    current assumption. He shows that if we take the tendency to
+    suicide as a test, and eliminate the influence of children, who
+    are an undoubted protection to women, it is not women, but men,
+    who are protected by marriage, and that the protection of women
+    from suicide increases regularly as divorces increase. After
+    discussing these points exhaustively, "we reach a conclusion," he
+    states, "considerably removed from the current view of marriage
+    and the part it plays. It is regarded as having been instituted
+    for the sake of the wife and to protect her weakness against
+    masculine caprices. Monogamy, especially, is very often presented
+    as a sacrifice of man's polygamous instincts, made in order to
+    ameliorate the condition of woman in marriage. In reality,
+    whatever may have been the historical causes which determined
+    this restriction, it is man who has profited most. The liberty
+    which he has thus renounced could only have been a source of
+    torment to him. Woman had not the same reasons for abandoning
+    freedom, and from this point of view we may say that in
+    submitting to the same rule it is she who has made the
+    sacrifice." (E. Durkheim, _Le Suicide_, 1897, pp. 186-214,
+    289-311.)
+
+    There is possibly some significance in the varying incidence of
+    insanity in unmarried men and unmarried women as compared with
+    the married. At Erlangen, for example, Hagen found that among
+    insane women the preponderance of the single over the married is
+    not nearly so great as among insane men, marriage appearing to
+    exert a much more marked prophylactic influence in the case of
+    men than of women. (F.W. Hagen, _Statistische Untersuchungen über
+    Geisteskrankheiten_, 1876, p. 153.) The phenomena are here,
+    however, highly complex, and, as Hagen himself points out, the
+    prophylactic influence of marriage, while very probable, is not
+    the only or even the chief factor at work.
+
+    It is worth noting that exactly the same sexual difference may be
+    traced in England. It appears that, in ratio to similar groups in
+    the general population (taking the years 1876-1900, inclusive),
+    the number of admissions to asylums is the same for both sexes
+    among married people (i.e., 8.5), but for the single it is larger
+    among the men (4.8 to 4.5), as also it is among the widowed (17.9
+    to 13.9) (_Fifty-sixth Annual Report of the Commissioners in
+    Lunacy, England and Wales_, 1902, p. 141). This would seem to
+    indicate that when living apart from men the tendency to insanity
+    is less in women, but is raised to the male level when the sexes
+    live together in marriage.
+
+    Much the same seems to hold true of criminality. It was long
+    since noted by Horsley that in England marriage decidedly
+    increases the tendency to crime in women, though it decidedly
+    decreases it in men. Prinzing has shown (_Zeitschrift für
+    Sozialwissenschaft_, Bd. ii, 1899) that this is also the case in
+    Germany.
+
+    Similarly marriage decreases the tendency of men to become
+    habitual drunkards and increases that of women. Notwithstanding
+    the fact that the average age of the men is greater than that of
+    the women, the majority of the men admitted to the inebriate
+    reformatories under the English Inebriates Acts are single; the
+    majority of the women are married; of 865 women so admitted 32
+    per cent, were single, 50 per cent, married, and 18 per cent,
+    widows. (_British Medical Journal_, Sept. 2, 1911, p. 518.)
+
+It thus happens that even the elementary characters of the sexual impulse
+in women still arouse, even among the most competent physiological and
+medical authorities,--not least so when they are themselves women,--the
+most divergent opinions. Its very existence even may be said to be
+questioned. It would generally be agreed that among men the strength of
+the sexual impulse varies within a considerable range, but that it is very
+rarely altogether absent, such total absence being abnormal and probably
+more or less pathological. But if applied to women, this statement is by
+no means always accepted. By many, sexual anesthesia is considered natural
+in women, some even declaring that any other opinion would be degrading to
+women; even by those who do not hold this opinion it is believed that
+there is an unnatural prevalence of sexual frigidity among civilized
+women. On these grounds it is desirable to deal generally with this and
+other elementary questions of allied character.
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+The Primitive View of Women--As a Supernatural Element in Life--As
+Peculiarly Embodying the Sexual Instinct--The Modern Tendency to
+Underestimate the Sexual Impulse in Women--This Tendency Confined to
+Recent Times--Sexual Anæsthesia--Its Prevalence--Difficulties in
+Investigating the Subject--Some Attempts to Investigate it--Sexual
+Anesthesia must be Regarded as Abnormal--The Tendency to Spontaneous
+Manifestations of the Sexual Impulse in Young Girls at Puberty.
+
+
+From very early times it seems possible to trace two streams of opinion
+regarding women: on the one hand, a tendency to regard women as a
+supernatural element in life, more or less superior to men, and, on the
+other hand, a tendency to regard women as especially embodying the sexual
+instinct and as peculiarly prone to exhibit its manifestations.
+
+In the most primitive societies, indeed, the two views seem to be to some
+extent amalgamated; or, it should rather be said, they have not yet been
+differentiated; and, as in such societies it is usual to venerate the
+generative principle of nature and its embodiments in the human body and
+in human functions, such a co-ordination of ideas is entirely rational.
+But with the development of culture the tendency is for this homogeneous
+conception to be split up into two inharmonious tendencies. Even apart
+from Christianity and before its advent this may be noted. It was,
+however, to Christianity and the Christian ascetic spirit that we owe the
+complete differentiation and extreme development which these opposing
+views have reached. The condemnation of sexuality involved the
+glorification of the virgin; and indifference, even contempt, was felt for
+the woman who exercised sexual functions. It remained open to anyone,
+according to his own temperament, to identify the typical average woman
+with the one or with the other type; all the fund of latent sexual emotion
+which no ascetic rule can crush out of the human heart assured the
+picturesque idealization alike of the angelic and the diabolic types of
+woman. We may trace the same influence subtly lurking even in the most
+would-be scientific statements of anthropologists and physicians
+today.[156]
+
+    It may not be out of place to recall at this point, once more,
+    the fact, fairly obvious indeed, that the judgments of men
+    concerning women are very rarely matters of cold scientific
+    observation, but are colored both by their own sexual emotions
+    and by their own moral attitude toward the sexual impulse. The
+    ascetic who is unsuccessfully warring with his own carnal
+    impulses may (like the voluptuary) see nothing in women but
+    incarnations of sexual impulse; the ascetic who has subdued his
+    own carnal impulses may see no elements of sex in women at all.
+    Thus the opinions regarding this matter are not only tinged by
+    elements of primitive culture, but by elements of individual
+    disposition. Statements about the sexual impulses of women often
+    tell us less about women than about the persons who make them.
+
+    The curious manner in which for men women become incarnations of
+    the sexual impulse is shown by the tendency of both general and
+    personal names for women to become applicable to prostitutes
+    only. This is the case with the words "garce" and "fille" in
+    French, "Mädchen" and "Dirne" in German, as well as with the
+    French "catin" (Catherine) and the German "Metze" (Mathilde).
+    (See, e.g., R. Kleinpaul, _Die Räthsel der Sprache_, 1890, pp.
+    197-198.)
+
+    At the same time, though we have to recognize the presence of
+    elements which color and distort in various ways the judgments of
+    men regarding women, it must not be hastily assumed that these
+    elements render discussion of the question altogether
+    unprofitable. In most cases such prejudices lead chiefly to a
+    one-sided solution of facts, against which we can guard.
+
+While, however, these two opposing currents of opinion are of very ancient
+origin, it is only within quite recent times, and only in two or three
+countries, that they have led to any marked difference of opinion
+regarding the sexual aptitude of women. In ancient times men blamed women
+for concupiscence or praised them for chastity, but it seems to have been
+reserved for the nineteenth century to state that women are apt to be
+congenitally incapable of experiencing complete sexual satisfaction, and
+peculiarly liable to sexual anesthesia. This idea appears to have been
+almost unknown to the eighteenth century. During the last century,
+however, and more especially in England, Germany, and Italy, this opinion
+has been frequently set down, sometimes even as a matter of course, with a
+tincture of contempt or pity for any woman afflicted with sexual emotions.
+
+    In the treatise _On Generation_ (chapter v), which until recent
+    times was commonly ascribed to Hippocrates, it is stated that men
+    have greater pleasure in coitus than women, though the pleasure
+    of women lasts longer, and this opinion, though not usually
+    accepted, was treated with great respect by medical authors down
+    to the end of the seventeenth century. Thus A. Laurentius (Du
+    Laurens), after a long discussion, decides that men have stronger
+    sexual desire and greater pleasure in coitus than women.
+    (_Historia Anatomica Humani Corporis_, 1599, lib. viii, quest, ii
+    and vii.)
+
+    About half a century ago a book entitled _Functions and Disorders
+    of the Reproductive Organs_, by W. Acton, a surgeon, passed
+    through many editions and was popularly regarded as a standard
+    authority on the subjects with which it deals. This extraordinary
+    book is almost solely concerned with men; the author evidently
+    regards the function of reproduction as almost exclusively
+    appertaining to men. Women, if "well brought up," are, and should
+    be, he states, in England, absolutely ignorant of all matters
+    concerning it. "I should say," this author again remarks, "that
+    the majority of women (happily for society) are not very much
+    troubled with sexual feeling of any kind." The supposition that
+    women do possess sexual feelings he considers "a vile aspersion."
+
+    In the article "Generation," contained in another medical work
+    belonging to the middle of the nineteenth century,--Rees's
+    _Cyclopedia_,--we find the following statement: "That a mucous
+    fluid is sometimes found in coition from the internal organs and
+    vagina is undoubted; but this only happens in lascivious women,
+    or such as live luxuriously."
+
+    Gall had stated decisively that the sexual desires of men are
+    stronger and more imperious than those of women. (_Fonctions du
+    Cerveau_, 1825, vol. iii, pp. 241-271.)
+
+    Raciborski declared that three-fourths of women merely endure the
+    approaches of men. (_De la Puberté chez la Femme_, 1844, p. 486.)
+
+    "When the question is carefully inquired into and without
+    prejudice," said Lawson Tait, "it is found that women have their
+    sexual appetites far less developed than men." (Lawson Tait,
+    "Remote Effects of Removal of the Uterine Appendages,"
+    _Provincial Medical Journal_, May, 1891.) "The sexual instinct is
+    very powerful in man and comparatively weak in women," he stated
+    elsewhere (_Diseases of Women_, 1889, p. 60).
+
+    Hammond stated that, leaving prostitutes out of consideration, it
+    is doubtful if in one-tenth of the instances of intercourse they
+    [women] experience the slightest pleasurable sensation from first
+    to last (Hammond, _Sexual Impotence_, p. 300), and he considered
+    (p. 281) that this condition was sometimes congenital.
+
+    Lombroso and Ferrero consider that sexual sensibility, as well as
+    all other forms of sensibility, is less pronounced in women, and
+    they bring forward various facts and opinions which seem to them
+    to point in the same direction. "Woman is naturally and
+    organically frigid." At the same time they consider that, while
+    erethism is less, sexuality is greater than in men. (Lombroso and
+    Ferrero, _La Donna Delinquente, la Prostituta, e la Donna
+    Normale_, 1893, pp. 54-58.)
+
+    "It is an altogether false idea," Fehling declared, in his
+    rectorial address at the University of Basel in 1891, "that a
+    young woman has just as strong an impulse to the opposite sex as
+    a young man.... The appearance of the sexual side in the love of
+    a young girl is pathological." (H. Fehling, _Die Bestimmung der
+    Frau_, 1892, p. 18.) In his _Lehrbuch der Frauenkrankheiten_ the
+    same gynecological authority states his belief that half of all
+    women are not sexually excitable.
+
+    Krafft-Ebing was of opinion that women require less sexual
+    satisfaction than men, being less sensual. (Krafft-Ebing, "Ueber
+    Neurosen und Psychosen durch sexuelle Abstinenz," _Jahrbücher für
+    Psychiatrie_, 1888, Bd. viii, ht. I and 2.)
+
+    "In the normal woman, especially of the higher social classes,"
+    states Windscheid, "the sexual instinct is acquired, not inborn;
+    when it is inborn, or awakes by itself, there is abnormality.
+    Since women do not know this instinct before marriage, they do
+    not miss it when they have no occasion in life to learn it." (F.
+    Windscheid, "Die Beziehungen zwischen Gynäkologie und
+    Neurologie," _Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie_, 1896, No. 22; quoted
+    by. Moll, _Libido Sexualis_, Bd. i, p. 271.)
+
+    "The sensuality of men," Moll states, "is in my opinion very much
+    greater than that of women." (A. Moll, _Die Konträre
+    Sexualempfindung_, third edition, 1899, p. 592.)
+
+    "Women are, in general, less sensual than men," remarks Näcke,
+    "notwithstanding the alleged greater nervous supply of their
+    sexual organs." (P. Näcke, "Kritisches zum Kapitel der
+    Sexualität," _Archiv für Psychiatrie_, 1899, p. 341.)
+
+    Löwenfeld states that in normal young girls the specifically
+    sexual feelings are absolutely unknown; so that desire cannot
+    exist in them. Putting aside the not inconsiderable proportion of
+    women in whom this absence of desire may persist and be
+    permanent, even after sexual relationships have begun, thus
+    constituting absolute frigidity, in a still larger number desire
+    remains extremely moderate, constituting a state of relative
+    frigidity. He adds that he cannot unconditionally support the
+    view of Fürbringer, who is inclined to ascribe sexual coldness to
+    the majority of German married women. (L. Löwenfeld, _Sexualleben
+    und Nervenleiden_, 1899, second edition, p. 11.)
+
+    Adler, who discusses the question at some length, decides that
+    the sexual needs of women are less than those of men, though in
+    some cases the orgasm in quantity and quality greatly exceeds
+    that of men. He believes, not only that the sexual impulse in
+    women is absolutely less than in men, and requires stronger
+    stimulation to arouse it, but that also it suffers from a latency
+    due to inhibition, which acts like a foreign body in the brain
+    (analogous to the psychic trauma of Breuer and Freud in
+    hysteria), and demands great skill in the man who is to awaken
+    the woman to love. (O. Adler, _Die Mangelhafte
+    Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes_, 1904, pp. 47, 126 et seq.;
+    also enlarged second edition, 1911; id., "Die Frigide Frau,"
+    _Sexual-Probleme_, Jan., 1912.)
+
+It must not, however, be supposed that this view of the natural tendency
+of women to frigidity has everywhere found acceptance. It is not only an
+opinion of very recent growth, but is confined, on the whole, to a few
+countries.
+
+    "Turn to history," wrote Brierre de Boismont, "and on every page
+    you will be able to recognize the predominance of erotic ideas in
+    women." It is the same today, he adds, and he attributes it to
+    the fact that men are more easily able to gratify their sexual
+    impulses. (_Des Hallucinations_, 1862, p. 431.)
+
+    The laws of Manu attribute to women concupiscence and anger, the
+    love of bed and of adornment.
+
+    The Jews attributed to women greater sexual desire than to men.
+    This is illustrated, according to Knobel (as quoted by Dillmann),
+    by _Genesis_, chapter iii, v. 16.
+
+    In Greek antiquity the romance and sentiment of love were mainly
+    felt toward persons of the same sex, and were divorced from the
+    more purely sexual feelings felt for persons of opposite sex.
+    Theognis compared marriage to cattle-breeding. In love between
+    men and women the latter were nearly always regarded as taking
+    the more active part. In all Greek love-stories of early date the
+    woman falls in love with the man, and never the reverse. Æschylus
+    makes even a father assume that his daughters will misbehave if
+    left to themselves. Euripides emphasized the importance of women;
+    "The Euripidean woman who 'falls in love' thinks first of all:
+    'How can I seduce the man I love?"' (E.F.M. Benecke, _Antimachus
+    of Colophon and the Position of Women in Greek Poetry_, 1896, pp.
+    34, 54.)
+
+    The most famous passage in Latin literature as to the question of
+    whether men or women obtain greater pleasure from sexual
+    intercourse is that in which Ovid narrates the legend of Tiresias
+    (_Metamorphoses_, iii, 317-333). Tiresias, having been both a man
+    and a woman, decided in favor of women. This passage was
+    frequently quoted down to the eighteenth century.
+
+    In a passage quoted from a lost work of Galen by the Arabian
+    biographer, Abu-l-Faraj, that great physician says of the
+    Christians "that they practice celibacy, that even many of their
+    women do so." So that in Galen's opinion it was more difficult
+    for a woman than for a man to be continent.
+
+    The same view is widely prevalent among Arabic authors, and there
+    is an Arabic saying that "The longing of the woman for the penis
+    is greater than that of the man for the vulva."
+
+    In China, remarks Dr. Coltman, "when an old gentleman of my
+    acquaintance was visiting me my little daughter, 5 years old, ran
+    into the room, and, climbing upon my knee, kissed me. My visitor
+    expressed his surprise, and remarked: 'We never kiss our
+    daughters when they are so large; we may when they are very
+    small, but not after they are 3 years old,' said he, 'because it
+    is apt to excite in them bad emotions.'" (Coltman, _The Chinese_,
+    1900, p. 99.)
+
+    The early Christian Fathers clearly show that they regard women
+    as more inclined to sexual enjoyment than men. That was, for
+    instance, the opinion of Tertullian (_De Virginibus Velandis_,
+    chapter x), and it is clearly implied in some of St. Jerome's
+    epistles.
+
+    Notwithstanding the influence of Christianity, among the vigorous
+    barbarian races of medieval Europe, the existence of sexual
+    appetite in women was not considered to be, as it later became, a
+    matter to be concealed or denied. Thus in 1068 the ecclesiastical
+    historian, Ordericus Vitalis (himself half Norman and half
+    English), narrates that the wives of the Norman knights who had
+    accompanied William the Conqueror to England two years earlier
+    sent over to their husbands to say that they were consumed by the
+    fierce names of desire ("sæva libidinis face urebantur"), and
+    that if their husbands failed to return very shortly they
+    proposed to take other husbands. It is added that this threat
+    brought a few husbands back to their wanton ladies ("lascivis
+    dominabus suis").
+
+    During the medieval period in Europe, largely in consequence, no
+    doubt, of the predominance of ascetic ideals set up by men who
+    naturally regarded woman as the symbol of sex, the doctrine of
+    the incontinence of woman became firmly fixed, and it is
+    unnecessary and unprofitable to quote examples. It is sufficient
+    to mention the very comprehensive statement of Jean de Meung (in
+    the _Roman de la Rose_, 9903):--
+
+        "Toutes estes, serés, ou fûtes
+        De fait ou de volunté putes."
+
+    The satirical Jean de Meung was, however, a somewhat extreme and
+    untypical representative of his age, and the fourteenth century
+    Johannes de Sancto Amando (Jean de St. Amand) gives a somewhat
+    more scientifically based opinion (quoted by Pagel, _Neue
+    litterarische Beiträge zur Mittelalterlichen Medicin_, 1896, p.
+    30) that sexual desire is stronger in women than in men.
+
+    Humanism and the spread of the Renaissance movement brought in a
+    spirit more sympathetic to women. Soon after, especially in Italy
+    and France, we begin to find attempts at analyzing the sexual
+    emotions, which are not always without a certain subtlety. In the
+    seventeenth century a book of this kind was written by Venette.
+    In matters of love, Venette declared, "men are but children
+    compared to women. In these matters women have a more lively
+    imagination, and they usually have more leisure to think of love.
+    Women are much more lascivious and amorous than men." This is the
+    conclusion reached in a chapter devoted to the question whether
+    men or women are the more amorous. In a subsequent chapter,
+    dealing with the question whether men or women receive more
+    pleasure from the sexual embrace, Venette concludes, after
+    admitting the great difficulty of the question, that man's
+    pleasure is greater, but woman's lasts longer. (N. Venette, _De
+    la Génération de l'Homme ou Tableau de l'Amour Conjugal_,
+    Amsterdam, 1688.)
+
+    At a much earlier date, however, Montaigne had discussed this
+    matter with his usual wisdom, and, while pointing out that men
+    have imposed their own rule of life on women and their own
+    ideals, and have demanded from them opposite and contradictory
+    virtues,--a statement not yet antiquated,--he argues that women
+    are incomparably more apt and more ardent in love than men are,
+    and that in this matter they always know far more than men can
+    teach them, for "it is a discipline that is born in their veins."
+    (Montaigne, _Essais_, book iii, chapter v.)
+
+    The old physiologists generally mentioned the appearance of
+    sexual desire in girls as one of the normal signs of puberty.
+    This may be seen in the numerous quotations brought together by
+    Schurig, in his _Parthenologia_, cap. ii.
+
+    A long succession of distinguished physicians throughout the
+    seventeenth century discussed at more or less length the relative
+    amount of sexual desire in men and women, and the relative degree
+    of their pleasure in coitus. It is remarkable that, although they
+    usually attach great weight to the supposed opinion of
+    Hippocrates in the opposite sense, most of them decide that both
+    desire and pleasure are greater in women.
+
+    Plazzonus decides that women have more sources of pleasure in
+    coitus than men because of the larger extent of surface excited;
+    and if it were not so, he adds, women would not be induced to
+    incur the pains and risks of pregnancy and childbirth.
+    (Plazzonus, _De Partibus Generationi Inservientibus_, 1621, lib.
+    ii, cap. xiii.)
+
+    "Without doubt," says Ferrand, "woman is more passionate than
+    man, and more often torn by the evils of love." (Ferrand, _De la
+    Maladie d'Amour_, 1623, chapter ii.)
+
+    Zacchia, mainly on _a priori_ grounds, concludes that women have
+    more pleasure in coitus than men. (Zacchia, _Quæstiones
+    Medico-legales_, 1630, lib. iii, quest, vii.)
+
+    Sinibaldus, discussing whether men or women have more salacity,
+    decides in favor of women. (J.B. Sinibaldus, _Geneanthropeia_,
+    1642, lib. ii, tract. ii, cap. v.)
+
+    Hornius believed that women have greater sexual pleasure than
+    men, though he mainly supported his opinion by the authority of
+    classical poets. (Hornius, _Historic Naturalis_, 1670, lib. iii,
+    cap. i.)
+
+    Nenter describes what we may now call women's affectability, and
+    considers that it makes them more prone than men to the sexual
+    emotions, as is shown by the fact that, notwithstanding their
+    modesty, they sometimes make sexual advances. This greater
+    proneness of women to the sexual impulse is, he remarks, entirely
+    natural and right, for the work of generation is mainly carried
+    on by women, and love is its basis: "generationis fundamentum est
+    amor." (G.P. Nenter, _Theoria Hominis Sani_, 1714, cap. v, memb.
+    ii.)
+
+    The above opinions of seventeenth-century physicians are quoted
+    from the original sources. Schurig, in his _Gynæcologia_, (pp.
+    46-50 and 71-81), quotes a number of passages on this subject
+    from medical authorities of the same period, on which I have not
+    drawn.
+
+    Sénancour, in his fine and suggestive book on love, first
+    published in 1806, asks: "Has sexual pleasure the same power on
+    the sex which less loudly demands it? It has more, at all events
+    in some respects. The very vigor and laboriousness of men may
+    lead them to neglect love, but the constant cares of maternity
+    make women feel how important it must ever be to them. We must
+    remember also that in men the special emotions of love only have
+    a single focus, while in women the organs of lactation are united
+    to those of conception. Our feelings are all determined by these
+    material causes." (Sénancour, _De l'Amour_, fourth edition, 1834,
+    vol. i, p. 68.) A later psychologist of love, this time a woman,
+    Ellen Key, states that woman's erotic demands, though more
+    silent than man's, are stronger. (Ellen Key, _Ueber Liebe und
+    Ehe_, p. 138.)
+
+    Michael Ryan considered that sexual enjoyment "is more delicious
+    and protracted" in women, and ascribed this to a more sensitive
+    nervous system, a finer and more delicate skin, more acute
+    feelings, and the fact that in women the mammæ are the seat of a
+    vivid sensibility in sympathy with the uterus. (M. Ryan,
+    _Philosophy of Marriage_, 1837, p. 153.)
+
+    Busch was inclined to think women have greater sexual pleasure
+    than men. (D.W.H. Busch, _Das Geschlechtsleben des Weibes_, 1839,
+    vol. i, p. 69.) Kobelt held that the anatomical conformation of
+    the sexual organs in women led to the conclusion that this must
+    be the case.
+
+    Guttceit, speaking of his thirty years' medical experience in
+    Russia, says: "In Russia at all events, a girl, as very many have
+    acknowledged to me, cannot resist the ever stronger impulses of
+    sex beyond the twenty-second or twenty-third year. And if she
+    cannot do so in natural ways she adopts artificial ways. The
+    belief that the feminine sex feels the stimulus of sex less than
+    the male is quite false." (Guttceit, _Dreissig Jahre Praxis_,
+    1873, theil i, p. 313.)
+
+    In Scandinavia, according to Vedeler, the sexual emotions are at
+    least as strong in women as in men (Vedeler, "De Impotentia
+    Feminarum," _Norsk Magazin for Laegevidenskaben_, March, 1894).
+    In Sweden, Dr. Eklund, of Stockholm, remarking that from 25 to 33
+    per cent. of the births are illegitimate, adds: "We hardly ever
+    hear anyone talk of a woman having been seduced, simply because
+    the lust is at the worst in the woman, who, as a rule, is the
+    seducing party." (Eklund, _Transactions of the American
+    Association of Obstetricians_, Philadelphia, 1892, p. 307.)
+
+    On the opposite side of the Baltic, in the Königsberg district,
+    the same observation has been made. Intercourse before marriage
+    is the rule in most villages of this agricultural district, among
+    the working classes, with or without intention of subsequent
+    marriage; "the girls are often the seducing parties, or at least
+    very willing; they seek to bind their lovers to them and compel
+    them to marriage." In the Köslin district of Pomerania, where
+    intercourse between the girls and youths is common, the girls
+    come to the youths' rooms even more frequently than the youths to
+    the girls'. In some of the Dantzig districts the girls give
+    themselves to the youths, and even seduce them, sometimes, but
+    not always, with a view of marriage. (Wittenberg, _Die
+    geschlechtsittlichen Verhalten der Landbewohner im Deutschen
+    Reiche_, 1895, Bd. i, pp. 47, 61, 83.)
+
+    Mantegazza devoted great attention to this point in several of
+    the works he published during fifty years, and was decidedly of
+    the opinion that the sexual emotions are much stronger in women
+    than in men, and that women have much more enjoyment in sexual
+    intercourse. In his _Fisiologia del Piacere_ he supports this
+    view, and refers to the greater complexity of the genital
+    apparatus in women (as well as its larger surface and more
+    protected position), to what he considers to be the keener
+    sensibility of women generally, to the passivity of women, etc.;
+    and he considers that sexual pleasure is rendered more seductive
+    to women by the mystery in which it is veiled for them by modesty
+    and our social habits. In a more recent work (_Fisiologia della
+    Donna_, cap. viii) Mantegazza returns to this subject, and
+    remarks that long experience, while confirming his early opinion,
+    has modified it to the extent that he now believes that, as
+    compared with men, the sexual emotions of women vary within far
+    wider limits. Among men few are quite insensitive to the physical
+    pleasures of love, while, on the other hand, few are thrown by
+    the violence of its emotional manifestations into a state of
+    syncope or convulsions. Among women, while some are absolutely
+    insensitive, others (as in cases with which he was acquainted)
+    are so violently excited by the paradise of physical love that,
+    after the sexual embrace, they faint or fall into a cataleptic
+    condition for several hours.
+
+    "Physical sex is a larger factor in the life of the woman.... If
+    this be true of the physical element, it is equally true of the
+    mental element." (Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, _The Human Element in
+    Sex_, fifth edition, 1894, p. 47.)
+
+    "In the female sex," remarks Clouston, "reproduction is a more
+    dominant function of the organism than in the male, and has far
+    larger, if not more intense, relationships to feeling, judgment,
+    and volition." (Clouston, _Neuroses of Development_, 1891.)
+
+    "It may be said," Marro states, "that in woman the visceral
+    system reacts, if not with greater intensity, certainly in a more
+    general manner, to all the impressions, having a sexual basis,
+    which dominate the life of woman, if not as sexual emotions
+    properly so called, as related emotions closely dependent on the
+    reproductive instinct." (A. Marro, _La Pubertà_, 1898, p. 233.)
+
+    Forel also believed (_Die Sexuelle Frage_, p. 274) that women are
+    more erotic than men.
+
+    The gynecologist Kisch states his belief that "The sexual impulse
+    is so powerful in women that at certain periods of life its
+    primitive force dominates her whole nature, and there can be no
+    room left for reason to argue concerning reproduction; on the
+    contrary, union is desired even in the presence of the fear of
+    reproduction or when there can be no question of it." He regards
+    absence of sexual feeling in women as pathological. (Kisch,
+    _Sterilität des Weibes_, second edition, pp. 205-206.) In his
+    later work (_The Sexual Life of Woman_) Kisch again asserts that
+    sexual impulse always exists in mature women (in the absence of
+    organic sexual defect and cerebral disease), though it varies in
+    strength and may be repressed. In adolescent girls, however, it
+    is weaker than in youths of the same age. After she has had
+    sexual experiences, Kisch maintains, a woman's sexual emotions
+    are just as powerful as a man's, though she has more motives than
+    a man for controlling them.
+
+    Eulenburg is of the same opinion as Kisch, and sharply criticises
+    the loose assertion of some authorities who have expressed
+    themselves in an opposite sense. (A. Eulenburg, _Sexuale
+    Neuropathie_, pp. 88-90; the same author has dealt with the point
+    in the _Zukunft_, December 2, 1893.)
+
+    Kossmann states that the opinion as to the widespread existence
+    of frigidity among women is a fable. (Kossmann, _Allgemeine
+    Gynæcologie_, 1903, p. 362.)
+
+    Bloch concludes that "in most cases the sexual coldness of women
+    is in fact only apparent, either due to the concealment of
+    glowing sexuality beneath the veil of outward reticence
+    prescribed by conventional morality, or else to the husband who
+    has not succeeded in arousing erotic sensations which are
+    complicated and with difficulty awakened.... The sexual
+    sensibility of women is certainly different from that of men, but
+    in strength it is at least as great." (Iwan Bloch, _Das
+    Sexualleben unserer Zeit_ 1907, ch. v.)
+
+    Nyström, also, after devoting a chapter to the discussion of the
+    causes of sexual coldness in women, concludes: "My conviction,
+    founded on experience, is, that only a small number of women
+    would be without sexual feeling if sound views and teaching
+    prevailed in respect to the sexual life, if due weight were given
+    to inner devotion and tender caresses as the preliminaries of
+    love in marriage, and if couples who wish to avoid pregnancy
+    would adopt sensible preventive methods instead of _coitus
+    interruptus_." (A. Nyström, _Das Geschlichtsleben und seine
+    Gesetze_, eighth edition, 1907, p. 177.)
+
+We thus find two opinions widely current: one, of world-wide existence and
+almost universally accepted in those ages and centers in which life is
+lived most nakedly, according to which the sexual impulse is stronger in
+women than in men; another, now widely prevalent in many countries,
+according to which the sexual instinct is distinctly weaker in women, if,
+indeed, it may not be regarded as normally absent altogether. A third view
+is possible: it may be held that there is no difference at all. This
+view, formerly not very widely held, is that of the French physiologist,
+Beaunis, as it is of Winckel; while Rohleder, who formerly held that
+sexual feeling tends to be defective in women, now believes that men and
+women are equal in sexual impulse.
+
+    At an earlier period, however, Donatus (_De Medica Historia
+    Mirabili_, 1613, lib. iv, cap. xvii) held the same view, and
+    remarked that sometimes men and sometimes women are the more
+    salacious, varying with the individual. Roubaud (_De
+    l'Impuissance_, 1855, p. 38) stated that the question is so
+    difficult as to be insoluble.
+
+In dealing with the characteristics of the sexual impulse in women, it
+will be seen, we have to consider the prevalence in them of what is
+commonly termed (in its slightest forms) frigidity or hyphedonia, and (in
+more complete form) sexual anesthesia or anaphrodism, or erotic blindness,
+or anhedonia.[157]
+
+    Many modern writers have referred to the prevalence of frigidity
+    among women. Shufeldt believes (_Pacific Medical Journal_, Nov.,
+    1907) that 75 per cent, of married women in New York are
+    afflicted with sexual frigidity, and that it is on the increase;
+    it is rare, however, he adds, among Jewish women. Hegar gives 50
+    per cent, as the proportion of sexually anesthetic women;
+    Fürbringer says the majority of women are so. Effertz (quoted by
+    Löwenfeld, _Sexualleben und Nervenleiden_, p. 11, apparently with
+    approval) regards 10 per cent, among women generally as sexually
+    anesthetic, but only 1 per cent, men. Moll states (Eulenburg's
+    _Encyclopädie_, fourth edition, art. "Geschlechtstrieb") that the
+    prevalence of sexual anesthesia among German women varies,
+    according to different authorities, from 10 to 66 per cent.
+    Elsewhere Moll (_Konträre Sexualempfindung_, third edition, 1890,
+    p. 510) emphasizes the statement that "sexual anesthesia in women
+    is much more frequent than is generally supposed." He explains
+    that he is referring to the physical element of pleasure and
+    satisfaction in intercourse, and of desire for intercourse. He
+    adds that the psychic side of love is often more conspicuous in
+    women than in men. He cannot agree with Sollier that this kind of
+    sexual frigidity is a symptom of hysteria. Féré (_L'Instinct
+    Sexuel_, second edition, p. 112), in referring to the greater
+    frequency of sexual anesthesia in women, remarks that it is often
+    associated with neuropathic states, as well as with anomalies of
+    the genital organs, or general troubles of nutrition, and is
+    usually acquired. Some authors attribute great importance to
+    amenorrhea in this connection; one investigator has found that in
+    4 out of 14 cases of absolute amenorrhea sexual feeling was
+    absent. Löwenfeld, again (_Sexualleben und Nervenleiden_),
+    referring to the common misconception that nervous disorder is
+    associated with increased sexual desire, points out that
+    nervously degenerate women far more often display frigidity than
+    increased sexual desire. Elsewhere (_Ueber die Sexuelle
+    Konstitution_) Löwenfeld says it is only among the upper classes
+    that sexual anesthesia is common. Campbell Clark, also, showed
+    some years ago that, in young women with a tendency to chlorosis
+    and a predisposition to insanity, defects of pelvic and mammary
+    development are very prevalent. (_Journal of Mental Science_,
+    October, 1888.)
+
+    As regards the older medical authors, Schurig (_Spermatologia_,
+    1720, p. 243, and _Gynæcologia_, 1730, p. 81) brought together
+    from the literature and from his own knowledge cases of women who
+    felt no pleasure in coitus, as well as of some men who had
+    erections without pleasure.
+
+There is, however, much uncertainty as to what precisely is meant by
+sexual frigidity or anesthesia. All the old medical authors carefully
+distinguish between the heat of sexual desire and the actual presence of
+pleasure in coitus; many modern writers also properly separate _libido_
+from _voluptas_, since it is quite possible to experience sexual desires
+and not to be able to obtain their gratification during sexual
+intercourse, and it is possible to hold, with Mantegazza, that women
+naturally have stronger sexual impulses than men, but are more liable than
+men to experience sexual anesthesia. But it is very much more difficult
+than most people seem to suppose, to obtain quite precise and definite
+data concerning the absence of either _voluptas_ or _libido_ in a woman.
+Even if we accept the statement of the woman who asserts that she has
+either or both, the statement of their absence is by no means equally
+conclusive and final. As even Adler--who discusses this question fully and
+has very pronounced opinions about it--admits, there are women who stoutly
+deny the existence of any sexual feelings until such feelings are
+actually discovered.[158] Some of the most marked characteristics of the
+sexual impulse in women, moreover,--its association with modesty, its
+comparatively late development, its seeming passivity, its need of
+stimulation,--all combine to render difficult the final pronouncement that
+a woman is sexually frigid. Most significant of all in this connection is
+the complexity of the sexual apparatus in women and the corresponding
+psychic difficulty--based on the fundamental principle of sexual
+selection--of finding a fitting mate. The fact that a woman is cold with
+one man or even with a succession of men by no means shows that she is not
+apt to experience sexual emotions; it merely shows that these men have not
+been able to arouse them. "I recall two very striking cases," a
+distinguished gynecologist, the late Dr. Engelmann, of Boston, wrote to
+me, "of very attractive young married women--one having had a child, the
+other a miscarriage--who were both absolutely cold to their husbands, as
+told me by both husband and wife. They could not understand desire or
+passion, and would not even believe that it existed. Yet, both these women
+with other men developed ardent passion, all the stronger perhaps because
+it had been so long latent." In such cases it is scarcely necessary to
+invoke Adler's theory of a morbid inhibition, or "foreign body in
+consciousness," which has to be overcome. We are simply in the presence of
+the natural fact that the female throughout nature not only requires much
+loving, but is usually fastidious in the choice of a lover. In the human
+species this natural fact is often disguised and perverted. Women are not
+always free to choose the man whom they would prefer as a lover, nor even
+free to find out whether the man they prefer sexually fits them; they are,
+moreover, very often extremely ignorant of the whole question of sex, and
+the victims of the prejudice and false conventions they have been taught.
+On the one hand, they are driven into an unnatural primness and austerity;
+on the other hand, they rebound to an equally unnatural facility or even
+promiscuity. Thus it happens that the men who find that a large number of
+women are not so facile as they themselves are, and as they have found a
+large number of women to be, rush to the conclusion that women tend to be
+"sexually anesthetic." If we wish to be accurate, it is very doubtful
+whether we can assert that a woman is ever absolutely without the aptitude
+for sexual satisfaction.[159] She may unquestionably be without any
+conscious desire for actual coitus. But if we realize to how large an
+extent woman is a sexual organism, and how diffused and even unconscious
+the sexual impulses may be, it becomes very difficult to assert that she
+has never shown any manifestation of the sexual impulse. All we can assert
+with some degree of positiveness in some cases is that she has not
+manifested sexual gratification, more particularly as shown by the
+occurrence of the orgasm, but that is very far indeed from warranting us
+to assert that she never will experience such gratification or still less
+that she is organically incapable of experiencing it.[160] It is therefore
+quite impossible to follow Adler when he asks us to accept the existence
+of a condition which he solemnly terms _anæsthesia sexualis completa
+idiopathica_, in which there is no mechanical difficulty in the way or
+psychic inhibition, but an "absolute" lack of sexual sensibility and a
+complete absence of sexual inclination.[161]
+
+It is instructive to observe that Adler himself knows no "pure" case of
+this condition. To find such a case he has to go back nearly two centuries
+to Madame de Warens, to whom he devotes a whole chapter. He has,
+moreover, had the courage in writing this chapter to rely entirely on
+Rousseau's _Confessions_, which were written nearly half a century later
+than the episodes they narrated, and are therefore full of inaccuracies,
+besides being founded on an imperfect and false knowledge of Madame de
+Warens's earlier life, and written by a man who was, there can be no
+doubt, not able to arouse women's passions. Adler shows himself completely
+ignorant of the historical investigations of De Montet, Mugnier, Ritter,
+and others which, during recent years, have thrown a flood of light on the
+life and character of Madame de Warens, and not even acquainted with the
+highly significant fact that she was hysterical.[162] This is the basis of
+"fact" on which we are asked to accept _anæsthesia sexualis completa
+idiopathica!_[163]
+
+    "In dealing with the alleged absence of the sexual impulse," a
+    well-informed medical correspondent writes from America, "much
+    caution has to be used in accepting statements as to its absence,
+    from the fact that most women fear by the admission to place
+    themselves in an impure category. I am also satisfied that influx
+    of women into universities, etc., is often due to the sexual
+    impulse causing restlessness, and that this factor finds
+    expression in the prurient prudishness so often presenting itself
+    in such women, which interferes with coeducation. This is
+    becoming especially noticeable at the University of Chicago,
+    where prudishness interferes with classical, biological,
+    sociological, and physiological discussion in the classroom.
+    There have been complaints by such women that a given professor
+    has not left out embryological facts not in themselves in any way
+    implying indelicacy. I have even been informed that the opinion
+    is often expressed in college dormitories that embryological
+    facts and discussions should be left out of a course intended for
+    both sexes." Such prudishness, it is scarcely necessary to
+    remark, whether found in women or men, indicates a mind that has
+    become morbidly sensitive to sexual impressions. For the healthy
+    mind embryological and allied facts have no emotionally sexual
+    significance, and there is, therefore, no need to shun them.
+
+    Kolischer, of Chicago ("Sexual Frigidity in Women," _American
+    Journal of Obstetrics_, Sept., 1905), points out that it is often
+    the failure of the husband to produce sexual excitement in the
+    wife which leads to voluntary repression of sexual sensation on
+    her part, or an acquired sexual anesthesia. "Sexual excitement,"
+    he remarks, "not brought to its natural climax, the reaction
+    leaves the woman in a very disagreeable condition, and repeated
+    occurrences of this kind may even lead to general nervous
+    disturbances. Some of these unfortunate women learn to suppress
+    their sexual sensation so as to avoid all these disagreeable
+    sequelæ. Such a state of affairs is not only unfortunate, because
+    it deprives the female partner of her natural rights, but it is
+    also to be deplored because it practically brings down such a
+    married woman to the level of the prostitute."
+
+    In illustration of the prevalence of inhibitions of various
+    kinds, from without and from within, in suppressing or disguising
+    sexual feeling in women, I may quote the following observations
+    by an American lady concerning a series of women of her
+    acquaintance:--
+
+    "Mrs. A. This woman is handsome and healthy. She has never had
+    children, much to the grief of herself and her husband. The man
+    is also handsome and attractive. Mrs. A. once asked me if
+    love-making between me and my husband ever originated with me. I
+    replied it was as often so as not, and she said that in that
+    event she could not see how passion between husband and wife
+    could be regulated. When I seemed not to be ashamed of the
+    matter, but rather to be positive in my views that it should be
+    so, she at once tried to impress me with the fact that she did
+    not wish me to think she 'could not be aroused.' This woman
+    several times hinted that she had learned a great amount that was
+    not edifying at boarding school, and I always felt that, with
+    proper encouragement, she would have retailed suggestive stories.
+
+    "Mrs. B. This woman lives to please her husband, who is a spoiled
+    man. She gave birth to a child soon after marriage, but was left
+    an invalid for some years. She told me coition always hurt her,
+    and she said it made her sick to see her husband nude. I was
+    therefore surprised, years afterward, to hear her say, in reply
+    to a remark of another person, 'Yes; women are not only as
+    passionate as men, I am sure they are more so.' I therefore
+    questioned the lack of passion she had on former occasions
+    avowed, or else felt convinced her improvement in health had made
+    intercourse pleasant.
+
+    "Miss C. A teacher. She is emotional and easily becomes
+    hysterical. Her life has been one of self-sacrifice and her
+    rearing most Puritanical. She told me she thought women did not
+    crave sexual satisfaction unless it had been aroused in them. I
+    consider her one who physically is injured by not having it.
+
+    "Mrs. D. After being married a few years this person told me she
+    thought intercourse 'horrid.' Some years after this, however, she
+    fell in love with a man not her husband, which caused their
+    separation. She always fancied men in love with her, and she told
+    me that she and her husband tried to live without intercourse,
+    fearing more children, but they could not do it; she also told of
+    trying to refrain, for the same purpose, until safe parts of the
+    menstrual month, but that 'was just the time she cared least for
+    it.' These remarks made me doubt the sincerity of the first.
+
+    "Mrs. E. said she enjoyed intercourse as well as her husband, and
+    she 'didn't see why she should not say so.' This same woman,
+    whether using a current phrase or not, afterward said her husband
+    'did not bother her very often.'
+
+    "Mrs. F., the mother of several children, was married to a man
+    she neither loved nor respected, but she said that when a strange
+    man touched her it made her tremble all over.
+
+    "Mrs. G., the mother of many children, divorced on account of the
+    dissipation, drinking and otherwise, of her husband. She is of
+    the creole type, but large and almost repulsive. She is a
+    brilliant talker and she supports herself by writing. She has
+    fallen in love with a number of young men, 'wildly, madly,
+    passionately,' as one of them told me, and I am sure she suffers
+    greatly from the lack of satisfaction. She would no doubt procure
+    it if it were possible.
+
+    "I believe," the writer concludes, "women are as passionate as
+    men, but the enforced restraint of years possibly smothers it.
+    The fear of having children and the methods to prevent conception
+    are, I am sure, potent factors in the injury to the emotions of
+    married women. Perhaps the lack of intercourse acts less
+    disastrously upon a woman because of the renewed feeling which
+    comes after each menstrual period."
+
+    As bearing on the causes which have led to the disguise and
+    misinterpretation of the sexual impulse in women I may quote the
+    following communication from another lady:--
+
+    "I do think the coldness of women has been greatly exaggerated.
+    Men's theoretically ideal woman (though they don't care so much
+    about it in practice) is passionless, and women are afraid to
+    admit that they have any desire for sexual pleasure. Rousseau,
+    who was not very straight-laced, excuses the conduct of Madame de
+    Warens on the ground that it was not the result of passion: an
+    aggravation rather than a palliation of the offense, if society
+    viewed it from the point of view of any other fault. Even in the
+    modern novels written by the 'new woman' the longing for
+    maternity, always an honorable sentiment, is dragged in to veil
+    the so-called 'lower' desire. That some women, at any rate, have
+    very strong passions and that great suffering is entailed by
+    their repression is not, I am sure, sufficiently recognized, even
+    by women themselves.
+
+    "Besides the 'passionless ideal' which checks their sincerity,
+    there are many causes which serve to disguise a woman's feelings
+    to herself and make her seem to herself colder than she really
+    is. Briefly these are:--
+
+    "1. Unrecognized disease of the reproductive organs, especially
+    after the birth of children. A friend of mine lamented to me her
+    inability to feel pleasure, though she had done so before the
+    birth of her child, then 3 years old. With considerable
+    difficulty I persuaded her to see a doctor, who told her all the
+    reproductive organs were seriously congested; so that for three
+    years she had lived in ignorance and regret for her husband's
+    sake and her own.
+
+    "2. The dread of recommencing, once having suffered them, all the
+    pains and discomforts of child-bearing.
+
+    "3. Even when precautions are taken, much bother and anxiety is
+    involved, which has a very dampening effect on excitement.
+
+    "4. The fact that men will never take any trouble to find out
+    what specially excites a woman. A woman, as a rule, is at some
+    pains to find out the little things which particularly affect the
+    man she loves,--it may be a trick of speech, a rose in her hair,
+    or what not,--and she makes use of her knowledge. But do you know
+    one man who will take the same trouble? (It is difficult to
+    specify, as what pleases one person may not another. I find that
+    the things that affect me personally are the following: [_a_]
+    Admiration for a man's mental capacity will translate itself
+    sometimes into direct physical excitement. [_b_] Scents of white
+    flowers, like tuberose or syringa. [_c_] The sight of fireflies.
+    [_d_] The idea or the reality of suspension. [_e_] Occasionally
+    absolute passivity.)
+
+    "5. The fact that many women satisfy their husbands when
+    themselves disinclined. This is like eating jam when one does not
+    fancy it, and has a similar effect. It is a great mistake, in my
+    opinion, to do so, except very rarely. A man, though perhaps
+    cross at the time, prefers, I believe, to gratify himself a few
+    times, when the woman also enjoys it, to many times when she does
+    not.
+
+    "6. The masochistic tendency of women, or their desire for
+    subjection to the man they love. I believe no point in the whole
+    question is more misunderstood than this. Nearly every man
+    imagines that to secure a woman's love and respect he must give
+    her her own way in small things, and compel her obedience in
+    great ones. Every man who desires success with a woman should
+    exactly reverse that theory."
+
+When we are faced by these various and often conflicting statements of
+opinion it seems necessary to obtain, if possible, a definite basis of
+objective fact. It would be fairly obvious in any case, and it becomes
+unquestionable in view of the statements I have brought together, that the
+best-informed and most sagacious clinical observers, when giving an
+opinion on a very difficult and elusive subject which they have not
+studied with any attention and method, are liable to make unguarded
+assertions; sometimes, also, they become the victims of ethical or
+pseudoethical prejudices, so as to be most easily influenced by that class
+of cases which happens to fit in best with their prepossessions.[164] In
+order to reach any conclusions on a reasonable basis it is necessary to
+take a series of unselected individuals and to ascertain carefully the
+condition of the sexual impulse in each.
+
+At present, however, this is extremely difficult to do at all
+satisfactorily, and quite impossible, indeed, to do in a manner likely to
+yield absolutely unimpeachable results. Nevertheless, a few series of
+observations have been made. Thus, Dr. Harry Campbell[165] records the
+result of an investigation, carried on in his hospital practice, of 52
+married women of the poorer class; they were not patients, but ordinary,
+healthy working-class women, and the inquiry was not made directly, but of
+the husbands, who were patients. Sexual instinct was said to be present in
+12 cases before marriage, and absent in 40; in 13 of the 40 it never
+appeared at all; so that it altogether appeared in 39, or in the ratio of
+something over 75 per cent. Among the 12 in whom it existed before
+marriage it was said to have appeared in most with puberty; in 3, however,
+a few years before puberty, and in 2 a few years later. In 2 of those in
+whom it appeared before puberty, menstruation began late; in the third it
+rose almost to nymphomania on the day preceding the first menstruation.
+In nearly all the cases desire was said to be stronger in the husband than
+in the wife; when it was stronger in the wife, the husband was
+exceptionally indifferent. Of the 13 in whom desire was absent after
+marriage, 5 had been married for a period under two years, and Campbell
+remarks that it would be wrong to conclude that it would never develop in
+these cases, for in this group of cases the appearance of sexual instinct
+was sometimes a matter of days, sometimes of years, after the date of
+marriage. In two-thirds of the cases there was a diminution of desire,
+usually gradual, at the climacteric; in the remaining third there was
+either no change or exaltation of desire. The most important general
+result, Campbell concludes, is that "the sexual instinct is very much less
+intense in woman than in man," and to this he elsewhere adds a corollary
+that "the sexual instinct in the civilized woman is, I believe, tending to
+atrophy."
+
+An eminent gynecologist, the late Dr. Matthews Duncan, has (in his work on
+_Sterility in Women_) presented a table which, although foreign to this
+subject, has a certain bearing on the matter. Matthews Duncan, believing
+that the absence of sexual desire and of sexual pleasure in coitus are
+powerful influences working for sterility, noted their presence or absence
+in a number of cases, and found that, among 191 sterile women between the
+ages of 15 and 45, 152, or 79 per cent., acknowledged the presence of
+sexual desire; and among 196 sterile women (mostly the same cases), 134,
+or 68 per cent., acknowledged the presence of sexual pleasure in coitus.
+Omitting the cases over 35 years of age, which were comparatively few, the
+largest proportion of affirmative answers, both as regards sexual pleasure
+and sexual desire, was from between 30 and 34 years of age. Matthews
+Duncan assumes that the absence of sexual desire and sexual pleasure in
+women is thoroughly abnormal.[166]
+
+An English non-medical author, in the course of a thoughtful discussion of
+sexual phenomena, revealing considerable knowledge and observation,[167]
+has devoted a chapter to this subject in another of its aspects. Without
+attempting to ascertain the normal strength of the sexual instinct in
+women, he briefly describes 11 cases of "sexual anesthesia" in Women (in 2
+or 3 of which there appears, however, to be an element of latent
+homosexuality) from among the circle of his own friends. This author
+concludes that sexual coldness is very common among English women, and
+that it involves questions of great social and ethical importance.
+
+    I have not met with any series of observations made among
+    seemingly healthy and normal women in other countries; there are,
+    however, various series of somewhat abnormal cases in which the
+    point was noted, and the results are not uninstructive. Thus, in
+    Vienna at Krafft-Ebing's psychiatric clinic, Gattel (_Ueber die
+    sexuellen Ursachen der Neurasthenie und Angstneurose_, 1898)
+    carefully investigated the cases of 42 women, mostly at the
+    height of sexual life,--i.e., between 20 and 35,--who were
+    suffering from slight nervous disorders, especially neurasthenia
+    and mild hysteria, but none of them from grave nervous or other
+    disease. Of these 42, at least 17 had masturbated, at one time or
+    another, either before or after marriage, in order to obtain
+    relief of sexual feelings. In the case of 4 it is stated that
+    they do not obtain sexual satisfaction in marriage, but in these
+    cases only _coitus interruptus_ is practised, and the fact that
+    the absence of sexual satisfaction was complained of seems to
+    indicate an aptitude for experiencing it. These 4 cases can
+    therefore scarcely be regarded as exceptions. In all the other
+    cases sexual desire, sexual excitement, or sexual satisfaction is
+    always clearly indicated, and in a considerable proportion of
+    cases it is noted that the sexual impulse is very strongly
+    developed. This series is valuable, since the facts of the sexual
+    life are, as far as possible, recorded with much precision. The
+    significance of the facts varies, however, according to the view
+    taken as to the causation of neurasthenia and allied conditions
+    of slight nervous disorder. Gattel argues that sexual
+    irregularities are a peculiarly fruitful, if not invariable,
+    source of such disorders; according to the more commonly accepted
+    view this is not so. If we accept the more usual view, these
+    women fairly correspond to average women of lower class; if,
+    however, we accept Gattel's view, they may possess the sexual
+    instinct in a more marked degree than average women.
+
+    In a series of 116 German women in whom the operation of removing
+    the ovaries was performed, Pfister usually noted briefly in what
+    way the sexual impulse was affected by the operation ("Die
+    Wirkung der Castration auf den Weiblichen Organismus," _Archiv
+    für Gynäkologie_, 1898, p. 583). In 13 cases (all but 3
+    unmarried) the presence of sexual desire at any time was denied,
+    and 2 of these expressed disgust of sexual matters. In 12 cases
+    the point is left doubtful. In all the other cases sexual desire
+    had once been present, and in 2 or 3 cases it was acknowledged to
+    be so strong as to approach nymphomania. In about 30 of these
+    (not including any in which it was previously very strong) it was
+    extinguished by castration, in a few others it was diminished,
+    and in the rest unaffected. Thus, when we exclude the 12 cases in
+    which the point was not apparently investigated, and the 10
+    unmarried women, in whom it may have been latent or unavowed, we
+    find that, of 94 married women, 91 women acknowledged the
+    existence of sexual desire and only 3 denied it.
+
+    Schröter, again in Germany, has investigated the manifestations
+    of the sexual impulse among 402 insane women in the asylum at
+    Eichberg in Rheingau. ("Wird bei jungen Unverheiratheten zur Zeit
+    der Menstruation stärkere sexuelle Erregheit beobaehtet?"
+    _Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie_, vol. lvi, 1899, pp.
+    321-333.) There is no reason to suppose that the insane represent
+    a class of the community specially liable to sexual emotion,
+    although its manifestations may become unrestrained and
+    conspicuous under the influence of insanity; and at the same
+    time, while the appearance of such manifestations is evidence of
+    the aptitude for sexual emotions, their absence may be only due
+    to disease, seclusion, or to an intact power of self-control.
+
+    Of the 402 women, 166 were married and 236 unmarried. Schröter
+    divided them into four groups: (1) those below 20; (2) those
+    between 20 and 30; (3) those between 30 and 40; (4) those from 40
+    to the menopause. The patients included persons from the lowest
+    class of the population, and only about a quarter of them could
+    fairly be regarded as curable. Thus the manifestations of
+    sexuality were diminished, for with advance of mental disease
+    sexual manifestations cease to appear. Schröter only counted
+    those cases in which the sexual manifestations were decided and
+    fairly constant at the menstrual epoch; if not visibly
+    manifested, sexual feeling was not taken into account. Sexual
+    phenomena accompanied the entry of the menstrual epoch in 141
+    cases: i.e., in 20 (or in the proportion of 72 per cent.) of the
+    first group, consisting entirely of unmarried women; in 33 (or 28
+    per cent.) of the second group; in 55 (or 35 per cent.) of the
+    third group; and in 33 (or 33 per cent.) of the fourth group. It
+    was found that 181 patients showed no sexual phenomena at any
+    time, while 80 showed sexual phenomena frequently between the
+    menstrual epochs, but only in a slight degree, and not at all
+    during the period. At all ages sexual manifestations were more
+    prevalent among the unmarried than among the married, though this
+    difference became regularly and progressively less with increase
+    in age.
+
+    Schröter inclines to think that sexual excitement is commoner
+    among insane women belonging to the lower social classes than in
+    those belonging to the better classes. Among 184 women in a
+    private asylum, only 13 (6.13 per cent.) showed very marked and
+    constant excitement at menstrual periods. He points out, however,
+    that this may be due to a greater ability to restrain the
+    manifestations of feeling.
+
+    There is some interest in Schröter's results, though they cannot
+    be put on a line with inquiries made among the sane; they only
+    represent the prevalence of the grossest and strongest sexual
+    manifestations when freed from the restraints of sanity.
+
+As a slight contribution toward the question, I have selected a series of
+12 cases of women of whose sexual development I possess precise
+information, with the following results: In 2 cases distinct sexual
+feeling was experienced spontaneously at the age of 7 and 8, but the
+complete orgasm only occurred some years after puberty; in 5 cases sexual
+feeling appeared spontaneously for a few months to a year after the
+appearance of menstruation, which began between 12 and 14 years of age,
+usually at 13; in another case sexual feeling first appeared shortly after
+menstruation began, but not spontaneously, being called out by a lover's
+advances; in the remaining 4 cases sexual emotion never became definite
+and conscious until adult life (the ages being 26, 27, 34, 35), in 2 cases
+through being made love to, and in 2 cases through self-manipulation out
+of accident or curiosity. It is noteworthy that the sexual feelings first
+developed in adult life were usually as strong as those arising at
+puberty. It may be added that, of these 12 women, 9 had at some time or
+another masturbated (4 shortly after puberty, 5 in adult life), but,
+except in 1 case, rarely and at intervals. All belong to the middle class,
+2 or 3 leading easy, though not idle, lives, while all the others are
+engaged in professional or other avocations often involving severe labor.
+They differ widely in character and mental ability; but, while 2 or 3
+might be regarded as slightly abnormal, they are all fairly healthy.
+
+I am inclined to believe that the experiences of the foregoing group are
+fairly typical of the social class to which they belong. I may, however,
+bring forward another series of 35 women, varying in age from 18 to 40
+(with 2 exceptions all over 25), and in every respect comparable with the
+smaller group, but concerning whom my knowledge, though reliable, is
+usually less precise and detailed. In this group 5 state that they have
+never experienced sexual emotion, these being all unmarried and leading
+strictly chaste lives; in 18 cases the sexual impulse may be described as
+strong, or is so considered by the subject herself; in 9 cases it is only
+moderate; in 3 it is very slight when evoked, and with difficulty evoked,
+in 1 of these only appearing two years after marriage, in another the
+exhaustion and worry of household cares being assigned for its comparative
+absence. It is noteworthy that all the more highly intelligent, energetic
+women in the series appear in the group of those with strong sexual
+emotions, and also that severe mental and physical labor, even when
+cultivated for this purpose, has usually had little or no influence in
+relieving sexual emotion.
+
+    An American physician in the State of Connecticut sends me the
+    following notes concerning a series of 13 married women, taken,
+    as they occurred, in obstetric practice. They are in every way
+    respectable and moral women:--
+
+    "Mrs. A. says that her husband does not give her sufficient
+    sexual attention, as he fears they will have more children than
+    he can properly care for. Mrs. B. always enjoys intercourse; so
+    does Mrs. C. Mrs. D. is easily excited and very fond of sexual
+    attention. Mrs. E. likes intercourse if her husband is careful
+    not to hurt her. Mrs. F. never had any sexual desire until after
+    second marriage, but it is now very urgent at times. Mrs. G. is
+    not easily excited, but has never objected to her husband's
+    attention. Mrs. H. would prefer to have her husband exhibit more
+    attention. Mrs. I. never refused her husband, but he does not
+    trouble her much. Mrs. J. thinks that three or four times a week
+    is satisfactory, but would not object to nightly intercourse.
+    Mrs. K. does not think that her husband could give her more than
+    she would like. Mrs. L. would prefer to live with a woman if it
+    were not for sexual intercourse. Mrs. M., aged 40, says that her
+    husband, aged 65, insists upon intercourse three times every
+    night, and that he keeps her tired and disgusted. She each time
+    has at least one orgasm, and would not object to reasonable
+    attention."
+
+It may be remarked that, while these results in English women of the
+middle class are in fair agreement with the German and Austrian
+observations I have quoted, they differ from Campbell's results among
+women of the working class in London. This discrepancy is, perhaps, not
+difficult to explain. While the conditions of upper-class life may
+possibly be peculiarly favorable to the development of the sexual
+emotions, among the working classes in London, where the stress of the
+struggle for existence under bad hygienic conditions is so severe, they
+may be peculiarly unfavorable. It is thus possible that there really are a
+smaller number of women experiencing sexual emotion among the class dealt
+with by Campbell than among the class to which my series belong.[168]
+
+A more serious consideration is the method of investigation. A working
+man, who is perhaps unintelligent outside his own work, and in many cases
+married to a woman who is superior in refinement, may possibly be able to
+arouse his wife's sexual emotions, and also able to ascertain what those
+emotions are, and be willing to answer questions truthfully on this point,
+to the best of his ability, but he is by no means a witness whose evidence
+is final. While, however, Campbell's facts may not be quite
+unquestionable, I am inclined to agree with his conclusion, and
+Mantegazza's, that there is a very great range of variation in this
+matter, and that there is no age at which the sexual impulse in women may
+not appear. A lady who has received the confidence of very many women
+tells me that she has never found a woman who was without sexual feeling.
+I should myself be inclined to say that it is extremely difficult to find
+a woman who is without the aptitude for sexual emotion, although a great
+variety of circumstances may hinder, temporarily or permanently, the
+development of this latent aptitude. In other words, while the latent
+sexual aptitude may always be present, the sexual impulse is liable to be
+defective and the aptitude to remain latent, with consequent deficiency of
+sexual emotion, and absence of sexual satisfaction.
+
+    This is not only indicated by the considerable proportion of my
+    cases in which there is only moderate or slight sexual feeling. I
+    have ample evidence that in many cases the element of pain, which
+    may almost be said to be normal in the establishment of the
+    sexual function, is never merged, as it normally is, in
+    pleasurable sensations on the full establishment of sexual
+    relationships. Sometimes, no doubt, this may be due to
+    dyspareunia. Sometimes there may be an absolute sexual
+    anesthesia, whether of congenital or hysterical origin. I have
+    been told of the case of a married lady who has never been able
+    to obtain sexual pleasure, although she has had relations with
+    several men, partly to try if she could obtain the experience,
+    and partly to please them; the very fact that the motives for
+    sexual relationships arose from no stronger impulse itself
+    indicates a congenital defect on the psychic as well as on the
+    physical side. But, as a rule, the sexual anesthesia involved is
+    not absolute, but lies in a disinclination to the sexual act due
+    to various causes, in a defect of strong sexual impulse, and an
+    inaptitude for the sexual orgasm.
+
+    I am indebted to a lady who has written largely on the woman
+    question, and is herself the mother of a numerous family, for
+    several letters in regard to the prevalence among women of sexual
+    coldness, a condition which she regards as by no means to be
+    regretted. She considers that in all her own children the sexual
+    impulse is very slightly developed, the boys being indifferent to
+    women, the girls cold toward men and with no desire to marry,
+    though all are intelligent and affectionate, the girls showing a
+    very delicate and refined kind of beauty. (A large selection of
+    photographs accompanied this communication.) Something of the
+    same tendency is said to mark the stocks from which this family
+    springs, and they are said to be notable for their longevity,
+    healthiness, and disinclination for excesses of all kinds. It is
+    scarcely necessary to remark that a mother, however highly
+    intelligent, is by no means an infallible judge as to the
+    presence or absence in her children of so shy, subtle, and
+    elusive an impulse as that of sex. At the same time I am by no
+    means disposed to question the existence in individuals, and even
+    in families or stocks, of a relatively weak sexual impulse,
+    which, while still enabling procreation to take place, is
+    accompanied by no strong attraction to the opposite sex and no
+    marked inclination for marriage. (Adler, op. cit., p. 168, found
+    such a condition transmitted from mother to daughter.) Such
+    persons often possess a delicate type of beauty. Even, however,
+    when the health is good there seems usually to be a certain lack
+    of vitality.
+
+It seems to me that a state of sexual anesthesia, relative or absolute,
+cannot be considered as anything but abnormal. To take even the lowest
+ground, the satisfaction of the reproductive function ought to be at least
+as gratifying as the evacuation of the bowels or bladder; while, if we
+take, as we certainly must, higher ground than this, an act which is at
+once the supreme fact and symbol of love and the supreme creative act
+cannot under normal conditions be other than the most pleasurable of all
+acts, or it would stand in violent opposition to all that we find in
+nature.
+
+How natural the sexual impulse is in women, whatever difficulties may
+arise in regard to its complete gratification, is clearly seen when we
+come to consider the frequency with which in young women we witness its
+more or less instinctive manifestations. Such manifestations are liable to
+occur in a specially marked manner in the years immediately following the
+establishment of puberty, and are the more impressive when we remember the
+comparatively passive part played by the female generally in the game of
+courtship, and the immense social force working on women to compel them to
+even an unnatural extension of that passive part. The manifestations to
+which I allude not only occur with most frequency in young girls, but,
+contrary to the common belief, they seem to occur chiefly in innocent and
+unperverted girls. The more vicious are skillful enough to avoid the
+necessity for any such open manifestations. We have to bear this in mind
+when confronted by flagrant sexual phenomena in young girls.
+
+    "A young girl," says Hammer ("Ueber die Sinnlichkeit gesunder
+    Jungfrauen," _Die Neue Generation_, Aug., 1911), "who has not
+    previously adopted any method of self-gratification experiences
+    at the beginning of puberty, about the time of the first
+    menstruation and the sprouting of the pubic hair, in the absence
+    of all stimulation by a man, spontaneous sexual tendencies of
+    both local and psychic nature. On the psychic side there is a
+    feeling of emptiness and dissatisfaction, a need of subjection
+    and of serving, and, if the opportunity has so far been absent,
+    the craving to see masculine nudity and to learn the facts of
+    procreation. Side by side with these wishes, there are at the
+    same time inhibitory desires, such as the wish to keep herself
+    pure, either for a man whom she represents to herself as the
+    'ideal,' or for her parents, who must not be worried, or as a
+    member of a chosen people in whose spirit she must live and die,
+    or out of love to Jesus or to some saint. On the physical side,
+    there is the feeling of fresh power and energy, of enterprise;
+    the agreeable tension of the genital regions, which easily become
+    moist. Then there is the feeling of overirritability and excess
+    of tension, and the need of relieving the tension through
+    pinches, blows, tight lacing, and so forth. If the girl remains
+    innocent of sex satisfaction, there takes place during sleep, at
+    regular intervals of about three days, more or less the relief
+    and emission of the tense glands, not corresponding to the
+    menstrual period, but to intercourse, and serving better than
+    sexual instruction to represent to her the phenomena of
+    intercourse. If at this period actual intercourse takes place, it
+    is, as a rule, free from pain, as also is the introduction of the
+    speculum. Without any seduction from without, the chaste girl now
+    frequently finds a way to relieve the excessive tension without
+    the aid of a man. It is self-abuse that leads gradually to the
+    production of pain in defloration. The menstrual phenomena
+    correspond to birth; self-gratification or relief during sleep to
+    intercourse." This statement of the matter is somewhat too
+    absolute and unqualified. Under the artificial conditions of
+    civilization the inhibitory influences of training speedily work
+    powerfully, and more or less successfully, in banishing sexual
+    phenomena into the subconscious, sometimes to work all the
+    mischief there which Freud attributes to them. It must also be
+    said (as I have pointed out in the discussion of Auto-erotism in
+    another volume) that sexual dreams seem to be the exception
+    rather than the rule in innocent girls. It remains true that
+    sexual phenomena in girls at puberty must not be regarded as
+    morbid or unnatural. There is also very good reason for believing
+    (even apart from the testimony of so experienced a gynecologist
+    as Hammer) that on the physical side sexual processes tend to be
+    accomplished with a facility that is often lost in later years
+    with prolonged chastity. This is true alike of intercourse and of
+    childbirth. (See vol. vi of these _Studies_, ch. xii.)
+
+Even, however, in the case of adults the active part played by women in
+real life in matters of love by no means corresponds to the conventional
+ideas on these subjects. No doubt nearly every woman receives her sexual
+initiation from an older and more experienced man. But, on the other hand,
+nearly every man receives his first initiation through the active and
+designed steps taken by an older and more experienced woman. It is too
+often forgotten by those who write on these subjects that the man who
+seduces a woman has usually himself in the first place been "seduced" by a
+woman.
+
+    A well-known physician in Chicago tells me that on making inquiry
+    of 25 middle-class married men in succession be found that 16 had
+    been first seduced by a woman. An officer in the Indian Medical
+    Service writes to me as follows: "Once at a club in Burma we were
+    some 25 at table and the subject of first intercourse came up.
+    All had been led astray by servants save 2, whom their sisters'
+    governesses had initiated. We were all men in the 'service,' so
+    the facts may be taken to be typical of what occurs in our
+    stratum of society. All had had sexual relations with respectable
+    unmarried girls, and most with the wives of men known to their
+    fathers, in some instances these being old enough to be their
+    lovers' mothers. Apparently up to the age of 17 none had dared to
+    make the first advances, yet from the age of 13 onward all had
+    had ample opportunity for gratifying their sexual instincts with
+    women. Though all had been to public schools where homosexuality
+    was known to occur, yet (as I can assert from intimate knowledge)
+    none had given signs of inversion or perversion in Burma."
+
+    In Russia, Tchlenoff, investigating the sexual life of over 2000
+    Moscow students of upper and middle class (_Archives
+    d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, Oct.-Nov., 1908), found that in half
+    of them the first coitus took place between 14 and 17 years of
+    age; in 41 per cent, with prostitutes, in 39 per cent, with
+    servants, and in 10 per cent, with married women. In 41 per cent,
+    the young man declared that he had taken the initiative, in 25
+    per cent, the women took it, and in 23 per cent, the incitement
+    came from a comrade.
+
+    The histories I have recorded in Appendix B (as well as in the
+    two following volumes of these _Studies_) very well illustrate
+    the tendency of young girls to manifest sexual impulses when
+    freed from the constraint which they feel in the presence of
+    adult men and from the fear of consequences. These histories show
+    especially how very frequently nurse-maids and servant-girls
+    effect the sexual initiation of the young boys intrusted to them.
+    How common this impulse is among adolescent girls of low social
+    class is indicated by the fact that certainly the majority of
+    middle-class men can recall instances from their own childhood.
+    (I here leave out of account the widespread practice among nurses
+    of soothing very young children in their charge by manipulating
+    the sexual organs.)
+
+    A medical correspondent, in emphasizing this point, writes that
+    "many boys will tell you that, if a nurse-girl is allowed to
+    sleep in the same room with them, she will attempt sexual
+    manipulations. Either the girl gets into bed with the boy and
+    pulling him on to her tickles the penis and inserts it into the
+    vulva, making the boy imitate sexual movements, or she simply
+    masturbates the child, to get him excited and interested, often
+    showing him the female sexual opening in herself or in his
+    sisters, teaching him to finger it. In fact, a nurse-girl may
+    ruin a boy, chiefly, I think, because she has been brought up to
+    regard the sexual organs as a mystery, and is in utter ignorance
+    about them. She thus takes the opportunity of investigating the
+    boy's penis to find out how it works, etc., in order to satisfy
+    her curiosity. I know of a case in which a nurse in a fashionable
+    London Square garden used to collect all the boys and girls
+    (gentlemen's children) in a summer-house when it grew dark, and,
+    turning up her petticoats, invite all the boys to look at and
+    feel her vulva, and also incite the older boys of 12 or 14 to
+    have coitus with her. Girls are afraid of pregnancy, so do not
+    allow an adult penis to operate. I think people should take on a
+    far higher class of nurses, than they do."
+
+    "Children ought never to be allowed, under any circumstances
+    whatever," wrote Lawson Tait (_Diseases of Women_, 1889, p. 62),
+    "to sleep with servants. In every instance where I have found a
+    number of children affected [by masturbation] the contagion has
+    been traced to a servant." Freud has found (_Neurologisches
+    Centralblatt_, No. 10, 1896) that in cases of severe youthful
+    hysteria the starting point may frequently be traced to sexual
+    manipulations by servants, nurse-girls, and governesses.
+
+    "When I was about 8 or 9," a friend writes, "a servant-maid of
+    our family, who used to carry the candle out of my bedroom, often
+    drew down the bedclothes and inspected my organs. One night she
+    put the penis in her mouth. When I asked her why she did it her
+    answer was that 'sucking a boy's little dangle' cured her of
+    pains in her stomach. She said that she had done it to other
+    little boys, and declared that she liked doing it. This girl was
+    about 16; she had lately been 'converted.' Another maid in our
+    family used to kiss me warmly on the naked abdomen when I was a
+    small boy. But she never did more than that. I have heard of
+    various instances of servant-girls tampering with boys before
+    puberty, exciting the penis to premature erection by
+    manipulation, suction, and contact with their own parts." Such
+    overstimulation must necessarily in some cases have an injurious
+    influence on the boy's immature nervous system. Thus, Hutchinson
+    (_Archives of Surgery_, vol. iv, p. 200) describes a case of
+    amblyopia in a boy, developing after he had been placed to sleep
+    in a servant-girl's room.
+
+    Moll (_Konträre Sexualempfindung_, third edition, 1899, p. 325)
+    refers to the frequency with which servant-girls (between the
+    ages of 18 and 30) carry on sexual practices with young boys
+    (between 5 and 13) committed to their care. More than a century
+    earlier Tissot, in his famous work on onanism, referred to the
+    frequency with which servant-girls corrupt boys by teaching them
+    to masturbate; and still earlier, in England, the author of
+    _Onania_ gave many such cases. We may, indeed, go back to the
+    time of Rabelais, who (as Dr. Kiernan reminds me) represents the
+    governesses of Gargantua, when he was a child, as taking pleasure
+    in playing with his penis till it became wet, and joking with
+    each other about it. (_Gargantua_, book i, chapter ix.)
+
+    The prevalence of such manifestations among servant-girls
+    witnesses to their prevalence among lower-class girls generally.
+    In judging such acts, even when they seem to be very deliberate,
+    it is important to remember that at this age unreasoning instinct
+    plays a very large part in the manifestations of the sexual
+    impulse. This is clearly indicated by the phenomena observed in
+    the insane. Thus, as we have seen (page 214), Schröter has found
+    that, among girls of low social class under 20 years of age,
+    spontaneous periodical sexual manifestations at menstrual epochs
+    occurred in as large a proportion as 72 per cent. Among girls of
+    better social position these impulses are inhibited, or at all
+    events modified, by good taste or good feeling, the influences of
+    tradition or education; it is only to the latter that children
+    should be intrusted.
+
+    Hoche mentions a case in which a man was accused of repeatedly
+    exhibiting his sexual organs to the servant-girl at a house; she
+    enjoyed the spectacle (_Neurologisches Centralblatt_, 1896, No.
+    2). It may well be that in some cases of self-exhibition the
+    offender has good reason, on the ground of previous experience,
+    for thinking that he is giving pleasure. "When we used to go to
+    bathe while I was at school," writes a correspondent, "girls from
+    a poor quarter of the lower town (some quite 16) often followed
+    us and stood to watch about a hundred yards from the river. They
+    used to 'giggle' and 'pass remarks.' I have seen girls of this
+    class peeping through chinks of a palisade around a bathing-place
+    on the Thames." A correspondent who has given special attention
+    to the point tells me of the great interest displayed by young
+    girls of the people in Italy in the sexual organs of men.
+
+    Curiosity--whether in the form of the desire for knowledge or the
+    desire for sensation--is, of course, not confined to young girls
+    and women of lower social strata, though in them it is less often
+    restrained by motives of self-respect and good feeling. "At the
+    age of 8," writes a correspondent, "I was one day playing in a
+    spare room with a girl of about 12 or 13. She gave me a
+    penholder, and, crouching upon her hands and knees, with her
+    posterior toward me, invited me to introduce the instrument into
+    the vulva. This was the first time I had seen the female parts,
+    and, as I appeared to be somewhat repelled, she coaxed me to
+    comply with her desire. I did as she directed, and she said that
+    it gave her pleasure. Several times after I repeated the same act
+    at her request. A friend tells me that when he was 10 a girl of
+    16 asked him to lace up her boots. While he was kneeling at her
+    feet his hand touched her ankle. She asked him to put his hand
+    higher, and repeated 'Higher, higher,' till he touched the
+    pudenda, and finally, at her request, put his finger into the
+    vestibule. This girl was very handsome and amiable, and a
+    favorite of the boy's mother. No one suspected this propensity."
+    Again, a correspondent (a man of science) tells me of a friend
+    who lately, when dining out, met a girl, the daughter of a
+    country vicar; he was not specially attracted to her and paid her
+    no special attention. "A few days afterward he was astonished to
+    receive a call from her one afternoon (though his address is not
+    discoverable from any recognized source). She sat down as near to
+    him as she could, and rested her hand on his thigh, etc., while
+    talking on different subjects and drinking tea. Then without any
+    verbal prelude she asked him to have connection with her. Though
+    not exactly a Puritan, he is not the man to jump at such an offer
+    from a woman he is not in love with, so, after ascertaining that
+    the girl was _virgo intacta_, he declined and she went away. A
+    fortnight or so later he received a letter from her in the
+    country, making no reference to what had passed, but giving an
+    account of her work with her Sunday-school class. He did not
+    reply, and then came a curt note asking him to return her letter.
+    My friend feels sure she was devoted to auto-erotic performances,
+    but, having become attracted to him, came to the conclusion she
+    would like to try normal intercourse."
+
+    Wolbarst, studying the prevalence of gonorrhea among boys in New
+    York (especially, it would appear, in quarters where the
+    foreign-born elements--mainly Russian Jew and south Italian--are
+    large), states: "In my study of this subject there have been
+    observed 3 cases of gonorrheal urethritis, in boys aged,
+    respectively, 4, 10, and 12 years, which were acquired in the
+    usual manner, from girls ranging between 10 and 12 years of age.
+    In each case, according to the story told by the victim, the girl
+    made the first advances, and in I case, that of the 4-year-old
+    boy, the act was consummated in the form of an assault, by a
+    girl 12 years old, in which the child was threatened with injury
+    unless he performed his part." (A.L. Wolbarst, _Journal of the
+    American Medical Association_, Sept. 28, 1901.) In a further
+    series of cases (_Medical Record_, Oct. 29, 1910) Wolbarst
+    obtained similar results, though he recognizes also the frequency
+    of precocious sexuality in the young boys themselves.
+
+    Gibb states, concerning assaults on children by women: "It is
+    undeniably true that they occur much more frequently than is
+    generally supposed, although but few of the cases are brought to
+    public notice, owing to the difficulty of proving the charge."
+    (W.T. Gibb, article "Indecent Assaults upon Children," in A.
+    McLane Hamilton's _System of Legal Medicine_, vol. i, p. 651.)
+    Gibb's opinion carries weight, since he is medical adviser for
+    the New York Society for the Protection of Children, and
+    compelled to sift the evidence carefully in such cases.
+
+    It should be mentioned that, while a sexual curiosity exercised
+    on younger children is, in girls about the age of puberty, an
+    ill-regulated, but scarcely morbid, manifestation, in older women
+    it may be of pathological origin. Thus, Kisch records the case of
+    a refined and educated lady of 30 who had been married for nine
+    years, but had never experienced sexual pleasure in coitus. For a
+    long time past, however, she had felt a strong desire to play
+    with the genital organs of children of either sex, a proceeding
+    which gave her sexual pleasure. She sought to resist this impulse
+    as much as possible, but during menstruation it was often
+    irresistible. Examination showed an enlarged and retroflexed
+    uterus and anesthesia of vagina. (Kisch, _Die Sterilität des
+    Weibes_, 1886, p. 103.) The psychological mechanism by which an
+    anesthetic vagina leads to a feeling of repulsion for normal
+    coitus and normal sexual organs, and directs the sexual feelings
+    toward more infantile forms of sexuality, is here not difficult
+    to trace.
+
+    It is not often that the sexual attempts of girls and young women
+    on boys--notwithstanding their undoubted frequency--become of
+    medico-legal interest. In France in the course of ten years (1874
+    to 1884) only 181 women, who were mostly between 20 and 30 years
+    of age, were actually convicted of sexual attempts on children
+    below 15. (Paul Bernard, "Viols et attentats a la Pudeur,"
+    _Archives de l'Anthropologie Criminelle_, 1887.) Lop ("Attentats
+    à la Pudeur commis par des Femmes sur des Petits Enfants," id.,
+    Aug., 1896) brings together a number of cases chiefly committed
+    by girls between the ages of 18 and 20. In England such
+    accusations against a young woman or girl may easily be
+    circumvented. If she is under 16 she is protected by the Criminal
+    Law Amendment Act and cannot be punished. In any case, when found
+    out, she can always easily bring the sympathy to her side by
+    declaring that she is not the aggressor, but the victim. Cases of
+    violent sexual assault upon girls, Lawson Tait remarks, while
+    they undoubtedly do occur, are very much rarer than the frequency
+    with which the charge is made would lead us to suspect. At one
+    time, by arrangement with the authority, 70 such charges at
+    Birmingham were consecutively brought before Lawson Tait. These
+    charges were all made under the Criminal Law Amendment Act. In
+    only 6 of these cases was he able to advise prosecution, in all
+    of which cases conviction was obtained. In 7 other cases in which
+    the police decided to prosecute there was either no conviction or
+    a very light sentence. In at least 26 cases the charge was
+    clearly trumped up. The average age of these girls was 12. "There
+    is not a piece of sexual argot that ever had before reached my
+    ears," remarks Mr. Tait, "but was used by these children in the
+    descriptions given by them of what had been done to them; and
+    they introduced, in addition, quite a new vocabulary on the
+    subject. The minute and detailed descriptions of the sexual act
+    given by chits of 10 and 11 would do credit to the pages of
+    Mirabeau. At first sight it is a puzzle to see how children so
+    young obtained their information." "About the use of the word
+    'seduced,'" the same writer remarks, "I wish to say that the
+    class of women from amongst whom the great bulk of these cases
+    are drawn seem to use it in a sense altogether different from
+    that generally employed. It is not with them a process in which
+    male villainy succeeds by various arts in overcoming female
+    virtue and reluctance, but simply a date at which an incident in
+    their lives occurs for the first time; and, according to their
+    use of the phrase, the ancient legend of the Sacred Scriptures,
+    had it ended in the more ordinary and usual way by the virtue of
+    Joseph yielding to the temptation offered, would have to read as
+    a record of the seduction of Mrs. Potiphar."
+
+    With reference to Lawson Tait's observation that violent assaults
+    on women, while they do occur, are very much rarer than the
+    frequency with which such charges are made would lead us to
+    believe, it may be remarked that many medico-legal authorities
+    are of the same opinion. (See, e.g., G. Vivian Poore's _Treatise
+    on Medical Jurisprudence_, 1901, p. 325. This writer also
+    remarks: "I hold very strongly that a woman may rape a man as
+    much as a man may rape a woman.") There can be little doubt that
+    the plea of force is very frequently seized on by women as the
+    easiest available weapon of defense when her connection with a
+    man has been revealed. She has been so permeated by the current
+    notion that no "respectable" woman can possibly have any sexual
+    impulses of her own to gratify that, in order to screen what she
+    feels to be regarded as an utterly shameful and wicked, as well
+    as foolish, act, she declares it never took place by her own will
+    at all. "Now, I ask you, gentlemen," I once heard an experienced
+    counsel address the jury in a criminal case, "as men of the
+    world, have you ever known or heard of a woman, a single woman,
+    confess that she had had sexual connection and not declare that
+    force had been used to compel her to such connection?" The
+    statement is a little sweeping, but in this matter there is some
+    element of truth in the "man of the world's" opinion. One may
+    refer to the story (told by Etienne de Bourbon, by Francisco de
+    Osuna in a religious work, and by Cervantes in _Don Quixote_,
+    part ii, ch. xlv) concerning a magistrate who, when a girl came
+    before him to complain of rape, ordered the accused young man
+    either to marry her or pay her a sum of money. The fine was paid,
+    and the magistrate then told the man to follow the girl and take
+    the money from her by force; the man obeyed, but the girl
+    defended herself so energetically that he could not secure the
+    money. Then the judge, calling the parties before him again,
+    ordered the fine to be returned: "Had you defended your chastity
+    as well as you have defended your money it could not have been
+    taken away from you." In most cases of "rape," in the case of
+    adults, there has probably been some degree of consent, though
+    that partial assent may have been basely secured by an appeal to
+    the lower nervous centers alone, with no participation of the
+    intelligence and will. Freud (_Zur Psychopathologie des
+    Alltagslebens_, p. 87) considers that on this ground the judge's
+    decision in _Don Quixote_ is "psychologically unjust," because in
+    such a case the woman's strength is paralyzed by the fact that an
+    unconscious instinct in herself takes her assailant's part
+    against her own conscious resistance. But it must be remembered
+    that the factor of instinct plays a large part even when no
+    violence is attempted.
+
+Such facts and considerations as these tend to show that the sexual
+impulse is by no means so weak in women as many would lead us to think. It
+would appear that, whereas in earlier ages there was generally a tendency
+to credit women with an unduly large share of the sexual impulse, there is
+now a tendency to unduly minimize the sexual impulse in women.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[156] I have had occasion to refer to the historic evolution of male
+opinion regarding women in previous volumes, as, e.g., _Man and Woman_,
+chapter i, and the appendix on "The Influence of Menstruation on the
+Position of Women" in the first volume of these _Studies_.
+
+[157] The terminology proposed by Ziehen ("Zur Lehre von den
+psychopathischen Konstitutionen," _Charité Annalen_, vol. xxxxiii, 1909)
+is as follows: For absence of sexual feeling, _anhedonia_; for diminution
+of the same, _hyphedonia_; for excess of sexual feeling, _hyperhedonia_;
+for qualitative sexual perversions, _parhedonia_. "Erotic blindness" was
+suggested by Nardelli.
+
+[158] O. Adler, _Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes_, 1904,
+p. 146.
+
+[159] A correspondent tells me that he knows a woman who has been a
+prostitute since the age of 15, but never experienced sexual pleasure and
+a real, non-simulated orgasm till she was 23; since then she has become
+very sensual. In other similar cases the hitherto indifferent prostitute,
+having found the man who suits her, abandons her profession, even though
+she is thereby compelled to live in extreme poverty. "An insensible
+woman," as La Bruyère long ago remarked in his chapter "Des Femmes," "is
+merely one who has not yet seen the man she must love."
+
+[160] Guttceit (_Dreissig Jahre Praxis_, vol. i, p. 416) pointed out that
+the presence or absence of the orgasm is the only factor in "sexual
+anesthesia" of which we can speak at all definitely; and he believed that
+anaphrodism, in the sense of absence of the sexual impulse, never occurs
+at all, many women having confided to him that they had sexual desires,
+although those desires were not gratified by coitus.
+
+[161] _Op. cit._, p. 164.
+
+[162] Havelock Ellis, "Madame de Warens," _The Venture_, 1903.
+
+[163] It is interesting to observe that finally even Adler admits (op.
+cit., p. 155) that there is no such thing as _congenital_ lack of aptitude
+for sexual sensibility.
+
+[164] "I am not entirely satisfied with the testimony as to the alleged
+sexual anesthesia," a medical correspondent writes. "The same principle
+which makes the young harlot an old saint makes the repentant rake a
+believer in sexual anesthesia. Most of the medical men who believe, or
+claim to believe, that sexual anesthesia is so prevalent do so either to
+flatter their hysterical patients or because they have the mentality of
+the Hyacinthe of Zola's _Paris_."
+
+[165] _Differences in the Nervous Organization of Man and Woman_, 1891;
+chapter xiii, "Sexual Instinct in Men and Women Compared."
+
+[166] Matthews Duncan considered that "the healthy performance of the
+functions of child-bearing is surely connected with a well-regulated
+condition of desire and pleasure." "Desire and pleasure," he adds, "may be
+excessive, furious, overpowering, without bringing the female into the
+class of maniacs; they may be temporary, healthy, and moderate; they may
+be absent or dull." (Matthews Duncan, _Goulstonian Lectures on Sterility
+in Woman_, pp. 91, 121.)
+
+[167] Geoffrey Mortimer, _Chapters on Human Love_, 1898, ch. xvi.
+
+[168] I do not, however, attach much weight to this possibility. The
+sexual instinct among the lower social classes everywhere is subject to
+comparatively weak inhibition, and Löwenfeld is probably right in
+believing the women of the lower class do not suffer from sexual
+anesthesia to anything like the same extent as upper-class women. In
+England most women of the working class appear to have had sexual
+intercourse at some time in their lives, notwithstanding the risks of
+pregnancy, and if pregnancy occurs they refer to it calmly as an
+"accident," for which they cannot be held responsible; "Well, I couldn't
+help that," I have heard a young widow remark when mildly reproached for
+the existence of her illegitimate child. Again, among American negresses
+there seems to be no defect of sexual passion, and it is said that the
+majority of negresses in the Southern States support not only their
+children, but their lovers and husbands.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+Special Characters of the Sexual Impulse in Women--The More Passive Part
+Played by Women in Courtship--This Passivity only Apparent--The Physical
+Mechanism of the Sexual Process in Women More Complex--The Slower
+Development of Orgasm in Women--The Sexual Impulse in Women More
+Frequently Needs to be Actively Aroused--The Climax of Sexual Energy Falls
+Later in Women's Lives than in Men's--Sexual Ardor in Women Increased
+After the Establishment of Sexual Relationships--Women bear Sexual
+Excesses better than Men--The Sexual Sphere Larger and More Diffused in
+Women--The Sexual Impulse in Women Shows a Greater Tendency to Periodicity
+and a Wider Range of Variation.
+
+
+So far I have been discussing the question of the sexual impulse in women
+on the ground upon which previous writers have usually placed it. The
+question, that is, has usually presented itself to them as one concerning
+the relative strength of the impulse in men and women. When so considered,
+not hastily and with prepossession, as is too often the case, but with a
+genuine desire to get at the real facts in all their aspects, there is no
+reason, as we have seen, to conclude that, on the whole, the sexual
+impulse in women is lacking in strength.
+
+But we have to push our investigation of the matter further. In reality,
+the question as to whether the sexual impulse is or is not stronger in one
+sex than in the other is a somewhat crude one. To put the question in that
+form is to reveal ignorance of the real facts of the matter. And in that
+form, moreover, no really definite and satisfactory answer can be given.
+
+It is necessary to put the matter on different ground. Instead of taking
+more or less insolvable questions as to the strength of the sexual impulse
+in the two sexes, it is more profitable to consider its differences. What
+are the special characters of the sexual impulse in women?
+
+There is certainly one purely natural sexual difference of a fundamental
+character, which lies at the basis of whatever truth may be in the
+assertion that women are not susceptible of sexual emotion. As may he
+seen when considering the phenomena of modesty, the part played by the
+female in courtship throughout nature is usually different from that
+played by the male, and is, in some respects, a more difficult and complex
+part. Except when the male fails to play his part properly, she is usually
+comparatively passive; in the proper playing of her part she has to appear
+to shun the male, to flee from his approaches--even actually to repel
+them.[169]
+
+Courtship resembles very closely, indeed, a drama or game; and the
+aggressiveness of the male, the coyness of the female, are alike
+unconsciously assumed in order to bring about in the most effectual manner
+the ultimate union of the sexes. The seeming reluctance of the female is
+not intended to inhibit sexual activity either in the male or in herself,
+but to increase it in both. The passivity of the female, therefore, is not
+a real, but only an apparent, passivity, and this holds true of our own
+species as much as of the lower animals. "Women are like delicately
+adjusted alembics," said a seventeenth-century author. "No fire can be
+seen outside, but if you look underneath the alembic, if you place your
+hand on the hearts of women, in both places you will find a great
+furnace."[170] Or, as Marro has finely put it, the passivity of women in
+love is the passivity of the magnet, which in its apparent immobility is
+drawing the iron toward it. An intense energy lies behind such passivity,
+an absorbed preoccupation in the end to be attained.
+
+Tarde, when exercising magistrate's functions, once had to inquire into a
+case in which a young man was accused of murder. In questioning a girl of
+18, a shepherdess, who appeared before him as a witness, she told him that
+on the morning following the crime she had seen the footmarks of the
+accused up to a certain point. He asked how she recognized them, and she
+replied, ingenuously but with assurance, that she could recognize the
+footprints of every young man in the neighborhood, even in a plowed
+field.[171] No better illustration could be given of the real significance
+of the sexual passivity of women, even at its most negative point.
+
+    "The women I have known," a correspondent writes, "do not express
+    their sensations and feelings as much as I do. Nor have I found
+    women usually anxious to practise 'luxuries.' They seldom care to
+    practice _fellatio_; I have only known one woman who offered to
+    do _fellatio_ because she liked it. Nor do they generally care to
+    masturbate a man; that is, they do not care greatly to enjoy the
+    contemplation of the other person's excitement. (To me, to see
+    the woman excited means almost more than my own pleasure.) They
+    usually resist _cunnilinctus_, although they enjoy it. They do
+    not seem to care to touch or look at a man's parts so much as he
+    does at theirs. And they seem to dislike the tongue-kiss unless
+    they feel very sexual or really love a man." My correspondent
+    admits that his relationships have been numerous and facile,
+    while his erotic demands tend also to deviate from the normal
+    path. Under such circumstances, which not uncommonly occur, the
+    woman's passions fail to be deeply stirred, and she retains her
+    normal attitude of relative passivity.
+
+    It is owing to the fact that the sexual passivity of women is
+    only an apparent, and not a real, passivity that women are apt to
+    suffer, as men are, from prolonged sexual abstinence. This,
+    indeed, has been denied, but can scarcely be said to admit of
+    doubt. The only question is as to the relative amount of such
+    suffering, necessarily a very difficult question. As far back as
+    the fourteenth century Johannes de Sancto Amando stated that
+    women are more injured than men by sexual abstinence. In modern
+    times Maudsley considers that women "suffer more than men do from
+    the entire deprivation of sexual intercourse" ("Relations between
+    Body and Mind," _Lancet_, May 28, 1870). By some it has been held
+    that this cause may produce actual disease. Thus, Tilt, an
+    eminent gynecologist of the middle of the nineteenth century, in
+    discussing this question, wrote: "When we consider how much of
+    the lifetime of woman is occupied by the various phases of the
+    generative process, and how terrible is often the conflict within
+    her between the impulse of passion and the dictates of duty, it
+    may be well understood how such a conflict reacts on the organs
+    of the sexual economy in the unimpregnated female, and
+    principally on the ovaria, causing an orgasm, which, if often
+    repeated, may _possibly_ be productive of subacute ovaritis."
+    (Tilt, _On Uterine and Ovarian Inflammation_, 1862, pp. 309-310.)
+    Long before Tilt, Haller, it seems, had said that women are
+    especially liable to suffer from privation of sexual intercourse
+    to which they have been accustomed, and referred to chlorosis,
+    hysteria, nymphomania, and simple mania curable by intercourse.
+    Hegar considers that in women an injurious result follows the
+    nonsatisfaction of the sexual impulse and of the "ideal
+    feelings," and that symptoms thus arise (pallor, loss of flesh,
+    cardialgia, malaise, sleeplessness, disturbances of menstruation)
+    which are diagnosed as "chlorosis." (Hegar, _Zusammenhang der
+    Geschlechtskrankheiten mit nervösen Leiden_, 1885, p. 45.) Freud,
+    as well as Gattel, has found that states of anxiety
+    (_Angstzustände_) are caused by sexual abstinence. Löwenfeld, on
+    careful examination of his own cases, is able to confirm this
+    connection in both sexes. He has specially noticed it in young
+    women who marry elderly husbands. Löwenfeld believes, however,
+    that, on the whole, healthy unmarried women bear sexual
+    abstinence better than men. If, however, they are of at all
+    neuropathic disposition, ungratified sexual emotions may easily
+    lead to various morbid conditions, especially of a
+    hysteroneurasthenic character. (Löwenfeld, _Sexualleben und
+    Nervenleiden_, second edition, 1899, pp. 44, 47, 54-60.)
+    Balls-Headley considers that unsatisfied sexual desires in women
+    may lead to the following conditions: general atrophy, anemia,
+    neuralgia and hysteria, irregular menstruation, leucorrhea,
+    atrophy of sexual organs. He also refers to the frequency of
+    myoma of the uterus among those who have not become pregnant or
+    who have long ceased to bear children. (Balls-Headley, art.
+    "Etiology of Diseases of Female Genital Organs," Allbutt and
+    Playfair, _System of Gynæcology_, 1896, p. 141.) It cannot,
+    however, be said that he brings forward substantial evidence in
+    favor of these beliefs. It may be added that in America, during
+    recent years, leading gynecologists have recorded a number of
+    cases in which widows on remarriage have shown marked improvement
+    in uterine and pelvic conditions.
+
+    The question as to whether men or women suffer most from sexual
+    abstinence, as well as the question whether definite morbid
+    conditions are produced by such abstinence, remains, however, an
+    obscure and debated problem. The available data do not enable us
+    to answer it decisively. It is one of those subtle and complex
+    questions which can only be investigated properly by a
+    gynecologist who is also a psychologist. Incidentally, however,
+    we have met and shall have occasion to meet with evidence bearing
+    on this question. It is sufficient to say here, briefly, that it
+    is impossible to believe, even if no evidence were forthcoming,
+    that the exercise or non-exercise of so vastly important a
+    function can make no difference to the organism generally. So
+    far as the evidence goes, it may be said to indicate that the
+    results of the abeyance of the sexual functions in healthy women
+    in whom the sexual emotions have never been definitely aroused
+    tend to be diffused and unconscious, as the sexual impulse itself
+    often is, but that, in women in whom the sexual emotions have
+    been definitely aroused and gratified, the results of sexual
+    abstinence tend to be acute and conscious.
+
+    These acute results are at the present day very often due to
+    premature ejaculation by nervous or neurasthenic husbands, the
+    rapidity with which detumescence is reached in the husband
+    allowing insufficient time for tumescence in the wife, who
+    consequently fails to reach the orgasm. This has of late been
+    frequently pointed out. Thus Kafemann (_Sexual-Probleme_, March,
+    1910, p. 194 et seq.) emphasizes the prevalence of sexual
+    incompetence in men. Ferenczi, of Budapest (_Zentralblatt für
+    Psychoanalyse_, 1910, ht. 1 and 2, p. 75), believes that the
+    combination of neurasthenic husbands with resultantly nervous
+    wives is extraordinarily common; even putting aside the
+    neurasthenic, he considers it may be said that the whole male sex
+    in relation to women suffer from precocious ejaculation. He adds
+    that it is often difficult to say whether the lack of harmony may
+    not be due to retarded orgasm in the woman. He regards the
+    influence of masturbation in early life as tending to quicken
+    orgasm in man, while when practised by the other sex it tends to
+    slow orgasm, and thus increases the disharmony. He holds,
+    however, that the chief cause lies in the education of women with
+    its emphasis on sexual repression; this works too well and the
+    result is that when the external impediments to the sexual
+    impulse are removed the impulse has become incapable of normal
+    action. Porosz (_British Medical Journal_, April 1, 1911) has
+    brought forward cases of serious nervous trouble in women which
+    have been dispersed when the sexual weakness and premature
+    ejaculation of the husband have been cured.
+
+The true nature of the passivity of the female is revealed by the ease
+with which it is thrown off, more especially when the male refuses to
+accept his cue. Or, if we prefer to accept the analogy of a game, we may
+say that in the play of courtship the first move belongs to the male, but
+that, if he fails to play, it is then the female's turn to play.
+
+    Among many birds the males at mating time fall into a state of
+    sexual frenzy, but not the females. "I cannot call to mind a
+    single case," states an authority on birds (H.E. Howard,
+    _Zoölogist_, 1902, p. 146), "where I have seen anything
+    approaching frenzy in the female of any species while mating."
+
+    Another great authority on birds, a very patient and skillful
+    observer, Mr. Edmund Selous, remarks, however, in describing the
+    courting habits of the ruffs and reeves (_Machetes pugnax_) that,
+    notwithstanding the passivity of the females beforehand, their
+    movements during and after coitus show that they derive at least
+    as much pleasure as the males. (E. Selous, "Selection in Birds,"
+    _Zoölogist_, Feb. and May, 1907.)
+
+    The same observer, after speaking of the great beauty of the male
+    eider duck, continues: "These glorified males--there were a dozen
+    of these, perhaps, to some six or seven females--swam closely
+    about the latter, but more in attendance upon them than as
+    actively pursuing them, for the females seemed themselves almost
+    as active agents in the sport of being wooed as were their lovers
+    in wooing them. The male bird first dipped down his head till his
+    beak just touched the water, then raised it again in a
+    constrained and tense manner,--the curious rigid action so
+    frequent in the nuptial antics of birds,--at the same time
+    uttering his strange haunting note. The air became filled with
+    it; every moment one or other of the birds--sometimes several
+    together--with upturned bill would softly laugh or exclaim, and
+    while the males did this, the females, turning excitedly, and
+    with little eager demonstrations from one to another of them,
+    kept lowering and extending forward the head and neck in the
+    direction of each in turn.... I noticed that a female would often
+    approach a male bird with her head and neck laid flat along the
+    water as though in a very 'coming on' disposition, and that the
+    male bird declined her advances. This, taken in conjunction with
+    the actions of the female when courted by the male, appears to me
+    to raise a doubt as to the universal application of the law that
+    throughout nature the male, in courtship, is eager, and the
+    female coy. Here, to all appearances, courtship was proceeding,
+    and the birds had not yet mated. The female eider ducks,
+    however,--at any rate, some of them,--appeared to be anything but
+    coy." (_Bird Watching_, pp. 144-146.)
+
+    Among moor-hens and great-crested grebes sometimes what Selous
+    terms "functional hermaphroditism" occurs and the females play
+    the part of the male toward their male companions, and then
+    repeat the sexual act with a reversion to the normal order, the
+    whole to the satisfaction of both parties. (E. Selous,
+    _Zoölogist_, 1902, p. 196.)
+
+    It is not only among birds that the female sometimes takes the
+    active part, but also among mammals. Among white rats, for
+    instance, the males are exceptionally eager. Steinach, who has
+    made many valuable experiments on these animals (_Archiv für die
+    Gesammte Physiologie_, Bd. lvi, 1894, p. 319), tells us that,
+    when a female white rat is introduced into the cage of a male, he
+    at once leaves off eating, or whatever else he may be doing,
+    becomes indifferent to noises or any other source of
+    distraction, and devotes himself entirely to her. If, however, he
+    is introduced into her cage the new environment renders him
+    nervous and suspicious, and then it is she who takes the active
+    part, trying to attract him in every way. The impetuosity during
+    heat of female animals of various species, when at length
+    admitted to the male, is indeed well known to all who are
+    familiar with animals.
+
+    I have referred to the frequency with which, in the human
+    species,--and very markedly in early adolescence, when the sexual
+    impulse is in a high degree unconscious and unrestrainedly
+    instinctive,--similar manifestations may often be noted. We have
+    to recognize that they are not necessarily abnormal and still
+    less pathological. They merely represent the unseasonable
+    apparition of a tendency which in due subordination is implied in
+    the phases of courtship throughout the animal world. Among some
+    peoples and in some stages of culture, tending to withdraw the
+    men from women and the thought of women, this phase of courtship
+    and this attitude assume a prominence which is absolutely normal.
+    The literature of the Middle Ages presents a state of society in
+    which men were devoted to war and to warlike sports, while the
+    women took the more active part in love-making. The medieval
+    poets represent women as actively encouraging backward lovers,
+    and as delighting to offer to great heroes the chastity they had
+    preserved, sometimes entering their bed-chambers at night.
+    Schultz (_Das Höfische Leben_, Bd. i, pp. 594-598) considers that
+    these representations are not exaggerated. Cf. Krabbes, _Die Frau
+    im Altfranzösischen Karls-Epos_, 1884, p. 20 et seq.; and M.A.
+    Potter, _Sohrab and Rustem_, 1902, pp. 152-163.
+
+    Among savages and barbarous races in various parts of the world
+    it is the recognized custom, reversing the more usual method, for
+    the girl to take the initiative in courtship. This is especially
+    so in New Guinea. Here the girls almost invariably take the
+    initiative, and in consequence hold a very independent position.
+    Women are always regarded as the seducers: "Women steal men." A
+    youth who proposed to a girl would be making himself ridiculous,
+    would be called a woman, and be laughed at by the girls. The
+    usual method by which a girl proposes is to send a present to the
+    youth by a third party, following this up by repeated gifts of
+    food; the young man sometimes waits a month or two, receiving
+    presents all the time, in order to assure himself of the girl's
+    constancy before decisively accepting her advances. (A.C. Haddon,
+    _Cambridge Expedition to Torres Straits_, vol. v, ch. viii; id.,
+    "Western Tribes of Torres Straits," _Journal of the
+    Anthropological Institute_, vol. xix, February, 1890, pp. 314,
+    356, 394, 395, 411, 413; id., _Head Hunters_, pp. 158-164; R.E.
+    Guise, "Tribes of the Wanigela River," _Journal of the
+    Anthropological Institute_, new series, vol. i, February-May,
+    1899, p. 209.) Westermarck gives instances of races among whom
+    the women take the initiative in courtship. (_History of
+    Marriage_, p. 158; so also Finck, _Primitive Love and
+    Love-stories_, 1899, p. 109 et seq.; and as regards Celtic women,
+    see Rhys and Brynmor Jones, _The Welsh People_.)
+
+There is another characteristic of great significance by which the sexual
+impulse in women differs from that in men: the widely unlike character of
+the physical mechanism involved in the process of coitus. Considering how
+obvious this difference is, it is strange that its fundamental importance
+should so often be underrated. In man the process of tumescence and
+detumescence is simple. In women it is complex. In man we have the more or
+less spontaneously erectile penis, which needs but very simple conditions
+to secure the ejaculation which brings relief. In women we have in the
+clitoris a corresponding apparatus on a small scale, but behind this has
+developed a much more extensive mechanism, which also demands
+satisfaction, and requires for that satisfaction the presence of various
+conditions that are almost antagonistic. Naturally the more complex
+mechanism is the more easily disturbed. It is the difference, roughly
+speaking, between a lock and a key. This analogy is far from indicating
+all the difficulties involved. We have to imagine a lock that not only
+requires a key to fit it, but should only be entered at the right moment,
+and, under the best conditions, may only become adjusted to the key by
+considerable use. The fact that the man takes the more active part in
+coitus has increased these difficulties; the woman is too often taught to
+believe that the whole function is low and impure, only to be submitted to
+at her husband's will and for his sake, and the man has no proper
+knowledge of the mechanism involved and the best way of dealing with it.
+The grossest brutality thus may be, and not infrequently is, exercised in
+all innocence by an ignorant husband who simply believes that he is
+performing his "marital duties." For a woman to exercise this physical
+brutality on a man is with difficulty possible; a man's pleasurable
+excitement is usually the necessary condition of the woman's sexual
+gratification. But the reverse is not the case, and, if the man is
+sufficiently ignorant or sufficiently coarse-grained to be satisfied with
+the woman's submission, he may easily become to her, in all innocence, a
+cause of torture.
+
+To the man coitus must be in some slight degree pleasurable or it cannot
+take place at all. To the woman the same act which, under some
+circumstances, in the desire it arouses and the satisfaction it imparts,
+will cause the whole universe to shrivel into nothingness, under other
+circumstances will be a source of anguish, physical and mental. This is so
+to some extent even in the presence of the right and fit man. There can be
+no doubt whatever that the mucus which is so profusely poured out over the
+external sexual organs in woman during the excitement of sexual desire has
+for its end the lubrication of the parts and the facilitation of the
+passage of the intromittent organ. The most casual inspection of the cold,
+contracted, dry vulva in its usual aspect and the same when distended,
+hot, and moist suffices to show which condition is and which is not that
+ready for intercourse, and until the proper condition is reached it is
+certain that coitus should not be attempted.
+
+The varying sensitiveness of the female parts again offers difficulties.
+Sexual relations in women are, at the onset, almost inevitably painful;
+and to some extent the same experience may be repeated at every act of
+coitus. Ordinary tactile sensibility in the female genitourinary region is
+notably obtuse, but at the beginning of the sexual act there is normally a
+hyperesthesia which may be painful or pleasurable as excitement
+culminates, passing into a seeming anesthesia, which even craves for rough
+contact; so that in sexual excitement a woman normally displays in quick
+succession that same quality of sensibility to superficial pressure and
+insensibility to deep pressure which the hysterical woman exhibits
+simultaneously.
+
+Thus we see that a highly important practical result follows from the
+greater complexity of the sexual apparatus in women and the greater
+difficulty with which it is aroused. In coitus the orgasm tends to occur
+more slowly in women than in men. It may easily happen that the whole
+process of detumescence is completed in the man before it has begun in
+his partner, who is left either cold or unsatisfied. This is one of the
+respects in which women remain nearer than men to the primitive stage of
+humanity.
+
+    In the Hippocratic treatise, _Of Generation_, it is stated that,
+    while woman has less pleasure in coitus than man, her pleasure
+    lasts longer. (_Oeuvres d'Hippocrate_, edition Littré, vol. vii,
+    p. 477.)
+
+    Beaunis considers that the slower development of the orgasm in
+    women is the only essential difference in the sexual process in
+    men and women. (Beaunis, _Les Sensations Internes_, 1889, p.
+    151.) This characteristic of the sexual impulse in women, though
+    recognized for so long a period, is still far too often ignored
+    or unknown. There is even a superstition that injurious results
+    may follow if the male orgasm is not effected as rapidly as
+    possible. That this is not so is shown by the experiences of the
+    Oneida community in America, who in their system of sexual
+    relationship carried prolonged intercourse without ejaculation to
+    an extreme degree. There can be no doubt whatever that very
+    prolonged intercourse gives the maximum amount of pleasure and
+    relief to the woman. Not only is this the very decided opinion of
+    women who have experienced it, but it is also indicated by the
+    well-recognized fact that a woman who repeats the sexual act
+    several times in succession often experiences more intense orgasm
+    and pleasure with each repetition.
+
+    This point is much better understood in the East than in the
+    West. The prolongation of the man's excitement, in order to give
+    the woman time for orgasm, is, remarks Sir Richard Burton
+    (_Arabian Nights_, vol. v, p. 76), much studied by Moslems, as
+    also by Hindoos, who, on this account, during the orgasm seek to
+    avoid overtension of muscles and to preoccupy the brain. During
+    coitus they will drink sherbet, chew betel-nut, and even smoke.
+    Europeans devote no care to this matter, and Hindoo women, who
+    require about twenty minutes to complete the act, contemptuously
+    call them "village cocks." I have received confirmation of
+    Burton's statements on this point from medical correspondents in
+    India.
+
+    While the European desires to perform as many acts of coitus in
+    one night as possible, Breitenstein remarks, the Malay, as still
+    more the Javanese, wishes, not to repeat the act many times, but
+    to prolong it. His aim is to remain in the vagina for about a
+    quarter of an hour. Unlike the European, also, he boasts of the
+    pleasure he has given his partner far more than of his own
+    pleasure. (Breitenstein, _21 Jahre in India_, theil i, "Borneo,"
+    p. 228.)
+
+    Jäger (_Entdeckung der Seele_, second edition, vol. i, 1884, p.
+    203), as quoted by Moll, explains the preference of some women
+    for castrated men as due, not merely to the absence of risk of
+    impregnation, but to the prolonged erections that take place in
+    the castrated. Aly-Belfàdel remarks (_Archivio di Psichiatria_,
+    1903, p. 117) that he knows women who prefer old men in coitus
+    simply because of their delay in ejaculation which allows more
+    time to the women to become excited.
+
+    A Russian correspondent living in Italy informs me that a
+    Neapolitan girl of 17, who had only recently ceased to be a
+    virgin, explained to him that she preferred _coitus in ore vulvæ_
+    to real intercourse because the latter was over before she had
+    time to obtain the orgasm (or, as she put it, "the big bird has
+    fled from the cage and I am left in the lurch"), while in the
+    other way she was able to experience the orgasm twice before her
+    partner reached the climax. "This reminds me," my correspondent
+    continues, "that a Milanese cocotte once told me that she much
+    liked intercourse with Jews because, on account of the
+    circumcised penis being less sensitive to contact, they ejaculate
+    more slowly then Christians. 'With Christians,' she said, 'it
+    constantly happens that I am left unsatisfied because they
+    ejaculate before me, while in coitus with Jews I sometimes
+    ejaculate twice before the orgasm occurs in my partner, or,
+    rather, I hold back the second orgasm until he is ready.' This is
+    confirmed," my correspondent continues, "by what I was told by a
+    Russian Jew, a student at the Zürich Polytechnic, who had a
+    Russian comrade living with a mistress, also a Russian student,
+    or pseudostudent. One day the Jew, going early to see his friend,
+    was told to enter by a woman's voice and found his friend's
+    mistress alone and in her chemise beside the bed. He was about to
+    retire, but the young woman bade him stay and in a few minutes he
+    was in bed with her. She told him that her lover had just gone
+    away and that she never had sexual relief with him because he
+    always ejaculated too soon. That morning he had left her so
+    excited and so unrelieved that she was just about to
+    masturbate--which she rarely did because it gave her
+    headache--when she heard the Jew's voice, and, knowing that Jews
+    are slower in coitus than Christians, she had suddenly resolved
+    to give herself to him."
+
+    I am informed that the sexual power of negroes and slower
+    ejaculation (see Appendix A) are the cause of the favor with
+    which they are viewed by some white women of strong sexual
+    passions in America, and by many prostitutes. At one time there
+    was a special house in New York City to which white women
+    resorted for these "buck lovers"; the women came heavily veiled
+    and would inspect the penises of the men before making their
+    selection.
+
+It is thus a result of the complexity of the sexual mechanism in women
+that the whole attitude of a woman toward the sexual relationship is
+liable to be affected disastrously by the husband's lack of skill or
+consideration in initiating her into this intimate mystery. Normally the
+stage of apparent repulsion and passivity, often associated with great
+sensitiveness, physical and moral, passes into one of active participation
+and aid in the consummation of the sexual act. But if, from whatever
+cause, there is partial arrest on the woman's side of this evolution in
+the process of courtship, if her submission is merely a mental and
+deliberate act of will, and not an instinctive and impulsive
+participation, there is a necessary failure of sexual relief and
+gratification. When we find that a woman displays a certain degree of
+indifference in sexual relationships, and a failure of complete
+gratification, we have to recognize that the fault may possibly lie, not
+in her, but in the defective skill of a lover who has not known how to
+play successfully the complex and subtle game of courtship. Sexual
+coldness due to the shock and suffering of the wedding-night is a
+phenomenon that is far too frequent.[172] Hence it is that many women may
+never experience sexual gratification and relief, through no defect on
+their part, but through the failure of the husband to understand the
+lover's part. We make a false analogy when we compare the courtship of
+animals exclusively with our own courtships before marriage. Courtship,
+properly understood, is the process whereby both the male and the female
+are brought into that state of sexual tumescence which is a more or less
+necessary condition for sexual intercourse. The play of courtship cannot,
+therefore, be considered to be definitely brought to an end by the
+ceremony of marriage; it may more properly be regarded as the natural
+preliminary to every act of coitus.
+
+    Tumescence is not merely a more or less essential condition for
+    proper sexual intercourse. It is probably of more fundamental
+    significance as one of the favoring conditions of impregnation.
+    This has, indeed, been long recognized. Van Swieten, when
+    consulted by the childless Maria Theresa, gave the opinion "Ego
+    vero censeo, vulvam Sacratissimæ Majestatis ante coitum diutius
+    esse titillandam," and thereafter she had many children. "I think
+    it very nearly certain," Matthews Duncan wrote (_Goulstonian
+    Lectures on Sterility in Woman_, 1884, p. 96), "that desire and
+    pleasure in due or moderate degree are very important aids to, or
+    predisposing causes of, fecundity," as bringing into action the
+    complicated processes of fecundation. Hirst (_Text-book of
+    Obstetrics_, 1899, p. 67) mentions the case of a childless
+    married woman who for six years had had no orgasm during
+    intercourse; then it occurred at the same time as coitus, and
+    pregnancy resulted.
+
+    Kisch is very decidedly of the same opinion, and considers that
+    the popular belief on this point is fully justified. It is a
+    fact, he states, that an unfaithful wife is more likely to
+    conceive with her lover than with her husband, and he concludes
+    that, whatever the precise mechanism may be, "sexual excitement
+    on the woman's part is a necessary link in the chain of
+    conditions producing impregnation." (E.H. Kisch, _Die Sterilität
+    des Weibes_, 1886, p. 99.) Kisch believes (p. 103) that in the
+    majority of women sexual pleasure only appears gradually, after
+    the first cohabitation, and then develops progressively, and that
+    the first conception usually coincides with its complete
+    awakening. In 556 cases of his own the most frequent epoch of
+    first impregnation was found to be between ten and fifteen months
+    after marriage.
+
+    The removal of sexual frigidity thus becomes a matter of some
+    importance. This removal may in some cases be effected by
+    treatment through the husband, but that course is not always
+    practicable. Dr. Douglas Bryan, of Leicester, informs me that in
+    several cases he has succeeded in removing sexual coldness and
+    physical aversion in the wife by hypnotic suggestion. The
+    suggestions given to the patient are "that all her womanly
+    natural feelings would be quickly and satisfactorily developed
+    during coitus; that she would experience no feeling of disgust
+    and nausea, would have no fear of the orgasm not developing; that
+    there would be no involuntary resistance on her part." The fact
+    that such suggestions can be permanently effective tends to show
+    how superficial the sexual "anesthesia" of women usually is.
+
+Not only, therefore, is the apparatus of sexual excitement in women more
+complex than in men, but--in part, possibly as a result of this greater
+complexity--it much more frequently requires to be actively aroused. In
+men tumescence tends to occur almost spontaneously, or under the simple
+influence of accumulated semen. In women, also, especially in those who
+live a natural and healthy life, sexual excitement also tends to occur
+spontaneously, but by no means so frequently as in men. The comparative
+rarity of sexual dreams in women who have not had sexual relationships
+alone serves to indicate this sexual difference. In a very large number of
+women the sexual impulse remains latent until aroused by a lover's
+caresses. The youth spontaneously becomes a man; but the maiden--as it has
+been said--"must be kissed into a woman."
+
+One result of this characteristic is that, more especially when love is
+unduly delayed beyond the first youth, this complex apparatus has
+difficulty in responding to the unfamiliar demands of sexual excitement.
+Moreover, delayed normal sexual relations, when the sexual impulse is not
+absolutely latent, tend to induce all degrees of perverted or abnormal
+sexual gratification, and the physical mechanism when trained to respond
+in other ways often fails to respond normally when, at last, the normal
+conditions of response are presented. In all these ways passivity and even
+aversion may be produced in the conjugal relationship. The fact that it is
+almost normally the function of the male to arouse the female, and that
+the greater complexity of the sexual mechanism in women leads to more
+frequent disturbance of that mechanism, produces a simulation of organic
+sexual coldness which has deceived many.
+
+    An instructive study of cases in which the sexual impulse has
+    been thus perverted has been presented by Smith Baker ("The
+    Neuropsychical Element in Conjugal Aversion," _Journal of Nervous
+    and Mental Disease_, vol. xvii, September, 1892). Raymond and
+    Janet, who believes that sexual coldness is extremely frequent in
+    marriage, and that it plays an important part in the causation of
+    physical and moral troubles, find that it is most often due to
+    masturbation. (_Les Obsessions_, vol. ii, p. 307.) Adler, after
+    discussing the complexity of the feminine sexual mechanism, and
+    the difficulty which women find in obtaining sexual gratification
+    in normal coitus, concludes that "masturbation is a frequent,
+    perhaps the most frequent, cause of defective sexual sensibility
+    in women." (_Op. cit._, p. 119.) He remarks that in women
+    masturbation usually has less resemblance to normal coitus than
+    in men and involves very frequently the special excitation of
+    parts which are not the chief focus of excitement in coitus, so
+    that coitus fails to supply the excitation which has become
+    habitual (pp. 113-116). In the discussion of "Auto-erotism" in
+    the first volume of these _Studies_, I had already referred to
+    the divorce between the physical and the ideal sides of love
+    which may, especially in women, be induced by masturbation.
+
+    Another cause of inhibited sexual feeling has been brought
+    forward. A married lady with normal sexual impulse states
+    (_Sexual-Probleme_, April, 1912, p. 290) that she cannot
+    experience orgasm and sexual satisfaction when the intercourse is
+    not for conception. This is a psychic inhibition independent of
+    any disturbance due to the process of prevention. She knows other
+    women who are similarly affected. Such an inhibition must be
+    regarded as artificial and abnormal, since the final result of
+    sexual intercourse, under natural and normal conditions, forms no
+    essential constituent of the psychic process of intercourse.
+
+As a result of the fact that in women the sexual emotions tend not to
+develop great intensity until submitted to powerful stimulation, we find
+that the maximum climax of sexual emotion tends to fall somewhat later in
+a woman's life than in a man's. Among animals generally there appears to
+be frequently traceable a tendency for the sexual activities of the male
+to develop at a somewhat earlier age than those of the female. In the
+human, species we may certainly trace the same tendency. As the great
+physiologist, Burdach, pointed out, throughout nature, with the
+accomplishment of the sexual act the part of the male in the work of
+generation comes to an end; but that act represents only the beginning of
+a woman's generative activity.
+
+A youth of 20 may often display a passionate ardor in love which is very
+seldom indeed found in women who are under 25. It is rare for a woman,
+even though her sexual emotions may awaken at puberty or earlier, to
+experience the great passion of her life until after the age of 25 has
+been passed. In confirmation of this statement, which is supported by
+daily observation, it may be pointed out that nearly all the most
+passionate love-letters of women, as well as their most passionate
+devotions, have come from women who had passed, sometimes long passed,
+their first youth. When Heloise wrote to Abelard the first of the letters
+which have come down to us she was at least 32. Mademoiselle Aissé's
+relation with the Chevalier began when she was 32, and when she died, six
+years later, the passion of each was at its height. Mary Wollstonecraft
+was 34 when her love-letters to Imlay began, and her child was born in the
+following year. Mademoiselle de Lespinasse was 43 when she began to write
+her letters to M. de Guibert. In some cases the sexual impulse may not
+even appear until after the period of the menopause has been passed.[173]
+
+    In Roman times Ovid remarked (_Ars Amatoria_, lib. ii) that a
+    woman fails to understand the art of love until she has reached
+    the age of 35. "A girl of 18," said Stendhal (_De l'Amour_, ch.
+    viii), "has not the power to crystallize her emotions; she forms
+    desires that are too limited by her lack of experience in the
+    things of life, to be able to love with such passion as a woman
+    of 28." "Sexual needs," said Restif de la Bretonne (_Monsieur
+    Nicolas_, vol. xi, p. 221), "often only appears in young women
+    when they are between 26 and 27 years of age; at least, that is
+    what I have observed."
+
+    Erb states that it is about the middle of the twenties that women
+    begin to suffer physically, morally, and intellectually from
+    their sexual needs. Nyström (_Das Geschlechtsleben_, p. 163)
+    considers that it is about the age of 30 that a woman first
+    begins to feel conscious of sex needs. In a case of Adler's (_op.
+    cit._, p. 141), sexual feelings first appeared after the birth of
+    the third child, at the age of 30. Forel (_Die Sexuelle Frage_,
+    1906, p. 219) considers that sexual desire in woman is often
+    strongest between the ages of 30 and 40. Leith Napier
+    (_Menopause_, p. 94) remarks that from 28 to 30 is often an
+    important age in woman who have retained their virginity, erotism
+    then appearing with the full maturity of the nervous system.
+    Yellowlees (art. "Masturbation," _Dictionary of Psychological
+    Medicine_), again, states that at about the age of 33 some women
+    experience great sexual irritability, often resulting in
+    masturbation. Audiffrent (_Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_,
+    Jan. 15, 1902, p. 3) considers that it is toward the age of 30
+    that a woman reaches her full moral and physical development, and
+    that at this period her emotional and idealizing impulses reach a
+    degree of intensity which is sometimes irresistible. It has
+    already been mentioned that Matthews Duncan's careful inquiries
+    showed that it is between the ages of 30 and 34 that the largest
+    proportion of women experience sexual desire and sexual pleasure.
+    It may be remarked, also, that while the typical English
+    novelists, who have generally sought to avoid touching the deeper
+    and more complex aspects of passion, often choose very youthful
+    heroines, French novelists, who have frequently had a
+    predilection for the problems of passion, often choose heroines
+    who are approaching the age of 30.
+
+    Hirschfeld (_Von Wesen der Liebe_, p. 26) was consulted by a lady
+    who, being without any sexual desires or feelings, married an
+    inverted man in order to live with him a life of simple
+    comradeship. Within six months, however, she fell violently in
+    love with her husband, with the full manifestation of sexual
+    feelings and accompanying emotions of jealousy. Under all the
+    circumstances, however, she would not enter into sexual
+    relationship with her husband, and the torture she endured became
+    so acute that she desired to be castrated. In this connection,
+    also, I may mention a case, which has been communicated to me
+    from Glasgow, of a girl--strong and healthy and menstruating
+    regularly since the age of 17--who was seduced at the age of 20
+    without any sexual desire on her part, giving birth to a child
+    nine months later. Subsequently she became a prostitute for three
+    years, and during this period had not the slightest sexual desire
+    or any pleasure in sexual connection. Thereafter she met a poor
+    lad with whom she has full sexual desire and sexual pleasure, the
+    result being that she refuses to go with any other man, and
+    consequently is almost without food for several days every week.
+
+    The late appearance of the great climax of sexual emotion in
+    women is indicated by a tendency to nervous and psychic
+    disturbances between the ages of 25 and about 33, which has been
+    independently noted by various alienists (though it may be noted
+    that 25 to 30 is not an unusual age for first attacks of insanity
+    in men also). Thus, Krafft-Ebing states that adult unmarried
+    women between the ages of 25 and 30 often show nervous symptoms
+    and peculiarities. (Krafft-Ebing, "Ueber Neurosen und Psychosen
+    durch Sexuelle Abstinenz," _Jahrbücher für Psychiatrie_, Bd.
+    viii, ht. 1-4, 1888.) Pitres and Régis find also (_Comptes-rendus
+    XIIe Congrès International de Médecine_, Moscow, 1897, vol. iv,
+    p. 45) that obsessions, which are commoner in women than in men
+    and are commonly connected in their causation with strong moral
+    emotion, occur in women chiefly between the ages of 26 and 30,
+    though in men much earlier. The average age at which in England
+    women inebriates begin drinking in excess is 26. (_British
+    Medical Journal_, Sept. 2, 1911, p. 518.)
+
+    A case recorded by Sérieux is instructive as regards the
+    development of the sexual impulse, although it comes within the
+    sphere of mental disorder. A woman of 32 with bad heredity had in
+    childhood had weak health and become shy, silent, and fond of
+    solitude, teased by her companions and finding consolation in
+    hard work. Though very emotional, she never, even in the vaguest
+    form, experienced any of those feelings and aspirations which
+    reveal the presence of the sexual impulse. She had no love of
+    dancing and was indifferent to any embraces she might chance to
+    receive from young men. She never masturbated or showed inverted
+    feelings. At the age of 23 she married. She still, however,
+    experienced no sexual feelings; twice only she felt a faint
+    sensation of pleasure. A child was born, but her home was unhappy
+    on account of her husband's drunken habits. He died and she
+    worked hard for her own living and the support of her mother.
+    Then at the age of 31 a new phase occurs in her life: she falls
+    in love with the master of her workshop. It was at first a purely
+    psychic affection, without any mixture of physical elements; it
+    was enough to see him, and she trembled when she touched anything
+    that belonged to him. She was constantly thinking about him; she
+    loved him for his eyes, which seemed to her those of her own
+    child, and especially for his intelligence. Gradually, however,
+    the lower nervous centers began to take part in these emotions;
+    one day in passing her the master chanced to touch her shoulder;
+    this contact was sufficient to produce sexual turgescence. She
+    began to masturbate daily, thinking of her master, and for the
+    first time in her life she desired coitus. She evoked the image
+    of her master so constantly and vividly that at last
+    hallucinations of sight, touch, and hearing appeared, and it
+    seemed to her that he was present. These hallucinations were only
+    with difficulty dissipated. (P. Sérieux, _Les Anomalies de
+    L'Instinct Sexuel_, 1888, p. 50.) This case presents in an insane
+    form a phenomenon which is certainly by no means uncommon and is
+    very significant. Up to the age of 31 we should certainly have
+    been forced to conclude that this woman was sexually anesthetic
+    to an almost absolute degree. In reality, we see this was by no
+    means the case. Weak health, hard work, and a brutal husband had
+    prolonged the latency of the sexual emotions; but they were
+    there, ready to explode with even insane intensity (this being
+    due to the unsound heredity) in the presence of a man who
+    appealed to these emotions.
+
+    In connection with the late evolution of the sexual emotions in
+    women reference may be made to what is usually termed "old maid's
+    insanity," a condition not met with in men. In these cases, which
+    are not, indeed, common, single women who have led severely
+    strict and virtuous lives, devoting themselves to religious or
+    intellectual work, and carefully repressing the animal side of
+    their natures, at last, just before the climacteric, experience
+    an awakening of the erotic impulse; they fall in love with some
+    unfortunate man, often a clergyman, persecute him with their
+    attentions, and frequently suffer from the delusion that he
+    reciprocates their affections.
+
+When once duly aroused, there cannot usually be any doubt concerning the
+strength of the sexual impulse in normal and healthy women. There would,
+however, appear to be a distinct difference between the sexes at this
+point also. Before sexual union the male tends to be more ardent; after
+sexual union it is the female who tends to be more ardent. The sexual
+energy of women, under these circumstances, would seem to be the greater
+on account of the long period during which it has been dormant.
+
+    Sinibaldus in the seventeenth century, in his _Geneanthropeia_,
+    argued that, though women are cold at first, and aroused with
+    more difficulty and greater slowness than men, the flame of
+    passion spreads in them the more afterward, just as iron is by
+    nature cold, but when heated gives a great degree of heat.
+    Similarly Mandeville said of women that "their passions are not
+    so easily raised nor so suddenly fixed upon any particular
+    object; but when this passion is once rooted in women it is much
+    stronger and more durable than in men, and rather increases than
+    diminishes by enjoying the person of the beloved." (_A Modest
+    Defence of Public Stews_, 1724, p. 34.) Burdach considered that
+    women only acquire the full enjoyment of their general strength
+    after marriage and pregnancy, while it is before marriage that
+    men have most vigor. Schopenhauer also said that a man's love
+    decreases with enjoyment, and a woman's increases. And Ellen Key
+    has remarked (_Love and Marriage_) that "where there is no
+    mixture of Southern blood it is a long time, sometimes indeed not
+    till years after marriage, that the senses of the Northern women
+    awake to consciousness."
+
+    Even among animals this tendency seems to be manifested. Edmund
+    Selous (_Bird Watching_, p. 112) remarks, concerning sea-gulls:
+    "Always, or almost always, one of the birds--and this I take to
+    be the female--is more eager, has a more soliciting manner and
+    tender begging look than the other. It is she who, as a rule,
+    draws the male bird on. She looks fondly up at him, and, raising
+    her bill to his, as though beseeching a kiss, just touches with
+    it, in raising, the feathers of the throat--an action light, but
+    full of endearment. And in every way she shows herself the most
+    desirous, and, in fact, so worries and pesters the poor male gull
+    that often, to avoid her importunities, he flies away. This may
+    seem odd, but I have seen other instances of it. No doubt, in
+    actual courting, before the sexes are paired, the male bird is
+    usually the most eager, but after marriage the female often
+    becomes the wooer. Of this I have seen some marked instances."
+    Selous mentions especially the plover, kestrel hawk, and rook.
+
+In association with the fact that women tend to show an increase of sexual
+ardor after sexual relationships have been set up may be noted the
+probably related fact that sexual intercourse is undoubtedly less
+injurious to women than to men. Other things being equal, that is to say,
+the threshold of excess is passed very much sooner by the man than by the
+woman. This was long ago pointed out by Montaigne. The ancient saying,
+"_Omne animal post coitum triste_," is of limited application at the best,
+but certainly has little reference to women.[174] Alacrity, rather than
+languor, as Robin has truly observed,[175] marks a woman after coitus, or,
+as a medical friend of my own has said, a woman then goes about the house
+singing.[176] It is, indeed, only after intercourse with a woman for whom,
+in reality, he feels contempt that a man experiences that revulsion of
+feeling described by Shakespeare (sonnet cxxix). Such a passage should not
+be quoted, as it sometimes has been quoted, as the representation of a
+normal phenomenon. But, with equal gratification on both sides, it remains
+true that, while after a single coitus the man may experience a not
+unpleasant lassitude and readiness for sleep, this is rarely the case with
+his partner, for whom a single coitus is often but a pleasant stimulus,
+the climax of satisfaction not being reached until a second or subsequent
+act of intercourse. "Excess in venery," which, rightly or wrongly, is set
+down as the cause of so many evils in men, seldom, indeed, appears in
+connection with women, although in every act of venery the woman has taken
+part.[177]
+
+    That women bear sexual excesses better than men was noted by
+    Cabanis and other early writers. Alienists frequently refer to
+    the fact that women are less liable to be affected by insanity
+    following such excesses. (See, e.g., Maudsley, "Relations between
+    Body and Mind," _Lancet_, May 28, 1870; and G. Savage, art.
+    "Marriage and Insanity" in _Dictionary of Psychological
+    Medicine_.) Trousseau remarked on the fact that women are not
+    exhausted by repeated acts of coitus within a short period,
+    notwithstanding that the nervous excitement in their case is as
+    great, if not greater, and he considered that this showed that
+    the loss of semen is a cause of exhaustion in men. Löwenfeld
+    (_Sexualleben und Nervenleiden_, pp. 74, 153) states that there
+    cannot be question that the nervous system in women is less
+    influenced by the after-effects of coitus than in men. Not only,
+    he remarks, are prostitutes very little liable to suffer from
+    nervous overstimulation, and neurasthenia and hysteria when
+    occurring in them be easily traceable to other causes, but
+    "healthy women who are not given to prostitution, when they
+    indulge in very frequent sexual intercourse, provided it is
+    practised normally, do not experience the slightest injurious
+    effect. I have seen many young married couples where the husband
+    had been reduced to a pitiable condition of nervous prostration
+    and general discomfort by the zeal with which he had exercised
+    his marital duties, while the wife had been benefited and was in
+    the uninterrupted enjoyment of the best health." This experience
+    is by no means uncommon.
+
+    A correspondent writes: "It is quite true that the threshold of
+    excess is less easily reached by women than by men. I have found
+    that women can reach the orgasm much more frequently than men.
+    Take an ordinary case. I spend two hours with ----. I have the
+    orgasm 3 times, with difficulty; she has it 6 or 8, or even 10 or
+    12, times. Women can also experience it a second or third time in
+    succession, with no interval between. Sometimes the mere fact of
+    realizing that the man is having the orgasm causes the woman to
+    have it also, though it is true that a woman usually requires as
+    many minutes to develop the orgasm as a man does seconds." I may
+    also refer to the case recorded in another part of this volume in
+    which a wife had the orgasm 26 times to her husband's twice.
+
+    Hutchinson, under the name of post-marital amblyopia (_Archives
+    of Surgery_, vol. iv, p. 200), has described a condition
+    occurring in men in good health who soon after marriage become
+    nearly blind, but recover as soon as the cause is removed. He
+    mentions no cases in women due to coitus, but finds that in
+    women some failure of sight may occur after parturition.
+
+    Näcke states that, in his experience, while masturbation is,
+    apparently, commoner in insane men than in insane women,
+    masturbation repeated several times a day is much commoner in the
+    women. (P. Näcke, "Die Sexuellen Perversitäten in der
+    Irrenanstalt," _Psychiatrische Bladen_, 1899, No. 2.)
+
+    Great excesses in masturbation seem also to be commoner among
+    women who may be said to be sane than among men. Thus, Bloch
+    (_New Orleans Medical Journal_, 1896) records the case of a young
+    married woman of 25, of bad heredity, who had suffered from
+    almost life-long sexual hyperesthesia, and would masturbate
+    fourteen times daily during the menstrual periods.
+
+    With regard to excesses in coitus the case may be mentioned of a
+    country girl of 17, living in a rural district in North Carolina
+    where prostitution was unknown, who would cohabit with men almost
+    openly. On one Sunday she went to a secluded school-house and let
+    three or four men wear themselves out cohabiting with her. On
+    another occasion, at night, in a field, she allowed anyone who
+    would to perform the sexual act, and 25 men and boys then had
+    intercourse with her. When seen she was much prostrated and with
+    a tendency to spasm, but quite rational. Subsequently she married
+    and attacks of this nature became rare.
+
+    Mr. Lawson made an "attested statement" of what he had observed
+    among the Marquesan women. "He mentions one case in which he
+    heard a parcel of boys next morning count over and _name_ 103 men
+    who during the night had intercourse with _one_ woman."
+    (_Medico-Chirurgical Review_, 1871, vol. ii, p. 360, apparently
+    quoting Chevers.) This statement seems open to question, but, if
+    reliable, would furnish a case which must be unique.
+
+There is a further important difference, though intimately related to some
+of the differences already mentioned, between the sexual impulse in women
+and in men. In women it is at once larger and more diffused. As Sinibaldus
+long ago said, the sexual pleasure of men is intensive, of women
+extensive. In men the sexual impulse is, as it were, focused to a single
+point. This is necessarily so, for the whole of the essentially necessary
+part of the male in the process of human procreation is confined to the
+ejaculation of semen into the vagina. But in women, mainly owing to the
+fact that women are the child-bearers, in place of one primary sexual
+center and one primary erogenous region, there are at least three such
+sexual centers and erogenous regions: the clitoris (corresponding to the
+penis), the vaginal passage up to the womb, and the nipple. In both sexes
+there are other secondary and reflex centers, but there is good reason for
+believing that these are more numerous and more widespread in women than
+in men.[178] How numerous the secondary sexual centers in women may be is
+indicated by the case of a woman mentioned by Moraglia, who boasted that
+she knew fourteen different ways of masturbating herself.
+
+This great diffusion of the sexual impulse and emotions in women is as
+visible on the psychic as on the physical side. A woman can find sexual
+satisfaction in a great number of ways that do not include the sexual act
+proper, and in a great number of ways that apparently are not physical at
+all, simply because their physical basis is diffused or is to be found in
+one of the outlying sexual zones.
+
+It is, moreover, owing to the diffused character of the sexual emotions in
+women that it so often happens that emotion really having a sexual origin
+is not recognized as such even by the woman herself. It is possible that
+the great prevalence in women of the religious emotional state of "storm
+and stress," noted by Professor Starbuck,[179] is largely due to
+unemployed sexual impulse. In this and similar ways it happens that the
+magnitude of the sexual sphere in woman is unrealized by the careless
+observer.
+
+    A number of converging facts tend to indicate that the sexual
+    sphere is larger, and more potent in its influence on the
+    organism, in women than in men. It would appear that among the
+    males and females of lower animals the same difference may be
+    found. It is stated that in birds there is a greater flow of
+    blood to the ovaries than to the testes.
+
+    In women the system generally is more affected by disturbances in
+    the sexual sphere than in men. This appears to be the case as
+    regards the eye. "The influence of the sexual system upon the eye
+    in man," Power states, "is far less potent, and the connection,
+    in consequence, far less easy to trace than in woman." (H. Power,
+    "Relation of Ophthalmic Disease to the Sexual Organs," _Lancet_,
+    November 26, 1887.)
+
+    The greater predominance of the sexual system in women on the
+    psychic side is clearly brought out in insane conditions. It is
+    well known that, while satyriasis is rare, nymphomania is
+    comparatively common. These conditions are probably often forms
+    of mania, and in mania, while sexual symptoms are common in men,
+    they are often stated to be the rule in women (see, e.g.,
+    Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia Sexualis_, tenth edition, English
+    translation, p. 465). Bouchereau, in noting this difference in
+    the prevalence of sexual manifestations during insanity, remarks
+    that it is partly due to the naturally greater dependence of
+    women on the organs of generation, and partly to the more active,
+    independent, and laborious lives of men; in his opinion,
+    satyriasis is specially apt to develop in men who lead lives
+    resembling those of women. (Bouchereau, art. "Satyriasis,"
+    _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales_.) Again,
+    postconnubial insanity is very much commoner in women than in
+    men, a fact which may indicate the more predominant part played
+    by the sexual sphere in women. (Savage, art. "Marriage and
+    Insanity," _Dictionary of Psychological Medicine_.)
+
+    Insanity tends to remove the artificial inhibitory influences
+    that rule in ordinary life, and there is therefore significance
+    in such a fact as that the sexual appetite is often increased in
+    general paralysis and to a notable extent in women. (Pactet and
+    Colin, _Les Aliénés devant la Justice_, 1902, p. 122.)
+
+    Näcke, from his experiences among the insane, makes an
+    interesting and possibly sound distinction regarding the
+    character of the sexual manifestations in the two sexes. Among
+    men he finds these manifestations to be more of a reflex and
+    purely spinal nature and chiefly manifested in masturbation; in
+    women he finds them to be of a more cerebral character, and
+    chiefly manifested in erotic gestures, lascivious conversation,
+    etc. The sexual impulse would thus tend to involve to a greater
+    extent the higher psychic region in women than in men.
+
+    Forel likewise (_Die Sexuelle Frage_, 1906, p. 276), remarking on
+    the much greater prevalence of erotic manifestations among insane
+    women than insane men (and pointing out that it is by no means
+    due merely to the presence of a male doctor, for it remains the
+    same when the doctor is a woman), considers that it proves that
+    in women the sexual impulse resides more prominently in the
+    higher nervous centers and in men in the lower centers. (As
+    regards the great prevalence of erotic manifestations among the
+    female insane, I may also refer to Claye Shaw's interesting
+    observations, "The Sexes in Lunacy," _St. Bartholomew's Hospital
+    Reports_, vol. xxiv, 1888; also quoted in Havelock Ellis, _Man
+    and Woman_, p. 370 et seq.) Whether or not we may accept Näcke's
+    and Forel's interpretation of the facts, which is at least
+    doubtful, there can be little doubt that the sexual impulse is
+    more fundamental in women. This is indicated by Näcke's
+    observation that among idiots sexual manifestations are commoner
+    in females than in males. Of 16 idiot girls, of the age of 16 and
+    under, 15 certainly masturbated, sometimes as often as fourteen
+    times a day, while the remaining girl probably masturbated; but
+    of 25 youthful male idiots only 1 played with his penis. (P.
+    Näcke, "Die Sexuellen Perversitäten in der Irrenanstalt,"
+    _Psychiatrische Bladen_, 1899, No. 2, pp. 9, 12.) On the physical
+    side Bourneville and Sollier found (_Progrès médical_, 1888) that
+    puberty is much retarded in idiot and imbecile boys, while J.
+    Voisin (_Annales d'Hygiène Publique_, June, 1894) found that in
+    idiot and imbecile girls, on the contrary, there is no lack of
+    full sexual development or retardation of puberty, while
+    masturbation is common. In women, it may be added, as Ball
+    pointed out (_Folie érotique_, p. 40), sexual hallucinations are
+    especially common, while under the influence of anesthetics
+    erotic manifestations and feelings are frequent in women, but
+    rare in men. (Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_, p. 256.)
+
+    The fact that the first coitus has a much more profound moral and
+    psychic influence on a woman than on a man would also seem to
+    indicate how much more fundamental the sexual region is in women.
+    The fact may be considered as undoubted. (It is referred to by
+    Marro, _La Pubertà_, p. 460.) The mere physical fact that, while
+    in men coitus remains a merely exterior contact, in women it
+    involves penetration into the sensitive and virginal interior of
+    the body would alone indicate this difference.
+
+We are told that in the East there was once a woman named Moârbeda who was
+a philosopher and considered to be the wisest woman of her time. When
+Moârbeda was once asked: "In what part of a woman's body does her mind
+reside?" she replied: "Between her thighs." To many women,--perhaps,
+indeed, we might even say to most women,--to a certain extent may be
+applied--and in no offensive sense--the dictum of the wise woman of the
+East; in a certain sense their brains are in their wombs. Their mental
+activity may sometimes seem to be limited; they may appear to be passing
+through life always in a rather inert or dreamy state; but, when their
+sexual emotions are touched, then at once they spring into life; they
+become alert, resourceful, courageous, indefatigable. "But when I am not
+in love I am nothing!" exclaimed a woman when reproached by a French
+magistrate for living with a thief. There are many women who could truly
+make the same statement, not many men. That emotion, which, one is tempted
+to say, often unmans the man, makes the woman for the first time truly
+herself.
+
+    "Women are more occupied with love than men," wrote De Sénancour
+    (_De l'Amour_, vol. ii, p. 59); "it shows itself in all their
+    movements, animates their looks, gives to their gestures a grace
+    that is always new, to their smiles and voices an inexpressible
+    charm; they live for love, while many men in obeying love feel
+    that they are forgetting themselves."
+
+    Restif de la Bretonne (_Monsieur Nicolas_, vol. vi, p. 223)
+    quotes a young girl who well describes the difference which love
+    makes to a woman: "Before I vegetated; now all my actions have a
+    motive, an end; they have become important. When I wake my first
+    thought is 'Someone is occupied with me and desires me.' I am no
+    longer alone, as I was before; another feels my existence and
+    cherishes it," etc.
+
+    "One is surprised to see in the south," remarks Bonstetten, in
+    his suggestive book, _L'Homme du Midi et l'Homme du Nord_
+    (1824),--and the remark by no means applies only to the
+    south,--"how love imparts intelligence even to those who are most
+    deficient in ideas. An Italian woman in love is inexhaustible in
+    the variety of her feelings, all subordinated to the supreme
+    emotion which dominates her. Her ideas follow one another with
+    prodigious rapidity, and produce a lambent play which is fed by
+    her heart alone. If she ceases to love, her mind becomes merely
+    the scoria of the lava which yesterday had been so bright."
+
+    Cabanis had already made some observations to much the same
+    effect. Referring to the years of nubility following puberty, he
+    remarks: "I have very often seen the greatest fecundity of ideas,
+    the most brilliant imagination, a singular aptitude for the arts,
+    suddenly develop in girls of this age, only to give place soon
+    afterward to the most absolute mental mediocrity." (Cabanis, "De
+    l'Influence des Sexes," etc., _Rapports du Physique et du Morale
+    de l'Homme_.)
+
+This phenomenon seems to be one of the indications of the immense organic
+significance of the sexual relations. Woman's part in the world is less
+obtrusively active than man's, but there is a moment when nature cannot
+dispense with energy and mental vigor in women, and that is during the
+reproductive period. The languidest woman must needs be alive when her
+sexual emotions are profoundly stirred. People often marvel at the
+infatuation which men display for women who, in the eyes of all the world,
+seem commonplace and dull. This is not, as we usually suppose, always
+entirely due to the proverbial blindness of love. For the man whom she
+loves, such a woman is often alive and transformed. He sees a woman who is
+hidden from all the world. He experiences something of that surprise and
+awe which Dostoieffsky felt when the seemingly dull and brutish criminals
+of Siberia suddenly exhibited gleams of exquisite sensibility.
+
+In women, it must further be said, the sexual impulse shows a much more
+marked tendency to periodicity than in men; not only is it less apt to
+appear spontaneously, but its spontaneous manifestations are in a very
+pronounced manner correlated with menstruation. A woman who may experience
+almost overmastering sexual desire just before, during, or after the
+monthly period may remain perfectly calm and self-possessed during the
+rest of the month. In men such irregularities of the sexual impulse are
+far less marked. Thus it is that a woman may often appear capricious,
+unaccountable, or cold, merely because her moments of strong emotion have
+been physiologically confined within a limited period. She may be one day
+capable of audacities of which on another the very memory might seem to
+have left her.
+
+Not only is the intensity of the sexual impulse in women, as compared to
+men, more liable to vary from day to day, or from week to week, but the
+same greater variability is marked when we compare the whole cycle of life
+in women to that of men. The stress of early womanhood, when the
+reproductive functions are in fullest activity, and of late womanhood,
+when they are ceasing, produces a profound organic fermentation, psychic
+as much as physical, which is not paralleled in the lives of men. This
+greater variability in the cycle of a woman's life as compared with a
+man's is indicated very delicately and precisely by the varying incidence
+of insanity, and is made clearly visible in a diagram prepared by Marro
+showing the relative liability to mental diseases in the two sexes
+according to age.[180] At the age of 20 the incidence of insanity in both
+sexes is equal; from that age onward the curve in men proceeds in a
+gradual and equable manner, with only the slightest oscillation, on to old
+age. But in women the curve is extremely irregular; it remains high during
+all the years from 20 to 30, instead of falling like the masculine curve;
+then it falls rapidly to considerably below the masculine curve, rising
+again considerably above the masculine level during the climacteric years
+from 40 to 50, after which age the two sexes remain fairly close together
+to the end of life. Thus, as measured by the test of insanity, the curve
+of woman's life, in the sudden rise and sudden fall of its sexual crisis,
+differs from the curve of man's life and closely resembles the minor curve
+of her menstrual cycle.
+
+The general tendency of this difference in sexual life and impulse is to
+show a greater range of variation in women than in men. Fairly uniform, on
+the whole, in men generally and in the same man throughout mature life,
+sexual impulse varies widely between woman and woman, and even in the same
+woman at different periods.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[169] Ovid remarks (_Ars Amatoria_, bk. i) that, if men were silent, women
+would take the active and suppliant part.
+
+[170] Ferrand, _De la Maladie d'Amour_, 1623, ch. ii.
+
+[171] Tarde, _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, May 15, 1897. Marro,
+who quotes this observation (_Pubertà_, p. 467; in French edition, p. 61),
+remarks that his own evidence lends some support to Lombroso's conclusion
+that under ordinary circumstances woman's sensory acuteness is less than
+that of man. He is, however, inclined to impute this to defective
+attention; within the sexual sphere women's attention becomes
+concentrated, and their sensory perceptions then go far beyond those of
+men. There is probably considerable truth in this subtle observation.
+
+[172] A well-known gynecologist writes from America: "Abhorrence due to
+suffering on first nights I have repeatedly seen. One very marked case is
+that of a fine womanly young woman with splendid figure; she is a very
+good woman, and admires her husband, but, though she tries to develop
+desire and passion, she cannot succeed. I fear the man will some day
+appear who will be able to develop the latent feelings."
+
+[173] It is curious that, while the sexual impulse in women tends to
+develop at a late age more frequently than in men, it would also appear to
+develop more frequently at a very early age than in the other sex. The
+majority of cases of precocious sexual development seems to be in female
+children. W. Roger Williams ("Precocious Sexual Development," _British
+Gynæcological Journal_, May, 1902) finds that 80 such cases have been
+recorded in females and only 20 in males, and, while 13 is the earliest
+age at which boys have proved virile, girls have been known to conceive at
+8.
+
+[174] I find the same remark made by Plazzonus in the seventeenth century.
+
+[175] Art. "Fécondation," _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences
+Médicales_.
+
+[176] This also is an ancient remark, for in the early treatise _De
+Secretis Mulierum_, once attributed to Michael Scot, it is stated,
+concerning the woman who finds pleasure in coitus, "cantat libenter."
+
+[177] It is scarcely necessary to add that prostitutes can furnish little
+evidence one way or the other. Not only may prostitutes refuse to
+participate in the sexual orgasm, but the evils of a prostitute's life are
+obviously connected with causes quite other than mere excess of sexual
+gratification.
+
+[178] This is, for instance, indicated by the experiments of Gualino
+concerning the sexual sensitiveness of the lips (_Archivio di
+Psichiatria_, 1904, fasc. 3). He found that mechanical irritation applied
+to the lips produced more or less sexual feeling in 12 out of 20 women,
+but in only 10 out of 25 men, i.e., in three-fifths of the women and
+two-fifths of the men.
+
+[179] "Adolescence is for women primarily a period of storm and stress,
+while for men it is in the highest sense a period of doubt," (Starbuck,
+_Psychology of Religion_, p. 241.) It is interesting to note that in the
+religious sphere, also, the emotions of women are more diffused than those
+of men; Starbuck confirms the conclusion of Professor Coe that, while
+women have at least as much religious emotion as men, in them it is more
+all pervasive, and they experience fewer struggles and acute crises.
+(Ibid., p. 80.)
+
+[180] Marro, _La Pubertà_, p. 233. This table covers all those cases,
+nearly 3000, of patients entering the Turin asylum, from 1886 to 1895, in
+which the age of the first appearance of insanity was known.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+Summary of Conclusions.
+
+
+In conclusion it may be worth while to sum up the main points brought out
+in this brief discussion of a very large question. We have seen that there
+are two streams of opinion regarding the relative strength of the sexual
+impulse in men and women: one tending to regard it as greater in men, the
+other as greater in women. We have concluded that, since a large body of
+facts may be brought forward to support either view, we may fairly hold
+that, roughly speaking, the distribution of the sexual impulse between the
+two sexes is fairly balanced.
+
+We have, however, further seen that the phenomena are in reality too
+complex to be settled by the usual crude method of attempting to discover
+quantitative differences in the sexual impulse. We more nearly get to the
+bottom of the question by a more analytic method, breaking up our mass of
+facts into groups. In this way we find that there are certain well-marked
+characteristics by which the sexual impulse in women differs from the same
+impulse in men: 1. It shows greater apparent passivity. 2. It is more
+complex, less apt to appear spontaneously, and more often needing to be
+aroused, while the sexual orgasm develops more slowly than in men. 3. It
+tends to become stronger after sexual relationships are established. 4.
+The threshold of excess is less easily reached than in men. 5. The sexual
+sphere is larger and more diffused. 6. There is a more marked tendency to
+periodicity in the spontaneous manifestations of sexual desire. 7. Largely
+as a result of these characteristics, the sexual impulse shows a greater
+range of variation in women than in men, both as between woman and woman
+and in the same woman at different periods.
+
+It may be added that a proper understanding of these sexual differences in
+men and women is of great importance, both in the practical management of
+sexual hygiene and in the comprehension of those wider psychological
+characteristics by which women differ from men.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDICES.
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+THE SEXUAL INSTINCT IN SAVAGES.
+
+I.
+
+
+In the eighteenth century, when savage tribes in various parts of the
+world first began to be visited, extravagantly romantic views widely
+prevailed as to the simple and idyllic lives led by primitive peoples.
+During the greater part of the nineteenth century the tendency of opinion
+was to the opposite extreme, and it became usual to insist on the degraded
+and licentious morals of savages.[181]
+
+In reality, however, savage life is just as little a prolonged debauch as
+a prolonged idyll. The inquiries of such writers as Westermarck, Frazer,
+and Crawley are tending to introduce a sounder conception of the actual,
+often highly complex, conditions of primitive life in its relations to the
+sexual instinct.
+
+At the same time it is not difficult to account for the belief, widely
+spread during the nineteenth century, in the unbridled licentiousness of
+savages. In the first place, the doctrine of evolution inevitably created
+a prejudice in favor of such a view. It was assumed that modesty,
+chastity, and restraint were the finest and ultimate flowers of moral
+development; therefore at the beginnings of civilization we must needs
+expect to find the opposite of these things. Apart, however, from any mere
+prejudice of this kind, a superficial observation of the actual facts
+necessarily led to much misunderstanding. Just as the nakedness of many
+savage peoples led to the belief that they were lacking in modesty,
+although, as a matter of fact, modesty is more highly developed in savage
+life than in civilization,[182] so the absence of our European rules of
+sexual behavior among savages led to the conclusion that they were
+abandoned to debauchery. The widespread custom of lending the wife under
+certain circumstances was especially regarded as indicating gross
+licentiousness. Moreover, even when intercourse was found to be free
+before marriage, scarcely any investigator sought to ascertain what amount
+of sexual intercourse this freedom involved. It was not clearly understood
+that such freedom must by no means be necessarily assumed to involve very
+frequent intercourse. Again, it often happened that no clear distinction
+was made between peoples contaminated by association with civilization,
+and peoples not so contaminated. For instance, when prostitution is
+attributed to a savage people we must usually suppose either that a
+mistake has been made or that the people in question have been degraded by
+intercourse with white peoples, for among unspoilt savages customs that
+can properly be called prostitution rarely prevail. Nor, indeed, would
+they be in harmony with the conditions of primitive life.
+
+It has been seriously maintained that the chastity of savages, so far as
+it exists at all, is due to European civilization. It is doubtless true
+that this is the case with individual persons and tribes, but there is
+ample evidence from various parts of the world to show that this is by no
+means the rule. And, indeed, it may be said--with no disregard of the
+energy and sincerity of missionary efforts--that it could not be so. A new
+system of beliefs and practices, however excellent it may be in itself,
+can never possess the same stringent and unquestionable force as the
+system in which an individual and his ancestors have always lived, and
+which they have never doubted the validity of. That this is so we may have
+occasion to observe among ourselves. Christian teachers question the
+wisdom of bringing young people under free-thinking influence, because,
+although they do not deny the morals of free-thinkers, they believe that
+to unsettle the young may have a disastrous effect, not only on belief,
+but also on conduct. Yet this dangerously unsettling process has been
+applied by missionaries on a wholesale scale to races which in some
+respect are often little more than children. When, therefore, we are
+considering the chastity of savages we must not take into account those
+peoples which have been brought into close contact with Europeans.
+
+In order to understand the sexual habits of savages generally there are
+two points which always have to be borne in mind as of the first
+importance: (1) the checks restraining sexual intercourse among savages,
+especially as regards time and season, are so numerous, and the sanctions
+upholding those checks so stringent, that sexual excess cannot prevail to
+the same extent as in civilization; (2) even in the absence of such
+checks, that difficulty of obtaining sexual erethism which has been noted
+as so common among savages, when not overcome by the stimulating
+influences prevailing at special times and seasons, and which is probably
+in large measure dependent on hard condition of life as well as an
+insensitive quality of nervous texture, still remains an important factor,
+tending to produce a natural chastity. There is a third consideration
+which, though from the present point of view subsidiary, is not without
+bearing on our conception of chastity among savages: the importance, even
+sacredness, of procreation is much more generally recognized by savage
+than by civilized peoples, and also a certain symbolic significance is
+frequently attached to human procreation as related to natural
+fruitfulness generally; so that a primitive sexual orgy, instead of being
+a mere manifestation of licentiousness, may have a ritual significance, as
+a magical means of evoking the fruitfulness of fields and herds.[183]
+
+When a savage practises extraconjugal sexual intercourse, the act is
+frequently not, as it has come to be conventionally regarded in
+civilization, an immorality or at least an illegitimate indulgence; it is
+a useful and entirely justifiable act, producing definite benefits,
+conducing alike to cosmic order and social order, although these benefits
+are not always such as we in civilization believe to be caused by the act.
+Thus, speaking of the northern tribes of central Australia, Spencer and
+Gillen remark: "It is very usual amongst all of the tribes to allow
+considerable license during the performance of certain of their ceremonies
+when a large number of natives, some of them coming often from distant
+parts, are gathered together--in fact, on such occasions all of the
+ordinary marital rules seem to be more or less set aside for the time
+being. Each day, in some tribes, one or more women are told off whose duty
+it is to attend at the corrobboree grounds,--sometimes only during the
+day, sometimes at night,--and all of the men, except those who are
+fathers, elder and younger brothers, and sons, have access to them.... The
+idea is that the sexual intercourse assists in some way in the proper
+performance of the ceremony, causing everything to work smoothly and
+preventing the decorations from falling off."[184]
+
+It is largely this sacred character of sexual intercourse--the fact that
+it is among the things that are at once "divine" and "impure," these two
+conceptions not being differentiated in primitive thought--which leads to
+the frequency with which in savage life a taboo is put upon its exercise.
+Robertson Smith added an appendix to his _Religion of the Semites_ on
+"Taboo on the Intercourse of the Sexes."[185] Westermarck brought together
+evidence showing the frequency with which this and allied causes tended to
+the chastity of savages.[186] Frazer has very luminously expounded the
+whole primitive conception of sexual intercourse, and showed how it
+affected chastity.[187] Warriors must often be chaste; the men who go on
+any hunting or other expedition require to be chaste to be successful; the
+women left behind must be strictly chaste; sometimes even the whole of the
+people left behind, and for long periods, must be chaste in order to
+insure the success of the expedition. Hubert and Maus touched on the same
+point in their elaborate essay on sacrifice, pointing out how frequently
+sexual relationships are prohibited on the occasion of any ceremony
+whatever.[188] Crawley, in elaborating the primitive conception of taboo,
+has dealt fully with ritual and traditional influences making for chastity
+among savages. He brings forward, for instance, a number of cases, from
+various parts of the world, in which intercourse has to be delayed for
+days, weeks, even months, after marriage. He considers that the sexual
+continence prevalent among savages is largely due to a belief in the
+enervating effects of coitus; so dangerous are the sexes to each other
+that, as he points out, even now sexual separation of the sexes commonly
+occurs.[189]
+
+There are thus a great number of constantly recurring occasions in savage
+life when continence must be preserved, and when, it is firmly believed,
+terrible risks would be incurred by its violation--during war, after
+victory, after festivals, during mourning, on journeys, in hunting and
+fishing, in a vast number of agricultural and industrial occupations.
+
+It might fairly be argued that the facility with which the savage places
+these checks on sexual intercourse itself bears witness to the weakness of
+the sexual impulse. Evidence of another order which seems to point to the
+undeveloped state of the sexual impulse among savages may be found in the
+comparatively undeveloped condition of their sexual organs, a condition
+not, indeed, by any means constant, but very frequently noted. As regards
+women, it has in many parts of the world been observed to be the rule, and
+the data which Ploss and Bartels have accumulated seem to me, on the
+whole, to point clearly in this direction.[190]
+
+At another point, also, it may be remarked, the repulsion between the
+sexes and the restraints on intercourse may be associated with weak sexual
+impulse. It is not improbable that a certain horror of the sexual organs
+may be a natural feeling which is extinguished in the intoxication of
+desire, yet still has a physiological basis which renders the sexual
+organs--disguised and minimized by convention and by artistic
+representation--more or less disgusting in the absence of erotic
+emotion.[191] And this is probably more marked in cases in which the
+sexual instinct is constitutionally feeble. A lady who had no marked
+sexual desires, and who considered it well bred to be indifferent to such
+matters, on inspecting her sexual parts in a mirror for the first time in
+her life was shocked and disgusted at the sight. Certainly many women
+could record a similar experience on being first approached by a man,
+although artistic conventions present the male form with greater truth
+than the female. Moreover,--and here is the significant point,--this
+feeling is by no means restricted to the refined and cultured. "When
+working at Michelangelo," wrote a correspondent from Italy, "my upper
+gondolier used to see photographs and statuettes of all that man's works.
+Stopping one day before the Night and Dawn of S. Lorenzo, sprawling naked
+women, he exclaimed: 'How hideous they are!' I pressed him to explain
+himself. He went on: 'The ugliest man naked is handsomer than the finest
+woman naked. Women have crooked legs, and their sexual organs stink. I
+only once saw a naked woman. It was in a brothel, when I was 18. The sight
+of her "natura" made me go out and vomit into the canal. You know I have
+been twice married, but I never saw either of my wives without clothing.'
+Of very rank cheese he said one day: 'Puzza come la natura d'una donna.'"
+This man, my correspondent added, was entirely normal and robust, but
+seemed to regard sexual congress as a mere evacuation, the sexual instinct
+apparently not being strong.
+
+It seems possible that, if the sexual impulse had no existence, all men
+would regard women with this _horror feminæ_. As things are, however, at
+all events in civilization, sexual emotions begin to develop even earlier,
+usually, than acquaintance with the organs of the other sex begins; so
+that this disgust is inhibited. If, however, among savages the sexual
+impulse is habitually weak, and only aroused to strength under the impetus
+of powerful stimuli, often acting periodically, then we should expect the
+_horror_ to be a factor of considerable importance.
+
+The weakness of the physical sexual impulse among savages is reflected in
+the psychic sphere. Many writers have pointed out that love plays but a
+small part in their lives. They practise few endearments; they often only
+kiss children (Westermarck notes that sexual love is far less strong than
+parental love); love-poems are among some primitive peoples few (mostly
+originating with the women), and their literature often gives little or no
+attention to passion.[192] Affection and devotion are, however, often
+strong, especially in savage women.
+
+It is not surprising that jealousy should often, though not by any means
+invariably, be absent, both among men and among women. Among savages this
+is doubtless a proof of the weakness of the sexual impulse. Spencer and
+Gillen note the comparative absence of jealousy in men among the Central
+Australian tribes they studied.[193] Negresses, it is said by a French
+army surgeon in his _Untrodden Fields of Anthropology_, do not know what
+jealousy is, and the first wife will even borrow money to buy the second
+wife. Among a much higher race, the women in a Korean household, it is
+said, live together happily, as an almost invariable rule, though it
+appears that this was not always the case among a polygamous people of
+European race, the Mormons.
+
+The tendency of the sexual instinct in savages to periodicity, to seasonal
+manifestations, I do not discuss here, as I have dealt with it in the
+first volume of these _Studies_.[194] It has, however, a very important
+bearing on this subject. Periodicity of sexual manifestations is, indeed,
+less absolute in primitive man than in most animals, but it is still very
+often quite clearly marked. It is largely the occurrence of these violent
+occasional outbursts of the sexual instinct--during which the organic
+impulse to tumescence becomes so powerful that external stimuli are no
+longer necessary--that has led to the belief in the peculiar strength of
+the impulse in savages.[195]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[181] Thus, Lubbock (Lord Avebury), in the _Origin of Civilization_, fifth
+edition, 1889, brings forward a number of references in evidence of this
+belief. More recently Finck, in his _Primitive Love and Love-stories_,
+1899, seeks to accumulate data in favor of the unbounded licentiousness of
+savages. He admits, however, that a view of the matter opposed to his own
+is now tending to prevail.
+
+[182] See "The Evolution of Modesty" in the first volume of these
+_Studies_.
+
+[183] The sacredness of sexual relations often applies also to individual
+marriage. Thus, Skeat, in his _Malay Magic_, shows that the bride and
+bridegroom are definitely recognized as sacred, in the same sense that the
+king is, and in Malay States the king is a very sacred person. See also,
+concerning the sacred character of coitus, whether individual or
+collective, A. Van Gennep, _Rites de Passage, passim_.
+
+[184] Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 136.
+
+[185] _Religion of the Semites_, second edition, 1894, p. 454 _et seq._
+
+[186] _History of Marriage_, pp. 66-70, 150-156, etc.
+
+[187] _Golden Bough_, third edition, part ii, _Taboo and the Perils of the
+Soul_. Frazer has discussed taboo generally. For a shorter account of
+taboo, see art. "Taboo" by Northcote Thomas in _Encyclopædia Britannica_,
+eleventh edition, 1911. Freud has lately (_Imago_, 1912) made an attempt
+to explain the origin of taboo psychologically by comparing it to neurotic
+obsessions. Taboo, Freud believes, has its origin in a forbidden act to
+perform which there is a strong unconscious tendency; an ambivalent
+attitude, that is, combining the opposite tendencies, is thus established.
+In this way Freud would account for the fact that tabooed persons and
+things are both sacred and unclean.
+
+[188] "Essai sur le Sacrifice," _L'Année Sociologique_, 1899, pp. 50-51.
+
+[189] _The Mystic Rose_, 1902, p. 187 et seq., 215 et seq., 342 et seq.
+
+[190] _Das Weib_, vol. i, section 6.
+
+[191] This statement has been questioned. It should, however, be fairly
+evident that the sexual organs in either sex, when closely examined, can
+scarcely be regarded as beautiful except in the eyes of a person of the
+opposite sex who is in a condition of sexual excitement, and they are not
+always attractive even then. Moreover, it must be remembered that the
+snake-like aptitude of the penis to enter into a state of erection apart
+from the control of the will puts it in a different category from any
+other organ of the body, and could not fail to attract the attention of
+primitive peoples so easily alarmed by unusual manifestations. We find
+even in the early ages of Christianity that St. Augustine attached immense
+importance to this alarming aptitude of the penis as a sign of man's
+sinful and degenerate state.
+
+[192] Lubbock, _Origin of Civilization_, fifth edition, pp. 69, 73;
+Westermarck, _History of Marriage_, p. 357; Grosse, _Anfänge der Kunst_,
+p. 236; Herbert Spencer, "Origin of Music," _Mind_, Oct., 1890.
+
+[193] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 99; cf.
+Finck, _Primitive Love and Love-stories_, p. 89 et seq.
+
+[194] "The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity." The subject has also been
+more recently discussed by Walter Heape, "The 'Sexual Season' of Mammals,"
+_Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science_, vol. xliv, 1900. See also
+F.H.A. Marshall, _The Physiology of Reproduction_, 1910.
+
+[195] This view finds a belated supporter in Max Marcuse
+("Geschlechtstrieb des Urmenschens," _Sexual-Probleme_, Oct., 1909), who,
+on grounds which I cannot regard as sound, seeks to maintain the belief
+that the sexual instinct is more highly developed among savage than among
+civilized peoples.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+
+The facts thus seem to indicate that among primitive peoples, while the
+magical, ceremonial, and traditional restraints on sexual intercourse are
+very numerous, very widespread, and nearly always very stringent, there
+is, underlying this prevalence of restraints on intercourse, a fundamental
+weakness of the sexual instinct, which craves less, and craves less
+frequently, than is the case among civilized peoples, but is liable to be
+powerfully manifested at special seasons. It is perfectly true that among
+savages, as Sutherland states, "there is no ideal which makes chastity a
+thing beautiful in itself"; but when the same writer goes on to state that
+"it is untrue that in sexual license the savage has everything to learn,"
+we must demand greater precision of statement.[196] Travelers, and too
+often would-be scientific writers, have been so much impressed by the
+absence among savages of the civilized ideal of chastity, and by the
+frequent freedom of sexual intercourse, that they have not paused to
+inquire more carefully into the phenomena, or to put themselves at the
+primitive point of view, but have assumed that freedom here means all that
+it would mean in a European population.
+
+In order to illustrate the actual circumstances of savage life in this
+respect from the scanty evidence furnished by the most careful observers,
+I have brought together from scattered sources a few statements concerning
+primitive peoples in very various parts of the world.[197]
+
+Among the Andamanese, Portman, who knows them well, says that sexual
+desire is very moderate; in males it appears at the age of 18, but, as
+"their love for sport is greater than their passions, these are not
+gratified to any great extent till after marriage, which rarely takes
+place till a man is about 26."[198]
+
+Although chastity is not esteemed by the Fuegians, and virginity is lost
+at a very early age, yet both men and women are extremely moderate in
+sexual indulgence.[199]
+
+Among the Eskimo at the other end of the American continent, according to
+Dr. F. Cook, the sexual passions are suppressed during the long darkness
+of winter, as also is the menstrual function usually, and the majority of
+the children are born nine months after the appearance of the sun.[200]
+
+Among the Indians of North America it is the custom of many tribes to
+refrain from sexual intercourse during the whole period of lactation, as
+also D'Orbigny found to be the case among South American Indians, although
+suckling went on for over three years.[201] Many of the Indian tribes have
+now been rendered licentious by contact with civilization. In the
+primitive condition their customs were entirely different. Dr. Holder, who
+knows many tribes of North American Indians well, has dealt in some detail
+with this point. "Several of the virtues," he states, "and among them
+chastity, were more faithfully practised by the Indian race before the
+invasion from the East than these same virtues are practised by the white
+race of the present day.... The race is less salacious than either the
+negro or white race.... That the women of some tribes are now more careful
+of their virtue than the women of any other community whose history I
+know, I am fully convinced."[202] It is not only on the women that sexual
+abstinence is imposed. Among some branches of the Salish Indians of
+British Columbia a young widower must refrain from sexual intercourse for
+a year, and sometimes lives entirely apart during that period.[203]
+
+In many parts of Polynesia, although the sexual impulse seems often to
+have been highly developed before the arrival of Europeans, it is very
+doubtful whether license, in the European sense, at all generally
+prevailed. The Marquesans, who have sometimes been regarded as peculiarly
+licentious, are especially mentioned by Foley as illustrating his
+statement that sexual erethism is with difficulty attained by primitive
+peoples except during sexual seasons.[204] Herman Melville's detailed
+account in _Typee_ of the Marquesans (somewhat idealized, no doubt)
+reveals nothing that can fairly be called licentiousness. At Rotuma, J.
+Stanley Gardiner remarks, before the missionaries came sexual intercourse
+before marriage was free, but gross immorality and prostitution and
+adultery were unknown. Matters are much worse now.[205] The Maoris of New
+Zealand, in the old days, according to one who had lived among them, were
+more chaste than the English, and, though a chief might lend his wife to a
+friend as an honor, it would be very difficult to take her (_private
+communication_).[206] Captain Cook also represented these people as modest
+and virtuous.
+
+Among the Papuans of New Guinea and Torres Straits, although intercourse
+before marriage is free, it is by no means unbridled, nor is it carried to
+excess. There are many circumstances restraining intercourse. Thus,
+unmarried men must not indulge in it during October and November at Torres
+Straits. It is the general rule also that there should be no sexual
+intercourse during pregnancy, while a child is being suckled (which goes
+on for three or four years), or even until it can speak or walk.[207] In
+Astrolabe Bay, New Guinea, according to Vahness, a young couple must
+abstain from intercourse for several weeks after marriage, and to break
+this rule would be disgraceful.[208]
+
+As regards Australia, Brough Smyth wrote: "Promiscuous intercourse between
+the sexes is not practised by the aborigines, and their laws on the
+subject, particularly those of New South Wales, are very strict. When at
+camp all the young unmarried men are stationed by themselves at the
+extreme end, while the married men, each with his family, occupy the
+center. No conversation is allowed between the single men and the girls or
+the married women. Infractions of these laws were visited by punishment;
+... five or six warriors threw from a comparatively short distance several
+spears at him [the offender]. The man was often severely wounded and
+sometimes killed."[209] This author mentions that a black woman has been
+known to kill a white man who attempted to have intercourse with her by
+force. Yet both sexes have occasional sexual intercourse from an early
+age. After marriage, in various parts of Australia, there are numerous
+restraints on intercourse, which is forbidden not merely during
+menstruation, but during the latter part of pregnancy and for one moon
+after childbirth.[210]
+
+Concerning the people of the Malay Peninsula, Hrolf Vaughan Stevens
+states: "The sexual impulse among the Belendas is only developed to a
+slight extent; they are not sensual, and the husband has intercourse with
+his wife not oftener than three times a month. The women also are not
+ardent.... The Orang Lâut are more sensual than the Dyaks, who are,
+however, more given to obscene jokes than their neighbors.... With the
+Belendas there is little or no love-play in sexual relations".[211] Skeat
+tells us also that among Malays in war-time strict chastity must be
+observed in a stockade, or the bullets of the garrison will lose their
+power.[212]
+
+It is a common notion that the negro and negroid races of Africa are
+peculiarly prone to sexual indulgence. This notion is not supported by
+those who have had the most intimate knowledge of these peoples. It
+probably gained currency in part owing to the open and expansive
+temperament of the negro, and in part owing to the extremely sexual
+character of many African orgies and festivals, though those might quite
+as legitimately be taken as evidence of difficulty in attaining sexual
+erethism.
+
+A French army surgeon, speaking from knowledge of the black races in
+various French colonies, states in his _Untrodden Fields of Anthropology_
+that it is a mistake to imagine that the negress is very amorous. She is
+rather cold, and indifferent to the refinements of love, in which respects
+she is very unlike the mulatto. The white man is usually powerless to
+excite her, partly from his small penis, partly from his rapidity of
+emission; the black man, on account of his blunter nervous system, takes
+three times as long to reach emission as the white man. Among the
+Mohammedan peoples of West Africa, Daniell remarks, as well as in central
+and northern Africa, it is usual to suckle a child for two or more years.
+From the time when pregnancy becomes apparent to the end of weaning no
+intercourse takes place. It is believed that this would greatly endanger
+the infant, if not destroy it. This means that for every child the woman,
+at all events, must remain continent for about three years.[213] Sir H.H.
+Johnston, writing concerning the peoples of central Africa, remarks that
+the man also must remain chaste during these periods. Thus, among the
+Atonga the wife leaves her husband at the sixth month of pregnancy, and
+does not resume relations with him until five or six months after the
+birth of the child. If, in the interval, he has relations with any other
+woman, it is believed his wife will certainly die. "The negro is very
+rarely vicious," Johnston says, "after he has attained to the age of
+puberty. He is only more or less uxorious. The children are vicious, as
+they are among most races of mankind, the boys outrageously so. As regards
+the little girls over nearly the whole of British Central Africa, chastity
+before puberty is an unknown condition, except perhaps among the A-nyanja.
+Before a girl is become a woman it is a matter of absolute indifference
+what she does, and scarcely any girl remains a virgin after about 5 years
+of age."[214] Among the Bangala of the upper Congo a woman suckles her
+child for six to eighteen months and during all this period the husband
+has no intercourse with his wife, for that, it is believed, would kill the
+child.[215]
+
+Among the Yoruba-speaking people of West Africa A.B. Ellis mentions that
+suckling lasts for three years, during the whole of which period the wife
+must not cohabit with her husband.[216]
+
+Although chastity before marriage appears to be, as a rule, little
+regarded in Africa, this is not always so. In some parts of West Africa, a
+girl, at all events if of high birth, when found guilty of unchastity may
+be punished by the insertion into her vagina of bird pepper, a kind of
+capsicum, beaten into a mass; this produces intense pain and such acute
+inflammation that the canal may even be obliterated.[217]
+
+Among the Dahomey women there is no coitus during pregnancy nor during
+suckling, which lasts for nearly three years. The same is true among the
+Jekris and other tribes on the Niger, where it is believed that the milk
+would suffer if intercourse took place during lactation.[218]
+
+In another part of Africa, among the Suaheli, even after marriage only
+incomplete coitus is at first allowed and there is no intercourse for a
+year after the child's birth.[219]
+
+Farther south, among the Ba Wenda of north Transvaal, says the Rev. R.
+Wessmann, although the young men are permitted to "play" with the young
+girls before marriage, no sexual intercourse is allowed. If it is seen
+that a girl's labia are apart when she sits down on a stone, she is
+scolded, or even punished, as guilty of having had intercourse.[220]
+
+Among the higher races in India the sexual instinct is very developed, and
+sexual intercourse has been cultivated as an art, perhaps more elaborately
+than anywhere else. Here, however, we are far removed from primitive
+conditions and among a people closely allied to the Europeans. Farther to
+the east, as among the Cambodians, strict chastity seems to prevail, and
+if we cross the Himalayas to the north we find ourselves among wild people
+to whom sexual license is unknown. Thus, among the Turcomans, even a few
+days after the marriage has been celebrated, the young couple are
+separated for an entire year.[221]
+
+All the great organized religions have seized on this value of sexual
+abstinence, already consecrated by primitive magic and religion, and
+embodied it in their system. It was so in ancient Egypt. Thus, according
+to Diodorus, on the death of a king, the entire population of Egypt
+abstained from sexual intercourse for seventy-two days. The Persians,
+again, attached great value to sexual as to all other kinds of purity.
+Even involuntary seminal emissions were severely punishable. To lie with a
+menstruating woman, according to the _Vendidad_, was as serious a matter
+as to pollute holy fire, and to lie with a pregnant woman was to incur a
+penalty of 2000 strokes. Among the modern Parsees a man must not lie with
+his wife after she is four months and ten days pregnant. Mohammedanism
+cannot be described as an ascetic religion, yet long and frequent periods
+of sexual abstinence are enjoined. There must be no sexual intercourse
+during the whole of pregnancy, during suckling, during menstruation (and
+for eight days before and after), nor during the thirty days of the
+Ramedan fast. Other times of sexual abstinence are also prescribed; thus
+among the Mohammedan Yezidis of Mardin in northern Mesopotamia there must
+be no sexual intercourse on Wednesdays or Fridays.[222]
+
+In the early Christian Church many rules of sexual abstinence still
+prevailed, similar to those usual among savages, though not for such
+prolonged periods. In Egbert's Penitential, belonging to the ninth
+century, it is stated that a woman must abstain from intercourse with her
+husband three months after conception and for forty days after birth.
+There were a number of other occasions, including Lent, when a husband
+must not know his wife.[223] "Some canonists say," remarks Jeremy Taylor,
+"that the Church forbids a mutual congression of married pairs upon
+festival days.... The Council of Eliberis commanded abstinence from
+conjugal rights for three or four or seven days before the communion. Pope
+Liberius commanded the same during the whole time of Lent, supposing the
+fast is polluted by such congressions."[224]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[196] A. Sutherland, _Origin and Growth of the Moral Instinct_, vol. i,
+pp. 8, 187. As has been shown by, for instance, Dr. Iwan Bloch (_Beiträge
+zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Erster Theil, 1902), every
+perverse sexual practice may be found, somewhere or other, among savages
+or barbarians; but, as the same writer acutely points out (p. 58), these
+devices bear witness to the need of overcoming frigidity rather than to
+the strength of the sexual impulse.
+
+[197] Ploss and Bartels have brought together in _Das Weib_ a large number
+of facts in the same sense, more especially under the headings of
+_Abstinenz-Vorschriften_ and _Die Fernhaltung der Schwangeren_. I have not
+drawn upon their collection.
+
+[198] _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, May, 1896, p. 369.
+
+[199] Hyades and Deniker, _Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn_, vol. vii, p.
+188.
+
+[200] F. Cook, _New York Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics_, 1894.
+
+[201] A. d'Orbigny, _L'Homme Américain_, 1839, vol. i, p. 47.
+
+[202] A.B. Holder, "Gynecic Notes Among the American Indians," _American
+Journal of Obstetrics_, 1892, vol. xxvi, No. 1.
+
+[203] _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, 1905, p. 139.
+
+[204] Foley, _Bulletin de la Société d' Anthropologie_, Paris, November 6,
+1879.
+
+[205] J.S. Gardiner, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, February,
+1898, p. 409.
+
+[206] As regards the modern Maoris, a medical correspondent in New Zealand
+writes: "It is nothing for members of both sexes to live in the same room,
+and for promiscuous intercourse to take place between father and daughter
+or brother and sister. Maori women, who will display a great deal of
+modesty when in the presence of male Maoris, will openly ask strange
+Europeans to have sexual intercourse with them, and without any desire for
+reward. The men, however, seem to prefer their own women, and even when
+staying in towns, where they can obtain prostitutes, they will remain
+continent until they return home again, a period of perhaps a month."
+
+[207] Schellong, _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1889, i, pp. 17, 19;
+Haddon, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, February, 1890, pp.
+316, 397; Guise, ib., February and May, 1899, p. 207; Seligmann, ib.,
+1902, pp. 298, 301-302; _Reports Cambridge Expedition_, vol. v, pp.
+199-200, 275.
+
+[208] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1900, ht. v, p. 414.
+
+[209] R. Brough Smyth, _The Aborigines of Victoria_, vol. ii, p. 318.
+
+[210] _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, 1894, pp. 170, 177, 187.
+
+[211] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1896, iv, pp. 180-181.
+
+[212] W.W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, p. 524.
+
+[213] W.F. Daniell, _Medical Topography of Gulf of Guinea_, 1849, p. 55.
+
+[214] Sir H.H. Johnston, _British Central Africa_, 1899, pp. 409, 414.
+
+[215] Rev. J.H. Weeks, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, 1910,
+p. 418.
+
+[216] Sir A.B. Ellis, _Yoruba-Speaking Peoples_, p. 185.
+
+[217] W.F. Daniell, op. cit., p. 36.
+
+[218] _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, August and November,
+1898, p. 106.
+
+[219] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1899, ii and iii, p. 84; Velten,
+_Sitten und Gebraüche der Suaheli_, p. 12.
+
+[220] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1896, p. 364.
+
+[221] Vambery, _Travels in Central Asia_, 1864, p. 323.
+
+[222] Heard, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, Jan.-June, 1911,
+p. 210. The same rule is also observed by the Christians of this district.
+
+[223] Haddon and Stubbs, _Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents_, vol.
+iii, p. 423.
+
+[224] Jeremy Taylor, _The Rule of Conscience_, bk. iii, ch. iv, rule xx.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+
+Thus it would seem probable that, contrary to a belief once widely
+prevalent, the sexual instinct has increased rather than diminished with
+the growth of civilization. This fact was clear to the insight of
+Lucretius, though it has often been lost sight of since.[225] Yet even
+observation of animals might have suggested the real bearing of the facts.
+The higher breeds of cattle, it is said, require the male more often than
+the inferior breeds.[226] Thorough-bred horses soon reach sexual maturity,
+and I understand that since pains have been taken to improve cart-horses
+the sexual instincts of the mares have become less trustworthy. There is
+certainly no doubt that in our domestic animals generally, which live
+under what may be called civilized conditions, the sexual system and the
+sexual needs are more developed than in the wild species most closely
+related to them.[227] All observers seem to agree on this point, and it is
+sufficient to refer to the excellent summary of the question furnished by
+Heape in the study of "The 'Sexual Season' of Mammals," to which reference
+has already been made. He remarks, moreover, that, "while the sexual
+activity of domestic animals and of wild animals in captivity may be more
+frequently exhibited, it is not so violent as is shown by animals in the
+wild state."[228] So that, it would seem, the greater periodicity of the
+instinct in the wild state, alike in animals and in man, is associated
+with greater violence of the manifestations when they do appear. Certain
+rodents, such as the rat and the mouse, are well known to possess both
+great reproductive power and marked sexual proclivities. Heape suggests
+that this also is "due to the advantages derived from their intimate
+relations with the luxuries of civilization." Heape recognizes that, as
+regards reproductive power, the same development may be traced in man: "It
+would seem highly probable that the reproductive power of man has
+increased with civilization, precisely as it may be increased in the lower
+animals by domestication; that the effect of a regular supply of good
+food, together with all the other stimulating factors available and
+exercised in modern civilized communities, has resulted in such great
+activity of the generative organs, and so great an increase in the supply
+of the reproductive elements, that conception in the healthy human female
+may be said to be possible almost at any time during the reproductive
+period."
+
+"People of sense and reflection are most apt to have violent and constant
+passions," wrote Mary Wollstonecraft, "and to be preyed on by them."[229]
+It is that fact which leads to the greater importance of sexual phenomena
+among the civilized as compared to savages. The conditions of civilization
+increase the sexual instinct, which consequently tends to be more
+intimately connected with moral feelings. Morality is bound up with the
+development of the sexual instinct. The more casual and periodic character
+of the impulse in animals, since it involves greater sexual indifference,
+tends to favor a loose tie between the sexes, and hence is not favorable
+to the development of morals as we understand morals. In man the
+ever-present impulse of sex, idealizing each sex to the other sex, draws
+men and women together and holds them together. Foolish and ignorant
+persons may deplore the full development which the sexual instinct has
+reached in civilized man; to a finer insight that development is seen to
+be indissolubly linked with all that is most poignant and most difficult,
+indeed, but also all that is best, in human life as we know it.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[225] _De Rerum Naturâ_, v, 1016.
+
+[226] Raciborski (_Traité de la Menstruation_, p. 43) quotes the
+observation of an experienced breeder of choice cattle to this effect.
+
+[227] "The organs which in the feral state," as Adlerz remarks
+(_Biologisches Centralblatt_, No. 4, 1902; quoted in _Science_, May 16,
+1902), "are continually exercised in a severe struggle for existence, do
+not under domestication compete so closely with one another for the less
+needed nutriment. Hence, organs like the reproductive glands, which are
+not so directly implicated in self-preservation, are able to avail
+themselves of more food."
+
+[228] _Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science_, vol. xliv, 1900, p.
+12, 31, 39.
+
+[229] "Love," in _Thoughts on the Education of Daughters_.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEXUAL INSTINCT.
+
+
+It is a very remarkable fact that, although for many years past serious
+attempts have been made to elucidate the psychology of sexual perversions,
+little or no endeavor has been made to study the development of the normal
+sexual emotions. Nearly every writer seems either to take for granted that
+he and his readers are so familiar with all the facts of normal sex
+psychology that any detailed statement is altogether uncalled for, or else
+he is content to write a few fragmentary remarks, mostly made up of
+miscellaneous extracts from anatomical, philosophical, and historical
+works.
+
+Yet it is as unreasonable to take normal phenomena for granted here as in
+any other region of science. A knowledge of such phenomena is as necessary
+here as physiology is to pathology or anatomy to surgery. So far from the
+facts of normal sex development, sex emotions, and sex needs being uniform
+and constant, as is assumed by those who consider their discussion
+unnecessary, the range of variation within fairly normal limits is
+immense, and it is impossible to meet with two individuals whose records
+are nearly identical.
+
+There are two fundamental reasons why the endeavor should be made to
+obtain a broad basis of clear information on the subject. In the first
+place, the normal phenomena give the key to the abnormal phenomena, and
+the majority of sexual perversions, including even those that are most
+repulsive, are but exaggerations of instincts and emotions that are
+germinal in normal human beings. In the second place, we cannot even know
+what is normal until we are acquainted with the sexual life of a large
+number of healthy individuals. And until we know the limits of normal
+sexuality we are not in position to lay down any reasonable rules of
+sexual hygiene.
+
+On these grounds I have for some time sought to obtain the sexual
+histories, and more especially the early histories, of men and women who,
+on _prima facie_ grounds, may fairly be considered, or are at all events
+by themselves and others considered, ordinarily healthy and normal.
+
+There are many difficulties about such a task, difficulties which are
+sufficiently obvious. There is, first of all, the natural reticence to
+reveal facts of so intimately personal a character. There is the
+prevailing ignorance and unintelligence which leads to the phenomena being
+obscure to the subject himself. When the first difficulty has been
+overcome, and the second is non-existent, there is still a lack of
+sufficiently strong motive to undertake the record, as well as a failure
+to realize the value of such records. I have, however, received a large
+number of such histories, for the most part offered spontaneously with
+permission to make such further inquiries as I thought desirable. Some of
+these histories are extremely interesting and instructive. In the present
+Appendix, and in a corresponding Appendix to the two following volumes of
+these _Studies_, I bring forward a varied selection of these narratives.
+In a few cases, it will be seen, the subjects are, to say the least, on
+the borderland of the abnormal, but they do not come before us as patients
+desiring treatment. They are playing their, usually active, sometimes even
+distinguished, part in the world, which knows nothing of their intimate
+histories.
+
+    HISTORY I.--E.T. (I reproduce this history, written in the third
+    person, as it reached my hands.) T.'s earliest recollections of
+    ideas of a sexual character are vaguely associated with thoughts
+    upon whipping inflicted on companions by their parents, and
+    sometimes upon his own person. About the age of 7 T. occasionally
+    depicted to himself the appearance of the bare nates and
+    genitalia of boys during flagellation. Reflection upon whipping
+    gave rise to slight curious sensations at the base of the abdomen
+    and in the nerves of the sexual system. The sight of a boy being
+    whipped upon the bare nates caused erection before the age of 9.
+    He cannot account for these excitations, as at the time he had
+    not learned the most rudimentary facts of sex. The spectacle of
+    the boy's nudity had no attraction for him, while the beating
+    aroused his indignation against the person who administered it.
+    T. knew a boy and girl of about his own age whose imaginations
+    dwelt somewhat morbidly upon whipping. The three used to talk
+    together about such chastisement, and the little girl liked to
+    read "stories that had whippings in them." None of these children
+    delighted in cruelty; the fascination in the theme of castigation
+    seemed to be in imagining the spectacle of the exposed nates,
+    though actual witnessing of the whipping made them angry at the
+    time.
+
+    Accustomed to watch a young sister being bathed, T. had no
+    distinct curiosity concerning the differences in sex until the
+    age of 9. About this time he asked his father where babies came
+    from, and was told to be quiet. When he persisted in the inquiry
+    his father threatened to box his ears. His mother told him
+    subsequently that doctors brought babies to mothers. He credited
+    the story so far as to carefully watch the doctor who came when
+    his mother "was going to have a new baby," in the hope of seeing
+    a bundle in his arm. T. was 9 when he interrogated a servant-girl
+    of 16 about babies and their origin. She laughed and said that
+    one day she would tell him how children came. One Sunday this
+    servant took T. for a country walk and initiated him in sexual
+    intercourse, telling him he was too young to be a father, but
+    that was the way babies were made. The girl took him into a
+    field, saying she would show him how to do something which would
+    make him "feel as though he was in heaven," informing him that
+    she had often done this with young men. She then succeeded in
+    causing erection and instructed him how to act. His feeling at
+    the time was one of disgust; the appearance and odor of the
+    female genitalia repelled him. Afterward, however, he wished to
+    repeat the experience with girls of his own age. Finding the boy
+    unresponsive, the girl took the masculine position and embraced
+    him with great passion. T. can recall the expression of the
+    girl's face, the perspiration on her forehead, and the whispered
+    query whether it pleased him. The embrace lasted for about ten
+    minutes, when the girl said it had "done her good." Later the
+    same day they met a girl cousin of this servant about 10 or 12
+    years old. The three went to a lonely part of the seashore. The
+    servant there suggested that T. should repeat the act with the
+    little girl. T. was too shy, though the girl seemed quite willing
+    and experienced. The older girl told the younger to keep watch a
+    few yards away, while she again brought about intercourse in the
+    same way. The servant told T. not to tell anyone. Intercourse
+    with the servant was never repeated after that day; from shame he
+    kept the promise for many years.
+
+    After this episode T. began to speculate about sexual matters and
+    to observe the coupling of dogs with newly acquired interest. At
+    10 years he often lay awake, listening to a woman of 25 singing
+    to a piano accompaniment. The woman's voice seemed very
+    beautiful, and so strongly impressed him that he fell in love
+    with her and longed to embrace her sexually. This secret
+    attachment was much more romantic than sensual, though the idea
+    of embracing the woman seemed to T. a natural part of the
+    romance. He was beginning to invest the sex with angelic
+    qualities. The thought of his adventure with the servant no
+    longer caused repulsion, but rather pleasure. He reflected that
+    if he could meet the girl now he could be very fond of her and
+    understand things better. At this time he had not masturbated,
+    nor even heard of the practice. One day, while playing with a
+    girl of his own age, he succeeded in overcoming her shyness and
+    induced her to expose herself, at the same time uncovering his
+    own sexual parts. On this occasion and once afterward he
+    succeeded in penetrating the vulva. Both he and the girl
+    experienced imperfect enjoyment.
+
+    At boarding-school, where he was sent at 10, T. learned the
+    vulgar phrases for sexual organs and sexual acts, and acquired
+    the habit of moderate masturbation. Coarse talk and indecent
+    jests about the opposite sex were common amusements of the
+    playroom and dormitories. At first the obscene conversation was
+    very distasteful; later he became more used to it, but thought it
+    strange that sex intimacy should be a subject for ridicule and
+    jest.
+
+    He began to read love-stories and think much about girls. At the
+    same time he learned the nature of "the sin of fornication," and
+    wondered why it should be considered so heinous. Parts of the
+    Bible condemning intercourse between the unmarried alarmed him.
+    Being of a serious as well as emotional and amorous nature, he
+    became converted to evangelic belief. His mother warned him to
+    beware of unclean companions at school. He tried to act as a
+    Christian and think only pure thoughts about women. The talk,
+    however, was always of girls and of being in love. His mind was
+    often engrossed with amatory ideas of a poetic, sensuous nature,
+    his sexual experiences having a firm hold on his imagination,
+    while they gave him gratifying assurance of actual knowledge
+    concerning things merely imagined by most of his companions.
+
+    His health was vigorous and he keenly enjoyed all outdoor games
+    and excelled in daring and schoolboy mischief.
+
+    At 12 he fell deeply in love with a girl of corresponding age. He
+    never felt any powerful sexual desire for his sweetheart, and
+    never attempted anything but kissing and decorous caresses. He
+    liked to walk and sit with the girl, to hold her hand, and stroke
+    her soft hair. He felt real grief when separated from her. His
+    thoughts of her were seldom sensual. A year or so afterward he
+    had a temporary passion for a woman of 30, who used to flirt with
+    him and allow kissing. T. thought her queen-like and very lovely,
+    and wished to be her knight.
+
+    One day he saw, for a moment, in a friend's house, a dark,
+    earnest-looking girl of 13, who made a very deep impression upon
+    him, and, though he did not exchange a word with her, he often
+    thought about her afterward. Five years later he met the dark
+    girl again, and the pair were mutually drawn to one another. He
+    proposed marriage and avowed a most desperate passion. A refusal
+    on the plea of youth caused him the deepest misery. About eight
+    years thereafter T. married the girl, and the marriage proved a
+    very happy one for both.
+
+    When he was 15 T. made the acquaintance of a pretty blonde of the
+    same age. She was a high-spirited hoiden. They were soon close
+    friends and later lovers. They wrote a number of letters to each
+    other and exchanged locks of hair and presents. Their talk about
+    love was unreserved. One day she told T. that she had been
+    sexually embraced by a former lover, a boy of 16, hinting very
+    plainly that she would like T. to embrace her. This amour lasted
+    for about six months. The lovers had many opportunities for
+    clandestine intercourse. They used to consummate their passion in
+    a part of a wood they called "the bower." Now and then one or the
+    other would experience a pricking of conscience, but they were
+    too passionately attached to each other to sever the intimacy. At
+    length the girl began to dread the risk of conception and the
+    intercourse ceased. Looking back upon this episode T. avers that
+    the attachment and its physical expression seemed quite natural,
+    poetic, and beautiful, though at times his religious principles
+    condemned his conduct. He now thinks that the experience is by no
+    means to be regretted either by the girl or himself. It was a
+    wholesome youthful passion, as innocent as the mating of birds,
+    and the insight which it gave to both of the hidden emotions of
+    human nature was morally advantageous in after-life.
+
+    T. believes that his amative precocity was due to the early
+    awakening of sex feeling by the servant-girl. But he also
+    believes that the love passion would have asserted itself early
+    in any case, since he inherits a warm temperament, had erectile
+    power long before puberty, and has considerable seminal capacity.
+    Having closely watched the effects of suppressed normal emotions
+    and desires in youth at the time of pubescence, he maintains that
+    such suppression is disastrous, causing unhealthy thoughts and
+    leading to the formation of a habit of masturbation which may
+    persist throughout life. He believes that temporary sexual
+    intimacies between boys and girls under 20 from the period of
+    puberty would be far less harmful than separation of the sexes
+    until marriage, with its resultants: masturbation, hysteria,
+    repressed and disordered functions in young women, seduction,
+    prostitution, venereal affections, and many other evils.
+
+
+    HISTORY II.--The following narrative was written by a married
+    lady: "My mother (herself a very passionate and attractive woman)
+    recognized the difficulty for English girls of getting
+    satisfactorily married, and determined, if possible, to shield us
+    from disappointment by turning our thoughts in a different
+    direction. Theoretically the idea was perhaps good, but in
+    practice it proved useless. The natural desires were there.
+    Disappointment and disillusion followed their repression none the
+    less surely for having altered their natural shape. I think the
+    love I had for my mother was almost sexual, as to be with her was
+    a keen pleasure, and to be long away from her an almost
+    unendurable pain. She used to talk to us a good deal on all sorts
+    of subjects, but she never troubled about education in the
+    ordinary sense. When 9 years old I had been taught nothing except
+    to read and write. She never forbade us to read anything, but if
+    by accident we got hold of a book of which she did not approve
+    she used to say: 'I think that is rather a silly story, don't
+    you?' We were so eager to come up to her standard of taste that
+    we at once imagined we thought it silly, too. In the same way she
+    discouraged ideas about love or marriage, not by suggesting there
+    was anything wrong or improper about them, but by implying great
+    contempt for girls who thought about lovers, etc. Up to the age
+    of about 20 I had a vague general impression that love was very
+    well for ordinary women, but far beneath the dignity of a
+    somewhat superior person like myself. To show how little it
+    entered my thoughts I may add that, up to 17, I fancied a woman
+    got a child by being kissed on the lips by a man. Hence all the
+    fuss in novels about the kiss on the mouth.
+
+    "When I was 9 years old I began to feel a great craving for
+    scientific knowledge. _A Child's Guide to Science_, which I
+    discovered at a second-hand book-stall (and which, by the way,
+    informed me that heat is due to a substance called caloric),
+    became a constant companion. In order to learn about light and
+    gravitation, I saved up my money and ordered (of all books)
+    Newton's _Principia_, shedding bitter tears when I found I could
+    not understand a word of it. At the same time I was horribly
+    ashamed of this desire for knowledge. I got such books as I could
+    surreptitiously and hid them in odd corners. Why, I cannot
+    imagine, as no one would have objected, but, on the contrary, I
+    should have been helped to suitable books.
+
+    "My sisters and I were all violently argumentative, but our
+    quarrels were all on abstract subjects. We saw little of other
+    children and made no friendships, preferring each other's society
+    to that of outsiders. When I was about 10 a girl of the same age
+    came to stay with us for a few days. When we went to bed the
+    first night she asked me if I ever played with myself, whereupon
+    I took a great dislike to her. No sexual ideas or feelings were
+    excited. When still quite a child, however, I had feelings of
+    excitement which I now recognize as sexual. Such feelings always
+    came to me in bed (at least I cannot remember them at any other
+    time) and were generally accompanied by a gradually increasing
+    desire to make water. For a long time I would not dare to get out
+    of bed for fear of being scolded for staying awake, and only did
+    so at last when actually compelled. In the mean time the sexual
+    excitement increased also, and I believe I thought the latter was
+    the result of the former, or, perhaps, rather, that both were the
+    same thing. (This was when I was about 7 or 8 years old.) So far
+    as I can recollect, the excitement did not recur when the desire
+    to make water had been gratified. I seemed to remember wondering
+    why thinking of certain things (I can't remember what these were)
+    should make one want to urinate. (In later life I have found
+    that, if the bladder is not emptied before coitus, pleasure is
+    often more intense.) There were also feelings, which I now
+    recognize as sexual, in connection with ideas of whipping.
+
+    "As a child and girl I had very strong religious feelings (I
+    should have now if I could believe in the reality of religion),
+    which were absent in my sisters. These feelings were much the
+    same as I experienced later sexually; I felt toward God what I
+    imagined I should like to feel to my husband if I married. This,
+    I fancy, is what usually occurs. At 14 I went to a
+    boarding-school where there were seventy girls between 7 and 19.
+    I think it goes to show that there is but very little sexual
+    precocity among English girls that during the three years I
+    stayed there I never heard a word the strictest mother would have
+    objected to. One or two of the older girls were occasionally a
+    little sentimental, but on no occasion did I hear the physical
+    side of things touched upon. I think this is partly due to the
+    amount of exercise we took. When picturing my childhood I always
+    see myself racing about, jumping walls, climbing trees. In France
+    and Italy I have been struck by the greater sedateness of
+    Continental children. Our idea of naughtiness consisted chiefly
+    in having suppers in our bedrooms and sliding down the banisters
+    after being sent to bed. The first gratified our natural
+    appetite, while the second supplied the necessary thrill in the
+    fear of being caught.
+
+    "I made no violent friendships with the other girls, but I became
+    much attached to the French governess. She was 30, and a born
+    teacher, very strict with all of us, and doubly so with me for
+    fear of showing favoritism. But she was never unjust, and I was
+    rather proud of her severity and took a certain pleasure in being
+    punished by her, the punishment always taking the form of
+    learning by heart, which I rather liked doing. So I had my
+    thrill, excitement, I don't quite know what to call it, without
+    any very great inconvenience to myself. Just before we left
+    school the sexual instinct began to show itself in enthusiasm for
+    art with a capital A, Ouida's novels being mainly responsible. My
+    sister and I agreed that we would spend our lives traveling about
+    France, Italy, and the Continent, generally _à la Tricotrin_,
+    with a violin in one pocket and an Atravante Dante in the other.
+    To do this satisfactorily to ourselves we must be artists, and I
+    resolved to go in for music and become a second Liszt. When my
+    father offered to take us to Italy, the artist's Mecca, for a
+    couple of years, we were wild with delight. We went, and
+    disillusionment began. It may perhaps seem absurd, but we
+    suffered acutely that first summer. Our villa was quite on the
+    beach, the lowest of its flight of steps being washed by the
+    Mediterranean. At the back were grounds which seemed a paradise.
+    Long alleys covered over with vines and carpeted with long grass
+    and poppies, grassy slopes dotted with olives and ilex, roses
+    everywhere, and almost every flower in profusion, with, at night,
+    the fireflies and the heavy scents of syringa and orange
+    blossoms. In the midst of every possible excitement to the senses
+    there was one thing wanting, and we did not know what that was.
+
+    "We attributed our restlessness and dissatisfaction to the slow
+    progress in our artistic education, and consoled ourselves by
+    thinking when once we had mastered the technical difficulties we
+    should feel all right. And of course we did derive a very real
+    pleasure from all the beauties of art and nature with which Italy
+    abounds.
+
+    "It seems to me, however, that the art craze is one of the modern
+    phases of woman's sexual life. When we were in Italy the great
+    centers of the country were simply overrun with girls studying
+    art, most of whom had very little talent, but who had mistaken
+    the restlessness due to the first awakening of the sexual
+    instinct for the divine flame of genius. In our case it did not
+    matter, as we were not dependent upon our own exertions. But it
+    must have been terribly hard for girls who had burned their boats
+    and chosen art as a career, to have added to the repression of
+    their natural desires the bitterness of knowing that in their
+    chosen walk of life they were failures. The results as far as
+    work goes might not be so bad if the passions, as in men, were
+    occasionally gratified. It is the constant drudgery combined with
+    the disappointment and finding that art alone does not satisfy
+    which is so paralyzing. Besides, sexual gratification is always
+    followed by exaltation of the mental faculties, with, in my
+    experience, no depressing reaction such as follows pleasure
+    excited by mental causes alone.
+
+    "At one time when living at the villa I met a man about 45, who
+    took rather a fancy to me. I mention this because it woke me up;
+    no emotion was excited, but I realized for the first time (I must
+    have been nearly 20) that I was no longer a child, and that a
+    man could think of me in connection with love. It was only after
+    this, and not immediately after, either, that men's society began
+    to have an interest for me, and that I began to think a man's
+    love would be a pleasant thing to possess, after all.
+
+    "The sexual instinct, at any rate as regards consciousness, thus
+    developed slowly and in what I believe to be a very usual
+    sequence: religion, admiration for an older woman, and art. I am
+    not sure that I have made quite enough of the first, yet I do not
+    know that there is any more to say. There were very strong
+    physical feelings connected with all these which were identical
+    with those now connected with passion, but they were completely
+    satisfied by the mental idea which excited them.
+
+    "The first time I can remember feeling keen physical pleasure was
+    when I was between 7 and 8 years old. I can't recollect the
+    cause, but I remember lying quite still in my little cot clasping
+    the iron rails at the top. It may be said that this is hardly
+    slow development, but I mean slow as regards (1) any connection
+    of the idea with a man or (2) any physical means of excitation.
+
+    "I have laid stress on my desire for knowledge, as I think my
+    sexual feelings were affected by it. A great part of my feeling
+    for my mother was due to the stores of information she appeared
+    to possess. The omniscience of God was to me his most striking
+    attribute. My French teacher's capacity was her chief attraction.
+    When, as a girl, I thought of marriage, I desired a man who
+    'could explain things to me.' One learns later to live one's
+    mental and sexual life separately to a great extent. But at 20 I
+    could not have done so; given the opportunity, I should have made
+    the mistake of Dorothea in _Middlemarch_.
+
+    "I have spoken of the depressing after-effects of pleasure
+    brought about by a purely mental cause, but I do not think this
+    is the case in childhood and early youth. (Perhaps some women
+    feel no such depression afterward, and this may account for their
+    coldness in regard to men.) This may perhaps be accounted for by
+    the fact that it occurs much more rarely, and also it is perhaps
+    a natural process before the sexual organs fully develop, and so
+    not harmful.
+
+    "I always find it difficult in expressing the different degrees
+    of physical excitement even to myself, though I know exactly what
+    I felt. As a child, from the time of the early experience already
+    mentioned (about the age of 7 or 8), and as a young girl, the
+    second stage (secretion of mucus) was always reached. The amount
+    of secretion has always been excessive, but at first secretion
+    only lasted a short time; later it began to last for several
+    hours, or even sometimes the whole night, if the natural
+    gratification has been withheld for a long time (say, three
+    months). I do not remember ever feeling the third stage (complete
+    orgasm) until I saw the first man I fancied I cared for. I do not
+    think that mental causes alone have ever produced more than the
+    first two stages (general diffuse excitement and secretion). I
+    have sometimes wondered whether I could produce the third
+    mechanically, but I have a curious unreasonable repugnance to
+    trying the experiment; it would seem to materialize it too much.
+    As a child and a girl I was contented to arrive at the second
+    stage, possibly because I did not realize that there was any
+    other, and perhaps this is why I have experienced no evil
+    results.
+
+    "In dreams the third stage seems to come suddenly without any
+    leading up to it, either mental or physical, of which I am
+    conscious. I do not, however, remember having any such dreams
+    before I was engaged. They came at a later period; even then,
+    when great pleasure was experienced, it came, as a rule, suddenly
+    and sharply, with no dreams leading up to it. The dreams
+    generally take a sad form (an Evangeline and Gabriel business),
+    where one vainly seeks the person who eludes one. I have,
+    however, sometimes had pleasurable dreams of men who were quite
+    indifferent to me and of whom I never thought when awake. The
+    impression on waking is so strong one could almost fancy one's
+    self really in love with them. I can quite understand falling in
+    love with a person by dreaming of him in this way.
+
+    "The first time I remember experiencing the third stage in waking
+    moments was at a picnic, when the man, to whom I have before
+    referred as the first that I fancied I cared for, leaned against
+    me accidentally in passing a plate or dish; but I was already in
+    a violent state of excitement at being with him. There was no
+    possibility of anything between us, as he was married. If he
+    guessed my feelings, they were never admitted, as I did my best
+    to hide them. I never experienced this, except at the touch of
+    some one I loved. (I think the saying about the woman 'desiring
+    the desire of the man' is just about as true as most epigrams. It
+    is the man's personality alone which affects me. His feelings
+    toward me are of--I was going to say--indifference, but at any
+    rate quite secondary importance, and the gratification of my own
+    vanity counts as nothing in such relations.)
+
+    "As a rule, to reach even the second stage the exciting ideas
+    must be associated with some particular person, except in the
+    case of a story, where one identifies one's self with one of the
+    characters. In childhood and early youth it was, in the case of
+    religion, the idea of God and the presence and the personality of
+    God which aroused my feelings and always seemed very vivid to me.
+    In the case of my governess, my feelings were aroused in exactly
+    the same way as later they would be by one's lover. In the art
+    craze I am rather vague as to how it came about, but I think, as
+    a rule, there was rather a craving for pleasure than pleasure
+    itself. I do not remember ever thinking much about the physical
+    feeling. It seemed as natural that a pleasant emotion should
+    produce pleasant physical effects as that a painful one should
+    cause tears. As a child, one takes so much for granted, and later
+    on my mind was so much occupied with worrying about the truth of
+    religion that I hardly thought enough about anything else to
+    analyze it carefully.
+
+    "I may summarize my own feelings thus: First, exciting ideas
+    alone produce, as a rule, merely the first stage of sexual
+    excitement. Second, the same ideas connected with a particular
+    person will produce the second stage. Third, the same may be said
+    of the presence of the beloved person. Fourth, actual contact
+    appears necessary for the third stage. If the first stage only be
+    reached, the sensation is not pleasurable in reality, or would
+    not be but for its association. If produced, as I have sometimes
+    found it to be, by a sense of mental incapacity, it is distinctly
+    disagreeable, especially if one feels that the energy which might
+    have been used in coping with the difficulty is being thus
+    dissipated. If it be produced, as it may be, as the result of
+    physical or mental restraint, it is also unpleasant unless the
+    restraint were put upon one by a person one loves. Then, however,
+    the second stage would probably be reached, but this would depend
+    a good deal on one's mood. If the first stage only were reached,
+    I think it would be disagreeable; it would mean a conflict
+    between one's will and sexual feeling. Perhaps women who feel
+    actual repugnance to the sexual act with a man they love have
+    never gone beyond the first stage, when their dislike to it would
+    be quite intelligible to me.
+
+    "Some time after the life in Italy had come to an end I became
+    engaged. There was considerable difficulty in the way of
+    marriage, but we saw a good deal of each other. My _fiancé_ often
+    dined with us, and we met every day. The result of seeing him so
+    frequently was that I was kept in a constant state of strong, but
+    suppressed, sexual excitement. This was particularly the case
+    when we met in the evening and wandered about the moonlit garden
+    together. When this had gone on about three months I began to
+    experience a sense of discomfort after each of his visits. The
+    abdomen seemed to swell with a feeling of fullness and
+    congestion; but, though these sensations were closely connected
+    with the physical excitement, they were not sufficiently painful
+    to cause me any alarm or make me endeavor to avoid their
+    pleasurable cause. The symptoms got worse, however, and no longer
+    passed off quickly as at first. The swelling increased;
+    considerable pain and a dragged-down sensation resulted the
+    moment I tried to walk even a short distance. I was troubled
+    with constant indigestion, weight in the chest, pain in the head
+    and eyes, and continual slight diarrhea. This went on for about
+    nine months, and then my _fiancé_ was called away from the
+    neighborhood. After his departure I got a trifle better, but the
+    symptoms remained, though in less acute form. A few months later
+    the engagement was broken off, and for some weeks I was severely
+    ill with influenza and was on my back for several weeks. When I
+    could get about a little, though very weak, all the swelling was
+    gone, but pain returned whenever I tried to walk or stand for
+    long. The indigestion and diarrhea were also very troublesome. I
+    was treated for both by a physician, but without success. Next
+    year I became engaged to my husband and was shortly after
+    married. The indigestion and diarrhea disappeared soon after. The
+    pain and dragging feeling in the abdomen bothered me much in
+    walking or any kind of exercise. One day I came across a medical
+    work, _The Elements of Social Science_, in which I found
+    descriptions of symptoms like those I suffered from ascribed to
+    uterine disease. I again applied to a doctor, telling him I
+    thought there was displacement and possibly congestion. He
+    confirmed my opinion and told me to wear a pessary. He ascribed
+    the displacement to the relaxing climate, and said he did not
+    think I should ever get quite right again. After the pessary had
+    been placed in position every trace of pain, etc., left me. A
+    year later I thought I would try and do without the pessary, and
+    to my great satisfaction none of the old trials came back after
+    its removal, in spite of much trouble, anxiety, sick nursing, and
+    fatigue. I attribute the disorder entirely to violent sexual
+    excitement which was not permitted its natural gratification and
+    relief.
+
+    "I have reason to believe that suppression acts very injuriously
+    on a woman's mental capacity. When excitement is naturally
+    relieved the mind turns of its own accord to another subject, but
+    when suppressed it is unable to do this. Personally, in the
+    latter event, I find the greatest difficulty in concentrating my
+    thoughts, and mental effort becomes painful. Other women have
+    complained to me of the same difficulty. I have tried mechanical
+    mental work, such as solving arithmetical or algebraic problems,
+    but it does no good; in fact, it seems only to increase the
+    excitement. (I may remark here that my feelings are always very
+    strong not only before and after the monthly period, but also
+    during the time itself; very unfortunately, as, of course, they
+    cannot then be gratified. This only applies to desire from
+    within, as I am strongly susceptible to influences from without
+    at any time.) There seems nothing to be done but to bow to the
+    storm till it passes over. Anything I do during the time it
+    lasts, even household work, is badly done. The brain seems to
+    become addled for the time being, while after gratification of
+    desire it seems to attain an additional quickness and cleverness.
+    Perhaps this cause contributes to the small amount of
+    intellectual and artistic work done by women, admitting their
+    natural inferiority to men in artistic impulse. A woman whose
+    passions are satisfied generally has her strength sapped by
+    maternity, while her attention is drawn from abstract ideas to
+    her children."
+
+
+    HISTORY III.--B. states that his first sexual thoughts and acts
+    were curiously connected with whipping. At 12 he and another boy
+    used to beat each other with a cricket bat upon the bare nates,
+    and afterward indulge in mutual masturbation. He cannot remember
+    the beginning of his sexual speculation as a child, nor how he
+    learned masturbation. When he was 13 he used to discuss erotic
+    matters with a schoolfellow who was in the habit of engaging in
+    vulvar intercourse with a girl of his own age. The intercourse
+    was practised on the way home from school, and in a standing
+    posture. B. embraced the girl in the same way. He is not
+    interested in the psychological aspects of the sexual emotion.
+    Although his sex passion was early kindled, he never had commerce
+    with prostitutes. He thinks that his youthful experiences had no
+    ill effect upon him morally, mentally, or physically. He
+    practised masturbation in moderation till he married, at the age
+    of 31.
+
+
+    HISTORY IV.--"I can remember" (writes the subject) "trotting away
+    as a youngster about 5 with another boy to 'see a girl's legs';
+    the idea emanated from the other boy, but I was vaguely
+    interested. How or where we were going to see the object in
+    question I do not remember nor anything further than the
+    intention. When 6 or 7 I remember being put to bed with the nurse
+    girl and feeling her bare arm with undoubted sexual excitement; I
+    remember, too, gradually feeling along the arm very cautiously,
+    fearing the girl would wake and being bitterly disappointed to
+    find it was merely the arm. I am almost certain I had then no
+    idea of sex, but the disappointment was actual.
+
+    "These are the only early experiences of the sort I can remember.
+    When about 9 I had others. On the coast of the north of England,
+    which had then very few visitors and seemed to me very remote, I
+    lived in a farm-house and used to assist the girls of the farm in
+    looking after young cattle. These girls certainly instilled
+    sexual ideas, though I did not realize them with precision. They
+    used to talk about things a good many of which, I can now see, I
+    did not then understand as they did. I liked to see these girls
+    wading with their dresses tucked up. About this time I fell
+    passionately in love with a girl cousin, but do not remember
+    having any sensual ideas in regard to her. I cannot say that
+    these early experiences had any influence on my later sexual
+    development so far as I am consciously aware. I have always
+    remembered them vaguely, never with sexual excitement.
+
+    "Sexual dreams took place first at about the age of 13; there was
+    then emission and sensation in sleep. These were, however, not
+    much associated with distinctly sexual dreams. All that I recall
+    after them was the sensation, which, however, I did not even then
+    absolutely localize. Masturbation was undoubtedly the direct
+    result of these dreams. It was tried at first tentatively, out of
+    curiosity to determine if the sensation of the dream could be so
+    reproduced. Sexual dreams, such as I have described, occurred
+    frequently, although I cannot say at what interval. I have never
+    experienced the slightest attraction for the same sex."
+
+
+    HISTORY V.--"My maternal grandfather" (writes the subject of this
+    history) "was a small farmer who kept a few beagles and
+    greyhounds for hare-hunting. He had three daughters, one of whom
+    became my mother. One of his sporting companions, a doctor of
+    profligate habits and a drunkard, seduced my mother at the age of
+    20. When her condition was discovered she had to flee from the
+    violence of her father, and I was born some distance from her
+    home. After my grandfather's death I was reared by my
+    grandmother, and saw nothing of my mother until I was nearly 16;
+    she had left the country in shame and disgrace.
+
+    "I believe that in my heredity the transmission comes chiefly
+    from my mother, who is now 58 years old. Although her life has
+    been blameless in every particular since her youthful
+    indiscretion, she has never got over it. I feel in my character a
+    reflection of her overstrung condition during pregnancy.
+
+    "I can distinctly remember from the age of 9 years, and am sure
+    that I had no sexual feelings before the age of 13, though always
+    in the company of girls. I had many boyish passions for girls,
+    always older than myself, but these were never accompanied by
+    sexual desires. I deified all my sweethearts, and was satisfied
+    if I got a flower, a handkerchief, or even a shred of clothing of
+    my inamorata for the time being. These things gave me a strange
+    idealistic emotion, but caused no sexual desire or erection.
+
+    "At 13 a 26-year-old sister of a boy companion once sat down on a
+    sheaf of corn so as to expose the mons veneris and enticed me to
+    copulate. There was slight erection, and after the act had been
+    continued some time a pleasurable sensation of ejaculation, but
+    without true emission. I had frequent relations with this woman
+    after that.
+
+    "About this time the farm servant of a neighbor taught me
+    masturbation. The mistress of the farm, a thin, willowy, dark
+    woman, the mother of several children, treated me with such
+    familiarity as once to urinate in my presence, so that I saw her
+    very hirsute mons veneris. From that moment I conceived a great
+    passion for her, and used to tremble as soon as I saw her. I had
+    become well developed and virile, but, though I think she was a
+    lustful woman, I never ventured to touch her. I found an extreme
+    ecstasy in masturbating while gazing upon some article of her
+    clothing. This gave me much greater sexual pleasure than actual
+    connection with the ever-willing sister of my schoolfellow. I
+    think I loved the married woman best because the mons veneris was
+    more covered with hair.
+
+    "This has always had a peculiar attraction for me. Later, when
+    accosted by prostitutes, I never would go with them unless I was
+    assured the mons veneris was very hirsute. Never much addicted to
+    masturbation, I derived no great enjoyment therefrom unless I had
+    hair or part of the clothing of the woman with whom I was
+    indulging in psychic coitus.
+
+    "At 16 I left school and went to a large city to learn a
+    business. At this time the sexual appetite was very strong. I
+    frequently had intercourse with three women in one evening.
+
+    "I have had but few lascivious dreams. In these the phantom
+    partner was almost invariably a dead woman. (When about 8 I had
+    seen the dead body of an aunt who died at 24.)
+
+    "When 20 I went to London and took all the pleasure which came my
+    way. I cared only for normal coitus. Offers of another type
+    created disgust. I once allowed a woman to exhaust me sexually
+    orally, but felt degraded thereby. Women with whom I had become
+    very intimate often urged me to _cunnilingus_, but I could not do
+    it. I have practised intermammary coitus a very few times.
+
+    "At 26 I married a pure, gentle woman, after having for ten
+    months before marriage led a life of celibacy. My wife died when
+    I was 30, and for about eight months I lived a celibate life.
+    Lascivious dreams sometimes occurred, but I invariably awoke
+    before ejaculation. Eventually I gave way to the cravings of my
+    strong sexual nature, but never wished for anything out of the
+    usual except intercourse from behind. A woman with marked
+    development of the nates has great attraction for me. Solitary
+    masturbation has for some time ceased, but a nude woman in the
+    act of masturbation with her back to me gives me great pleasure.
+    I am as strong sexually at 38 as I was at 20, only I never want
+    women unless I am brought into actual contact with them and they
+    are hairy and have large pelvic development. I am in excellent
+    health. Genitals are well developed, and I am clothed with hair
+    from the chin to the genitals. My skull is dolichocephalic. I am
+    violent and tenacious in temper, high-strung, and rapid in
+    thought and action. My digestion is good, but I have a tendency
+    to constipation. Occasionally I have a twinge of pain below the
+    occipital region.
+
+    "My early views of women have changed; I no longer deify them,
+    though I study them. I have known very sensual women living at
+    home in respectable middle-class society. One, in particular, a
+    girl of 18, after coitus used to excite me lingually. I have had
+    a sweetheart who remained _virgo intacta_. Had I seduced her, as
+    I could have done, I should have lost all interest in her. I
+    could never bear the presence of naked men, and would never go to
+    a public swimming bath for that reason. I regard myself as a man
+    of abnormally strong, but, on the whole, healthy and wholesome,
+    sexual feelings. As a rule, I have coitus twice or oftener in one
+    week and I practise withdrawal. I am a total abstainer, and never
+    could embrace a woman who smelled of drink."
+
+    HISTORY VI.--The writer of the following is a man of letters,
+    married. "Quite early I remember a strange and romantic interest
+    in the feminine. Certainly before I was 9 I had a strong
+    affection for a little girl playmate; our family lost sight of
+    hers, and I saw and heard nothing of her for sixteen years; then,
+    hearing she was coming to town, I experienced quite a flutter of
+    heart, so strong had been the impression caused at even the early
+    age of our acquaintance. Not that I mean to say I never wavered
+    in between! Through the whole of my boyhood I remember persistent
+    romantic interests in girls and women, whose smooth, fair faces
+    and sweet voices exercised ever a subtle attraction over me.
+    Before I was 12 I had picked out my 'future wife' a dozen times
+    at least! (A different one each time of course!) Curiosity as to
+    the physical detail of sex and birth was singularly absent.
+    Possibly this was partly due to the fact that the only younger
+    member of our family was born when I was but 4 years old. Grave,
+    shy, and reserved, I was never taken into the counsels of
+    prurient schoolmates. I was unaware that there was such
+    discussion between them--though it is, I suppose, not probable
+    that our school was exempt. I was a great reader, and when about
+    12 or 13 I came across a reference to an illegitimate child which
+    puzzled me. Ere long, however, in my random and extensive reading
+    I hit on a book that touched on phallicism, and I learned that
+    there were male and female organs of generation. I had neither
+    shame nor curiosity; I jumped to the conclusion that during close
+    caresses somehow a subtle aroma arose from the man to fertilize
+    the woman; I left the subject at this, satisfied, and had no
+    inkling of the real intimacy of the embrace.
+
+    "About 14, much interested in Bradlaugh, I bought both the
+    Knowlton pamphlet and Mrs. Besant's population book. I found the
+    physical details in scientific language so dull that I could not
+    peruse them. By reading the argumentative passages I learned that
+    _somehow_ (I knew not how) children could be produced or not
+    produced as desired; and in this stage of the matter it seemed
+    to me so admirable that it should be so that I wondered why there
+    should be cavil.
+
+    "About this age my elder brother believed it to be his duty to
+    tell me the secrets of sex; I remember his talking to me, while
+    I, bored and uninterested, thought of something else. When he
+    finished I had heard nothing. Remember, I felt no shame on the
+    matter--none at all. I was simply bored. This I attribute to two
+    things: first, my preponderating interest in the romantic side of
+    things; secondly (and this bears with it a strong moral), _the
+    feeling that the knowledge lay always within my grasp kept me
+    from that curiosity which so oft consumes those who think it is
+    hidden away from them_.
+
+    "The changes of puberty came naturally and without startling me.
+    Even the fact of emissions--which took place during sleep at
+    intervals, unaccompanied by dreams or by any physical prostration
+    afterward--has left on my memory no recollection of surprise; I
+    knew it to be somehow connected with generation, but I had no
+    physical trouble, and I am quite sure I did not bother further
+    about it. The best possible proof of this lies in the fact that
+    my memory is a blank on the matter. At the age of 21 (I take this
+    from a diary, so I know it is correct) I was still ignorant as to
+    intrinsic fact. Then I pulled myself together and felt it was
+    really time I learned the actual details of the matter. I went to
+    a clever friend of mine and asked him to tell me all about it. He
+    expressed himself astounded at my not knowing; and he had very
+    great shyness about telling me. In fact, I had to drag facts out
+    of him by a real cross-examination, during which he persistently
+    marveled at my ignorance. Though he had a great deal of false
+    shame about the matter, I had none at all. His revelations
+    considerably surprised me, because I had no idea that there was
+    actual intromission. When I came to reflect on what I had learned
+    the fact of this close physical intimacy appealed to me as being
+    quite poetic and beautiful between two lovers; and I have had no
+    reason since to change my opinion.
+
+    "_Summary._--1. Romantic interest in girls and women commencing
+    early and remaining persistently.
+
+    "2. Knowledge before puberty of the fact that this interest was
+    based on the all-important process of reproduction.
+
+    "3. Absence of further physical curiosity even at puberty itself.
+
+    "4. Knowledge ultimately acquired without shock.
+
+    "The physical in sex has never been any bother to me, neither
+    have I bothered about it. I have recognized it, frankly, and
+    don't see why I shouldn't, but my unashamed recognition has
+    probably been because the merely physical is less absorbing to me
+    than to most. Mental and emotional interest in passion has
+    absorbed me greatly, but the merely physical has sunk into what
+    I call its natural place of subordination. Nature is kind. It is
+    our 'conspiracy of silence' which tends to emphasize physical
+    detail."
+
+
+    HISTORY VII.--G.D., who is a doctor and a man of science, writes:
+    "There is a strong history of gout on the paternal side. No
+    history of alcohol, tubercle, brain trouble, or of the
+    arthropathies. There is some reason to believe that two of my
+    maternal aunts were sexually frigid, and perhaps this was true to
+    a less extent of my mother, who had a contracted pelvis,
+    necessitating the induction of labor at the eighth month of
+    pregnancy.
+
+    "About the age of 7 a German nursery governess, B., took charge
+    of me, and I soon became devoted to her. I was then a delicate
+    child, and used to suffer frequently from nightmare, waking up
+    screaming and covered with sweat. When this happened, B. would
+    sometimes take me into her bed and soothe me with kisses, etc.
+    These I returned, and can remember that I was particularly fond
+    of kissing her breasts.
+
+    "About this time a girl cousin, A., about a year older than
+    myself, was one of my most frequent playmates. I endeavored to
+    monopolize her company and attention, and on this account often
+    came to blows with C., a cousin rather younger than myself, who
+    has since told me that he was then 'in love' with A. and
+    'jealous' of me. I believe I was really jealous and in love at
+    the time, but cannot remember that anything in the nature of
+    caresses took place between A. and myself.
+
+    "Some time later, probably when I was about 9, something led up
+    to B. saying that she was not built like I was, that she had no
+    penis, etc. (I cannot remember my nursery term for penis.) I was
+    incredulous, and demanded to be allowed to see if it was true;
+    this was refused, and I made many plans to gratify my curiosity,
+    such as slipping into her room when she was dressing, tipping up
+    the chair she was sitting in, and trying to suddenly thrust my
+    hand up under her skirts. I did not succeed in finding out, but
+    have since thought that, although she did not allow me to attain
+    the object of my efforts, the later game caused her pleasurable
+    sensations. I regard these efforts as being prompted purely by
+    curiosity; I had no feelings of warmth or irritations of the
+    genitals, and I certainly never manipulated them, nor was I, as
+    far as I can judge, an unusually prurient small boy. B. left when
+    I was about 10, when I went to a preparatory school.
+
+    "At 12½ I was sent to a public school, and was then told by my
+    father the chief facts of sex and warned to avoid masturbation.
+    My first wet dream took place when I was 14. Rather before this I
+    had begun to suffer with severe intermittent testicular neuralgia
+    which practically defied all treatment and continued on and off
+    for four or five years, the attacks gradually becoming fewer and
+    less severe.
+
+    "When 15, circumstances compelled me to leave school and to live
+    for two years at the seaside with no companions of my own age. I
+    had, however, the run of a well-stocked library, and fished and
+    collected insects energetically.
+
+    "At 16 I made love to the trained nurse attending my mother, but,
+    owing more, I think, to my timidity than to the austerity of her
+    virtue, got no further than kissing. About this time wet dreams
+    became inconveniently frequent; they would occur three or four
+    times weekly, and resisted the stock remedies. At 17 I was
+    advised to try connection. This I did, and found but little
+    pleasure in the act, there being a strong esthetic objection to
+    the 'love that keeps awake for lure.'
+
+    "About this time I found in the United States Pharmacopoeia a
+    remedy for my emissions, which have, however, always remained
+    rather more frequent than those of the average individual,
+    judging from the experience of my friends. Emissions are
+    generally accompanied by lascivious dreams, but at times take
+    place when I dream that I am hurrying to catch a train, or to
+    micturate against time.
+
+    "I have of late years (not noticed till after 20) observed that
+    the dream accompanying emission is shorter; so that, whereas up
+    to, say, 21 I generally performed the whole physiological act
+    with my dream-charmer, I now almost invariably emit and awake
+    before intromission has taken place. There has been no
+    alternation comparable to this in the performance of the act
+    while I am awake.
+
+    "As regards my physique I should mention that all my reflexes are
+    very brisk, though I am only slightly ticklish in the ordinary
+    sense of the term. I sweat easily and am very shy, not only with
+    women, but with any strangers. I have, however, trained myself
+    not to show this. About averagely passionate, I should say, and
+    extremely critical where women are concerned, the latter quality
+    often keeping me chaste for months at a time."
+
+
+    HISTORY VIII.--"When I was about 8 years old" (states the lady
+    who is the subject of the present observation) "I remember that,
+    with several other children, we used to play in an old garden at
+    being father and mother, unfastening our drawers and bringing the
+    sexual parts together, as we imagined married people to do, but
+    no sexual feelings were aroused, nor did the boys have
+    erections." When about 10 years old she became conscious of a
+    pleasurable sensation associated with the smell of leather, which
+    has ever since persisted. At that age she was sometimes left to
+    wait in the office of a wholesale business house full of
+    leather-bound ledgers. She did not then notice the sensation
+    particularly, and was certainly not conscious of any connection
+    with sexual emotion. Menstruation was established at 13½ years.
+    Distinct sexual feelings were first observed a few months later.
+    "The first feelings of love which I ever felt were at the age of
+    14 for a nice, manly boy of my own age, who often came to our
+    house. He liked me, but was not in love with me. It was very
+    seldom that he would sit by me and hold my hand, as I wished him.
+    This went on till I was about 17, when he went to the university.
+    After his first term he came back and was then attracted to me;
+    but, though I loved him very much, I was too proud to show it.
+    When he tried to kiss me, I resisted, though I longed for it.
+    Thinking I was greatly offended, he apologized, which only made
+    me angry. All these years I was worshiping at his shrine and
+    mixed him up with all my ideas of life." Whenever she was near
+    him she experienced physical sensations, with moistening of the
+    vulva. This continued till she was about 20, but the object of
+    these emotions never again attempted any advances.
+
+    At 19 she became engaged to someone else. At the beginning she
+    was physically indifferent to her lover, but when he first kissed
+    her she became greatly excited. The engagement, however, was soon
+    broken off from absence of strong affection on either side and
+    chiefly, it would seem, from the cooling of the lover's ardor.
+    She thinks he would have been more strongly attached to her if
+    she had been colder to him, or pretended to be, instead of
+    responding with simplicity and frankness.
+
+    During the next few years little occurred. She was working hard,
+    and her amusements would mostly, she says, be regarded as rather
+    childish. She was extremely fond of dancing, and she was always
+    pleased when anyone paid her attention. She was frequently
+    conscious of sexual feelings, sometimes tormented by them, and
+    she regarded this as something to be ashamed of. The constant
+    longing for love was affected little or not at all by hard work.
+    "At about this time I was very fond of abandoning myself to
+    day-dreams. I was very glad if I could get everyone out of the
+    house and lie on an easy chair or the bed. I liked especially to
+    read poetry, all the more if I did not quite understand it. This
+    would lead me on to all sorts of dreams of love, which, however,
+    never went beyond the preliminaries of actual love--as that was
+    all I then knew of love." The only climax to her dream of love
+    was founded on a piece of information volunteered by a married
+    woman many years earlier, when she was about 12. This
+    lady--evidently agreeing with Rousseau (who in _Emile_ commended
+    the mother's reply to the child's query whence babies come, "Les
+    femmes les pissent, mon enfant, avec des grands douleurs") that
+    the unknown should first be explained to the young in terms of
+    the known--told her that the husband micturated into the wife.
+    She therefore used to imagine a lover who would bear her away
+    into a forest and do this on her as she lay at the foot of a
+    tree. (At a later date she accidentally discovered that a full
+    bladder tended to enhance sexual feelings, and occasionally
+    resorted to this physical measure of heightening excitement.) All
+    the physical sensations of sexual desire were called out by these
+    day-dreams, with abundant secretion, but never the orgasm. Her
+    reveries never led to masturbation or to allied manifestations,
+    which have never taken place. Such a method of relief has,
+    indeed, never offered any temptation to her and she doubts even
+    its possibility in her case. (At a later period of life, however,
+    at the age of 31, masturbation began and was practised at
+    intervals.) At the same time she remarks that, while no orgasm
+    (of which, indeed, she was then ignorant) ever occurred, the
+    sexual excitement produced by the day-dreams was sufficiently
+    great to cause a feeling of relief afterward. These day-dreams
+    were the only way in which the sexual erethism was discharged.
+    She cannot recall having erotic dreams or any sexual
+    manifestations during sleep.
+
+    Spontaneous sexual excitement was present a few days before
+    menstruation, and fairly marked during and immediately after the
+    period. It also tended to recur in the middle of the
+    intermenstrual period.
+
+    The pleasurable sensation connected with the smell of leather
+    became more marked as she approached adult age. It was especially
+    pronounced about the age of 24, and the sexual emotion it
+    produced (with moisture of the vulva) was then clearly conscious.
+    No other odor produced this effect in such a marked degree. It
+    was often associated with leather bags, but not with boots,
+    though on rubbing the leather of shoes she found that this odor
+    was given out. She cannot account for its origin, and does not
+    connect any association with it. It never affected her conduct or
+    led to fetichistic habits.
+
+    Some other odors affect her in the same way, though not to the
+    same degree as leather. This is more especially the case with
+    some flowers, especially white flowers with heavy odors, like
+    gardenias. Many flowers, on the other hand, like primroses, seem
+    rather opposed to sex effect, too fresh, though stimulating to
+    the mind. Some artificial scents tend to produce sexual effects
+    also. Personal odors have no influence of this kind. (At a later
+    period the sexual influence of personal odors was occasionally
+    experienced, but the present history deals only with the period
+    before marriage.)
+
+    She believes that most beautiful things, however unconnected with
+    sex, have a tendency to produce distinctively sexual feelings in
+    a faint degree, although sometimes more marked, with secretion.
+    She has, however, never experienced homosexual feeling, and, on
+    first consideration, was inclined to believe that the sight of a
+    beautiful woman had no sexual effect on her, though she could
+    quite understand such an effect. Subsequently, on recalling as
+    well as observing her experiences more carefully, she found that
+    a lovely woman's face and figure (especially on one occasion the
+    very graceful figure of a beautiful fairy in a ballet) produced
+    distinct sexual sensations (with mucous emission). Music,
+    however, has strongly emotional effects upon her, and she cannot
+    recall that she ever felt any equally powerful influence of this
+    kind in the absence of music.
+
+    Looking back on the development of her feelings she finds that,
+    though in some respects they may have been slow, they were
+    simple, natural, spontaneous, and correspond to "the dawning and
+    progress which go on in the development of every girl. While it
+    is going on in actual fact, the girl does not know or bother
+    herself about trying to understand it. Afterward it seems quite
+    clear and simple. Full occupation of the brain, and hands too,
+    while it does not do away with desire, is a great help and
+    safeguard to a growing girl, when combined with proper
+    information about herself and her relation to man the animal, so
+    that she may realize where she is and how to choose the right
+    man--though under the best conditions failure may occur."
+
+    HISTORY IX.--The subject belongs to a large family having some
+    neurotic members; she spent her early life on a large farm. She
+    is vigorous and energetic, has intellectual tastes, and is
+    accustomed to think for herself, from unconventional standpoints,
+    on many subjects. Her parents were very religious, and not, she
+    thinks, of sensual temperament. Her own early life was free from
+    associations of a sexual character, and she can recall little
+    that now seems to be significant in this respect. She remembers
+    that in childhood and for some time later she believed that
+    children were born through the navel. Her activities went chiefly
+    into humanitarian and utopian directions, and she cherished ideas
+    of a large, healthy, free life, untrammeled by civilization. She
+    regards herself as very passionate, but her sexual emotions
+    appear to have developed very slowly and have been somewhat
+    intellectualized. After reaching adult life she has formed
+    several successive relationships with men to whom she has been
+    attracted by affinity in temperament, in intellectual views, and
+    in tastes. These relationships have usually been followed by some
+    degree of disillusion, and so have been dissolved. She does not
+    believe in legal marriage, though under fitting circumstances she
+    would much like to have a child.
+
+    She never masturbated until the age of 27. At that time a married
+    friend told her that such a thing could be done. She found it
+    gave her decided pleasure, indeed, more than coitus had ever
+    given her except with one man. She has never practised it to
+    excess, only at rare intervals, and is of the opinion that it is
+    decidedly beneficial when thus moderately indulged in. She has
+    sometimes found, for instance, that, after the mental excitement
+    produced by delivering a lecture, sleep would be impossible if
+    masturbation were not resorted to as a sedative to relieve the
+    tension.
+
+    Spontaneous sexual excitement is strongest just before the
+    monthly period.
+
+    Definite sexual dreams and sexual excitement during sleep have
+    not occurred except possibly on one or two occasions.
+
+    She has from girlhood experienced erotic day-dreams, imagining
+    love-stories of which she herself was the heroine; the climax of
+    these stories has developed with her own developing knowledge of
+    sexual matters.
+
+    She is not inverted, and has never been in love with a woman. She
+    finds, however, that a beautiful woman is distinctly a sexual
+    excitation, calling out definite physical manifestations of
+    sexual emotion. She explains this by saying that she thinks she
+    instinctively puts herself in the place of a man and feels as it
+    seems to her a man would feel.
+
+    She finds that music excites the sexual emotions, as well as many
+    scents, whether of flowers, the personal odor of the beloved
+    person, or artificial perfumes.
+
+    HISTORY X.--The subject is of German extraction on both sides.
+    The father is of marked intellectual tastes, as also is she
+    herself. There is no unhealthy strain in the family so far as she
+    is aware, though they all have very strong passions. She is well
+    developed, healthy, vigorous, and athletic, any trouble to which
+    she is subject being mainly due to overwork.
+
+    Looking back on her childhood, she can now see various sexual
+    manifestations occurring at a period when she was quite ignorant
+    of sex matters. "The very first," she writes, "was at the age of
+    6. I remember once sitting astride a banister while my parents
+    were waiting for me outside. I distinctly remember a pleasurable
+    sensation--probably in part due to a physical feeling--in the
+    thought of staying there when I knew I ought to have run out to
+    them. From that year till the age of 10 I simply reveled in the
+    idea of being tortured. I went gladly to bed every night to
+    imagine myself a slave, chained, beaten, made to carry loads and
+    do ignominious work. One of my imaginings, I remember, was that I
+    was chained to a moldering skeleton." As she grew older these
+    fancies were discontinued. At the same time there was a trace of
+    sadistic tendency: "I used to frighten and tease a young child,
+    driven to it by an irresistible impulse, and experiencing a
+    certain pleasurable feeling in so doing. But this, I am glad to
+    say, was rare, as I hate all cruelty."
+
+    One of her favorite imaginings as a child was that she was a boy,
+    and especially that she was a knight rescuing damsels in
+    distress. She was not fond of girls' occupations, and has always
+    had a sort of chivalrous feeling toward women.
+
+    "When I first heard of the sexual act," she writes, "it appeared
+    to me so absurd that I took little notice. About the age of 10 I
+    discussed it a good deal with other girls, and we used to play
+    childishly indecent games--out of pure mischief and not from any
+    definite physical feeling."
+
+    About a year after menstruation was established she accidentally
+    discovered the act of masturbation by leaning over a table. "I
+    discovered it naturally; no one taught me; and the very
+    naturalness of the impulse that led me to it often made me in
+    later years question the harmfulness." Both her sisters
+    masturbated from a very early age, but not, to her knowledge, her
+    brother. The practice of masturbation was continued. "For many
+    years, imbued with the old ideas of morality, I struggled against
+    it in vain. The sight of animals copulating, the perusal of
+    various books (Shakespeare, Rabelais, Gautier's _Mademoiselle de
+    Maupin_, etc.), the sight of the nude in some Bacchanalian
+    pictures (such as Rubens's), all aroused passion. Coexistent with
+    this--perhaps (though I doubt it) due to it--arose a disgust for
+    normal intercourse. I fell in love and enjoyed kisses, etc., but
+    the mere thought of anything beyond disgusted me. Had my lover
+    suggested such a thing I would have lost all love for him. But
+    all this time I went on masturbating, though as seldom as
+    possible and without thought of my lover. Love was to me a thing
+    ideal and quite apart from lust, and I still think that it is
+    false to try to connect the two. I fear that even now, if I fell
+    in love, sexual intercourse would break the charm. At the age of
+    18 I came across Tolstoy's _Kreutzer Sonata_ and was overjoyed to
+    find all I had thought written down there. Gradually, through
+    seeing a friend happily married, I have grown to a more normal
+    view of things. I am very critical of men and have never met one
+    liberal-minded and just enough to please me. Perhaps if I did I
+    might take a perfectly healthy view of things."
+
+    In course of time various devices had been adopted to heighten
+    sexual excitement when indulging in masturbation. Thus, for
+    instance, she found that the effects of sexual excitement are
+    increased by keeping the bladder full. But the chief method which
+    she had devised for heightening and prolonging the preliminary
+    excitement consisted in wearing tight stays (as a rule, she wears
+    loose stays) and in painting her face. She cannot herself explain
+    this. Self-excitement is completed by friction, or sometimes by
+    the introduction of a piece of wood into the vagina. She finds
+    that, the more frequently she masturbates, the more easily she is
+    excited. Spontaneous sexual feeling is strongest before and after
+    the menstrual period; not so much so during the periods.
+
+    There are various faint traces of homosexuality, it may be
+    gathered, in the history of this subject's sexual development.
+    Recently these have come to a climax in the formation of a
+    homosexual relationship with a girl friend. This relationship has
+    given her great pleasure and satisfaction. She does not, however,
+    regard herself as being a really inverted person.
+
+    There have been vivid sexual dreams from about 17 (apparently
+    about the period of the relationship with the lover). These
+    dreams have not, however, had special reference to persons of
+    either sex.
+
+    Apart from the influence of books and pictures already mentioned,
+    she remarks that she is sexually affected by the personal odor of
+    a beloved person, but is not consciously affected by any other
+    odors.
+
+
+    HISTORY XI.--Widower, aged 40 years. Surgeon. "My experience of
+    sexual matters began early. When I was about 10 years of age a
+    boy friend who was staying with us told me that his sister made
+    him uncover his person, with which she played and encouraged him
+    to do the same for her. He said it was great fun, and suggested
+    that we should take two of my sisters into an old barn and repeat
+    his experience on them. This we did, and tried all we could to
+    have connection with them; they were nothing loath and did all
+    they could to help us, but nothing was effected and I experienced
+    no pleasure in it.
+
+    "When I went back to school I attracted the attention of one of
+    the big boys who slept in the same room with me; he came into my
+    bed and began to play with my member, saying that it was the
+    usual thing to do and would give me pleasure. I did not feel any
+    pleasure, but I liked the attention, and rather enjoyed playing
+    with his member, which was of large size, and surrounded by thick
+    pubic hair. After I had played with him for some time I was
+    surprised at his having an emission of sticky matter. Afterward
+    he rubbed me again, saying that if I let him do it long enough he
+    would produce the same substance from me. This he failed to do,
+    however, though he rubbed me long and frequently, on that and
+    many other occasions. I was very disappointed at not being able
+    to have an emission, and on every occasion that offered I
+    endeavored to excite myself to the extent of compassing this. I
+    used to ask to go out of school two or three times a day, and
+    retired to the closet, where I practised on myself most
+    diligently, but to no purpose, at that time, though I began to
+    have pleasurable emotions in the act.
+
+    "When I went home for the holidays I took a great interest in one
+    of my father's maids, whose legs I felt as she ran upstairs one
+    day. I was in great fear that she would complain of what I had
+    done, but I was delighted to find that she did nothing of the
+    sort; on the contrary, she took to kissing and fondling me,
+    calling me her sweetheart and saying that I was a forward boy.
+    This encouraged me greatly, and I was not long in getting to
+    more intimate relations with her. She called me into her room one
+    day when we were alone in the house, she being in a half-dressed
+    condition, and put me on the bed and laid herself on me, kissing
+    me passionately on the mouth. She next unbuttoned my trousers and
+    fondled and kissed my member, and directed my hand to her
+    privates. I became very much excited and trembled violently, but
+    was able to do for her what she wanted in the way of masturbation
+    until she became wet. After this we had many meetings in which we
+    embraced and she let me introduce my member until she had
+    satisfied herself, though I was too young to have an emission.
+
+    "On return to school I practised mutual masturbation with several
+    of my schoolfellows, and finally, at the age of 14 years, had my
+    first real emission. I was greatly pleased thereat, and, with
+    this and the growth of hair which began to show on my pubis,
+    began to feel myself quite a man. I loved lying in the arms of
+    another boy, pressing against his body, and fondling his person
+    and being fondled by him in return. We always finished up with
+    mutual masturbation. We never indulged in any unnatural
+    connections.
+
+    "After leaving school I had no opportunity of indulging in
+    relations with my own sex, and, indeed, did not wish for such, as
+    I became a slave to the charms of the other sex, and passed most
+    of my time in either enjoying, or planning to enjoy, love
+    passages with them.
+
+    "The sight of a woman's limbs or bust, especially if partly
+    hidden by pretty underclothing, and the more so if seen by
+    stealth, was sufficient to give a lustful feeling and a violent
+    erection, accompanied by palpitation of the heart and throbbing
+    in the head.
+
+    "I had frequent coitus at the age of 17, as well as masturbating
+    regularly. I liked to perform masturbation on a girl, even more
+    than I liked having connection with her; and this was especially
+    so in the case of girls who had never had masturbation practised
+    on them before; I loved to see the look of surprised pleasure
+    appear on their faces as they felt the delightful and novel
+    sensation.
+
+    "To gratify this desire I persuaded dozens of girls to allow me
+    to take liberties with them, and it would surprise you to learn
+    what a number of girls, many of them in good social position,
+    permitted me the liberty I desired, though the supply was never
+    equal to my demand.
+
+    "With a view to enlarging my opportunities I took up the study of
+    medicine as a profession, and reveled in the chances it gave of
+    being on intimate sexual terms with many who would have been,
+    otherwise, out of my reach.
+
+    "At the age of 25 I married the daughter of an officer, a
+    beautiful girl with a fully developed figure and an amorous
+    disposition. While engaged, we used to pass hours wrapped in each
+    other's arms, practising mutual masturbation, or I would kiss
+    her passionately on the mouth, introducing my tongue into her
+    mouth at intervals, with the invariable result that I had an
+    emission and she went off into sighs and shivers. After marriage
+    we practised all sorts of fancy coitus, _coitus reservatus_,
+    etc., and rarely passed twenty-four hours without two
+    conjunctions, until she got far on in the family way, and our
+    play had to cease for a while.
+
+    "During this interval I went to stay at the house of an old
+    schoolfellow, who had been one of my lovers of days gone by. It
+    happened that on account of the number of guests staying in the
+    house the bed accommodation was somewhat scanty, and I agreed to
+    share my friend's bedroom. The sight of his naked body as he
+    undressed gave rise to lustful feelings in me; and when he had
+    turned out the light I stole across to his bed and got in beside
+    him. He made no objection, and we passed the night in mutual
+    masturbation and embraces, _coitus inter femora_, etc. I was
+    surprised to find how much I preferred this state of affairs to
+    coitus with my wife, and determined to enjoy the occasion to the
+    full. We passed a fortnight together in the above fashion, and,
+    though I afterward went back and did my duty by my wife, I never
+    took the same pleasure in her again, and when she died, five
+    years later, I felt no inclination to contract another marriage,
+    but devoted myself heart and soul to my old school-friend, with
+    whom I continued tender relations until his death by accident
+    last year. Since then I have lost all interest in life."
+
+    "The patient," writes the well-known alienist to whom I am
+    indebted for the above history, "consulted me lately. I found him
+    a fairly healthy man to look at, suffering from some neurasthenia
+    and a tendency to melancholia. Generative organs large, one
+    testicle shows some wasting, pubic hair abundant, form of body
+    distinctly masculine; temperament neurotic. He improved under
+    treatment, and, after seeing me three times and writing out the
+    above history, came no more."
+
+
+    HISTORY XII.--Mrs. B., aged 32. Father's family normal; mother's
+    family clever, eccentric, somewhat neuropathic. She is herself
+    normal, good-looking, usually healthy, highly intelligent, and
+    with much practical ability, though at some periods of life, and
+    especially in childhood, she has shared to some extent in the
+    high-strung and supersensitive temperament of her mother's
+    family. As a child she was sometimes spoiled and sometimes
+    cuffed, and suffered tortures from nervousness. She has, however,
+    acquired a large measure of self-control.
+
+    The first sensations which she now recognizes as sexual were
+    experienced at the age of 3, when her mother gave her an
+    injection; afterward she declared herself unable to relieve her
+    bowels naturally in order to obtain a repetition of this
+    experience, which was several times repeated. At the age of 7 a
+    man pursued her with attentions and attempted to take liberties,
+    but she rejected his advances in terror; four years later another
+    man attempted to assault her, but she resisted vigorously, struck
+    him, and escaped by running. Neither of these sexual attempts
+    appears to have left any serious permanent impression on the
+    child's mind.
+
+    At the age of 11, when her mother was giving her a bath, the
+    sensation of her mother's fingers touching her private parts gave
+    her what she now knows to be sexual feelings, and a year later
+    when taking her bath she would pour hot water on to the sexual
+    region in order to cause these sensations; this did not lead to
+    masturbation, but she had a vague idea that it was "wrong."
+
+    At the age of 12 menstruation began; she suffered very severely
+    from dysmenorrhea, the period sometimes lasting for ten days, and
+    the pain being often extreme. She was not treated for this
+    condition, her mother being of opinion that she would outgrow it.
+    From the age of 14 or 15 until 23, or about the period of her
+    marriage, she suffered from anemia.
+
+    She had little curiosity about sexual matters; her mother wished
+    that she should always come to her for information about things
+    she became acquainted with as to the general facts of sex; she
+    did not, however, know definitely the facts of copulation until
+    her marriage. She knew nothing of erection or semen, and thought
+    that when a man and woman placed their organs together a child
+    resulted. She hated talking about these subjects indecently, and
+    would not listen to the sexual conversation of her schoolfellows.
+    She never felt any homosexual attraction. Once another girl was
+    much in love with her, but she despised and disliked her
+    attentions; again, when a girl much older than herself, a friend
+    of her mother's, slept with her and made advances, she repelled
+    her and refused to sleep with her again.
+
+    She always got on well with men, and men were attracted to her.
+    She was direct and sincere, without undue modesty. But she never
+    allowed men to touch her or kiss her. She was a good dancer, and
+    fond of dancing, but denies that it ever led to sexual feelings.
+    She never felt any sexual attraction for a man until, at the age
+    of 20, she fell in love with her future husband five years or
+    more before marriage.
+
+    At this period she began to feel vague discomfort, which she knew
+    to be localized near her sexual organs. She was aware, in a dim
+    way, that it was connected with her love, and was of a sexual
+    nature. But there was no definite idea of sexual intercourse. She
+    felt nervous and depressed. If she had been asked to state what
+    would relieve her, she could only have said B.'s presence and
+    tenderness. A few days before he declared his love she
+    experienced the nearest approach to sexual feeling she had ever
+    had. It was summer and, with B. and some of her family, she had
+    gone on a little expedition. One evening, in the train after a
+    day's excursion, B. took her hand (unperceived by the others) and
+    held it for some time. This aroused the strongest emotions in
+    her; she closed her eyes, and, though she was not at the time
+    aware that her sensations were localized in her sexual organs,
+    she thinks, in the light of subsequent knowledge, that she then
+    experienced the orgasm.
+
+    During the engagement, which lasted between two and three years,
+    circumstances prevented frequent meetings. B. would kiss her,
+    suck her nipples, which became erect, and lie on her. She allowed
+    him to take these liberties, feeling that if she refused him all
+    satisfaction he might have relations with other women. She still
+    felt no definite desire for contact of the sexual organs. She
+    longed rather to be embraced and kissed, and to lie in her
+    lover's arms all night. A few months before marriage, however,
+    she masturbated occasionally, just before or just after
+    menstruation, imagining, while doing it, that she was in her
+    lover's arms. The act was usually followed by a sick feeling.
+    Just before marriage she underwent an operation for the relief of
+    the dysmenorrhea. She was somewhat shocked and sickened by the
+    experiences of the wedding night. It seemed to her that her
+    husband approached her with the violence of an animal, and there
+    was some difficulty in effecting entrance. Coitus, though
+    incomplete, took place some seven times on this first night. The
+    bleeding from rupture of the hymen continued, so that for two
+    days she had to wear a towel. For two months subsequently there
+    was great pain during intercourse, although she suppressed the
+    indications of this.
+
+    There were several children born of the marriage and for some
+    years she lived happily, on the whole, with her husband,
+    notwithstanding various hardships and difficulties and some
+    incompatibility of temper.
+
+    As regards her sexual feelings she considers, from what other
+    women have told her, that her feelings are, if anything, stronger
+    than the average. The orgasm, however, was not fully developed
+    until about five years after marriage. Sexual feeling is most
+    pronounced before, during, and after the menstrual period, more
+    especially before and about the third day (the period usually
+    lasts from five to seven days). There is more sexual desire
+    during pregnancy, especially toward the end, than at any other
+    time. She never refused normal intercourse to her husband, but
+    any abnormal or perverted method of sexual gratification is
+    repellent. She was awakened one night about the third month of
+    pregnancy by her husband inserting his penis _in ore_; the child
+    was born with palate defect and she is herself inclined to
+    believe that this incident was the cause of the defect. Though
+    she desires normal intercourse, she has seldom obtained complete
+    gratification. For a long time she disliked seeing or touching
+    the penis, and the feel, and especially the smell, of the semen
+    produced nausea and even vomiting. (She has a very delicate sense
+    of smell as well as of taste; though fond of the scent of
+    flowers, no sexual feelings are thus aroused.) Withdrawal and the
+    use of condoms are unsatisfactory to her, and mutual masturbation
+    gives no relief and produces headache. Feelings of friendship for
+    her husband have been most potent in arousing the sexual
+    emotions, and she has had most pleasure in intercourse after a
+    day spent in bicycling together. She has been for many months at
+    a time without sexual intercourse, and during such periods has
+    suffered much from pain in the head; this, however, she has now
+    completely surmounted. She eventually discovered that her
+    husband's abstinence from marital intercourse was due to
+    infidelity. This led to a definite separation. She still
+    occasionally experiences sexual desire, but has no inclination to
+    masturbate. Her life is full and busy, affording ample scope for
+    her energies and intelligence; moreover, she has her children to
+    train and educate. She herself believes that her sexual life is
+    at an end.
+
+
+    HISTORY XIII.--G.R., army officer. "I am 35 years of age. My
+    parents married at the ages of 38 and 25, and my father is now 84
+    and my mother 71; both are particularly strong and healthy in
+    body and mind. I am of old lineage on both sides, and know of no
+    disease, defect, or abnormality among any of my ancestors or
+    relations, except that my mother's family has a slight tendency
+    to drink and excess, the present members of it all being
+    considered eccentric. I have one brother and one sister living
+    (brother unmarried, sister with several children) and am the
+    youngest of a family of five. My brother is abnormal, but I don't
+    know exactly in what way or from what cause. I have a strong
+    suspicion that he masturbates to excess. My father is artistic
+    and my mother musical. I have no aptitude for either, but
+    appreciate both enormously, though not until about ten years ago.
+    My principal reading is religion, science, and philosophy, with
+    an occasional standard novel, or a modern novel of the 'improper'
+    type by way of relaxation. I became a convinced and militant
+    rationalist about five years ago, but have been an unbeliever
+    since I left school. I was anemic and threatened with bowel
+    complaint at the age of 7, and was in consequence taken abroad
+    for my health. I am now strong and vigorous, with great powers of
+    endurance, and enjoy all forms of sport and exercise,
+    particularly hunting, pig-sticking, and polo. I drink a lot, and
+    am never fitter than when eating, drinking, and taking exercise
+    in what most people would call excess. It takes more alcohol than
+    I can hold to make me drunk when in England; but not so in the
+    East. I have been told that I am very good-looking.
+
+    "When I was about 4 or 5 I was constantly chaffed by my older
+    companions about putting my hand down my trousers and playing
+    with my privates. I don't remember getting an erection, nor at
+    what age this first occurred with me. At one time my brother and
+    I used to play about with my sister's underclothing, and took
+    great pleasure in it, but we never saw her genitals. She told us
+    that on carefully examining herself one day she was glad to find
+    that she had a small penis like boys had--doubtless the clitoris.
+    When in France, at the age of 8 to 10, I began to notice the
+    sexual parts of animals, and was very keen to know what mares
+    kept between their hind legs. Later on I took great pleasure with
+    another boy in feeling the teats of a she-ass, and, by myself,
+    the penis of a donkey, as I had seen the French grooms do; but I
+    took no interest in my own penis. I used to put my finger as far
+    up the anus as it would go, and got a vague satisfaction from it.
+    I went to a small private school at the age of 11, having been
+    previously told by my mother of the manner of birth of men and
+    animals, of which I was quite ignorant till then. She made no
+    mention of the part taken by the father, and I never thought
+    about it. Even then I was left with the impression that one was
+    born through the navel. I was initiated at school, and used to
+    handle the penis of the boy who told me. On several occasions I
+    did _fellatio_ for him, and liked it, but he never offered to do
+    the same for me, and I don't think he got much satisfaction out
+    of it. Soon after this I became conscious of pleasurable
+    sensations when lying on my stomach with an erection, and used
+    occasionally to gratify myself that way, caring little for the
+    school tradition that it was 'wicked' and bad for one. On one
+    occasion, when talking at night with another boy, we compared our
+    organs, both in erection, and I then for the first time thought
+    of trying what I had heard vaguely mentioned, viz., two boys
+    playing at man and woman. I lay on him with my penis on his
+    stomach and almost at once had an orgasm with emission, and
+    experienced acute pleasure, though both he and I supposed that I
+    had involuntarily micturated. I was 13 when this happened. I did
+    it once more with him before I left, this time the other way up,
+    so as to spare him the unpleasantness. I used to like kissing and
+    hugging the smaller boys, and had a great eye for good looks. On
+    going home for the holidays I masturbated with my hand out of
+    curiosity to see what happened when the orgasm occurred, and then
+    only did I fully understand the nature of the act. After this the
+    rush and strangeness of a large public school distracted my
+    attention, but I heard about wet dreams, masturbation, and
+    homosexuality from the other boys, and soon became thoroughly
+    initiated. I believe the tone of my house, if not of the whole
+    school, was exceptionally bad; though it may only be that I saw
+    more of it because I was attracted by it, and that other schools
+    are the same really. Things involving certain expulsion if found
+    out were done more or less in public, and I have myself openly
+    got into bed with or masturbated other boys, and on more than one
+    occasion have helped forcibly to masturbate small boys or to hold
+    them while others had connection with them, the idea of the last
+    two acts being that the boy would thereby be seduced and become
+    available for, and willing to perform, homosexuality. Before I
+    became big enough to have boys myself I masturbated frequently
+    (on one occasion three times in the day), and invariably by lying
+    on my stomach without the use of the hands. In having connection
+    with other boys I used to do it between the thighs or on the
+    stomach, and I never heard of any other way at that school.
+    _Pædicatio_ would disgust me, and, moreover, would deprive me of
+    the principal pleasure of intercourse, viz., the feeling of lying
+    face to face and stomach to stomach. Of course, the satisfaction
+    used to be mutual, but, though good-looking, I was never the
+    passive party only, like some small boys who might be called
+    professionals and whom I used to pay for their services. I went
+    back after I had left and had a boy in the dark whom I had never
+    seen before, having been told that he was all right. I used to
+    have a very genuine affection for any party to my pleasure,
+    though I took delight in torturing one in particular, but for
+    what reason I cannot say. For one boy I developed a deep love,
+    which lasted long after we had left school and had ceased all
+    sexual connection. This love was as strong as anything I have
+    ever felt since.
+
+    "I don't remember whether it was while I was at school or later
+    that I first began again to take a sexual interest in animals. I
+    used to masturbate a good deal and was always trying to find new
+    ways of doing it and new substances to lie on. It was while
+    feeling the vulva of a young mare that the brilliant thought
+    struck me of trying to copulate with her, and thus getting the
+    advantage of the soft vagina. It afforded me great satisfaction
+    and I had an emission, though I did not then, nor at any other
+    time with any other animal, succeed in penetrating properly. I
+    afterward did the same with other mares and with a certain cow
+    whenever I got a safe opportunity, which was not as often as I
+    could have wished. I have not had connection with an animal for
+    about ten years, but would have no objection to doing so, and
+    feel sure I could perform the act properly now. After I left
+    school at 17, I occasionally had longings for boys, but it was
+    the exception and not the rule. I continued to masturbate, but
+    not to excess, and used to make ineffectual efforts to stop it,
+    but never succeeded for very long. When I was confirmed, at the
+    age of 15, I became intensely religious, and was so remorseful at
+    my first lapse from virtue that I burnt my leg with a red-hot
+    poker, and I bear the scar still. On leaving school I went to
+    Germany and there had my first coitus with a woman, a fat old
+    German who gave me very little satisfaction. My next, a Jewess,
+    gave me more than I asked for, in the shape of a soft chancre. In
+    my ignorance I never had it treated, but it must have been very
+    mild, for it disappeared of its own accord. When cramming in
+    England I occasionally went home with a prostitute, but did not
+    care much about them and could not afford good ones. On one
+    occasion I was impotent. It may have been through drink, but it
+    disgusted me with myself. I liked seeing the women naked, and
+    always insisted that they should strip, especially the breasts,
+    which I liked large and full. I had not learned to kiss on the
+    lips, and had no desire to kiss the body, except the breasts,
+    which I was generally too shy to do. But as I nearly always wore
+    a condom and found penetration difficult I did not much enjoy the
+    actual coitus. I am fully convinced that if women had been more
+    accessible, if I had not thought myself bound to use preventives
+    in self-defense, and if the act had not been looked upon with
+    such disfavor by those in authority over me, I should have
+    masturbated less or not at all, and would not have been tempted
+    to bestiality. When I was 22 I had coitus with a girl who was not
+    a prostitute for the first time. I was violently excited and
+    enjoyed it more than anything I had yet experienced, in spite of
+    the facts that she would not undress and insisted on withdrawal
+    before emission. On one other occasion only have I had coitus
+    with a non-professional unmarried woman. Shortly after this I
+    caught syphilis from a girl of the streets. I was circumcised and
+    stayed in a private hospital for six weeks. It never went beyond
+    the primary stage, and I have felt no ill effects from it, except
+    that I have got a hydrocele in the right testicle. Of course,
+    this incident necessitated the use of a condom on every occasion,
+    and it greatly spoiled my pleasure. About this time a
+    brother-officer older than myself made advances to me. He
+    compared me to a Greek statue, and wanted to kiss me. I would
+    have nothing to do with him, but was glad to have his confessions
+    of homosexuality and somewhat surprised to learn that he was not
+    alone in the regiment. I afterward fell in love with his sister,
+    and he married and had children. He was bisexual in his
+    inclinations, but was really in love with me for a short time.
+
+    "I had little to do with professionals until I went to South
+    Africa, and though I was fond of ladies' society, and liked by
+    ladies, I looked upon them as something apart, especially married
+    women, and never attempted to take liberties with them; though I
+    used to with shopgirls, etc., in my cramming days, and had often
+    been in love. In South Africa I first began really to enjoy
+    coitus, and on going to India continued to do so; in fact, I
+    thought sexually of nothing else and rarely masturbated,--perhaps
+    once in three weeks. I would go to brothels wherever they were
+    available, Durban, Cape Town, Colombo, Calcutta, Bombay, and at
+    one time preferred black women to white. I used to have horrible
+    orgies with my brother-officers, and on one occasion I ordered
+    six women to my bungalow in order to celebrate my birthday, and
+    made a present of them to five of my friends after dinner. During
+    this period, and until I went home, I rarely spoke to a lady, the
+    chief exception being No. 1, a brother-officer's wife, with whom
+    I began to be in love.
+
+    "Shortly after the South African War I fell violently in love
+    with a young brother-officer, 'Z.' It amounted to a passion and I
+    was forced to make overtures to him. He did not understand, being
+    ignorant of homosexuality and quite virile, and would have
+    nothing to do with me, though he was very nice about it. This
+    lasted for about a year, and then, thinking no doubt that he had
+    better stop it, as I was really making myself very ridiculous and
+    was mad with love, he threw me up altogether. I was intensely
+    miserable for some time, and then I recovered and we made it up,
+    and are now firm friends. I still want to kiss and stroke him
+    when I see him naked, but would do nothing more. I went home by
+    way of Japan after several years' absence from home, taking the
+    women of the Eastern ports as I went, until I contracted
+    gonorrhea in the Tokio Yoshiwara. I could not get rid of it, and
+    arrived home in that state, having been deprived of the pleasure
+    of trying several new races on the way in consequence. In England
+    I rushed into a society which I had quit on such different terms,
+    and it received me with open arms. I very soon began a flirtation
+    with a married woman, and she completed my education in kissing
+    which had been begun by the Japanese harlots. I was just coming
+    to the point with this woman when I met No. 1 again, and my love
+    for her was at once renewed. I told her so, but I knew that she
+    did not return it. I then became attracted to No. 2, a girl older
+    than myself, whom I had known all my life. I kissed her and
+    fondled her breasts; but she would not allow anything else, until
+    one night, when in the train with her, I got my hand down farther
+    than she intended. It ended in my performing _cunnilingus_ on her
+    first, and then obtaining satisfaction between her thighs--a
+    large step to take after the former limitations. Previous to this
+    I had on several occasions obtained an emission, without meaning
+    to, by lying on her fully dressed. She was aware of my disease,
+    which by that time had become a gleet and did not inconvenience
+    me in any way. From that time until I went back to India we went
+    through the same performance whenever possible, I masturbating
+    her sometimes with the finger, sometimes with the tongue, and
+    having connection with various parts of her body, including the
+    breasts, but always with a condom on account of my disease. She
+    used to strip for my edification, and we frequently spent the
+    night in the same bed. I was attracted to her mentally, but not
+    very much physically; that is to say, that if circumstances had
+    not thrown us together I should never have picked her out from
+    other girls as being sexually attractive to me. I returned to
+    India, and to No. 1, though I kept faithful to No. 2 in word and
+    deed for five months, but gradually the overmastering influence
+    of No. 1 reasserted itself over me. And then I met No. 3. We were
+    attracted to each other at first acquaintance, and the attraction
+    was mental and sexual. She was married and in love with another
+    man, but that did not prevent her from kissing me. I felt her
+    breasts, masturbated her, and had emissions by lying on her, but
+    she drew the line at one thing, viz., kissing on the lips; and I
+    drew it at coitus. We arranged a trip together during which I
+    went to bed with her, but never had coitus, though we both had
+    frequent orgasms in other ways. Before starting on this trip I
+    had thought that I should not see No. 1 again, and she let me
+    kiss her, to my unspeakable joy. Circumstances, however,
+    intervened, and I went straight to No. 1 after parting with No.
+    3, told her all I had done, and then kissed her again, leaving
+    her just before her real lover, with whom she was then living,
+    arrived. Later I returned again to No. 1, now in child to her
+    lover. We lived together for three nights in spite of this. She
+    then went home, and I had no connection with any woman for two
+    years, except one black woman, being consumed with love and
+    worship for No. 1. I was much in society, but never had any luck.
+    At the end of this time I was traveling one night with a young
+    officer ('X'), slight and effeminate and preferring men to women,
+    with whom I had been until then on friendly but not intimate
+    terms. I watched him undress and go to bed, and then, having
+    myself undressed, went over to his bunk and put my hand under his
+    clothes. He at once responded, and I got into his bed, both of us
+    being in a frenzy of passion and surprise. But I was fairly sure
+    of my ground or I would not have dared to take the risk. I used
+    often to go to his bed after this, and on one occasion had coitus
+    with a girl on a chair at a ball and the next night with my young
+    officer. I scarcely knew the girl, and don't know her name now,
+    but I took her measure, made her excited by manipulation and
+    kissing, and then got her consent. I did not harm her, even if I
+    had been the first, for orgasm occurred before I had penetrated
+    beyond the lips. X surprised me by telling me that he had had
+    connection with three other officers in my regiment, as well as
+    with several others in the same station. He would not tell me
+    their names, but I guessed easily enough. He used to drink
+    heavily, and once I got into his bed when he was in a drunken
+    stupor and he was quite unaware that I was there for some time. I
+    myself was drinking too much at this time, and was frequently
+    drunk before dinner. In the hot weather that followed I had one
+    orgy in Bombay which lasted three nights. I started on a Greek
+    and a Pole and finished up with a Japanese, two brother-officers
+    accompanying me. Afterward I was much alone during the day in my
+    bungalow, and used to become possessed by intense desire. I
+    masturbated occasionally, but by this time took but little
+    pleasure in it, always craving for the moist human vagina. I had
+    often heard, and myself quoted, the Pathan proverb 'Women for
+    breeding; boys for pleasure; melons for delight,' and one day
+    when seeking for some novelty with which to masturbate, and my
+    eye being caught by a melon put ready for me to eat, it flashed
+    across me to try whether the proverb was in any way true. I found
+    it most satisfactory, and practised it several times after that,
+    the pepita (papaye or pawpaw) being the nearest approach to the
+    human vagina. The opportune arrival of a fairly good-looking
+    punkah woman, however, put an end to this form of enjoyment by
+    providing me with what I wanted. Soon afterward I went home
+    again, taking the Japanese at Bombay on my way.
+
+    "I had kept up a correspondence with No. 1 all this time, but we
+    had made a compact that whatever each did until we met again was
+    not to count, and I knew that she had had at least one liaison
+    since our parting, and was in entire ignorance of the state of
+    her feelings toward me. Therefore, while trying to arrange a
+    meeting with her, I took the first thing that chance threw in my
+    way, thinking a bird in the hand better than the off chance of a
+    better one in the bush. This was No. 4, with whom I spent three
+    days at the seaside after having first had coitus with her in my
+    own home while she was in the monthly state. Immediately on
+    parting from her I came home to receive No. 1. The first time we
+    were alone she kissed me, and this was followed by mutual
+    confessions and coitus, though at first she said my affair was
+    too recent. I agreed not to have connection again with No. 4, and
+    kept to this until when staying in the same house again with her
+    I was tempted beyond my powers; and I may add that she gave me no
+    assistance in keeping this promise, of which she was fully
+    cognizant. I at once wrote and confessed to No. 1, and she very
+    naturally would have nothing more to do with me. But I managed to
+    reconcile her, and we afterward lived together for three days in
+    the country, as well as in London and in her own house. Meanwhile
+    No. 5 had been making advances to me which I could not well
+    refuse, being a very old friend. Nos. 4 and 5 were on one
+    occasion staying together at my house, just after I had been
+    faithless to No. 1 with No. 4. I could not very well sleep with
+    them both, so at the earnest entreaty of No. 4 I went to her room
+    first, told her my reasons for not having connection with her,
+    left her in tears, and then went and slept with No. 5. This is
+    the only transaction I have ever concealed from No. 1; but No. 5
+    knows my whole story and accepts the situation of being only
+    second so long as I give her satisfaction whenever possible.
+    About this time I again met No. 3 and kissed and masturbated her
+    in a cab, but she would not allow me to go home with her. At the
+    bidding of No. 1 I now broke entirely with No. 4, to the great
+    grief and astonishment of my sister, whose friend she was.
+    Shortly after this I again returned to India, where I quarreled
+    hopelessly with No. 1, and I don't know to this day what my fault
+    was, except that she had got tired of me. Her influence over me
+    is, however, too great to be so easily broken, and I would return
+    to her tomorrow if she moved a finger in reconciliation. During
+    the following hot weather I slowly but surely, albeit quite
+    unconsciously, obtained an influence over No. 6, and it ended by
+    her falling desperately in love with me and allowing me to do
+    what I liked. I did not love her, and told her about No. 1, whose
+    image always remained in the back of my vision, whatever I was
+    doing. She also accepted the situation, and I don't think has any
+    grievance against me. For my part I have nothing but thanks and
+    gratitude and as much love as I am capable of to give her, and
+    all the other women with whom I have had any sexual relations.
+    The following is a short account of the above women:--
+
+    "No. 1. Had coitus before marriage, for love and with full
+    knowledge of the nature of the act. Agreement with her husband
+    not to have coitus rigidly adhered to by both. Has had connection
+    with five other men since marriage. Very passionate, but faddy
+    and particular. Slow at producing orgasm. Likes being in bed
+    naked, and liked me once for having kissed her mons veneris.
+    Thin, with undeveloped breasts. Brilliant, good-looking. Artistic
+    and highly intellectual. Never masturbated, and did not know of
+    homosexuality among women; very sensitive to touch on the
+    pudenda.
+
+    "No. 2. Has had sexual relations, but never coitus, with many
+    men. Mutually masturbated with one man. Masturbated herself
+    frequently, and took a long time to produce orgasm, even with
+    _cunnilingus_, which delighted her immensely. After having it
+    performed, she would stoop down and passionately kiss my lips.
+    Fond of prolonged kisses, during which the tongue played a
+    prominent part. Tall and fully developed, but no looks. Clever,
+    masculine brain, and strong physically. Skillfully concealed her
+    passionate nature, which, however, was long in developing and was
+    long kept in check by maidenly modesty.
+
+    "No. 3. Innocent before marriage, and hated her _fiancé_ even to
+    touch her, which feeling still persists. Has had liaisons with
+    many men, and several miscarriages, one legitimate, others
+    illegitimate, and one illegitimate child. Does not masturbate
+    herself, but readily yields to its seduction when performed by
+    others. The most passionate woman I have ever met. Good, typical,
+    womanly figure, but thin and weak. Not much looks, but very
+    fascinating to men. Clever and intellectual.
+
+    "No. 4. Coitus only with her husband before myself. Not very
+    passionate. I know nothing about masturbation or homosexuality in
+    her case. Very broad hips, large breasts, and well-developed
+    nates. Deserted by her husband. No children. Rather foolish and
+    weak-minded. Penetration difficult owing to long labia majora.
+
+    "No. 5. Knows all about homosexuality of both sexes and wants to
+    know more about everything. Probably masturbates. Several
+    children. In love with her husband at first, but now tired of him
+    and took to other men for variety and because her husband had
+    ceased to give her sexual pleasure. Very passionate; has slow
+    orgasm; likes nakedness and contact of body. Very large vagina.
+    Broad hips and full breasts. Intellectual, but not so by nature.
+    Artistic and very musical.
+
+    "No. 6. Absolutely innocent before marriage. Was practically
+    raped by her husband on her marriage night. This disgusted her
+    with the whole performance, and she could not bear her husband's
+    caresses. During pregnancy she was frightened because she did not
+    know what was going to happen, i.e., how the child was going to
+    be born; and no one enlightened her,--doctor, nurse, or mother.
+    Did not know the meaning of the words sexual feeling, and never
+    thought about sexual matters at all until marriage. I roused her
+    passion, put things in their true light, made her have an orgasm,
+    and told her what it meant. The orgasms at first made her cry and
+    nearly faint, and she thereafter became intensely passionate.
+    Very excited at cunnilingus, which I practised on her more than
+    once. She confessed that the orgasm was stronger and more
+    complete during coitus than during masturbation, which relieved
+    my mind. She volunteered to strip naked and has but little
+    shyness with me. Cannot bear her husband yet. She admits that she
+    was only half a woman before she knew me, but now regrets her
+    marriage. Short, thin, and slight, with narrow hips and no
+    breasts. Quick woman's wit, but not intellectual.
+
+    "Of the prostitutes I have known, perhaps 60 in number, the
+    Japanese easily take the palm. They are scrupulously clean, have
+    charming manners and beautiful bodies, and take an intelligent
+    interest in the proceedings. Also they are not always thinking
+    about the money. Perhaps the Kashmiris come next, though the
+    Chinese run them very close. Some of the more expensive London
+    women are bearable, but they are such harlots! The white women in
+    the East are insupportable, and small wonder, for they consist of
+    the dregs of the European and American markets. My list comprises
+    English, French, German, Italian, Spanish-American, American,
+    Bengali, Punjabi, Kashmiri, Kaffir, Singhalese, Tamil, Burmese,
+    Malay, Japanese, Chinese, Greek, and Pole.
+
+    "I naturally prefer to satisfy myself with a woman, a friend and
+    a lady of my own class; but in the absence of the best I gladly
+    take the next best available, down the scale from a lady for
+    whom I do not care to prostitutes of all classes and colors, men,
+    boys, animals, melons, and masturbation. I would as cheerfully
+    have connection with my sister, or any other female relative. I
+    have frequent erotic dreams about the most extraordinary
+    subjects--male and female relations, casual acquaintances of both
+    sexes, and animals. When I have got an intrigue in hand with a
+    woman, I have no wish to masturbate, and often restrain myself
+    when I know that I am going to have access before long to
+    prostitutes. After coitus it takes a long time before I am ready
+    for the next, sometimes two hours; and the first is always very
+    quick, nearly always too quick for the woman. With a strange
+    woman I have difficulty in maintaining erection at the instant of
+    penetration, and this has often given me trouble.
+
+    "I know that most women like, and few dislike, being touched by
+    me. My favorite colors are green and red, and I can whistle quite
+    well.
+
+    "I would be very glad to know whether I may be considered
+    sexually normal or not, but I do not desire any opinion on the
+    morality of my acts, for the simple reason that without knowing
+    all the circumstances it would be impossible to judge. But I
+    cannot help saying that I do not consider anything I have done is
+    wrong in itself, and I am quite certain that I have never harmed
+    in any way any of the ladies with whom I have had relations. I am
+    certain, if I had made promises which I knew I could not keep, I
+    might have married one of them. But the result would have been
+    great unhappiness to both, quarrels, and ultimate separation or
+    divorce--and she realized that as well as I did. I may seem
+    egotistical in my attitude and assurance toward ladies, but I
+    only speak the honest truth; and I know that No. 6, for instance,
+    has only gratitude and worship to give me for having opened her
+    eyes. I have made her promise to have intercourse with her
+    husband as soon as she can bear it, and I have satisfied myself
+    that I have not started her on the road to sexual perversion. So
+    much in self-explanation. I may add that I do not deliberately
+    seek 'affaires de coeur,' and that, when they come my way, I do
+    my utmost to use all consideration for the lady, thinking, as I
+    do, that I owe them a far bigger debt than I shall ever be able
+    to pay."
+
+
+    HISTORY XIV.--J.E., professional man, aged 32. Public school and
+    university education, in which he did well. From age of 6 or 7
+    had strong sexual emotions, and from 9 sexually pleasurable
+    dreams, though no emission till 12 or 13. He remembers the
+    association of sexual excitement with whipping, either at sight
+    or imagination of it, and this feeling was certainly shared by
+    boys aged 9 to 12 at his private boarding-school and others at
+    the public school later on. His nurse-maid used to invent excuses
+    for beating his nates with a long lead-pencil when he was aged
+    about 7, and he saw occasional whippings with clothes removed in
+    the family nursery.
+
+    When nearly 16 he was initiated into masturbation, which at once
+    coincided with rapid mental development and success at school. He
+    has practised it ever since under same conditions and
+    restrictions as marital intercourse. Religion has never acted as
+    any restraint, and the best restraint to all young people, in his
+    opinion, is to warn them on hygienic grounds. (He became a
+    freethinker at 17, partly on observing the inconsistency of
+    religious persons in this connection. He was twice set upon by
+    Catholics when 16, who attempted mutual masturbation.) He can
+    vaguely remember some such warning when very young from his
+    mother.
+
+    No intercourse with women till age of 19, though strong
+    homosexual feelings from 10 upward, associated with feminine
+    youths. These feelings were quite distinct from feelings of
+    affection and friendship for more virile youths. An attack of
+    gonorrhea at 21 was followed by an operation for circumcision,
+    which had beneficial effects, but did not prevent an attack of
+    syphilis at age of 23, caught at a guaranteed state establishment
+    in France. Intercourse almost always with prostitutes, on
+    prudential and worldly grounds, though what he approves would be
+    greater laxity between boys and girls, with proper safeguards
+    against undesired offspring. He is now happily married. He only
+    indulges in masturbation at times when intercourse is impossible
+    (e.g., childbirth). It is then practised once or twice a week in
+    the early morning; overnight it causes troubled sleep, brain
+    activity, and constipation. This seems ethically more desirable
+    unless the wife were to condone physical infidelity, which she
+    would not, and even then there might be risks of venereal
+    disease. His general health and working power are in all respects
+    excellent, as the venereal diseases were speedily and thoroughly
+    cured. Homosexual feeling has entirely disappeared since
+    marriage.
+
+    HISTORY XV.--G.D., English; aged 60. "My earliest essays in
+    juvenile vice were due not so much to unguarded as to unguided
+    ignorance. I slipped where my natural protectors suspected no
+    danger, and I fell because I had never been warned of the
+    treacherous nature of the ground. Before or soon after I was 7
+    years old, the example of an elder brother, who had lately begun
+    to go to school as a day-boy, initiated me into the mysteries of
+    masturbation, which seemed to me then as harmless as it was
+    fascinating; and the novel pleasure was almost daily indulged in,
+    after I had acquired sufficient dexterity to accomplish the act
+    within a reasonable time, without a twinge of conscience, either
+    in that brother's company or when alone. Decency demanded secrecy
+    in the gratification of what soon became an imperious desire,
+    and the preliminary operations included, almost from the first,
+    mutual _fellatio_ and approximation of the excited organs; but
+    similar privacy was very properly sought during the performance
+    of other bodily acts associated with those 'less honorable
+    members,' and it appeared to me quite as natural and right for us
+    to amuse ourselves together in that way as for a married couple
+    to hide their most intimate embraces from the observation of
+    others. Indeed, I went farther than that, and even came to regard
+    the absence of all shame between us as akin to the primeval
+    innocence which Adam and Eve exhibited before the Fall. I
+    believed for long that we two were specially privileged and
+    possessed a peculiar sense denied to other boys, for I had never
+    heard of masturbation till I learnt, not the word indeed, but the
+    thing itself.
+
+    "My curiosity about the real nature of sexual union in the case
+    of human beings set my intelligence to work at the interesting
+    problem, and by carefully studying certain parts of the Bible,
+    Lemprière's classical and other dictionaries, as well as by
+    persistently watching when I could the amorous proceedings of
+    domestic animals, I learnt enough to make its most prominent
+    features pretty clear before I was 11 years of age. I was then
+    all eagerness to have the opportunity of inspecting at close
+    quarters the genitals of women or young girls, and a stay at the
+    seaside when I was 12 made the latter at least feasible. When the
+    shore was nearly deserted, between 1 and 2 P.M., the daughters of
+    the fisherfolk used to besiege the bathing machines and disport
+    themselves in the water, bathing and paddling in various stages
+    of nudity. I would pretend that my whole attention was being
+    given to the making of miniature tunnels in the sand, while all
+    the time I slyly peeped at what I most desired to see, whether in
+    front or from behind, as the dancing damsels stood upright or
+    stooped till their haunches were higher than their heads. I had
+    already read something somewhere about the _clitoris_, and wanted
+    especially to see it, but indistinct glimpses were all that I
+    could obtain; nor was it until I visited an anatomical museum,
+    which then existed at the top of the Haymarket in London, that I
+    learned, a good many years later, from several life-sized models
+    there displayed, the characteristic features of that part, as
+    well as the abnormal modifications to which it is subject, either
+    congenitally or in consequence of profligate habits. I was 15, I
+    think, when I first came to know that girls can masturbate as
+    well as boys.
+
+    "Long after I had realized why the terms male and female are so
+    distinguished, my imagination was occupied with the possible
+    postures in which the act of copulation may be accomplished by a
+    man and woman; from Horace, Lucretius, Martial, Aristophanes,
+    and, above all, from Ovid's _Ars Amatoria_ I obtained much, but
+    not always very clear, information while still a schoolboy. This
+    was supplemented later by photographic pictures from Pompeiian
+    brothels and photographs from life, purchased at Florence and
+    gloated over one night, with twice-repeated masturbation, and
+    afterward destroyed in a revulsion of shame.
+
+    "But while continuing to practise self-abuse (with a certain
+    degree of restraint indeed, but seldom less often than once or
+    even twice a week), after I had been made fully aware of its
+    perils by Dr. Adam Clarke's alarming comments on Genesis xxxviii,
+    9, when I was about 12 or 13, I never had connection with a woman
+    until I married somewhat late in life. This abstinence was not
+    due to any frigidity of disposition, but from prudential and
+    religious motives, and, to some extent perhaps, from the
+    imperfect but genuine satisfaction afforded by solitary
+    indulgence. My imagination, like that of young J.J. Rousseau, as
+    set forth in his _Confessions_, was allowed free scope for its
+    exercise, but in practice I confined myself to what seemed to me
+    comparatively innocent as compared with fornication. I was never
+    an unreserved 'exhibitionist' like Rousseau, but I have on more
+    than one occasion turned toward a hedge and pretended to make
+    water, when a girl had just passed me on the road, showing a
+    _turgens cauda_ if she should chance out of curiosity to look
+    back, as once, at any rate, happened.
+
+    "I watched with interest the first indications of puberty in my
+    own person. I had, of course, seen the pubic hair on many of my
+    own sex, but I was 17 when I first saw a naked woman. She was
+    standing at the door of her machine, wringing out her
+    bathing-dress, as I swam past, and her face was hidden by the
+    awning then used, so that she could not see me. A slight effusion
+    of limpid mucus began to characterize the orgasm, at the age of
+    12 or 13 (before any ejaculation of semen was experienced), such
+    as exuded later from the _urethra_ when salacious excitement
+    reached a certain pitch, even though the final climax might be
+    postponed or prevented altogether. I found it a refinement of
+    luxury to prolong the period of tumescence as far as possible, by
+    frequently checking a too rapid progress toward the goal. By this
+    practice of repeated arrest when the orgasm was imminent, and the
+    mental debauchery which was its habitual accompaniment, I believe
+    I did my nervous system more damage than by anything else--even
+    the early age at which the dangerous indulgence became
+    established. Nocturnal emissions (the sequel of lascivious
+    dreams) commenced when I was about 15, at which age I had my
+    first experience of an involuntary discharge when awake, under
+    the influence of purely mental emotion; but this latter mode of
+    escape did not often happen, and later on ceased altogether. My
+    muscular strength was not impaired by too frequent indulgence,
+    and I acquired some athletic prowess on the football field and on
+    the running path, both as a boy and as a young man. Walking tours
+    were for long my favorite recreation, even after the bicycle
+    became an increasing attraction. My health, however, suffered in
+    other ways from too constant absorption in lustful thoughts,
+    which found vent in erotic verses and tales, generally destroyed
+    soon after they were written. I have been subject since I was a
+    boy to more or less prolonged fits of mental depression. How far
+    I have inherited this tendency (my father and his father both
+    married first cousins, and a neurotic diathesis has been
+    characteristic of our family), or how far it has been aggravated
+    by pernicious habits, I cannot say; cause and effect have no
+    doubt acted and reacted on each other.
+
+    "As I grew toward adolescence I endeavored to make self-abuse as
+    close an imitation as possible of sexual intercourse by such
+    methods as may be easily imagined. My biological studies (I won a
+    scholarship and took honors at my university) were directed with
+    most intent predilection toward the reproductive system,
+    particularly the modifications of the copulatory organs in
+    different animals and the diverse manner of their employment. The
+    sexual instinct, whether in its normal or abnormal
+    manifestations, is a subject which has always had a strong
+    attraction for me, nor has it lost its fascination with the
+    growth of years (I am now 60) nor the competition of other
+    interests.
+
+    "My very limited experience of the sexual system in women would
+    lead me to believe that the _clitoris_ is the only peculiarly
+    sensitive part of the female _genitalia_, coition giving no
+    pleasure unless 'the trigger of love' is simultaneously
+    manipulated, as can be done when intromission is effected _a
+    tergo_; that the mind of a normally healthy maiden is altogether
+    free from sexual excitement of a physical kind, and that little
+    curiosity is felt about the precise _modus operandi_ of conjugal
+    intercourse; but, nevertheless, I have good reason to believe
+    that this, if not an unusual type, is by no means the only one
+    that exists.
+
+    "As to sexual inversion my personal experience has been confined
+    to two or three _grandes passions_ for boys, the first of which
+    possessed me when between the ages of 16 and 18, and involved,
+    when I was 17, the most intense mental emotion, of a romantic
+    kind, tinged with poignant jealousy and vexation at comparative
+    coldness toward myself. These love passages never led me into
+    indelicate behavior (I was once threatened with such treatment
+    myself by a stranger whose acquaintance I made one day at the
+    British Museum, when a lad of 15. He took me to his bedroom at an
+    inn, locked the door, and showed me a collection of coins, giving
+    me some, and, while doing so, attempted to take indecent
+    liberties; but I pretended that I must catch a certain train,
+    unlocked the door, and made a hasty escape), nor was any
+    gratification sought beyond occasional kisses and other innocent
+    endearments, though such caresses would sometimes excite an
+    erection, which I carefully concealed. These amours were,
+    however, no outcome of perverted instinct, nor were they any bar
+    to fancies for the opposite sex which affected my imagination
+    rather than my heart."
+
+
+    HISTORY XVI.--This history is given in the subject's own words:
+    A.N., 34 years of age, a university graduate, devoted to learning
+    and interested in philosophy and theology. He is happily married
+    and the father of an only daughter. Since puberty he has enjoyed
+    excellent health.
+
+    "Looking back he finds the beginnings of sexual feeling obscure.
+    This feeling is by no means identical in its progress with the
+    knowledge of the phenomena of sex generally. The latter he
+    acquired thus: His mother told him at a very early age the
+    outlines of the phenomena of birth and explained to him (perhaps
+    at that time unnecessarily) that the genital organs of little
+    girls were different from his own. This piece of knowledge led to
+    his asking, when 9 years old, a little girl cousin who came to
+    live with the family (he was an only child) and who shared his
+    bed to let him see her genitalia. This she readily did and also
+    invited him to coitus, which she described as a 'nice game.' He
+    complied, but without, of course, any feeling of pleasure or any
+    understanding of the nature of what he was doing. Shortly after
+    this he went to a day school, where, amid the extraordinarily
+    coarse conversation of the boys, he was initiated into all the
+    more obvious phenomena of sex. But still it was only a matter of
+    intellectual curiosity. As such it had a strange fascination for
+    him, and to this day he remembers many of the obscene words and
+    phrases, as, for example, a set of indecent verses beginning
+    'William, the milkman, sat under a tree,' describing coitus,
+    though some of the details were yet misunderstood by him. That up
+    to his tenth or eleventh year no real sexual desire was awakened
+    is plain from the fact that there was no desire for any
+    repetition of attempts at coitus with his cousin, though he did
+    indeed, again out of curiosity, finger her genitals sometimes, a
+    thing which she, grown evidently more fastidious, reported to his
+    mother, who gravely reprimanded him, telling him that it was the
+    'beginning of all evil.'
+
+    "Desire was awakened gradually and, as I have said, obscurely.
+    Not only at school, but among his own cousins, especially two
+    girls (other than the one above mentioned) and a boy, the
+    conversation was lascivious in the extreme, though words never
+    proceeded to deeds as between the boys and the girls. He was
+    soon, however, about his fifteenth year, so far as he can
+    remember, initiated into the practice of masturbation, first,
+    sleeping with his boy cousin, the two used to play at 'husband
+    and wife,' and then, more directly, a neighbor, a heavy, sensual
+    type of boy, took him aside one day and drawing out his own penis
+    asked him 'if he knew how to make some buttermilk.' Out of
+    curiosity at first, and to obtain the new and voluptuous
+    sensation afterward, he began assiduously to practise this vice,
+    which, as he afterward found out, was very common, if not
+    universal about him. That it was morally reprehensible he had not
+    at that time the ghost of a notion; he considered that it
+    belonged to the category of the 'dirty' only. His father quite
+    neglected this development, believing, I suppose, in the
+    superstition of the 'innocence of childhood.'
+
+    "This practice of masturbation went on assiduously to his
+    sixteenth year, when its true nature and danger were revealed to
+    him by a good clergyman who prepared him for confirmation. He had
+    at this time gone far, in both solitary vice and vice 'à deux,'
+    with his male cousin, with whom he practised even 'fellatio' and
+    'intromissio in anum.' But now he began to struggle against it
+    and made some headway, but never entirely shook it off before his
+    marriage at 26, so deeply rooted was the hold it had on him.
+    Especially at the time between sleeping and waking, or while
+    lying sleepless at night--when the monks prayed 'ne polluantur
+    corpora'--did its attacks come insidiously upon him. He would
+    struggle for weeks and then would come a relapse. On one occasion
+    he slept with a young uncle who amused himself, thinking he was
+    asleep, by playing with his penis until he had an emission. A.N.
+    hailed the occasion with keen joy--he caustically argued that he
+    experienced the pleasure without being culpable in its
+    production! Then on 'coming to himself' he would agonize over his
+    vice, remembering, for example, that, while _he_ had rejoiced in
+    what had been done, the very cousin who some time before used to
+    share his sin was genuinely annoyed at the same uncle's
+    attentions when it was he who suffered them.
+
+    "Looking back over the whole period of his youth and adolescence,
+    he can trace the psychological effect of what was going on
+    secretly, in his relations to girls and women. In a word, these
+    relations were sentimental only. He often imagined himself in
+    love; but it was imagination only. He was in love with a wraith,
+    not a girl of flesh and blood. He hesitated to regard in any
+    sexual way any girl of whom he had a high opinion; sexual desire
+    and 'love' seemed for him to inhabit different worlds and that it
+    would be a pollution to bring them together. In hours of
+    relaxation from the very hard intellectual work which he was at
+    this time engaged on at school and at the university, he was
+    quite content with the society of quite young girls or even
+    children when most of his friends would have sought out females
+    of their own age. Nothing could have been farther from his
+    desires or intention than any lascivious or, indeed, unseemly act
+    toward any female in whose company he might be: no mother need
+    have hesitated to trust her daughter in his company. I firmly
+    believe that the discipline of the same bed which Gibbon
+    (_Decline and Fall_, ed. Bury, vol. ii, p. 37) makes so merry
+    over could have been endured by him without difficulty. His
+    outward conduct was in all these respects most seemly and
+    decorous, yet night after night he could masturbate, his
+    imagination glowing with visions of female nakedness.
+
+    "Curiously the one and only actual female for whom he felt any
+    desire at the earlier period (aged 14 to 16) began to be the
+    cousin who lived in the house. On one occasion he touched her
+    breasts, on another her naked thighs--and that was all! As she
+    grew to puberty, she would have allowed far more liberties, but
+    he contented himself with a sly glance now and again, when he
+    could procure it, at her swelling bosom. The fear of putting her
+    with child was ample to keep him away from her bed. Later on even
+    so much as the foregoing occurred no more, and, as I have said,
+    his outward life became absolutely decorous.
+
+    "Consequently he was in no danger of having dealings with
+    prostitutes. The preliminaries, the conversation of such women,
+    especially their drinking habits, would have been disgusting and
+    repugnant to him in the extreme. He would have shunned the
+    possibility of acquiring venereal disease like the plague. But he
+    was never free from solitary vice; he secretly envied those who
+    had occasions for coitus in what I may call a seemly and cleanly
+    manner, friends in the country with farm girls, etc., of whom he
+    had heard. He indulged also in lascivious reading, the obscene
+    when he could procure it, rather than the merely suggestive,
+    which has never been to his taste. He was familiar with quite a
+    large number of Latin and Greek indecent passages, knew the
+    broader farces of the _Canterbury Tales_ and of the _Decameron_,
+    and, later, the 'contes' of La Fontaine and the _Facetiæ_ of
+    Poggio. As Ste.-Beuve says of Gibbon, I think, he acquired an
+    'erudite and cold' sort of obscenity in this way.
+
+    "All this, of course, is only one half, and by no means always
+    the dominant half, of his nature. He was often repentant for
+    these delinquencies, and he was sincerely religious. He was also
+    fond of serious learning and contrived to take a first-class
+    university degree. Yet, ever and anon, the deeply sensual side of
+    his nature made itself felt. Scotched for a time it could be, but
+    killed never.
+
+    "Yet, I do not think it could be said that he had the sexual
+    instinct in any really high degree. It was more like a small fly
+    that makes a large buzz than any considerable factor in his
+    constitution. He had a companion about this time of whom such a
+    remark is even more true. This man's mind was replete with all
+    manner of risky stories, all sorts of sexual details. He would
+    take long walks with girls of loose character, talk with
+    prostitutes at home and abroad, and yet, I believe, he never
+    proceeded to coitus.
+
+    "Such then, was the subject of this notice up to the time of his
+    marriage. Two men, one might say, in one skin. One learned, one
+    merely obscene; one a pattern of decorousness, the other a
+    self-polluter.
+
+    "On the sexual side he was as one knowing everything there is to
+    know--yet knowing nothing. Like the boy-hero in Wedekind's
+    _Frühling's Erwachen_, he had been long in Egypt, yet he had
+    never seen the pyramids. He began to distress himself with
+    questions as to whether he was yet capable; whether his recurring
+    vice had not permanently injured him; whether he had made himself
+    unfit for marriage. So shy and reserved was he about his secret
+    that he could never have brought himself to mention it to a
+    medical man. 'What! he! the good, the religious! the wholly moral
+    and decorous!' (such was, indeed, the reputation he had among his
+    friends); 'he, the victim of a vice so black!' No, no! '_Secretum
+    meum mihi_,' he cried.
+
+    "Fortune, however, was kind to him. He was at an early age free
+    from financial worries, which had almost crushed him earlier in
+    his career, and he met in course of time the family from which he
+    selected his excellent wife.
+
+    "The society in which he lived was of all English classes, I
+    should suppose, the most reticent in matters of sex--the
+    respectable, lower middle class; shopkeepers and the like, with a
+    tradition of homely religion and virtue. The classes a little
+    higher in the scale (to which, by the way, his mother had
+    belonged) could far better sympathize with one in his position.
+    Well, the family of his future wife was of a higher class and,
+    what is far more, of foreign origin, for whom a large number of
+    our English 'convenances' do not exist. To them sex was frankly
+    recognized as a factor in life, and the mother of this household,
+    as he grew more intimate, broached subjects which he had never,
+    in such a manner, discussed before. It is unnecessary to give
+    here any general history of his relationships with this
+    household, as they have nothing to do with the matter in hand.
+    After some time he became engaged to the youngest daughter, two
+    years his senior, a woman of remarkable beauty and splendid
+    development, one who attracted him as none other had done, both
+    on account of her intellectual and social qualities and her
+    physical beauty (he had hitherto despaired of finding the two
+    combined in one person), for she is certainly the most beautiful
+    woman with whom he has ever been acquainted.
+
+    "He now began to make the practical acquaintance of a woman--and
+    one who, in impulses, temper, manner, and habit of thought,
+    differed _toto cælo_ from the girls he had known in his old home.
+    Her sexual nature was ripe and developed, and it is lucky that
+    the engagement was of short duration, or the strain and
+    anticipation of that time might have been injurious to the health
+    of both. As usual, in his outward relations toward women, so
+    toward his _fiancée_, he was prepared for chaste caresses only.
+    This, however, did not suffice for her hot and passionate nature.
+    They went as far as possible short of actual coitus.
+
+    "After a few months, however, the marriage took place, and, at
+    first, this brought him bitter disappointment and seemed to
+    confirm his worst fears. He found himself quite unable to have
+    pleasure or satisfactory coitus; quite incapable, with any
+    erection that he could command, of introducing his well-developed
+    penis into his wife's extremely narrow and contracted vagina.
+    About a fortnight after the marriage, however, on his return from
+    their short wedding tour, he felt much stronger and copulated
+    with her, especially in the early mornings, so satisfactorily
+    that she soon found herself with child. Coitus now began to be
+    much more pleasurable for him, but to his wife still attended
+    with pain.
+
+    "After nine months of married life, the child, the only offspring
+    of the marriage, a healthy girl, was born. The stress of this
+    time, the upsetting of his wife's health, her nervous breakdown
+    and consequently uncertain temper, seemed for a period of nearly
+    two years effectually to repress any sexual desire in the
+    husband, and this period is perhaps the chastest of his life.
+    Desire seemed to be the one thing absent. The revulsion of
+    feeling in his wife was remarkable. The erstwhile amorous
+    _fiancée_, who could hardly wait until marriage to test her
+    lover, became now the wife and mother who hardly wished to be
+    touched by her husband.
+
+    "Her health, however, gradually improved and a more normal state
+    of affairs was brought about, which has continued to the present
+    day, broken only by periods of abstention, chiefly caused by the
+    attacks of anemia and menstrual irregularities from which his
+    wife suffers from time to time. Ordinarily, he enjoys coitus once
+    or twice in the month, hardly oftener, taking one month with
+    another. At one time he exemplified in his own person the saying
+    _omne animal post coitum triste_, but now happily this depression
+    of spirits is rarely felt. Sometimes he has felt a depression of
+    spirits, a general discontentedness, before experiencing a strong
+    erection; in these cases coitus has cleared his spirits. He would
+    naturally look upon coitus as an evacuation, although he
+    recognizes the imperfectness of that view. For one thing he is
+    constantly sorry, viz., that the act gives no pleasure to his
+    wife, and that he has never been able to induce a crisis with her
+    by normal means. In this state of affairs, knowing that 'après
+    coup' she was still unsatisfied, he slipped into the practice of
+    rubbing the clitoris with his fingers until the emission takes
+    place. To do this, they assume the position 'ille sub, illa
+    super.' From his own limited marital experience, he has never
+    been able to understand the stories of women who masturbate
+    several times a day, as his wife would be physically incapable
+    (so he believes) of anything of the kind, and only easily reaches
+    the crisis in any circumstances during the first few days after
+    the menstrual flow has ceased. In fine, while agreeing
+    theoretically with Sir Richard Burton and others that the eastern
+    style of coitus (directed with a view to the pleasure of your
+    partner) is the right one, it is one of his standing regrets that
+    he is unable to practise it. In the place of the twenty minutes
+    required by the women of India (according to Burton) he is happy
+    if he can give two or three at the most, much as he would wish to
+    prolong a pleasure as keen to himself as he could desire it to be
+    to his dear and excellent spouse."
+
+    HISTORY XVII.--R.L., American; aged 43; height, 5 ft. 7 in.;
+    weight, about 145 lbs.; occupation, teacher; somewhat neurotic; a
+    slight myopia associated with acute astigmatism and muscular
+    weakness of the eyes, producing a tendency to migraine. Uric acid
+    diathesis, producing occasionally severe neuralgia, particularly
+    in the intestines. These symptoms have been more or less constant
+    since very early childhood. General health very good. Not
+    inclined to indulge in athletic sports, but prefers sedentary
+    occupations and recreations.
+
+    "My early ideas of sexual things are not very clear in
+    recollection. I think that when 7 or 8 years of age I had a
+    knowledge of the common or vulgar terms for intercourse and for
+    the genital organs. Boys of my own age and slightly older would
+    discuss sex relations, and I had a general knowledge that, in
+    some way connected with the sexual act, 'babies were made.' We
+    would tell, occasionally, lewd stories, and a few times attempted
+    sexual practices with one another. Not till after puberty did I
+    ever attempt masturbation. I must have been 9 or 10 years old
+    before I learned that there was a difference in the sex organs of
+    boys and girls. Up to this time I had supposed that intercourse
+    was _per anum._ I attended a public school with both sexes. Talk
+    among my boy associates was often nasty and concerned the sexual
+    act with girls. At about 12 years I began to have erotic day
+    dreams. I always had a sentimental attachment for some girl
+    acquaintance whom I would idealize and with whom I would imagine
+    myself having sex relations. As a matter of fact, there was no
+    real sexual feeling about this. As I was very shy and timid
+    naturally, I never made any kind of advances toward any of them,
+    and they were entirely ignorant of any sentiments of affection in
+    me.
+
+    "Pubertal changes commenced, I presume, about the age of 13½
+    years. I place it at this period from the following
+    circumstances, which are fixed very strongly in my memory: I had,
+    as a child, a soprano voice that was praised considerably by
+    older friends, and about which I was inordinately conceited, I
+    enjoyed greatly taking part in operettas, cantatas, etc. The
+    dramatic instinct, if so it may be called, has always been marked
+    with me, and amateur dramatics are still my chief diversion. When
+    I was about the age mentioned above my voice changed quite
+    rapidly, greatly to my distress of mind, as I was obliged to give
+    up taking a part for which I had been cast in a school
+    entertainment. The memory of that disappointment is still
+    poignant. Other changes, such as the appearance of the pubertal
+    hair, must have made no impression on my mind, as I cannot
+    recollect anything in connection therewith. No involuntary
+    emissions occurred. Indeed, during periods of continence in later
+    life, when the sexual tension has been very strong, I have had
+    very few such emissions.
+
+    "As a lad of 11 or 12, I had heard frequent allusions to
+    masturbation by other boys who were older, but always in a way
+    that indicated contempt. Yet there is no doubt now in my mind
+    that the practice was very general. I think that I was probably
+    about 15 when I decided to try the act. I think that there was
+    little sex impulse in this decision. The animating purpose was
+    rather curiosity. I succeeded in producing the complete orgasm
+    and found it pleasurable, though there was a considerable shock
+    of surprise at the ejaculation of semen. As nearly as I can
+    estimate in my memory of an event as far back as this was, this
+    was the beginning of definite sexual sensibility in me. I cannot
+    but believe, however, that it would have been aroused sooner or
+    later in some other way. Thereafter I would imagine myself
+    embracing some of the girl friends to whom I have referred above,
+    and, when excited, would masturbate. The act was in every
+    instance a psychic intercourse. For some time I did not know that
+    the practice was considered harmful. I indulged whenever I felt
+    the inclination. This at times was rather frequent; again only at
+    considerable intervals. I did know that it was looked upon as
+    being unmanly, and never admitted, except to perhaps two or three
+    boy friends, that I ever indulged. With these boys I practised
+    mutual masturbation a few times. There was no homosexual feeling
+    connected with these acts in any of us. It was only that the
+    normal method of gratifying our desires was not available. I know
+    the subsequent history of each of these boys, and there has been
+    nothing to indicate any perverted instinct in any of them. About
+    the age of 16 I heard a talk on sexual matters by a traveling
+    evangelist, who portrayed the effects of masturbation in fearful
+    colors. I now realize that he was an ignorant though
+    well-intentioned man; but the general effect of his talk upon me
+    was a bad one. One of the results of the habit, according to his
+    statements, was insanity. Therefore I expected at any moment to
+    lose my mind. I felt that I must stop the practice at once, but
+    the matter became so great an obsession that again and again I
+    broke my resolutions for reform. I undertook exercise, dieting,
+    the reading of serious literature: all of which I had seen
+    referred to in books as methods of lessening sexual desire. The
+    object of these disciplinary practices was always the thing most
+    prominently in mind, and so they were of no avail. Fortunately I
+    entered college a little later, and the affairs of school life
+    gradually took a commanding place in my thoughts, and the
+    practice was not so much in mind. I did not, however, completely
+    break away from it until almost the time of my marriage. If the
+    present attitude of the scientific medical world toward the
+    subject had been known to me, I do not believe that any evil
+    would have come to me from the practice. At a later period of my
+    life, say between 21 and 24, I would not indulge the habit for a
+    considerable interval. At times I did not notice the presence or
+    lack of desire. But then there would come periods when I would be
+    under a severe sexual tension. This would be marked by intense
+    nervousness, an inability to fix my attention upon any one thing,
+    and a great desire to have intercourse. An act of masturbation at
+    such a time would generally give relief. However, when I yielded
+    to this form of relief, there would always follow feelings of
+    profound self-reproach and of self-repugnance. Had I had
+    nocturnal emissions they might have relieved me; but, as I have
+    said before, they very rarely occurred. When, rarely, one did
+    occur I would be greatly frightened, for I had the old, erroneous
+    idea that they meant serious weakness and always ascribed them to
+    my bad habit. That my habit of masturbation had any relation to
+    the rarity of the involuntary emissions would, of course, be a
+    matter of pure conjecture. In passing from the discussion of
+    personal masturbation, I wish to say that my associations with
+    boys as a pupil and as a teacher lead me to believe that the
+    practice is practically universal. When discussing the hygienic
+    evils of prostitution with boy pupils I have noted that, whereas
+    not infrequently a boy will voluntarily protest that he has never
+    had intercourse, there has always been a significant silence when
+    masturbation is mentioned. I have never heard a boy make a
+    denial, direct or indirect, that he had indulged in the practice.
+    But it has seldom been a perversion. It has rather been, as in my
+    own case, an available means of relieving a sexual impulse.
+
+    "During my college life I associated with many boys who had more
+    or less regular sexual relations with prostitutes or with girls
+    who were not virtuous. Their attitude toward the practice was an
+    immoral one. The ethical aspect of irregular sexual relations
+    never concerned them. It certainly did not concern me. What I
+    have learned through my conversations on the subject with my
+    pupils makes it evident to me that this is the common feeling of
+    most boys of the adolescent period. I think of two things which
+    operated strongly to prevent my entering into sexual relations
+    with girls during this period of my life. One was an esthetic
+    repugnance to the average prostitute. These are the women most
+    easily available to the youth whose sexual desires are developed.
+    I do not remember ever having seen an avowed prostitute who did
+    not seem repulsive to me. I confess to an inclination to
+    priggishness. I preferred to associate with people whom I called
+    'nice people.' It was fortunate for me that I was thrown into the
+    society of a rather rough crowd of youths, who knocked a great
+    deal of this snobbishness out of me. But it did act to prevent my
+    having recourse to prostitution. A second preventive was my
+    natural timidity in making advances to people. This has been a
+    trait that I have never completely overcome. In my professional
+    life this has been some detriment to my advancement. In the
+    matter of sex relationship it tended to prevent my taking
+    advantage of association with and even of advances from girls
+    who, not prostitutes, were nevertheless not virtuous. There were
+    a number of such in the town and neighborhood in which I lived,
+    and I undoubtedly could have had sexual relations with them if I
+    had only been able to overcome my shyness. The desire was not
+    wanting. I really craved intercourse with them. It was simply a
+    matter of cowardice. There was one girl whom I knew very well,
+    with whom I was on friendly terms, who I knew had had sexual
+    relations with other boys. She showed, at times, a marked
+    preference for me, and I am sure would have welcomed any advances
+    that I should have made. A number of times I sought her company
+    with the intention of suggesting intercourse, but my resolution
+    always failed.
+
+    "All through my college course I was much in the society of
+    girls. We were in class together, associated very freely in
+    society, frequently studied together. This is the most usual
+    state of things in the western part of our country. But they were
+    simply comrades: sex thoughts never arose in connection with such
+    association. And I am quite certain that this was the general
+    attitude of the other boys. Although the talk among the boy
+    students was at times, very frankly and crudely, about sexual
+    relations, no breath of scandal ever touched one of the college
+    girls. Again my experience as teacher and student brings a
+    conclusion that coeducation of the sexes does not affect, in one
+    way or the other, the strictly sexual life of the male student. A
+    very intimate friend who has had a varied experience in school
+    work has told me recently that his conclusions are the same.
+
+    "When I was about 20 years old I became acquainted with a very
+    beautiful girl, four years my junior. Our acquaintance very
+    rapidly developed into deeper affection, and about five years
+    later we were married. During all this time very little of the
+    physical aspects of love entered into our attachment. My
+    sweetheart had much of the same shyness as was so pronounced in
+    my own character. For several years I think that the thought of
+    marriage was never distinctly present in our minds. A formal
+    betrothal between us did not take place until within a year and a
+    half of our marriage. Yet each of us had a very distinct
+    understanding of the feelings of the other. But until our
+    betrothal there were none of even those very innocent expressions
+    of endearment common, I imagine, to all lovers. I am sure that
+    during this period of our attachment no thought of any physical
+    relations between us was ever in my mind; or, at any rate, was
+    promptly banished if it occurred. Yet all this time my sex
+    desires were very strong and at times became an obsession. Never,
+    though, were they directed toward my sweetheart. The first time
+    that we engaged in the endearments and caresses allowed to lovers
+    I became conscious, after a time, of a state of sexual
+    excitement. I experienced an erection. It was absolutely reflex;
+    no thought had entered into it. I was at once overwhelmed with a
+    feeling of shame. I felt that I had been guilty of unthinkable
+    indecency toward my betrothed. Then there arose a fear that it
+    might be noticed. (Men at that time wore abominably tight
+    clothing.) As a matter of fact, I now know that there was no real
+    danger of this, for she was absolutely ignorant of the nature of
+    the male sexual organs. But I made a pretext for withdrawing from
+    the room and tried to adjust my clothing so that no exposure
+    could occur. I was fearful of coming into close proximity to her
+    again, lest there should be a recurrence of the feeling. As a
+    matter of fact it did occur a number of times, but my good sense
+    finally suggested the explanation and after a time it ceased to
+    trouble me. The thought was latent in my mind that sexual
+    excitement was necessarily more or less indecent at all times,
+    and I could not reconcile its manifestation with a pure love.
+
+    "I have said that my sexual desire was strong. Up to the time of
+    marriage it was never gratified in the normal manner. My esthetic
+    abhorrence of prostitutes continued to prevent its gratification
+    in that manner. No other opportunity offered. I am positive that
+    moral considerations did not enter into the matter at all. I
+    think now that it was strange that the thought that it would be
+    disloyal to my promised wife to have connection with other women
+    did not affect me. But I am sure that it did not. I am inclined
+    to think that conscientious scruples very rarely enter into the
+    average young man's considerations of contemplated sexual
+    relations.
+
+    "As the time of my marriage drew near, thoughts of the physical
+    relationship of husband and wife became, of course, more
+    insistent. The idea of establishing sexual relations was not at
+    all a pleasant one. I dreaded it as an ordeal. I wondered if it
+    would be possible for us to retain the same love and affection
+    for one another after such intimate relations were established.
+    This was a recurrence of the fallacious notion that there was
+    something inherently indecent in sexual things. I am in hopes
+    that other ideas are replacing this wrong one, in the minds of
+    the younger generation, as the result of the saner and franker
+    discussion of sex. By a great effort, I had practically stopped
+    masturbating. At times I felt almost maddened by desire. But
+    never did the prospect of marriage seem desirable from this point
+    of view. Up to the very day of our wedding my affection for my
+    betrothed seemed free from sexual desire. But my physical being
+    was craving sexual companionship.
+
+    "Theoretically I knew a great deal of the nature of intercourse.
+    Practically I was absolutely ignorant. In some ways I was better
+    informed, on matters that a new husband should know, than the
+    average man entering the married life. A physician's library had
+    been at my disposal, and I had read somewhat extensively on
+    physiology and hygiene. My chosen lines of study had given me a
+    theoretical knowledge of the anatomy of the female genital organs
+    that was fairly thorough. I knew a little about the physiology of
+    reproduction and rather less of intercourse. Fortunately, I
+    learned in the course of my reading that the first sexual
+    approaches were likely to be quite painful to a woman, and that
+    great care should be exercised at this time. I tried to put into
+    practice what little I had learned in theory and I imagine that
+    we got through the introductory attempts with less than the
+    average difficulties. Our first efforts were not satisfactory to
+    either of us. My wife was absolutely unprepared so far as any
+    definite knowledge of the act was concerned. I sincerely hope
+    that the prudish notions of the past generations will give way to
+    more sensible views in the future, and that the girl becoming a
+    wife will be just as chaste, but wiser in matters of such
+    importance to her happiness. I presume that my timidity was a
+    valuable asset at this time; for I was afraid to force matters in
+    any way, and time and repeated attempts finally overcame our
+    difficulties. And when our sexual relations were once
+    established, the whole tenor of my life was changed. All the
+    former sexual unrest disappeared. My former feeling toward sexual
+    relations was altered. They no longer seemed that which, though
+    very desirable, was yet necessarily indecent. Fortunately, after
+    the first few weeks, they have been quite pleasurable to my wife.
+    I am sure that our sexual life since marriage has been a large
+    factor in deepening the love that has made our married life an
+    ideal one. As I look back at the first year of marriage, I wonder
+    that we got through it so well. My knowledge of sexual hygiene
+    was a strange mixture of fact and nonsense. If the frequency of
+    acts of intercourse advocated by some of the authorities I have
+    lately read is correct, then we must have passed the bounds of
+    moderation. But it is certain that our general health has been
+    very good: better in both cases than before marriage.
+
+    "In reviewing these phases of the development of my sexual life,
+    one or two conclusions seem to me to be strongly emphasized. It
+    was unfortunate that the real sexual desire was aroused as early
+    and in the manner that it was. Whether this would have been
+    prevented by more definite education in the hygiene and the
+    purpose of the function, I can only conjecture. I believe that
+    mine was and is the common experience of boys. I am decidedly of
+    the opinion that there should be instruction given of the anatomy
+    of the genital organs and of the hygiene of intercourse, and this
+    shortly after the youth has reached puberty. How this is to be
+    done is a grave question. It will require tact and knowledge not
+    possessed by the average teacher and parent. However it is done,
+    it should be honest, frank, and free from piosity.
+
+    "I am certain that, in my own case, rather frequent intercourse
+    is decidedly beneficial. Any prolonged abstinence always brings
+    about the same nervous disturbances that I have referred to
+    above. It is fortunate for me that this repetition of the act is
+    satisfactory to both concerned."
+
+
+    HISTORY XVIII.--E.W., dentist, aged 32, of New England Puritan
+    stock. Height, 5 ft. 10½ in.; weight, 144 lbs. Spare and active,
+    of nervobilious temperament.
+
+    "My earliest recollection is being punished for 'playing with
+    myself' when I could not have been more than 3 or 4 years of age.
+    I distinctly remember my exultation on discovering that I could
+    excite myself (while my hands were tied behind my back for
+    punishment) by rubbing my small but erect penis against the
+    carpet while lying on my stomach. At this time, of course, I knew
+    nothing of sex or of what I was doing. I did what my desires and
+    instincts at that time prompted me to do. However, punishments
+    and lectures failed utterly to break up this habit, and, though I
+    always wished and tried faithfully to obey my parents, I soon
+    grew to indulge quietly in bed when I was thought to be asleep.
+    The matter apparently passed out of the minds of my parents as
+    soon as they ceased to detect me further in the act, and they
+    regarded it as abandoned. I now feel reasonably certain that this
+    precocity was due to an adherent foreskin which covered the glans
+    tightly almost to the meatus, and so kept up a continual
+    irritation.
+
+    "I have no recollection that anyone ever taught me the habit, and
+    I know beyond a doubt that no one ever learned of the habit or
+    even a word as to the possibility of autoexcitement through word
+    or deed of mine. My recollection of the sensations is that there
+    was a short period of excitation, usually by rubbing, which was
+    not particularly, often not at all, pleasurable, and this was
+    followed by a single thrill of pleasure that extended all over
+    my little body. The curious thing was, however, that there seemed
+    to be no limit to the number of times I could consecutively
+    produce this sensation. My recollection is perfectly clear of how
+    I would lie in bed of a morning and thus excite myself time after
+    time. As I grew older this condition, of course, changed.
+    Masturbation was not a consuming passion with me at this or any
+    other time. I enjoyed it and felt that in it I had a means of
+    entertainment when other sources of enjoyment were not at hand.
+
+    "By the time I was 6 or 7 I had figured out the difference in sex
+    in animals and suspected that 'all was not as it should be' in
+    some portions of a girl's anatomy. This suspicion was suddenly
+    confirmed one never-to-be-forgotten morning, when I induced my
+    dearest playmate, a little girl, to urinate in my presence. I was
+    more thunderstruck than excited over this discovery, and it led
+    to no results in any other way, nor did we ever again unveil
+    ourselves to each other. At this time I began to learn from the
+    older boys the pitiful, childish vulgarities and common terms of
+    sex, and to invent and exchange rhymes and stories that were
+    pathetic in their attempts at vulgarity.
+
+    "At the age of 11 a buxom servant-girl threw out some vague hints
+    to me,--I was very tall for my age,--and tried to induce me to
+    take liberties with her, at least to the extent of telling her
+    vulgar stories, but I would not rise to the lure. I believe that
+    the thing which held me in check was fear of discovery by my
+    parents and the consequent humiliation. A short time previous to
+    this my father had enlightened me as to the means and manner of
+    reproduction and had encouraged me to talk to him and to my
+    mother on such subjects rather than with anyone else. I think
+    this had a great influence for good, as it made me feel that I
+    had some authoritative knowledge and that I was trusted by my
+    parents. My determination not to prove entirely unworthy of their
+    trust has been the anchor that has held through all the storms
+    and temptations of youth and young manhood.
+
+    "About the age of puberty I began to long for more realistic
+    experiences and tried through a period of a year or so the
+    disgusting experiments of intercourse with animals, using hens
+    and a cow for this purpose. Details are of no importance, and I
+    spare myself their repetition. My better nature or general mental
+    development soon overcame my desires in this direction, and the
+    practice was abandoned.
+
+    "With the dawning of the power of emission I noticed that the
+    adherent foreskin before alluded to, which had never been
+    examined during all these years (as I had discovered that I was
+    different from other boys and so was shy about exposing myself),
+    began to trouble me by being painful during erections.
+    Accordingly I took a buttonhook and tore all the adhesions loose.
+    A very painful though ultimately entirely satisfactory
+    operation!
+
+    "(I may mention in this connection that my two sons were
+    afflicted with adherent foreskins to such an extent as to render
+    circumcision necessary a few days after birth, in order that the
+    function of urination might become fully established.)
+
+    "As my powers developed I had my first wet dream at about the age
+    of 15, and was much surprised thereat. My father, however, told
+    me not to be alarmed and soothed my anxious fears, which were
+    easily aroused by my guilty feelings on account of my habit of
+    masturbation, in which I still indulged from one to three times a
+    week.
+
+    "Between the ages of 12 and 17 my father had the good judgment to
+    require a large amount of active outdoor labor from me, as well
+    as sending me to excellent schools. Certain kinds of study had a
+    distinct effect upon the sexual organs, namely, difficult Latin
+    and German translations and problems in fractions. I considered
+    at the time that it was because my mind wandered from the subject
+    I was studying. Now I am perfectly sure it was because my mind
+    focused on the subject I was studying. At any rate the fact
+    existed, and when alone in my room, wrestling with a knotty
+    problem, I used almost as a rule to keep myself in the most
+    violent state of erection for long periods--an hour or
+    so--sometimes ending with an emission, but more often I forced
+    myself to forego this climax through fear of overindulgence.
+    During these years my curiosity as to the exact nature of the
+    female organs was something terrible, and I wasted many hours and
+    much ingenuity in the attempt to surreptitiously gratify it. My
+    perseverance in the face of failure along this line was surely
+    worthy of a nobler cause.
+
+    "I was much in the society of girls of my own age or older during
+    these years and until I was 19. I found with them a keen and
+    entirely pure and wholesome enjoyment utterly separate and apart
+    from the desires and indulgences which I have been describing. I
+    never cared for any girl who was 'forward' or in any way
+    unladylike, and the idea of taking any undue liberties with any
+    of my youthful sweethearts was as remote from my thoughts as a
+    trip to the moon. Perhaps I can say this better and more
+    distinctly by stating that I would be perfectly willing to have
+    my wife know of, or my boys repeat, any action that I ever took
+    with any woman.
+
+    "I spent my spare time in their society and lavished upon my girl
+    companions every cent I could spare, but had no thought of
+    immediate sex desire or gratification. At the age of 17 I went as
+    an apprentice in my present profession of dentistry. Whenever it
+    became necessary for me, in assisting at the operating chair, to
+    touch a lady's hair or face, I would be seized with the utmost
+    confusion and could with difficulty control my hands so that they
+    did not tremble. This soon wore off as I came to a realization of
+    the true professional spirit and attitude toward all patients,
+    and, needless to say, has now become a matter of the utmost
+    indifference to me.
+
+    "From 19 to 22 I attended a professional school in a large city,
+    remote from my home, where I was an utter stranger. During these
+    years I devoted myself to my professional studies and to music
+    with much diligence. I took an active part in all student life
+    and problems save only that of the 'eternal feminine.'
+
+    "Frequently I have been out with a crowd of 'the boys' when they
+    headed for a brothel, and have been the only one to turn back or
+    to remain on the sidewalk as the door closed behind my last
+    companion. I say this not in self-praise, but in the same spirit
+    of accuracy which has prompted me to put down everything
+    concerning this greatest mystery of our natures as I have
+    experienced it and worked it out.
+
+    "It was during these three years at school that I placed upon
+    myself the most stringent and effective curbs to my sex nature. I
+    somehow never could 'get my own consent' to go to a brothel or
+    stay with a 'soiled dove,' for I had by this time firmly resolved
+    that I would bring to my wife, whoever she might turn out to be,
+    a clean body at least. I limited myself in my autoexcitement to
+    one emission a week and on one or two occasions went two weeks
+    without inducing an emission. Spontaneous nocturnal emissions
+    were quite common during these years. I cannot state just how
+    frequent they were, but perhaps one a week would be a fair
+    average.
+
+    "Shortly after graduation at the age of 22 I became engaged to
+    the woman who is now my wife. (She was 17 at the time of our
+    engagement, brunette, well developed, and with a wisdom and charm
+    that have held me a willing captive for ten years and no prospect
+    of escape!)
+
+    "With our engagement began for each of us that divine and
+    mysterious unfolding of the nature of one to the nature of the
+    other. Our engagement lasted two years and a half and, ignorant
+    as we both were, I am sure that it was none too long. Never shall
+    I forget the surprise I felt--to say nothing of the delight--when
+    I discovered that my sweetheart was as anxious to find out the
+    uttermost facts about me as I was to explore the divine mystery
+    of her sweet body.
+
+    "We lived in different towns and I used to spend Sundays at her
+    home. I slept in a room adjoining that occupied by my betrothed
+    and a friend. There was a transom with clear glass over the door
+    which connected these two rooms, and to have stood upon the foot
+    of the bed and looked through this transom would have been the
+    easiest thing in the world, and was such an opportunity as I
+    would have given years of my life to have obtained in my
+    adolescence; but now that the chance was afforded me to freely
+    spy upon the chamber of my future bride my soul revolted, for the
+    feeling was upon me that not until it was revealed to me because
+    she could no longer bear to keep it concealed from me would I
+    look upon the blessed vision of her maiden loveliness. Nor was I
+    disappointed, for gradually we became acquainted with each
+    other's bodies, and this gradual unveiling of each to the other
+    led, during the last months of our engagement, to mutual manual
+    manipulations, excitement and gratification. Intercourse did not
+    take place until the second night after our marriage, and our
+    first baby was born nine months and three days after our
+    marriage, though my wife was ten days past the cessation of her
+    period at the time of my first entering.
+
+    "Since marriage I have made it my first duty to study my wife's
+    inclinations and desires with regard to our sexual relations, and
+    can say that now, after seven years of married life, and after
+    she has borne me two sons, we are enjoying a fullness of
+    happiness that neither of us would have believed possible during
+    the first year of our married life.
+
+    "I have found that the woman must have the entire charge of the
+    time and number of approaches in a week or month, and that when
+    she is for any reason disinclined to the sexual act the husband
+    must keep away, no matter how he feels about the matter. Also the
+    man must be sure that his wife reaches the orgasm or is at the
+    point of it before he allows himself to 'let go.'
+
+    "Our meetings have averaged eight or nine a month. During the
+    latter months of pregnancy they were _nil_, and in the month
+    following an enforced separation of several weeks they were
+    fourteen. We have never tried nor had the slightest curiosity to
+    know how far we could indulge ourselves.
+
+    "For myself I seem to demand a gratification of the sexual desire
+    rather oftener than my wife, and when I feel I cannot get a good
+    night's rest without first being relieved of my seminal burden,
+    while at the same time my wife is disinclined to the sexual act,
+    I have her perform manual manipulation until relief is effected.
+    Mind, I say _relief_, for the emission gives me very little
+    pleasure under these circumstances, but it does give _relief_. In
+    my present health I find I cannot sleep well if I go over more
+    than two nights without an emission. My wife understands my
+    condition, and is entirely willing to assist me in this way when
+    she feels she cannot give me the gratification which I crave. We
+    have come to see sex matters as they are, and respect and
+    reverence have taken the place of ignorance and fear.
+
+    "To sum up, owing to lack of circumcision the sex instinct
+    developed too soon and out of all proportion during my early
+    youth. I cannot see that masturbation has ever had the slightest
+    bad effect upon my health or mental state (except as I was
+    constantly loathing myself more or less for being unable to stop
+    it).
+
+    "The husband must subordinate himself to the wife in order to
+    obtain the highest good and pleasure of both.
+
+    "I have always been successful in my undertakings. Stood at the
+    head of my class at school, and in my professional work graduated
+    with highest honors. I have a memory for prose or verse that is
+    the cause of envy to many of my friends. The facts here set down
+    are recorded in the interest of advancing study along this most
+    important but neglected and ignored line. That they have been
+    truthfully recorded without favor to the black or light on the
+    white is my sincere belief."
+
+
+    HISTORY XIX.--E.B. Parents sound; strong constitution in mother,
+    moderately so in father; vigorous and healthy, but of refined
+    nature. Breast-milk for six months.
+
+    "_Age 4-5_. Took great delight in the little waterworks. Severely
+    punished for this. Interest in the parts morbidly increased
+    thereby.
+
+    "_Age 5_. Earliest recollection of 'counter-erection'--the penis
+    shrinking tensely into itself, producing local and general
+    discomfort. This resulted from certain kinds of
+    _mauvaise-honte_,--having to kiss aged persons, having officious
+    help at micturition, bathing, dressing, etc., which caused a sort
+    of physical disgust. Toward puberty the experience grew rare. One
+    such occasion was at about eighteen, when solicited on the street
+    by a prostitute. The very _idea_ of homosexual relations produces
+    it. It would appear to be a powerful safeguard against
+    promiscuous sex relations. I have met two men subject to the same
+    thing, and have heard of one woman subject to something
+    analogous. It might be called a nausea of the 'nether heart' in
+    Georg Hirth's phrase.
+
+    "_Age 6-7_. Earliest recollection of erection. Unprovoked at
+    first. A disposition to _punish_ the organ and satisfaction in
+    doing so. From this time erection took place whenever it was
+    thought about.
+
+    "_Age 10_. Present at a discussion in the playground about the
+    best way of intercourse, which I heard of for the first time.
+    This was followed by enlightenment on the source of children.
+    Concluded it must be very painful to both parties. 'Just the
+    other way,' I was told. But the idea of pain to the genitals was
+    'interesting' to me. Pain felt by the other sex was
+    'interesting.' Pained looks captivated me--I liked to imagine
+    some mysterious trouble; and, as I learned more, 'female
+    complaints' interested me greatly in their subjects. I got a
+    'grateful pang' at the pit of the stomach at the thought, but
+    neither erection nor the opposite. This hypogastric feeling has
+    continued to associate itself with certain sexual impressions.
+    The thought of a _woman mortifying herself_ later on excited me
+    sexually. Once, pulling a stay-string for fun (my wife never
+    laced) gave me a powerful and quite unexpected erection.
+
+    "_Age 12_. A girl visitor of the same age got me talking about
+    the genitals, and at bedtime came and proposed coitus. We failed
+    to manage it. The vulva stripped back the foreskin, which was a
+    voluptuous feeling; then we were alarmed by something and
+    separated. I never saw her again. She too liked to 'punish' her
+    vulva. She put whole pepper in it, and advised me to use the
+    same. I continued greatly excited when she had gone; the hand
+    flew to the phallus and worried it, and orgasm came on at
+    once--the childish orgasm consisting of well-spaced spasms of the
+    ejaculators, without the poignant preliminary nisus of the adult
+    orgasm. There was no reaction or depression, except that the
+    phallus--which did not subside at once--was painful to touch. A
+    week or so later I tried again, but failed. A month later, being
+    more excited, I succeeded. I found that I could only compass it
+    about once in three weeks. There were no emissions. I used to
+    have a spontaneous mental image of a small Grecian temple in a
+    sunny park, which charmed me, and I had no scruples.
+
+    "_Age 12-13_. Masturbated once or twice a month.
+
+    "_Age 13-14_. Was sent to a small public school, where it
+    happened that a very good tone prevailed. I learned that
+    masturbation was bad form and unmanly. The proper thing was to
+    save one's self up for women--at about 18. I dropped the practice
+    easily, in spite of indulging my imagination about coitus. I
+    thought of the initiation with prostitutes at 18, with the mixed
+    feelings that even the most combative soldier must regard the
+    fray. The hypogastric feeling above referred to would come
+    on--which I liked and disliked at the same time. The first
+    occasion on which I remember this feeling was when I got my first
+    braces. Anything that harped on my sex produced it. Every time I
+    received the sacrament, which I was forced to do very young, I
+    repented of my intention of whoring at 18--as a man 'must'
+    do--and afterward I relapsed to the expectation. Religion was a
+    great reality to me, but it did not produce the radical effect
+    that the development of the romantic sentiment did later on.
+    (Both my wife and I became free-thinkers at about 30.)
+
+    "_Age 15-17_. Read poetry and romance. Conceived a high ideal of
+    faithfulness and constancy. What a mockery all this loyalty is, I
+    said to myself, if a man has stultified it beforehand. That was
+    no mere castle-building. I had not understood what I was about in
+    expecting to whore. The critical feelings were now awakening, and
+    what they produced was revulsion against the abuse of sex, which
+    got stronger every year. It became plain that there would be no
+    whoring or the like for me; I was far too proud and fastidious. I
+    neglected my tasks, which were uncongenial, and read a great deal
+    of anatomy and physiology, which stood me in good stead later. As
+    I rose in the school I was surprised to find the tone worse, but
+    quite at the top it was better again, and with my latest
+    companions sex was never even mentioned. At 14 I had a friend who
+    importuned me to come into his bed, but I never would get under
+    his bedclothes, for the male sex repels me powerfully in personal
+    contact; he began to talk of masturbation, and now I can
+    understand what he was aiming at. But my day-dreams of nymphs and
+    dryads kept me in a state of perpetual tension, and erection was
+    very frequent. The early morbid admiration of delicate women
+    became replaced by admiration of health and strength combined
+    with grace.
+
+    "_Age 17-18_. I was given a cubicle in which my neighbor on the
+    right masturbated noisily two or three times a week, and the one
+    on the left every night, using intermittent friction to drag it
+    out longer. One night, kneeling at my bedside, saying prayers, my
+    attention was divided between these and the occupation of my
+    neighbor, when, after not having masturbated for four years,--the
+    critical years of development,--the hand flew to the phallus and
+
+        "'pulses pounding through palms and trembling
+         encircling fingers'
+
+    "procured, in Walt Whitman's language,
+
+        "'the wholesome relief,--repose, content.'
+
+    "I slept well and had a sense of elation at the proof of manhood,
+    for we boys were anxious about whether we secreted semen or not.
+    The sexual obsession was tempered, and about three weeks later I
+    had my first 'pollution'--the 'angel of the night,' as Mantegazza
+    with better sense calls it. From that time on I had pollutions
+    every two or three weeks, with dreams sometimes of masturbation
+    or of nymphs, or quite irrelevant matters. For a time these gave
+    me perfect relief; then my 'dilectatio morosa' began to grow
+    again, and the phallus would become so sensitive that working
+    about on the belly would liberate the orgasm.
+
+    "_Age 18-19_. I had kept on persuading myself I was not
+    masturbating--avoiding the use of the hand--but now I dropped
+    this pretense, and frankly conceded the need to myself. I got
+    done with it in a peremptory way and thought no more of it. I had
+    no evil effects, moral or physical, and my mother would often
+    compliment me on my bright appearance the morning after. At that
+    time the appetite matured every seven to ten days, and, though I
+    dreaded the idea of slavery to it, it would have been very hard
+    to forego it. Headaches, which had begun to plague me from
+    puberty on, grew rarer. Pollutions occurred in between, but were
+    less effectual. I had up to this point accepted the incidental
+    pleasure under a sort of protest; but now I got over that too and
+    I allowed what I would prefer to call an idio-erotism (rather
+    than an auto-erotism) its way, always picturing beautiful nymphs
+    to myself. Surroundings of natural beauty moved me to this kind
+    of reverie, partly perhaps because I had once secretly observed a
+    lad basking naked on the sandy beach and toying with himself.
+    The recollection is wholly unsullied to me. Happening on one
+    occasion to check the stimulation about two-thirds way to orgasm,
+    I experienced a miniature orgasm like the childish one, but with
+    no declension of the tumescence, and I was able to repeat this
+    maneuver several times before the full orgasm. This I later
+    practised in _Coitus prolongatus_--giving the partner time to
+    come up. I had already got into the way of poising the feeling on
+    its climax. The ejaculator reflex, being habituated to this,
+    seems to set in with its throbs when the maneuver is simulated,
+    though no semen has yet been poured into the bulbous portion for
+    the ejaculators to act upon. If this play be broken off before
+    the critical spasm--as in the American 'Karezza,' etc.--there is
+    no perceptible reaction, though an unsatisfied feeling remains.
+    But when the act proceeds to emission and the poignant
+    _undercurrent_ of feeling sets in that ushers the ejaculation and
+    may only last two to five seconds, it makes all the difference,
+    and constitutional signs appear--perspiration, etc. This leads to
+    the question whether the critical sensation specially involves
+    the sympathetic nervous system? Up to that point the process is
+    under control, but then automatic.
+
+    "An observation of practical importance to me at that time was
+    this: I awoke in the morning after a pollution at night, with an
+    acute headache of a specific kind, and erection. This had
+    happened before, after pollution, and the erection suggested to
+    me whether 'a hair of the dog that bit me' might not prove
+    beneficial. As the excitation proceeded, the pain in the head was
+    directly drained away, as if I were drawing it out. Other pain is
+    also relieved for the moment, such as neuralgia, but to return
+    soon with interest. This, however, was specific and pure benefit.
+    The next time I got a bad headache of this character, without
+    preceding pollution, I tried the remedy, at about 10 A.M. The
+    semen was copious and watery, and the relief was marked, but in
+    an hour's time the headache returned. I had never repeated the
+    act at short interval, i.e., while the organs were under the
+    influence of a previous act, and now I tried the effect of that.
+    The second emission was also profuse, but much thicker, and the
+    relief much greater. In about three hours the headache was,
+    however, again intolerable, and, the connection being now clear,
+    I ventured on a third act, which proved to be the most voluptuous
+    I had so far experienced, the nisus being far more intense. The
+    semen was copious, but thick and ropy, with lumps as large as
+    small peas that could scarcely be crushed with the finger, and
+    yellow in color and rank in odor. After that I was perfectly well
+    and kept so. (The urethra was blocked so that I could with
+    difficulty stroke the masses out.) Later I have examined such
+    semen microscopically and found the spermatozoa dead and
+    disintegrating. My period in my best years--21 to 48--was twice
+    a week, the odd number being an inconvenience, and I have since
+    endeavored to avoid accumulations, emptying the receptacles on
+    the fourth day, when I remembered the interval, even if the
+    organs did not remind me. On the fifth day headache would
+    otherwise appear and perhaps two acts be needful, or, if I forgot
+    about it for a week, three acts running. That I did not abuse the
+    function the fact proves that every year I would forget about it
+    two to three times and have to resort to this drastic mode.[230]
+    But there is quite a different headache that follows on
+    indulgence during convalescence or when the system is otherwise
+    much lowered. Railway traveling greatly accentuates the need with
+    me; also riding. Girls aroused no physical desire, though I
+    chiefly sought their society, and even after the genital tension
+    was so pronounced, up to 20, I was troubled by the fact that
+    women did not affect me sexually. About this time a buxom girl I
+    liked and who liked me vehemently laid her hand on my arm, in
+    trying to persuade me to give up shooting. The phallus leaped
+    simultaneously. That was my first _sexual_ experience--the proof
+    that the _nexus_ was established between the genital mechanism
+    and the complex of feeling we call sexual.
+
+    "_Age 24_. At this age I went to stay at a house where there were
+    two very pretty girls. I at once lost my heart to the elder,
+    L.B., as she did to me (strong constitution, but refined nature;
+    parents sound; brought up in the country; eleven months'
+    breast-milk). 'What a mother she will make,' I said to myself.
+    Now began a time of the spiritual and physical communion that I
+    had pictured to myself....
+
+    "I am 60 now; she is 57. We are still like lovers. No; not _like_
+    lovers; we _are_ lovers. Of course, I do not mean to imply that
+    sexual impressions have preponderated in our life, as they do in
+    this account. Quite the contrary. We are both strong and,
+    according to all accounts, unusually well preserved. We are very
+    temperate. Since 48 I notice a gradual decline of the erotic
+    propensity. It is now once in five or seven days. Since the
+    menopause her propensity has declined markedly, but it is not
+    extinct, and she delights as much as ever in my delight. She
+    began to menstruate at 12, was regular till 17; then got
+    chlorotic for a few months, soon recovered, though menstruation
+    was often irregular, but never painful. Sexual experience began
+    at 25. I have often wondered if a moderate self-gymnastic of the
+    faculty, in Venturi's sense, would not have educated her genital
+    sphere, and made her a still better comrade--excluded the periods
+    of irregularity and frigidity. The stage of latency was too
+    protracted. We often noticed that, when menstruation was due or
+    nearly so, prolonged love-sports at bedtime would be followed by
+    menstruation in the morning. We never were separated for longer
+    than three months, and on that occasion, menstruation being
+    delayed, she tried what masturbation would do to determine it,
+    and with a positive result. My need, though less, is as
+    imperative as ever. Seminal headaches--as I would call them--have
+    ceased since 50; the accumulation only produces muddleheadedness.
+    But I have not suffered accumulation over ten to at most twelve
+    days. The quantity of semen is also less. The sensibility of the
+    corpora has declined much; that of the glans is unimpaired.
+    Erection is good. Orgasm takes two to four minutes to provoke,
+    against forty to fifty seconds when young; it is in some respects
+    even more enjoyable--perhaps less intense, but much more
+    prolonged. I have no reaction from indulgence. But I never press
+    it; it always presses me. For overaccumulation, with headache or
+    muddleheadedness, the wifely hand is more efficacious than the
+    vulva. Even the most vivid dream of coitus fails to compass the
+    orgasm now. The peripheral stimulus is essential.
+
+    "In our case physical and psychical intensity of emotion have
+    gone hand in hand. I have become specialized to one woman,
+    despite an erotic endowment certainly not meager. The pervasive
+    fragrance makes one adore the whole sex, but my wife does not
+    interpret this homage in a sexually promiscuous sense. We both
+    agree in the principle that if one cannot hold the affection of
+    the other there is no title to it. Tarde says that constancy in
+    love is rarely anything but a voyage of discovery round the
+    beloved object. I am perpetually making fresh discoveries. But
+    her constancy, I mean the high level of her passion, is
+    independent of discoveries."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[230] "A practical question arising out of the foregoing is whether such
+semen should be committed to the vagina? Its presence is known to me by
+constitutional symptoms (toxic). It is the last to be expelled, and its
+degenerate germ-cells have no chance against those of the normal fluid
+deposited in preceding acts, supposing that to be retained. But it may
+well happen that the prior emissions only reach the pouch, whereas the
+last is injected into the womb itself. I have frequently had the sense of
+the orifices of meatus and cervix matching directly, especially when she
+had powerful orgasm (including two conceptions), and of the semen being
+sucked from me rather than occluded in its exit, as also happens,
+requiring me to relax the urge a little. At 18 to 19 the semen of a
+'pollution' has left tender red patches where it dried on the neighboring
+skin, and deep straw-colored stains in the linen."
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF AUTHORS.
+
+Abu-l-Faraj
+Acton, W.
+Adler, O.
+Adlerz
+Aguilaniedo
+Aldrich
+Allen, G.W.
+Alonzi
+Aly-Belfàdel
+Amand, St.
+Andrews, W.
+Angell
+Arndt, R.
+Avebury, Lord
+
+Bach, G.
+Baker, Smith
+Ballet
+Balls-Headley
+Bancroft, H.H.
+Bantock
+Baretti
+Barrus, Clara
+Bartels, Max
+Beaunis
+Bechterew
+Bell, Sanford
+Benecke, E.F.M.
+Bernard, P.
+Bernelle
+Blackwell, E.
+Bladon, J.
+Blagden
+Bloch
+Bloch, Iwan
+Bloom
+Blumröder
+Boerhaave
+Bohn, G.
+Bonstetten
+Booth, D.S.
+Bos, C.
+Bossard
+Bouchereau
+Bourneville
+Brantôme
+Bray
+Brehm
+Breitenstein
+Bridgman, W.G.
+Brierre de Boismont
+Browne, W.A.F.
+Brunfels
+Bryan, D.
+Büchner
+Burckhardt, J.L.
+Burdach
+Burk, F.L.
+Burton, Robert
+Burton, Si: R.
+Buscalioni
+Busch, D.W.H.
+Butler, A.G.
+
+Cabanès
+Cabanis
+Calmann
+Campbell, Harry
+Cannon, W.
+Capgras
+Casanova
+Catullus
+Cellini
+Ceni
+Cervantes
+Chapman, G.
+Christian
+Clark, Campbell
+Clarke, E.D.
+Cleland
+Clement of Alexandria
+Clérambault
+Clevenger
+Clouston
+Coelius Aurelianus
+Coleridge
+Colin
+Collas
+Colman, W.A.
+Coltman
+Congreve
+Cook, F.
+Cook, J.
+Cooke, Kev. L.H.
+Cornevin
+Cotterill, J.M.
+Coutagne
+Crawley, E.
+Crofton
+Crooke, W.
+Cullerre
+
+Daniell, W.F.
+Darwin, C.
+Darwin, E.
+D'Aulnoy, Countess
+Daumas
+Davenport, Isabel
+Debreyne
+Dillmann
+Diodorus
+Disselhorst
+D'Orbigny
+Duchenne
+Dühren, E. _See_ Bloch, Iwan.
+Dulaure
+Dumas, G.
+Duncan, Matthews
+Dunlop, W.
+Dupré
+Durkheim
+
+Earle, A.
+Effertz
+Eklund
+Ellis, Havelock
+Ellis, Sir A.B.
+Engelmann
+Epaulow
+Erb
+Espinas
+Eulenburg
+Eysséric
+Eyre, E.J.
+
+Fabre, J.H.
+Fehling
+Féré
+Ferenczi
+Ferrand
+Ferrero
+Ferriani
+Finck
+Fliess
+Foley
+Forbes, H.O.
+Forel
+Forman, S.
+Franklin, Miles
+Frazer, J.G.
+French-Sheldon, Mrs.
+Freud
+Friedenthal
+Fürbringer
+Fustel de Coulanges
+
+Galen
+Gall
+Gardiner, J.S.
+Garnier, P.
+Gason, S.
+Gattel
+Gaupp
+Gennep, A. Van
+Gibb
+Gillen
+Ginisty
+Gläveke
+Glynn
+Godard
+Goltz
+Goncourt, J. de
+Gosse, P.H.
+Gourmont, Remy de
+Gowers, Sir W.
+Grisebach, E.
+Groos, K.
+Grosse, E.
+Gualino
+Guinard
+Guise
+Guyon
+Gurlitt
+Guttceit
+
+Häcker
+Haddon, A.C.
+Haeckel
+Hagen
+Halban
+Hall, G. Stanley
+Haller
+Hamerling
+Hammer
+Hammond
+Hamon
+Hartmann, E. von
+Hawkesworth
+Hayes, J.J.
+Heape, W.
+Heard
+Hegar
+Heine
+Henz
+Herodotus
+Hicks, Braxton
+Hippocrates
+Hirn
+Hirschfeld
+Hoche
+Holden, W.C.
+Holder, A.B.
+Holt, R.B.
+Horace
+Hornius
+Horsley
+Howard
+Howard, H.E.
+Howarth, O.H.
+Hubert
+Hudson, W.H.
+Hutchinson, Sir J.
+Huysmans
+Hyades
+
+Jäger
+Janet
+Janin
+Jayle
+Jerome, St.
+Joest, W.
+Johnston, Sir H.
+Jones, Brynmor
+Jones, Ernest
+
+Kafemann
+Keppler
+Key, Ellen
+Kiefer
+Kiernan, J.G.
+Kisch, E.H.
+Kleinpaul
+Kline
+Kolischer
+Kossmann
+Kowalevsky
+Krabbes
+Krafft-Ebing
+Krauss
+Kubary
+Kulischer
+Külpe
+
+Lacassagne
+Lacroix, P.
+Lagrange
+Lancaster
+Landor, A.H., Savage
+Lanphear
+Laserre
+Laurentius
+Lawson
+Lea
+Lécaillon
+Lehmann-Nitsche
+Leppmann
+Lipa Bey
+Loeb
+Lombroso
+Long, S.H.
+Lop
+Low, Brooke
+Loti, P.
+Löwenfeld
+Lubbock (Lord Avebury)
+Lucian
+Lucretius
+Lunier
+Luther
+
+Macdonald, Rev. J.
+Macé
+MacGillicuddy
+MacLennan
+Macnaughton-Jones
+Maeder
+Maeterlinck
+Manacéine, Marie de
+Mandeville
+Mantegazza
+Marandon de Montyel
+Marchesini
+Marcuse, Max
+Mardrus
+Marie, A.
+Marie, P.
+Marie de France
+Mariner
+Marlowe
+Marot, Clement
+Marro
+Marsden, W.
+Marshall, F.H.A.
+Marshall, H.R.
+Martial
+Martins
+Matignon
+Maudsley
+Mauriac
+Maus
+Maxwell
+Mayer, A.
+McIlroy, A.L.
+Meibomius
+Melville, Herman
+Meung, Jean de
+Meyer, A.B.
+Middleton, T.
+Miklucho-Macleay
+Millais, J.G.
+Millant
+Minovici
+Mirandola, Pico della
+Möbius
+Modigliani, E.
+Moll
+Montaigne
+Montet
+Montgomery, T.H.
+Moraglia
+More, Sir Thomas
+Morgan, C. Lloyd
+Mortimer, G.
+Moule
+Moyer
+Mugnier
+Müller, R.
+Mundé, P.
+Munzer
+
+Näcke
+Napier, Leith
+Nardelli
+Nenter
+Nesterus
+Nicefero
+Nietzsche
+Nussbaum
+Nyström
+
+Obici
+Ordericus, Vitalis
+Otway
+Ovid
+Owen, Sir R.
+
+Pactet
+Papillon
+Parent-Duchâtelet
+Partridge
+Paullinus
+Peckham, G.W.
+Pelikan
+Penta
+Petronius
+Pfister
+Pflüger
+Piéron
+Pilet, R.
+Pitre
+Pitres
+Pittard
+Platen
+Plautus
+Plazzonus
+Ploss
+Plutarch
+Poore, G.V.
+Porosz
+Portman
+Potter, M.A.
+Poulton, E.B.
+Power, H.
+Prinzing
+Propertius
+Purnell, C.W.
+
+Quirós, B. de
+
+Rabelais
+Raciborski
+Racovitza, E.G.
+Raymond
+Rees
+Régis
+Regoyos
+Restif de la Bretonne
+Reverdin
+Rhodiginus
+Rhys
+Ribot
+Riedel
+Ritter
+Robin
+Rohleder
+Roubaud
+Rousseau, J.J.
+Rousset
+Roux, J.
+Russo
+Ryan, M.
+
+Sacher-Masoch
+Sacher-Masoch, Wanda von
+Sade, De
+Sadger
+Sajous
+Salillas
+Sand, George
+Sanitchenko
+Savage, Sir G.
+Schäfer
+Schaller
+Schellong
+Schlichtegroll, C.F. von
+Schmidt-Heuert
+Schopenhauer
+Schreiner, S.C. Cronwright
+Schrenck-Notzing
+Schröter
+Schultz
+Schultze-Malkowsky
+Schurig
+Scott, Colin
+Seligmann
+Selous, Edmund
+Sénancour
+Sérieux
+Sergi
+Shakespeare
+Shattock
+Shaw, Claye
+Shufeldt
+Sinibaldus
+Skeat
+Smith, Lapthorn
+Smith, W. Robertson
+Smyth, Brough
+Sollier
+Spallanzani
+Spencer, Baldwin
+Spencer, Herbert
+Spitzka
+Spix
+Starbuck
+Stcherbak
+Stearns
+Stefanowsky
+Steinach, E.
+Stendhal, De
+Stevens
+Stevens, H.V.
+Strümpell
+Stubbs
+Sully
+Sutherland, A.
+Swieten, Van
+
+Tait, Lawson
+Tambroni
+Tarchanoff
+Tarde
+Tate, H.R.
+Tautain
+Taylor, Jeremy
+Tchlenoff
+Tertullian
+Thoinot
+Thomas, N.
+Thomas, P.
+Thompson
+Tillier
+Tilt
+Tolstoy
+Townsend, J.
+Treves, Marco
+Trousseau
+Tschisch
+Turley
+Turnbull, J.
+Tylor
+
+Vahness
+Vambery
+Vatsyayana
+Vedeler
+Velten
+Venette
+Vespucci, Amerigo
+Vincent, Swale
+Voisin
+
+Wallace, A.R.
+Wallaschek
+Waller, E.
+Walsingham
+Weismann
+Weissenberg
+Wesché, W.
+Wessmann, Rev. R.
+Westermarck
+Wiedemann
+Weysse
+Williams, Montagu
+Williams, W. Roger
+Winckel
+Windscheid
+Wittenberg
+Wolbarst
+Wollstonecraft, Mary
+
+Yellowlees
+
+Zacchia
+Zambaco
+Ziegler, H.E.
+Ziehen
+Zmigrodski
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
+
+Abduction of women in Great Britain
+Abstinence in women,
+  effects of sexual
+Adolescence,
+  criminality and
+Adolescent girls,
+  sexual manifestations in
+Adrenal glands
+Africa,
+  marriage by capture in
+  sexual instinct in
+_Agelena labyrinthica_
+Ainu,
+  love-bite among
+Algolagnia
+  ideal
+Algophily
+Amblyopia,
+  post-marital
+American Indians,
+  courtship among
+  sexual instinct in
+Ampallang
+Anæsthesia in women,
+  sexual
+  a cause of sterility
+  causes of
+Anger and sexual emotion
+Anhedonia
+Anxiety as a sexual stimulant
+Ardisson
+Argus pheasant, courtship of
+Aristotle as a masochist
+Arrest of movement producing sexual excitement
+Ascetic attitude toward women, the
+Assaults on children by women,
+  sexual
+Australians,
+  courtship among
+  sexual instinct in
+Auto-intoxication by muscular movement
+Auto-sadism
+
+Bambula dance
+Bathory, Countess
+Bedouins,
+  marriage by capture among
+Bertrand, Sergeant
+Birds,
+  sexual impulse in
+Bismarck,
+  traces of masochism in
+Biting in relationship to sexual instinct
+Bladder and sexual organs,
+  relationship between
+Blood,
+  the fascination of
+Borneo,
+  use of ampallang in
+Brazil,
+  courtship in
+Bullying
+
+Capture,
+  marriage by
+Castration
+Cerebellum as a sexual center
+Cerebral sexual centers,
+  alleged
+Chained,
+  the idea of being
+Chastity among savages
+China,
+  marriage ceremony in
+Chinese eunuchs
+Chinese hedgehog
+Christianity and women
+Church and flagellation, the
+Coitus,
+  mechanism of
+  compared to epilepsy
+  often sacred among savages
+Combat and courtship
+Contrectation
+Courtship
+Cow-birds,
+  courtship of
+Crime as a manifestation of adolescence
+Criminality in relation to marriage
+Cruelty among animals
+  in human beings
+Cymri,
+  marriage customs of
+
+Dancing in relation to sexual impulse
+Dancing among Australians
+  the most usual method of attaining tumescence
+  why it acts so powerfully on the organism
+Day-dreams, erotic
+Degenerative conditions on sexual desire,
+  influence of
+_Dendryphantes elegans_
+Detumescence,
+  impulse of
+Diffusion of sexual impulse in women
+Discipline, the
+Disgust as a sexual stimulant
+Divorce in relation to sexual difference in the suicide-rate
+Doraphobia
+Dreams of struggling horses
+  erotic
+Drunkenness in relation to marriage
+Ducks,
+  courtship among
+Ductless glands
+
+Eider-ducks,
+  courtship of
+Ejaculation,
+  premature
+Emotion aroused by pain
+Ephesian matron, the
+Epilepsy and micturition
+  analogy between coitus
+Erotic symbolism
+Erotisation
+Eskimos,
+  marriage by capture among
+  sexual instinct in
+Esthetic sense of animals,
+  alleged
+Estrus
+Eunuchs,
+  sexual impulse in
+Evacuation theory of sexual impulse
+Excess in intercourse not injurious to women
+Exercise, the intoxication of muscular
+Exhibitionism, a cause of
+
+Faroe Islanders,
+  courtship among.
+Fatigue
+Fear as a sexual stimulant
+Fetichism
+Fetters,
+  the fascination of
+Flagellation
+Frigidity,
+  in women, sexual
+  a cause of sterility
+Frog,
+  sexual instinct of
+Fuegians,
+  sexual instinct in
+Funerals as a sexual stimulant
+Fur,
+  fascination of
+
+Gelding,
+  sexual impulse in
+Genital sphere larger in women
+Geskel
+_Glandulæ vesiculares_
+Goethe's masochism
+Gonorrhoea in young boys
+Greek antiquity, love in
+Grief as a sexual stimulant
+Griselda
+Gurus,
+  courtship among
+
+Hanging and sexual excitement
+Head hunting
+_Helix aspersa_
+Hemothymia
+Hormones
+_Horror feminæ_ normal in absence of sexual impulse
+Horses,
+  sexual perversion in
+  sexual excitement produced by spectacle of
+Hungary,
+  masochism in
+Hunger,
+  analogy between sexual impulse and
+Hyperhedonia
+Hyphedonia
+Hypnotic suggestions and frigidity
+
+Impregnation in relation to tumescence
+Impulse,
+  definition of sexual
+India,
+  courtship in
+  sexual instinct in
+Indians,
+  courtship among American
+  sexual instinct among American
+Indonesian peoples,
+  use of ampallang, etc., among
+Insanity,
+  in relation to marriage
+  in relation to sexual instinct
+Instinct,
+  definition of
+Internal secretions
+Intoxication,
+  the fascination of
+  of muscular movement
+Inversion,
+  associated with masochism
+
+Jealousy among savages
+Jew,
+  sexual impulse in
+
+Kaffirs,
+  courtship among
+Kambion
+Kirghiz,
+  marriage by capture among
+Kiss,
+  origin of
+
+Lactation,
+  no intercourse among some savages during
+Laughter and the sexual sphere
+_Leistes superciliaris_
+Love-bite, the
+Love-songs rare among savages
+Lycanthropy
+
+Malays,
+  coitus among
+  courtship among
+  sexual instinct in
+_Mantis religiosa_
+Maoris,
+  marriage by capture among
+  sexual instinct in
+Marquesans,
+  courtship among
+  sexual instinct in
+Marriage by capture
+  in relation to suicide
+  in relation to insanity and criminality
+Marsh-bird,
+  courtship of
+Masochism among Slav women
+  definition of
+  its psychological mechanism
+Masturbation in women
+Menopause, sexual impulse after
+Menstruation and sexual impulse
+Micturition and sexual impulse
+Mixoscopia,
+  hysterical
+Modesty among savages
+  object of
+  obsessions of
+_Molothrus bonariensis_
+Moluccas,
+  courtship in
+Monogamy,
+  its advantages for men
+Mortality connected with the development of the sexual instinct
+Moslems,
+  coitus among
+Moths,
+  courtship of
+Motion,
+  the pleasure of
+  arrest of
+Muscular movement,
+  auto-intoxication by
+Music,
+  sexual influence of
+
+Necrophilism
+Necrosadism
+Negresses not jealous
+Negro eunuchs
+Negroes,
+  sexual instinct in
+Neurasthenia, sexual
+New Caledonia,
+  courtship in
+New Guinea,
+  courtship in
+New Hebrides,
+  courtship in
+New Mexico,
+  courtship in
+New Zealand,
+  marriage by capture in
+Nubia,
+  eunuchs in
+
+Obsessions,
+  sexual
+Octopus,
+  courtship of
+Odour,
+  excitation by
+Oneida community
+Oöphorectomy and sexual impulse
+Orgasm lasts longer in women
+Ostrich,
+  courtship of
+Ovariotomy and sexual impulse
+Ovary,
+  secretions of
+Ox,
+  sexual impulse in
+
+Pain the essential element in algolagnia
+Palang
+Papuans,
+  courtship among
+  sexual instinct in
+Parturition sometimes painless
+Passivism
+Passivity of women only apparent
+Penis in lower animals,
+  peculiarities of
+Periodicity of sexual impulse among savages
+  greater in women
+_Pitangus Bolivianus_
+Pleasure,
+  in what sense pain may be felt as
+  its manifestations resemble those of pain
+Plover,
+  dances of great
+Power in sexual sphere,
+  love of
+Precocity of women,
+  sexual
+Pregnancy,
+  savages often avoid intercourse during
+_Probenächte_
+Procreation among savages,
+  sacredness of
+Pro-estrum
+Prostitutes' love of _souteneur_
+Prostitution not found under primitive conditions
+Puberty in girls,
+  sexual manifestations at
+
+Rais, Gilles de
+_Rana temporaria_
+Rape and sadism
+Rat,
+  sexual instinct of white
+Reeves and ruffs
+Reflex action,
+  instinct and
+Reidal
+Religious flagellation
+Religious storm and stress in women
+Reproductive impulse,
+  alleged
+Respiration in connection with sexual emotion
+Responsibility of Sadists
+Rome,
+  eunuchs in ancient
+Rosseau's masochism
+Russia,
+  masochism in
+
+Sacher-Masoch
+Sacredness of procreation among savages
+Sade, De
+Sadism
+  definition of
+  its psychological mechanism
+  responsibility in
+  often combined with masochism
+  ideal
+_Saitis pulex_
+Savages,
+  sexual erethism in
+  dancing among
+  sexual impulse weak in
+Sea-gulls,
+  courtship among
+Secondary sexual characters
+Seminal receptacles of frogs
+Seminal vesicles
+  functions of
+Senegal,
+  courtship in
+Sensibility of genital sphere in women
+Sensory acuteness in women
+Sexual cerebral centers,
+  hypothetical
+Sexual impulse,
+  definition of
+Sexual incompetence,
+  prevalence of
+Sexual selection,
+  psychological aspects of
+Sexual season
+Shaftesbury's supposed masochism
+Shoe-fetichism
+Sicily, courtship in
+  love-bite in
+Slavery, erotic
+Slavs,
+  courtship customs of
+  masochism among
+Slug,
+  courtship of
+Smell,
+  stimulation of
+Snails,
+  sexual process in
+Social class and sexual feeling
+Soleilland
+Song of birds,
+  sexual significance of
+_Spadones_
+Spain,
+  flagellation in
+Spiders,
+  courtship of
+Sprit-sail yard
+Stabbers
+Sterility,
+  absence of sexual desire in women as a cause of
+Stone-curlew,
+  dances of
+Storm and stress in women,
+  religious
+Strangle,
+  the impulse to
+Subjection in women,
+  sexual
+Suckling,
+  compared to sexual act
+  no intercourse among some savages during
+Suicide,
+  divorce and
+Sumatra,
+  courtship in
+Suspension and sexual excitement
+Swinging and sexual excitement
+Symbolism,
+  erotic
+
+Taboo,
+  sexual
+Tahitians,
+  courtship among
+Teasing
+_Telum veneris_
+_Thlasiæ_
+_Thlibiæ_
+Torture,
+  the attraction of
+Tumescence
+Turcomans,
+  marriage by capture among
+Tyrant-bird,
+  courtship of
+
+Urination in relation to sexual excitement
+
+Vacher
+Vampirism
+Variation in sexual impulse greater in women
+Venereal disease in the young
+Vesicles,
+  function of seminal
+
+Waltz,
+  origin of the
+Warens, Mme. de
+Werwolf
+Whipping in relation to the sexual emotions
+Women-stabbers
+Wrestling combats
+
+Zoösadism
+Zulus,
+  courtship among
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX,
+VOLUME 3 (OF 6)***
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 3
+(of 6), by Havelock Ellis</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 3 (of 6)</p>
+<p>Author: Havelock Ellis</p>
+<p>Release Date: October 8, 2004  [eBook #13612]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX, VOLUME 3 (OF 6)***</p>
+<br><br><h3>E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland<br>
+            and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br>
+            (https://www.pgdp.net)</h3><br><br>
+<hr class="pg" noshade>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name='3_Page_iii'></a>
+
+<h1>STUDIES<br />
+<br />
+IN THE<br />
+<br />
+PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX</h1>
+<br />
+<h2>VOLUME III</h2>
+<br />
+<h3>ANALYSIS OF THE SEXUAL IMPULSE<br />
+LOVE AND PAIN<br />
+THE SEXUAL IMPULSE IN WOMEN</h3><br />
+<br />
+<h3>BY</h3>
+<br />
+<h2>HAVELOCK ELLIS</h2>
+<br />
+<h4>SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED</h4>
+<br />
+<h5>1927</h5><br />
+<hr class="full" />
+<br>
+<a name='3_Page_iv'></a>
+<a name='3_PREFACE_TO_SECOND_EDITION'></a><h2><a name='3_Page_v'></a>PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.</h2>
+<br />
+
+<p>This volume has been thoroughly revised for the present edition and
+considerably enlarged throughout, in order to render it more accurate and
+more illustrative, while bringing it fairly up to date with reference to
+scientific investigation. Numerous histories have also been added to the
+Appendix.</p>
+
+<p>It has not been found necessary to modify the main doctrines set forth ten
+years ago. At the same time, however, it may be mentioned, as regards the
+first study in the volume, that our knowledge of the physiological
+mechanism of the sexual instinct has been revolutionized during recent
+years. This is due to the investigations that have been made, and the
+deductions that have been built up, concerning the part played by
+hormones, or internal secretions of the ductless glands, in the physical
+production of the sexual instinct and the secondary sexual characters. The
+conception of the psychology of the sexual impulse here set forth, while
+correlated to terms of a physical process of tumescence and detumescence,
+may be said to be independent of the ultimate physiological origins of
+that process. But we cannot fail to realize the bearing of physiological
+chemistry in this field; and the doctrine of internal secretions, since it
+may throw light on many complex problems presented by the sexual instinct,
+is full of interest for us.</p>
+
+<p>HAVELOCK ELLIS.</p>
+
+<p>June, 1913.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='3_PREFACE_TO_FIRST_EDITION'></a><h2><a name='3_Page_vi'></a>PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.</h2>
+<br />
+
+<p>The present volume of <i>Studies</i> deals with some of the most essential
+problems of sexual psychology. The <i>Analysis of the Sexual Impulse</i> is
+fundamental. Unless we comprehend the exact process which is being worked
+out beneath the shifting and multifold phenomena presented to us we can
+never hope to grasp in their true relations any of the normal or abnormal
+manifestations of this instinct. I do not claim that the conception of the
+process here stated is novel or original. Indeed, even since I began to
+work it out some years ago, various investigators in these fields,
+especially in Germany, have deprived it of any novelty it might otherwise
+have possessed, while at the same time aiding me in reaching a more
+precise statement. This is to me a cause of satisfaction. On so
+fundamental a matter I should have been sorry to find myself tending to a
+peculiar and individual standpoint. It is a source of gratification to me
+that the positions I have reached are those toward which current
+intelligent and scientific opinions are tending. Any originality in my
+study of this problem can only lie in the bringing together of elements
+from somewhat diverse fields. I shall be content if it is found that I
+have attained a fairly balanced, general, and judicial statement of these
+main factors in the sexual instinct.</p>
+
+<p>In the study of <i>Love and Pain</i> I have discussed the sources of those
+aberrations which are commonly called, not altogether happily, &quot;sadism&quot;
+and &quot;masochism.&quot; Here we are brought before the most extreme and perhaps
+the most widely known group of sexual perversions. I have considered them
+from the medico-legal standpoint, because that has already been done by
+other writers whose works are accessible. I have preferred to show how
+these aberrations may be explained; how <a name='3_Page_vii'></a>they may be linked on to normal
+and fundamental aspects of the sexual impulse; and, indeed, in their
+elementary forms, may themselves be regarded as normal. In some degree
+they are present, in every case, at some point of sexual development;
+their threads are subtly woven in and out of the whole psychological
+process of sex. I have made no attempt to reduce their complexity to a
+simplicity that would be fallacious. I hope that my attempt to unravel
+these long and tangled threads will be found to make them fairly clear.</p>
+
+<p>In the third study, on <i>The Sexual Impulse in Women</i>, we approach a
+practical question of applied sexual psychology, and a question of the
+first importance. No doubt the sex impulse in men is of great moment from
+the social point of view. It is, however, fairly obvious and well
+understood. The impulse in women is not only of at least equal moment, but
+it is far more obscure. The natural difficulties of the subject have been
+increased by the assumption of most writers who have touched it&mdash;casually
+and hurriedly, for the most part&mdash;that the only differences to be sought
+in the sexual impulse in man and in woman are quantitative differences. I
+have pointed out that we may more profitably seek for qualitative
+differences, and have endeavored to indicate such of these differences as
+seem to be of significance.</p>
+
+<p>In an Appendix will be found a selection of histories of more or less
+normal sexual development. Histories of gross sexual perversion have often
+been presented in books devoted to the sexual instinct; it has not
+hitherto been usual to inquire into the facts of normal sexual
+development. Yet it is concerning normal sexual development that our
+ignorance is greatest, and the innovation can scarcely need justification.
+I have inserted these histories not only because many of them are highly
+instructive in themselves, but also because they exhibit the nature of the
+material on which my work is mainly founded.</p>
+
+<p>I am indebted to many correspondents, medical and other, in various parts
+of the world, for much valuable assistance.<a name='3_Page_viii'></a> When they have permitted me
+to do so I have usually mentioned their names in the text. This has not
+been possible in the case of many women friends and correspondents, to
+whom, however, my debt is very great. Nature has put upon women the
+greater part of the burden of sexual reproduction; they have consequently
+become the supreme authorities on all matters in which the sexual emotions
+come into question. Many circumstances, however, that are fairly obvious,
+conspire to make it difficult for women to assert publicly the wisdom and
+knowledge which, in matters of love, the experiences of life have brought
+to them. The ladies who, in all earnestness and sincerity, write books on
+these questions are often the last people to whom we should go as the
+representatives of their sex; those who know most have written least. I
+can therefore but express again, as in previous volumes I have expressed
+before, my deep gratitude to these anonymous collaborators who have aided
+me in throwing light on a field of human life which is of such primary
+social importance and is yet so dimly visible.</p>
+
+<p>HAVELOCK ELLIS.</p>
+
+<p>Carbis Water,</p>
+
+<p>Lelant, Cornwall, England.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='3_Page_ix'></a><a name='3_CONTENTS'></a><h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+<h4><a href='#3_PREFACE_TO_SECOND_EDITION'>PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.</a></h4>
+<h4><a href='#3_PREFACE_TO_FIRST_EDITION'>PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.</a></h4>
+<br />
+<h4><a href='#3_ANALYSIS_OF_THE_SEXUAL_IMPULSE'>ANALYSIS OF THE SEXUAL IMPULSE.</a></h4>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Definition of Instinct&mdash;The Sexual Impulse a Factor of the Sexual
+Instinct&mdash;Theory of the Sexual Impulse as an Impulse of Evacuation&mdash;The
+Evidence in Support of this Theory Inadequate&mdash;The Sexual Impulse to Some
+Extent Independent of the Sexual Glands&mdash;The Sexual Impulse in Castrated
+Animals and Men&mdash;The Sexual Impulse in Castrated Women, After the
+Menopause, and in the Congenital Absence of the Sexual Glands&mdash;The
+Internal Secretions&mdash;Analogy between the Sexual Relationship and that of
+the Suckling Mother and her Child&mdash;The Theory of the Sexual Impulse as a
+Reproductive Impulse&mdash;This Theory Untenable&mdash;Moll's Definition&mdash;The
+Impulse of Detumescence&mdash;The Impulse of Contrectation&mdash;Modification of
+this Theory Proposed&mdash;Its Relation to Darwin's Sexual Selection&mdash;The
+Essential Element in Darwin's Conception&mdash;Summary of the History of the
+Doctrine of Sexual Selection. Its Psychological Aspect&mdash;Sexual Selection a
+Part of Natural Selection&mdash;The Fundamental Importance of
+Tumescence&mdash;Illustrated by the Phenomena of Courtship in Animals and in
+Man&mdash;The Object of Courtship is to Produce Sexual Tumescence&mdash;The
+Primitive Significance of Dancing in Animals and Man&mdash;Dancing is a Potent
+Agent for Producing Tumescence&mdash;The Element of Truth in the Comparison of
+the Sexual Impulse with an Evacuation, Especially of the Bladder&mdash;Both
+Essentially Involve Nervous Explosions&mdash;Their Intimate and Sometimes
+Vicarious Relationships&mdash;Analogy between Coitus and Epilepsy&mdash;Analogy of
+the Sexual Impulse to Hunger&mdash;Final Object of the Impulses of Tumescence
+and Detumescence.</p></div>
+<br />
+<h4><a href='#3_LOVE_AND_PAIN'>LOVE AND PAIN.</a></h4>
+<h5><a href='#3_L_I'>I.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Chief Key to the Relationship between Love and Pain to be Found in
+Animal Courtship&mdash;Courtship a Source of Combativity and of Cruelty&mdash;Human
+Play in the Light of Animal Courtship&mdash;The Frequency of Crimes Against the
+Person in<a name='3_Page_x'></a> Adolescence&mdash;Marriage by Capture and its Psychological
+Basis&mdash;Man's Pleasure in Exerting Force and Woman's Pleasure in
+Experiencing it&mdash;Resemblance of Love to Pain even in Outward
+Expression&mdash;The Love-bite&mdash;In What Sense Pain May be Pleasurable&mdash;The
+Natural Contradiction in the Emotional Attitude of Women Toward
+Men&mdash;Relative Insensibility to Pain of the Organic Sexual Sphere in
+Women&mdash;The Significance of the Use of the Ampallang and Similar Appliances
+in Coitus&mdash;The Sexual Subjection of Women to Men in Part Explainable as
+the Necessary Condition for Sexual Pleasure.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#3_L_II'>II.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Definition of Sadism&mdash;De Sade&mdash;Masochism to some Extent
+Normal&mdash;Sacher-Masoch&mdash;No Real Line of Demarcation between Sadism and
+Masochism&mdash;Algolagnia Includes Both Groups of Manifestations&mdash;The
+Love-bite as a Bridge from Normal Phenomena to Algolagnia&mdash;The Fascination
+of Blood&mdash;The Most Extreme Perversions are Linked on to Normal Phenomena.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#3_L_III'>III.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Flagellation as a Typical Illustration of Algolagnia&mdash;Causes of Connection
+between Sexual Emotion and Whipping&mdash;Physical Causes&mdash;Psychic Causes
+Probably More Important&mdash;The Varied Emotional Associations of
+Whipping&mdash;Its Wide Prevalence.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#3_L_IV'>IV.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Impulse to Strangle the Object of Sexual Desire&mdash;The Wish to be
+Strangled. Respiratory Disturbance the Essential Element in this Group of
+Phenomena&mdash;The Part Played by Respiratory Excitement in the Process of
+Courtship&mdash;Swinging and Suspension&mdash;The Attraction Exerted by the Idea of
+being Chained and Fettered.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#3_L_V'>V.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Pain, and not Cruelty, the Essential Element in Sadism and Masochism&mdash;Pain
+Felt as Pleasure&mdash;Does the Sadist Identify<a name='3_Page_xi'></a> Himself with the Feelings of
+his Victim?&mdash;The Sadist Often a Masochist in Disguise&mdash;The Spectacle of
+Pain or Struggle as a Sexual Stimulant.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#3_L_VI'>VI.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Why is Pain a Sexual Stimulant?&mdash;It is the Most Effective Method of
+Arousing Emotion&mdash;Anger and Fear the Most Powerful Emotions&mdash;Their
+Biological Significance in Courtship&mdash;Their General and Special Effects in
+Stimulating the Organism&mdash;Grief as a Sexual Stimulant&mdash;The Physiological
+Mechanism of Fatigue Renders Pain Pleasurable.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#3_L_VII'>VII.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Summary of Results Reached&mdash;The Joy of Emotional Expansion&mdash;The
+Satisfaction of the Craving for Power&mdash;The Influence of Neurasthenic and
+Neuropathic Conditions&mdash;The Problem of Pain in Love Largely Constitutes a
+Special Case of Erotic Symbolism.</p></div>
+<br />
+<h4><a href='#3_THE_SEXUAL_IMPULSE_IN_WOMEN'>THE SEXUAL IMPULSE IN WOMEN.</a></h4>
+<h5><a href='#3_S_I'>I.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Primitive View of Women&mdash;As a Supernatural Element in Life&mdash;As
+Peculiarly Embodying the Sexual Instinct&mdash;The Modern Tendency to
+Underestimate the Sexual Impulse in Women&mdash;This Tendency Confined to
+Recent Times&mdash;Sexual An&aelig;sthesia&mdash;Its Prevalence&mdash;Difficulties in
+Investigating the Subject&mdash;Some Attempts to Investigate it&mdash;Sexual
+An&aelig;sthesia Must be Regarded as Abnormal&mdash;The Tendency to Spontaneous
+Manifestations of the Sexual Impulse in Young Girls at Puberty.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#3_S_II'>II.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Special Characters of the Sexual Impulse in Women&mdash;The More Passive Part
+Played by Women in Courtship&mdash;This Passivity Only Apparent&mdash;The Physical
+Mechanism of the Sexual Process in Women More Complex&mdash;The Slower
+Development of Orgasm <a name='3_Page_xii'></a>in Women&mdash;The Sexual Impulse in Women More
+Frequently Needs to be Actively Aroused&mdash;The Climax of Sexual Energy Falls
+Later in Women's Lives than in Men's&mdash;Sexual Ardor in Women increased
+After the Establishment of Sexual Relationships&mdash;Women Bear Sexual
+Excesses Better than Men&mdash;The Sexual Sphere Larger and More Diffused in
+Women&mdash;The Sexual Impulse in Women Shows a Greater Tendency to Periodicity
+and a Wider Range of Variation.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#3_S_III'>III.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Summary of Conclusions. </p></div>
+<br />
+<h4><a href='#3_APPENDIX_A'>APPENDIX A.</a></h4>
+<center>The Sexual Instinct in Savages.</center>
+<h5><a href='#3_A_I'>I.</a></h5>
+<h5><a href='#3_A_II'>II.</a></h5>
+<h5><a href='#3_A_III'>III.</a></h5>
+<br />
+<h4><a href='#3_APPENDIX_B'>APPENDIX B.</a></h4>
+<center>The Development of the Sexual Instinct.</center>
+<br />
+<h4><a href='#3_INDEX_OF_AUTHORS'>INDEX OF AUTHORS.</a></h4>
+<h4><a href='#3_INDEX_OF_SUBJECTS'>INDEX OF SUBJECTS.</a></h4>
+
+
+<a name='3_Page_1'></a>
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='3_ANALYSIS_OF_THE_SEXUAL_IMPULSE'></a><h2>ANALYSIS OF THE SEXUAL IMPULSE.</h2>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Definition of Instinct&mdash;The Sexual Impulse a Factor of the Sexual
+Instinct&mdash;Theory of the Sexual Impulse as an Impulse of Evacuation&mdash;The
+Evidence in Support of this Theory Inadequate&mdash;The Sexual Impulse to Some
+Extent Independent of the Sexual Glands&mdash;The Sexual Impulse in Castrated
+Animals and Men&mdash;The Sexual Impulse in Castrated Women, after the
+Menopause, and in the Congenital Absence of the Sexual Glands&mdash;The
+Internal Secretions&mdash;Analogy between the Sexual Relationship and that of
+the Suckling Mother and her Child&mdash;The Theory of the Sexual Impulse as a
+Reproductive Impulse&mdash;This Theory Untenable&mdash;Moll's Definition&mdash;The
+Impulse of Detumescence&mdash;The Impulse of Contrectation&mdash;Modification of
+this Theory Proposed&mdash;Its Relation to Darwin's Sexual Selection&mdash;The
+Essential Element in Darwin's Conception&mdash;Summary of the History of the
+Doctrine of Sexual Selection&mdash;Its Psychological Aspect&mdash;Sexual Selection a
+Part of Natural Selection&mdash;The Fundamental Importance of
+Tumescence&mdash;Illustrated by the Phenomena of Courtship in Animals and in
+Man&mdash;The Object of Courtship is to Produce Sexual Tumescence&mdash;The
+Primitive Significance of Dancing in Animals and Man&mdash;Dancing is a Potent
+Agent for Producing Tumescence&mdash;The Element of Truth in the Comparison of
+the Sexual Impulse with an Evacuation, Especially of the Bladder&mdash;Both
+Essentially Involve Nervous Explosions&mdash;Their Intimate and Sometimes
+Vicarious Relationships&mdash;Analogy between Coitus and Epilepsy&mdash;Analogy of
+the Sexual Impulse to Hunger&mdash;Final Object of the Impulses of Tumescence
+and Detumescence.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The term &quot;sexual instinct&quot; may be said to cover the whole of the
+neuropsychic phenomena of reproduction which man shares with the lower
+animals. It is true that much discussion has taken place concerning the
+proper use of the term &quot;instinct,&quot; and some definitions of instinctive
+action would appear to exclude the essential mechanism of the process
+whereby sexual reproduction is assured. Such definitions scarcely seem
+legitimate, and are certainly unfortunate. Herbert Spencer's definition of
+instinct as &quot;compound reflex action&quot; is sufficiently clear and definite
+for ordinary use.</p><a name='3_Page_2'></a>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>A fairly satisfactory definition of instinct is that supplied by
+    Dr. and Mrs. Peckham in the course of their study <i>On the
+    Instincts and Habits of Solitary Wasps</i>. &quot;Under the term
+    'instinct,'&quot; they say, &quot;we place all complex acts which are
+    performed previous to experience and in a similar manner by all
+    members of the same sex and race, leaving out as non-essential,
+    at this time, the question of whether they are or are not
+    accompanied by consciousness.&quot; This definition is quoted with
+    approval by Lloyd Morgan, who modifies and further elaborates it
+    (<i>Animal Behavior</i>, 1900, p. 21). &quot;The distinction between
+    instinctive and reflex behavior,&quot; he remarks, &quot;turns in large
+    degree on their relative complexity,&quot; and instinctive behavior,
+    he concludes, may be said to comprise &quot;those complex groups of
+    co-ordinated acts which are, on their first occurrence,
+    independent of experience; which tend to the well-being of the
+    individual and the preservation of the race; which are due to the
+    co-operation of external and internal stimuli; which are
+    similarly performed by all the members of the same more or less
+    restricted group of animals; but which are subject to variation,
+    and to subsequent modification under the guidance of experience.&quot;
+    Such a definition clearly justifies us in speaking of a &quot;sexual
+    instinct.&quot; It may be added that the various questions involved in
+    the definition of the sexual instinct have been fully discussed
+    by Moll in the early sections of his <i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die
+    Libido Sexualis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>    Of recent years there has been a tendency to avoid the use of the
+    term &quot;instinct,&quot; or, at all events, to refrain from attaching any
+    serious scientific sense to it. Loeb's influence has especially
+    given force to this tendency. Thus, while Pi&eacute;ron, in an
+    interesting discussion of the question (&quot;Les Probl&egrave;mes Actuels de
+    l'Instinct,&quot; <i>Revue Philosophique</i>, Oct., 1908), thinks it would
+    still be convenient to retain the term, giving it a philosophical
+    meaning, Georges Bohn, who devotes a chapter to the notion of
+    instinct (<i>La Naissance de l'Intelligence</i>, 1909), is strongly in
+    favor of eliminating the word, as being merely a legacy of
+    medieval theologians and metaphysicians, serving to conceal our
+    ignorance or our lack of exact analysis. </p></div>
+
+<p>It may be said that the whole of the task undertaken in these <i>Studies</i> is
+really an attempt to analyze what is commonly called the sexual instinct.
+In order to grasp it we have to break it up into its component parts.
+Lloyd Morgan has pointed out that the components of an instinct may be
+regarded as four: first, the internal messages giving rise to the impulse;
+secondly, the external stimuli which co-operate with the impulse to affect
+the nervous centers; thirdly, the active response due to the co-ordinate
+<a name='3_Page_3'></a>outgoing discharges; and, fourthly, the message from the organs concerned
+in the behavior by which the central nervous system is further
+affected.<a name='3_FNanchor_1'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_1'><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In dealing with the sexual instinct the first two factors are those which
+we have most fully to discuss. With the external stimuli we shall be
+concerned in a future volume (IV). We may here confine ourselves mainly to
+the first factor: the nature of the internal messages which prompt the
+sexual act. We may, in other words, attempt to analyze the <i>sexual
+impulse</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The first definition of the sexual impulse we meet with is that which
+regards it as an impulse of evacuation. The psychological element is thus
+reduced to a minimum. It is true that, especially in early life, the
+emotions caused by forced repression of the excretions are frequently
+massive or acute in the highest degree, and the joy of relief
+correspondingly great. But in adult life, on most occasions, these desires
+can be largely pushed into the background of consciousness, partly by
+training, partly by the fact that involuntary muscular activity is less
+imperative in adult life; so that the ideal element in connection with the
+ordinary excretions is almost a negligible quantity. The evacuation theory
+of the sexual instinct is, however, that which has most popular vogue, and
+the cynic delights to express it in crude language. It is the view that
+appeals to the criminal mind, and in the slang of French criminals the
+brothel is <i>le cloaque</i>. It was also the view implicitly accepted by
+medieval ascetic writers, who regarded woman as &quot;a temple built over a
+sewer,&quot; and from a very different standpoint it was concisely set forth by
+Montaigne, who has doubtless contributed greatly to support this view of
+the matter: &quot;I find,&quot; he said, &quot;that Venus, after all, is nothing more
+than the pleasure of discharging our vessels, just as nature renders
+pleasurable the discharges from other parts.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_2'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_2'><sup>[2]</sup></a> Luther, again, always
+compared the sexual to the excretory impulse, and said that marriage was
+<a name='3_Page_4'></a>just as necessary as the emission of urine. Sir Thomas More, also, in the
+second book of <i>Utopia</i>, referring to the pleasure of evacuation, speaks
+of that felt &quot;when we do our natural easement, or when we be doing the act
+of generation.&quot; This view would, however, scarcely deserve serious
+consideration if various distinguished investigators, among whom F&eacute;r&eacute; may
+be specially mentioned, had not accepted it as the best and most accurate
+definition of the sexual impulse. &quot;The genesic need may be considered,&quot;
+writes F&eacute;r&eacute;, &quot;as a need of evacuation; the choice is determined by the
+excitations which render the evacuation more agreeable.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_3'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_3'><sup>[3]</sup></a> Certain facts
+observed in the lower animals tend to support this view; it is, therefore,
+necessary, in the first place, to set forth the main results of
+observation on this matter. Spallanzani had shown how the male frog during
+coitus will undergo the most horrible mutilations, even decapitation, and
+yet resolutely continue the act of intercourse, which lasts from four to
+ten days, sitting on the back of the female and firmly clasping her with
+his forelegs. Goltz confirmed Spallanzani's observations and threw new
+light on the mechanism of the sexual instinct and the sexual act in the
+frog. By removing various parts of the female frog Goltz found that every
+part of the female was attractive to the male at pairing time, and that he
+was not imposed on when parts of a male were substituted. By removing
+various of the sense-organs of the male Goltz<a name='3_FNanchor_4'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_4'><sup>[4]</sup></a> further found that it was
+not by any special organ, but by the whole of his sensitive system, that
+this activity was set in action. If, however, the skin of the arms and of
+the breast between was removed, no embrace took place; so that the sexual
+sensations seemed to <a name='3_Page_5'></a>be exerted through this apparatus. When the
+testicles were removed the embrace still took place. It could scarcely be
+said that these observations demonstrated, or in any way indicated, that
+the sexual impulse is dependent on the need of evacuation. Professor
+Tarchanoff, of St. Petersburg, however, made an experiment which seemed to
+be crucial. He took several hundred frogs (<i>Rana temporaria</i>), nearly all
+in the act of coitus, and in the first place repeated Goltz's experiments.
+He removed the heart; but this led to no direct or indirect stoppage of
+coitus, nor did removal of the lungs, parts of the liver, the spleen, the
+intestines, the stomach, or the kidneys. In the same way even careful
+removal of both testicles had no result. But on removing the seminal
+receptacles coitus was immediately or very shortly stopped, and not
+renewed. Thus, Tarchanoff concluded that in frogs, and possibly therefore
+in mammals, the seminal receptacles are the starting-point of the
+centripetal impulse which by reflex action sets in motion the complicated
+apparatus of sexual activity.<a name='3_FNanchor_5'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_5'><sup>[5]</sup></a> A few years later the question was again
+taken up by Steinach, of Prague. Granting that Tarchanoff's experiments
+are reliable as regards the frog, Steinach points out that we may still
+ask whether in mammals the integrity of the seminal receptacles is bound
+up with the preservation of sexual excitability. This cannot be taken for
+granted, nor can we assume that the seminal receptacles of the frog are
+homologous with the seminal vesicles of mammals. In order to test the
+question, Steinach chose the white rat, as possessing large seminal
+vesicles and a very developed sexual impulse. He found that removal of the
+seminal sacs led to no decrease in the intensity of the sexual impulse;
+the sexual act was still repeated with the same frequency and the same
+vigor. But these receptacles, Steinach proceeded to argue, do not really
+contain semen, but a special secretion of their own; they are anatomically
+quite unlike the seminal receptacles of the frog; so that no doubt is thus
+thrown on Tarchanoff's observations. Steinach remarked, however, that
+<a name='3_Page_6'></a>one's faith is rather shaken by the fact that in the <i>Esculenta</i>, which
+in sexual life closely resembles <i>Rana temporaria</i>, there are no seminal
+receptacles. He therefore repeated Tarchanoff's experiments, and found
+that the seminal receptacles were empty before coitus, only becoming
+gradually filled during coitus; it could not, therefore, be argued that
+the sexual impulse started from the receptacles. He then extirpated the
+seminal receptacles, avoiding hemorrhage as far as possible, and found
+that, in the majority of cases so operated on, coitus still continued for
+from five to seven days, and in the minority for a longer time. He
+therefore concluded, with Goltz, that it is from the swollen testicles,
+not from the seminal receptacles, that the impulse first starts. Goltz
+himself pointed out that the fact that the removal of the testicles did
+not stop coitus by no means proves that it did not begin it, for, when the
+central nervous mechanism is once set in action, it can continue even when
+the exciting stimulus is removed. By extirpating the testicles some months
+before the sexual season he found that no coitus occurred. At the same
+time, even in these frogs, a certain degree of sexual inclination and a
+certain excitability of the embracing center still persisted, disappearing
+when the sexual epoch was over.</p>
+
+<p>According to most recent writers, the seminal vesicles of mammals are
+receptacles for their own albuminous secretion, the function of which is
+unknown. Steinach could find no spermatozoa in these &quot;seminal&quot; sacs, and
+therefore he proposed to use Owen's name of <i>glandul&aelig; vesiculares</i>. After
+extirpation of these vesicular glands in the white rat typical coitus
+occurred. But the capacity for <i>procreation</i> was diminished, and
+extirpation of both <i>glandul&aelig; vesiculares</i> and <i>glandul&aelig; prostatic&aelig;</i> led
+to disappearance of the capacity for procreation. Steinach came to the
+conclusion that this is because the secretions of these glands impart
+increased vitality to the spermatozoa, and he points out that great
+fertility and high development of the accessory sexual glands go together.</p>
+
+<p>Steinach found that, when sexually mature white rats were castrated,
+though at first they remained as potent as ever, their <a name='3_Page_7'></a>potency gradually
+declined; sexual excitement, however, and sexual inclination always
+persisted. He then proceeded to castrate rats before puberty and
+discovered the highly significant fact that in these also a quite
+considerable degree of sexual inclination appeared. They followed,
+sniffed, and licked the females like ordinary males; and that this was not
+a mere indication of curiosity was shown by the fact that they made
+attempts at coitus which only differed from those of normal males by the
+failure of erection and ejaculation, though, occasionally, there was
+imperfect erection. This lasted for a year, and then their sexual
+inclinations began to decline, and they showed signs of premature age.
+These manifestations of sexual sense Steinach compares to those noted in
+the human species during childhood.<a name='3_FNanchor_6'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_6'><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The genesic tendencies are thus, to a certain degree, independent of the
+generative glands, although the development of these glands serves to
+increase the genesic ability and to furnish the impulsion necessary to
+assure procreation, as well as to insure the development of the secondary
+sexual characters, probably by the influence of secretions elaborated and
+thrown into the system from the primary sexual glands.<a name='3_FNanchor_7'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_7'><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Halban (&quot;Die Entstehung der Geschlechtscharaktere,&quot; <i>Archiv f&uuml;r
+    Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, 1903, pp. 205-308) argues that the primary sex
+    glands do not necessarily produce the secondary sex characters,
+    nor inhibit the development of those characteristic of the
+    opposite sex. It is indeed the rule, but it is not the inevitable
+    result. Sexual differences exist from the first. Nussbaum made
+    experiments on frogs (<i>Rana fusca</i>), which go through a yearly
+    cycle of secondary sexual changes at the period of heat. These
+    changes cease on castration, but, if the testes of other frogs
+    are introduced beneath the skin of the castrated frogs, Nussbaum
+    found that they acted as if the frog had not been castrated. It
+    is the secretion of the testes which produces the secondary
+    sexual changes.<a name='3_Page_8'></a> But Nussbaum found that the testicular secretion
+    does not work if the nerves of the secondary sexual region are
+    cut, and that the secretion has no direct action on the organism.
+    Pfl&uuml;ger, discussing these experiments (<i>Archiv f&uuml;r die Gesammte
+    Physiologie</i>, 1907, vol. cxvi, parts 5 and 6), disputes this
+    conclusion, and argues that the secretion is not dependent on the
+    action of the nervous system, and that therefore the secondary
+    sexual characters are independent of the nervous system.</p>
+
+<p>    Steinach has also in later experiments (&quot;Geschlechtstrieb und
+    echt Sekund&auml;re Geschlechtsmerkmale als Folge der
+    innerskretorischen Funktion der Keimdrusen,&quot; <i>Zentralblatt f&uuml;r
+    Physiologie</i>, Bd. xxiv, Nu. 13, 1910) argued against any local
+    nervous influence. He found in <i>Rana fusca</i> and <i>esculenta</i> that
+    after castration in autumn the impulse to grasp the female
+    persisted in some degrees and then disappeared, reappearing in a
+    slight degree, however, every winter at the normal period of
+    sexual activity. But when the testicular substance of actively
+    sexual frogs was injected into the castrated frogs it exerted an
+    elective action on the sexual reflex, sometimes in a few hours,
+    but the action is, Steinach concludes, first central. The
+    testicular secretion of frogs that were not sexually active had
+    no stimulating action, but if the frogs were sexually active the
+    injection of their central nervous substance was as effective as
+    their testicular substance. In either case, Steinach concludes,
+    there is the removal of an inhibition which is in operation at
+    sexually quiescent periods.</p>
+
+<p>    Speaking generally, Steinach considers that there is a process of
+    &quot;erotisation&quot; (Erotisieurung) of the nervous center under the
+    influence of the internal testicular secretions, and that this
+    persists even when the primary physical stimulus has been
+    removed. </p></div>
+
+<p>The experience of veterinary surgeons also shows that the sexual impulse
+tends to persist in animals after castration. Thus the ox and the gelding
+make frequent efforts to copulate with females in heat. In some cases, at
+all events in the case of the horse, castrated animals remain potent, and
+are even abnormally ardent, although impregnation cannot, of course,
+result.<a name='3_FNanchor_8'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_8'><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The results obtained by scientific experiment and veterinary experience on
+the lower animals are confirmed by observation of various groups of
+phenomena in the human species.<a name='3_Page_9'></a> There can be no doubt that castrated men
+may still possess sexual impulses. This has been noted by observers in
+various countries in which eunuchs are made and employed.<a name='3_FNanchor_9'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_9'><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It is important to remember that there are different degrees of
+    castration, for in current language these are seldom
+    distinguished. The Romans recognized four different degrees: 1.
+    True <i>castrati</i>, from whom both the testicles and the penis had
+    been removed. 2. <i>Spadones</i>, from whom the testicles only had
+    been removed; this was the most common practice. 3. <i>Thlibi&aelig;</i>, in
+    whom the testicles had not been removed, but destroyed by
+    crushing; this practice is referred to by Hippocrates. 4.
+    <i>Thlasi&aelig;</i>, in whom the spermatic cord had simply been cut.
+    Millant, from whose Paris thesis (<i>Castration Criminelle et
+    Maniaque</i>, 1902) I take these definitions, points out that it was
+    recognized that <i>spadones</i> remained apt for coitus if the
+    operation was performed after puberty, a fact appreciated by many
+    Roman ladies, <i>ad seouras libidinationes</i>, as St. Jerome
+    remarked, while Martial (lib. iv) said of a Roman lady who sought
+    eunuchs: &quot;Vult futui Gallia, non parere.&quot; (See also Millant, <i>Les
+    Eunuques &agrave; Travers les Ages</i>, 1909, and articles by Lipa Bey and
+    Zambaco, <i>Sexual-Probleme</i>, Oct. and Dec., 1911.) </p></div>
+
+<p>In China, Matignon, formerly physician to the French legation in Pekin,
+tells us that eunuchs are by no means without sexual feeling, that they
+seek the company of women and, he believes, gratify their sexual desires
+by such methods as are left open to them, for the sexual organs are
+entirely removed. It would seem probable that, the earlier the age at
+which the operation is performed, the less marked are the sexual desires,
+for Matignon mentions that boys castrated before the age of 10 are
+regarded by the Chinese as peculiarly virginal and pure.<a name='3_FNanchor_10'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_10'><sup>[10]</sup></a> At
+Constantinople, where the eunuchs are of negro race, castration is usually
+complete and performed before puberty, in order to abolish sexual potency
+and desire as far as possible. Even when castration is effected in
+infancy, sexual desire is not necessarily rendered impossible. Thus Marie
+has recorded the case of an insane Egyptian eunuch whose penis and scrotum
+were <a name='3_Page_10'></a>removed in infancy; yet, he had frequent and intense sexual desire
+with ejaculation of mucus and believed that an invisible princess touched
+him and aroused voluptuous sensations. Although the body had a feminine
+appearance, the prostate was normal and the vesicul&aelig; seminales not
+atrophied.<a name='3_FNanchor_11'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_11'><sup>[11]</sup></a> It may be added that Lancaster<a name='3_FNanchor_12'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_12'><sup>[12]</sup></a> quotes the following
+remark, made by a resident for many years in the land, concerning Nubian
+eunuchs: &quot;As far as I can judge, sex feeling exists unmodified by absence
+of the sexual organs. The eunuch differs from the man not in the absence
+of sexual passion, but only in the fact that he cannot fully gratify it.
+As far as he can approach a gratification of it he does so.&quot; In this
+connection it may be noted that (as quoted by Moll) J&auml;ger attributes the
+preference of some women&mdash;noted in ancient Rome and in the East&mdash;for
+castrated men as due not only to the freedom from risk of impregnation in
+such intercourse, but also to the longer duration of erection in the
+castrated.</p>
+
+<p>When castration is performed without removal of the penis it is said that
+potency remains for at least ten years afterward, and Disselhorst, who in
+his <i>Die accessorischen Geschlechtsdr&uuml;sen der Wirbelthiere</i> takes the same
+view as has been here adopted, mentions that, according to Pelikan (<i>Das
+Skopzentum in R&uuml;ssland</i>), those castrated at puberty are fit for coitus
+long afterward. When castration is performed for surgical reasons at a
+later age it is still less likely to affect potency or to change the
+sexual feelings.<a name='3_FNanchor_13'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_13'><sup>[13]</sup></a> Guinard concludes that the sexual impulse after
+castration is relatively more persistent in man than in the lower animals,
+and is sometimes even heightened, being probably more dependent on
+external stimuli.<a name='3_FNanchor_14'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_14'><sup>[14]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Except in the East, castration is more often performed on women than on
+men, and then the evidence as to the influence <a name='3_Page_11'></a>of the removal of the
+ovaries on the sexual emotions shows varying results. It has been found
+that after castration sexual desire and sexual pleasure in coitus may
+either remain the same, be diminished or extinguished, or be increased. By
+some the diminution has been attributed to autosuggestion, the woman being
+convinced that she can no longer be like other women; the augmentation of
+desire and pleasure has been supposed to be due to the removal of the
+dread of impregnation. We have, of course, to take into account individual
+peculiarities, method of life, and the state of the health.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In France Jayle (&quot;Effets physiologiques de la Castration chez la
+    Femme,&quot; <i>Revue de Gyn&eacute;cologie</i>, 1897, pp. 403-57) found that,
+    among 33 patients in whom ovariotomy had been performed, in 18
+    sexual desire remained the same, in 3 it was diminished, in 8
+    abolished, in 3 increased; while pleasure in coitus remained the
+    same in 17, was diminished in 1, abolished in 4, and increased in
+    5, in 6 cases sexual intercourse was very painful. In two other
+    groups of cases&mdash;one in which both ovaries and uterus were
+    removed and another in which the uterus alone was removed&mdash;the
+    results were not notably different.</p>
+
+<p>    In Germany Gl&auml;veke (<i>Archiv f&uuml;r Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, Bd. xxxv, 1889)
+    found that desire remained in 6 cases, was diminished in 10, and
+    disappeared in 11, while pleasure in intercourse remained in 8,
+    was diminished in 10, and was lost in 8. Pfister, again (<i>Archiv
+    f&uuml;r Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, Bd. lvi, 1898), examined this point in 99
+    castrated women; he remarks that sexual desire and sexual
+    pleasure in intercourse were usually associated, and found the
+    former unchanged in 19 cases, decreased in 24, lost in 35, never
+    present in 21, while the latter was unchanged in 18 cases and
+    diminished or lost in 60. Keppler (International Medical
+    Congress, Berlin, 1890) found that among 46 castrated women
+    sexual feeling was in no case abolished. Adler also, who
+    discusses this question (<i>Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung
+    des Weibes</i>, 1904, p. 75 <i>et seq.</i>), criticises Gl&auml;veke's
+    statements and concludes that there is no strict relation between
+    the sexual organs and the sexual feelings. Kisch, who has known
+    several cases in which the feelings remained the same as before
+    the operation, brings together (<i>The Sexual Life of Women</i>)
+    varying opinions of numerous authors regarding the effects of
+    removal of the ovaries on the sexual appetite.</p>
+
+<p>    In America Bloom (as quoted in <i>Medical Standard</i>, 1896, p. 121)
+    found that in none of the cases of women investigated, in which
+    o&ouml;phorectomy had been performed before the age of 33, was the
+    sexual appetite entirely lost; in most of them it had not
+    materially diminished <a name='3_Page_12'></a>and in a few it was intensified. There
+    was, however, a general consensus of opinion that the normal
+    vaginal secretion during coitus was greatly lessened. In the
+    cases of women over 33, including also hysterectomies, a gradual
+    lessening of sexual feeling and desire was found to occur most
+    generally. Dr. Isabel Davenport records 2 cases (reported in
+    <i>Medical Standard</i>, 1895, p. 346) of women between 30 and 35
+    years of age whose erotic tendencies were extreme; the ovaries
+    and tubes were removed, in one case for disease, in the other
+    with a view of removing the sexual tendencies; in neither case
+    was there any change. Lapthorn Smith (<i>Medical Record</i>, vol.
+    xlviii) has reported the case of an unmarried woman of 24 whose
+    ovaries and tubes had been removed seven years previously for
+    pain and enlargement, and the periods had disappeared for six
+    years; she had had experience of sexual intercourse, and declared
+    that she had never felt such extreme sexual excitement and
+    pleasure as during coitus at the end of this time.</p>
+
+<p>    In England Lawson Tait and Bantock (<i>British Medical Journal</i>,
+    October 14, 1899, p. 975) have noted that sexual passion seems
+    sometimes to be increased even after the removal of ovaries,
+    tubes, and uterus. Lawson Tait also stated (<i>British
+    Gyn&aelig;cological Journal</i>, Feb., 1887, p. 534) that after systematic
+    and extensive inquiry he had not found a single instance in
+    which, provided that sexual appetite existed before the removal
+    of the appendages, it was abolished by that operation. A Medical
+    Inquiry Committee appointed by the Liverpool Medical Institute
+    (<i>ibid.</i>, p. 617) had previously reported that a considerable
+    number of patients stated that they had suffered a distinct loss
+    of sexual feeling. Lawson Tait, however, throws doubts on the
+    reliability of the Committee's results, which were based on the
+    statements of unintelligent hospital patients.</p>
+
+<p>    I may quote the following remarks from a communication sent to me
+    by an experienced physician in Australia: &quot;No rule can be laid
+    down in cases in which both ovaries have been extirpated. Some
+    women say that, though formerly passionate, they have since
+    become quite indifferent, but I am of opinion that the majority
+    of women who have had prior sexual experience retain desire and
+    gratification in an equal degree to that they had before
+    operation. I know one case in which a young girl hardly 19 years
+    old, who had been accustomed to congress for some twelve months,
+    had trouble which necessitated the removal of the ovaries and
+    tubes on both sides. Far from losing all her desire or
+    gratification, both were very materially increased in intensity.
+    Menstruation has entirely ceased, without loss of femininity in
+    either disposition or appearance. During intercourse, I am told,
+    there is continuous spasmodic contraction of various parts of the
+    vagina and vulva.&quot; </p></div><a name='3_Page_13'></a>
+
+<p>The independence of the sexual impulse from the distention of the sexual
+glands is further indicated by the great frequency with which sexual
+sensations, in a faint or even strong degree, are experienced in childhood
+and sometimes in infancy, and by the fact that they often persist in women
+long after the sexual glands have ceased their functions.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In the study of auto-erotism in another volume of these <i>Studies</i>
+    I have brought together some of the evidence showing that even in
+    very young children spontaneous self-induced sexual excitement,
+    with orgasm, may occur. Indeed, from an early age sexual
+    differences pervade the whole nervous tissue. I may here quote
+    the remarks of an experienced gynecologist: &quot;I venture to think,&quot;
+    Braxton Hicks said many years ago, &quot;that those who have much
+    attended to children will agree with me in saying that, almost
+    from the cradle, a difference can be seen in manner, habits of
+    mind, and in illness, requiring variations in their treatment.
+    The change is certainly hastened and intensified at the time of
+    puberty; but there is, even to an average observer, a clear
+    difference between the sexes from early infancy, gradually
+    becoming more marked up to puberty. That sexual feelings exist
+    [it would be better to say 'may exist'] from earliest infancy is
+    well known, and therefore this function does not depend upon
+    puberty, though intensified by it. Hence, may we not conclude
+    that the progress toward development is not so abrupt as has been
+    generally supposed?... The changes of puberty are all of them
+    dependent on the primordial force which, gradually gathering in
+    power, culminates in the perfection both of form and of the
+    sexual system, primary and secondary.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    There appear to have been but few systematic observations on the
+    persistence of the sexual impulse in women after the menopause.
+    It is regarded as a fairly frequent phenomenon by Kisch, and also
+    by L&ouml;wenfeld (<i>Sexualleben und Nervenleiden</i>, p. 29). In America,
+    Bloom (as quoted in <i>Medical Standard</i>, 1896), from an
+    investigation of four hundred cases, found that in some cases the
+    sexual impulse persisted to a very advanced age, and mentions a
+    case of a woman of 70, twenty years past the menopause, who had
+    been long a widow, but had recently married, and who declared
+    that both desire and gratification were as great, if not greater,
+    than before the menopause. </p></div>
+
+<p>Reference may finally be made to those cases in which the sexual impulse
+has developed notwithstanding the absence, verified or probable, of any
+sexual glands at all. In such cases sexual desire and sexual gratification
+are sometimes even stronger <a name='3_Page_14'></a>than normal. Colman has reported a case in
+which neither ovaries nor uterus could be detected, and the vagina was too
+small for coitus, but pleasurable intercourse took place by the rectum and
+sexual desire was at times so strong as to amount almost to nymphomania.
+Clara Barrus has reported the case of a woman in whom there was congenital
+absence of uterus and ovaries, as proved subsequently by autopsy, but the
+sexual impulse was very strong and she had had illicit intercourse with a
+lover. She suffered from recurrent mania, and then masturbated
+shamelessly; when sane she was attractively feminine. Macnaughton-Jones
+describes the case of a woman of 32 with normal sexual feelings and fully
+developed breasts, clitoris, and labia, but no vagina or internal
+genitalia could be detected even under the most thorough examination. In a
+case of Bridgman's, again, the womb and ovaries were absent, and the
+vagina small, but coitus was not painful, and the voluptuous sensations
+were complete and sexual passion was strong. In a case of Cotterill's, the
+ovaries and uterus were of minute size and functionless, and the vagina
+was absent, but the sexual feelings were normal, and the clitoris
+preserved its usual sensibility. Mund&eacute; had recorded two similar cases, of
+which he presents photographs. In all these cases not only was the sexual
+impulse present in full degree, but the subjects were feminine in
+disposition and of normal womanly conformation; in most cases the external
+sexual organs were properly developed.<a name='3_FNanchor_15'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_15'><sup>[15]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>F&eacute;r&eacute; (<i>L'Instinct sexuel</i>, p. 241) has sought to explain away
+    some of these phenomena, in so far as they may be brought against
+    the theory that the secretions and excretions of the sexual
+    glands are the sole source of the sexual impulse. The persistence
+    of sexual feelings after castration may be due, he argues, to the
+    presence of the nerves in the cicatrices, just as the amputated
+    have the illusion that the missing limb is still there. Exactly
+    the same explanation has since been put forward by Moll,
+    <i>Medizinische Klinik</i>, 1905, Nrs. 12 and 13. In the same way the
+    presence of sexual feelings after the menopause may be due to
+    similar irritation determined by degeneration during involution
+    of the glands. The precocious appearance of the sexual impulse in
+    childhood he would explain as due to an anomaly of development in
+    the sexual organs. F&eacute;r&eacute; makes no attempt to explain the presence
+    of the <a name='3_Page_15'></a>sexual impulse in the congenital absence of the sexual
+    glands; here, however, Mund&eacute; intervenes with the suggestion that
+    it is possible that in most cases &quot;an infinitesimal trace of
+    ovary&quot; may exist, and preserve femininity, though insufficient to
+    produce ovulation or menstruation.</p>
+
+<p>    It is proper to mention these ingenious arguments. They are,
+    however, purely hypothetical, obviously invented to support a
+    theory. It can scarcely be said that they carry conviction. We
+    may rather agree with Guinard that so great is the importance of
+    reproduction that nature has multiplied the means by which
+    preparation is made for the conjunction of the sexes and the
+    roads by which sexual excitation may arrive. As Hirschfeld puts
+    it, in a discussion of this subject (<i>Sexual-Probleme</i>, Feb.,
+    1912), &quot;Nature has several irons in the fire.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    It will be seen that the conclusions we have reached indirectly
+    involve the assumption that the spinal nervous centers, through
+    which the sexual mechanism operates, are not sufficient to
+    account for the whole of the phenomena of the sexual impulse. The
+    nervous circuit tends to involve a cerebral element, which may
+    sometimes be of dominant importance. Various investigators, from
+    the time of Gall onward, have attempted to localize the sexual
+    instinct centrally. Such attempts, however, cannot be said to
+    have succeeded, although they tend to show that there is a real
+    connection between the brain and the generative organs. Thus
+    Ceni, of Modena, by experiments on chickens, claims to have
+    proved the influence of the cortical centers of procreation on
+    the faculty of generation, for he found that lesions of the
+    cortex led to sterility corresponding in degree to the lesion;
+    but as these results followed even independently of any
+    disturbance of the sexual instinct, their significance is not
+    altogether clear (Carlo Ceni, &quot;L'Influenza dei Centri Corticali
+    sui Fenomeni della Generazione,&quot; <i>Revista Sperimentale di
+    Freniatria</i>, 1907, fasc. 2-3). At present, as Obici and
+    Marchesini have well remarked, all that we can do is to assume
+    the existence of cerebral as well as spinal sexual centers; a
+    cerebral sexual center, in the strictest sense, remains purely
+    hypothetical.</p>
+
+<p>    Although Gall's attempt to locate the sexual instinct in the
+    cerebellum&mdash;well supported as it was by observations&mdash;is no
+    longer considered to be tenable, his discussion of the sexual
+    instinct was of great value, far in advance of his time, and
+    accompanied by a mass of facts gathered from many fields. He
+    maintained that the sexual instinct is <a name='3_Page_16'></a>a function of the brain,
+    not of the sexual organs. He combated the view ruling in his day
+    that the seat of erotic mania must be sought in the sexual
+    organs. He fully dealt with the development of the sexual
+    instinct in many children before maturity of the sexual glands,
+    the prolongation of the instinct into old age, its existence in
+    the castrated and in the congenital absence of the sexual glands;
+    he pointed out that even with an apparently sound and normal
+    sexual apparatus all sorts of psychic pathological deviations may
+    yet occur. In fact, all the lines of argument I have briefly
+    indicated in the foregoing pages&mdash;although when they were first
+    written this fact was unknown to me&mdash;had been fully discussed by
+    this remarkable man nearly a century ago. (The greater part of
+    the third volume of Gall's <i>Sur les Fonctions du Cerveau</i>, in the
+    edition of 1825, is devoted to this subject. For a good summary,
+    sympathetic, though critical, of Gall's views on this matter, see
+    M&ouml;bius, &quot;Ueber Gall's Specielle Organologie,&quot; <i>Schmidt's
+    Jahrb&uuml;cher der Medicin</i>, 1900, vol. cclxvii; also <i>Ausgewahlte
+    Werke</i>, vol. vii.) </p></div>
+
+<p>It will be seen that the question of the nature of the sexual impulse has
+been slowly transformed. It is no longer a question of the formation of
+semen in the male, of the function of menstruation in the female. It has
+become largely a question of physiological chemistry. The chief parts in
+the drama of sex, alike on its psychic as on its physical sides, are thus
+supposed to be played by two mysterious protagonists, the hormones, or
+internal secretions, of the testes and of the ovary. Even the part played
+by the brain is now often regarded as chemical, the brain being considered
+to be a great chemical laboratory. There is a tendency, moreover, to
+extend the sexual sphere so as to admit the influence of internal
+secretions from other glands. The thymus, the adrenals, the thyroid, the
+pituitary, even the kidneys: it is possible that internal secretions from
+all these glands may combine to fill in the complete picture of sexuality
+as we know it in men and women.<a name='3_FNanchor_16'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_16'><sup>[16]</sup></a> The subject is, however, <a name='3_Page_17'></a>so complex
+and at present so little known that it would be hazardous, and for the
+present purpose it is needless, to attempt to set forth any conclusions.</p>
+
+<p>It is sufficiently clear that there is on the surface a striking analogy
+between sexual desire and the impulse to evacuate an excretion, and that
+this analogy is not only seen in the frog, but extends also to the highest
+vertebrates. It is quite another matter, however, to assert that the
+sexual impulse can be adequately defined as an impulse to evacuate. To
+show fully the inadequate nature of this conception would require a
+detailed consideration of the facts of sexual life. That is, however,
+unnecessary. It is enough to point out certain considerations which alone
+suffice to invalidate this view. In the first place, it must be remarked
+that the trifling amount of fluid emitted in sexual intercourse is
+altogether out of proportion to the emotions aroused by the act and to its
+after-effect on the organism; the ancient dictum <i>omne animal post coitum
+triste</i> may not be exact, but it is certain that the effect of coitus on
+the organism is far more profound than that produced by the far more
+extensive evacuation of the bladder or bowels. Again, this definition
+leaves unexplained all those elaborate preliminaries which, both in man
+and the lower animals, precede the sexual act, preliminaries which in
+civilized human beings sometimes themselves constitute a partial
+satisfaction to the sexual impulse. It must also be observed that, unlike
+the ordinary excretions, this discharge of the sexual glands is not
+always, or in every person, necessary at all. Moreover, the theory of
+evacuation at once becomes hopelessly inadequate when we apply it to
+women; no one will venture to claim that an adequate psychological
+explanation of the sexual impulse in a woman is to be found in the desire
+to expel a little bland mucus from the minute glands of the genital tract.
+We must undoubtedly reject this view of the sexual impulse. It has a
+certain element of truth and it permits an instructive and helpful
+analogy; but that is all. The sexual act presents many characters which
+are absent in an ordinary act of evacuation, and, on the other hand, it
+lacks the <a name='3_Page_18'></a>special characteristic of the evacuation proper, the
+elimination of waste material; the seminal fluid is not a waste material,
+and its retention is, to some extent perhaps, rather an advantage than a
+disadvantage to the organism.</p>
+
+<p>Eduard von Hartmann long since remarked that the satisfaction of what we
+call the sexual instinct through an act carried out with a person of the
+opposite sex is a very wonderful phenomenon. It cannot be said, however,
+that the conception of the sexual act as a simple process of evacuation
+does anything to explain the wonder. We are, at most, in the same position
+as regards the stilling of normal sexual desire as we should be as regards
+the emptying of the bladder, supposing it were very difficult for either
+sex to effect this satisfactorily without the aid of a portion of the body
+of a person of the other sex acting as a catheter. In such a case our
+thoughts and ideals would center around persons of opposite sex, and we
+should court their attention and help precisely as we do now in the case
+of our sexual needs. Some such relationship does actually exist in the
+case of the suckling mother and her infant. The mother is indebted to the
+child for the pleasurable relief of her distended breasts; and, while in
+civilization more subtle pleasures and intelligent reflection render this
+massive physical satisfaction comparatively unessential to the act of
+suckling, in more primitive conditions and among animals the need of this
+pleasurable physical satisfaction is a real bond between the mother and
+her offspring. The analogy is indeed very close: the erectile nipple
+corresponds to the erectile penis, the eager watery mouth of the infant to
+the moist and throbbing vagina, the vitally albuminous milk to the vitally
+albuminous semen.<a name='3_FNanchor_17'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_17'><sup>[17]</sup></a> The complete <a name='3_Page_19'></a>mutual satisfaction, physical and
+psychic, of mother and child, in the transfer from one to the other of a
+precious organized fluid, is the one true physiological analogy to the
+relationship of a man and a woman at the climax of the sexual act. Even
+this close analogy, however, fails to cover all the facts of the sexual
+life.</p>
+
+<p>A very different view is presented to us in the definition of the sexual
+instinct as a reproductive impulse, a desire for offspring. Hegar,
+Eulenburg, N&auml;cke, and L&ouml;wenfeld have accepted this as, at all events, a
+partial definition.<a name='3_FNanchor_18'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_18'><sup>[18]</sup></a> No one, indeed, would argue that it is a complete
+definition, although a few writers appear to have asserted that it is so
+sometimes as regards the sexual impulse in women. There is, however,
+considerable mental confusion in the attempt to set up such a definition.
+If we define an instinct as an action adapted to an end which is not
+present to consciousness, then it is quite true that the sexual instinct
+is an instinct of reproduction. But we do not adequately define the sexual
+instinct by merely stating its ultimate object. We might as well say that
+the impulse by which young animals seize food is &quot;an instinct of
+nutrition.&quot; The object of reproduction certainly constitutes no part of
+the sexual impulse whatever in any animal apart from man, and it reveals a
+lack of the most elementary sense of biological continuity to assert that
+in man so fundamental and involuntary a process can suddenly be
+revolutionized. That <a name='3_Page_20'></a>the sexual impulse is very often associated with a
+strong desire for offspring there can be no doubt, and in women the
+longing for a child&mdash;that is to say, the longing to fulfill those
+functions for which their bodies are constituted&mdash;may become so urgent and
+imperative that we may regard it as scarcely less imperative than the
+sexual impulse. But it is not the sexual impulse, though intimately
+associated with it, and though it explains it. A reproductive instinct
+might be found in parthenogenetic animals, but would be meaningless,
+because useless, in organisms propagating by sexual union. A woman may not
+want a lover, but may yet want a child. This merely means that her
+maternal instincts have been aroused, while her sexual instincts are still
+latent. A desire for reproduction, as soon as that desire becomes
+instinctive, necessarily takes on the form of the sexual impulse, for
+there is no other instinctive mechanism by which it can possibly express
+itself. A &quot;reproductive instinct,&quot; apart from the sexual instinct and
+apart from the maternal instinct, cannot be admitted; it would be an
+absurdity. Even in women in whom the maternal instincts are strong, it may
+generally be observed that, although before a woman is in love, and also
+during the later stages of her love, the conscious desire for a child may
+be strong, during the time when sexual passion is at its highest the
+thought of offspring, under normally happy conditions, tends to recede
+into the background. Reproduction is the natural end and object of the
+sexual instinct, but the statement that it is part of the contents of the
+sexual impulse, or can in any way be used to define that impulse, must be
+dismissed as altogether inacceptable. Indeed, although the term
+&quot;reproductive instinct&quot; is frequently used, it is seldom used in a sense
+that we need take seriously; it is vaguely employed as a euphemism by
+those who wish to veil the facts of the sexual life; it is more precisely
+employed mainly by those who are unconsciously dominated by a
+superstitious repugnance to sex.</p>
+
+<p>I now turn to a very much more serious and elaborate attempt to define the
+constitution of the sexual impulse, that of Moll. He finds that it is made
+up of two separate components, <a name='3_Page_21'></a>each of which may be looked upon as an
+uncontrollable impulse.<a name='3_FNanchor_19'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_19'><sup>[19]</sup></a> One of these is that by which the tension of
+the sexual organs is spasmodically relieved; this he calls the <i>impulse of
+detumescence</i>,<a name='3_FNanchor_20'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_20'><sup>[20]</sup></a> and he regards it as primary, resembling the impulse to
+empty a full bladder. The other impulse is the &quot;instinct to approach,
+touch, and kiss another person, usually of the opposite sex&quot;; this he
+terms the <i>impulse of contrectation</i>, and he includes under this head not
+only the tendency to general physical contact, but also the psychic
+inclination to become generally interested in a person of the opposite
+sex. Each of these primary impulses Moll regards as forming a constituent
+of the sexual instinct in both men and women. It seems to me undoubtedly
+true that these two impulses do correspond to the essential phenomena. The
+awkward and unsatisfactory part of Moll's analysis is the relation of the
+one to the other. It is true that he traces both impulses back to the
+sexual glands, that of detumescence directly, that of contrectation
+indirectly; but evidently he does not regard them as intimately related to
+each other; he insists on the fact that they may exist apart from each
+other, that they do not appear synchronously in youth: the contrectation
+impulse he regards as secondary; it is, he states, an indirect result of
+the sexual glands, &quot;only to be understood by the developmental history of
+these glands and the object which they subserve&quot;; that is to say, that it
+is connected with the rise of the sexual method of reproduction and the
+desirability of the mingling of the two sexes in procreation, while the
+impulse of detumescence arose before the sexual method of reproduction had
+appeared; thus the contrectation impulse was propagated by natural
+selection together with the sexual method of reproduction. The impulse of
+contrectation is secondary, and Moll even regards it as a secondary sexual
+character.</p>
+
+<p>While, therefore, this analysis seems to include all the phenomena and to
+be worthy of very careful study as a serious <a name='3_Page_22'></a>and elaborate attempt to
+present an adequate psychological definition of the sexual impulse, it
+scarcely seems to me that we can accept it in precisely the form in which
+Moll presents it. I believe, however, that by analyzing the process a
+little more minutely we shall find that these two constituents of the
+sexual impulse are really much more intimately associated than at the
+first glance appears, and that we need by no means go back to the time
+when the sexual method of reproduction arose to explain the significance
+of the phenomena which Moll includes under the term contrectation.</p>
+
+<p>To discover the true significance of the phenomena in men it is necessary
+to observe carefully the phenomena of love-making not only among men, but
+among animals, in which the impulse of contrectation plays a very large
+part, and involves an enormous expenditure of energy. Darwin was the first
+to present a comprehensive view of, at all events a certain group of, the
+phenomena of contrectation in animals; on his interpretation of those
+phenomena he founded his famous theory of sexual selection. We are not
+primarily concerned with that theory; but the facts on which Darwin based
+his theory lie at the very roots of our subject, and we are bound to
+consider their psychological significance. In the first place, since these
+phenomena are specially associated with Darwin's name, it may not be out
+of place to ask what Darwin himself considered to be their psychological
+significance. It is a somewhat important question, even for those who are
+mainly concerned with the validity of the theory which Darwin established
+on those facts, but so far as I know it has not hitherto been asked. I
+find that a careful perusal of the <i>Descent of Man</i> reveals the presence
+in Darwin's mind of two quite distinct theories, neither of them fully
+developed, as to the psychological meaning of the facts he was collecting.
+The two following groups of extracts will serve to show this very
+conclusively: &quot;The lower animals have a sense of beauty,&quot; he declares,
+&quot;powers of discrimination and taste on the part of the female&quot; (p.
+211<a name='3_FNanchor_21'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_21'><sup>[21]</sup></a>); &quot;the females habitually <a name='3_Page_23'></a>or occasionally prefer the more
+beautiful males,&quot; &quot;there is little improbability in the females of insects
+appreciating beauty in form or color&quot; (p. 329); he speaks of birds as the
+most &quot;esthetic&quot; of all animals excepting man, and adds that they have
+&quot;nearly the same taste for the beautiful as we have&quot; (p. 359); he remarks
+that a change of any kind in the structure or color of the male bird
+&quot;appears to have been admired by the female&quot; (p. 385). He speaks of the
+female Argus pheasant as possessing &quot;this almost human degree of taste.&quot;
+Birds, again, &quot;seem to have some taste for the beautiful both in color and
+sound,&quot; and &quot;we ought not to feel too sure that the female does not attend
+to each detail of beauty&quot; (p. 421). Novelty, he says, is &quot;admired by birds
+for its own sake&quot; (p. 495). &quot;Birds have fine powers of discrimination and
+in some few instances it can be shown that they have a taste for the
+beautiful&quot; (p. 496). The &quot;esthetic capacity&quot; of female animals has been
+advanced by exercise just as our own taste has improved (p. 616). On the
+other hand, we find running throughout the book quite another idea. Of
+cicadas he tells us that it is probable that, &quot;like female birds, they are
+excited or allured by the male with the most attractive voice&quot; (p. 282);
+and, coming to <i>Locustid&aelig;</i>, he states that &quot;all observers agree that the
+sounds serve either to call or excite the mute females&quot; (p. 283). Of birds
+he says, &quot;I am led to believe that the females prefer or are most excited
+by the more brilliant males&quot; (p. 316). Among birds also the males
+&quot;endeavor to charm or excite their mates by love-notes,&quot; etc., and &quot;the
+females are excited by certain males, and thus unconsciously prefer them&quot;
+(p. 367), while ornaments of all kinds &quot;apparently serve to excite,
+attract, or fascinate the female&quot; (p. 394). In a supplemental note, also,
+written in 1876, five years after the first publication of the <i>Descent of
+Man</i>, and therefore a late statement of his views, Darwin remarks that &quot;no
+supporter of the principle of sexual selection believes that the females
+select particular points of beauty in the males; they are merely excited
+or attracted in a greater degree by one male than by another, and this
+seems often to depend, especially <a name='3_Page_24'></a>with birds, on brilliant coloring&quot; (p.
+623). Thus, on the one hand, Darwin interprets the phenomena as involving
+a real esthetic element, a taste for the beautiful; on the other hand, he
+states, without apparently any clear perception that the two views are
+quite distinct, that the colors and sounds and other characteristics of
+the male are not an appeal to any esthetic sense of the female, but an
+appeal to her sexual emotions, a stimulus to sexual excitement, an
+allurement to sexual contact. According to the first theory, the female
+admires beauty, consciously or unconsciously, and selects the most
+beautiful partner<a name='3_FNanchor_22'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_22'><sup>[22]</sup></a>; according to the second theory, there is no
+esthetic question involved, but the female is unconsciously influenced by
+the most powerful or complex organic stimulus to which she is subjected.
+There can be no question that it is the second, and not the first, of
+these two views which we are justified in accepting. Darwin, it must be
+remembered, was not a psychologist, and he lived before the methods of
+comparative psychology had begun to be developed; had he written twenty
+years later we may be sure he would never have used so incautiously some
+of the vague and hazardous expressions I have quoted. He certainly injured
+his theory of sexual selection by stating it in too anthropomorphic
+language, by insisting on &quot;choice,&quot; &quot;preference,&quot; &quot;esthetic sense,&quot; etc.
+There is no need whatever to burden any statement of the actual facts by
+such terms borrowed from human psychology. The female responds to the
+stimulation of the male at the right moment just as the tree responds to
+the stimulation of the warmest days in spring. We should but obscure this
+fact by stating that the tree &quot;chooses&quot; the most beautiful days on which
+to put forth its young sprouts. In explaining the correlation between
+responsive females and accomplished males the supposition of esthetic
+<a name='3_Page_25'></a>choice is equally unnecessary. It is, however, interesting to observe
+that, though Darwin failed to see that the love-combats, pursuits, dances,
+and parades of the males served as a method of stimulating the impulse of
+contrectation&mdash;or, as it would be better to term it, tumescence&mdash;in the
+male himself,<a name='3_FNanchor_23'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_23'><sup>[23]</sup></a> he to some extent realized the part thus played in
+exciting the equally necessary activity of tumescence in the female.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The justification for using the term &quot;tumescence,&quot; which I here
+    propose, is to be found in the fact that vascular congestion,
+    more especially of the parts related to generation, is an
+    essential preliminary to acute sexual desire. This is clearly
+    brought out in Heape's careful study of the &quot;sexual season&quot; in
+    mammals. Heape distinguishes between the &quot;pro-estrum,&quot; or
+    preliminary period of congestion, in female animals and the
+    immediately following &quot;estrus,&quot; or period of desire. The latter
+    period is the result of the former, and, among the lower animals
+    at all events, intercourse only takes place during the estrus,
+    not during the pro-estrum. Tumescence must thus be obtained
+    before desire can become acute, and courtship runs <i>pari passu</i>
+    with physiological processes. &quot;Normal estrus,&quot; Heape states,
+    &quot;occurs in conjunction with certain changes in the uterine
+    tissue, and this is accompanied by congestion and stimulation or
+    irritation of the copulatory organs.... Congestion is invariably
+    present and is an essential condition.... The first sign of
+    pro-estrum noticed in the lower mammals is a swollen and
+    congested vulva and a general restlessness, excitement, or
+    uneasiness. There are other signs familiar to breeders of various
+    mammals, such as the congested conjunctiva of the rabbit's eye
+    and the drooping ears of the pig. Many monkeys exhibit congestion
+    of the face and nipples, as well as of the buttocks, thighs, and
+    neighboring parts; sometimes they are congested to a very marked
+    extent, and in some species a swelling, occasionally prodigious,
+    of the soft tissues round the anal and generative openings, which
+    is also at the time brilliantly congested, indicates the progress
+    of the pro-estrum.... The growth of the stroma-tissue [in the
+    uterus of monkeys during the pro-estrum] is rapidly followed by
+    an increase in the number and size of the vessels of the stroma;
+    the whole becomes richly supplied with blood, and the surface is
+    flushed and highly vascular. This process goes on until the whole
+    of the internal stroma becomes tense and brilliantly injected
+    <a name='3_Page_26'></a>with blood.... In all essential points the menstruation or
+    pro-estrum of the human female is identical with that of
+    monkeys.... Estrus is possible only after the changes due to
+    pro-estrum have taken place in the uterus. A wave of disturbance,
+    at first evident in the external generative organs, extends to
+    the uterus, and after the various phases of pro-estrum have been
+    gone through in that organ, and the excitement there is
+    subsiding, it would seem as if the external organs gain renewed
+    stimulus, and it is then that estrus takes place.... In all
+    animals which have been investigated coition is not allowed by
+    the female until some time after the swelling and congestion of
+    the vulva and surrounding tissue are first demonstrated, and in
+    those animals which suffer from a considerable discharge of blood
+    the main portion of that discharge, if not the whole of it, will
+    be evacuated before sexual intercourse is allowed.&quot; (W. Heape,
+    &quot;The 'Sexual Season' of Mammals,&quot; <i>Quarterly Journal of
+    Microscopical Science</i>, vol. xliv, Part I, 1900. Estrus has since
+    been fully discussed in Marshall's <i>Physiology of Reproduction</i>.)
+    This description clearly brings out the fundamentally vascular
+    character of the process I have termed &quot;tumescence&quot;; it must be
+    added, however, that in man the nervous elements in the process
+    tend to become more conspicuous, and more or less obliterate
+    these primitive limitations of sexual desire. (See &quot;Sexual
+    Periodicity&quot; in the first volume of these <i>Studies</i>.)</p>
+
+<p>    Moll subsequently restated his position with reference to my
+    somewhat different analysis of the sexual impulse, still
+    maintaining his original view (&quot;Analyse des Geschlechtstriebes,&quot;
+    <i>Medizinische Klinik</i>, Nos. 12 and 13, 1905; also <i>Geschlecht und
+    Gesellschaft</i>, vol. ii, Nos. 9 and 10). Numa Praetorius
+    (<i>Jahrbuch f&uuml;r Sexeuelle Zwischenstufen</i>, 1904, p. 592) accepts
+    contrectation, tumescence, and detumescence as all being stages
+    in the same process, contrectation, which he defines as the
+    sexual craving for a definite individual, coming first. Robert
+    M&uuml;ller (<i>Sexualbiologie</i>, 1907, p. 37) criticises Moll much in
+    the same sense as I have done and considers that contrectation
+    and detumescence cannot be separated, but are two expressions of
+    the same impulse; so also Max Katte, &quot;Die Pr&auml;liminarien des
+    Geschlechtsaktes,&quot; <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Sexualwissenschaft</i>, Oct.,
+    1908, and G. Saint-Paul, <i>L'Homosexualit&eacute; et les Types
+    Homosexuels</i>, 1910, p. 390.</p>
+
+<p>    While I regard Moll's analysis as a valuable contribution to the
+    elucidation of the sexual impulse, I must repeat that I cannot
+    regard it as final or completely adequate. As I understand the
+    process, contrectation is an incident in the development of
+    tumescence, an extremely important incident indeed, but not an
+    absolutely fundamental and primitive part of it. It is equally an
+    incident, highly important though not primitive and fundamental,
+    of detumescence. Contrectation, <a name='3_Page_27'></a>from first to last; furnishes
+    the best conditions for the exercise of the sexual process, but
+    it is not an absolutely essential part of the process and in the
+    early stages of zo&ouml;logical development it had no existence at
+    all. Tumescence and detumescence are alike fundamental,
+    primitive, and essential; in resting the sexual impulse on these
+    necessarily connected processes we are basing ourselves on the
+    solid bedrock of nature.</p>
+
+<p>    Moreover, of the two processes, tumescence, which in time comes
+    first, is by far the most important, and nearly the whole of
+    sexual psychology is rooted in it. To assert, with Moll, that the
+    sexual process may be analyzed into contrectation and
+    detumescence alone is to omit the most essential part of the
+    process. It is much the same as to analyze the mechanism of a gun
+    into probable contact with the hand, and a more or less
+    independent discharge, omitting all reference to the loading of
+    the gun. The essential elements are the loading and the
+    discharging. Contrectation is a part of loading, though not a
+    necessary part, since the loading may be effected mechanically.
+    But to understand the process of firing a gun and to comprehend
+    the mechanism of the discharge, we must insist on the act of
+    loading and not merely on the contact of the hand. So it is in
+    analyzing the sexual impulse. Contrectation is indeed highly
+    important, but it is important only in so far as it aids
+    tumescence, and so may be subordinated to tumescence, exactly as
+    it may also be subordinated to detumescence. It is tumescence
+    which is the really essential part of the process, and we cannot
+    afford, with Moll, to ignore it altogether. </p></div>
+
+<p>Wallace opposed Darwin's theory of sexual selection, but it can scarcely
+be said that his attitude toward it bears critical examination. On the one
+hand, as has already been noted, he saw but one side of that theory and
+that the unessential side, and, on the other hand, his own view really
+coincided with the more essential elements in Darwin's theory. In his
+<i>Tropical Nature</i> he admitted that the male's &quot;persistency and energy win
+the day,&quot; and also that this &quot;vigor and liveliness&quot; of the male are
+usually associated with intense coloration, while twenty years later (in
+his <i>Darwinism</i>) he admitted also that it is highly probable that the
+female is pleased or excited by the male's display. But all that is really
+essential in Darwin's theory is involved, directly or indirectly, in these
+admissions.</p>
+
+<p>Espinas, in 1878, in his suggestive book, <i>Des Soci&eacute;t&eacute;s Animales</i>,
+described the odors, colors and forms, sounds, games, parades, and mock
+battles of animals, approaching the subject <a name='3_Page_28'></a>in a somewhat more
+psychological spirit than either Darwin or Wallace, and he somewhat more
+clearly apprehended the object of these phenomena in producing mutual
+excitement and stimulating tumescence. He noted the significance of the
+action of the hermaphroditic snails in inserting their darts into each
+other's flesh near the vulva in order to cause preliminary excitation. He
+remarks of this whole group of phenomena: &quot;It is the preliminary of sexual
+union, it constitutes the first act of it. By it the image of the male is
+graven on the consciousness of the female, and in a manner impregnates it,
+so as to determine there, as the effects of this representation descend to
+the depths of the organism, the physiological modifications necessary to
+fecundation.&quot; Beaunis, again, in an analysis of the sexual sensations, was
+inclined to think that the dances and parades of the male are solely
+intended to excite the female, not perceiving, however, that they at the
+same time serve to further excite the male also.<a name='3_FNanchor_24'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_24'><sup>[24]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>A better and more comprehensive statement was reached by Tillier, who, to
+some extent, may be said to have anticipated Groos. Darwin, Tillier
+pointed out, had not sufficiently taken into account the coexistence of
+combat and courtship, nor the order of the phenomena. Courtship without
+combat, Tillier argued, is rare; &quot;there is a normal coexistence of combat
+and courtship.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_25'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_25'><sup>[25]</sup></a> Moreover, he proceeded, force is the chief factor <a name='3_Page_29'></a>in
+determining the possession of the female by the male, who in some species
+is even prepared to exert force on her; so that the female has little
+opportunity of sexual selection, though she is always present at these
+combats. He then emphasized the significant fact that courtship takes
+place long after pairing has ceased, and the question of selection thus
+been eliminated. The object of courtship, he concluded, is not sexual
+selection by the female, but the sexual excitement of both male and
+female, such excitement, he asserted, not only rendering coupling easier,
+but favoring fecundation. Modesty, also, Tillier further argued, again
+anticipating Groos, works toward the same end; it renders the male more
+ardent, and by retarding coupling may also increase the secretions of the
+sexual glands and favor the chances of reproduction.<a name='3_FNanchor_26'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_26'><sup>[26]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In a charming volume entitled <i>The Naturalist in La Plata</i> (1892)
+    Mr. W. H. Hudson included a remarkable chapter on &quot;Music and
+    Dancing in Nature.&quot; In this chapter he described many of the
+    dances, songs, and love-antics of birds, but regarded all such
+    phenomena as merely &quot;periodical fits of gladness.&quot; While,
+    however, we may quite well agree with Mr. Hudson that conscious
+    sexual gratification on the part of the female is not the cause
+    of music and dancing performances in birds, nor of the brighter
+    colors and ornaments that distinguish the male, such an opinion
+    by no means excludes the conclusion that these phenomena are
+    primarily sexual and intimately connected with the process of
+    tumescence in both sexes. It is noteworthy that, according to
+    H. E. Howard (&quot;On Sexual Selection in Birds,&quot; <i>Zo&ouml;logist</i>, Nov.,
+    1903), color is most developed just before pairing, rapidly
+    becoming less beautiful&mdash;even within a few hours&mdash;after this, and
+    the most beautiful male is most successful in getting paired. The
+    fact that, as Mr. Hudson himself points out, it is at the season
+    of love that these manifestations mainly, if not exclusively,
+    appear, and that it is the more brilliant and highly endowed
+    males which play the chief part in them, only serves to confirm
+    such a conclusion. To argue, with Mr. Hudson, that they cannot be
+    sexual because they sometimes occur before the arrival of the
+    females, is much the same as to argue that the <a name='3_Page_30'></a>antics of a
+    kitten with a feather or a reel have no relationship whatever to
+    mice. The birds that began earliest to practise their
+    accomplishments would probably have most chance of success when
+    the females arrived. Darwin himself said that nothing is commoner
+    than for animals to take pleasure in practising whatever instinct
+    they follow at other times for some real good. These
+    manifestations are primarily for the sake of producing sexual
+    tumescence, and could not well have been developed to the height
+    they have reached unless they were connected closely with
+    propagation. That they may incidentally serve to express
+    &quot;gladness&quot; one need not feel called upon to question.</p>
+
+<p>    Another observer of birds, Mr. E. Selous, has made observations
+    which are of interest in this connection. He finds that all
+    bird-dances are not nuptial, but that some birds&mdash;the
+    stone-curlew (or great plover), for example&mdash;have different kinds
+    of dances. Among these birds he has made the observation, very
+    significant from our present point of view, that the nuptial
+    dances, taken part in by both of the pair, are immediately
+    followed by intercourse. In spring &quot;all such runnings and
+    chasings are, at this time, but a part of the business of
+    pairing, and one divines at once that such attitudes are of a
+    sexual character.... Here we have a bird with distinct nuptial
+    (sexual) and social (non-sexual) forms of display or antics, and
+    the former as well as the latter are equally indulged in by both
+    sexes.&quot; (E. Selous, <i>Bird Watching</i>, pp. 15-20.)</p>
+
+<p>    The same author (<i>ibid.</i>, pp. 79, 94) argues that in the fights
+    of two males for one female&mdash;with violent emotion on one side and
+    interested curiosity on the other&mdash;the attitude of the former
+    &quot;might gradually come to be a display made entirely for the
+    female, and of the latter a greater or less degree of pleasurable
+    excitement raised by it, with a choice in accordance.&quot; On this
+    view the interest of the female would first have been directed,
+    not to the plumage, but to the frenzied actions and antics of the
+    male. From these antics in undecorated birds would gradually
+    develop the interest in waving plumes and fluttering wings. Such
+    a dance might come to be of a quite formal and non-courting
+    nature.</p>
+
+<p>    Last, we owe to Professor H&auml;cker what may fairly be regarded, in
+    all main outlines, as an almost final statement of the matter. In
+    his <i>Gesang der V&ouml;gel</i> (1900) he gives a very clear account of
+    the evolution of bird-song, which he regards as the most
+    essential element in all this group of manifestations, furnishing
+    the key also to the dancing and other antics. Originally the song
+    consists only of call-cries and recognition-notes. Under the
+    parallel influence of natural selection and sexual selection they
+    become at the pairing season reflexes of excitement and thus
+    develop into methods of producing excitement, in the male by the
+    <a name='3_Page_31'></a>muscular energy required, and in the female through the ear;
+    finally they become play, though here also it is probable that
+    use is not excluded. Thus, so far as the male bird is concerned,
+    bird-song possesses a primary prenuptial significance in
+    attracting the female, a secondary nuptial significance in
+    producing excitement (p. 48). He holds also that the
+    less-developed voices of the females aid in attaining the same
+    end (p. 51). Finally, bird-song possesses a tertiary extranuptial
+    significance (including exercise play, expression of gladness).
+    H&auml;cker points out, at the same time, that the maintenance of some
+    degree of sexual excitement beyond pairing time may be of value
+    for the preservation of the species, in case of disturbance
+    during breeding and consequent necessity for commencing breeding
+    over again.</p>
+
+<p>    Such a theory as this fairly coincides with the views brought
+    forward in the preceding pages,&mdash;views which are believed to be
+    in harmony with the general trend of thought today,&mdash;since it
+    emphasizes the importance of tumescence and all that favors
+    tumescence in the sexual process. The so-called esthetic element
+    in sexual selection is only indirectly of importance. The male's
+    beauty is really a symbol of his force.</p>
+
+<p>    It will be seen that this attitude toward the facts of tumescence
+    among birds and other animals includes the recognition of dances,
+    songs, etc., as expressions of &quot;gladness.&quot; As such they are
+    closely comparable to the art manifestations among human races.
+    Here, as Weismann in his <i>Gedanken &uuml;ber Musik</i> has remarked, we
+    may regard the artistic faculty as a by-product: &quot;This [musical]
+    faculty is, as it were, the mental hand with which we play on our
+    own emotional nature, a hand not shaped for this purpose, not due
+    to the necessity for the enjoyment of music, but owing its origin
+    to entirely different requirements.&quot; </p></div>
+
+<p>The psychological significance of these facts has been carefully studied
+and admirably developed by Groos in his classic works on the play instinct
+in animals and in men.<a name='3_FNanchor_27'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_27'><sup>[27]</sup></a> Going beyond Wallace, Groos denies <i>conscious</i>
+sexual selection, but, as he points out, this by no means involves the
+denial of unconscious selection in the sense that &quot;the female is most
+easily won by the male who most strongly excites her sexual instincts.&quot;
+Groos further quotes a pregnant generalization of Ziegler: &quot;In all animals
+a high degree of excitement of the nervous system is <i>necessary to
+procreation</i>, and thus we find an excited prelude <a name='3_Page_32'></a>to procreation widely
+spread.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_28'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_28'><sup>[28]</sup></a> Such a stage, indeed, as Groos points out, is usually
+necessary before any markedly passionate discharge of motor energy, as may
+be observed in angry dogs and the Homeric heroes. While, however, in other
+motor explosions the prelude may be reduced to a minimum, in courtship it
+is found in a highly marked degree. The primary object of courtship, Groos
+insists, is to produce sexual excitement.</p>
+
+<p>It is true that Groos's main propositions were by no means novel. Thus, as
+I have pointed out, he was at most points anticipated by Tillier. But
+Groos developed the argument in so masterly a manner, and with so many
+wide-ranging illustrations, that he has carried conviction where the mere
+insight of others had passed unperceived. Since Darwin wrote the <i>Descent
+of Man</i> the chief step in the development of the theory of sexual
+selection has been taken by Groos, who has at the same time made it clear
+that sexual selection is largely a special case of natural selection.<a name='3_FNanchor_29'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_29'><sup>[29]</sup></a>
+The conjunction of the sexes is seen to be an end only to be obtained with
+much struggle; the difficulty of achieving sexual erethism in both sexes,
+the difficulty of so stimulating such erethism in the female that her
+instinctive coyness is overcome, these difficulties the best and most
+vigorous males,<a name='3_FNanchor_30'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_30'><sup>[30]</sup></a> those most adapted in other <a name='3_Page_33'></a>respects to carry on the
+race, may most easily overcome. In this connection we may note what Marro
+has said in another connection, when attempting to answer the question why
+it is that among savages courtship becomes so often a matter in which
+persuasion takes the form of force. The explanation, he remarks, is yet
+very simple. Force is the foundation of virility, and its psychic
+manifestation is courage. In the struggle for life violence is the first
+virtue. The modesty of women&mdash;in its primordial form consisting in
+physical resistance, active or passive, to the assaults of the male&mdash;aided
+selection by putting to the test man's most important quality, force. Thus
+it is that when choosing among rivals for her favors a woman attributes
+value to violence.<a name='3_FNanchor_31'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_31'><sup>[31]</sup></a> Marro thus independently confirms the result
+reached by Groos.</p>
+
+<p>The debate which has for so many years been proceeding concerning the
+validity of the theory of sexual selection may now be said to be brought
+to an end. Those who supported Darwin and those who opposed him were, both
+alike, in part right and in part wrong, and it is now possible to combine
+the elements of truth on either side into a coherent whole. This is now
+beginning to be widely recognized; Lloyd Morgan,<a name='3_FNanchor_32'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_32'><sup>[32]</sup></a> for instance, has
+readjusted his position as regards the &quot;pairing instinct&quot; in the light of
+Groos's contribution to the subject. &quot;The hypothesis of sexual selection,&quot;
+he concludes, &quot;suggests that the accepted male is the one which adequately
+evokes the pairing impulse.... Courtship may thus be regarded from the
+physiological point of view as a means of producing the requisite amount
+of pairing hunger; of stimulating the whole system and facilitating
+general and special vascular changes; of creating that state of profound
+and explosive irritability which has for its psychological concomitant or
+antecedent an imperious and irresistible craving.... Courtship is thus
+<a name='3_Page_34'></a>the strong and steady bending of the bow that the arrow may find its mark
+in a biological end of the highest importance in the survival of a healthy
+and vigorous race.&quot;</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Having thus viewed the matter broadly, we may consider in detail
+    a few examples of the process of tumescence among the lower
+    animals and man, for, as will be seen, the process in both is
+    identical. As regards animal courtship, the best treasury of
+    facts is Brehm's <i>Thierleben</i>, while B&uuml;chner's <i>Liebe und
+    Liebes-Leben in der Thierwelt</i> is a useful summary; the admirable
+    discussion of bird-dancing and other forms of courtship in
+    H&auml;cker's <i>Gesang der V&ouml;gel</i>, chapter iv, may also be consulted.
+    As regards man, Wallaschek's <i>Primitive Music</i>, chapter vii,
+    brings together much scattered material, and is all the more
+    valuable since the author rejects any form of sexual selection;
+    Hirn's <i>Origins of Art</i>, chapter xvii, is well worth reading, and
+    Finck's <i>Primitive Love and Love-stories</i> contains a large amount
+    of miscellaneous information. I have preferred not to draw on any
+    of these easily accessible sources (except that in one or two
+    cases I have utilized references they supplied), but here simply
+    furnish illustrations met with in the course of my own reading.</p>
+
+<p>    Even in the hermaphroditic slugs (<i>Limax maximus</i>) the process of
+    courtship is slow and elaborate. It has been described by James
+    Bladon (&quot;The Loves of the Slug [<i>Limax cinereus</i>],&quot; <i>Zo&ouml;logist</i>,
+    vol. xv, 1857, p. 6272). It begins toward midnight on sultry
+    summer nights, one slug slowly following another, resting its
+    mouth on what may be called the tail of the first, and following
+    its every movement. Finally they stop and begin crawling around
+    each other, emitting large quantities of mucus. When this has
+    constituted a mass of sufficient size and consistence they
+    suspend themselves from it by a cord of mucus from nine to
+    fifteen inches in length, continuing to turn round each other
+    till their bodies form a cone. Then the organs of generation are
+    protruded from their orifice near the mouth and, hanging down a
+    short distance, touch each other. They also then begin again the
+    same spiral motion, twisting around each other, like a two-strand
+    cord, assuming various and beautiful forms, sometimes like an
+    inverted agaric, or a foliated murex, or a leaf of curled
+    parsley, the light falling on the ever-varying surface of the
+    generative organs sometimes producing iridescence. It is not
+    until after a considerable time that the organs untwist and are
+    withdrawn and the bodies separate, to crawl up the suspending
+    cord and depart.</p>
+
+<p>    Some snails have a special organ for creating sexual excitement.
+    A remarkable part of the reproductive system in many of the true
+    Helicid&aelig; is the so-called <i>dart, Liebespfeil</i>, or <i>telum
+    Veneris</i>. It consists <a name='3_Page_35'></a>of a straight or curved, sometimes
+    slightly twisted, tubular shaft of carbonate of lime, tapering to
+    a fine point above, and enlarging gradually, more often somewhat
+    abruptly, to the base. The sides of the shaft are sometimes
+    furnished with two or more blades; these are apparently not for
+    cutting purposes, but simply to brace the stem. The dart is
+    contained in a dart-sac, which is attached as a sort of pocket to
+    the vagina, at no great distance from its orifice. In <i>Helix
+    aspersa</i> the dart is about five-sixteenths of an inch in length,
+    and one-eighth of an inch in breadth at its base. It appears most
+    probable that the dart is employed as an adjunct for the sexual
+    act. Besides the fact of the position of the dart-sac
+    anatomically, we find that the darts are extended and become
+    imbedded in the flesh, just before or during the act of
+    copulation. It may be regarded, then, as an organ whose functions
+    induce excitement preparatory to sexual union. It only occurs in
+    well-grown specimens. (Rev. L. H. Cooke, &quot;Molluscs,&quot; <i>Cambridge
+    Natural History</i>, vol. iii, p. 143.)</p>
+
+<p>    Racovitza has shown that in the octopus (<i>Octopus vulgaris</i>)
+    courtship is carried on with considerable delicacy, and not
+    brutally, as had previously been supposed. The male gently
+    stretches out his third arm on the right and caresses the female
+    with its extremity, eventually passing it into the chamber formed
+    by the mantle. The female contracts spasmodically, but does not
+    attempt to move. They remain thus about an hour or more, and
+    during this time the male shifts the arm from one oviduct to the
+    other. Finally he withdraws his arm, caresses her with it for a
+    few moments, and then replaces it with his other arm. (E. G.
+    Racovitza, in <i>Archives de Zo&ouml;logie Exp&eacute;rimentale</i>, quoted in
+    <i>Natural Science</i>, November, 1894.)</p>
+
+<p>    The phenomena of courtship are very well illustrated by spiders.
+    Peckham, who has carefully studied them, tells us of <i>Saitis
+    pulex</i>: &quot;On May 24th we found a mature female, and placed her in
+    one of the larger boxes, and the next day we put a male in with
+    her. He saw her as she stood perfectly still, twelve inches away;
+    the glance seemed to excite him, and he at once moved toward her;
+    when some four inches from her he stood still, and then began the
+    most remarkable performances that an amorous male could offer to
+    an admiring female. She eyed him eagerly, changing her position
+    from time to time so that he might be always in view. He, raising
+    his whole body on one side by straightening out the legs, and
+    lowering it on the other by folding the first two pairs of legs
+    up and under, leaned so far over as to be in danger of losing his
+    balance, which he only maintained by sliding rapidly toward the
+    lowered side. The palpus, too, on this side was turned back to
+    correspond to the direction of the legs nearest it. He moved in a
+    semicircle for about two inches, and then instantly reversed <a name='3_Page_36'></a>the
+    position of the legs and circled in the opposite direction,
+    gradually approaching nearer and nearer to the female. Now she
+    dashes toward him, while he, raising his first pair of legs,
+    extends them upward and forward as if to hold her off, but withal
+    slowly retreats. Again and again he circles from side to side,
+    she gazing toward him in a softer mood, evidently admiring the
+    grace of his antics. This is repeated until we have counted one
+    hundred and eleven circles made by the ardent little male. Now he
+    approaches nearer and nearer, and when almost within reach whirls
+    madly around and around her, she joining and whirling with him in
+    a giddy maze. Again he falls back and resumes his semicircular
+    motions, with his body tilted over; she, all excitement, lowers
+    her head and raises her body so that it is almost vertical; both
+    draw nearer; she moves slowly under him, he crawling over her
+    head, and the mating is accomplished.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The same author thus describes the courtship of <i>Dendryphantes
+    elegans</i>: &quot;While from three to five inches distant from her, he
+    begins to wave his plumy first legs in a way that reminds one of
+    a windmill. She eyes him fiercely, and he keeps at a proper
+    distance for a long time. If he comes close she dashes at him,
+    and he quickly retreats. Sometimes he becomes bolder, and when
+    within an inch, pauses, with the first legs outstretched before
+    him, not raised as is common in other species; the palpi also are
+    held stiffly out in front with the points together. Again she
+    drives him off, and so the play continues. Now the male grows
+    excited as he approaches her, and while still several inches
+    away, whirls completely around and around; pausing, he runs
+    closer and begins to make his abdomen quiver as he stands on
+    tiptoe in front of her. Prancing from side to side, he grows
+    bolder and bolder, while she seems less fierce, and yielding to
+    the excitement, lifts up her magnificently iridescent abdomen,
+    holding it at one time vertical, and at another sideways to him.
+    She no longer rushes at him, but retreats a little as he
+    approaches. At last he comes close to her, lying flat, with his
+    first legs stretched out and quivering. With the tips of his
+    front legs he gently pats her; this seems to arouse the old demon
+    of resistance, and she drives him back. Again and again he pats
+    her with a caressing movement, gradually creeping nearer and
+    nearer, which she now permits without resistance, until he crawls
+    over her head to her abdomen, far enough to reach the epigynum
+    with his palpus.&quot; (G. W. Peckham, &quot;Sexual Selection of Spiders,&quot;
+    <i>Occasional Papers of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin</i>,
+    1889, quoted in <i>Nature</i>, August 21, 1890.)</p>
+
+<p>    The courtship of another spider, the <i>Agelena labyrinthica</i>, has
+    been studied by L&eacute;caillon (&quot;Les Instincts et les Psychismes des
+    Araign&eacute;es,&quot; <i>Revue Scientifique</i>, Sept. 15, 1906.) The male
+    enters the female's web and may be found there about the middle
+    of July. When <a name='3_Page_37'></a>courtship has begun it is not interrupted by the
+    closest observation, even under the magnifying glass. At first it
+    is the male which seeks to couple and he pursues the female over
+    her web till she consents. The pursuit may last some hours, the
+    male agitating his abdomen in a peculiar way, while the female
+    simply retreats a short distance without allowing herself to be
+    approached. At last the female holds herself completely
+    motionless, and then the male approaches, seizes her, places her
+    on her side, sometimes carrying her to a more suitable part of
+    the web. Then one of his copulative apparatus is applied to the
+    female genital opening, and copulation begins. When completed (on
+    an average in about two hours) the male withdraws his copulatory
+    palpus and turns over the female, who is still inert, on to her
+    other side, then brings his second copulatory apparatus to the
+    female opening and starts afresh. When the process is definitely
+    completed the male leaves the female, suddenly retiring to a
+    little distance. The female, who had remained completely
+    motionless for four hours, suddenly runs after the male. But she
+    only pursues him for a short distance, and the two spiders remain
+    together without any danger to either. L&eacute;caillon disbelieves the
+    statement of Romanes (in his <i>Animal Intelligence</i>) that the
+    female eats the male after copulation. But this certainly seems
+    to occur sometimes among insects, as illustrated by the following
+    instance described by so careful an observer of insects as Fabre.</p>
+
+<p>    The <i>Mantis religiosa</i> is described by Fabre as contemplating the
+    female for a long time in an attitude of ecstasy. She remains
+    still and seems indifferent. He is small and she is large. At
+    last he approaches; spreads his wings, which tremble
+    convulsively; leaps on her back, and fixes himself there. The
+    preludes are long and the coupling itself sometimes occupies five
+    or six hours. Then they separate. But the same day or the
+    following day she seizes him and eats him up in small mouthfuls.
+    She will permit a whole series of males to have intercourse with
+    her, always eating them up directly afterward. Fabre has even
+    seen her eating the male while still on her back, his head and
+    neck gone, but his body still firmly attached. (J. H. Fabre,
+    <i>Souvenirs Entomologiques</i>, fifth series, p. 307.) Fabre also
+    describes in great detail (<i>ibid.</i>, ninth series, chs. xxi-xxii)
+    the sexual parades of the Languedoc scorpion (<i>Scorpio
+    occitanus</i>), an arachnid. These parades are in public; for their
+    subsequent intercourse the couple seek complete seclusion, and
+    the female finally eats the male.</p>
+
+<p>    An insect (a species of <i>Empis</i>) has been described which excites
+    the female by manipulating a large balloon. &quot;This is of
+    elliptical shape, about seven millimeters long (nearly twice as
+    long as the fly), hollow, and composed entirely of a single layer
+    of minute bubbles, nearly uniform in size, arranged in regular
+    circles concentric with the axis of the <a name='3_Page_38'></a>structure. The
+    beautiful, glistening whiteness of the object when the sun shines
+    upon it makes it very conspicuous. The bubbles were slightly
+    viscid, and in nearly every case there was a small fly pressed
+    into the front end of the balloon, apparently as food for the
+    <i>Empis</i>. In all cases they were dead. The balloon appears to be
+    made while the insect is flying in the air. Those flying highest
+    had the smallest balloons. The bubbles are probably produced by
+    some modification of the anal organs. It is possible that the
+    captured fly serves as a nucleus to begin the balloon on. One
+    case of a captured fly but no balloon was observed. After
+    commencing, it is probable that the rest of the structure is made
+    by revolving the completed part between the hind legs and adding
+    more bubbles somewhat spirally. The posterior end of the balloon
+    is left more or less open. The purpose of this structure is to
+    attract the female. When numerous males were flying up and down
+    the road, it happened several times that a female was seen to
+    approach them from some choke-cherry blossoms near by. The males
+    immediately gathered in her path, and she with little hesitation
+    selected for a mate the one with the largest balloon, taking a
+    position <i>upon his back</i>. After copulation had begun, the pair
+    would settle down toward the ground, select a quiet spot, and the
+    female would alight by placing her front legs across a horizontal
+    grass blade, her head resting against the blade so as to brace
+    the body in position. Here she would continue to hold the male
+    beneath her for a little time, until the process was finished.
+    The male, meanwhile, would be rolling the balloon about in a
+    variety of positions, juggling with it, one might almost say.
+    After the male and female parted company, the male immediately
+    dropped the balloon upon the ground, and it was greedily seized
+    by ants. No illustration could properly show the beauty of the
+    balloon.&quot; (Aldrich and Turley, &quot;A Balloon-making Fly,&quot; <i>American
+    Naturalist</i>, October, 1899.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;In many species of moths the males 'assemble' around the freshly
+    emerged female, but no special advantage appears to attend on
+    early arrival. The female sits apparently motionless, while the
+    little crowd of suitors buzz around her for several minutes.
+    Suddenly, and, as far as one can see, without any sign from the
+    female, one of the males pairs with her and all the others
+    immediately disappear. In these cases the males do not fight or
+    struggle in any way, and as one watches the ceremony the wonder
+    arises as to how the moment is determined, and why the pairing
+    did not take place before. Proximity does not decide the point,
+    for long beforehand the males often alight close to the female
+    and brush against her with fluttering wings. I have watched the
+    process exactly as I have described it in a common Northern
+    <i>Noctua</i>, the antler moth (<i>Char&aelig;ax graminis</i>), and I have seen
+    the same thing among beetles.&quot; (E. B. Poulton, <i>The Colors of
+    Animals</i>, 1890, p. 391.) This <a name='3_Page_39'></a>author mentions that among some
+    butterflies the females take the active part. The example here
+    quoted of courtship among moths illustrates how phenomena which
+    are with difficulty explicable by the theory of sexual selection
+    in its original form become at once intelligible when we realize
+    the importance of tumescence in courtship.</p>
+
+<p>    Of the Argentine cow-bird (<i>Molothrus bonariensis</i>) Hudson says
+    (<i>Argentine Ornithology</i>, vol. i, p. 73): &quot;The song of the male,
+    particularly when making love, is accompanied with gestures and
+    actions somewhat like those of the domestic pigeon. He swells
+    himself out, beating the ground with his wings, and uttering a
+    series of deep internal notes, followed by others loud and clear;
+    and occasionally, when uttering them, he suddenly takes wing and
+    flies directly away from the female to a distance of fifty yards,
+    and performs a wide circuit about her in the air, singing all the
+    time. The homely object of his passion always appears utterly
+    indifferent to this curious and pretty performance; yet she must
+    be even more impressionable than most female birds, since she
+    continues scattering about her parasitical and often wasted eggs
+    during four months in every year.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Of a tyrant-bird (<i>Pitangus Bolivianus</i>) Hudson writes
+    (<i>Argentine Ornithology</i>, vol. i, p. 148): &quot;Though the male and
+    female are greatly attached, they do not go afield to hunt in
+    company, but separate to meet again at intervals during the day.
+    One of a couple (say, the female) returns to the trees where they
+    are accustomed to meet, and after a time, becoming impatient or
+    anxious at the delay of her consort, utters a very long, clear
+    call-note. He is perhaps a quarter of a mile away, watching for a
+    frog beside a pool, or beating over a thistle-bed, but he hears
+    the note and presently responds with one of equal power. Then,
+    perhaps, for half an hour, at intervals of half a minute, the
+    birds answer each other, though the powerful call of the one must
+    interfere with his hunting. At length he returns; then the two
+    birds, perched close together, with their yellow bosoms almost
+    touching, crests elevated, and beating the branch with their
+    wings, scream their loudest notes in concert&mdash;a confused jubilant
+    noise that rings through the whole plantation. Their joy at
+    meeting is patent, and their action corresponds to the warm
+    embrace of a loving human couple.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Of the red-breasted marsh-bird (<i>Leistes superciliaris</i>) Hudson
+    (<i>Argentine Ornithology</i>, vol. i, p. 100) writes: &quot;These birds
+    are migratory, and appear everywhere in the eastern part of the
+    Argentine country early in October, arriving singly, after which
+    each male takes up a position in a field or open space abounding
+    with coarse grass and herbage, where he spends most of his time
+    perched on the summit of a tall stalk or weed, his glowing
+    crimson bosom showing at a distance like some splendid flower
+    above the herbage. At intervals of two or three <a name='3_Page_40'></a>minutes he soars
+    vertically up to a height of twenty or twenty-five yards to utter
+    his song, composed of a single long, powerful and rather musical
+    note, ending with an attempt at a flourish, during which the bird
+    flutters and turns about in the air; then, as if discouraged at
+    his failure, he drops down, emitting harsh, guttural chirps, to
+    resume his stand. Meanwhile the female is invisible, keeping
+    closely concealed under the long grass. But at length, attracted
+    perhaps by the bright bosom and a&euml;rial music of the male, she
+    occasionally exhibits herself for a few moments, starting up with
+    a wild zigzag flight, and, darting this way and that, presently
+    drops into the grass once more. The moment she appears above the
+    grass the male gives chase, and they vanish from sight together.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Courtship with the mallard,&quot; says J. G. Millais (<i>Natural History
+    of British Ducks</i>, p. 6), &quot;appears to be carried on by both
+    sexes, though generally three or four drakes are seen showing
+    themselves off to attract the attention of a single duck.
+    Swimming round her, in a coy and semi-self-conscious manner, they
+    now and again all stop quite still, nod, bow, and throw their
+    necks out in token of their admiration and their desire of a
+    favorable response. But the most interesting display is when all
+    the drakes simultaneously stand up in the water and rapidly pass
+    their bills down their breasts, uttering at the same time a low
+    single note somewhat like the first half of the call that teal
+    and pintail make when 'showing off.' At other times the
+    love-making of the drake seems to be rather passive than active.
+    While graciously allowing himself to be courted, he holds his
+    head high with conscious pride, and accepts as a matter of course
+    any attention that may be paid to him. A proud bird is he when
+    three or four ducks come swimming along beside and around him,
+    uttering a curious guttural note, and at the same time dipping
+    their bills in quick succession to right and left. He knows what
+    that means, and carries himself with even greater dignity than
+    before. In the end, however, he must give in. As a last appeal,
+    one of his lady lovers may coyly lower herself in the water till
+    only the top of her back, head, and neck is seen, and so
+    fascinating an advance as this no drake of any sensibility can
+    withstand.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The courting of the Argus pheasant, noted for the extreme beauty
+    of the male's plumage, was observed by H. O. Forbes in Sumatra. It
+    is the habit of this bird to make &quot;a large circus, some ten or
+    twelve feet in diameter, in the forest, which it clears of every
+    leaf and twig and branch, till the ground is perfectly swept and
+    garnished. On the margin of this circus there is invariably a
+    projecting branch or high-arched root, at a few feet elevation
+    above the ground, on which the female bird takes its place, while
+    in the ring the male&mdash;the male birds alone possess great
+    decoration&mdash;shows off all its magnificence for the gratification
+    and <a name='3_Page_41'></a>pleasure of his consort and to exalt himself in her eyes.&quot;
+    (H. O. Forbes, <i>A. Naturalist's Wanderings</i>, 1885, p. 131.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;All ostriches, adults as well as chicks, have a strange habit
+    known as 'waltzing.' After running for a few hundred yards they
+    will also stop, and, with raised wings, spin around rapidly for
+    some time after until quite giddy, when a broken leg occasionally
+    occurs.... Vicious cocks 'roll' when challenging to fight or when
+    wooing the hen. The cock will suddenly bump down on to his knees
+    (the ankle-joint), open his wings, and then swing them
+    alternately backward and forward, as if on a pivot.... While
+    rolling, every feather over the whole body is on end, and the
+    plumes are open, like a large white fan. At such a time the bird
+    sees very imperfectly, if at all; in fact, he seems so
+    preoccupied that, if pursued, one may often approach unnoticed.
+    Just before rolling, a cock, especially if courting the hen, will
+    often run slowly and daintily on the points of his toes, with
+    neck slightly inflated, upright, and rigid, the tail
+    half-drooped, and all his body-feathers fluffed up; the wings
+    raised and expanded, the inside edges touching the sides of the
+    neck for nearly the whole of its length, and the plumes showing
+    separately, like an open fan. In no other attitude is the
+    splendid beauty of his plumage displayed to such advantage.&quot;
+    (S. C. Cronwright Schreiner, &quot;The Ostrich,&quot; <i>Zo&ouml;logist</i>, March,
+    1897.)</p>
+
+<p>    As may be seen from the foregoing fairly typical examples, the
+    phenomena of courtship are highly developed, and have been most
+    carefully studied, in animals outside the mammal series. It may
+    seem a long leap from birds to man; yet, as will be seen, the
+    phenomena among primitive human peoples, if not, indeed, among
+    many civilized peoples also, closely resemble those found among
+    birds, though, unfortunately, they have not usually been so
+    carefully studied.</p>
+
+<p>    In Australia, where dancing is carried to a high pitch of
+    elaboration, its association with the sexual impulse is close and
+    unmistakable. Thus, Mr. Samuel Gason (of whom it has been said
+    that &quot;no man living has been more among blacks or knows more of
+    their ways&quot;) remarks concerning a dance of the Dieyerie tribe:
+    &quot;This dance men and women only take part in, in regular form and
+    position, keeping splendid time to the rattle of the beat of two
+    boomerangs; some of the women keep time by clapping their hands
+    between their thighs; promiscuous sexual intercourse follows
+    after the dance; jealousy is forbidden.&quot; Again, at the Mobierrie,
+    or rat-harvest, &quot;many weeks' preparation before the dance comes
+    off; no quarreling is allowed; promiscuous sexual intercourse
+    during the ceremony.&quot; The fact that jealousy is forbidden at
+    these festivals clearly indicates that sexual intercourse is a
+    recognized and probably essential element in the ceremonies. This
+    is further emphasized by the fact that at other festivals open
+    sexual intercourse <a name='3_Page_42'></a>is not allowed. Thus, at the Mindarie, or
+    dance at a peace festival (when a number of tribes comes
+    together), &quot;there is great rejoicing at the coming festival,
+    which is generally held at the full of the moon, and kept up all
+    night. The men are artistically decorated with down and feathers,
+    with all kinds of designs. The down and feathers are stuck on
+    their bodies with blood freshly taken from their penis; they are
+    also nicely painted with various colors; tufts of boughs are tied
+    on their ankles to make a noise while dancing. Promiscuous sexual
+    intercourse is carried on <i>secretly</i>; many quarrels occur at this
+    time.&quot; (<i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>, vol. xxiv,
+    November, 1894, p. 174.)</p>
+
+<p>    In Australian dances, sometimes men and women dance together,
+    sometimes the men dance alone, sometimes the women. In one dance
+    described by Eyre: &quot;Women are the chief performers; their bodies
+    are painted with white streaks, and their hair adorned with
+    cockatoo feathers. They carry large sticks in their hands, and
+    place themselves in a row in front, while the men with their
+    spears stand in a row behind them. They then all commence their
+    movements, but without intermingling, the males and females
+    dancing by themselves. The women have occasionally another mode
+    of dancing, by joining the hands together over the head, closing
+    the feet, and bringing the knees into contact. The legs are then
+    thrown outward from the knee, while the feet and hands are kept
+    in their original position, and, being drawn quickly in again, a
+    sharp sound is produced by the collision. This is also practised
+    alone by young girls or by several together for their own
+    amusement. It is adopted also when a single woman is placed in
+    front of a row of male dancers to excite their passions.&quot; (E. J.
+    Eyre, <i>Journals of Expeditions into Central Australia</i>, vol. ii,
+    p. 235.)</p>
+
+<p>    A charming Australian folk-tale concerning two sisters with
+    wings, who disliked men, and their wooing by a man, clearly
+    indicates, even among the Australians (whose love-making is
+    commonly supposed to be somewhat brutal in character), the
+    consciousness that it is by his beauty, charm, and skill in
+    courtship that a man wins a woman. Unahanach, the lover, stole
+    unperceived to the river where the girls were bathing and at last
+    showed himself carelessly sitting on a high tree. The girls were
+    startled, but thought it would be safe to amuse themselves by
+    looking at the intruder. &quot;Young and with the most active figure,
+    yet of a strength that defied the strongest emu, and even enabled
+    him to resist an 'old man' kangaroo, he had no equal in the
+    chase, and conscious power gave a dignity to his expression that
+    at one glance calmed the fears of the two girls. His large
+    brilliant eyes, shaded by a deep fringe of soft black eyelashes,
+    gazed down upon them admiringly, and his rich black hair hung
+    around his well-formed face, smooth and shining from the emu-oil
+    with which it was abundantly <a name='3_Page_43'></a>covered.&quot; At last he persuaded them
+    to talk and by and by induced them to call him husband. Then they
+    went off with him, with no thought of flight in their hearts.
+    (&quot;Australian Folklore Stories,&quot; collected by W. Dunlop, <i>Journal
+    of the Anthropological Institute</i>, new series, vol. i, 1898, p.
+    33.)</p>
+
+<p>    Of the people of Torres Straits Haddon states (<i>Reports
+    Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits</i>, vol. v, p. 222):
+    &quot;It was during the secular dance, or <i>Kap</i>, that the girls
+    usually lost their hearts to the young men. A young man who was a
+    good dancer would find favor in the sight of the girls. This can
+    be readily understood by anyone who has seen the active, skilful,
+    and fatiguing dances of these people. A young man who could
+    acquit himself well in these dances must be possessed of no mean
+    strength and agility, qualities which everywhere appeal to the
+    opposite sex. Further, he was decorated, according to local
+    custom, with all that would render him more imposing in the eyes
+    of the spectators. As the former chief of Mabuiag put it, 'In
+    England if a man has plenty of money, women want to marry him; so
+    here, if a man dances well they too want him.' In olden days the
+    war-dance, which was performed after a successful foray, would be
+    the most powerful excitement to a marriageable girl, especially
+    if a young man had distinguished himself sufficiently to bring
+    home the head of someone he had killed.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Among the tribes inhabiting the mouth of the Wanigela River, New
+    Guinea, &quot;when a boy admires a girl, he will not look at her,
+    speak to her, or go near her. He, however, shows his love by
+    athletic bounds, posing, and pursuit, and by the spearing of
+    imaginary enemies, etc., before her, to attract her attention. If
+    the girl reciprocates his love she will employ a small girl to
+    give to him an <i>ugauga gauna</i>, or love invitation, consisting of
+    an areca-nut whose skin has been marked with different designs,
+    significant of her wish to <i>ugauga</i>. After dark he is apprised of
+    the place where the girl awaits him; repairing thither, he seats
+    himself beside her as close as possible, and they mutually share
+    in the consumption of the betel-nut.&quot; This constitutes betrothal;
+    henceforth he is free to visit the girl's house and sleep there.
+    Marriages usually take place at the most important festival of
+    the year, the <i>kapa</i>, preparations for which are made during the
+    three previous months, so that there may be a bountiful and
+    unfailing supply of bananas. Much dancing takes place among the
+    unmarried girls, who, also, are tattooed at this time over the
+    whole of the front of the body, special attention being paid to
+    the lower parts, as a girl who is not properly tattooed there
+    possesses no attraction in the eyes of young men. Married women
+    and widows and divorced women are not forbidden to take part in
+    these dances, but it would be considered ridiculous <a name='3_Page_44'></a>for them to
+    do so. (R. E. Guise, &quot;On the Tribes of the Wanigela River,&quot;
+    <i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>, new series, vol. i,
+    1899, pp. 209, 214 <i>et seq.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>    In the island of Nias in the Malay Archipelago, Modigliani
+    (mainly on the excellent authority of Sundermann, the missionary)
+    states, at a wedding &quot;dancing and singing go on throughout the
+    day. The women, two or three at a time, a little apart from the
+    men, take part in the dancing, which is very well adapted to
+    emphasize the curves of the flanks and the breasts, though at the
+    same time the defects of their legs are exhibited in this series
+    of rhythmic contortions which constitute a Nias dance. The most
+    graceful movement they execute is a lascivious undulation of the
+    flanks while the face and breast are slowly wound round by the
+    <i>sarong</i> [a sort of skirt] held in the hands, and then again
+    revealed. These movements are executed with jerks of the wrist
+    and contortions of the flanks, not always graceful, but which
+    excite the admiration of the spectators, even of the women, who
+    form in groups to sing in chorus a compliment, more or less
+    sincere, in which they say: 'They dance with the grace of birds
+    when they fly. They dance as the hawk flies; it is lovely to
+    see.' They sing and dance both at weddings and at other
+    festivals.&quot; (Elio Modigliani, <i>Un Viaggio a Nias</i>, 1890, p. 549.)</p>
+
+<p>    In Sumatra Marsden states that chastity prevails more, perhaps,
+    than among any other people: &quot;But little apparent courtship
+    precedes their marriages. Their manners do not admit of it, the
+    <i>boojong</i> and <i>geddas</i> (youths of each sex) being carefully kept
+    asunder and the latter seldom trusted from under the wings of
+    their mothers.... The opportunities which the young people have
+    of seeing and conversing with each other are at the <i>birnbangs</i>,
+    or public festivals. On these occasions the young people meet
+    together and dance and sing in company. The men, when determined
+    in their regard, generally employ an old woman as their agent, by
+    whom they make known their sentiments, and send presents to the
+    female of their choice. The parents then interfere, and the
+    preliminaries being settled, a <i>birnbang</i> takes place. The young
+    women proceed in a body to the upper end of the <i>balli</i> (hall),
+    where there is a part divided off for them by a curtain. They do
+    not always make their appearance before dinner, that time,
+    previous to a second or third meal, being appropriated to
+    cock-fighting or other diversions peculiar to men. In the evening
+    their other amusements take place, of which the dances are the
+    principal. These are performed either singly or by two women, two
+    men, or with both mixed. Their motions and attitudes are usually
+    slow, approaching often to the lascivious. They bend forward as
+    they dance, and usually carry a fan, which they close and strike
+    smartly against their elbows at particular <a name='3_Page_45'></a>cadences.... The
+    assembly seldom breaks up before daylight and these <i>birnbangs</i>
+    are often continued for several days together. The young men
+    frequent them in order to look out for wives, and the lasses of
+    course set themselves off to the best advantage. They wear their
+    best silken dresses, of their own weaving, as many ornaments of
+    filigree as they possess, silver rings upon their arms and legs,
+    and ear-rings of a particular construction. Their hair is
+    variously adorned with flowers, and perfumed with oil of
+    benjamin. Civet is also in repute, but more used by the men. To
+    render their skin fine, smooth, and soft they make use of a white
+    cosmetic called <i>poopoor</i> [a mixture of ginger, patch-leaf,
+    maize, sandal-wood, fairy-cotton, and mush-seed with a basis of
+    fine rice].&quot; (W. Marsden, <i>History of Sumatra</i>, 1783, p. 230.)</p>
+
+<p>    The Alfurus of Seram in the Moluccas, who have not yet been
+    spoilt by foreign influences, are very fond of music and dancing.
+    Their <i>maku</i> dances, which take place at night, have been
+    described by Joest: &quot;Great torches of dry bamboos and piles of
+    burning resinous leaves light up the giant trees to their very
+    summits and reveal in the distance the little huts which the
+    Alfuras have built in the virgin forests, as well as the skulls
+    of the slain. The women squat together by the fire, making a
+    deafening noise with the gongs and the drums, while the young
+    girls, richly adorned with pearls and fragrant flowers, await the
+    beginning of the dance. Then appear the men and youths without
+    weapons, but in full war-costume, the girdle freshly marked with
+    the number of slain enemies. [Among the Alfuras it is the man who
+    has the largest number of heads to show who has most chance of
+    winning the object of his love.] They hold each other's arms and
+    form a circle, which is not, however, completely closed. A song
+    is started, and with small, slow steps this ring of bodies, like
+    a winding snake, moves sideways, backward, closes, opens again,
+    the steps become heavier, the songs and drums louder, the girls
+    enter the circle and with closed eyes grasp the girdle of their
+    chosen youths, who clasp them by the hips and necks, the chain
+    becomes longer and longer, the dance and song more ardent, until
+    the dancers grow tired and disappear in the gloom of the forest.&quot;
+    (W. Joest, <i>Welt-Fahrten</i>, 1895, Bd. ii, p. 159.)</p>
+
+<p>    The women of the New Hebrides dance, or rather sway, to and fro
+    in the midst of a circle formed by the men, with whom they do not
+    directly mingle. They leap, show their genital parts to the men,
+    and imitate the movements of coitus. Meanwhile the men unfasten
+    the <i>manou</i> (penis-wrap) from their girdles with one hand, with
+    the other imitating the action of seizing a woman, and, excited
+    by the women, also go through a mock copulation. Sometimes, it is
+    said, the dancers masturbate. This takes place amid plaintive
+    songs, interrupted from time to time by loud cries and howls.
+    (<i>Untrodden Fields of Anthropology</i>, by a French army-surgeon,
+    1898, vol. ii, p. 341.)</p><a name='3_Page_46'></a>
+
+<p>    Among the hill tribes of the Central Indian Hills may be traced a
+    desire to secure communion with the spirit of fertility embodied
+    in vegetation. This appears, for instance, in a tree-dance, which
+    is carried out on a date associated not only with the growths of
+    the crops or with harvest, but also with the seasonal period for
+    marriage and the annual Saturnalia. (W. Crooke, &quot;The Hill
+    Tribes,&quot; <i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>, new series,
+    vol. i, 1899, p. 243.) The association of dancing with seasonal
+    ritual festivals of a generative character&mdash;of which the above is
+    a fairly typical instance&mdash;leads us to another aspect of these
+    phenomena on which I have elsewhere touched in these <i>Studies</i>
+    (vol. i) when discussing the &quot;Phenomena of Periodicity.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The Tahitians, when first discovered by Europeans, appear to have
+    been highly civilized on the sexual side and very licentious. Yet
+    even at Tahiti, when visited by Cook, the strict primitive
+    relationship between dancing and courtship still remained
+    traceable. Cook found &quot;a dance called Timorodee, which is
+    performed by young girls, whenever eight or ten of them can be
+    collected together, consisting of motions and gestures beyond
+    imagination wanton, in the practice of which they are brought up
+    from their earliest childhood, accompanied by words which, if it
+    were possible, would more explicitly convey the same ideas. But
+    the practice which is allowed to the virgin is prohibited to the
+    woman from the moment that she has put these hopeful lessons in
+    practice and realized the symbols of the dance.&quot; He added,
+    however, that among the specially privileged class of the Areoi
+    these limitations were not observed, for he had heard that this
+    dance was sometimes performed by them as a preliminary to sexual
+    intercourse. (Hawkesworth, <i>An Account of the Voyages</i>, etc.,
+    1775, vol. ii, p. 54.)</p>
+
+<p>    Among the Marquesans at the marriage of a woman, even of high
+    rank, she lies with her head at the bridegroom's knees and all
+    the male guests come in single file, singing and dancing&mdash;those
+    of lower class first and the great chiefs last&mdash;and have
+    connection with the woman. There are often a very large number of
+    guests and the bride is sometimes so exhausted at the end that
+    she has to spend several days in bed. (Tautain, &quot;Etude sur le
+    Mariage chez les Polyn&eacute;siens,&quot; <i>L'Anthropologie</i>,
+    November-December, 1895, p. 642.) The interesting point for us
+    here is that singing and dancing are still regarded as a
+    preliminary to a sexual act. It has been noted that in sexual
+    matters the Polynesians, when first discovered by Europeans, had
+    largely gone beyond the primitive stage, and that this applies
+    also to some of their dances. Thus the <i>hula-hula</i> dance, while
+    primitive in origin, may probably be compared more to a civilized
+    than to a primitive dance, since it has become divorced from real
+    life. In the same way, while the sexual pantomime dance of the
+    Azimba girls of central Africa has a direct and recognized
+    <a name='3_Page_47'></a>relationship to the demands of real life, the somewhat allied
+    <i>danses du ventre</i> of the Hamitic peoples of northern Africa are
+    merely an amusement, a play more or less based on the sexual
+    instinct. At the same time it is important to bear in mind that
+    there is no rigid distinction between dances that are, and those
+    that are not, primitive. As Haddon truly points out in a book
+    containing valuable detailed descriptions of dances, even among
+    savages dances are so developed that it is difficult to trace
+    their origin, and at Torres Straits, he remarks, &quot;there are
+    certainly play or secular dances, dances for pure amusement
+    without any ulterior design.&quot; (A. C. Haddon, <i>Head Hunters</i>, p.
+    233.) When we remember that dancing had probably become highly
+    developed long before man appeared on the earth, this difficulty
+    in determining the precise origin of human dancing cannot cause
+    surprise.</p>
+
+<p>    Spix and Martius described how the Muras of Brazil by moonlight
+    would engage all night in a Bacchantic dance in a great circle,
+    hand in hand, the men on one side, the women on the other,
+    shouting out all the time, the men &quot;Who will marry me?&quot; the
+    women, &quot;You are a beautiful devil; all women will marry you,&quot;
+    (Spix and Martius, <i>Reise in Brasilien</i>, 1831, vol. iii, p.
+    1117.) They also described in detail the dance of the Brazilian
+    Puris, performed in a state of complete nakedness, the men in a
+    row, the women in another row behind them. They danced backward
+    and forward, stamping and singing, at first in a slow and
+    melancholy style, but gradually with increasing vigor and
+    excitement. Then the women began to rotate the pelvis backward
+    and forward, and the men to thrust their bodies forward, the
+    dance becoming a pantomimic representation of sexual intercourse
+    (<i>ibid.</i>, vol. i, 1823, pp. 373-5).</p>
+
+<p>    Among the Apinages of Brazil, also, the women stand in a row,
+    almost motionless, while the men dance and leap in front of them,
+    both men and women at the same time singing. (Buscalioni, &quot;Reise
+    zu den Apinages,&quot; <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1899, ht. 6, p.
+    650.)</p>
+
+<p>    Among the Gilas of New Mexico, &quot;when a young man sees a girl whom
+    he desires for a wife, he first endeavors to gain the good-will
+    of the parents; this accomplished, he proceeds to serenade his
+    lady-love, and will often sit for hours, day after day, near her
+    home, playing on his flute. Should the girl not appear, it is a
+    sign she rejects him; but if, on the other hand, she comes out to
+    meet him, he knows that his suit is accepted, and he takes her to
+    his home. No marriage ceremony is performed.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_33'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_33'><sup>[33]</sup></a> (H. H. Bancroft,
+    <i>Native Races of the Pacific</i>, vol. i, p. 549.)</p><a name='3_Page_48'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;Among the Minnetarees a singular night-dance is, it is said,
+    sometimes held. During this amusement an opportunity is given to
+    the squaws to select their favorites. A squaw, as she dances,
+    will advance to a person with whom she is captivated, either for
+    his personal attractions or for his renown in arms; she taps him
+    on the shoulder and immediately runs out of the lodge and betakes
+    herself to the bushes, followed by the favorite. But if it should
+    happen that he has a particular preference for another from whom
+    he expects the same favor, or if he is restrained by a vow, or is
+    already satiated with indulgence, he politely declines her offer
+    by placing his hand in her bosom, on which they return to the
+    assembly and rejoin the dance.&quot; It is worthy of remark that in
+    the language of the Omahas the word <i>watche</i> applies equally to
+    the amusement of dancing and to sexual intercourse. (S. H. Long,
+    <i>Expedition to the Rocky Mountains</i>, 1823, vol. i, p. 337.)</p>
+
+<p>    At a Kaffir marriage &quot;singing and dancing last until midnight.
+    Each party [the bride's and the bridegroom's] dances in front of
+    the other, but they do not mingle together. As the evening
+    advances, the spirits and passions of all become greatly excited;
+    and the power of song, the display of muscular action, and the
+    gesticulations of the dancers and leapers are something
+    extraordinary. The manner in which, at certain times, one man or
+    woman, more excited than the rest, bounds from the ranks, leaps
+    into the air, bounces forward, and darts backward beggars all
+    description. These violent exercises usually close about
+    midnight, when each party retires; generally, each man selects a
+    paramour, and, indulging in sexual gratification, spends the
+    remainder of the night.&quot; (W. C. Holden, <i>The Kaffir Race</i>, 1866,
+    p. 192.)</p>
+
+<p>    At the initiation of Kaffir boys into manhood, as described by
+    Holden, they were circumcised. &quot;Cattle are then slaughtered by
+    the parents, and the boys are plentifully supplied with flesh
+    meat; a good deal of dancing also ensues at this stage of the
+    proceedings. The <i>ukut-shila</i> consists in attiring themselves
+    with the leaves of the wild date in the most fantastic manner;
+    thus attired they visit each of the kraals to which they belong
+    in rotation, for the purpose of dancing. These dances are the
+    most licentious which can be imagined. The women act a prominent
+    part in them, and endeavor to excite the passions of the novices
+    by performing all sorts of obscene gesticulations. As soon as the
+    soreness occasioned by the act of circumcision is healed the boys
+    are, as it were, let loose upon society, and exempted from nearly
+    all the <a name='3_Page_49'></a>restraints of law; so that should they even steal and
+    slaughter their neighbor's cattle they would not be punished; and
+    they have the special privilege of seizing by force, if force be
+    necessary, every unmarried woman they choose, for the purpose of
+    gratifying their passions.&quot; Similar festivals take place at the
+    initiation of girls. (W. C. Holden, <i>The Kaffir Race</i>, 1866, p.
+    185.)</p>
+
+<p>    The Rev. J. Macdonald has described the ceremonies and customs
+    attending and following the initiation-rites of a young girl on
+    her first menstruation among the Zulus between the Tugela and
+    Delagoa Bay. At this time the girl is called an <i>intonjane</i>. A
+    beast is killed as a thank-offering to the ancestral spirits,
+    high revel is held for several days, and dancing and music take
+    place every night till those engaged in it are all exhausted or
+    daylight arrives. &quot;After a few days and when dancing has been
+    discontinued, young men and girls congregate in the outer
+    apartment of the hut, and begin singing, clapping their hands,
+    and making a grunting noise to show their joy. At nightfall most
+    of the young girls who were the intonjane's attendants, leave for
+    their own homes for the night, to return the following morning.
+    Thereafter the young men and girls who gathered into the hut in
+    the afternoon separate into pairs and sleep together <i>in puris
+    naturalibus</i>, for that is strictly ordained by custom. Sexual
+    intercourse is not allowed, but what is known as <i>metsha</i> or
+    <i>ukumetsha</i> is the sole purpose of the novel arrangement.
+    <i>Ukumetsha</i> may be defined as partial intercourse. Every man who
+    sleeps thus with a girl has to send to the father of the
+    intonjane an assegai; should he have formed an attachment for his
+    partner of the night and wish to pay her his addresses, he sends
+    two assegais.&quot; (Rev. J. Macdonald, &quot;Manners, etc., of South
+    African Tribes,&quot; <i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>, vol.
+    xx, November, 1890, p. 117.)</p>
+
+<p>    Goncourt reports the account given him by a French officer from
+    Senegal of the dances of the women, &quot;a dance which is a gentle
+    oscillation of the body, with gradually increasing excitement,
+    from time to time a woman darting forward from the group to stand
+    in front of her lover, contorting herself as though in a
+    passionate embrace, and, on passing her hand between her thighs,
+    showing it covered with the moisture of amorous enjoyment.&quot;
+    (<i>Journal</i>, vol. ix, p. 79.) The dance here referred to is
+    probably the Bamboula dance of the Wolofs, a spring festival
+    which has been described by Pierre Loti in his <i>Roman d'un
+    Spahi</i>, and concerning which various details are furnished by a
+    French army-surgeon, acquainted with Senegal, in his <i>Untrodden
+    Fields of Anthropology</i>. The dance, as described by the latter,
+    takes place at night during full moon, the dancers, male and
+    female, beginning timidly, but, as the beat of the tam-tams and
+    the encouraging cries of the spectators become louder, the dance
+    becomes more furious. The native <a name='3_Page_50'></a>name of the dance is <i>anamalis
+    fobil</i>, &quot;the dance of the treading drake.&quot; &quot;The dancer in his
+    movements imitates the copulation of the great Indian duck. This
+    drake has a member of a corkscrew shape, and a peculiar movement
+    is required to introduce it into the duck. The woman tucks up her
+    clothes and convulsively agitates the lower part of her body; she
+    alternately shows her partner her vulva and hides it from him by
+    a regular movement, backward and forward, of the body.&quot;
+    (<i>Untrodden Fields of Anthropology</i>, Paris, 1898, vol. ii, p.
+    112.)</p>
+
+<p>    Among the Gurus of the Ivory Coast (Gulf of Guinea), Eyss&eacute;ric
+    observes, dancing is usually carried on at night and more
+    especially by the men, and on certain occasions women must not
+    appear, for if they assisted at fetichistic dances &quot;they would
+    die.&quot; Under other circumstances men and women dance together with
+    ardor, not forming couples but often <i>vis-&agrave;-vis</i>: their movements
+    are lascivious. Even the dances following a funeral tend to
+    become sexual in character. At the end of the rites attending the
+    funeral of a chief's son the entire population began to dance
+    with ever-growing ardor; there was nothing ritualistic or sad in
+    these contortions, which took on the character of a lascivious
+    dance. Men and women, boys and girls, young and old, sought to
+    rival each other in suppleness, and the festival became joyous
+    and general, as if in celebration of a marriage or a victory.
+    (Eyss&eacute;ric, &quot;La C&ocirc;te d'Ivoire,&quot; <i>Nouvelles Archives des Missions
+    Scientifiques</i>, tome ix, 1890, pp. 241-49.)</p>
+
+<p>    Mrs. French-Sheldon has described the marriage-rites she observed
+    at Taveta in East Africa. &quot;During this time the young people
+    dance and carouse and make themselves generally merry and
+    promiscuously drunk, carrying the excess of their dissipation to
+    such an extent that they dance until they fall down in a species
+    of epileptic fit.&quot; It is the privilege of the bridegroom's four
+    groomsmen to enjoy the bride first, and she is then handed over
+    to her legitimate husband. This people, both men and women, are
+    &quot;great dancers and merry-makers; the young fellows will collect
+    in groups and dance as though in competition one with the other;
+    one lad will dash out from the circle of his companions, rush
+    into the middle of a circumscribed space, and scream out 'Wow,
+    wow!' Another follows him and screams; then a third does the
+    same. These men will dance with their knees almost rigid, jumping
+    into the air until their excitement becomes very great and their
+    energy almost spasmodic, leaving the ground frequently three feet
+    as they spring into the air. At some of their festivals their
+    dancing is carried to such an extent that I have seen a young
+    fellow's muscles quiver from head to foot and his jaws tremble
+    without any apparent ability on his part to control them, until,
+    foaming at the mouth and with his eyes rolling, he falls in a
+    paroxysm upon the ground, to be carried off by his companions.&quot;<a name='3_Page_51'></a>
+    The writer adds significantly that this dancing &quot;would seem to
+    emanate from a species of voluptuousness.&quot; (Mrs. French-Sheldon,
+    &quot;Customs among the Natives of East Africa,&quot; <i>Journal of the
+    Anthropological Institute</i>, vol. xxi, May, 1892, pp. 366-67.) It
+    may be added that among the Suaheli dances are intimately
+    associated with weddings; the Suaheli dances have been minutely
+    described by Velten (<i>Sitten und Gebra&uuml;che der Suaheli</i>, pp.
+    144-175). Among the Akamba of British East Africa, also,
+    according to H. R. Tate (<i>Journal of the Anthropological
+    Institute</i>, Jan.-June, 1904, p. 137), the dances are followed by
+    connection between the young men and girls, approved of by the
+    parents.</p>
+
+<p>    The dances of the Faroe Islanders have been described by Raymond
+    Pilet (&quot;Rapport sur une Mission en Islande et aux lies F&eacute;ro&euml;,&quot;
+    <i>Nouvelles Archives des Missions Scientifiques</i>, tome vii, 1897,
+    p. 285). These dances, which are entirely decorous, include
+    poetry, music, and much mimicry, especially of battle. They
+    sometimes last for two consecutive days and nights. &quot;The dance is
+    simply a permitted and discreet method by which the young men may
+    court the young girls. The islander enters the circle and places
+    himself beside the girl to whom he desires to show his affection;
+    if he meets with her approval she stays and continues to dance at
+    his side; if not, she leaves the circle and appears later at
+    another spot.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Pitre (<i>Usi, etc., del Popolo Siciliano</i>, vol. ii, p. 24, as
+    quoted in Marro's <i>Pubert&agrave;</i>) states that in Sicily the youth who
+    wishes to marry seeks to give some public proof of his valor and
+    to show himself off. In Chiaramonte, in evidence of his virile
+    force, he bears in procession the standard of some confraternity,
+    a high and richly adorned standard which makes its staff bend to
+    a semicircle, of such enormous weight that the bearer must walk
+    in a painfully bent position, his head thrown back and his feet
+    forward. On reaching the house of his betrothed he makes proof of
+    his boldness and skill in wielding this extremely heavy standard
+    which at this moment seems a plaything in his hands, but may yet
+    prove fatal to him through injury to the loins or other parts.</p>
+
+<p>    This same tendency, which we find in so highly developed a degree
+    among animals and primitive human peoples, is also universal
+    among the children of even the most civilized human races,
+    although in a less organized and more confused way. It manifests
+    itself as &quot;showing-off.&quot; Sanford Bell, in his study of the
+    emotion of love in children, finds that &quot;showing-off&quot; is an
+    essential element in the love of children in what he terms the
+    second stage (from the eighth to the twelfth year in girls and
+    the fourteenth in boys). &quot;It constitutes one of the chief numbers
+    in the boy's repertory of love charms, and is not totally absent
+    from the girl's. It is a most common sight to see the boys taxing
+    their <a name='3_Page_52'></a>resources in devising means of exposing their own
+    excellencies, and often doing the most ridiculous and extravagant
+    things. Running, jumping, dancing, prancing, sparring, wrestling,
+    turning handsprings, somersaults, climbing, walking fences,
+    swinging, giving yodels and yells, whistling, imitating the
+    movements of animals, 'taking people off,' courting danger,
+    affecting courage are some of its common forms.... This
+    'showing-off' in the boy lover is the forerunner of the skilful,
+    purposive, and elaborate means of self-exhibition in the adult
+    male and the charming coquetry in the adult female, in their
+    love-relations.&quot; (Sanford Bell, &quot;The Emotion of Love Between the
+    Sexes,&quot; <i>American Journal Psychology</i>, July, 1902; <i>cf.</i>
+    &quot;Showing-off and Bashfulness,&quot; <i>Pedagogical Seminary</i>, June,
+    1903.) </p></div>
+
+<p>If, in the light of the previous discussion, we examine such facts as
+those here collected, we may easily trace throughout the perpetual
+operations of the same instinct. It is everywhere the instinctive object
+of the male, who is very rarely passive in the process of courtship, to
+assure by his activity in display, his energy or skill or beauty, both his
+own passion and the passion of the female. Throughout nature sexual
+conjugation only takes place after much expenditure of energy.<a name='3_FNanchor_34'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_34'><sup>[34]</sup></a><a name='3_Page_53'></a> We are
+deceived by what we see among highly fed domesticated animals, and among
+the lazy classes of human society, whose sexual instincts are at once both
+unnaturally stimulated and unnaturally repressed, when we imagine that the
+instinct of detumescence is normally ever craving to be satisfied, and
+that throughout nature it can always be set off at a touch whenever the
+stimulus is applied. So far from the instinct of tumescence naturally
+needing to be crushed, it needs, on the contrary, in either sex to be
+submitted to the most elaborate and prolonged processes in order to bring
+about those conditions which detumescence relieves. A state of tumescence
+is not normally constant, and tumescence must be obtained before
+detumescence is possible.<a name='3_FNanchor_35'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_35'><sup>[35]</sup></a> The whole object of courtship, of the mutual
+approximation and caresses of two persons of the opposite sex, is to
+create the state of sexual tumescence.</p>
+
+<p>It will be seen that the most usual method of attaining tumescence&mdash;a
+method found among the most various kinds of animals, from insects and
+birds to man&mdash;is some form of the dance. Among the Negritos of the
+Philippines dancing is described by A. B. Meyer as &quot;jumping in a circle
+around a girl and stamping with the feet&quot;; as we have seen, such a dance
+is, essentially, a form of courtship that is widespread among animals.
+&quot;The true cake-walk,&quot; again, Stanley Hall remarks, &quot;as seen in the South
+is perhaps the purest expression of this impulse to courtship antics seen
+in man.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_36'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_36'><sup>[36]</sup></a> Muscular movement of which the dance is the highest and most
+complex expression, is undoubtedly a method of auto-intoxication of the
+very greatest potency. All energetic movement, indeed, tends to produce
+active congestion. In its influence on the brain violent exercise may thus
+result in a state of intoxication even resembling insanity. As Lagrange
+remarks, the visible effects of exercise&mdash;heightened <a name='3_Page_54'></a>color, bright eyes,
+resolute air and walk&mdash;are those of slight intoxication, and a girl who
+has waltzed for a quarter of an hour is in the same condition as if she
+had drunk champagne.<a name='3_FNanchor_37'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_37'><sup>[37]</sup></a> Groos regards the dance as, above all, an
+intoxicating play of movement, possessing, like other methods of
+intoxication,&mdash;and even apart from its relationship to combat and
+love,&mdash;the charm of being able to draw us out of our everyday life and
+lead us into a self-created dream-world.<a name='3_FNanchor_38'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_38'><sup>[38]</sup></a> That the dance is not only a
+narcotic, but also a powerful stimulant, we may clearly realize from the
+experiments which show that this effect is produced even by much less
+complex kinds of muscular movement. This has been clearly determined, for
+instance, by F&eacute;r&eacute;, in the course of a long and elaborate series of
+experiments dealing with the various influences that modify work as
+measured by Mosso's ergograph. This investigator found that muscular
+movement is the most efficacious of all stimulants in increasing muscular
+power.<a name='3_FNanchor_39'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_39'><sup>[39]</sup></a> It is easy to trace these pleasurable effects of combined
+narcotic and stimulant motion in everyday life and it is unnecessary to
+enumerate its manifestations.<a name='3_FNanchor_40'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_40'><sup>[40]</sup></a> </p><a name='3_Page_55'></a>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Dancing is so powerful an agent on the organism, as Sergi truly
+    remarks (<i>Les Emotions</i>, p. 288), because its excitation is
+    general, because it touches every vital organ, the higher centers
+    no longer dominating. Primitive dancing differs very widely from
+    that civilized kind of dancing&mdash;finding its extreme type in the
+    ballet&mdash;in which energy is concentrated into the muscles below
+    the knee. In the finest kinds of primitive dancing all the limbs,
+    the whole body, take part. For instance, &quot;the Marquisan girls,&quot;
+    Herman Melville remarked in <i>Typee</i>, &quot;dance all over, as it were;
+    not only do their feet dance, but their arms, hands,
+    fingers,&mdash;ay, their very eyes seem to dance in their heads. In
+    good sooth, they so sway their floating forms, arch their necks,
+    toss aloft their naked arms, and glide, and swim, and whirl,&quot;
+    etc.</p>
+
+<p>    If we turn to a very different people, we find this
+    characteristic of primitive dancing admirably illustrated by the
+    missionary, Holden, in the case of Kaffir dances. &quot;So far as I
+    have observed,&quot; he states, &quot;the perfection of the art or science
+    consists in their <i>being able to put every part of the body into
+    motion at the same time</i>. And as they are naked, the bystander
+    has a good opportunity of observing the whole process, which
+    presents a remarkably odd and grotesque appearance,&mdash;the head,
+    the trunk, the arms, the legs, the hands, the feet, bones,
+    muscles, sinews, skin, scalp, and hair, each and all in motion at
+    the same time, with feathers waving, tails of monkeys and wild
+    beasts dangling, and shields beating, accompanied with whistling,
+    shouting, and leaping. It would appear as though the whole frame
+    was hung on springing wires or cords. Dances are held in high
+    repute, being the natural expression of joyous emotion, or
+    creating it when absent. There is, perhaps, no exercise in
+    greater accordance with the sentiments or feelings of a barbarous
+    people, or more fully calculated to gratify their wild and
+    ungoverned passions.&quot; (W. C. Holden, <i>The Kaffir Race</i>, 1866, p.
+    274.) </p></div>
+
+<p>Dancing, as the highest and most complex form of muscular movement, is the
+most potent method of obtaining the organic excitement muscular movement
+yields, and thus we understand how from the earliest zo&ouml;logical ages it
+has been brought to the service of the sexual instinct as a mode of
+attaining tumescence. Among savages this use of dancing works harmoniously
+with the various other uses which dancing possesses in primitive <a name='3_Page_56'></a>times
+and which cause it to occupy so large and vital a part in savage life that
+it may possibly even affect the organism to such an extent as to mold the
+bones; so that some authorities have associated platycnemia with dancing.
+As civilization advances, the other uses of dancing fall away, but it
+still remains a sexual stimulant. Burton, in his <i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>,
+brings forward a number of quotations from old authors showing that
+dancing is an incitement to love.<a name='3_FNanchor_41'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_41'><sup>[41]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Catholic theologians (Debreyne, <i>M&oelig;chialogie</i>, pp.
+    190-199) for the most part condemn dancing with much severity. In
+    Protestant Germany, also, it is held that dance meetings and
+    musical gatherings are frequent occasions of unchastity. Thus in
+    the Leipzig district when a girl is asked &quot;How did you fall?&quot; she
+    nearly always replies &quot;At the dance.&quot; (<i>Die
+    Geschlechtlich-Sittliche Verh&auml;ltnisse im Deutschen Reiche</i>, vol.
+    i, p. 196.) It leads quite as often, and no doubt oftener, to
+    marriage. Rousseau defended it on this account (<i>Nouvelle
+    Helo&iuml;se</i>, bk. iv, letter x); dancing is, he held, an admirable
+    preliminary to courtship, and the best way for young people to
+    reveal themselves to each other, in their grace and decorum,
+    their qualities and defects, while its publicity is its
+    safeguard. An International Congress of Dancing Masters was held
+    at Barcelona in 1907. In connection with this Congress, Giraudet,
+    president of the International Academy of Dancing Masters, issued
+    an inquiry to over 3000 teachers of dancing throughout the world
+    in order to ascertain the frequency with which dancing led to
+    marriage. Of over one million pupils of dancing, either married
+    or engaged to be married, it was found that in most countries
+    more than 50 per cent. met their conjugal partners at dances. The
+    smallest proportion was in Norway, with only 39 per cent., and
+    the highest, Germany, with 97 per cent. Intermediate are France,
+    83 per cent.; America, 80 per cent.; Italy, 70 per cent.; Spain,
+    68 per cent.; Holland, Bulgaria, and England, 65 per cent.;
+    Australia and Roumania, 60 per cent., etc. Of the teachers
+    themselves 92 per cent. met their partners at dances. (Quoted
+    from the <i>Figaro</i> in Beiblatt &quot;Sexualreform&quot; to <i>Geschlecht und
+    Gesellschaft</i>, 1907, p. 175.) </p></div>
+
+<p>In civilization, however, dancing is not only an incitement to love and a
+preliminary to courtship, but it is often a substitute for the normal
+gratification of the sexual instinct, procuring something of the pleasure
+and relief of gratified love. In occasional <a name='3_Page_57'></a>abnormal cases this may be
+consciously realized. Thus Sadger, who regards the joy of dancing as a
+manifestation of &quot;muscular eroticism,&quot; gives the case of a married
+hysterical woman of 21, with genital anesthesia, but otherwise strongly
+developed skin eroticism, who was a passionate dancer: &quot;I often felt as
+though I was giving myself to my partner in dancing,&quot; she said, &quot;and was
+actually having coitus with him. I have the feeling that in me dancing
+takes the place of coitus.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_42'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_42'><sup>[42]</sup></a> Normally something of the same feeling is
+experienced by many young women, who will expend a prodigious amount of
+energy in dancing, thus procuring, not fatigue, but happiness and
+relief.<a name='3_FNanchor_43'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_43'><sup>[43]</sup></a> It is significant that, after sexual relations have begun,
+girls generally lose much of their ardor in dancing. Even our modern
+dances, it is worthy of note, are often of sexual origin; thus, the most
+typical of all, the waltz, was originally (as Schaller, quoted by Groos,
+states) the close of a complicated dance which &quot;represented the romance of
+love, the seeking and the fleeing, the playful sulking and shunning, and
+finally the jubilation of the wedding.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_44'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_44'><sup>[44]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Not only is movement itself a source of tumescence, but even the spectacle
+of movement tends to produce the same effect. The pleasure of witnessing
+movement, as represented by its stimulating effect on the muscular
+system,&mdash;for states of well-being are accompanied by an increase of
+power,&mdash;has been found susceptible of exact measurement by F&eacute;r&eacute;. He <a name='3_Page_58'></a>has
+shown that to watch a colored disk when in motion produced stronger
+muscular contractions, as measured by the dynamometer, than to watch the
+same disk when motionless. Even in the absence of color a similar
+influence of movement was noted, and watching a modified metronome
+produced a greater increase of work with the ergograph than when working
+to the rhythm of the metronome without watching it.<a name='3_FNanchor_45'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_45'><sup>[45]</sup></a> This psychological
+fact has been independently discovered by advertisers, who seek to impress
+the value of their wares on the public by the device of announcing them by
+moving colored lights. The pleasure given by the ballet largely depends on
+the same fact. Not only is dancing an excitation, but the spectacle of
+dancing is itself exciting, and even among savages dances have a public
+which becomes almost as passionately excited as the dancers
+themselves.<a name='3_FNanchor_46'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_46'><sup>[46]</sup></a> It is in virtue of this effect of dancing and similar
+movements that we so frequently find, both among the lower animals and
+savage man, that to obtain tumescence in both sexes, it is sufficient for
+one sex alone, usually the male, to take the active part. This point
+attracted the attention of Kulischer many years ago, and he showed how the
+dances of the men, among savages, excite the women, who watch them
+intently though unobtrusively, and are thus influenced in choosing their
+lovers. He was probably the first to insist that in man sexual selection
+has taken place mainly through the agency of dances, games, and
+festivals.<a name='3_FNanchor_47'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_47'><sup>[47]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is now clear, therefore, why the evacuation theory of the sexual
+impulse must necessarily be partial and inadequate. It leaves out of
+account the whole of the phenomena connected with tumescence, and those
+phenomena constitute the most prolonged, the most important, the most
+significant stage of <a name='3_Page_59'></a>the sexual process. It is during tumescence that the
+whole psychology of the sexual impulse is built up; it is as an incident
+arising during tumescence and influencing its course that we must probably
+regard nearly every sexual aberration. It is with the second stage of the
+sexual process, when the instinct of detumescence arises, that the analogy
+of evacuation can alone be called in. Even here, that analogy, though
+real, is not complete, the nervous element involved in detumescence being
+out of all proportion to the extent of the evacuation. The typical act of
+evacuation, however, is a nervous process, and when we bear this in mind
+we may see whatever truth the evacuation theory possesses. Beaunis classes
+the sexual impulse with the &quot;needs of activity,&quot; but under this head he
+coordinates it with the &quot;need of urination.&quot; That is to say, that both
+alike are nervous explosions. Micturition, like detumescence, is a
+convulsive act, and, like detumescence also, it is certainly connected
+with cerebral processes; thus in epilepsy the passage of urine which may
+occur (as in a girl described by Gowers with minor attacks during which it
+was emitted consciously, but involuntarily) is really a part of the
+process.<a name='3_FNanchor_48'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_48'><sup>[48]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>There appears, indeed, to be a special and intimate connection between the
+explosion of sexual detumescence and the explosive energy of the bladder;
+so that they may reinforce each other and to a limited extent act
+vicariously in relieving each other's tension. It is noteworthy that
+nocturnal and diurnal incontinence of urine, as well as &quot;stammering&quot; of
+the bladder, are all specially liable to begin or to cease at puberty. In
+men and even infants, distention of the bladder favors tumescence by
+producing venous congestion, though at the same time it acts as a physical
+hindrance to sexual detumescence<a name='3_FNanchor_49'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_49'><sup>[49]</sup></a>; in women&mdash;probably not from pressure
+alone, but from reflex nervous action&mdash;a full bladder increases both
+sexual excitement and pleasure, and I have been informed by several women
+that they have <a name='3_Page_60'></a>independently discovered this fact for themselves and
+acted in accordance with it. Conversely, sexual excitement increases the
+explosive force of the bladder, the desire to urinate is aroused, and in
+women the sexual orgasm, when very acute and occurring with a full
+bladder, is occasionally accompanied, alike in savage and civilized life,
+by an involuntary and sometimes full and forcible expulsion of urine.<a name='3_FNanchor_50'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_50'><sup>[50]</sup></a>
+The desire to urinate may possibly be, as has been said, the normal
+accompaniment of sexual excitement in women (just as it is said to be in
+mares; so that the Arabs judge that the mare is ready for the stallion
+when she urinates immediately on hearing him neigh). The association may
+even form the basis of sexual obsessions.<a name='3_FNanchor_51'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_51'><sup>[51]</sup></a> I have elsewhere shown that,
+of all the influences which increase the expulsive force of the bladder,
+sexual excitement is the most powerful.<a name='3_FNanchor_52'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_52'><sup>[52]</sup></a> It may also have a reverse
+influence and inhibit contraction of the bladder, sometimes in association
+with shyness, but also independently of shyness. There is also reason to
+suppose <a name='3_Page_61'></a>that the nervous energy expended in an explosion of the tension
+of the sexual organs may sometimes relieve the bladder; it is well
+recognized that a full bladder is a factor in producing sexual emissions
+during sleep, the explosive energy of the bladder being inhibited and
+passing over into the sexual sphere. Conversely, it appears that explosion
+of the bladder relieves sexual tension. An explosion of the nervous
+centers connected with the contraction of the bladder will relieve nervous
+tension generally; there are forms of epilepsy in which the act of
+urination constitutes the climax, and Gowers, in dealing with minor
+epilepsy, emphasizes the frequency of micturition, which &quot;may occur with
+spasmodic energy when there is only the slightest general stiffness,&quot;
+especially in women. He adds the significant remark that it &quot;sometimes
+seems to relieve the cerebral tension,&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_53'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_53'><sup>[53]</sup></a> and gives the case of a girl
+in whom the aura consisted mainly of a desire to urinate; if she could
+satisfy this the fit was arrested; if not she lost consciousness and a
+severe fit followed.</p>
+
+<p>If micturition may thus relieve nervous tension generally, it is not
+surprising that it should relieve the tension of the centers with which it
+is most intimately connected. S&eacute;rieux records the case of a girl of 12,
+possessed by an impulse to masturbation which she was unable to control,
+although anxious to conquer it, who only found relief in the act of
+urination; this soothed her and to some extent satisfied the sexual
+excitement; when the impulse to masturbate was restrained the impulse to
+urinate became imperative; she would rise four or five times in the night
+for this purpose, and even urinate in bed or in her clothes to obtain the
+desired sexual relief.<a name='3_FNanchor_54'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_54'><sup>[54]</sup></a> I am acquainted with a lady who had a similar,
+but less intense, experience during childhood. Sometimes, especially in
+children, the act of urination becomes an act of gratification at the
+climax <a name='3_Page_62'></a>of sexual pleasure, the imitative symbol of detumescence. Thus
+Schultze-Malkowsky describes a little girl of 7 who would bribe her girl
+companions with little presents to play the part of horses on all fours
+while she would ride on their necks with naked thighs in order to obtain
+the pleasurable sensation of close contact. With one special friend she
+would ride facing backward, and leaning forward to embrace her body
+impulsively, and at the same time pressing the neck closely between her
+thighs, would urinate.<a name='3_FNanchor_55'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_55'><sup>[55]</sup></a> F&eacute;r&eacute; has recorded the interesting case of a man
+who, having all his life after puberty been subject to monthly attacks of
+sexual excitement, after the age of 45 completely lost the liability to
+these manifestations, but found himself subject, in place of them, to
+monthly attacks of frequent and copious urination, accompanied by sexual
+day-dreams, but by no genital excitement.<a name='3_FNanchor_56'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_56'><sup>[56]</sup></a> Such a case admirably
+illustrates the compensatory relation of sexual and vesical excitation.
+This mutual interaction is easily comprehensible when we recall the very
+close nervous connection which exists between the mechanisms of the sexual
+organs and the bladder.</p>
+
+<p>Nor are such relationships found to be confined to these two centers; in a
+lesser degree the more remote explosive centers are also affected; all
+motor influences may spread to related muscles; the convulsion of
+laughter, for instance, seems to be often in relation with the sexual
+center, and Groos has suggested that the laughter which, especially in the
+sexually minded, often follows allusions to the genital sphere is merely
+an effort to dispel nascent sexual excitement by liberating an explosion
+of nervous energy in another direction.<a name='3_FNanchor_57'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_57'><sup>[57]</sup></a> Nervous <a name='3_Page_63'></a>discharges tend to
+spread, or to act vicariously, because the motor centers are more or less
+connected.<a name='3_FNanchor_58'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_58'><sup>[58]</sup></a> Of all the physiological motor explosions, the sexual
+orgasm, or detumescence, is the most massive, powerful, and overwhelming.
+So volcanic is it that to the ancient Greek philosophers it seemed to be a
+minor kind of epilepsy. The relief of detumescence is not merely the
+relief of an evacuation; it is the discharge, by the most powerful
+apparatus for nervous explosion in the body, of the energy accumulated and
+stored up in the slow process of tumescence, and that discharge
+reverberates through all the nervous centers in the organism.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;The sophist of Abdera said that coitus is a slight fit of
+    epilepsy, judging it to be an incurable disease.&quot; (Clement of
+    Alexandria, <i>P&aelig;dagogus</i>, bk. ii, chapter x.) And C&oelig;lius
+    Aurelianus, one of the chief physicians of antiquity, said that
+    &quot;coitus is a brief epilepsy.&quot; F&eacute;r&eacute; has pointed out that both
+    these forms of nervous storm are sometimes accompanied by similar
+    phenomena, by subjective sensations of sight or smell, for
+    example; and that the two kinds of discharge may even be
+    combined. (F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Les Epileptiques</i>, pp. 283-84; also &quot;Exces
+    V&eacute;n&eacute;riens et Epilepsie,&quot; <i>Comptes-rendus de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de
+    Biologie</i>, April 3, 1897, and the same author's <i>Instinct
+    Sexuel</i>, pp. 209, 221, and his &quot;Priapisme<a name='3_Page_64'></a> Epileptique,&quot; <i>La
+    M&eacute;decine Moderne</i>, February 4, 1899.) The epileptic convulsion in
+    some cases involves the sexual mechanism, and it is noteworthy
+    that epilepsy tends to appear at puberty. In modern times even so
+    great a physician as Boerhaave said that coitus is a &quot;true
+    epilepsy,&quot; and more recently Roubaud, Hammond, and Kowalevsky
+    have emphasized the resemblance between coitus and epilepsy,
+    though without identifying the two states. Some authorities have
+    considered that coitus is a cause of epilepsy, but this is denied
+    by Christian, Str&uuml;mpell, and L&ouml;wenfeld. (L&ouml;wenfeld, <i>Sexualleben
+    und Nervenleiden</i>, 1899, p. 68.) F&eacute;r&eacute; has recorded the case of a
+    youth in whom the adoption of the practice of masturbation,
+    several times a day, was followed by epileptic attacks which
+    ceased when masturbation was abandoned. (F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Comptes-rendus de
+    la Socit&eacute;t&eacute; de Biologie</i>, April 3, 1897.) </p></div>
+
+<p>It seems unprofitable at present to attempt any more fundamental analysis
+of the sexual impulse. Beaunis, in the work already quoted, vaguely
+suggests that we ought possibly to connect the sexual excitation which
+leads the male to seek the female with chemical action, either exercised
+directly on the protoplasm of the organism or indirectly by the
+intermediary of the nervous system, and especially by smell in the higher
+animals. Clevenger, Spitzka, Kiernan, and others have also regarded the
+sexual impulse as protoplasmic hunger, tracing it back to the presexual
+times when one protozoal form absorbed another. In the same way Joanny
+Roux, insisting that the sexual need is a need of the whole organism, and
+that &quot;we love with the whole of our body,&quot; compares the sexual instinct to
+hunger, and distinguishes between &quot;sexual hunger&quot; affecting the whole
+system and &quot;sexual appetite&quot; as a more localized desire; he concludes that
+the sexual need is an aspect of the nutritive need.<a name='3_FNanchor_59'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_59'><sup>[59]</sup></a> Useful as these
+views are as a protest against too crude and narrow a conception of the
+part played by the sexual impulse, they carry us into a speculative region
+where proof is difficult. </p><a name='3_Page_65'></a>
+
+<p>We are now, however, at all events, in a better position to define the
+contents of the sexual impulse. We see that there are certainly, as Moll
+has indicated, two constituents in that impulse; but, instead of being
+unrelated, or only distantly related, we see that they are really so
+intimately connected as to form two distinct stages in the same process: a
+first stage, in which&mdash;usually under the parallel influence of internal
+and external stimuli&mdash;images, desires, and ideals grow up within the mind,
+while the organism generally is charged with energy and the sexual
+apparatus congested with blood; and a second stage, in which the sexual
+apparatus is discharged amid profound sexual excitement, followed by deep
+organic relief. By the first process is constituted the tension which the
+second process relieves. It seems best to call the first impulse the
+<i>process of tumescence</i>; the second the <i>process of detumescence</i>.<a name='3_FNanchor_60'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_60'><sup>[60]</sup></a> The
+first, taking on usually a more active form in the male, has the double
+object of bringing the male himself into the condition in which discharge
+becomes imperative, and at the same time arousing in the female a similar
+ardent state of emotional excitement and sexual turgescence. The second
+process has the object, directly, of discharging the tension thus produced
+and, indirectly, of effecting the act by which the race is propagated.</p>
+
+<p>It seems to me that this is at present the most satisfactory way in which
+we can attempt to define the sexual impulse.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_1'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_1'>[1]</a><div class='note'><p> C. Lloyd Morgan, &quot;Instinct and Intelligence in Animals,&quot;
+<i>Nature</i>, February 3, 1898.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_2'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_2'>[2]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Essais</i>, livre iii, ch. v.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_3'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_3'>[3]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, &quot;La Pr&eacute;disposition dans l'&eacute;tiologie des perversions
+sexuelles,&quot; <i>Revue de m&eacute;decine</i>, 1898. In his more recent work on the
+evolution and dissolution of the sexual instinct F&eacute;r&eacute; perhaps slightly
+modified his position by stating that &quot;the sexual appetite is, above all,
+a general need of the organism based on a sensation of fullness, a sort of
+need of evacuation,&quot; <i>L'Instinct sexuel</i>, 1899, p. 6. L&ouml;wenfeld (<i>Ueber
+die Sexuelle Konstitution</i>, p. 30) gives a qualified acceptance to the
+excretory theory, as also Rohleder (<i>Die Zeugung beim Menschen</i>, p. 25).</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_4'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_4'>[4]</a><div class='note'><p> Goltz, <i>Centralblatt f&uuml;r die med. Wissenschaften</i>, 1865, No.
+19, and 1866, No. 18; also <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur Lehre von den Funktionen des
+Frosches</i>, Berlin, 1869, p. 20.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_5'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_5'>[5]</a><div class='note'><p> J. Tarchanoff, &quot;Zur Physiologie des Geschlechtsapparatus des
+Frosches,&quot; <i>Archiv f&uuml;r die Gesammte Physiologie</i>, 1887, vol. xl, p. 330.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_6'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_6'>[6]</a><div class='note'><p> E. Steinach, &quot;Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden Physiologie
+der m&auml;nnlicher Geschlechtsorgane insbesondere der accessorischen
+Geschlechtsdr&uuml;sen,&quot; <i>Archiv f&uuml;r die Gesammte Physiologie</i>, vol. lvi, 1894,
+pp. 304-338.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_7'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_7'>[7]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, Shattock and Seligmann, &quot;The Acquirement of
+Secondary Sexual Characters,&quot; <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society</i>, vol.
+lxxiii, 1904, p. 49.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_8'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_8'>[8]</a><div class='note'><p> For facts bearing on this point, see Guinard, art.
+&quot;Castration,&quot; Richet's <i>Dictionnaire de Physiologie</i>. The general results
+of castration are summarized by Robert M&uuml;ller in ch. vii of his
+<i>Sexualbiologie</i>; also by F. H. A. Marshall, <i>The Physiology of
+Reproduction</i>, ch, ix; see also E. Pittard, &quot;Les Skoptzy,&quot;
+<i>L'Anthropologie</i>, 1903, p. 463.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_9'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_9'>[9]</a><div class='note'><p> For an ancient discussion of this point, see Schurig,
+<i>Spermatologia</i>, 1720, cap. ix.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_10'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_10'>[10]</a><div class='note'><p> J. J. Matignon, <i>Superstition, Crime, et Mis&egrave;re en Chine</i>,
+&quot;Les Eunuques du Palais Imp&eacute;rial de P&eacute;kin,&quot; 1901.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_11'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_11'>[11]</a><div class='note'><p> P. Marie, &quot;Eunuchisme et Erotisme,&quot; <i>Nouvelle Iconographie
+de la Salp&ecirc;tri&egrave;re</i>, 1906, No. 5, and <i>Progr&egrave;s m&eacute;dical</i>, Jan. 26, 1907.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_12'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_12'>[12]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Pedagogical Seminary</i>, July, 1897, p. 121.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_13'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_13'>[13]</a><div class='note'><p> See, for instance, the case reported in another volume of
+these <i>Studies</i> (&quot;Sexual Inversion&quot;), in which castration was performed on
+a sexual invert without effecting any change.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_14'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_14'>[14]</a><div class='note'><p> Guinard, art. &quot;Castration,&quot; <i>Dictionnaire de Physiologie</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_15'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_15'>[15]</a><div class='note'><p> M. A. Colman, <i>Medical Standard</i>, August, 1895; Clara Barrus,
+<i>American Journal of Insanity</i>, April, 1895; Macnaughton-Jones, <i>British
+Gyn&aelig;cological Journal</i>, August, 1902; W. G. Bridgman, <i>Medical Standard</i>,
+1896; J. M. Cotterill, <i>British Medical Journal</i>, April 7, 1900 (also
+private communication); Paul F. Mund&eacute;, <i>American Journal of Obstetrics</i>,
+March, 1899.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_16'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_16'>[16]</a><div class='note'><p> See Swale Vincent, <i>Internal Secretion and the Ductless
+Glands</i>, 1912; F. H. A. Marshall, <i>The Physiology of Reproduction</i>, 1910,
+ch. ix; Munzer, <i>Berliner klinische Wochenschrift</i>, Nov., 1910; C. Sajous,
+<i>The Internal Secretions</i>, vol. i, 1911. The adrenal glands have been
+fully and interestingly studied by Glynn, <i>Quarterly Journal of Medicine</i>,
+Jan., 1912; the thyroid, by Ewan Waller, <i>Practitioner</i>, Aug., 1912; the
+internal secretion of the ovary, by A. Louise McIlroy, <i>Proceedings Royal
+Society Medicine</i>, July, 1912. For a discussion at the Neurology Section
+of the British Medical Association Meeting, 1912, see <i>British Medical
+Journal</i>, Nov. 16, 1912.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_17'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_17'>[17]</a><div class='note'><p> Since this was written I have come across a passage in
+<i>Hampa</i> (p. 228), by Rafael Salillas, the Spanish sociologist, which shows
+that the analogy has been detected by the popular mind and been embodied
+in popular language: &quot;A significant anatomico-physiological concordance
+supposes a resemblance between the mouth and the sexual organs of a woman,
+between coitus and the ingestion of food, and between foods which do not
+require mastication and the spermatic ejaculation; these representations
+find expression in the popular name <i>papo</i> given to women's genital
+organs. 'Papo' is the crop of birds, and is derived from 'papar' (Latin,
+<i>papare</i>), to eat soft food such as we call pap. With this representation
+of infantile food is connected the term <i>leche</i> [milk] as applied to the
+ejaculated genital fluid.&quot; Cleland, it may be added, in the most
+remarkable of English erotic novels, <i>The Memoirs of Fanny Hill</i>, refers
+to &quot;the compressive exsuction with which the sensitive mechanism of that
+part [the vagina] thirstily draws and drains the nipple of Love,&quot; and
+proceeds to compare it to the action of the child at the breast. It
+appears that, in some parts of the animal world at least, there is a real
+analogy of formation between the oral and vaginal ends of the trunk. This
+is notably the case in some insects, and the point has been elaborately
+discussed by Walter Wesch&eacute;, &quot;The Genitalia of Both the Sexes in Diptera,
+and their Relation to the Armature of the Mouth,&quot; <i>Transactions of the
+Linnean Society</i>, second series, vol. ix, Zo&ouml;logy, 1906.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_18'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_18'>[18]</a><div class='note'><p> N&auml;cke now expresses himself very dubiously on the point;
+see, <i>e.g.</i>, <i>Archiv f&uuml;r Kriminal-Anthropologie</i>, 1905, p. 186.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_19'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_19'>[19]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>, Berlin, 1897-98.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_20'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_20'>[20]</a><div class='note'><p> Moll adopts the term &quot;impulse of detumescence&quot;
+(<i>Detumescenztrieb</i>) instead of &quot;impulse of ejaculation,&quot; because in women
+there is either no ejaculation or it cannot be regarded as essential.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_21'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_21'>[21]</a><div class='note'><p> I quote from the second edition, as issued in 1881.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_22'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_22'>[22]</a><div class='note'><p> This is the theory which by many has alone been seen in
+Darwin's <i>Descent of Man</i>. Thus even his friend Wallace states
+unconditionally (<i>Tropical Nature</i>, p. 193) that Darwin accepted a
+&quot;voluntary or conscious sexual selection,&quot; and seems to repeat the same
+statement in <i>Darwinism</i> (1889), p. 283. Lloyd Morgan, in his discussion
+of the pairing instinct in <i>Habit and Instinct</i> (1896), seems also only to
+see this side of Darwin's statement.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_23'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_23'>[23]</a><div class='note'><p> In his <i>Variation of Animals and Plants under
+Domestication</i>, Darwin was puzzled by the fact that, in captivity, animals
+often copulate without conceiving and failed to connect that fact with the
+processes behind his own theory of sexual selection.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_24'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_24'>[24]</a><div class='note'><p> Beaunis, <i>Sensations Internes</i>, ch. v, &quot;Besoins Sexuels,&quot;
+1889. It may be noted that many years earlier Burdach (in his <i>Physiologie
+als Erfahrungswissenschaft</i>, 1826) had recognized that the activity of the
+male favored procreation, and that mental and physical excitement seemed
+to have the same effect in the female also.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_25'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_25'>[25]</a><div class='note'><p> It is scarcely necessary to point out that this is too
+extreme a position. As J. G. Millais remarks of ducks (<i>Natural History of
+British Ducks</i>, p. 45), in courtship &quot;success in winning the admiration of
+the female is rather a matter of persistent and active attention than
+physical force,&quot; though the males occasionally fight over the female. The
+ruff (<i>Machetes pugnax</i>) is a pugnacious bird, as his name indicates. Yet,
+the reeve, the female of this species, is, as E. Selous shows (&quot;Sexual
+Selection in Birds,&quot; <i>Zo&ouml;logist</i>, Feb. and May, 1907), completely mistress
+of the situation. &quot;She seems the plain and unconcerned little mistress of
+a numerous and handsome seraglio, each member of which, however he flounce
+and bounce, can only wait to be chosen.&quot; Any fighting among the males is
+only incidental and is not a factor in selection. Moreover, as R. M&uuml;ller
+points out (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 290), fighting would not usually attain the
+end desired, for if the males expend their time and strength in a serious
+combat they merely afford a third less pugnacious male a better
+opportunity of running off with the prize.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_26'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_26'>[26]</a><div class='note'><p> L. Tillier, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, 1889, pp. 74, 118, 119, 124
+<i>et seq.</i>, 289.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_27'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_27'>[27]</a><div class='note'><p> K. Groos, <i>Die Spiele der Thiere</i>, 1896; <i>Die Spiele der
+Menschen</i>, 1899; both are translated into English.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_28'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_28'>[28]</a><div class='note'><p> Prof. H. E. Ziegler, in a private letter to Professor Groos,
+<i>Spiele der Thiere</i>, p. 202.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_29'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_29'>[29]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Die Spiele der Thiere</i>, p. 244. This had been briefly
+pointed out by earlier writers. Thus, Haeckel (<i>Gen. Morph.</i>, ii, p. 244)
+remarked that fighting for females is a special or modified kind of
+struggle for existence, and that it acts on both sexes.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_30'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_30'>[30]</a><div class='note'><p> It may be added that in the human species, as Bray remarks
+(&quot;Le Beau dans la Nature,&quot; <i>Revue Philosophique</i>, October, 1901, p. 403),
+&quot;the hymen would seem to tend to the same end, as if nature had wished to
+reinforce by a natural obstacle the moral restraint of modesty, so that
+only the vigorous male could insure his reproduction.&quot; There can be no
+doubt that among many animals pairing is delayed so far as possible until
+maturity is reached. &quot;It is a strict rule amongst birds,&quot; remarks J. G.
+Millais (<i>op. cit.</i>, p. 46), &quot;that they do not breed until both sexes have
+attained the perfect adult plumage.&quot; Until that happens, it seems
+probable, the conditions for sexual excitation are not fully established.
+We know little, says Howard (<i>Zo&ouml;logist</i>, 1903, p. 407), of the age at
+which birds begin to breed, but it is known that &quot;there are yearly great
+numbers of individuals who do not breed, and the evidence seems to show
+that such individuals are immature.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_31'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_31'>[31]</a><div class='note'><p> A. Marro, <i>La Pubert&eacute;</i>, 1901, p. 464.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_32'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_32'>[32]</a><div class='note'><p> Lloyd Morgan, <i>Animal Behavior</i>, 1900, pp. 264-5. It may be
+added that, on the esthetic side, Hirn, in his study (<i>The Origins of
+Art</i>, 1900), reaches conclusions which likewise, in the main, concord with
+those of Groos.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_33'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_33'>[33]</a><div class='note'><p> It may be noted that the marriage ceremony itself is often
+of the nature of a courtship, a symbolic courtship, embodying a method of
+attaining tumescence. As Crawley, who has brought out this point, puts it,
+&quot;Marriage-rites of union are essentially identical with love charms,&quot; and
+he refers in illustration to the custom of the Australian Arunta, among
+whom the man or woman by making music on the bull-roarer compels a person
+of the opposite sex to court him or her, the marriage being thus
+completed. (E. Crawley, <i>The Mystic Rose</i>, p. 318.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_34'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_34'>[34]</a><div class='note'><p> The more carefully animals are observed, the more often this
+is found to be the case, even with respect to species which possess no
+obvious and elaborate process for obtaining tumescence. See, for instance,
+the detailed and very instructive account&mdash;too long to quote here&mdash;given
+by E. Selous of the preliminaries to intercourse practised by a pair of
+great crested grebes, while nest-building. Intercourse only took place
+with much difficulty, after many fruitless invitations, more usually given
+by the female. (&quot;Observational Diary of the Habits of the Great Crested
+Grebe,&quot; <i>Z&ouml;ologist</i>, September, 1901.) It is exactly the same with
+savages. The observation of Foley (<i>Bulletin de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; d'Anthropologie
+de Paris</i>, November 6, 1879) that in savages &quot;sexual erethism is very
+difficult&quot; is of great significance and certainly in accordance with the
+facts. This difficulty of erethism is the real cause of many savage
+practices which to the civilized person often seem perverse; the women of
+the Caroline Islands, for instance, as described by Finsch, require the
+tongue or even the teeth to be applied to the clitoris, or a great ant to
+be applied to bite the parts, in order to stimulate orgasm. Westermarck,
+after quoting a remark of Mariner's concerning the women of Tonga,&mdash;&quot;it
+must not be supposed that these women are always easily won; the greatest
+attentions and the most fervent solicitations are sometimes requisite,
+even though there be no other lover in the way,&quot;&mdash;adds that these words
+&quot;hold true for a great many, not to say all, savage and barbarous races
+now existing.&quot; (<i>Human Marriage</i>, p. 163.) The old notions, however, as to
+the sexual licentiousness of peoples living in natural conditions have
+scarcely yet disappeared. See Appendix A; &quot;The Sexual Instinct in
+Savages.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_35'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_35'>[35]</a><div class='note'><p> In men a certain degree of tumescence is essential before
+coitus can be effected at all; in women, though tumescence is not
+essential to coitus, it is essential to orgasm and the accompanying
+physical and psychic relief. The preference which women often experience
+for prolonged coitus is not, as might possibly be imagined, due to
+sensuality, but has a profound physiological basis.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_36'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_36'>[36]</a><div class='note'><p> Stanley Hall, <i>Adolescence</i>, vol. i, p. 223.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_37'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_37'>[37]</a><div class='note'><p> See Lagrange's <i>Physiology of Bodily Exercise</i>, especially
+chapter ii. It is a significant fact that, as Sergi remarks (<i>Les
+Emotions</i>, p. 330), the physiological results of dancing are identical
+with the physiological results of pleasure.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_38'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_38'>[38]</a><div class='note'><p> Groos, <i>Spiele der Menschen</i>, p. 112. Zmigrodzki (<i>Die
+Mutter bei den Volkern des Arischen Stammes</i>, p. 414 <i>et seq.</i>) has an
+interesting passage describing the dance&mdash;especially the Russian dance&mdash;in
+its orgiastic aspects.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_39'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_39'>[39]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, &quot;L'Influence sur le Travail Volontaire d'un muscle de
+l'activit&eacute; d'autres muscles,&quot; <i>Nouvelles Iconographie de la Salp&ecirc;tri&egrave;re</i>,
+1901.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_40'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_40'>[40]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;The sensation of motion,&quot; Kline remarks (&quot;The Migratory
+Impulse,&quot; <i>American Journal of Psychology</i>, October, 1898, p. 62), &quot;as yet
+but little studied from a pleasure-pain standpoint, is undoubtedly a
+pleasure-giving sensation. For Aristippus the end of life is pleasure,
+which he defines as gentle motion. Motherhood long ago discovered its
+virtue as furnished by the cradle. Galloping to town on the parental knee
+is a pleasing pastime in every nursery. The several varieties of swings,
+the hammock, see-saw, flying-jenny, merry-go-round, shooting the chutes,
+sailing, coasting, rowing, and skating, together with the fondness of
+children for rotating rapidly in one spot until dizzy and for jumping from
+high places, are all devices and sports for stimulating the sense of
+motion. In most of these modes of motion the body is passive or
+semipassive, save in such motions as skating and rotating on the feet. The
+passiveness of the body precludes any important contribution of stimuli
+from kinesthetic sources. The stimuli are probably furnished, as Dr. Hall
+and others have suggested, by a redistribution of fluid pressure (due to
+the unusual motions and positions of the body) to the inner walls of the
+several vascular systems of the body.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_41'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_41'>[41]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>, part iii., sect. ii, mem. ii, subs.
+iv.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_42'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_42'>[42]</a><div class='note'><p> Sadger, &quot;Haut-, Schleimhaut-, und Muskel-erotik,&quot; <i>Jahrbuch
+f&uuml;r psychoanalytische Forschungen</i>, Bd. iii, 1912, p. 556.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_43'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_43'>[43]</a><div class='note'><p> Marro (<i>Pubert&agrave;</i>, p. 367 <i>et seq.</i>) has some observations on
+this point. It was an insight into this action of dancing which led the
+Spanish clergy of the eighteenth century to encourage the national
+enthusiasm for dancing (as Baretti informs us) in the interests of
+morality.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_44'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_44'>[44]</a><div class='note'><p> It is scarcely necessary to remark that a primitive dance,
+even when associated with courtship, is not necessarily a sexual
+pantomime; as Wallaschek, in his comprehensive survey of primitive dances,
+observes, it is more usually an animal pantomime, but nonetheless
+connected with the sexual instinct, separation of the sexes, also, being
+no proof to the contrary. (Wallaschek, <i>Primitive Music</i>, pp. 211-13.)
+Grosse (<i>Anf&auml;nge der Kunst</i>, English translation, p. 228) has pointed out
+that the best dancer would be the best fighter and hunter, and that sexual
+selection and natural selection would thus work in harmony.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_45'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_45'>[45]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, &quot;Le plaisir de la vue du Mouvement,&quot; <i>Comptes-rendus
+de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Biologie</i>, November 2, 1901; also <i>Travail et Plaisir</i>,
+ch. xxix.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_46'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_46'>[46]</a><div class='note'><p> Groos repeatedly emphasizes the significance of this fact
+(<i>Spiele der Menschen</i>, pp. 81-9, 460 <i>et seq.</i>); Grosse (<i>Anf&auml;nge der
+Kunst</i>, p. 215) had previously made some remarks on this point.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_47'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_47'>[47]</a><div class='note'><p> M. Kulischer, &quot;Die Geschlechtliche Zuchtwahl bei den
+Menschen in der Urzeit,&quot; <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1876, p. 140 <i>et
+seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_48'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_48'>[48]</a><div class='note'><p> Sir W. R. Gowers, <i>Epilepsy</i>, 2d ed., 1901, pp. 61, 138.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_49'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_49'>[49]</a><div class='note'><p> Guyon, <i>Le&ccedil;ons Cliniques sur les Maladies des Voies
+Urinaires</i>, 3d ed., 1896, vol. ii, p. 397.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_50'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_50'>[50]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, pp. 222-23: Brant&ocirc;me
+was probably the first writer in modern times who referred to this
+phenomenon. MacGillicuddy (<i>Functional Disorders of the Nervous System in
+Women</i>, p. 110) refers to the case of a lady who always had sudden and
+uncontrollable expulsion of urine whenever her husband even began to
+perform the marital act, on which account he finally ceased intercourse
+with her. Kubary states that in Ponape (Western Carolines) the men are
+accustomed to titillate the vulva of their women with the tongue until the
+excitement is so intense that involuntary emission of urine takes place;
+this is regarded as the proper moment for intercourse.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_51'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_51'>[51]</a><div class='note'><p> Thus Pitres and R&eacute;gis (<i>Transactions of the International
+Medical Congress, Moscow</i>, vol. iv, p. 19) record the case of a young girl
+whose life was for some years tormented by a groundless fear of
+experiencing an irresistible desire to urinate. This obsession arose from
+once seeing at a theater a man whom she liked, and being overcome by
+sexual feeling accompanied by so strong a desire to urinate that she had
+to leave the theater. An exactly similar case in a young woman of erotic
+temperament, but prudish, has been recorded by Freud (<i>Zur Neurosenlehre</i>,
+Bd. i, p. 54). Morbid obsessions of modesty involving the urinary sphere
+and appearing at puberty are evidently based on transformed sexual
+emotion. Such a case has been recorded by Marandon de Montyel (<i>Archives
+de Neurologie</i>, vol. xii, 1901, p. 36); this lady, who was of somewhat
+neuropathic temperament, from puberty onward, in order to be able to
+urinate found it necessary not only to be absolutely alone, but to feel
+assured that no one even knew what was taking place.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_52'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_52'>[52]</a><div class='note'><p> H. Ellis, &quot;The Bladder as a Dynamometer,&quot; <i>American Journal
+of Dermatology</i>, May, 1902.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_53'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_53'>[53]</a><div class='note'><p> Sir W. Gowers, &quot;Minor Epilepsy,&quot; <i>British Medical Journal</i>,
+January 6, 1900; <i>ib.</i>, <i>Epilepsy</i>, 2d ed., 1901, p. 106; see also H.
+Ellis, art. &quot;Urinary Bladder, Influence of the Mind on the,&quot; in Tuke's
+<i>Dictionary of Psychological Medicine</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_54'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_54'>[54]</a><div class='note'><p> S&eacute;rieux, <i>Recherches Cliniques sur les Anomalies de
+l'Instinct Sexuel</i>, p. 22.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_55'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_55'>[55]</a><div class='note'><p> Emil Schultze-Malkowsky, &quot;Der Sexuelle Trieb in
+Kindesalter,&quot; <i>Geschlecht und Gesellschaft</i>, vol. ii, part 8, p. 372.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_56'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_56'>[56]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, &quot;Note sur un Cas de Periodicit&eacute; Sexuelle chez
+l'Homme,&quot; <i>Comptes-rendus Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Biologie</i>, July 23, 1904.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_57'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_57'>[57]</a><div class='note'><p> It is a familiar fact that, in women, occasionally, a
+violent explosion of laughter may be propagated to the bladder-center and
+produce urination. &quot;She laughed till she nearly wetted the floor,&quot; I have
+heard a young woman in the country say, evidently using without thought a
+familiar locution. Professor Bechterew has recorded the case of a young
+married lady who, from childhood, wherever she might be&mdash;in friends'
+houses, in the street, in her own drawing-room&mdash;had always experienced an
+involuntary and forcible emission of urine, which could not be stopped or
+controlled, whenever she laughed; the bladder was quite sound and no
+muscular effort produced the same result. (W. Bechterew, <i>Neurologisches
+Centralblatt</i>, 1899.) In women these relationships are most easily
+observed, partly because in them the explosive centers are more easily
+discharged, and partly, it is probable, so far as the bladder is
+concerned, because, although after death the resistance to the emission of
+urine is notably less in women, during life about the same amount of force
+is necessary in both sexes; so that a greater amount of energy flows to
+the bladder in women, and any nervous storm or disturbance is thus
+specially apt to affect the bladder.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_58'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_58'>[58]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Every pain,&quot; remarks Marie de Manac&eacute;ine, &quot;produces a number
+of movements which are apparently useless: we cry out, we groan, we move
+our limbs, we throw ourselves from one side to the other, and at bottom
+all these movements are logical because by interrupting and breaking our
+attention they render us less sensitive to the pain. In the days before
+chloroform, skillful surgeons requested their patients to cry out during
+the operation, as we are told by Gratiolet, who could not explain so
+strange a fact, for in his time the antagonism of movements and attention
+was not recognized.&quot; (Marie de Manac&eacute;ine, <i>Archives Italiennes de
+Biologie</i>, 1894, p. 250.) This antagonism of attention by movement is but
+another way of expressing the vicarious relationship of motor discharges.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_59'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_59'>[59]</a><div class='note'><p> Joanny Roux, <i>Psychologie de l'Instinct Sexuel</i>, 1899, pp.
+22-23. It is disputed whether hunger is located in the whole organism, and
+powerful arguments have been brought against the view. (W. Cannon, &quot;The
+Nature of Hunger,&quot; <i>Popular Science Monthly</i>, Sept., 1912.) Thirst is
+usually regarded as organic (A. Mayer, <i>La Soif</i>, 1901).</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_60'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_60'>[60]</a><div class='note'><p> If there is any objection to these terms it is chiefly
+because they have reference to vascular congestion rather than to the
+underlying nervous charging and discharging, which is equally fundamental,
+and in man more prominent than the vascular phenomena.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='3_LOVE_AND_PAIN'></a><h2><a name='3_Page_66'></a>LOVE AND PAIN.</h2>
+
+<a name='3_L_I'></a><h3>I.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Chief Key to the Relationship between Love and Pain to be Found in
+Animal Courtship&mdash;Courtship a Source of Combativity and of Cruelty&mdash;Human
+Play in the Light of Animal Courtship&mdash;The Frequency of Crimes Against the
+Person in Adolescence&mdash;Marriage by Capture and its Psychological
+Basis&mdash;Man's Pleasure in Exerting Force and Woman's Pleasure in
+Experiencing it&mdash;Resemblance of Love to Pain even in Outward
+Expression&mdash;The Love-bite&mdash;In what Sense Pain may be Pleasurable&mdash;The
+Natural Contradiction in the Emotional Attitude of Women Toward
+Men&mdash;Relative Insensibility to Pain of the Organic Sexual Sphere in
+Women&mdash;The Significance of the Use of the Ampallang and Similar Appliances
+in Coitus&mdash;The Sexual Subjection of Women to Men in Part Explainable as
+the Necessary Condition for Sexual Pleasure.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The relation of love to pain is one of the most difficult problems, and
+yet one of the most fundamental, in the whole range of sexual psychology.
+Why is it that love inflicts, and even seeks to inflict, pain? Why is it
+that love suffers pain, and even seeks to suffer it? In answering that
+question, it seems to me, we have to take an apparently circuitous route,
+sometimes going beyond the ostensible limits of sex altogether; but if we
+can succeed in answering it we shall have come very near one of the great
+mysteries of love. At the same time we shall have made clear the normal
+basis on which rest the extreme aberrations of love.</p>
+
+<p>The chief key to the relationship of love to pain is to be found by
+returning to the consideration of the essential phenomena of courtship in
+the animal world generally. Courtship is a play, a game; even its combats
+are often, to a large extent, mock-combats; but the process behind it is
+one of terrible earnestness, and the play may at any moment become deadly.
+Courtship tends to involve a mock-combat between males for the possession
+of the female which may at any time become a real combat; it is a pursuit
+of the female by the <a name='3_Page_67'></a>male which may at any time become a kind of
+persecution; so that, as Colin Scott remarks, &quot;Courting may be looked upon
+as a refined and delicate form of combat.&quot; The note of courtship, more
+especially among mammals, is very easily forced, and as soon as we force
+it we reach pain.<a name='3_FNanchor_61'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_61'><sup>[61]</sup></a> The intimate and inevitable association in the
+animal world of combat&mdash;of the fighting and hunting impulses&mdash;with the
+process of courtship alone suffices to bring love into close connection
+with pain.</p>
+
+<p>Among mammals the male wins the female very largely by the display of
+force. The infliction of pain must inevitably be a frequent indirect
+result of the exertion of power. It is even more than this; the infliction
+of pain by the male on the female may itself be a gratification of the
+impulse to exert force. This tendency has always to be held in check, for
+it is of the essence of courtship that the male should win the female, and
+she can only be won by the promise of pleasure. The tendency of the male
+to inflict pain must be restrained, so far as the female is concerned, by
+the consideration of what is pleasing to her. Yet, the more carefully we
+study the essential elements of courtship, the clearer it becomes that,
+playful as these manifestations may seem on the surface, in every
+direction they are verging on pain. It is so among animals generally; it
+is so in man among savages. &quot;It is precisely the alliance of pleasure and
+pain,&quot; wrote the physiologist Burdach, &quot;which constitutes the voluptuous
+emotion.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Nor is this emotional attitude entirely confined to the male. The female
+also in courtship delights to arouse to the highest degree in the male the
+desire for her favors and to withhold <a name='3_Page_68'></a>those favors from him, thus finding
+on her part also the enjoyment of power in cruelty. &quot;One's cruelty is
+one's power,&quot; Millament says in Congreve's <i>Way of the World</i>, &quot;and when
+one parts with one's cruelty one parts with one's power.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>At the outset, then, the impulse to inflict pain is brought into
+courtship, and at the same time rendered a pleasurable idea to the female,
+because with primitive man, as well as among his immediate ancestors, the
+victor in love has been the bravest and strongest rather than the most
+beautiful or the most skilful. Until he can fight he is not reckoned a man
+and he cannot hope to win a woman. Among the African Masai a man is not
+supposed to marry until he has blooded his spear, and in a very different
+part of the world, among the Dyaks of Borneo, there can be little doubt
+that the chief incentive to head-hunting is the desire to please the
+women, the possession of a head decapitated by himself being an excellent
+way of winning a maiden's favor.<a name='3_FNanchor_62'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_62'><sup>[62]</sup></a> Such instances are too well known to
+need multiplication here, and they survive in civilization, for, even
+among ourselves, although courtship is now chiefly ruled by quite other
+considerations, most women are in some degree emotionally affected by
+strength and courage. But the direct result of this is that a group of
+phenomena with which cruelty and the infliction of pain must inevitably be
+more or less allied is brought within the sphere of courtship and rendered
+agreeable to women. Here, indeed, we have the source of that love of
+cruelty which some have found so marked in women. This is a phase of
+courtship which helps us to understand how it is that, as we shall see,
+the idea of pain, having become associated with sexual emotion, may be
+pleasurable to women.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, in order to understand the connection between love and pain, we have
+once more to return to the consideration, under a somewhat new aspect, of
+the fundamental elements in the sexual impulse. In discussing the
+&quot;Evolution of Modesty&quot; we found that the primary part of the female in
+courtship <a name='3_Page_69'></a>is the playful, yet serious, assumption of the r&ocirc;le of a hunted
+animal who lures on the pursuer, not with the object of escaping, but with
+the object of being finally caught. In considering the &quot;Analysis of the
+Sexual Impulse&quot; we found that the primary part of the male in courtship is
+by the display of his energy and skill to capture the female or to arouse
+in her an emotional condition which leads her to surrender herself to him,
+this process itself at the same time heightening his own excitement. In
+the playing of these two different parts is attained in both male and
+female that charging of nervous energy, that degree of vascular
+tumescence, necessary for adequate discharge and detumescence in an
+explosion by which sperm-cells and germ-cells are brought together for the
+propagation of the race. We are now concerned with the necessary interplay
+of the differing male and female r&ocirc;les in courtship, and with their
+accidental emotional by-products. Both male and female are instinctively
+seeking the same end of sexual union at the moment of highest excitement.
+There cannot, therefore, be real conflict.<a name='3_FNanchor_63'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_63'><sup>[63]</sup></a> But there is the semblance
+of a conflict, an apparent clash of aim, an appearance of cruelty.
+Moreover,&mdash;and this is a significant moment in the process from our
+present point of view,&mdash;when there are rivals for the possession of one
+female there is always a possibility of actual combat, so tending to
+introduce an element of real violence, of undisguised cruelty, which the
+male inflicts on his rival and which the female views with satisfaction
+and delight in the prowess of the successful claimant. Here we are brought
+close to the zo&ouml;logical root of the connection between love and pain.<a name='3_FNanchor_64'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_64'><sup>[64]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='3_Page_70'></a>
+
+<p>In his admirable work on play in man Groos has fully discussed the plays
+of combat (<i>Kampfspiele</i>), which begin to develop even in childhood and
+assume full activity during adolescence; and he points out that, while the
+impulse to such play certainly has a wider biological significance, it
+still possesses a relationship to the sexual life and to the rivalries of
+animals in courtship which must not be forgotten.<a name='3_FNanchor_65'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_65'><sup>[65]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Nor is it only in play that the connection between love and combativity
+may still be traced. With the epoch of the first sexual relationship,
+Marro points out, awakes the instinct of cruelty, which prompts the youth
+to acts which are sometimes in absolute contrast to his previous conduct,
+and leads him to be careless of the lives of others as well as of his own
+life.<a name='3_FNanchor_66'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_66'><sup>[66]</sup></a> Marro presents a diagram showing how crimes against <a name='3_Page_71'></a>the person
+in Italy rise rapidly from the age of 16 to 20 and reach a climax between
+21 and 25. In Paris, Gamier states, crimes of blood are six times more
+frequent in adolescents (aged 16 to 20) than in adults. It is the same
+elsewhere.<a name='3_FNanchor_67'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_67'><sup>[67]</sup></a> This tendency to criminal violence during the age-period of
+courtship is a by-product of the sexual impulse, a kind of tertiary sexual
+character.</p>
+
+<p>In the process of what is commonly termed &quot;marriage by capture&quot; we have a
+method of courtship which closely resembles the most typical form of
+animal courtship, and is yet found in all but the highest and most
+artificial stages of human society. It may not be true that, as MacLennan
+and others have argued, almost every race of man has passed through an
+actual stage of marriage by capture, but the phenomena in question have
+certainly been extremely widespread and exist in popular custom even among
+the highest races today. George Sand has presented a charming picture of
+such a custom, existing in France, in her <i>Mare au Diable</i>. Farther away,
+among the Kirghiz, the young woman is pursued by all her lovers, but she
+is armed with a formidable whip, which she does not hesitate to use if
+overtaken by a lover to whom she is not favorable. Among the Malays,
+according to early travelers, courtship is carried on in the water in
+canoes with double-bladed paddles; or, if no water is near, the damsel,
+stripped naked of all but a waistband, is given a certain start and runs
+off on foot followed by her lover. Vaughan Stevens in 1896 reported that
+this performance is merely a sport; but Skeat and Blagden, in their more
+recent and very elaborate investigations in the Malay States, find that it
+is a rite. </p><a name='3_Page_72'></a>
+
+<p>Even if we regard &quot;marriage by capture&quot; as simply a primitive human
+institution stimulated by tribal exigencies and early social conditions,
+yet, when we recall its widespread and persistent character, its close
+resemblance to the most general method of courtship among animals, and the
+emotional tendencies which still persist even in the most civilized men
+and women, we have to recognize that we are in presence of a real
+psychological impulse which cannot fail in its exercise to introduce some
+element of pain into love.</p>
+
+<p>There are, however, two fundamentally different theories concerning
+&quot;marriage by capture.&quot; According to the first, that of MacLennan, which,
+until recently, has been very widely accepted, and to which Professor
+Tylor has given the weight of his authority, there has really been in
+primitive society a recognized stage in which marriages were effected by
+the capture of the wife. Such a state of things MacLennan regarded as once
+world-wide. There can be no doubt that women very frequently have been
+captured in this way among primitive peoples. Nor, indeed, has the custom
+been confined to savages. In Europe we find that even up to comparatively
+recent times the abduction of women was not only very common, but was
+often more or less recognized. In England it was not until Henry VII's
+time that the violent seizure of a woman was made a criminal offense, and
+even then the statute was limited to women possessed of lands and goods. A
+man might still carry off a girl provided she was not an heiress; but even
+the abduction of heiresses continued to be common, and in Ireland remained
+so until the end of the eighteenth century. But it is not so clear that
+such raids and abductions, even when not of a genuinely hostile character,
+have ever been a recognized and constant method of marriage.</p>
+
+<p>According to the second set of theories, the capture is not real, but
+simulated, and may be accounted for by psychological reasons. Fustel de
+Coulanges, in <i>La Cit&eacute; Antique</i>,<a name='3_FNanchor_68'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_68'><sup>[68]</sup></a> discussing simulated marriage by
+capture among the Romans, mentioned the <a name='3_Page_73'></a>view that it was &quot;a symbol of the
+young girl's modesty,&quot; but himself regarded it as an act of force to
+symbolize the husband's power. He was possibly alluding to Herbert
+Spencer, who suggested a psychological explanation of the apparent
+prevalence of marriage by capture based on the supposition that, capturing
+a wife being a proof of bravery, such a method of obtaining a wife would
+be practised by the strongest men and be admired, while, on the other
+hand, he considered that &quot;female coyness&quot; was &quot;an important factor&quot; in
+constituting the more formal kinds of marriage by capture ceremonial.<a name='3_FNanchor_69'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_69'><sup>[69]</sup></a>
+Westermarck, while accepting true marriage by capture, considers that
+Spencer's statement &quot;can scarcely be disproved.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_70'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_70'><sup>[70]</sup></a> In his valuable study
+of certain aspects of primitive marriage Crawley, developing the
+explanation rejected by Fustel de Coulanges, regards the fundamental fact
+to be the modesty of women, which has to be neutralized, and this is done
+by &quot;a ceremonial use of force, which is half real and half make-believe.&quot;
+Thus the manifestations are not survivals, but &quot;arising in a natural way
+from normal human feelings. It is not the tribe from which the bride is
+abducted, nor, primarily, her family and kindred, but her <i>sex</i>&quot;; and her
+&quot;sexual characters of timidity, bashfulness, and passivity are
+sympathetically overcome by make-believe representations of male
+characteristic actions.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_71'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_71'><sup>[71]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is not necessary for the present purpose that either of these two
+opposing theories concerning the origin of the customs and feelings we are
+here concerned with should be definitely rejected. Whichever theory is
+adopted, the fundamental psychic element which here alone concerns us
+still exists <a name='3_Page_74'></a>intact.<a name='3_FNanchor_72'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_72'><sup>[72]</sup></a> It may be pointed out, however, that we probably
+have to accept two groups of such phenomena: one, seldom or never existing
+as the sole form of marriage, in which the capture is real; and another in
+which the &quot;capture&quot; is more or less ceremonial or playful. The two groups
+coexist among the Turcomans, as described by Vambery, who are constantly
+capturing and enslaving the Persians of both sexes, and, side by side with
+this, have a marriage ceremonial of mock-capture of entirely playful
+character. At the same time the two groups sometimes overlap, as is
+indicated by cases in which, while the &quot;capture&quot; appears to be ceremonial,
+the girl is still allowed to escape altogether if she wishes. The
+difficulty of disentangling the two groups is shown by the fact that so
+careful an investigator as Westermarck cites cases of real capture and
+mock-capture together without attempting to distinguish between them. From
+our present point of view it is quite unnecessary to attempt such a
+distinction. Whether the capture is simulated or real, the man is still
+playing the masculine and aggressive part proper to the male; the woman is
+still playing the feminine and defensive part proper to the female. The
+universal prevalence of these phenomena is due to the fact that
+manifestations of this kind, real or pretended, afford each sex the very
+best opportunity for playing its proper part in courtship, and so, even
+when the force is real, must always gratify a profound instinct.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It is not necessary to quote examples of marriage by capture from
+    the numerous and easily accessible books on the evolution of
+    marriage. (Sir A. B. Ellis, adopting MacLennan's standpoint,
+    presented a concise statement of the facts in an article on
+    &quot;Survivals from Marriage by Capture,&quot; <i>Popular Science Monthly</i>,
+    1891, p. 207.) It may, however, be worth while to bring together
+    from scattered sources a few of the facts concerning the
+    phenomena in this group and their accompanying emotional <a name='3_Page_75'></a>state,
+    more especially as they bear on the association of love with
+    force, inflicted or suffered.</p>
+
+<p>    In New Caledonia, Foley remarks, the successful coquette goes off
+    with her lover into the bush. &quot;It usually happens that, when she
+    is successful, she returns from her expedition, tumbled, beaten,
+    scratched, even bitten on the nape and shoulders, her wounds thus
+    bearing witness to the quadrupedal attitude she has assumed amid
+    the foliage.&quot; (Foley, <i>Bulletin de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; d'Anthropologie</i>,
+    Paris, November 6, 1879.)</p>
+
+<p>    Of the natives of New South Wales, Turnbull remarked at the
+    beginning of the nineteenth century that &quot;their mode of courtship
+    is not without its singularity. When a young man sees a female to
+    his fancy he informs her she must accompany him home; the lady
+    refuses; he not only enforces compliance with threats but blows;
+    thus the gallant, according to the custom, never fails to gain
+    the victory, and bears off the willing, though struggling
+    pugilist. The colonists for some time entertained the idea that
+    the women were compelled and forced away against their
+    inclinations; but the young ladies informed them that this mode
+    of gallantry was the custom, and perfectly to their taste,&quot; (J.
+    Turnbull, <i>A Voyage Round the World</i>, 1813, p. 98; <i>cf.</i> Brough
+    Smyth, <i>Aborigines of Victoria</i>, 1878, vol. i, p. 81.)</p>
+
+<p>    As regards capture of women among Central Australian tribes,
+    Spencer and Gillen remark: &quot;We have never in any of these central
+    tribes met with any such thing, and the clubbing part of the
+    story may be dismissed, so far as the central area of the
+    continent is concerned. To the casual observer what looks like a
+    capture (we are, of course, only speaking of these tribes) is in
+    reality an elopement, in which the woman is an aiding and
+    abetting party.&quot; (<i>Northern Tribes of Central Australia</i>. p. 32.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The New Zealand method of courtship and matrimony is a most
+    extraordinary one. A man sees a woman whom he fancies he should
+    like for a wife; he asks the consent of her father, or, if an
+    orphan, of her nearest relative, which, if he obtain, he carries
+    his intended off by force, she resisting with all her strength,
+    and, as the New Zealand girls are generally fairly robust,
+    sometimes a dreadful struggle takes place; both are soon stripped
+    to the skin and it is sometimes the work of hours to remove the
+    fair prize a hundred yards. It sometimes happens that she secures
+    her retreat into her father's house, and the lover loses all
+    chance of ever obtaining her.&quot; (A. Earle, <i>Narratives of
+    Residence in New Zealand</i>, 1832, p. 244.)</p>
+
+<p>    Among the Eskimos (probably near Smith Sound) &quot;there is no
+    marriage ceremony further than that the boy is required to carry
+    off his bride by main force, for even among these blubber-eating
+    people the woman only saves her modesty by a show of resistance,
+    although she <a name='3_Page_76'></a>knows years beforehand that her destiny is sealed
+    and that she is to become the wife of the man from whose
+    embraces, when the nuptial day comes, she is obliged by the
+    inexorable law of public opinion to free herself, if possible, by
+    kicking and screaming with might and main until she is safely
+    landed in the hut of her future lord, when she gives up the
+    combat very cheerfully and takes possession of her new abode. The
+    betrothal often takes place at a very early period of life and at
+    very dissimilar ages.&quot; Marriage only takes place when the lover
+    has killed his first seal; this is the test of manhood and
+    maturity. (J. J. Hayes, <i>Open Polar Sea</i>, 1867, p. 432.)</p>
+
+<p>    Marriage by &quot;capture&quot; is common in war and raiding in central
+    Africa. &quot;The women, as a rule,&quot; Johnston says, &quot;make no very
+    great resistance on these occasions. It is almost like playing a
+    game. A woman is surprised as she goes to get water at the
+    stream, or when she is on the way to or from the plantation. The
+    man has only got to show her she is cornered and that escape is
+    not easy or pleasant and she submits to be carried off. As a
+    general rule, they seem to accept very cheerfully these abrupt
+    changes in their matrimonial existence.&quot; (Sir H. H. Johnston,
+    <i>British Central Africa</i>, p. 412.)</p>
+
+<p>    Among the wild tribes of the Malay Peninsula in one form of
+    wedding rite the bridegroom is required to run seven times around
+    an artificial mound decorated with flowers and the emblem of the
+    people's religion. In the event of the bridegroom failing to
+    catch the bride the marriage has to be postponed. Among the Orang
+    Laut, or sea-gipsies, the pursuit sometimes takes the form of a
+    canoe-race; the woman is given a good start and must be overtaken
+    before she has gone a certain distance. (W. W. Skeat, <i>Journal
+    Anthropological Institute</i>, Jan.-June, 1902, p. 134; Skeat and
+    Blagden, <i>Pagan Races of the Malay</i>, vol. ii, p. 69 <i>et seq.</i>,
+    fully discuss the ceremony around the mound.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Calmuck women ride better than the men. A male Calmuck on
+    horseback looks as if he was intoxicated, and likely to fall off
+    every instant, though he never loses his seat; but the women sit
+    with more ease, and ride with extraordinary skill. The ceremony
+    of marriage among the Calmucks is performed on horseback. A girl
+    is first mounted, who rides off at full speed. Her lover pursues,
+    and if he overtakes her she becomes his wife and the marriage is
+    consummated upon the spot, after which she returns with him to
+    his tent. But it sometimes happens that the woman does not wish
+    to marry the person by whom she is pursued, in which case she
+    will not suffer him to overtake her; and we were assured that no
+    instance occurs of a Calmuck girl being thus caught, unless she
+    has a partiality for her pursuer. If she dislikes him, she rides,
+    to use the language of English sportsmen, 'neck or nothing,'
+    until she has completely escaped or until the pursuer's horse is
+    tired <a name='3_Page_77'></a>out, leaving her at liberty to return, to be afterward
+    chased by some more favored admirer.&quot; (E. D. Clarke, <i>Travels</i>,
+    1810, vol. i, p. 333.)</p>
+
+<p>    Among the Bedouins marriage is arranged between the lover and the
+    girl's father, often without consulting the girl herself. &quot;Among
+    the Arabs of Sinai the young maid comes home in the evening with
+    the cattle. At a short distance from the camp she is met by the
+    future spouse and a couple of his young friends and carried off
+    by force to her father's tent. If she entertains any suspicion of
+    their designs she defends herself with stones, and often inflicts
+    wounds on the young men, even though she does not dislike the
+    lover, for, according to custom, the more she struggles, bites,
+    kicks, cries, and strikes, the more she is applauded ever after
+    by her own companions.&quot; After being taken to her father's tent,
+    where a man's cloak is thrown over her by one of the bridegroom's
+    relations, she is dressed in garments provided by her future
+    husband, and placed on a camel, &quot;still continuing to struggle in
+    a most unruly manner, and held by the bridegroom's friends on
+    both sides.&quot; She is then placed in a recess of the husband's
+    tent. Here the marriage is finally consummated, &quot;the bride still
+    continuing to cry very loudly. It sometimes happens that the
+    husband is obliged to tie his bride, and even to beat her, before
+    she can be induced to comply with his desires.&quot; If, however, she
+    really does not like her husband, she is perfectly free to leave
+    him next morning, and her father is obliged to receive her back
+    whether he wishes to or not. It is not considered proper for a
+    widow or divorced woman to make any resistance on being married.
+    (J. L. Burckhardt, <i>Notes on the Bedouins and Wah&aacute;bys</i>, 1830, p.
+    149 <i>et seq.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>    Among the Turcomans forays for capturing and enslaving their
+    Persian neighbors were once habitual. Vambery describes their
+    &quot;marriage ceremonial when the young maiden, attired in bridal
+    costume, mounts a high-bred courser, taking on her lap the
+    carcass of a lamb or goat, and setting off at full gallop,
+    followed by the bridegroom and other young men of the party, also
+    on horseback; she is always to strive, by adroit turns, etc., to
+    avoid her pursuers, that no one approach near enough to snatch
+    from her the burden on her lap. This game, called <i>k&ouml;kb&uuml;ri</i>
+    (green wolf), is in use among all the nomads of central Asia.&quot;
+    (A. Vambery, <i>Travels in Central Asia</i>, 1864, p. 323.)</p>
+
+<p>    In China, a missionary describes how, when he was called upon to
+    marry the daughter of a Chinese Christian brought up in native
+    customs, he was compelled to wait several hours, as the bride
+    refused to get up and dress until long after the time appointed
+    for the wedding ceremony, and then only by force. &quot;Extreme
+    reluctance and dislike and fear are the true marks of a happy and
+    lively wedding.&quot; (A. E. Moule, <i>New China and Old</i>, p. 128.)</p>
+
+<p>    It is interesting to find that in the Indian art of love a kind
+    of mock-combat, accompanied by striking, is a recognized and
+    normal <a name='3_Page_78'></a>method of heightening tumescence. Vatsyayana has a
+    chapter &quot;On Various Manners of Striking,&quot; and he approves of the
+    man striking the woman on the back, belly, flanks, and buttocks,
+    before and during coitus, as a kind of play, increasing as sexual
+    excitement increases, which the woman, with cries and groans,
+    pretends to bid the man to stop. It is mentioned that, especially
+    in southern India, various instruments (scissors, needles, etc.)
+    are used in striking, but this practice is condemned as barbarous
+    and dangerous. (<i>Kama Sutra</i>, French translation, iii, chapter
+    v.)</p>
+
+<p>    In the story of Aladdin, in the <i>Arabian Nights</i>, the bride is
+    undressed by the mother and the other women, who place her in the
+    bridegroom's bed &quot;as if by force, and, according to the custom of
+    the newly married, she pretends to resist, twisting herself in
+    every direction, and seeking to escape from their hands.&quot; (<i>Les
+    Mille Nuits</i>, tr. Mardrus, vol. xi, p. 253.)</p>
+
+<p>    It is said that in those parts of Germany where preliminary
+    <i>Proben&auml;chte</i> before formal marriage are the rule it is not
+    uncommon for a young woman before finally giving herself to a man
+    to provoke him to a physical struggle. If she proves stronger she
+    dismisses him; if he is stronger she yields herself willingly.
+    (W. Henz, &quot;Proben&auml;chte,&quot; <i>Sexual-Probleme</i>, Oct., 1910, p. 743.)</p>
+
+<p>    Among the South Slavs of Servia and Bulgaria, according to
+    Krauss, it is the custom to win a woman by seizing her by the
+    ankle and bringing her to the ground by force. This method of
+    wooing is to the taste of the woman, and they are refractory to
+    any other method. The custom of beating or being beaten before
+    coitus is also found among the South Slavs. (&#922;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#964;&#8049;&#948;&#953;&#945;,
+    vol. vi, p. 209.)</p>
+
+<p>    In earlier days violent courtship was viewed with approval in the
+    European world, even among aristocratic circles. Thus in the
+    medieval <i>Lai de Gra&eacute;lent</i> of Marie de France this Breton knight
+    is represented as very chaste, possessing a high ideal of love
+    and able to withstand the wiles of women. One day when he is
+    hunting in a forest he comes upon a naked damsel bathing,
+    together with her handmaidens. Overcome by her beauty, he seizes
+    her clothes in case she should be alarmed, but is persuaded to
+    hand them to her; then he proceeds to make love to her. She
+    replies that his love is an insult to a woman of her high
+    lineage. Finding her so proud, Gra&eacute;lent sees that his prayers are
+    in vain. He drags her by force into the depth of the forest, has
+    his will of her, and begs her very gently not to be angry,
+    promising to love her loyally and never to leave her. The damsel
+    saw that he was a good knight, courteous, and wise. She thought
+    within herself that if she were to leave him she would never find
+    a better friend.</p>
+
+<p>    Brant&ocirc;me mentions a lady who confessed that she liked to be
+    &quot;half-forced&quot; by her husband, and he remarks that a woman who is
+    &quot;a <a name='3_Page_79'></a>little difficult and resists&quot; gives more pleasure also to her
+    lover than one who yields at once, just as a hard-fought battle
+    is a more notable triumph than an easily won victory. (Brant&ocirc;me,
+    <i>Vie des Dames Galantes</i>, discours i.) Restif de la Bretonne,
+    again, whose experience was extensive, wrote in his
+    <i>Anti-Justine</i> that &quot;all women of strong temperament like a sort
+    of brutality in sexual intercourse and its accessories.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Ovid had said that a little force is pleasing to a woman, and
+    that she is grateful to the ravisher against whom she struggles
+    (<i>Ars Amatoria</i>, lib. i). One of Janet's patients (Raymond and
+    Janet, <i>Les Obsessions et la Psychasth&eacute;nie</i>, vol. ii, p. 406)
+    complained that her husband was too good, too devoted. &quot;He does
+    not know how to make me suffer a little. One cannot love anyone
+    who does not make one suffer a little.&quot; Another hysterical woman
+    (a silk fetichist, frigid with men) had dreams of men and animals
+    abusing her: &quot;I cried with pain and was happy at the same time.&quot;
+    (Cl&eacute;rambault, <i>Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, June, 1908,
+    p. 442.)</p>
+
+<p>    It has been said that among Slavs of the lower class the wives
+    feel hurt if they are not beaten by their husbands. Paullinus, in
+    the seventeenth century, remarked that Russian women are never
+    more pleased and happy than when beaten by their husbands, and
+    regard such treatment as proof of love. (See, <i>e.g.</i>, C. F. von
+    Schlichtegroll, <i>Sacher-Masoch und der Masochismus</i>, p. 69.)
+    Krafft-Ebing believes that this is true at the present day, and
+    adds that it is the same in Hungary, a Hungarian official having
+    informed him that the peasant women of the Somogyer Comitate do
+    not think they are loved by their husbands until they have
+    received the first box on the ear. (Krafft-Ebing, <i>Psychopathia
+    Sexualis</i>, English translation of the tenth edition, p. 188.) I
+    may add that a Russian proverb says &quot;Love your wife like your
+    soul and beat her like your <i>shuba</i>&quot; (overcoat); and, according
+    to another Russian proverb, &quot;a dear one's blows hurt not long.&quot;
+    At the same time it has been remarked that the domination of men
+    by women is peculiarly frequent among the Slav peoples. (V.
+    Schlichtegroll, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 23.) Cellini, in an interesting
+    passage in his <i>Life</i> (book ii, chapters xxxiv-xxxv), describes
+    his own brutal treatment of his model Caterina, who was also his
+    mistress, and the pleasure which, to his surprise, she took in
+    it. Dr. Simon Forman, also, the astrologist, tells in his
+    <i>Autobiography</i> (p. 7) how, as a young and puny apprentice to a
+    hosier, he was beaten, scolded, and badly treated by the servant
+    girl, but after some years of this treatment he turned on her,
+    beat her black and blue, and ever after &quot;Mary would do for him
+    all that she could.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    That it is a sign of love for a man to beat his sweetheart, and a
+    sign much appreciated by women, is illustrated by the episode of
+    Cariharta and Repolido, in &quot;Rinconete and Cortadillo,&quot; one of
+    Cervantes's<a name='3_Page_80'></a> <i>Exemplary Novels</i>. The Indian women of South
+    America feel in the same way, and Mantegazza when traveling in
+    Bolivia found that they complained when they were not beaten by
+    their husbands, and that a girl was proud when she could say &quot;He
+    loves me greatly, for he often beats me.&quot; (<i>Fisiologia della
+    Donna</i>, chapter xiii.) The same feeling evidently existed in
+    classic antiquity, for we find Lucian, in his &quot;Dialogues of
+    Courtesans,&quot; makes a woman say: &quot;He who has not rained blows on
+    his mistress and torn her hair and her garments is not yet in
+    love,&quot; while Ovid advises lovers sometimes to be angry with their
+    sweethearts and to tear their dresses.</p>
+
+<p>    Among the Italian Camorrista, according to Russo, wives are very
+    badly treated. Expression is given to this fact in the popular
+    songs. But the women only feel themselves tenderly loved when
+    they are badly treated by their husbands; the man who does not
+    beat them they look upon as a fool. It is the same in the east
+    end of London. &quot;If anyone has doubts as to the brutalities
+    practised on women by men,&quot; writes a London magistrate, &quot;let him
+    visit the London Hospital on a Saturday night. Very terrible
+    sights will meet his eye. Sometimes as many as twelve or fourteen
+    women may be seen seated in the receiving room, waiting for their
+    bruised and bleeding faces and bodies to be attended to. In nine
+    cases out of ten the injuries have been inflicted by brutal and
+    perhaps drunken husbands. The nurses tell me, however, that any
+    remarks they may make reflecting on the aggressors are received
+    with great indignation by the wretched sufferers. They positively
+    will not hear a single word against the cowardly ruffians.
+    'Sometimes,' said a nurse to me, 'when I have told a woman that
+    her husband is a brute, she has drawn herself up and replied:
+    &quot;You mind your own business, miss. We find the rates and taxes,
+    and the likes of you are paid out of 'em to wait on us.&quot;'&quot;
+    (Montagu Williams, <i>Round London</i>, p. 79.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The prostitute really loves her <i>souteneur</i>, notwithstanding all
+    the persecutions he inflicts on her. Their torments only increase
+    the devotion of the poor slaves to their 'Alphonses.'
+    Parent-Duch&acirc;telet wrote that he had seen them come to the
+    hospital with their eyes out of their heads, faces bleeding, and
+    bodies torn by the blows of their drunken lovers, but as soon as
+    they were healed they went back to them. Police-officers tell us
+    that it is very difficult to make a prostitute confess anything
+    concerning her <i>souteneur</i>. Thus, Rosa L., whom her 'Alphonse'
+    had often threatened to kill, even putting the knife to her
+    throat, would say nothing, and denied everything when the
+    magistrate questioned her. Maria R., with her face marked by a
+    terrible scar produced by her <i>souteneur</i>, still carefully
+    preserved many years afterward the portrait of the aggressor, and
+    when we asked her to explain her affection she replied: 'But he
+    wounded me because he loved me.' The <i>souteneur's</i> brutality only
+    increases the ill-treated woman's love; the humiliation <a name='3_Page_81'></a>and
+    slavery in which the woman's soul is drowned feed her love.&quot;
+    (Niceforo, <i>Il Gergo</i>, etc., 1897, p. 128.)</p>
+
+<p>    In a modern novel written in autobiographic form by a young
+    Australian lady the heroine is represented as striking her
+    betrothed with a whip when he merely attempts to kiss her. Later
+    on her behavior so stings him that his self-control breaks down
+    and he seizes her fiercely by the arms. For the first time she
+    realizes that he loves her. &quot;I laughed a joyous little laugh,
+    saying 'Hal, we are quits'; when on disrobing for the night I
+    discovered on my soft white shoulders and arms&mdash;so susceptible to
+    bruises&mdash;many marks, and black. It had been a very happy day for
+    me.&quot; (Miles Franklin, <i>My Brilliant Career</i>.)</p>
+
+<p>    It is in large measure the existence of this feeling of
+    attraction for violence which accounts for the love-letters
+    received by men who are accused of crimes of violence. Thus in
+    one instance, in Chicago (as Dr. Kiernan writes to me), &quot;a man
+    arrested for conspiracy to commit abortion, and also suspected of
+    being a sadist, received many proposals of marriage and other
+    less modest expressions of affection from unknown women. To judge
+    by the signatures, these women belonged to the Germans and Slavs
+    rather than to the Anglo-Celts.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Neuropathic or degenerative conditions sometimes serve to
+    accentuate or reveal ancestral traits that are very ancient in
+    the race. Under such conditions the tendency to find pleasure in
+    subjection and pain, which is often faintly traceable even in
+    normal civilized women, may become more pronounced. This may be
+    seen in a case described in some detail in the <i>Archivio di
+    Psichiatria</i>. The subject was a young lady of 19, of noble
+    Italian birth, but born in Tunis. On the maternal side there is a
+    somewhat neurotic heredity, and she is herself subject to attacks
+    of hystero-epileptoid character. She was very carefully, but
+    strictly, educated; she knows several languages, possesses marked
+    intellectual aptitudes, and is greatly interested in social and
+    political questions, in which she takes the socialistic and
+    revolutionary side. She has an attractive and sympathetic
+    personality; in complexion she is dark, with dark eyes and very
+    dark and abundant hair; the fine down on the upper lip and lower
+    parts of the cheeks is also much developed; the jaw is large, the
+    head acrocephalic, and the external genital organs of normal
+    size, but rather asymmetric. Ever since she was a child she has
+    loved to work and dream in solitude. Her dreams have always been
+    of love, since menstruation began as early as the age of 10, and
+    accompanied by strong sexual feelings, though at that age these
+    feelings remained vague and indefinite; but in them the desire
+    for pleasure was always accompanied by the desire for pain, the
+    desire to bite and destroy something, and, as it were, to
+    annihilate herself. She experienced great relief after periods of
+    &quot;erotic rumination,&quot; and if this rumination <a name='3_Page_82'></a>took place at night
+    she would sometimes masturbate, the contact of the bedclothes,
+    she said, giving her the illusion of a man. In time this vague
+    longing for the male gave place to more definite desires for a
+    man who would love her, and, as she imagined, strike her.
+    Eventually she formed secret relationships with two or three
+    lovers in succession, each of these relationships being, however,
+    discovered by her family and leading to ineffectual attempts at
+    suicide. But the association of pain with love, which had
+    developed spontaneously in her solitary dreams, continued in her
+    actual relations with her lovers. During coitus she would bite
+    and squeeze her arms until the nails penetrated the flesh. When
+    her lover asked her why at the moment of coitus she would
+    vigorously repel him, she replied: &quot;Because I want to be
+    possessed by force, to be hurt, suffocated, to be thrown down in
+    a struggle.&quot; At another time she said: &quot;I want a man with all his
+    vitality, so that he can torture and kill my body.&quot; We seem to
+    see here clearly the ancient biological character of animal
+    courtship, the desire of the female to be violently subjugated by
+    the male. In this case it was united to sensitiveness to the
+    sexual domination of an intellectual man, and the subject also
+    sought to stimulate her lovers' intellectual tastes. (<i>Archivio
+    di Psichiatria</i>, vol. xx, fasc. 5-6, p. 528.) </p></div>
+
+<p>This association between love and pain still persists even among the most
+normal civilized men and women possessing well-developed sexual impulses.
+The masculine tendency to delight in domination, the feminine tendency to
+delight in submission, still maintain the ancient traditions when the male
+animal pursued the female. The phenomena of &quot;marriage by capture,&quot; in its
+real and its simulated forms, have been traced to various causes. But it
+has to be remembered that these causes could only have been operative in
+the presence of a favorable emotional aptitude, constituted by the
+zo&ouml;logical history of our race and still traceable even today. To exert
+power, as psychologists well recognize, is one of our most primary
+impulses, and it always tends to be manifested in the attitude of a man
+toward the woman he loves.<a name='3_FNanchor_73'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_73'><sup>[73]</sup></a> </p><a name='3_Page_83'></a>
+
+<p>It might be possible to maintain that the primitive element of more or
+less latent cruelty in courtship tends to be more rather than less marked
+in civilized man. In civilization the opportunity of dissipating the
+surplus energy of the courtship process by inflicting pain on rivals
+usually has to be inhibited; thus the woman to be wooed tends to become
+the recipient of the whole of this energy, both in its pleasure-giving and
+its pain-giving aspects. Moreover, the natural process of courtship, as it
+exists among animals and usually among the lower human races, tends to
+become disguised and distorted in civilization, as well by economic
+conditions as by conventional social conditions and even ethical
+prescription. It becomes forgotten that the woman's pleasure is an
+essential element in the process of courtship. A woman is often reduced to
+seek a man for the sake of maintenance; she is taught that pleasure is
+sinful or shameful, that sex-matters are disgusting, and that it is a
+woman's duty, and also her best policy, to be in subjection to her
+husband. Thus, various external checks which normally inhibit any passing
+over of masculine sexual energy into cruelty are liable to be removed.</p>
+
+<p>We have to admit that a certain pleasure in manifesting his power over a
+woman by inflicting pain upon her is an outcome and survival of the
+primitive process of courtship, and an almost or quite normal constituent
+of the sexual impulse in man. But it must be at once added that in the
+normal well-balanced and well-conditioned man this constituent of the
+sexual impulse, when present, is always held in check. When the normal man
+inflicts, or feels the impulse to inflict, some degree of physical pain on
+the woman he loves he can scarcely be said to be moved by cruelty. He
+feels, more or less obscurely, that the pain he inflicts, or desires to
+inflict, is really a part of his love, and that, moreover, it is not
+really resented by the woman <a name='3_Page_84'></a>on whom it is exercised. His feeling is by
+no means always according to knowledge, but it has to be taken into
+account as an essential part of his emotional state. The physical force,
+the teasing and bullying, which he may be moved to exert under the stress
+of sexual excitement, are, he usually more or less unconsciously persuades
+himself, not really unwelcome to the object of his love.<a name='3_FNanchor_74'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_74'><sup>[74]</sup></a> Moreover, we
+have to bear in mind the fact&mdash;a very significant fact from more than one
+point of view&mdash;that the normal manifestations of a woman's sexual pleasure
+are exceedingly like those of pain. &quot;The outward expressions of pain,&quot; as
+a lady very truly writes,&mdash;&quot;tears, cries, etc.,&mdash;which are laid stress on
+to prove the cruelty of the person who inflicts it, are not so different
+from those of a woman in the ecstasy of passion, when she implores the man
+to desist, though that is really the last thing she desires.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_75'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_75'><sup>[75]</sup></a> If a man
+is convinced that he is causing real and unmitigated pain, he becomes
+repentant at once. If this is not the case he must either be regarded as a
+radically abnormal person or as carried away by passion to a point of
+temporary insanity.</p>
+
+<p>The intimate connection of love with pain, its tendency to approach
+cruelty, is seen in one of the most widespread of the occasional and
+non-essential manifestations of strong sexual emotion, especially in
+women, the tendency to bite. We may find references to love-bites in the
+literature of ancient as well as of modern times, in the East as well as
+in the West. Plautus, Catullus, Propertius, Horace, Ovid, Petronius, and
+other Latin writers refer to bites as associated with kisses and usually
+on the lips. Plutarch says that Flora, the mistress of Cn&aelig;us Pompey, in
+commending her lover remarked that he was so lovable that <a name='3_Page_85'></a>she could never
+leave him without giving him a bite. In the Arabic <i>Perfumed Garden</i> there
+are many references to love-bites, while in the Indian <i>Kama Sutra</i> of
+Vatsyayana a chapter is devoted to this subject. Biting in love is also
+common among the South Slavs.<a name='3_FNanchor_76'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_76'><sup>[76]</sup></a> The phenomenon is indeed sufficiently
+familiar to enable Heine, in one of his <i>Romancero</i>, to describe those
+marks by which the ancient chronicler states that Edith Swanneck
+recognized Harold, after the Battle of Hastings, as the scars of the bites
+she had once given him.</p>
+
+<p>It would be fanciful to trace this tendency back to that process of
+devouring to which sexual congress has, in the primitive stages of its
+evolution, been reduced. But we may probably find one of the germs of the
+love-bite in the attitude of many mammals during or before coitus; in
+attaining a firm grip of the female it is not uncommon (as may be observed
+in the donkey) for the male to seize the female's neck between his teeth.
+The horse sometimes bites the mare before coitus and it is said that among
+the Arabs when a mare is not apt for coitus she is sent to pasture with a
+small ardent horse, who excites her by playing with her and biting
+her.<a name='3_FNanchor_77'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_77'><sup>[77]</sup></a> It may be noted, also, that dogs often show their affection for
+their masters by gentle bites. Children also, as Stanley Hall has pointed
+out, are similarly fond of biting.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps a still more important factor is the element of combat in
+tumescence, since the primitive conditions associated with tumescence
+provide a reservoir of emotions which are constantly drawn on even in the
+sexual excitement of individuals belonging to civilization. The tendency
+to show affection by biting is, indeed, commoner among women than among
+men and not only in civilization. It has been noted among idiot girls as
+well as among the women of various savage races. It may thus be that the
+conservative instincts of women have preserved a primitive tendency that
+at its origin marked the male more than the female. But in any case the
+tendency to <a name='3_Page_86'></a>bite at the climax of sexual excitement is so common and
+widespread that it must be regarded, when occurring in women, as coming
+within the normal range of variation in such manifestations. The
+gradations are of wide extent; while in its slight forms it is more or
+less normal and is one of the origins of the kiss,<a name='3_FNanchor_78'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_78'><sup>[78]</sup></a> in its extreme
+forms it tends to become one of the most violent and antisocial of sexual
+aberrations.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>A correspondent writes regarding his experience of biting and
+    being bitten: &quot;I have often felt inclination to bite a woman I
+    love, even when not in coitus or even excited. (I like doing so
+    also with my little boy, playfully, as a cat and kittens.) There
+    seem to be several reasons for this: (1) the muscular effect
+    relieves me; (2) I imagine I am giving the woman pleasure; (3) I
+    seem to attain to a more intimate possession of the loved one. I
+    cannot remember when I first felt desire to be bitten in coitus,
+    or whether the idea was first suggested to me. I was initiated
+    into pinching by a French prostitute who once pinched my nates in
+    coitus, no doubt as a matter of business; it heightened my
+    pleasure, perhaps by stimulating muscular movement. It does not
+    occur to me to ask to be pinched when I am very much excited
+    already, but only at an earlier stage, no doubt with the object
+    of promoting excitement. Apart altogether from sexual excitement,
+    being pinched is unpleasant to me. It has not seemed to me that
+    women usually like to be bitten. One or two women have bitten and
+    sucked my flesh. (The latter does not affect me.) I like being
+    bitten, partly for the same reason as I like being pinched,
+    because if spontaneous it is a sign of my partner's amorousness
+    and the biting never seems too hard. Women do not usually seem to
+    like being bitten, though there are exceptions; 'I should like to
+    bite you and I should like you to bite me,' said one woman; I did
+    so hard, in coitus, and she did not flinch.&quot; &quot;She is particularly
+    anxious to eat me alive,&quot; another correspondent writes, &quot;and
+    nothing gives her greater satisfaction than to tear open my
+    clothes and fasten her teeth into my flesh until I yell for
+    mercy. My experience has generally been, however,&quot; the same
+    correspondent continues, &quot;that the cruelty is <i>unconscious</i>. A
+    woman just grows mad with the desire to squeeze or bite
+    something, with a complete unconsciousness of what result it will
+    produce in the victim. She is astonished when she sees the result
+    and will hardly believe she has done it.&quot; It is unnecessary to
+    accumulate evidence of a tendency which is sufficiently common to
+    be fairly well known, but one or two quotations may be <a name='3_Page_87'></a>presented
+    to show its wide distribution. In the <i>Kama Sutra</i> we read: &quot;If
+    she is very exalted, and if in the exaltation of her passionate
+    transports she begins a sort of combat, then she takes her lover
+    by the hair, draws his head to hers, kisses his lower lip, and
+    then in her delirium bites him all over his body, shutting her
+    eyes&quot;; it is added that with the marks of such bites lovers can
+    remind each other of their affections, and that such love will
+    last for ages. In Japan the maiden of Ainu race feels the same
+    impulse. A. H. Savage Landor (<i>Alone with the Hairy Ainu</i>, 1893,
+    p. 140) says of an Ainu girl: &quot;Loving and biting went together
+    with her. She could not do the one without the other. As we sat
+    on a stone in the twilight she began by gently biting my fingers
+    without hurting me, as affectionate dogs do to their masters. She
+    then bit my arm, then my shoulder, and when she had worked
+    herself up into a passion she put her arms around my neck and bit
+    my cheeks. It was undoubtedly a curious way of making love, and,
+    when I had been bitten all over, and was pretty tired of the new
+    sensation, we retired to our respective homes. Kissing,
+    apparently, was an unknown art to her.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The significance of biting, and the close relationship which, as
+    will have to be pointed out later, it reveals to other phenomena,
+    may be illustrated by some observations which have been made by
+    Alonzi on the peasant women of Sicily. &quot;The women of the people,&quot;
+    he remarks, &quot;especially in the districts where crimes of blood
+    are prevalent, give vent to their affection for their little ones
+    by kissing and sucking them on the neck and arms till they make
+    them cry convulsively; all the while they say: 'How sweet you
+    are! I will bite you, I will gnaw you all over,' exhibiting every
+    appearance of great pleasure. If a child commits some slight
+    fault they do not resort to simple blows, but pursue it through
+    the street and bite it on the face, ears, and arms until the
+    blood flows. At such moments the face of even a beautiful woman
+    is transformed, with injected eyes, gnashing teeth, and
+    convulsive tremors. Among both men and women a very common threat
+    is 'I will drink your blood.' It is told on ocular evidence that
+    a man who had murdered another in a quarrel licked the hot blood
+    from the victim's hand.&quot; (G. Alonzi, <i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>,
+    vol. vi, fasc. 4.) A few years ago a nurse girl in New York was
+    sentenced to prison for cruelty to the baby in her charge. The
+    mother had frequently noticed that the child was in pain and at
+    last discovered the marks of teeth on its legs. The girl admitted
+    that she had bitten the child because that action gave her
+    intense pleasure. (<i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>, August, 1901, p.
+    558.) In the light of such observations as these we may
+    understand a morbid perversion of affection such as was recorded
+    in the London police news some years ago (1894). A man of 30 was
+    charged with ill-treating his wife's illegitimate daughter, aged
+    3, during a period of many months; her lips, eyes, and hands were
+    bitten and bruised from sucking, and <a name='3_Page_88'></a>sometimes her pinafore was
+    covered with blood. &quot;Defendant admitted he had bitten the child
+    because he loved it.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    It is not surprising that such phenomena as these should
+    sometimes be the stimulant and accompaniment to the sexual act.
+    Ferriani thus reports such a case in the words of the young man's
+    mistress: &quot;Certainly he is a strange, maddish youth, though he is
+    fond of me and spends money on me when he has any. He likes much
+    sexual intercourse, but, to tell the truth, he has worn out my
+    patience, for before our embraces there are always struggles
+    which become assaults. He tells me he has no pleasure except when
+    he sees me crying on account of his bites and vigorous pinching.
+    Lately, just before going with me, when I was groaning with
+    pleasure, he threw himself on me and at the moment of emission
+    furiously bit my right cheek till the blood came. Then he kissed
+    me and begged my pardon, but would do it again if the wish took
+    him.&quot; (L. Ferriani, <i>Archivio di Psicopatie Sessuale</i>, vol. i,
+    fasc. 7 and 8, 1896, p. 107.)</p>
+
+<p>    In morbid cases biting may even become a substitute for coitus.
+    Thus, Moll (<i>Die Kontr&auml;re Sexualempfindung</i>, second edition, p.
+    323) records the case of a hysterical woman who was sexually
+    anesthetic, though she greatly loved her husband. It was her
+    chief delight to bite him till the blood flowed, and she was
+    content if, instead of coitus, he bit her and she him, though she
+    was grieved if she inflicted much pain. In other still more
+    morbid cases the fear of inflicting pain is more or less
+    abolished.</p>
+
+<p>    An idealized view of the impulse of love to bite and devour is
+    presented in the following passage from a letter by a lady who
+    associates this impulse with the idea of the Last Supper: &quot;Your
+    remarks about the Lord's Supper in 'Whitman' make it natural to
+    me to tell you my thoughts about that 'central sacrament of
+    Christianity.' I cannot tell many people because they
+    misunderstand, and a clergyman, a very great friend of mine, when
+    I once told what I thought and felt, said I was carnal. He did
+    not understand the divinity and intensity of human love as I
+    understand it. Well, when one loves anyone very much,&mdash;a child, a
+    woman, or a man,&mdash;one loves everything belonging to him: the
+    things he wears, still more his hands, and his face, every bit of
+    his body. We always want to have all, or part, of him as part of
+    ourselves. Hence the expression: I could <i>devour</i> you, I love you
+    so. In some such warm, devouring way Jesus Christ, I have always
+    felt, loved each and every human creature. So it was that he took
+    this mystery of food, which by eating became part of ourselves,
+    as the symbol of the most intense human love, the most intense
+    Divine love. Some day, perhaps, love will be so understood by all
+    that this sacrament will cease to be a superstition, a bone of
+    contention, an 'article' of the church, and become, in all
+    simplicity, a symbol of pure love.&quot; </p></div><a name='3_Page_89'></a>
+
+<p>While in men it is possible to trace a tendency to inflict pain, or the
+simulacrum of pain, on the women they love, it is still easier to trace in
+women a delight in experiencing physical pain when inflicted by a lover,
+and an eagerness to accept subjection to his will. Such a tendency is
+certainly normal. To abandon herself to her lover, to be able to rely on
+his physical strength and mental resourcefulness, to be swept out of
+herself and beyond the control of her own will, to drift idly in delicious
+submission to another and stronger will&mdash;this is one of the commonest
+aspirations in a young woman's intimate love-dreams. In our own age these
+aspirations most often only find their expression in such dreams. In ages
+when life was more nakedly lived, and emotion more openly expressed, it
+was easier to trace this impulse. In the thirteenth century we have found
+Marie de France&mdash;a French poetess living in England who has been credited
+with &quot;an exquisite sense of the generosities and delicacy of the heart,&quot;
+and whose work was certainly highly appreciated in the best circles and
+among the most cultivated class of her day&mdash;describing as a perfect, wise,
+and courteous knight a man who practically commits a rape on a woman who
+has refused to have anything to do with him, and, in so acting, he wins
+her entire love. The savage beauty of New Caledonia furnishes no better
+illustration of the fascination of force, for she, at all events, has done
+her best to court the violence she undergoes. In Middleton's <i>Spanish
+Gypsy</i> we find exactly the same episode, and the unhappy Portuguese nun
+wrote: &quot;Love me for ever and make me suffer still more.&quot; To find in
+literature more attenuated examples of the same tendency is easy.
+Shakespeare, whose observation so little escaped, has seldom depicted the
+adult passion of a grown woman, but in the play which he has mainly
+devoted to this subject he makes Cleopatra refer to &quot;amorous pinches,&quot; and
+she says in the end: &quot;The stroke of death is as a lover's pinch, which
+hurts and is desired.&quot; &quot;I think the Sabine woman enjoyed being carried off
+like that,&quot; a woman remarked in front of Rubens's &quot;Rape of the Sabines,&quot;
+confessing that such a method of love-making <a name='3_Page_90'></a>appealed strongly to
+herself, and it is probable that the majority of women would be prepared
+to echo that remark.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It may be argued that pain cannot give pleasure, and that when
+    what would usually be pain is felt as pleasure it cannot be
+    regarded as pain at all. It must be admitted that the emotional
+    state is often somewhat complex. Moreover, women by no means
+    always agree in the statement of their experience. It is
+    noteworthy, however, that even when the pleasurableness of pain
+    in love is denied it is still admitted that, under some
+    circumstances, pain, or the idea of pain, is felt as pleasurable.
+    I am indebted to a lady for a somewhat elaborate discussion of
+    this subject, which I may here quote at length: &quot;As regards
+    physical pain, though the idea of it is sometimes exciting, I
+    think the reality is the reverse. A very slight amount of pain
+    destroys my pleasure completely. This was the case with me for
+    fully a month after marriage, and since. When pain has
+    occasionally been associated with passion, pleasure has been
+    sensibly diminished. I can imagine that, when there is a want of
+    sensitiveness so that the tender kiss or caress might fail to
+    give pleasure, more forcible methods are desired; but in that
+    case what would be pain to a sensitive person would be only a
+    pleasant excitement, and it could not be truly said that such
+    obtuse persons liked pain, though they might appear to do so. I
+    cannot think that anyone enjoys what is pain <i>to them</i>, if only
+    from the fact that it detracts and divides the attention. This,
+    however, is only my own idea drawn from my own negative
+    experience. No woman has ever told me that she would like to have
+    pain inflicted on her. On the other hand, the desire to inflict
+    pain seems almost universal among men. I have only met one man in
+    whom I have never at any time been able to detect it. At the same
+    time most men shrink from putting their ideas into practice. A
+    friend of my husband finds his chief pleasure in imagining women
+    hurt and ill-treated, but is too tender-hearted ever to inflict
+    pain on them in reality, even when they are willing to submit to
+    it. Perhaps a woman's readiness to submit to pain to please a man
+    may sometimes be taken for pleasure in it. Even when women like
+    the idea of pain, I fancy it is only because it implies
+    subjection to the man, from association with the fact that
+    physical pleasure must necessarily be preceded by submission to
+    his will.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    In a subsequent communication this lady enlarged and perhaps
+    somewhat modified her statements on this point:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I don't think that what I said to you was quite correct.
+    <i>Actual</i> pain gives me no pleasure, yet the <i>idea</i> of pain does,
+    <i>if inflicted by way of discipline and for the ultimate good of
+    the person suffering it</i>. This is essential. For instance, I once
+    read a poem in which the devil and the lost souls in hell were
+    represented as recognizing that they could not <a name='3_Page_91'></a>be good except
+    under torture, but that while suffering the purifying actions of
+    the flames of hell they so realized the beauty of holiness that
+    they submitted willingly to their agony and praised God for the
+    sternness of his judgment. This poem gave me decided physical
+    pleasure, yet I know that if my hand were held in a fire for five
+    minutes I should feel nothing but the pain of the burning. To get
+    the feeling of pleasure, too, I must, for the moment, revert to
+    my old religious beliefs and my old notion that mere suffering
+    has an elevating influence; one's emotions are greatly modified
+    by one's beliefs. When I was about fifteen I invented a game
+    which I played with a younger sister, in which we were supposed
+    to be going through a process of discipline and preparation for
+    heaven after death. Each person was supposed to enter this state
+    on dying and to pass successively into the charge of different
+    angels named after the special virtues it was their function to
+    instill. The last angel was that of Love, who governed solely by
+    the quality whose name he bore. In the lower stages, we were
+    under an angel called Severity who prepared us by extreme
+    harshness and by exacting implicit obedience to arbitrary orders
+    for the acquirement of later virtues. Our duties were to
+    superintend the weather, paint the sunrise and sunset, etc., the
+    constant work involved exercising us in patience and submission.
+    The physical pleasure came in in inventing and recounting to each
+    other our day's work and the penalties and hardships we had been
+    subjected to. We never told each other that we got any physical
+    pleasure out of this, and I cannot therefore be sure that my
+    sister did so; I only imagine she did because she entered so
+    heartily into the spirit of the game. I could get as much
+    pleasure by imagining myself the angel and inflicting the pain,
+    under the conditions mentioned; but my sister did not like this
+    so much, as she then had no companion in subjection. I could not,
+    however, thus reverse my feelings in regard to a man, as it would
+    appear to me unnatural, and, besides, the greater physical
+    strength is essential in the superior position. I can, however,
+    by imagining myself a man, sometimes get pleasure in conceiving
+    myself as educating and disciplining a woman by severe measures.
+    There is, however, no real cruelty in this idea, as I always
+    imagine her liking it.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I only get pleasure in the idea of a woman submitting herself to
+    pain and harshness from the man she loves when the following
+    conditions are fulfilled: 1. She must be absolutely sure of the
+    man's love. 2. She must have perfect confidence in his judgment.
+    3. The pain must be deliberately inflicted, not accidental. 4. It
+    must be inflicted in kindness and for her own improvement, not in
+    anger or with any revengeful feelings, as that would spoil one's
+    ideal of the man. 5. The pain must not be excessive and must be
+    what when we were children we used to call a 'tidy' pain; <i>i.e.</i>,
+    there must be no mutilation, cutting, etc. 6. Last, one would
+    have to feel very sure of one's own influence over <a name='3_Page_92'></a>the man. So
+    much for the idea. As I have never suffered pain under a
+    combination of all these conditions, I have no right to say that
+    I should or should not experience pleasure from its infliction in
+    reality.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Another lady writes: &quot;I quite agree that the idea of pain may be
+    pleasurable, but must be associated with something to be gained
+    by it. My experience is that it [coitus] does often hurt for a
+    few moments, but that passes and the rest is easy; so that the
+    little hurt is nothing terrible, but all the same annoying if
+    only for the sake of a few minutes' pleasure, which is not long
+    enough. I do not know how my experience compares with other
+    women's, but I feel sure that in my case the time needed is
+    longer than usual, and the longer the better, always, with me. As
+    to liking pain&mdash;no, I do not really like it, although I can
+    tolerate pain very well, of any kind; but I like to feel force
+    and strength; this is usual, I think, women being&mdash;or supposed to
+    be&mdash;passive in love. I have not found that 'pain at once kills
+    pleasure.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Again, another lady briefly states that, for her, pain has a
+    mental fascination, and that such pain as she has had she has
+    liked, but that, if it had been any stronger, pleasure would have
+    been destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>    The evidence thus seems to point, with various shades of
+    gradation, to the conclusion that the idea or even the reality of
+    pain in sexual emotion is welcomed by women, provided that this
+    element of pain is of small amount and subordinate to the
+    pleasure which is to follow it. Unless coitus is fundamentally
+    pleasure the element of pain must necessarily be unmitigated
+    pain, and a craving for pain unassociated with a greater
+    satisfaction to follow it cannot be regarded as normal.</p>
+
+<p>    In this connection I may refer to a suggestive chapter on &quot;The
+    Enjoyment of Pain&quot; in Hirn's <i>Origins of Art</i>. &quot;If we take into
+    account,&quot; says Hirn, &quot;the powerful stimulating effect which is
+    produced by acute pain, we may easily understand why people
+    submit to momentary unpleasantness for the sake of enjoying the
+    subsequent excitement. This motive leads to the deliberate
+    creation, not only of pain-sensations, but also of emotions in
+    which pain enters as an element. The violent activity which is
+    involved in the reaction against fear, and still more in that
+    against anger, affords us a sensation of pleasurable excitement
+    which is well worth the cost of the passing unpleasantness. It
+    is, moreover, notorious that some persons have developed a
+    peculiar art of making the initial pain of anger so transient
+    that they can enjoy the active elements in it with almost
+    undivided delight. Such an accomplishment is far more difficult
+    in the case of sorrow.... The creation of pain-sensations may be
+    explained as a desperate device for enhancing the intensity of
+    the emotional state.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The relation of pain and pleasure to emotion has been thoroughly
+    discussed, I may add, by H. R. Marshall in his <i>Pain, Pleasure,
+    and &AElig;sthetics</i>. He contends that pleasure and pain are &quot;general
+    qualities, <a name='3_Page_93'></a>one of which must, and either of which may, belong to
+    any fixed element of consciousness.&quot; &quot;Pleasure,&quot; he considers,
+    &quot;is experienced whenever the physical activity coincident with
+    the psychic state to which the pleasure is attached involves the
+    use of surplus stored force.&quot; We can see, therefore, how, if pain
+    acts as a stimulant to emotion, it becomes the servant of
+    pleasure by supplying it with surplus stored force.</p>
+
+<p>    This problem of pain is thus one of psychic dynamics. If we
+    realize this we shall begin to understand the place of cruelty in
+    life. &quot;One ought to learn anew about cruelty,&quot; said Nietzsche
+    (<i>Beyond Good and Evil</i>, 229), &quot;and open one's eyes. Almost
+    everything that we call 'higher culture' is based upon the
+    spiritualizing and intensifying of <i>cruelty</i>.... Then, to be
+    sure, we must put aside teaching the blundering psychology of
+    former times, which could only teach with regard to cruelty that
+    it originated at the sight of the suffering of <i>others</i>; there is
+    an abundant, superabundant enjoyment even in one's own suffering,
+    in causing one's own suffering.&quot; The element of paradox
+    disappears from this statement if we realize that it is not a
+    question of &quot;cruelty,&quot; but of the dynamics of pain.</p>
+
+<p>    Camille Bos in a suggestive essay (&quot;Du Plaisir de la Douleur,&quot;
+    <i>Revue Philosophique</i>, July, 1902) finds the explanation of the
+    mystery in that complexity of the phenomena to which I have
+    already referred. Both pain and pleasure are complex feelings,
+    the resultant of various components, and we name that resultant
+    in accordance with the nature of the strongest component. &quot;Thus
+    we give to a complexus a name which strictly belongs only to one
+    of its factors, <i>and in pain all is not painful</i>.&quot; When pain
+    becomes a desired end Camille Bos regards the desire as due to
+    three causes: (1) the pain contrasts with and revives a pleasure
+    which custom threatens to dull; (2) the pain by preceding the
+    pleasure accentuates the positive character of the latter; (3)
+    pain momentarily raises the lowered level of sensibility and
+    restores to the organism for a brief period the faculty of
+    enjoyment it had lost.</p>
+
+<p>    It must therefore be said that, in so far as pain is pleasurable,
+    it is so only in so far as it is recognized as a prelude to
+    pleasure, or else when it is an actual stimulus to the nerves
+    conveying the sensation of pleasure. The nymphomaniac who
+    experienced an orgasm at the moment when the knife passed through
+    her clitoris (as recorded by Mantegazza) and the prostitute who
+    experienced keen pleasure when the surgeon removed vegetations
+    from her vulva (as recorded by F&eacute;r&eacute;) took no pleasure in pain,
+    but in one case the intense craving for strong sexual emotion,
+    and in the other the long-blunted nerves of pleasure, welcomed
+    the abnormally strong impulse; and the pain of the incision, if
+    felt at all, was immediately swallowed up in the sensation of
+    pleasure. Moll remarks (<i>Kontr&auml;re Sexualempfindung</i>, third
+    edition, p. 278) that even in man a trace of physical pain may be
+    normally combined with <a name='3_Page_94'></a>sexual pleasure, when the vagina
+    contracts on the penis at the moment of ejaculation, the pain,
+    when not too severe, being almost immediately felt as pleasure.
+    That there is no pleasure in the actual pain, even in masochism,
+    is indicated by the following statement which Krafft-Ebing gives
+    as representing the experiences of a masochist (<i>Psychopathia
+    Sexualis</i> English translation, p. 201): &quot;The relation is not of
+    such a nature that what causes physical pain is simply perceived
+    as physical pleasure, for the person in a state of masochistic
+    ecstasy feels no pain, either because by reason of his emotional
+    state (like that of the soldier in battle) the physical effect on
+    his cutaneous nerves is not apperceived, or because (as with
+    religious martyrs and enthusiasts) in the preoccupation of
+    consciousness with sexual emotion the idea of maltreatment
+    remains merely a symbol, without its quality of pain. To a
+    certain extent there is overcompensation of physical pain in
+    psychic pleasure, and only the excess remains in consciousness as
+    psychic lust. This also undergoes an increase, since, either
+    through reflex spinal influence or through a peculiar coloring in
+    the sensorium of sensory impressions, a kind of hallucination of
+    bodily pleasure takes place, with a vague localization of the
+    objectively projected sensation. In the self-torture of religious
+    enthusiasts (fakirs, howling dervishes, religious flagellants)
+    there is an analogous state, only with a difference in the
+    quality of pleasurable feeling. Here the conception of martyrdom
+    is also apperceived without its pain, for consciousness is filled
+    with the pleasurably colored idea of serving God, atoning for
+    sins, deserving Heaven, etc., through martyrdom.&quot; This statement
+    cannot be said to clear up the matter entirely; but it is fairly
+    evident that, when a woman says that she finds pleasure in the
+    pain inflicted by a lover, she means that under the special
+    circumstances she finds pleasure in treatment which would at
+    other times be felt as pain, or else that the slight real pain
+    experienced is so quickly followed by overwhelming pleasure that
+    in memory the pain itself seems to have been pleasure and may
+    even be regarded as the symbol of pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>    There is a special peculiarity of physical pain, which may be
+    well borne in mind in considering the phenomena now before us,
+    for it helps to account for the tolerance with which the idea of
+    pain is regarded. I refer to the great ease with which physical
+    pain is forgotten, a fact well known to all mothers, or to all
+    who have been present at the birth of a child. As Professor von
+    Tschisch points out (&quot;Der Schmerz,&quot; <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Psychologie
+    und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane</i>, Bd. xxvi, ht. 1 and 2, 1901),
+    memory can only preserve impressions as a whole; physical pain
+    consists of a sensation and of a feeling. But memory cannot
+    easily reproduce the definite sensation of the pain, and thus the
+    whole memory is disintegrated and speedily forgotten. It is quite
+    otherwise <a name='3_Page_95'></a>with moral suffering, which persists in memory and has
+    far more influence on conduct. No one wishes to suffer moral pain
+    or has any pleasure even in the idea of suffering it. </p></div>
+
+<p>It is the presence of this essential tendency which leads to a certain
+apparent contradiction in a woman's emotions. On the one hand, rooted in
+the maternal instinct, we find pity, tenderness, and compassion; on the
+other hand, rooted in the sexual instinct, we find a delight in roughness,
+violence, pain, and danger, sometimes in herself, sometimes also in
+others. The one impulse craves something innocent and helpless, to cherish
+and protect; the other delights in the spectacle of recklessness,
+audacity, sometimes even effrontery.<a name='3_FNanchor_79'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_79'><sup>[79]</sup></a> A woman is not perfectly happy in
+her lover unless he can give at least some satisfaction to each of these
+two opposite longings.</p>
+
+<p>The psychological satisfaction which women tend to feel in a certain
+degree of pain in love is strictly co-ordinated with a physical fact.
+Women possess a minor degree of sensibility in the sexual region. This
+fact must not be misunderstood. On the one hand, it by no means begs the
+question as to whether women's sensibility generally is greater or less
+than that of men; this is a disputed question and the evidence is still
+somewhat conflicting.<a name='3_FNanchor_80'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_80'><sup>[80]</sup></a> On the other hand, it also by no means involves
+a less degree of specific sexual pleasure in women, for the tactile
+sensibility of the sexual organs is no index to the specific sexual
+sensibility of those organs when in a state of tumescence. The real
+significance of the less tactile sensibility of the genital region in
+women is to be found in parturition and the special liability of the
+sexual region in women to injury.<a name='3_FNanchor_81'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_81'><sup>[81]</sup></a><a name='3_Page_96'></a> The women who are less sensitive in
+this respect would be better able and more willing to endure the risks of
+childbirth, and would therefore tend to supplant those who were more
+sensitive. But, as a by-product of this less degree of sensibility, we
+have a condition in which physical irritation amounting even to pain may
+become to normal women in the state of extreme tumescence a source of
+pleasurable excitement, such as it would rarely be to normal men.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>To Calmann appear to be due the first carefully made observations
+    showing the minor sensibility of the genital tract in women.
+    (Adolf Calmann, &quot;Sensibilit&uuml;tsprufungen am weiblicken Genitale
+    nach forensichen Gesichtspunkten,&quot; <i>Archiv f&uuml;r Gyn&auml;kologie</i>,
+    1898, p. 454.) He investigated the vagina, urethra, and anus in
+    eighteen women and found a great lack of sensibility, least
+    marked in anus, and most marked in vagina. [This distribution of
+    the insensitiveness alone indicates that it is due, as I have
+    suggested, to natural selection.] Sometimes a finger in the
+    vagina could not be felt at all. One woman, when a catheter was
+    introduced into the anus, said it might be the vagina or urethra,
+    but was certainly not the anus. (Calmann remarks that he was
+    careful to put his questions in an intelligible form.) The women
+    were only conscious of the urine being drawn off when they heard
+    the familiar sound of the stream or when the bladder was very
+    full; if the sound of the stream was deadened by a towel they
+    were quite unconscious that the bladder had been emptied. [In
+    confirmation of this statement I have noticed that in a lady
+    whose distended bladder it was necessary to empty by the catheter
+    shortly before the birth of her first child&mdash;but who had, indeed,
+    been partly under the influence of chloroform&mdash;there was no
+    consciousness of the artificial relief; she merely remarked that
+    she thought she could now relieve herself.] There was some sense
+    of temperature, but sense of locality, tactile sense, and
+    judgment of size were often widely erroneous. It is significant
+    that virgins were just as insensitive as married women or those
+    who had had children. Calmann's experiments appear to be
+    confirmed by the experiments of Marco Treves, of Turin, on the
+    thermoesthesiometry of mucous membranes, as reported to the Turin
+    International Congress of Physiology (and briefly noted in
+    <i>Nature</i>, November 21, 1901). Treves found that the sensitivity
+    of mucous membranes is always less than that of the skin. The
+    mucosa of the urethra and of the cervix uteri was quite incapable
+    of heat and cold sensations, and even the cautery excited only
+    slight, and that painful, sensation.</p>
+
+<p>    In further illustration of this point reference may be made to
+    the not infrequent cases in which the whole process of
+    parturition and the <a name='3_Page_97'></a>enormous distention of tissues which it
+    involves proceed throughout in an almost or quite painless
+    manner. It is sufficient to refer to two cases reported in Paris
+    by Mac&eacute; and briefly summarized in the <i>British Medical Journal</i>,
+    May 25, 1901. In the first the patient was a primipara 20 years
+    of age, and, until the dilatation of the cervix was complete and
+    efforts at expulsion had commenced, the uterine contractions were
+    quite painless. In the second case, the mother, aged 25, a
+    tripara, had previously had very rapid labors; she awoke in the
+    middle of the night without pains, but during micturition the
+    fetal head appeared at the vulva, and was soon born.</p>
+
+<p>    Further illustration may be found in those cases in which severe
+    inflammatory processes may take place in the genital canal
+    without being noticed. Thus, Maxwell reports the case of a young
+    Chinese woman, certainly quite normal, in whom after the birth of
+    her first child the vagina became almost obliterated, yet beyond
+    slight occasional pain she noticed nothing wrong until the
+    husband found that penetration was impossible (<i>British Medical
+    Journal</i>, January 11, 1902, p. 78). The insensitiveness of the
+    vagina and its contrast, in this respect, with the penis&mdash;though
+    we are justified in regarding the penis as being, like organs of
+    special sense, relatively deficient in general sensibility&mdash;are
+    vividly presented in such an incident as the following, reported
+    a few years ago in America by Dr. G. W. Allen in the <i>Boston
+    Medical and Surgical Journal</i>: A man came under observation with
+    an edematous, inflamed penis. The wife, the night previous, on
+    advice of friends, had injected pure carbolic acid into the
+    vagina just previous to coitus. The husband, ignorant of the
+    fact, experienced untoward burning and smarting during and after
+    coitus, but thought little of it, and soon fell asleep. The next
+    morning there were large blisters on the penis, but it was no
+    longer painful. When seen by Dr. Allen the prepuce was retracted
+    and edematous, the whole penis was much swollen, and there were
+    large, perfectly raw surfaces on either side of the glans. </p></div>
+
+<p>In this connection we may well bring into line a remarkable group of
+phenomena concerning which much evidence has now accumulated. I refer to
+the use of various appliances, fixed in or around the penis, whether
+permanently or temporarily during coitus, such appliance being employed at
+the woman's instigation and solely in order to heighten her excitement in
+congress. These appliances have their great center among the Indonesian
+peoples (in Borneo, Java, Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, the Philippines,
+etc.), thence extending in a modified form through China, to become, it
+appears, considerably prevalent <a name='3_Page_98'></a>in Russia; I have also a note of their
+appearance in India. They have another widely diffused center, through
+which, however, they are more sparsely scattered, among the American
+Indians of the northern and more especially of the southern continents.
+Amerigo Vespucci and other early travelers noted the existence of some of
+these appliances, and since Miklucho-Macleay carefully described them as
+used in Borneo<a name='3_FNanchor_82'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_82'><sup>[82]</sup></a> their existence has been generally recognized. They are
+usually regarded merely as ethnological curiosities. As such they would
+not concern us here. Their real significance for us is that they
+illustrate the comparative insensitiveness of the genital canal in women,
+while at the same time they show that a certain amount of what we cannot
+but regard as painful stimulation is craved by women, in order to heighten
+tumescence and increase sexual pleasure, even though it can only by
+procured by artificial methods. It is, of course, possible to argue that
+in these cases we are not concerned with pain at all, but with a strong
+stimulation that is felt as purely pleasurable. There can be no doubt,
+however, that in the absence of sexual excitement this stimulation would
+be felt as purely painful, and&mdash;in the light of our previous
+discussion&mdash;we may, perhaps, fairly regard it as a painful stimulation
+which is craved, not because it is itself pleasurable, but because it
+heightens the highly pleasurable state of tumescence.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Borneo, the geographical center of the Indonesian world, appears
+    also to be the district in which these instruments are most
+    popular. The <i>ampallang, palang, kambion</i>, or <i>sprit-sail yard</i>,
+    as it is variously termed, is a little rod of bone or metal
+    nearly two inches in length, rounded at the ends, and used by the
+    Kyans and Dyaks of Borneo. Before coitus it is inserted into a
+    transverse orifice in the penis, made by a painful and somewhat
+    dangerous operation and kept open by a quill. Two or more of
+    these instruments are occasionally worn. Sometimes little brushes
+    are attached to each end of the instrument. Another instrument,
+    used by the Dyaks, but said to have been borrowed from the
+    Malays, is the <i>palang anus</i>, which is a ring or collar of
+    plaited palm-fiber, furnished with a pair of stiffish horns of
+    the same wiry material; <a name='3_Page_99'></a>it is worn on the neck of the glans and
+    fits tight to the skin so as not to slip off. (Brooke Low, &quot;The
+    Natives of Borneo,&quot; <i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>,
+    August and November, 1892, p. 45; the <i>ampallang</i> and similar
+    instruments are described by Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, Bd.
+    i, chapter xvii; also in <i>Untrodden Fields of Anthropology</i>, by a
+    French army surgeon, 1898, vol. ii, pp. 135-141; also Mantegazza,
+    <i>Gli Amori degli Uomini</i>, French translation, p. 83 <i>et seq.</i>)
+    Riedel informed Miklucho-Macleay that in the Celebes the Alfurus
+    fasten the eyelids of goats with the eyelashes round the corona
+    of the glans penis, and in Java a piece of goatskin is used in a
+    similar way, so as to form a hairy sheath (<i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r
+    Ethnologie</i>, 1876, pp. 22-25), while among the Batta, of Sumatra,
+    Hagen found that small stones are inserted by an incision under
+    the skin of the penis (<i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1891, ht. 3,
+    p. 351).</p>
+
+<p>    In the Malay peninsula Stevens found instruments somewhat similar
+    to the <i>ampallang</i> still in use among some tribes, and among
+    others formerly in use. He thinks they were brought from Borneo.
+    (H. V. Stevens, <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1896, ht. 4, p.
+    181.) Bloch, who brings forward other examples of similar devices
+    (<i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, pp. 56-58),
+    considers that the Australian mica operation may thus in part be
+    explained.</p>
+
+<p>    Such instruments are not, however, entirely unknown in Europe. In
+    France, in the eighteenth century, it appears that rings,
+    sometimes set with hard knobs, and called &quot;aides,&quot; were
+    occasionally used by men to heighten the pleasure of women in
+    intercourse. (D&uuml;hren, <i>Marquis de Sade</i>, 1901, p. 130.) In
+    Russia, according to Weissenberg, of Elizabethsgrad, it is not
+    uncommon to use elastic rings set with little teeth; these rings
+    are fastened around the base of the glans. (Weissenberg,
+    <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1893, ht. 2, p. 135.) This
+    instrument must have been brought to Russia from the East, for
+    Burton (in the notes to his <i>Arabian Nights</i>) mentions a
+    precisely similar instrument as in use in China. Somewhat similar
+    is the &quot;Chinese hedgehog,&quot; a wreath of fine, soft feathers with
+    the quills solidly fastened by silver wire to a ring of the same
+    metal, which is slipped over the glans. In South America the
+    Araucanians of Argentina use a little horsehair brush fastened
+    around the penis; one of these is in the museum at La Plata; it
+    is said the custom may have been borrowed from the Patagonians;
+    these instruments, called <i>geskels</i>, are made by the women and
+    the workmanship is very delicate. (Lehmann-Nitsche, <i>Zeitschrift
+    f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1900, ht. 6, p. 491.) It is noteworthy that a
+    somewhat similar tuft of horsehair is also worn in Borneo.
+    (Breitenstein, <i>21 Jahre in India</i>, 1899, pt. i, p. 227.) Most of
+    the accounts state that the women attach great importance to the
+    gratification afforded by such instruments. In Borneo <a name='3_Page_100'></a>a modest
+    woman symbolically indicates to her lover the exact length of the
+    ampallang she would prefer by leaving at a particular spot a
+    cigarette of that length. Miklucho-Macleay considers that these
+    instruments were invented by women. Brooke Low remarks that &quot;no
+    woman once habituated to its use will ever dream of permitting
+    her bedfellow to discontinue the practice of wearing it,&quot; and
+    Stevens states that at one time no woman would marry a man who
+    was not furnished with such an apparatus. It may be added that a
+    very similar appliance may be found in European countries
+    (especially Germany) in the use of a condom furnished with
+    irregularities, or a frill, in order to increase the woman's
+    excitement. It is not impossible to find evidence that, in
+    European countries, even in the absence of such instruments, the
+    craving which they gratify still exists in women. Thus, Mauriac
+    tells of a patient with vegetations on the glans who delayed
+    treatment because his mistress liked him so best (art.
+    &quot;V&eacute;g&eacute;tations,&quot; <i>Dictionnaire de M&eacute;decine et Chirurgie pratique</i>).</p>
+
+<p>    It may seem that such impulses and such devices to gratify them
+    are altogether unnatural. This is not so. They have a zo&ouml;logical
+    basis and in many animals are embodied in the anatomical
+    structure. Many rodents, ruminants, and some of the carnivora
+    show natural developments of the penis closely resembling some of
+    those artificially adopted by man. Thus the guinea-pigs possess
+    two horny styles attached to the penis, while the glans of the
+    penis is covered with sharp spines. Some of the Caviid&aelig; also have
+    two sharp, horny saws at the side of the penis. The cat, the
+    rhinoceros, the tapir, and other animals possess projecting
+    structures on the penis, and some species of ruminants, such as
+    the sheep, the giraffe, and many antelopes, have, attached to the
+    penis, long filiform processes through which the urethra passes.
+    (F. H. A. Marshall, <i>The Physiology of Reproduction</i>, pp. 246-248.)</p>
+
+<p>    We find, even in creatures so delicate and ethereal as the
+    butterflies, a whole armory of keen weapons for use in coitus.
+    These were described in detail in an elaborate and fully
+    illustrated memoir by P. H. Gosse (&quot;On the Clasping Organs
+    Ancillary to Generation in Certain Groups of the Lepidoptera,&quot;
+    <i>Transactions of the Linn&aelig;an Society</i>, second series, vol. ii,
+    Zo&ouml;logy, 1882). These organs, which Gosse terms <i>harpes</i> (or
+    grappling irons), are found in the Papilionid&aelig; and are very
+    beautiful and varied, taking the forms of projecting claws,
+    hooks, pikes, swords, knobs, and strange combinations of these,
+    commonly brought to a keen edge and then cut into sharp teeth.</p>
+
+<p>    It is probable that all these structures serve to excite the
+    sexual apparatus of the female and to promote tumescence.</p>
+
+<p>    To the careless observer there may seem to be something vicious
+    or perverted in such manifestations in man. That opinion becomes
+    <a name='3_Page_101'></a>very doubtful when we consider how these tendencies occur in
+    people living under natural conditions in widely separated parts
+    of the world. It becomes still further untenable if we are
+    justified in believing that the ancestors of men possessed
+    projecting epithelial appendages attached to the penis, and if we
+    accept the discovery by Friedenthal of the rudiment of these
+    appendages on the penis of the human fetus at an early stage
+    (Friedenthal, &quot;Sonderformen der menschlichen Leibesbildung,&quot;
+    <i>Sexual-Probleme</i>, Feb., 1912, p. 129). In this case human
+    ingenuity would merely be seeking to supply an organ which nature
+    has ceased to furnish, although it is still in some cases needed,
+    especially among peoples whose aptitude for erethism has remained
+    at, or fallen to, a subhuman level. </p></div>
+
+<p>At first sight the connection between love and pain&mdash;the tendency of men
+to delight in inflicting it and women in suffering it&mdash;seems strange and
+inexplicable. It seems amazing that a tender and even independent woman
+should maintain a passionate attachment to a man who subjects her to
+physical and moral insults, and that a strong man, often intelligent,
+reasonable, and even kind-hearted, should desire to subject to such
+insults a woman whom he loves passionately and who has given him every
+final proof of her own passion. In understanding such cases we have to
+remember that it is only within limits that a woman really enjoys the
+pain, discomfort, or subjection to which she submits. A little pain which
+the man knows he can himself soothe, a little pain which the woman gladly
+accepts as the sign and forerunner of pleasure&mdash;this degree of pain comes
+within the normal limits of love and is rooted, as we have seen, in the
+experience of the race. But when it is carried beyond these limits, though
+it may still be tolerated because of the support it receives from its
+biological basis, it is no longer enjoyed. The natural note has been too
+violently struck, and the rhythm of love has ceased to be perfect. A woman
+may desire to be forced, to be roughly forced, to be ravished away beyond
+her own will. But all the time she only desires to be forced toward those
+things which are essentially and profoundly agreeable to her. A man who
+fails to realize this has made little progress in the art of love. &quot;I like
+being knocked about and made to do things I don't want to do,&quot; a <a name='3_Page_102'></a>woman
+said, but she admitted, on being questioned, that she would not like to
+have <i>much</i> pain inflicted, and that she might not care to be made to do
+important things she did not want to do. The story of Griselda's unbounded
+submissiveness can scarcely be said to be psychologically right, though it
+has its artistic rightness as an elaborate fantasia on this theme
+justified by its conclusion.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>This point is further illustrated by the following passage from a
+    letter written by a lady: &quot;Submission to the man's will is still,
+    and always must be, the prelude to pleasure, and the association
+    of ideas will probably always produce this much misunderstood
+    instinct. Now, I find, indirectly from other women and directly
+    from my own experience, that, when the point in dispute is very
+    important and the man exerts his authority, the desire to get
+    one's own way completely obliterates the sexual feeling, while,
+    conversely, in small things the sexual feeling obliterates the
+    desire to have one's own way. Where the two are nearly equal a
+    conflict between them ensues, and I can stand aside and wonder
+    which will get the best of it, though I encourage the sexual
+    feeling when possible, as, if the other conquers, it leaves a
+    sense of great mental irritation and physical discomfort. A man
+    should command in small things, as in nine cases out of ten this
+    will produce excitement. He should <i>advise</i> in large matters, or
+    he may find either that he is unable to enforce his orders or
+    that he produces a feeling of dislike and annoyance he was far
+    from intending. Women imagine men must be stronger than
+    themselves to excite their passion. I disagree. A passionate man
+    has the best chance, for in him the primitive instincts are
+    strong. The wish to subdue the female is one of them, and in
+    small things he will exert his authority to make her feel his
+    power, while she knows that on a question of real importance she
+    has a good chance of getting her own way by working on his
+    greater susceptibility. Perhaps an illustration will show what I
+    mean. I was listening to the band and a girl and her <i>fianc&eacute;</i>
+    came up to occupy two seats near me. The girl sank into one seat,
+    but for some reason the man wished her to take the other. She
+    refused. He repeated his order twice, the second time so
+    peremptorily that she changed places, and I heard him say: 'I
+    don't think you heard what I said. I don't expect to give an
+    order three times.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;This little scene interested me, and I afterward asked the girl
+    the following questions:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;'Had you any reason for taking one chair more than the other?'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;'No.'</p><a name='3_Page_103'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;'Did Mr. &mdash;&mdash;'s insistence on your changing give you any
+    pleasure?'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;'Yes' (after a little hesitation).</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;'Why?'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;'I don't know.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;'Would it have done so if you had particularly wished to sit in
+    that chair; if, for instance, you had had a boil on your cheek
+    and wished to turn that side away from him?'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;'No; certainly not. The worry of thinking he was looking at it
+    would have made me too cross to feel pleased.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Does this explain what I mean? The occasion, by the way, need
+    not be really important, but, as in this imaginary case of the
+    boil, if it <i>seems important</i> to the woman, irritation will
+    outweigh the physical sensation.&quot; </p></div>
+
+<p>I am well aware that in thus asserting a certain tendency in women to
+delight in suffering pain&mdash;however careful and qualified the position I
+have taken&mdash;many estimable people will cry out that I am degrading a whole
+sex and generally supporting the &quot;subjection of women.&quot; But the day for
+academic discussion concerning the &quot;subjection of women&quot; has gone by. The
+tendency I have sought to make clear is too well established by the
+experience of normal and typical women&mdash;however numerous the exceptions
+may be&mdash;to be called in question. I would point out to those who would
+deprecate the influence of such facts in relation to social progress that
+nothing is gained by regarding women as simply men of smaller growth. They
+are not so; they have the laws of their own nature; their development must
+be along their own lines, and not along masculine lines. It is as true now
+as in Bacon's day that we only learn to command nature by obeying her. To
+ignore facts is to court disappointment in our measure of progress. The
+particular fact with which we have here come in contact is very vital and
+radical, and most subtle in its influence. It is foolish to ignore it; we
+must allow for its existence. We can neither attain a sane view of life
+nor a sane social legislation of life unless we possess a just and
+accurate knowledge of the fundamental instincts upon which life is built.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_61'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_61'>[61]</a><div class='note'><p> Various mammals, carried away by the reckless fury of the
+sexual impulse, are apt to ill-treat their females (R. M&uuml;ller,
+<i>Sexualbiologie</i>, p. 123). This treatment is, however, usually only an
+incident of courtship, the result of excess of ardor. &quot;The chaffinches and
+saffron-finches (<i>Fringella</i> and <i>Sycalis</i>) are very rough wooers,&quot; says
+A. G. Butler (<i>Zo&ouml;logist</i>, 1902, p. 241); &quot;they sing vociferously, and
+chase their hens violently, knocking them over in their flight, pursuing
+and savagely pecking them even on the ground; but when once the hens
+become submissive, the males change their tactics, and become for the time
+model husbands, feeding their wives from their crop, and assisting in
+rearing the young.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_62'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_62'>[62]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Cf.</i> A. C. Haddon, <i>Head Hunters</i>, p. 107.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_63'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_63'>[63]</a><div class='note'><p> Marro considers that there may be transference of
+emotion,&mdash;the impulse of violence generated in the male by his rivals
+being turned against his partner,&mdash;according to a tendency noted by Sully
+and illustrated by Ribot in his <i>Psychology of the Emotions</i>, part i,
+chapter xii.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_64'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_64'>[64]</a><div class='note'><p> Several writers have found in the facts of primitive animal
+courtship the explanation of the connection between love and pain. Thus,
+Krafft-Ebing (<i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, English translation of tenth German
+edition, p. 80) briefly notes that outbreaks of sadism are possibly
+atavistic. Marro (<i>La Pubert&agrave;</i>, 1898, p. 219 <i>et seq.</i>) has some
+suggestive pages on this subject. It would appear that this explanation
+was vaguely outlined by J&auml;ger. Laserre, in a Bordeaux thesis mentioned by
+F&eacute;r&eacute;, has argued in the same sense. F&eacute;r&eacute; (<i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, p. 134), on
+grounds that are scarcely sufficient, regards this explanation as merely a
+superficial analogy. But it is certainly not a complete explanation.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_65'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_65'>[65]</a><div class='note'><p> Sch&auml;fer (<i>Jahrb&uuml;cher f&uuml;r Psychologie</i>, Bd. ii, p. 128, and
+quoted by Krafft-Ebing in <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>), in connection with a
+case in which sexual excitement was produced by the sight of battles or of
+paintings of them, remarks: &quot;The pleasure of battle and murder is so
+predominantly an attribute of the male sex throughout the animal kingdom
+that there can be no question about the close connection between this side
+of the masculine character and male sexuality. I believe that I can show
+by observation that in men who are absolutely normal, mentally and
+physically, the first indefinite and incomprehensible precursors of sexual
+excitement may be induced by reading exciting scenes of chase and war.
+These give rise to unconscious longings for a kind of satisfaction in
+warlike games (wrestling, etc.) which express the fundamental sexual
+impulse to close and complete contact with a companion, with a secondary
+more or less clearly defined thought of conquest.&quot; Groos (<i>Spiele der
+Menschen</i>, 1899, p. 232) also thinks there is more or less truth in this
+suggestion of a subconscious sexual element in the playful wrestling
+combats of boys. Freud considers (<i>Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie</i>,
+p. 49) that the tendency to sexual excitement through muscular activity in
+wrestling, etc., is one of the roots of sadism. I have been told of normal
+men who feel a conscious pleasure of this kind when lifted in games, as
+may happen, for instance, in football. It may be added that in some parts
+of the world the suitor has to throw the girl in a wrestling-bout in order
+to secure her hand.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_66'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_66'>[66]</a><div class='note'><p> A minor manifestation of this tendency, appearing even in
+quite normal and well-conditioned individuals, is the impulse among boys
+at and after puberty to take pleasure in persecuting and hurting lower
+animals or their own young companions. Some youths display a diabolical
+enjoyment and ingenuity in torturing sensitive juniors, and even a boy who
+is otherwise kindly and considerate may find enjoyment in deliberately
+mutilating a frog. In some cases, in boys and youths who have no true
+sadistic impulse and are not usually cruel, this infliction of torture on
+a lower animal produces an erection, though not necessarily any pleasant
+sexual sensations.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_67'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_67'>[67]</a><div class='note'><p> Marro, <i>La Pubert&agrave;</i>, 1898, p. 223; Garnier, &quot;La Criminalit&eacute;
+Juvenile,&quot; <i>Comptes-rendus Congr&egrave;s Internationale d'Anthropologie
+Criminelle</i>, Amsterdam, 1901, p. 296; <i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, 1899,
+fasc. v-vi, p. 572.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_68'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_68'>[68]</a><div class='note'><p> Bk. ii, ch. ii.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_69'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_69'>[69]</a><div class='note'><p> Herbert Spencer, <i>Principles of Sociology</i>, 1876, vol. i, p.
+651.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_70'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_70'>[70]</a><div class='note'><p> Westermarck, <i>Human Marriage</i>, p. 388. Grosse is of the same
+opinion; he considers also that the mock-capture is often an imitation,
+due to admiration, of real capture; he does not believe that the latter
+has ever been a form of marriage recognized by custom and law, but only
+&quot;an occasional and punishable act of violence.&quot; (<i>Die Formen der Familie</i>,
+pp. 105-7.) This position is too extreme.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_71'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_71'>[71]</a><div class='note'><p> Ernest Crawley, <i>The Mystic Rose</i>, 1902, p. 350 <i>et seq.</i>
+Van Gennep rightly remarks that we cannot correctly say that the woman is
+abducted from &quot;her sex,&quot; but only from her &quot;sexual society.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_72'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_72'>[72]</a><div class='note'><p> A. Van Gennep (<i>Rites de Passage</i>, 1909, pp. 175-186) has
+put forward a third theory, though also of a psychological character,
+according to which the &quot;capture&quot; is a rite indicating the separation of
+the young girl from the special societies of her childhood. Gennep regards
+this rite as one of a vast group of &quot;rites of passage,&quot; which come into
+action whenever a person changes his social or natural environment.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_73'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_73'>[73]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute; (<i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, p. 133) appears to regard the
+satisfaction, based on the sentiment of personal power, which may be
+experienced in the suffering and subjection of a victim as an adequate
+explanation of the association of pain with love. This I can scarcely
+admit. It is a factor in the emotional attitude, but when it only exists
+in the sexual sphere it is reasonable to base this attitude largely on the
+still more fundamental biological attitude of the male toward the female
+in the process of courtship. F&eacute;r&eacute; regards this biological element as
+merely a superficial analogy, on the ground that an act of cruelty may
+become an equivalent of coitus. But a sexual perversion is quite commonly
+constituted by the selection and magnification of a single moment in the
+normal sexual process.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_74'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_74'>[74]</a><div class='note'><p> The process may, however, be quite conscious. Thus, a
+correspondent tells me that he not only finds sexual pleasure in cruelty
+toward the woman he loves, but that he regards this as an essential
+element. He is convinced that it gives the woman pleasure, and that it is
+possible to distinguish by gesture, inflection of voice, etc., an
+hysterical, assumed, or imagined feeling of pain from real pain. He would
+not wish to give real pain, and would regard that as sadism.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_75'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_75'>[75]</a><div class='note'><p> De Sade had already made the same remark, while Duchenne, of
+Boulogne, pointed out that the facial expressions of sexual passion and of
+cruelty are similar.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_76'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_76'>[76]</a><div class='note'><p> &#922;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#964;&#8049;&#948;&#953;&#945;, vol. vi, p. 208.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_77'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_77'>[77]</a><div class='note'><p> Daumas, <i>Chevaux de Sahara</i>, p. 49.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_78'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_78'>[78]</a><div class='note'><p> See in vol. iv of these <i>Studies</i> (&quot;Sexual Selection in
+Man&quot;), Appendix A, on &quot;The Origins of the Kiss.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_79'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_79'>[79]</a><div class='note'><p> De Stendhal (<i>De l'Amour</i>) mentions that when in London he
+was on terms of friendship with an English actress who was the mistress of
+a wealthy colonel, but privately had another lover. One day the colonel
+arrived when the other man was present. &quot;This gentleman has called about
+the pony I want to sell,&quot; said the actress. &quot;I have come for a very
+different purpose,&quot; said the little man, and thus aroused a love which was
+beginning to languish.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_80'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_80'>[80]</a><div class='note'><p> See Havelock Ellis, <i>Man and Woman</i>, chapter vi, &quot;The
+Senses.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_81'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_81'>[81]</a><div class='note'><p> This liability is emphasized by Adler, <i>Die Mangelhafte
+Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes</i>, p. 125.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_82'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_82'>[82]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, Bd. viii, 1876, pp. 22-28.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='3_L_II'></a><h3><a name='3_Page_104'></a>II.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Definition of Sadism&mdash;De Sade&mdash;Masochism to some Extent
+Normal&mdash;Sacher-Masoch&mdash;No Real Line of Demarcation between Sadism and
+Masochism&mdash;Algolagnia includes both Groups of Manifestations&mdash;The
+Love-bite as a Bridge from Normal Phenomena to Algolagnia&mdash;The Fascination
+of Blood&mdash;The Most Extreme Perversions are Linked on to Normal Phenomena.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>We thus see that there are here two separate groups of feelings: one, in
+the masculine line, which delights in displaying force and often inflicts
+pain or the simulacrum of pain; the other, in the feminine line, which
+delights in submitting to that force, and even finds pleasure in a slight
+amount of pain, or the idea of pain, when associated with the experiences
+of love. We see, also, that these two groups of feelings are
+complementary. Within the limits consistent with normal and healthy life,
+what men are impelled to give women love to receive. So that we need not
+unduly deprecate the &quot;cruelty&quot; of men within these limits, nor unduly
+commiserate the women who are subjected to it.</p>
+
+<p>Such a conclusion, however, as we have also seen, only holds good within
+those normal limits which an attempt has here been made to determine. The
+phenomena we have been considering are strictly normal phenomena, having
+their basis in the conditions of tumescence and detumescence in animal and
+primitive human courtship. At one point, however, when discussing the
+phenomena of the love-bite, I referred to the facts which indicate how
+this purely normal manifestation yet insensibly passes over into the
+region of the morbid. It is an instance that enables us to realize how
+even the most terrible and repugnant sexual perversions are still
+demonstrably linked on to phenomena that are fundamentally normal. The
+love-bite may be said to give us the key to that perverse impulse which
+has been commonly called sadism.</p><a name='3_Page_105'></a>
+
+<p>There is some difference of opinion as to how &quot;sadism&quot; may be best
+defined. Perhaps the simplest and most usual definition is that of
+Krafft-Ebing, as sexual emotion associated with the wish to inflict pain
+and use violence, or, as he elsewhere expresses it, &quot;the impulse to cruel
+and violent treatment of the opposite sex, and the coloring of the idea of
+such acts with lustful feeling.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_83'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_83'><sup>[83]</sup></a> A more complete definition is that of
+Moll, who describes sadism as a condition in which &quot;the sexual impulse
+consists in the tendency to strike, ill-use, and humiliate the beloved
+person.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_84'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_84'><sup>[84]</sup></a> This definition has the advantage of bringing in the element
+of moral pain. A further extension is made in F&eacute;r&eacute;'s definition as &quot;the
+need of association of violence and cruelty with sexual enjoyment, such
+violence or cruelty not being necessarily exerted by the person himself
+who seeks sexual pleasure in this association.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_85'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_85'><sup>[85]</sup></a> Garnier's definition,
+while comprising all these points, further allows for the fact that a
+certain degree of sadism may be regarded as normal. &quot;Pathological sadism,&quot;
+he states, &quot;is an impulsive and obsessing sexual perversion characterized
+by a close connection between suffering inflicted or mentally represented
+and the sexual orgasm, without this necessary and sufficing condition
+frigidity usually remaining absolute.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_86'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_86'><sup>[86]</sup></a> It must be added that these
+definitions are very incomplete if by &quot;sadism&quot; we are to understand the
+special sexual perversions which are displayed in De Sade's novels. Iwan
+Bloch (&quot;Eugen D&uuml;hren&quot;), in the course of his book on De Sade, has
+attempted a definition strictly on this basis, and, as will be seen, it is
+necessary to make it very elaborate: &quot;A connection, whether intentionally
+sought or offered by chance, of sexual excitement and sexual enjoyment
+with the real or only symbolic (ideal, illusionary) appearance of
+<a name='3_Page_106'></a>frightful and shocking events, destructive occurrences and practices,
+which threaten or destroy the life, health, and property of man and other
+living creatures, and threaten and interrupt the continuity of inanimate
+objects, whereby the person who from such occurrences obtains sexual
+enjoyment may either himself be the direct cause, or cause them to take
+place by means of other persons, or merely be the spectator, or, finally,
+be, voluntarily or involuntarily, the object against which these processes
+are directed.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_87'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_87'><sup>[87]</sup></a> This definition of sadism as found in De Sade's works
+is thus, more especially by its final clause, a very much wider conception
+than the usual definition.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Donatien Alphonse Fran&ccedil;ois, Marquis De Sade, was born in 1740 at
+    Paris in the house of the great Cond&eacute;. He belonged to a very
+    noble, ancient, and distinguished Proven&ccedil;al family; Petrarch's
+    Laura, who married a De Sade, was one of his ancestors, and the
+    family had cultivated both arms and letters with success. He was,
+    according to Lacroix, &quot;an adorable youth whose delicately pale
+    and dusky face, lighted up by two large black [according to
+    another account blue] eyes, already bore the languorous imprint
+    of the vice which was to corrupt his whole being&quot;; his voice was
+    &quot;drawling and caressing&quot;; his gait had &quot;a softly feminine grace.&quot;
+    Unfortunately there is no authentic portrait of him. His early
+    life is sketched in letter iv of his <i>Aline et Valcourt</i>. On
+    leaving the Coll&egrave;ge-Louis-le-Grand he became a cavalry officer
+    and went through the Seven Years' War in Germany. There can be
+    little doubt that the experiences of his military life, working
+    on a femininely vicious temperament, had much to do with the
+    development of his perversion. He appears to have got into
+    numerous scrapes, of which the details are unknown, and his
+    father sought to marry him to the daughter of an aristocratic
+    friend of his own, a noble and amiable girl of 20. It so chanced
+    that when young De Sade first went to the house of his future
+    wife only her younger sister, a girl of 13, was at home; with her
+    he at once fell in love and his love was reciprocated; they were
+    both musical enthusiasts, and she had a beautiful voice. The
+    parents insisted on carrying out the original scheme of marriage.
+    De Sade's wife loved him, and, in spite of everything, served his
+    interests with Griselda-like devotion; she was, Ginisty remarks,
+    a saint, a saint of conjugal life; but her love was from the
+    first only requited with repulsion, contempt, and suspicion.
+    There were, however, children of the <a name='3_Page_107'></a>marriage; the career of the
+    eldest&mdash;an estimable young man who went into the army and also
+    had artistic ability, but otherwise had no community of tastes
+    with his father&mdash;has been sketched by Paul Ginisty, who has also
+    edited the letters of the Marquise. De Sade's passion for the
+    younger sister continued (he idealized her as Juliette), though
+    she was placed in a convent beyond his reach, and at a much later
+    period he eloped with her and spent perhaps the happiest period
+    of his life, soon terminated by her death. It is evident that
+    this unhappy marriage was decisive in determining De Sade's
+    career; he at once threw himself recklessly into every form of
+    dissipation, spending his health and his substance sometimes
+    among refinedly debauched nobles and sometimes among coarsely
+    debauched lackeys. He was, however, always something of an
+    artist, something of a student, something of a philosopher, and
+    at an early period he began to write, apparently at the age of
+    23. It was at this age, and only a few months after his marriage,
+    that on account of some excess he was for a time confined in
+    Vincennes. He was destined to spend 27 years of his life in
+    prisons, if we include the 13 years which in old age he passed in
+    the asylum at Charenton. His actual offenses were by no means so
+    terrible as those he loved to dwell on in imagination, and for
+    the most part they have been greatly exaggerated. His most
+    extreme offenses were the indecent and forcible flagellation in
+    1768 of a young woman, Rosa Keller, who had accosted him in the
+    street for alms, and whom he induced by false pretenses to come
+    to his house, and the administration of aphrodisiacal bonbons to
+    some prostitutes at Marseilles. It is owing to the fact that the
+    prime of his manhood was spent in prisons that De Sade fell back
+    on dreaming, study, and novel-writing. Shut out from real life,
+    he solaced his imagination with the perverted visions&mdash;to a very
+    large extent, however, founded on knowledge of the real facts of
+    perverted life in his time&mdash;which he has recorded in <i>Justine</i>
+    (1781); <i>Les 120 Journ&eacute;es de Sodome ou l'Ecole du Libertinage</i>
+    (1785); <i>Aline et Valcour ou le Roman Philosophique</i> (1788);
+    <i>Juliette</i> (1796); <i>La Philosophie dans le Boudoir</i> (1795). These
+    books constitute a sort of encyclopedia of sexual perversions, an
+    eighteenth century <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, and embody, at the
+    same time, a philosophy. He was the first, Bloch remarks, who
+    realized the immense importance of the sexual question. His
+    general attitude may be illustrated by the following passage (as
+    quoted by Lacassagne): &quot;If there are beings in the world whose
+    acts shock all accepted prejudices, we must not preach at them or
+    punish them ... because their bizarre tastes no more depend upon
+    themselves than it depends on you whether you are witty or
+    stupid, well made or hump-backed.... What would become of your
+    laws, your morality, your religion, your gallows, your Paradise,
+    your gods, <a name='3_Page_108'></a>your hell, if it were shown that such and such
+    fluids, such fibers, or a certain acridity in the blood, or in
+    the animal spirits, alone suffice to make a man the object of
+    your punishments or your rewards?&quot; He was enormously well read,
+    Bloch points out, and his interest extended to every field of
+    literature: <i>belles lettres</i>, philosophy, theology, politics,
+    sociology, ethnology, mythology, and history. Perhaps his
+    favorite reading was travels. He was minutely familiar with the
+    bible, though his attitude was extremely critical. His favorite
+    philosopher was Lamettrie, whom he very frequently quotes, and he
+    had carefully studied Machiavelli.</p>
+
+<p>    De Sade had foreseen the Revolution; he was an ardent admirer of
+    Marat, and at this period he entered into public life as a mild,
+    gentle, rather bald and gray-haired person. Many scenes of the
+    Revolution were the embodiment in real life of De Sade's
+    imagination; such, for instance, were the barbaric tortures
+    inflicted, at the instigation of Th&eacute;roigne de M&eacute;ricourt, on La
+    Belle Bouqueti&egrave;re. Yet De Sade played a very peaceful part in the
+    events of that time, chiefly as a philanthropist, spending much
+    of his time in the hospitals. He saved his parents-in-law from
+    the scaffold, although they had always been hostile to him, and
+    by his moderation aroused the suspicions of the revolutionary
+    party, and was again imprisoned. Later he wrote a pamphlet
+    against Napoleon, who never forgave him and had him shut up in
+    Charenton as a lunatic; it was a not unusual method at that time
+    of disposing of persons whom it was wished to put out of the way,
+    and, notwithstanding De Sade's organically abnormal temperament,
+    there is no reason to regard him as actually insane.
+    Royer-Collard, an eminent alienist of that period, then at the
+    head of Charenton, declared De Sade to be sane, and his detailed
+    report is still extant. Other specialists were of the same
+    opinion. Bloch, who quotes these opinions (<i>Neue Forschungen</i>,
+    etc., p. 370), says that the only possible conclusion is that De
+    Sade was sane, but neurasthenic, and Eulenburg also concludes
+    that he cannot be regarded as insane, although he was highly
+    degenerate. In the asylum he amused himself by organizing a
+    theater. Lacroix, many years later, questioning old people who
+    had known him, was surprised to find that even in the memory of
+    most virtuous and respectable persons he lived merely as an
+    &quot;<i>aimable mauvais sujet</i>.&quot; It is noteworthy that De Sade aroused,
+    in a singular degree, the love and devotion of women,&mdash;whether or
+    not we may regard this as evidence of the fascination exerted on
+    women by cruelty. Janin remarks that he had seen many pretty
+    little letters written by young and charming women of the great
+    world, begging for the release of the &quot;<i>pauvre marquis</i>.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Sardou, the dramatist, has stated that in 1855 he visited the
+    Bic&ecirc;tre and met an old gardener who had known De Sade during his
+    <a name='3_Page_109'></a>reclusion there. He told that one of the marquis's amusements
+    was to procure baskets of the most beautiful and expensive roses;
+    he would then sit on a footstool by a dirty streamlet which ran
+    through the courtyard, and would take the roses, one by one, gaze
+    at them, smell them with a voluptuous expression, soak them in
+    the muddy water, and fling them away, laughing as he did so. He
+    died on the 2d of December, 1814, at the age of 74. He was almost
+    blind, and had long been a martyr to gout, asthma, and an
+    affection of the stomach. It was his wish that acorns should be
+    planted over his grave and his memory effaced. At a later period
+    his skull was examined by a phrenologist, who found it small and
+    well formed; &quot;one would take it at first for a woman's head.&quot; The
+    skull belonged to Dr. Londe, but about the middle of the century
+    it was stolen by a doctor who conveyed it to England, where it
+    may possibly yet be found. [The foregoing account is mainly
+    founded on Paul Lacroix, <i>Revue de Paris</i>, 1837, and <i>Curiosit&eacute;s
+    de l'Histoire de France</i>, second series, <i>Proc&egrave;s C&eacute;l&egrave;bres</i>, p.
+    225; Janin, <i>Revue de Paris</i>, 1834; Eugen D&uuml;hren (Iwan Bloch),
+    <i>Der Marquis de Sade und Seine Zeit</i>, third edition, 1901; <i>id.</i>,
+    <i>Neue Forschungen &uuml;ber den Marquis de Sade und Seine Zeit</i>, 1904;
+    Lacassagne, <i>Vacher l'Eventreur et les Crimes Sadiques</i>, 1899;
+    Paul Ginisty, <i>La Marquise de Sade</i>, 1901.] </p></div>
+
+<p>The attempt to define sadism strictly and penetrate to its roots in De
+Sade's personal temperament reveals a certain weakness in the current
+conception of this sexual perversion. It is not, as we might infer, both
+from the definition usually given and from its probable biological
+heredity from primitive times, a perversion due to excessive masculinity.
+The strong man is more apt to be tender than cruel, or at all events knows
+how to restrain within bounds any impulse to cruelty; the most extreme and
+elaborate forms of sadism (putting aside such as are associated with a
+considerable degree of imbecility) are more apt to be allied with a
+somewhat feminine organization. Montaigne, indeed, observed long ago that
+cruelty is usually accompanied by feminine softness.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In the same way it is a mistake to suppose that the very feminine
+    woman is not capable of sadistic tendencies. Even if we take into
+    account the primitive animal conditions of combat, the male must
+    suffer as well as inflict pain, and the female must not only
+    experience subjection to the male, but also share in the emotions
+    of her partner's victory over his rivals. As bearing on these
+    points, I may quote the following <a name='3_Page_110'></a>remarks written by a lady: &quot;It
+    is said that, the weaker and more feminine a woman is, the
+    greater the subjection she likes. I don't think it has anything
+    at all to do with the general character, but depends entirely on
+    whether the feeling of constraint and helplessness affects her
+    sexually. In men I have several times noticed that those who were
+    most desirous of subjection to the women they loved had, in
+    ordinary life, very strong and determined characters. I know of
+    others, too, who with very weak characters are very imperious
+    toward the women they care for. Among women I have often been
+    surprised to see how a strong, determined woman will give way to
+    a man she loves, and how tenacious of her own will may be some
+    fragile, clinging creature who in daily life seems quite unable
+    to act on her own responsibility. A certain amount of passivity,
+    a desire to have their emotions worked on, seems to me, so far as
+    my small experience goes, very common among ordinary, presumably
+    normal men. A good deal of stress is laid on femininity as an
+    attraction in a woman, and this may be so to very strong natures,
+    but, so far as I have seen, the women who obtain extraordinary
+    empire over men are those with a certain <i>virility</i> in their
+    character and passions. If with this virility they combine a
+    fragility or childishness of appearance which appeals to a man in
+    another way at the same time, they appear to be irresistible.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    I have noted some of the feminine traits in De Sade's temperament
+    and appearance. The same may often be noted in sadists whose
+    crimes were very much more serious and brutal than those of De
+    Sade. A man who stabbed women in the streets at St. Louis was a
+    waiter with a high-pitched, effeminate voice and boyish
+    appearance. Reidel, the sadistic murderer, was timid, modest, and
+    delicate; he was too shy to urinate in the presence of other
+    people. A sadistic zo&ouml;philist, described by A. Marie, who
+    attempted to strangle a woman fellow-worker, had always been very
+    timid, blushed with much facility, could not look even children
+    in the eyes, or urinate in the presence of another person, or
+    make sexual advances to women.</p>
+
+<p>    Kiernan and Moyer are inclined to connect the modesty and
+    timidity of sadists with a disgust for normal coitus. They were
+    called upon to examine an inverted married woman who had
+    inflicted several hundred wounds, mostly superficial, with forks,
+    scissors, etc., on the genital organs and other parts of a girl
+    whom she had adopted from a &quot;Home.&quot; This woman was very prominent
+    in church and social matters in the city in which she lived, so
+    that many clergymen and local persons of importance testified to
+    her chaste, modest, and even prudish character; she was found to
+    be sane at the time of the acts. (Moyer, <i>Alienist and
+    Neurologist</i>, May, 1907, and private letter from Dr. Kiernan.) </p></div><a name='3_Page_111'></a>
+
+<p>We are thus led to another sexual perversion, which is usually considered
+the opposite of sadism. Masochism is commonly regarded as a peculiarly
+feminine sexual perversion, in women, indeed, as normal in some degree,
+and in man as a sort of inversion of the normal masculine emotional
+attitude, but this view of the matter is not altogether justified, for
+definite and pronounced masochism seems to be much rarer in women than
+sadism.<a name='3_FNanchor_88'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_88'><sup>[88]</sup></a> Krafft-Ebing, whose treatment of this phenomenon is, perhaps,
+his most valuable and original contribution to sexual psychology, has
+dealt very fully with the matter and brought forward many cases. He thus
+defines this perversion: &quot;By masochism I understand a peculiar perversion
+of the psychical <i>vita sexualis</i> in which the individual affected, in
+sexual feeling and thought, is controlled by the idea of being completely
+and unconditionally subject to the will of a person of the opposite sex,
+of being treated by this person as by a master, humiliated and abused.
+This idea is colored by sexual feeling; the masochist lives in fancies in
+which he creates situations of this kind, and he often attempts to realize
+them.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_89'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_89'><sup>[89]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In a minor degree, not amounting to a complete perversion of the sexual
+instinct, this sentiment of abnegation, the desire to be even physically
+subjected to the adored woman, cannot be regarded as abnormal. More than
+two centuries before Krafft-Ebing appeared, Robert Burton, who was no mean
+psychologist, dilated on the fact that love is a kind of slavery. &quot;They
+are commonly slaves,&quot; he wrote of lovers, &quot;captives, voluntary servants;
+<i>amator amic&aelig; mancipium</i>, as Castilio terms him; his mistress's servant,
+her drudge, prisoner, bondman, what not?&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_90'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_90'><sup>[90]</sup></a> Before Burton's time the
+legend of the erotic servitude of Aristotle was widely spread in Europe,
+and pictures exist of the <a name='3_Page_112'></a>venerable philosopher on all fours ridden by a
+woman with a whip.<a name='3_FNanchor_91'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_91'><sup>[91]</sup></a> In classic times various masochistic phenomena are
+noted with approval by Ovid. It has been pointed out by Moll<a name='3_FNanchor_92'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_92'><sup>[92]</sup></a> that
+there are traces of masochistic feeling in some of Goethe's poems,
+especially &quot;Lilis Park&quot; and &quot;Erwin und Elmire.&quot; Similar traces have been
+found in the poems of Heine, Platen, Hamerling, and many other poets.<a name='3_FNanchor_93'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_93'><sup>[93]</sup></a>
+The poetry of the people is also said to contain many such traces. It may,
+indeed, be said that passion in its more lyric exaltations almost
+necessarily involves some resort to masochistic expression. A popular lady
+novelist in a novel written many years ago represents her hero, a robust
+soldier, imploring the lady of his love, in a moment of passionate
+exaltation, to trample on him, certainly without any wish to suggest
+sexual perversion. If it is true that the Antonio of Otway's <i>Venice
+Preserved</i> is a caricature of Shaftesbury, then it would appear that one
+of the greatest of English statesmen was supposed to exhibit very
+pronounced and characteristic masochistic tendencies; and in more recent
+days masochistic expressions have been noted as occurring in the
+love-letters of so emphatically virile a statesman as Bismarck.</p>
+
+<p>Thus a minor degree of the masochistic tendency may be said to be fairly
+common, while its more pronounced manifestations are more common than
+pronounced sadism.<a name='3_FNanchor_94'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_94'><sup>[94]</sup></a> It very frequently affects persons of a sensitive,
+refined, and artistic temperament. It may even be said that this tendency
+is in the line of civilization. Krafft-Ebing points out that some of the
+most delicate and romantic love-episodes of the Middle Ages are distinctly
+colored by masochistic emotion.<a name='3_FNanchor_95'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_95'><sup>[95]</sup></a> The increasing <a name='3_Page_113'></a>tendency to masochism
+with increasing civilization becomes explicable if we accept Colin Scott's
+&quot;secondary law of courting&quot; as accessory to the primary law that the male
+is active, and the female passive and imaginatively attentive to the
+states of the excited male. According to the secondary law, &quot;the female
+develops a superadded activity, the male becoming relatively passive and
+imaginatively attentive to the psychical and bodily states of the
+female.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_96'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_96'><sup>[96]</sup></a> We may probably agree that this &quot;secondary law of courting&quot;
+does really represent a tendency of love in individuals of complex and
+sensitive nature, and the outcome of such a receptive attitude on the part
+of the male is undoubtedly in well-marked cases a desire of submission to
+the female's will, and a craving to experience in some physical or psychic
+form, not necessarily painful, the manifestations of her activity.</p>
+
+<p>When we turn from vague and unpronounced forms of the masochistic tendency
+to the more definite forms in which it becomes an unquestionable sexual
+perversion, we find a very eminent and fairly typical example in Rousseau,
+an example all the more interesting because here the subject has himself
+portrayed his perversion in his famous <i>Confessions</i>. It is, however, the
+name of a less eminent author, the Austrian novelist, Sacher-Masoch, which
+has become identified with the perversion through the fact that
+Krafft-Ebing fixed upon it as furnishing a convenient counterpart to the
+term &quot;sadism.&quot; It is on the strength of a considerable number of his
+novels and stories, more especially of <i>Die Venus im Pelz</i>, that
+Krafft-Ebing took the scarcely warrantable liberty of identifying his
+name, while yet living, with a sexual perversion. </p><a name='3_Page_114'></a>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Sacher-Masoch's biography has been written with intimate
+    knowledge and much candor by C. F. von Schlichtegroll
+    (<i>Sacher-Masoch und der Masochismus</i>, 1901) and, more indirectly,
+    by his first wife Wanda von Sacher-Masoch in her autobiography
+    (<i>Meine Lebensbeichte</i>, 1906; French translation, <i>Confession de
+    ma Vie</i>, 1907). Schlichtegroll's book is written with a somewhat
+    undue attempt to exalt his hero and to attribute his misfortunes
+    to his first wife. The autobiography of the latter, however,
+    enables us to form a more complete picture of Sacher-Masoch's
+    life, for, while his wife by no means spares herself, she clearly
+    shows that Sacher-Masoch was the victim of his own abnormal
+    temperament, and she presents both the sensitive, refined,
+    exalted, and generous aspects of his nature, and his morbid,
+    imaginative, vain aspects.</p>
+
+<p>    Leopold von Sacher-Masoch was born in 1836 at Lemberg in Galicia.
+    He was of Spanish, German, and more especially Slavonic race. The
+    founder of the family may be said to be a certain Don Matthias
+    Sacher, a young Spanish nobleman, in the sixteenth century, who
+    settled in Prague. The novelist's father was director of police
+    in Lemberg and married Charlotte von Masoch, a Little Russian
+    lady of noble birth. The novelist, the eldest child of this
+    union, was not born until after nine years of marriage, and in
+    infancy was so delicate that he was not expected to survive. He
+    began to improve, however, when his mother gave him to be suckled
+    to a robust Russian peasant woman, from whom, as he said later,
+    he gained not only health, but &quot;his soul&quot;; from her he learned
+    all the strange and melancholy legends of her people and a love
+    of the Little Russians which never left him. While still a child
+    young Sacher-Masoch was in the midst of the bloody scenes of the
+    revolution which culminated in 1848. When he was 12 the family
+    migrated to Prague, and the boy, though precocious in his
+    development, then first learned the German language, of which he
+    attained so fine a mastery. At a very early age he had found the
+    atmosphere, and even some of the most characteristic elements, of
+    the peculiar types which mark his work as a novelist.</p>
+
+<p>    It is interesting to trace the germinal elements of those
+    peculiarities which so strongly affected his imagination on the
+    sexual side. As a child, he was greatly attracted by
+    representations of cruelty; he loved to gaze at pictures of
+    executions, the legends of martyrs were his favorite reading, and
+    with the onset of puberty he regularly dreamed that he was
+    fettered and in the power of a cruel woman who tortured him. It
+    has been said by an anonymous author that the women of Galicia
+    either rule their husbands entirely and make them their slaves or
+    themselves sink to be the wretchedest of slaves. At the age of
+    10, according to Schlichtegroll's narrative, the child Leopold
+    witnessed a scene in which a woman of the former kind, a certain
+    Countess Xenobia<a name='3_Page_115'></a> X., a relative of his own on the paternal side,
+    played the chief part, and this scene left an undying impress on
+    his imagination. The Countess was a beautiful but wanton
+    creature, and the child adored her, impressed alike by her beauty
+    and the costly furs she wore. She accepted his devotion and
+    little services and would sometimes allow him to assist her in
+    dressing; on one occasion, as he was kneeling before her to put
+    on her ermine slippers, he kissed her feet; she smiled and gave
+    him a kick which filled him with pleasure. Not long afterward
+    occurred the episode which so profoundly affected his
+    imagination. He was playing with his sisters at hide-and-seek and
+    had carefully hidden himself behind the dresses on a clothes-rail
+    in the Countess's bedroom. At this moment the Countess suddenly
+    entered the house and ascended the stairs, followed by a lover,
+    and the child, who dared not betray his presence, saw the
+    countess sink down on a sofa and begin to caress her lover. But a
+    few moments later the husband, accompanied by two friends, dashed
+    into the room. Before, however, he could decide which of the
+    lovers to turn against the Countess had risen and struck him so
+    powerful a blow in the face with her fist that he fell back
+    streaming with blood. She then seized a whip, drove all three men
+    out of the room, and in the confusion the lover slipped away. At
+    this moment the clothes-rail fell and the child, the involuntary
+    witness of the scene, was revealed to the Countess, who now fell
+    on him in anger, threw him to the ground, pressed her knee on his
+    shoulder, and struck him unmercifully. The pain was great, and
+    yet he was conscious of a strange pleasure. While this
+    castigation was proceeding the Count returned, no longer in a
+    rage, but meek and humble as a slave, and kneeled down before her
+    to beg forgiveness. As the boy escaped he saw her kick her
+    husband. The child could not resist the temptation to return to
+    the spot; the door was closed and he could see nothing, but he
+    heard the sound of the whip and the groans of the Count beneath
+    his wife's blows.</p>
+
+<p>    It is unnecessary to insist that in this scene, acting on a
+    highly sensitive and somewhat peculiar child, we have the key to
+    the emotional attitude which affected so much of Sacher-Masoch's
+    work. As his biographer remarks, woman became to him, during a
+    considerable part of his life, a creature at once to be loved and
+    hated, a being whose beauty and brutality enabled her to set her
+    foot at will on the necks of men, and in the heroine of his first
+    important novel, the <i>Emiss&auml;r</i>, dealing with the Polish
+    Revolution, he embodied the contradictory personality of Countess
+    Xenobia. Even the whip and the fur garments, Sacher-Masoch's
+    favorite emotional symbols, find their explanation in this early
+    episode. He was accustomed to say of an attractive woman: &quot;I
+    should like to see her in furs,&quot; and, of an unattractive woman:
+    &quot;I could not imagine her in furs.&quot; His writing-paper at one time
+    was <a name='3_Page_116'></a>adorned with the figure of a woman in Russian Boyar costume,
+    her cloak lined with ermine, and brandishing a scourge. On his
+    walls he liked to have pictures of women in furs, of the kind of
+    which there is so magnificent an example by Rubens in the gallery
+    at Munich. He would even keep a woman's fur cloak on an ottoman
+    in his study and stroke it from time to time, finding that his
+    brain thus received the same kind of stimulation as Schiller
+    found in the odor of rotten apples.<a name='3_FNanchor_97'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_97'><sup>[97]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>    At the age of 13, in the revolution of 1848, young Sacher-Masoch
+    received his baptism of fire; carried away in the popular
+    movement, he helped to defend the barricades together with a
+    young lady, a relative of his family, an amazon with a pistol in
+    her girdle, such as later he loved to depict. This episode was,
+    however, but a brief interruption of his education; he pursued
+    his studies with brilliance, and on the higher side his education
+    was aided by his father's esthetic tastes. Amateur theatricals
+    were in special favor at his home, and here even the serious
+    plays of Goethe and Gogol were performed, thus helping to train
+    and direct the boy's taste. It is, perhaps, however, significant
+    that it was a tragic event which, at the age of 16, first brought
+    to him the full realization of life and the consciousness of his
+    own power. This was the sudden death of his favorite sister. He
+    became serious and quiet, and always regarded this grief as a
+    turning-point in his life.</p>
+
+<p>    At the Universities of Prague and Graz he studied with such zeal
+    that when only 19 he took his doctor's degree in law and shortly
+    afterward became a <i>privatdocent</i> for German history at Graz.
+    Gradually, however, the charms of literature asserted themselves
+    definitely, and he soon abandoned teaching. He took part,
+    however, in the war of 1866 in Italy, and at the battle of
+    Solferino he was decorated on the field for bravery in action by
+    the Austrian field-marshal. These incidents, however, had little
+    disturbing influence on Sacher-Masoch's literary career, and he
+    was gradually acquiring a European reputation by his novels and
+    stories.</p><a name='3_Page_117'></a>
+
+<p>    A far more seriously disturbing influence had already begun to be
+    exerted on his life by a series of love-episodes. Some of these
+    were of slight and ephemeral character; some were a source of
+    unalloyed happiness, all the more so if there was an element of
+    extravagance to appeal to his Quixotic nature. He always longed
+    to give a dramatic and romantic character to his life, his wife
+    says, and he spent some blissful days on an occasion when he ran
+    away to Florence with a Russian princess as her private
+    secretary. Most often these episodes culminated in deception and
+    misery. It was after a relationship of this kind from which he
+    could not free himself for four years that he wrote <i>Die
+    Geschiedene Frau, Passionsgeschichte eines Idealisten</i>, putting
+    into it much of his own personal history. At one time he was
+    engaged to a sweet and charming young girl. Then it was that he
+    met a young woman at Graz, Laura R&uuml;melin, 27 years of age,
+    engaged as a glove-maker, and living with her mother. Though of
+    poor parentage, with little or no knowledge of the world, she had
+    great natural ability and intelligence. Schlichtegroll represents
+    her as spontaneously engaging in a mysterious intrigue with the
+    novelist. Her own detailed narrative renders the circumstances
+    more intelligible. She approached Sacher-Masoch by letter,
+    adopting for disguise the name of his heroine Wanda von Dunajev,
+    in order to recover possession of some compromising letters which
+    had been written to him, as a joke, by a friend of hers.
+    Sacher-Masoch insisted on seeing his correspondent before
+    returning the letters, and with his eager thirst for romantic
+    adventure he imagined that she was a married woman of the
+    aristocratic world, probably a Russian countess, whose simple
+    costume was a disguise. Not anxious to reveal the prosaic facts,
+    she humored him in his imaginations and a web of mystification
+    was thus formed. A strong attraction grew up on both sides and,
+    though for some time Laura R&uuml;melin maintained the mystery and
+    held herself aloof from him, a relationship was formed and a
+    child born. Thereupon, in 1893, they married. Before long,
+    however, there was disillusion on both sides. She began to detect
+    the morbid, chimerical, and unpractical aspects of his character,
+    and he realized that not only was his wife not an aristocrat,
+    but, what was of more importance to him, she was by no means the
+    domineering heroine of his dreams. Soon after marriage, in the
+    course of an innocent romp in which the whole of the small
+    household took part, he asked his wife to inflict a whipping on
+    him. She refused, and he thereupon suggested that the servant
+    should do it; the wife failed to take this idea seriously; but he
+    had it carried out, with great satisfaction at the severity of
+    the castigation he received. When, however, his wife explained to
+    him that, after this incident, it was impossible for the servant
+    to stay, Sacher-Masoch quite agreed and <a name='3_Page_118'></a>she was at once
+    discharged. But he constantly found pleasure in placing his wife
+    in awkward or compromising circumstances, a pleasure she was too
+    normal to share. This necessarily led to much domestic
+    wretchedness. He had persuaded her, against her wish, to whip him
+    nearly every day, with whips which he devised, having nails
+    attached to them. He found this a stimulant to his literary work,
+    and it enabled him to dispense in his novels with his stereotyped
+    heroine who is always engaged in subjugating men, for, as he
+    explained to his wife, when he had the reality in his life he was
+    no longer obsessed by it in his imaginative dreams. Not content
+    with this, however, he was constantly desirous for his wife to be
+    unfaithful. He even put an advertisement in a newspaper to the
+    effect that a young and beautiful woman desired to make the
+    acquaintance of an energetic man. The wife, however, though she
+    wished to please her husband, was not anxious to do so to this
+    extent. She went to an hotel by appointment to meet a stranger
+    who had answered this advertisement, but when she had explained
+    to him the state of affairs he chivalrously conducted her home.
+    It was some time before Sacher-Masoch eventually succeeded in
+    rendering his wife unfaithful. He attended to the minutest
+    details of her toilette on this occasion, and as he bade her
+    farewell at the door he exclaimed: &quot;How I envy him!&quot; This episode
+    thoroughly humiliated the wife, and from that moment her love for
+    her husband turned to hate. A final separation was only a
+    question of time. Sacher-Masoch formed a relationship with Hulda
+    Meister, who had come to act as secretary and translator to him,
+    while his wife became attached to Rosenthal, a clever journalist
+    later known to readers of the <i>Figaro</i> as &quot;Jacques St.-C&egrave;re,&quot; who
+    realized her painful position and felt sympathy and affection for
+    her. She went to live with him in Paris and, having refused to
+    divorce her husband, he eventually obtained a divorce from her;
+    she states, however, that she never at any time had physical
+    relationships with Rosenthal, who was a man of fragile
+    organization and health. Sacher-Masoch united himself to Hulda
+    Meister, who is described by the first wife as a prim and faded
+    but coquettish old maid, and by the biographer as a highly
+    accomplished and gentle woman, who cared for him with almost
+    maternal devotion. No doubt there is truth in both descriptions.
+    It must be noted that, as Wanda clearly shows, apart from his
+    abnormal sexual temperament, Sacher-Masoch was kind and
+    sympathetic, and he was strongly attached to his eldest child.
+    Eulenburg also quotes the statement of a distinguished Austrian
+    woman writer acquainted with him that, &quot;apart from his sexual
+    eccentricities, he was an amiable, simple, and sympathetic man
+    with a touchingly tender love for his children.&quot; He had very few
+    needs, did not drink or smoke, and though he liked to put the
+    woman he <a name='3_Page_119'></a>was attached to in rich furs and fantastically gorgeous
+    raiment he dressed himself with extreme simplicity. His wife
+    quotes the saying of another woman that he was as simple as a
+    child and as naughty as a monkey.</p>
+
+<p>    In 1883 Sacher-Masoch and Hulda Meister settled in Lindheim, a
+    village in Germany near the Taunus, a spot to which the novelist
+    seems to have been attached because in the grounds of his little
+    estate was a haunted and ruined tower associated with a tragic
+    medieval episode. Here, after many legal delays, Sacher-Masoch
+    was able to render his union with Hulda Meister legitimate; here
+    two children were in due course born, and here the novelist spent
+    the remaining years of his life in comparative peace. At first,
+    as is usual, treated with suspicion by the peasants,
+    Sacher-Masoch gradually acquired great influence over them; he
+    became a kind of Tolstoy in the rural life around him, the friend
+    and confidant of all the villagers (something of Tolstoy's
+    communism is also, it appears, to be seen in the books he wrote
+    at this time), while the theatrical performances which he
+    inaugurated, and in which his wife took an active part, spread
+    the fame of the household in many neighboring villages. Meanwhile
+    his health began to break up; a visit to Nauheim in 1894 was of
+    no benefit, and he died March 9, 1895. </p></div>
+
+<p>A careful consideration of the phenomena of sadism and masochism may be
+said to lead us to the conclusion that there is no real line of
+demarcation. Even De Sade himself was not a pure sadist, as Bloch's
+careful definition is alone sufficient to indicate; it might even be
+argued that De Sade was really a masochist; the investigation of histories
+of sadism and masochism, even those given by Krafft-Ebing (as, indeed,
+Colin Scott and F&eacute;r&eacute; have already pointed out), constantly reveals traces
+of both groups of phenomena in the same individual. They cannot,
+therefore, be regarded as opposed manifestations. This has been felt by
+some writers, who have, in consequence, proposed other names more clearly
+indicating the relationship of the phenomena. F&eacute;r&eacute; speaks of sexual
+algophily<a name='3_FNanchor_98'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_98'><sup>[98]</sup></a>; he only applies the term to masochism; it might equally
+well be applied to sadism. Schrenck-Notzing, to cover both sadism and
+masochism, has invented the term algolagnia (&#7940;&#955;&#947;&#959;&#962;, pain, and
+&#955;&#8049;&#947;&#957;&#959;&#962; sexually excited), and calls the former active, the latter
+<a name='3_Page_120'></a>passive, algolagnia.<a name='3_FNanchor_99'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_99'><sup>[99]</sup></a> Eulenburg has also emphasized the close
+connection between these groups of perverted sexual manifestations, and
+has adopted the same terms, adding the further group of ideal
+(illusionary) algolagnia, to cover the cases in which the mere
+autosuggestive representation of pain, inflicted or suffered, suffices to
+give sexual gratification.<a name='3_FNanchor_100'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_100'><sup>[100]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>A brief discussion of the terms &quot;sadism&quot; and &quot;masochism&quot; has imposed
+itself upon us at this point because as soon as, in any study of the
+relationship between love and pain, we pass over the limits of normal
+manifestations into a region which is more or less abnormal, these two
+conceptions are always brought before us, and it was necessary to show on
+what grounds they are here rejected as the pivots on which the discussion
+ought to turn. We may accept them as useful terms to indicate two groups
+of clinical phenomena; but we cannot regard them as of any real scientific
+value. Having reached this result, we may continue our consideration of
+the love-bite, as the normal manifestation of the connection between love
+and pain which most naturally leads us across the frontier of the
+abnormal.</p>
+
+<p>The result of the love-bite in its extreme degree is to shed blood. This
+cannot be regarded as the direct aim of the bite in its normal
+manifestations, for the mingled feelings of close contact, of passionate
+gripping, of symbolic devouring, which constitute the emotional
+accompaniments of the bite would be too violently discomposed by actual
+wounding and real shedding of blood. With some persons, however, perhaps
+more especially women, the love-bite is really associated with a conscious
+desire, even if more or less restrained, to draw blood, a real delight in
+this process, a love of blood. Probably this only occurs in persons who
+are not absolutely normal, but on the borderland of the abnormal. We have
+to admit that this craving has, however, a perfectly normal basis. There
+is scarcely any <a name='3_Page_121'></a>natural object with so profoundly emotional an effect as
+blood, and it is very easy to understand why this should be so.<a name='3_FNanchor_101'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_101'><sup>[101]</sup></a>
+Moreover, blood enters into the sphere of courtship by virtue of the same
+conditions by which cruelty enters into it; they are both accidents of
+combat, and combat is of the very essence of animal and primitive human
+courtship, certainly its most frequent accompaniment. So that the
+repelling or attracting fascination of blood may be regarded as a
+by-product of normal courtship, which, like other such by-products, may
+become an essential element of abnormal courtship.<a name='3_FNanchor_102'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_102'><sup>[102]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Normally the fascination of blood, if present at all during sexual
+excitement, remains more or less latent, either because it is weak or
+because the checks that inhibit it are inevitably very powerful.
+Occasionally it becomes more clearly manifest, and this may happen early
+in life. F&eacute;r&eacute; records the case of a man of Anglo-Saxon origin, of sound
+heredity so far as could be ascertained and presenting no obvious stigmata
+of degeneration, who first experienced sexual manifestations at the age of
+5 when a boy cousin was attacked by bleeding at the nose. It was the first
+time he had seen such a thing and he experienced erection and much
+pleasure at the sight. This was repeated the next time the cousin's nose
+bled and also whenever he witnessed any injuries or wounds, especially
+when occurring in males. A few years later he began to find pleasure in
+pinching and otherwise inflicting slight suffering. This sadism was not,
+however, further developed, although a tendency to inversion
+persisted.<a name='3_FNanchor_103'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_103'><sup>[103]</sup></a> </p><a name='3_Page_122'></a>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Somewhat similar may have been the origin of the attraction of
+    blood in a case which has been reported to me of a youth of 17,
+    the youngest of a large family who are all very strong and
+    entirely normal. He is himself, however, delicate, overgrown,
+    with a narrow chest, a small head, and babyish features, while
+    mentally he is backward, with very defective memory and scant
+    powers of assimilation. He is intensely nervous, peevish, and
+    subject to fits of childish rage. He takes violent fancies to
+    persons of his own sex. But he appears to have only one way of
+    obtaining sexual excitement and gratification. It is his custom
+    to get into a hot bath and there to produce erection and
+    emission, not by masturbation, but by thinking of flowing blood.
+    He does not associate himself with the causation of this
+    imaginary flow of blood; he is merely the passive but pleased
+    spectator. He is aware of his peculiarity and endeavors to shake
+    it off, but his efforts to obtain normal pleasure by thinking of
+    a girl are vain.</p>
+
+<p>    I may here narrate a case which has been communicated to me of
+    algolagnia in a woman, combined with sexual hyperesthesia.</p>
+
+<p>    R. D., aged 25, married, and of good social position; she is a
+    small and dark woman, restless and alert in manner. She has one
+    child.</p>
+
+<p>    She has practised masturbation from an early age&mdash;ever since she
+    can remember&mdash;by the method of external friction and pressure.
+    From the age of 17 she was able (and is still) to produce the
+    orgasm almost without effort, by calling up the image of any man
+    who had struck her fancy. She has often done so while seated
+    talking to such a man, even when he is almost a stranger; in
+    doing it, she says, a tightening of the muscles of the thighs and
+    the slightest movement are sufficient. Ugly men (if not
+    deformed), as well as men with the reputation of being <i>rou&eacute;s</i>,
+    greatly excite her sexually, more especially if of good social
+    position, though this is not essential.</p>
+
+<p>    At the age of 18 she became hysterical, probably, she herself
+    believes, in consequence of a great increase at that time of
+    indulgence in masturbation. The doctors, apparently suspecting
+    her habits, urged her parents to get her married early. She
+    married, at the age of 20, a man about twice her own age.</p>
+
+<p>    As a child (and in a less degree still) she was very fond of
+    watching dog-fights. This spectacle produced strong sexual
+    feelings and usually orgasm, especially if much blood was shed
+    during the fight. Clean cuts and wounds greatly attract her,
+    whether on herself or a man. She has frequently slightly cut or
+    scratched herself &quot;to see the blood,&quot; and likes to suck the
+    wound, thinking the taste &quot;delicious.&quot; This produces strong
+    sexual feelings and often orgasm, especially if at the time she
+    thinks of some attractive man and imagines that she is <a name='3_Page_123'></a>sucking
+    his blood. The sight of injury to a woman only very slightly
+    affects her, and that, she thinks, only because of an involuntary
+    association of ideas. Nor has the sight of suffering in illness
+    any exciting effects, only that which is due to violence, and
+    when there is a visible cause for the suffering, such as cuts and
+    wounds. (Bruises, from the absence of blood, have only a slight
+    effect.) The excitement is intensified if she imagines that she
+    has herself inflicted the injury. She likes to imagine that the
+    man wished to rape her, and that she fought him in order to make
+    him more greatly value her favor, so wounding him.</p>
+
+<p>    Impersonal ideas of torture also excite her. She thinks Fox's
+    <i>Book of Martyrs</i> &quot;lovely,&quot; and the more horrible and bloody the
+    tortures described the greater is the sexual excitement produced.
+    The book excites her from the point of view of the torturer, not
+    that of the victim. She has frequently masturbated while reading
+    it.</p>
+
+<p>    So far as practicable she has sought to carry out these ideas in
+    her relations with her husband. She has several times bitten him
+    till the blood came and sucked the bite during coitus. She likes
+    to bite him enough to make him wince. The pleasure is greatly
+    heightened by thinking of various tortures, chiefly by cutting.
+    She likes to have her husband talk to her, and she to him, of all
+    the tortures they could inflict on each other. She has, however,
+    never actually tried to carry out these tortures. She would like
+    to, but dares not, as she is sure he could not endure them. She
+    has no desire for her husband to try them on her, although she
+    likes to hear him talk about it.</p>
+
+<p>    She is at the same time fond of normal coitus, even to excess.
+    She likes her husband to remain entirely passive during
+    connection, so that he can continue in a state of strong erection
+    for a long time. She can thus, she says, procure for herself the
+    orgasm a number of times in succession, even nine or ten, quite
+    easily. On one occasion she even had the orgasm twenty-six times
+    within about one and a quarter hours, her husband during this
+    time having two orgasms. (She is quite certain about the accuracy
+    of this statement.) During this feat much talk about torture was
+    indulged in, and it took place after a month's separation from
+    her husband, during which she was careful not to masturbate, so
+    that she might have &quot;a real good time&quot; when he came back. She
+    acknowledges that on this occasion she was a &quot;complete wreck&quot; for
+    a couple of days afterward, but states that usually ten or a
+    dozen orgasms (or spasms, as she terms them) only make her &quot;feel
+    lively.&quot; She becomes frenzied with excitement during intercourse
+    and insensible to everything but the pleasure of it.</p>
+
+<p>    She has never hitherto allowed anyone (except her husband after
+    marriage) to know of her sadistic impulses, nor has she carried
+    them out with anyone, though she would like to, if she dared. Nor
+    has she <a name='3_Page_124'></a>allowed any man but her husband to have connection with
+    her or to take any liberties. </p></div>
+
+<p>Outbursts of sadism may occur episodically in fairly normal persons. Thus,
+Coutagne describes the case of a lad of 17&mdash;always regarded as quite
+normal, and without any signs of degeneracy, even on careful examination,
+or any traces of hysteria or alcoholism, though there was insanity among
+his cousins&mdash;who had had occasional sexual relations for a year or two,
+and on one occasion, being in a state of erection, struck the girl three
+times on the breast and abdomen with a kitchen knife bought for the
+purpose. He was much ashamed of his act immediately afterward, and, all
+the circumstances being taken into consideration, he was acquitted by the
+court.<a name='3_FNanchor_104'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_104'><sup>[104]</sup></a> Here we seem to have the obscure and latent fascination of
+blood, which is almost normal, germinating momentarily into an active
+impulse which is distinctly abnormal, though it produced little beyond
+those incisions which Vatsyayana disapproved of, but still regarded as a
+part of courtship. One step more and we are amid the most outrageous and
+extreme of all forms of sexual perversion: with the heroes of De Sade's
+novels, who, in exemplification of their author's most cherished ideals,
+plan scenes of debauchery in which the flowing of blood is an essential
+element of coitus; with the Marshall Gilles de Rais and the Hungarian
+Countess Bathory, whose lust could only be satiated by the death of
+innumerable victims.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>This impulse to stab&mdash;with no desire to kill, or even in most
+    cases to give pain, but only to draw blood and so either
+    stimulate or altogether gratify the sexual impulse&mdash;is no doubt
+    the commonest form of sanguinary sadism. These women-stabbers
+    have been known in France as <i>piqueurs</i> for nearly a century, and
+    in Germany are termed <i>Stecher</i> or <i>Messerstecher</i> (they have
+    been studied by N&auml;cke, &quot;Zur Psychologie der sadistischen
+    Messerstecher,&quot; <i>Archiv f&uuml;r Kriminal-Anthropologie</i>, Bd. 35,
+    1909). A case of this kind where a man stabbed <a name='3_Page_125'></a>girls in the
+    abdomen occurred in Paris in the middle of the eighteenth
+    century, and in 1819 or 1820 there seems to have been an epidemic
+    of <i>piqueurs</i> in Paris; as we learn from a letter of Charlotte
+    von Schiller's to Knebel; the offenders (though perhaps there was
+    only one) frequented the Boulevards and the Palais Royal and
+    stabbed women in the buttocks or thighs; they were never caught.
+    About the same time similar cases of a slighter kind occurred in
+    London, Brussels, Hamburg, and Munich.</p>
+
+<p>    Stabbers are nearly always men, but cases of the same perversion
+    in women are not unknown. Thus Dr. Kiernan informs me of an Irish
+    woman, aged 40, and at the beginning of the menopause, who, in
+    New York in 1909, stabbed five men with a hatpin. The motive was
+    sexual and she told one of the men that she stabbed him because
+    she &quot;loved&quot; him.</p>
+
+<p>    Gilles de Rais, who had fought beside Joan of Arc, is the classic
+    example of sadism in its extreme form, involving the murder of
+    youths and maidens. Bernelle considers that there is some truth
+    in the contention of Huysmans that the association with Joan of
+    Arc was a predisposing cause in unbalancing Gilles de Rais.
+    Another cause was his luxurious habit of life. He himself, no
+    doubt rightly, attached importance to the suggestions received in
+    reading Suetonius. He appears to have been a sexually precocious
+    child, judging from an obscure passage in his confessions. He was
+    artistic and scholarly, fond of books, of the society of learned
+    men, and of music. Bernelle sums him up as &quot;a pious warrior, a
+    cruel and keen artist, a voluptuous assassin, an exalted mystic,&quot;
+    who was at the same time unbalanced, a superior degenerate, and
+    morbidly impulsive. (The best books on Gilles de Rais are the
+    Abb&eacute; Bossard's <i>Gilles de Rais</i>, in which, however, the author,
+    being a priest, treats his subject as quite sane and abnormally
+    wicked; Huysmans's novel, <i>La-Bas</i>, which embodies a detailed
+    study of Gilles de Rais, and F. H. Bernelle's Th&egrave;se de Paris, <i>La
+    Psychose de Gilles de Rais</i>, 1910.)</p>
+
+<p>    The opinion has been hazarded that the history of Gilles de Rais
+    is merely a legend. This view is not accepted, but there can be
+    no doubt that the sadistic manifestations which occurred in the
+    Middle Ages were mixed up with legendary and folk-lore elements.
+    These elements centered on the conception of the <i>werwolf</i>,
+    supposed to be a man temporarily transformed into a wolf with
+    blood-thirsty impulses. (See, <i>e.g.</i>, articles &quot;Werwolf&quot; and
+    &quot;Lycanthropy&quot; in <i>Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica</i>.) France, especially,
+    was infested with werwolves in the sixteenth century. In 1603,
+    however, it was decided at Bordeaux, in a trial involving a
+    werwolf, that lycanthropy was only an insane delusion. Dumas
+    (&quot;Les Loup-Garous,&quot; <i>Journal de Psychologie Normale et
+    Pathologique</i>, May-June, 1907) argues that the medieval werwolves
+    were <a name='3_Page_126'></a>sadists whose crimes were largely imaginative, though
+    sometimes real, the predecessor of the modern Jack the Ripper.
+    The complex nature of the elements making up the belief in the
+    werwolf is emphasized by Ernest Jones, <i>Der Alptraum</i>, 1912.</p>
+
+<p>    Related to the werwolf, but distinct, was the <i>vampire</i>, supposed
+    to be a dead person who rose from the dead to suck the blood of
+    the living during sleep. By way of reprisal the living dug up,
+    exorcised, and mutilated the supposed vampires. This was called
+    vampirism. The name vampire was then transferred to the living
+    person who had so treated a corpse. All profanation of the
+    corpse, whatever its origin, is now frequently called vampirism
+    (Epaulow, <i>Vampirisme</i>, Th&egrave;se de Lyon, 1901; <i>id.</i>, &quot;Le Vampire
+    du Muy,&quot; <i>Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, Sept., 1903). The
+    earliest definite reference to necrophily is in Herodotus, who
+    tells (bk. ii, ch. lxxxix) of an Egyptian who had connection with
+    the corpse of a woman recently dead. Epaulow gives various old
+    cases and, at full length, the case which he himself
+    investigated, of Ardisson, the &quot;Vampire du Muy.&quot; W. A. F. Browne
+    also has an interesting article on &quot;Necrophilism&quot; (<i>Journal of
+    Mental Science</i>, Jan., 1875) which he regards as atavistic. When
+    there is, in addition, mutilation of the corpse, the condition is
+    termed necrosadism. There seems usually to be no true sadism in
+    either necrosadism or necrophilism. (See, however, Bloch,
+    <i>Beitr&auml;ge</i>, vol. ii, p. 284 <i>et seq.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>    It must be said also that cases of rape followed by murder are
+    quite commonly not sadistic. The type of such cases is
+    represented by Soleilland, who raped and then murdered children.
+    He showed no sadistic perversion. He merely killed to prevent
+    discovery, as a burglar who is interrupted may commit murder in
+    order to escape. (E. Dupr&eacute;, &quot;L'Affaire Soleilland,&quot; <i>Archives
+    d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, Jan.-Feb., 1910.)</p>
+
+<p>    A careful and elaborate study of a completely developed sadist
+    has been furnished by Lacassagne, Rousset, and Papillon
+    (&quot;L'Affaire Reidal,&quot; <i>Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>,
+    Oct.-Nov., 1907). Reidal, a youth of 18, a seminarist, was a
+    congenital sanguinary sadist who killed another youth and was
+    finally sent to an asylum. From the age of 4 he had voluptuous
+    ideas connected with blood and killing, and liked to play at
+    killing with other children. He was of infantile physical
+    development, with a pleasant, childish expression of face, very
+    religious, and hated obscenity and immorality. But the love of
+    blood and murder was an irresistible obsession and its
+    gratification produced immense emotional relief.</p>
+
+<p>    Sadism generally has been especially studied by Lacassagne,
+    <i>Vacher l'Eventreur et les Crimes Sadiques</i>, 1899. Zo&ouml;sadism, or
+    sadism toward animals, has been dealt with by P. Thomas, &quot;Le
+    Sadisme sur les<a name='3_Page_127'></a> Animaux,&quot; <i>Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>,
+    Sept., 1903. Auto-sadism, or &quot;auto-erotic cruelty,&quot; that is to
+    say, injuries inflicted on a person by himself with a sexual
+    motive, has been investigated by G. Bach (<i>Sexuelle Verrirungen
+    des Menschen und der Nature</i>, p. 427); this condition seems,
+    however, a form of algolagnia more masochistic than sadistic in
+    character.</p>
+
+<p>    With regard to the medico-legal aspects, Kiernan (&quot;Responsibility
+    in Active Algophily,&quot; <i>Medicine</i>, April, 1903) sets forth the
+    reasons in favor of the full and complete responsibility of
+    sadists, and Harold Moyer comes to the same conclusion (&quot;Is
+    Sexual Perversion Insanity?&quot; <i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>, May,
+    1907). See also Thoinot's <i>Medico-legal Aspects of Moral
+    Offenses</i> (edited by Weysse, 1911), ch. xviii. While we are
+    probably justified in considering the sadist as morally not
+    insane in the technical sense, we must remember that he is, for
+    the most part, highly abnormal from the outset. As Gaupp points
+    out (<i>Sexual-Probleme</i>, Oct., 1909, p. 797), we cannot measure
+    the influences which create the sadist and we must not therefore
+    attempt to &quot;punish&quot; him, but we are bound to place him in a
+    position where he will not injure society. </p></div>
+
+<p>It is enough here to emphasize the fact that there is no solution of
+continuity in the links that bind the absolutely normal manifestations of
+sex with the most extreme violations of all human law. This is so true
+that in saying that these manifestations are violations of all human law
+we cannot go on to add, what would seem fairly obvious, that they are
+violations also of all natural law. We have but to go sufficiently far
+back, or sufficiently far afield, in the various zo&ouml;logical series to find
+that manifestations which, from the human point of view, are in the
+extreme degree abnormally sadistic here become actually normal. Among very
+various species wounding and rending normally take place at or immediately
+after coitus; if we go back to the beginning of animal life in the
+protozoa sexual conjugation itself is sometimes found to present the
+similitude, if not the actuality, of the complete devouring of one
+organism by another. Over a very large part of nature, as it has been
+truly said, &quot;but a thin veil divides love from death.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_105'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_105'><sup>[105]</sup></a> </p><a name='3_Page_128'></a>
+
+<p>There is, indeed, on the whole, a point of difference. In that abnormal
+sadism which appears from time to time among civilized human beings it is
+nearly always the female who becomes the victim of the male. But in the
+normal sadism which occurs throughout a large part of nature it is nearly
+always the male who is the victim of the female. It is the male spider who
+impregnates the female at the risk of his life and sometimes perishes in
+the attempt; it is the male bee who, after intercourse with the queen,
+falls dead from that fatal embrace, leaving her to fling aside his
+entrails and calmly pursue her course.<a name='3_FNanchor_106'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_106'><sup>[106]</sup></a> If it may seem to some that
+the course of our inquiry leads us to contemplate with equanimity, as a
+natural phenomenon, a certain semblance of cruelty in man in his relations
+with woman, they may, if they will, reflect that this phenomenon is but a
+very slight counterpoise to that cruelty which has been naturally exerted
+by the female on the male long even before man began to be.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_83'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_83'>[83]</a><div class='note'><p> Krafft-Ebing, <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, English translation
+of tenth German edition, pp. 80, 209. It should be added that the object
+of the sadistic impulse is not necessarily a person of the opposite sex.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_84'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_84'>[84]</a><div class='note'><p> A. Moll, <i>Die Kontr&auml;re Sexualempfindung</i>, third edition,
+1899, p. 309.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_85'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_85'>[85]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, p. 133.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_86'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_86'>[86]</a><div class='note'><p> P. Garnier, &quot;Des Perversions Sexuelles,&quot; Thirteenth
+International Congress of Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, Paris, 1900.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_87'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_87'>[87]</a><div class='note'><p> E. D&uuml;hren, <i>Der Marquis de Sade und Seine Zeit</i>, third
+edition, 1901, p. 449.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_88'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_88'>[88]</a><div class='note'><p> See, for instance, Bloch's <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der
+Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, part ii, p. 178.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_89'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_89'>[89]</a><div class='note'><p> Krafft-Ebing, <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, English translation
+of tenth German edition, p. 115. Stefanowsky, who also discussed this
+condition (<i>Archives de l'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, May, 1892, and
+translation, with notes by Kiernan, <i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>, Oct.,
+1892), termed it passivism.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_90'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_90'>[90]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>, part iii, section 2, mem. iii,
+subs, 1.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_91'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_91'>[91]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Aristoteles als Masochist,&quot; <i>Geschlecht und Gesellschaft</i>,
+Bd. ii, ht. 2.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_92'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_92'>[92]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Die Kontr&auml;re Sexualempfindung</i>, third edition, p. 277.
+<i>Cf.</i> C. F. von Schlichtegroll, <i>Sacher-Masoch und der Masochismus</i>, p.
+120.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_93'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_93'>[93]</a><div class='note'><p> See C. F. von Schlichtegroll, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 124 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_94'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_94'>[94]</a><div class='note'><p> Iwan Bloch considers that it is the commonest of all sexual
+perversions, more prevalent even than homosexuality.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_95'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_95'>[95]</a><div class='note'><p> It has no doubt been prominent in earlier civilization. A
+very pronounced masochist utterance may be found in an ancient Egyptian
+love-song written about 1200 B.C.: &quot;Oh! were I made her porter, I should
+cause her to be wrathful with me. Then when I did but hear her voice, the
+voice of her anger, a child shall I be for fear.&quot; (Wiedemann, <i>Popular
+Literature in Ancient Egypt</i>, p. 9.) The activity and independence of the
+Egyptian women at the time may well have offered many opportunities to the
+ancient Egyptian masochist.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_96'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_96'>[96]</a><div class='note'><p> Colin Scott, &quot;Sex and Art,&quot; <i>American Journal of
+Psychology</i>, vol. vii, No. 2, p. 208.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_97'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_97'>[97]</a><div class='note'><p> It must not be supposed that the attraction of fur or of the
+whip is altogether accounted for by such a casual early experience as in
+Sacher-Masoch's case served to evoke it. The whip we shall have to
+consider briefly later on. The fascination exerted by fur, whether
+manifesting itself as love or fear, would appear to be very common in many
+children, and almost instinctive. Stanley Hall, in his &quot;Study of Fears&quot;
+(<i>American Journal of Psychology</i>, vol. viii, p. 213) has obtained as many
+as 111 well-developed cases of fear of fur, or, as he terms it,
+doraphobia, in some cases appearing as early as the age of 6 months, and
+he gives many examples. He remarks that the love of fur is still more
+common, and concludes that &quot;both this love and fear are so strong and
+instinctive that they can hardly be fully accounted for without recourse
+to a time when association with animals was far closer than now, or
+perhaps when our remote ancestors were hairy.&quot; (<i>Cf.</i> &quot;Erotic Symbolism,&quot;
+iv, in the fifth volume of these <i>Studies</i>.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_98'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_98'>[98]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, p. 138.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_99'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_99'>[99]</a><div class='note'><p> Schrenck-Notzing, <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Hypnotismus</i>, Bd. ix, ht.
+2, 1899.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_100'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_100'>[100]</a><div class='note'><p> Eulenburg, <i>Sadismus und Masochismus</i>, second edition,
+1911, p. 5.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_101'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_101'>[101]</a><div class='note'><p> I have elsewhere dealt with this point in discussing the
+special emotional tone of red (Havelock Ellis, &quot;The Psychology of Red,&quot;
+<i>Popular Science Monthly</i>, August and September, 1900).</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_102'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_102'>[102]</a><div class='note'><p> It is probable that the motive of sexual murders is nearly
+always to shed blood, and not to cause death. Leppmann (<i>Bulletin
+Internationale de Droit P&eacute;nal</i>, vol. vi, 1896, p. 115) points out that
+such murders are generally produced by wounds in the neck or mutilation of
+the abdomen, never by wounds of the head. T. Claye Shaw, who terms the
+lust for blood hemothymia, has written an interesting and suggestive paper
+(&quot;A Prominent Motive in Murder,&quot; <i>Lancet</i>, June 19, 1909) on the natural
+fascination of blood. Blumr&ouml;der, in 1830, seems to have been the first who
+definitely called attention to the connection between lust and blood.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_103'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_103'>[103]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Revue de Chirurgie</i>, March 10, 1905.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_104'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_104'>[104]</a><div class='note'><p> H. Coutagne, &quot;Cas de Perversion Sanguinaire de l'Instinct
+Sexuel,&quot; <i>Annales M&eacute;dico-Psychologiques</i>, July and August, 1893. D. S.
+Booth (<i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>, Aug., 1906) describes the case of a man
+of neurotic heredity who slightly stabbed a woman with a penknife when on
+his way to a prostitute.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_105'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_105'>[105]</a><div class='note'><p> Kiernan appears to have been the first to suggest the
+bearing of these facts on sadism, which he would regard as the abnormal
+human form of phenomena which may be found at the very beginning of animal
+life, as, indeed, the survival or atavistic reappearance of a primitive
+sexual cannibalism. See his &quot;Psychological Aspects of the Sexual
+Appetite,&quot; <i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>, April, 1891, and &quot;Responsibility in
+Sexual Perversion,&quot; <i>Chicago Medical Recorder</i>, March, 1892. Penta has
+also independently developed the conception of the biological basis of
+sadism and other sexual perversions (<i>I Pervertimenti Sessuali</i>, 1893). It
+must be added that, as Remy de Gourmont points out (<i>Promenades
+Philosophiques</i>, 2d series, p. 273), this sexual cannibalism exerted by
+the female may have, primarily, no erotic significance: &quot;She eats him
+because she is hungry and because when exhausted he is an easy prey.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_106'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_106'>[106]</a><div class='note'><p> In the chapter entitled &quot;Le Vol Nuptial&quot; of his charming
+book on the life of bees Maeterlinck has given an incomparable picture of
+the tragic courtship of these insects.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='3_L_III'></a><h3><a name='3_Page_129'></a>III.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Flagellation as a Typical Illustration of Algolagnia&mdash;Causes of Connection
+between Sexual Emotion and Whipping&mdash;Physical Causes&mdash;Psychic Causes
+probably more Important&mdash;The Varied Emotional Associations of
+Whipping&mdash;Its Wide Prevalence.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The whole problem of love and pain, in its complementary sadistic and
+masochistic aspects, is presented to us in connection with the pleasure
+sometimes experienced in whipping, or in being whipped, or in witnessing
+or thinking about scenes of whipping. The association of sexual emotion
+with bloodshed is so extreme a perversion, it so swiftly sinks to phases
+that are obviously cruel, repulsive, and monstrous in an extreme degree,
+that it is necessarily rare, and those who are afflicted by it are often
+more or less imbecile. With whipping it is otherwise. Whipping has always
+been a recognized religious penance; it is still regarded as a beneficial
+and harmless method of chastisement; there is nothing necessarily cruel,
+repulsive, or monstrous in the idea or the reality of whipping, and it is
+perfectly easy and natural for an interest in the subject to arise in an
+innocent and even normal child, and thus to furnish a germ around which,
+temporarily at all events, sexual ideas may crystallize. For these reasons
+the connection between love and pain may be more clearly brought out in
+connection with whipping than with blood.</p>
+
+<p>There is, by no means, any necessary connection between flagellation and
+the sexual emotions. If there were, this form of penance would not have
+been so long approved or at all events tolerated by the Church.<a name='3_FNanchor_107'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_107'><sup>[107]</sup></a> </p><a name='3_Page_130'></a>
+
+<p>As a matter of fact, indeed, it was not always approved or even tolerated.
+Pope Adrian IV in the eighth century forbade priests to beat their
+penitents, and at the time of the epidemic of flagellation in the
+thirteenth century, which was highly approved by many holy men, the abuses
+were yet so frequent that Clement VI issued a bull against these
+processions. All such papal prohibitions remained without effect. The
+association of religious flagellation with perverted sexual motives is
+shown by its condemnation in later ages by the Inquisition, which was
+accustomed to prosecute the priests who, in prescribing flagellation as a
+penance, exerted it personally, or caused it to be inflicted on the
+stripped penitent in his presence, or made a woman penitent discipline
+him, such offences being regarded as forms of &quot;solicitation.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_108'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_108'><sup>[108]</sup></a> There
+seems even to be some reason to suppose that the religious flagellation
+mania which was so prevalent in the later Middle Ages, when processions of
+penitents, male and female, eagerly flogged themselves and each other, may
+have had something to do with the discovery of erotic flagellation,<a name='3_FNanchor_109'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_109'><sup>[109]</sup></a>
+which, at all events in Europe, seems scarcely to have been known before
+the sixteenth century. It must, in any case, have assisted to create a
+predisposition. The introduction of flagellation as a definitely
+recognized sexual stimulant is by Eulenburg, in his interesting book,
+<i>Sadismus und Masochismus</i>, attributed to the Arabian physicians. It would
+appear to have been by the advice of an Arabian physician that the Duchess
+Leonora Gonzaga, of Mantua, was whipped by her mother to aid her in
+responding more warmly to her husband's embraces and to conceive.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever the precise origin of sexual flagellation in Europe, there can be
+no doubt that it soon became extremely common, and so it remains at the
+present day. Those who possess a special knowledge of such matters declare
+that sexual flagellation is <a name='3_Page_131'></a>the most frequent of all sexual perversions
+in England.<a name='3_FNanchor_110'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_110'><sup>[110]</sup></a> This belief is, I know, shared by many people both inside
+and outside England. However this may be, the tendency is certainly
+common. I doubt if it is any or at all less common in Germany, judging by
+the large number of books on the subject of flagellation which have been
+published in German. In a catalogue of &quot;interesting books&quot; on this and
+allied subjects issued by a German publisher and bookseller, I find that,
+of fifty-five volumes, as many as seventeen or eighteen, all in German,
+deal solely with the question of flagellation, while many of the other
+books appear to deal in part with the same subject.<a name='3_FNanchor_111'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_111'><sup>[111]</sup></a> It is, no doubt,
+true that the large part which the rod has played in the past history of
+our civilization justifies a considerable amount of scientific interest in
+the subject of flagellation, but it is clear that the interest in these
+books is by no means always scientific, but very frequently sexual.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It is remarkable that, while the sexual associations of whipping,
+    whether in slight or in marked degrees, are so frequent in modern
+    times, they appear to be by no means easy to trace in ancient
+    times. &quot;Flagellation,&quot; I find it stated by a modern editor of the
+    <i>Priapeia</i>, &quot;so extensively practised in England as a provocation
+    to venery, is almost entirely unnoticed by the Latin erotic
+    writers, although, in the <i>Satyricon</i> of Petronius (ch.
+    cxxxviii), Encolpius, in describing the steps taken by &OElig;nothea
+    to undo the temporary impotence to which he was
+    subjected, says: 'Next she mixed nasturtium-juice with southern
+    wood, and, <a name='3_Page_132'></a>having bathed my foreparts, she took a bunch of green
+    nettles, and gently whipped my belly all over below the navel.'&quot;
+    It appears also that many ancient courtesans dedicated to Venus
+    as ex-votos a whip, a bridle, or a spur as tokens of their skill
+    in riding their lovers. The whip was sometimes used in antiquity,
+    but if it aroused sexual emotions they seem to have passed
+    unregarded. &quot;We naturally know nothing,&quot; Eulenburg remarks
+    (<i>Sadismus und Masochismus</i>, p. 72), &quot;of the feelings of the
+    priestess of Artemis at the flagellation of Spartan youths; or
+    what emotions inspired the priestess of the Syrian goddess under
+    similar circumstances; or what the Roman Pontifex Maximus felt
+    when he castigated the exposed body of a negligent vestal (as
+    described by Plutarch) behind a curtain, and the 'plagosus
+    Orbilius' only practised on children.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    It was at the Renaissance that cases of abnormal sexual pleasure
+    in flagellation began to be recorded. The earliest distinct
+    reference to a masochistic flagellant seems to have been made by
+    Pico della Mirandola, toward the end of the fifteenth century, in
+    his <i>Disputationes Adversus Astrologiam Divinatricem</i>, bk. iii,
+    ch. xxvii. C&oelig;lius Rhodiginus in 1516, again, narrated
+    the case of a man he knew who liked to be severely whipped, and
+    found this a stimulant to coitus. Otto Brunfels, in his
+    <i>Onomasticon</i> (1534), art. &quot;Coitus,&quot; refers to another case of a
+    man who could not have intercourse with his wife until he had
+    been whipped. Then, a century later, in 1643, Meibomius wrote <i>De
+    Usu Flagrorum in re Venerea</i>, the earliest treatise on this
+    subject, narrating various cases. Numerous old cases of pleasure
+    in flagellation and urtication were brought together by Schurig
+    in 1720 in his <i>Spermatologia</i>, pp. 253-258.</p>
+
+<p>    The earliest definitely described medical case of sadistic
+    pleasure in the sight of active whipping which I have myself come
+    across belongs to the year 1672, and occurs in a letter in which
+    Nesterus seeks the opinion of Garmann. He knows intimately, he
+    states, a very learned man&mdash;whose name, for the honor he bears
+    him, he refrains from mentioning&mdash;who, whenever in a school or
+    elsewhere he sees a boy unbreeched and birched, and hears him
+    crying out, at once emits semen copiously without any erection,
+    but with great mental commotion. The same accident frequently
+    happens to him during sleep, accompanied by dreams of whipping.
+    Nesterus proceeds to mention that this &quot;<i>laudatus vir</i>&quot; was also
+    extremely sensitive to the odor of strawberries and other fruits,
+    which produced nausea. He was evidently a neurotic subject.
+    (L. C. F. Garmanni et Aliorum Virorum Clarissimorum, <i>Epistolarum
+    Centuria</i>, Rostochi et Lipsi&aelig;, 1714.)</p>
+
+<p>    In England we find that toward the end of the sixteenth century
+    one of Marlowe's epigrams deals with a certain Francus who before
+    <a name='3_Page_133'></a>intercourse with his mistress &quot;sends for rods and strips himself
+    stark naked,&quot; and by the middle of the seventeenth century the
+    existence of an association between flagellation and sexual
+    pleasure seems to have been popularly recognized. In 1661, in a
+    vulgar &quot;tragicomedy&quot; entitled <i>The Presbyterian Lash</i>, we find:
+    &quot;I warrant he thought that the tickling of the wench's buttocks
+    with the rod would provoke her to lechery.&quot; That whipping was
+    well known as a sexual stimulant in England in the eighteenth
+    century is sufficiently indicated by the fact that in one of
+    Hogarth's series representing the &quot;Harlot's Progress&quot; a birch rod
+    hangs over the bed. The prevalence of sexual flagellation in
+    England at the end of that century and the beginning of the
+    nineteenth is discussed by D&uuml;hren (Iwan Bloch) in his
+    <i>Geschlechtsleben in England</i> (1901-3), especially vol. ii, ch.
+    vi.</p>
+
+<p>    While, however, the evidence regarding sexual flagellation is
+    rare, until recent times whipping as a punishment was extremely
+    common. It is even possible that its very prevalence, and the
+    consequent familiarity with which it was regarded, were
+    unfavorable to the development of any mysterious emotional state
+    likely to act on the sexual sphere, except in markedly neurotic
+    subjects. Thus, the corporal chastisement of wives by husbands
+    was common and permitted. Not only was this so to a proverbial
+    extent in eastern Europe, but also in the extreme west and among
+    a people whose women enjoyed much freedom and honor. Cymric law
+    allowed a husband to chastise his wife for angry speaking, such
+    as calling him a cur; for giving away property she was not
+    entitled to give away; or for being found in hiding with another
+    man. For the first two offenses she had the option of paying him
+    three kine. When she accepted the chastisement she was to receive
+    &quot;three strokes with a rod of the length of her husband's forearm
+    and the thickness of his long finger, and that wheresoever he
+    might will, excepting on the head&quot;; so that she was to suffer
+    pain only, and not injury. (R. B. Holt, &quot;Marriage Laws and Customs
+    of the Cymri,&quot; <i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>,
+    August-November, 1898, p. 162.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The Cymric law,&quot; writes a correspondent, &quot;seems to have survived
+    in popular belief in the Eastern and Middle States of the United
+    States. In police-courts in New York, for example, it has been
+    unsuccessfully pleaded that a man is entitled to beat his wife
+    with a stick no thicker than his thumb. In Pennsylvania actual
+    acquittals have been rendered.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Among all classes children were severely whipped by their parents
+    and others in authority over them. It may be recalled that in the
+    twelfth century when Abelard became tutor to Heloise, then about
+    18 years of age, her uncle authorized him to beat her, if
+    negligent in her studies. Even in the sixteenth century Jeanne
+    d'Albert, who <a name='3_Page_134'></a>became the mother of Henry IV of France, at the
+    age of 13&frac12; was married to the Duke of Cleves, and to overcome her
+    resistance to this union the Queen, her mother, had her whipped
+    to such an extent that she thought she would die of it. The whip
+    on this occasion was, however, only partially successful, for the
+    Duke never succeeded in consummating the marriage, which was, in
+    consequence, annulled. (Caban&egrave;s brings together numerous facts
+    regarding the prevalence of flagellation as a chastisement in
+    ancient France in the interesting chapter on &quot;La Flagellation a
+    la Cour et &agrave; la Ville&quot; in his <i>Indiscretions de l'Histoire</i>,
+    1903.)</p>
+
+<p>    As to the prevalence of whipping in England evidence is furnished
+    by Andrews, in the chapter on &quot;Whipping and Whipping Posts,&quot; in
+    his book on ancient punishments. It existed from the earliest
+    times and was administered for a great variety of offenses, to
+    men and women alike, for vagrancy, for theft, to the fathers and
+    mothers of illegitimate children, for drunkenness, for insanity,
+    even sometimes for small-pox. At one time both sexes were whipped
+    naked, but from Queen Elizabeth's time only from the waist
+    upward. In 1791 the whipping of female vagrants ceased by law.
+    (W. Andrews, <i>Bygone Punishments</i>, 1899.)</p>
+
+<p>    It must, however, be remarked that law always lags far behind
+    social feeling and custom, and flagellation as a common
+    punishment had fallen into disuse or become very perfunctory long
+    before any change was made in the law, though it is not
+    absolutely extinct, even by law, today. There is even an ignorant
+    and retrograde tendency to revive it. Thus, even in severe
+    Commonwealth days, the alleged whipping with rods of a
+    servant-girl by her master, though with no serious physical
+    injury, produced a great public outcry, as we see by the case of
+    the Rev. Zachary Crofton, a distinguished London clergyman, who
+    was prosecuted in 1657 on the charge of whipping his
+    servant-girl, Mary Cadman, because she lay in bed late in the
+    morning and stole sugar. This incident led to several pamphlets.
+    In <i>The Presbyterian, Lash or Noctroff's Maid Whipt</i> (1661), a
+    satire on Crofton, we read: &quot;It is not only contrary to Gospel
+    but good manners to take up a wench's petticoats, smock and all&quot;;
+    and in the doggerel ballad of &quot;Bo-Peep,&quot; which was also written
+    on the same subject, it is said that Crofton should have left his
+    wife to chastise the maid. Crofton published two pamphlets, one
+    under his own name and one under that of Alethes Noctroff (1657),
+    in which he elaborately dealt with the charge as both false and
+    frivolous. In one passage he offers a qualified defense of such
+    an act: &quot;I cannot but bewail the exceeding rudeness of our times
+    to suffer such foolery to be prosecuted as of some high and
+    notorious crime. Suppose it were (as it is not) true, may not
+    some eminent congregational brother be found guilty of the same
+    act? Is it not <a name='3_Page_135'></a>much short of drinking an health naked on a
+    signpost? May it not be as theologically defended as the
+    husband's correction of his wife?&quot; This passage, and the whole
+    episode, show that feeling in regard to this matter was at that
+    time in a state of transition.</p>
+
+<p>    Flagellation as a penance, whether inflicted by the penitent
+    himself or by another person, was also extremely common in
+    medieval and later days. According to Walsingham (&quot;Master of the
+    Rolls' Collection,&quot; vol. i, p. 275), in England, in the middle of
+    the fourteenth century, penitents, sometimes men of noble birth,
+    would severely flagellate themselves, even to the shedding of
+    blood, weeping or singing as they did so; they used cords with
+    knots containing nails.</p>
+
+<p>    At a later time the custom of religious flagellation was more
+    especially preserved in Spain. The Countess d'Aulnoy, who visited
+    Spain in 1685, has described the flagellations practised in
+    public at Madrid. After giving an account of the dress worn by
+    these flagellants, which corresponds to that worn in Spain in
+    Holy Week at the present time by the members of the <i>Cofradias</i>,
+    the face concealed by the high sugar-loaf head-covering, she
+    continues: &quot;They attach ribbons to their scourges, and usually
+    their mistresses honor them with their favors. In gaining public
+    admiration they must not gesticulate with the arm, but only move
+    the wrist and hand; the blows must be given without haste, and
+    the blood must not spoil the costume. They make terrible wounds
+    on their shoulders, from which the blood flows in streams; they
+    march through the streets with measured steps; they pass before
+    the windows of their mistresses, where they flagellate themselves
+    with marvelous patience. The lady gazes at this fine sight
+    through the blinds of her room, and by a sign she encourages him
+    to flog himself, and lets him understand how much she likes this
+    sort of gallantry. When they meet a good-looking woman they
+    strike themselves in such a way that the blood goes on to her;
+    this is a great honor, and the grateful lady thanks them.... All
+    this is true to the letter.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The Countess proceeds to describe other and more genuine
+    penitents, often of high birth, who may be seen in the street
+    naked above the waist, and with naked feet on the rough and sharp
+    pavement; some had swords passed through the skin of their body
+    and arms, others heavy crosses that weighed them down. She
+    remarks that she was told by the Papal Nuncio that he had
+    forbidden confessors to impose such penances, and that they were
+    due to the devotion of the penitents themselves. (<i>Relation du
+    Voyage d'Espagne</i>, 1692, vol. ii, pp. 158-164.)</p>
+
+<p>    The practice of public self-flagellation in church during Lent
+    existed in Spain and Portugal up to the early years of the
+    nineteenth century. Descriptions of it will often be met with in
+    old volumes of travel. Thus, I find a traveler through Spain in
+    1786 describing how, <a name='3_Page_136'></a>at Barcelona, he was present when, in Lent,
+    at a Miserere in the Convent Church of San Felipe Neri on Friday
+    evening the doors were shut, the lights put out, and in perfect
+    darkness all bared their backs and applied the discipline,
+    singing while they scourged themselves, ever louder and harsher
+    and with ever greater vehemence until in twenty minutes' time the
+    whole ended in a deep groan. It is mentioned that at Malaga,
+    after such a scene, the whole church was in the morning sprinkled
+    with blood. (Joseph Townsend, <i>A Journey through Spain in 1786</i>,
+    vol. i, p. 122; vol. iii, p. 15.)</p>
+
+<p>    Even to our own day religious self-flagellation is practised by
+    Spaniards in the Azores, in the darkened churches during Lent,
+    and the walls are often spotted and smeared with blood at this
+    time. (O. H. Howarth, &quot;The Survival of Corporal Punishment,&quot;
+    <i>Journal Anthropological Institute</i>, Feb., 1889.) In remote
+    districts of Spain (as near Haro in Rioja) there are also
+    brotherhoods who will flagellate themselves on Good Friday, but
+    not within the church. (Dario de Regoyos, <i>Espa&ntilde;a Negra</i>, 1899,
+    p. 72.) </p></div>
+
+<p>When we glance over the history of flagellation and realize that, though
+whipping as a punishment has been very widespread and common, there have
+been periods and lands showing no clear knowledge of any sexual
+association of whipping, it becomes clear that whipping is not necessarily
+an algolagnic manifestation. It seems evident that there must be special
+circumstances, and perhaps a congenital predisposition, to bring out
+definitely the relationship of flagellation to the sexual impulse. Thus,
+L&ouml;wenfeld considers that only about 1 per cent, of people can be sexually
+excited by flagellation of the buttocks,<a name='3_FNanchor_112'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_112'><sup>[112]</sup></a> and N&auml;cke also is decidedly
+of opinion that there can be no sexual pleasure in flagellation without
+predisposition, which is rare.<a name='3_FNanchor_113'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_113'><sup>[113]</sup></a> On these grounds many are of opinion
+that physical chastisement, provided it is moderate, seldom applied, and
+only to children who are quite healthy and vigorous, need not be
+absolutely prohibited.<a name='3_FNanchor_114'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_114'><sup>[114]</sup></a> But, however rare and abnormal a sexual
+response to <a name='3_Page_137'></a>actual flagellation may be in adults, we shall see that the
+general sexual association of whipping in the minds of children, and
+frequently of their elders, is by; no means rare and scarcely abnormal.</p>
+
+<p>What is the cause of the connection between sexual emotion and whipping? A
+very simple physical cause has been believed by some to account fully for
+the phenomena. It is known that strong stimulation of the gluteal region
+may, especially under predisposing conditions, produce or heighten sexual
+excitement, by virtue of the fact that both regions are supplied by
+branches of the same nerve.</p>
+
+<p>There is another reason why whipping should exert a sexual influence. As
+F&eacute;r&eacute; especially has pointed out, in moderate amount it has a tonic effect,
+and as such has a general beneficial result in stimulating the whole body.
+This fact was, indeed, recognized by the classic physicians, and Galen
+regarded flagellation as a tonic.<a name='3_FNanchor_115'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_115'><sup>[115]</sup></a> Thus, not only must it be said that
+whipping, when applied to the gluteal region, has a direct influence in
+stimulating the sexual organs, but its general tonic influence must
+naturally extend to the sexual system.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It is possible that we must take into account here a biological
+    factor, such as we have found involved in other forms of sadism
+    and masochism. In this connection a lady writes to me: &quot;With
+    regard to the theory which connects the desire for whipping with
+    the way in which animals make love, where blows or pressure on
+    the hindquarters are almost a necessary preliminary to pleasure,
+    have you ever noticed the way in which stags behave? Their does
+    seem as timid as the males are excitable, and the blows inflicted
+    on them by the horns of their mates to reduce them to submission
+    must be, I should think, an exact equivalent to being beaten with
+    a stick.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    It is remarkable that in some cases the whip would even appear to
+    have a psychic influence in producing sexual excitement in
+    animals accustomed to its application as a stimulant to action.
+    Thus, Professor Cornevin, of Lyons, describes the case of a
+    Hungarian stallion, otherwise quite potent, in whom erection
+    could only be produced in the presence of a mare in heat when a
+    whip was cracked near him, and occasionally applied gently to his
+    legs. (Cornevin, <i>Archives d'Anthropologie <a name='3_Page_138'></a>Criminelle</i>, January,
+    1896.) </p></div>
+
+<p>Here, undoubtedly, we have a definite anatomical and physiological
+relationship which often serves as a starting-point for the turning of the
+sexual feelings in this direction, and will sometimes support the
+perversion when it has otherwise arisen. But this relationship, even if we
+regard it as a fairly frequent channel by which sexual emotion is aroused,
+will not suffice to account for most, or even many, of the cases in which
+whipping exerts a sexual fascination. In many, if not most, cases it is
+found that the idea of whipping asserts its sexual significance quite
+apart from any personal experience, even in persons who have never been
+whipped;<a name='3_FNanchor_116'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_116'><sup>[116]</sup></a> not seldom also in persons who have been whipped and who
+feel nothing but repugnance for the actual performance, attractive as it
+may be in imagination.</p>
+
+<p>It is evident that we have to seek the explanation of this phenomenon
+largely in psychic causes. Whipping, whether inflicted or suffered, tends
+to arouse, vaguely but massively, the very fundamental and primitive
+emotions of anger and fear, which, as we have seen, have always been
+associated with courtship, and it tends to arouse them at an age when the
+sexual emotions have not become clearly defined, and under circumstances
+which are likely to introduce sexual associations. From their earliest
+years children have been trained to fear whipping, even when not actually
+submitted to it, and an unjust punishment of this kind, whether inflicted
+on themselves or others, frequently arouses intense anger, nervous
+excitement, or terror in the sensitive minds of children.<a name='3_FNanchor_117'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_117'><sup>[117]</sup></a> Moreover,
+as has been pointed out to me by a lady who herself in early life was
+affected by the sexual associations of whipping, a child only sees the
+naked body of elder children when uncovered for whipping, and <a name='3_Page_139'></a>its sexual
+charm may in part be due to this cause. We further have to remark that the
+spectacle of suffering itself is, to some extent and under some
+circumstances, a stimulant of sexual emotion. It is evident that a number
+of factors contribute to surround whipping at a very early age with
+powerful emotional associations, and that these associations are of such a
+character that in predisposed subjects they are very easily led into a
+sexual channel.<a name='3_FNanchor_118'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_118'><sup>[118]</sup></a> Various lines of evidence support this conclusion.
+Thus, from several reliable quarters I learn that the sight of a boy being
+caned at school may produce sexual excitement in the boys who look on. The
+association of sexual emotion with whipping is, again, very liable to show
+itself in schoolmasters, and many cases have been recorded in which the
+flogging of boys, under the stress of this impulse, has been carried to
+extreme lengths. An early and eminent example is furnished by Udall, the
+humanist, at one time headmaster of Eton, who was noted for his habit of
+inflicting frequent corporal punishment for little or no cause, and who
+confessed to sexual practices with the boys under his care.<a name='3_FNanchor_119'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_119'><sup>[119]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Sanitchenko has called attention to the case of a Russian functionary, a
+school inspector, who every day had some fifty pupils flogged in his
+presence, as evidence of a morbid pleasure in such scenes. Even when no
+sexual element can be distinctly traced, scenes of whipping sometimes
+exert a singular fascination on some persons of sensitive emotional
+temperament. A friend, a clergyman, who has read many novels tells me that
+he has been <a name='3_Page_140'></a>struck by the frequency with which novelists describe such
+scenes with much luxury of detail; his list includes novels by well-known
+religious writers of both sexes. In some of these cases there is reason to
+believe that the writers felt this sexual association of whipping.</p>
+
+<p>It is natural that an interest in whipping should be developed very early
+in childhood, and, indeed, it enters very frequently into the games of
+young children, and constitutes a much relished element of such games,
+more especially among girls. I know of many cases in which young girls
+between 6 and 12 years of age took great pleasure in games in which the
+chief point consisted in unfastening each other's drawers and smacking
+each other, and some of these girls, when they grew older, realized that
+there was an element of sexual enjoyment in their games. It has indeed, it
+seems, always been a child's game, and even an amusement of older persons,
+to play at smacking each other's nates. In <i>The Presbyter's Lash</i> in 1661
+a young woman is represented as stating that she had done this as a child,
+and in ancient France it was a privileged custom on Innocents' Day
+(December 28th) to smack all the young people found lying late in bed; it
+was a custom which, as Clement Marot bears witness, was attractive to
+lovers.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>If we turn to the histories I have brought together in Appendix B
+    we find various references to whipping more or less clearly
+    connected with the rudimentary sexual feelings of childhood.</p>
+
+<p>    I am acquainted with numerous cases in which the idea of
+    whipping, or the impulse to whip or be whipped, distinctly
+    exists, though usually, when persisting to adult life, only in a
+    rudimentary form. History I in the Appendix B presents a
+    well-marked instance. I may quote the remarks in another case of
+    a lady regarding her early feelings: &quot;As a child the idea of
+    being whipped excited me, but only in connection with a person I
+    loved, and, moreover, one who had the right to correct me. On one
+    occasion I was beaten with the back of a brush, and the pain was
+    sufficient to overcome any excitement; so that, ever after, this
+    particular form of whipping left me unaffected, though the
+    excitement still remained connected with forms of which I had no
+    experience.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Another lady states that when a little girl of 4 or 5 the
+    servants used to smack her nates with a soft brush to amuse
+    themselves (undoubtedly, <a name='3_Page_141'></a>as she now believes, this gave them a
+    kind of sexual pleasure); it did not hurt her, but she disliked
+    it. Her father used to whip her severely on the nates at this age
+    and onward to the age of 13, but this never gave her any
+    pleasure. When, however, she was about 9 she began in waking
+    dreams to imagine that she was whipping somebody, and would
+    finish by imagining that she was herself being whipped. She would
+    make up stories of which the climax was a whipping, and felt at
+    the same time a pleasurable burning sensation in her sexual
+    parts; she used to prolong the preliminaries of the story to
+    heighten the climax; she felt more pleasure in the idea of being
+    whipped than of whipping, although she never experienced any
+    pleasure from an actual whipping. These day-dreams were most
+    vivid when she was at school, between the ages of 11 and 14. They
+    began to fade with the growth of affection for real persons. But
+    in dreams, even in adult life, she occasionally experienced
+    sexual excitement accompanied by images of smacking.</p>
+
+<p>    Another correspondent, this time a man, writes: &quot;I experienced
+    the connection between sexual excitement and whipping long before
+    I knew what sexuality meant or had any notion regarding the
+    functions of the sexual organs. What I now know to be distinct
+    sexual feeling used to occur whenever the idea of whipping arose
+    or the mention of whipping was made in a way to arrest my
+    attention. I well remember the strange, mysterious fascination it
+    had, even apart from any actual physical excitement. I have been
+    told by many men and a few women that it was the same with them.
+    Even now the feeling exists sometimes, especially when reading
+    about whipping.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The following confession, which I find recorded by a German
+    manufacturer's wife, corresponds with those I have obtained in
+    England: &quot;When about 5 years old I was playing with a little girl
+    friend in the park. Our governesses sat on a bench talking. For
+    some reason&mdash;perhaps because we had wandered away too far and
+    failed to hear a call to return&mdash;my friend aroused the anger of
+    the governess in charge of her. That young lady, therefore, took
+    her aside, raised her dress, and vigorously smacked her with the
+    flat hand. I looked on fascinated, and possessed by an
+    inexplicable feeling to which I na&iuml;vely gave myself up. The
+    impression was so deep that the scene and the persons concerned
+    are still clearly present to my mind, and I can even recall the
+    little details of my companion's underclothing.&quot; When sexual
+    associations are permanently brought into play through such an
+    early incident it is possible that a special predisposition
+    exists. (<i>Gesellschaft und Geschlecht</i>, Bd. ii, ht. 4, p. 120.) </p></div>
+
+<p>It would certainly seem that we must look upon this association as coming
+well within the normal range of emotional life <a name='3_Page_142'></a>in childhood, although
+after puberty, when the sexual feelings become clearly defined, the
+attraction of whipping normally tends to be left behind as a piece of
+childishness, only surviving in the background of consciousness, if at
+all, to furnish a vaguely sexual emotional tone to the subject of
+whipping, but not affecting conduct, sometimes only emerging in erotic
+dreams.</p>
+
+<p>This, however, is not invariably the case in persons who are organically
+abnormal. In such cases, and especially, it would seem, in highly
+sensitive and emotional children, the impress left by the fact or the
+image of whipping may be so strong that it affects not only definitely,
+but permanently, the whole subsequent course of development of the sexual
+impulse. R&eacute;gis has recorded a case which well illustrates the
+circumstances and hereditary conditions under which the idea of whipping
+may take such firm root in the sexual emotional nature of a child as to
+persist into adult life; at the same time the case shows how a sexual
+perversion may, in an intelligent person, take on an intellectual
+character, and it also indicates a rational method of treatment.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Jules P., aged 22, of good heredity on father's side, but bad on
+    that of mother, who is highly hysterical, while his grandmother
+    was very impulsive and sometimes pursued other women with a
+    knife. He has one brother and one sister, who are somewhat morbid
+    and original. He is himself healthy, intelligent, good looking,
+    and agreeable, though with slightly morbid peculiarities. At the
+    age of 4 or 5 he suddenly opened a door and saw his sister, then
+    a girl of 14 or 15, kneeling, with her clothes raised and her
+    head on her governess's lap, at the moment of being whipped for
+    some offense. This trivial incident left a profound impression on
+    his mind, and he recalls every detail of it, especially the sight
+    of his sister's buttocks,&mdash;round, white, and enormous as they
+    seemed to his childish eyes,&mdash;and that momentary vision gave a
+    permanent direction to the whole of his sexual life. Always after
+    that he desired to touch and pat his sister's gluteal regions. He
+    shared her bed, and, though only a child, acquired great skill in
+    attaining his ends without attracting her attention, lifting her
+    night-gown when she slept and gently caressing the buttocks, also
+    contriving to turn her over on to her stomach and then make a
+    pillow of her hips. This went on until the age of 7, when he
+    began to play with two little girls of the neighborhood, the
+    eldest of whom was 10; he liked to take the part of <a name='3_Page_143'></a>the father
+    and whip them. The older girl was big for her age, and he would
+    separate her drawers and smack her with much voluptuous emotion;
+    so that he frequently sought opportunities to repeat the
+    experience, to which the girl willingly lent herself, and they
+    were constantly together in dark corners, the girl herself
+    opening her drawers to enable him to caress her thighs and
+    buttocks with his hand until he became conscious of an erection.
+    Sometimes he would gently use a whip. On one occasion she asked
+    him if he would not now like to see her in front, but he
+    declined.</p>
+
+<p>    One day, when 8 or 9 years old, being with a boy companion, he
+    came upon a picture of a monk being flagellated, and thereupon
+    persuaded his companion to let himself be whipped; the boy
+    enjoyed the experience, which was therefore often repeated. Jules
+    P. himself, however, never took the slightest pleasure in playing
+    the passive part. These practices were continued even after the
+    friend became a conscript, when, however, they became very rare.
+    Only once or twice has he ever done anything of this kind to
+    girls who were strangers to him. Nor has he ever masturbated or
+    had any desire for sexual intercourse. He contents himself with
+    the pleasure of being occasionally able to witness scenes of
+    whipping in public places&mdash;parks and gardens&mdash;or of catching
+    glimpses of the thighs and buttocks of young girls or, if
+    possible, women.</p>
+
+<p>    His principal enjoyment is in imagination. From the first he has
+    loved to invent stories in which whippings were the climax, and
+    at 13 such stories produced the first spontaneous emission. Thus,
+    he imagines, for instance, a young girl from the country who
+    comes up to Paris by train; on the way a lady is attracted by
+    her, takes an interest in her, brings her home to dinner, and at
+    last can no longer resist the temptation to take the girl in her
+    arms and whip her amorously. He writes out these scenes and
+    illustrates them with drawings, many of which R&eacute;gis reproduces.
+    He has even written comedies in which whipping plays a prominent
+    part. He has, moreover, searched public libraries for references
+    to flagellation, inserted queries in the <i>Interm&eacute;diare des
+    Chercheurs et des Curieux</i>, and thus obtained a complete
+    bibliography of flagellation which is of considerable value.
+    R&eacute;gis is acquainted with these <i>Archives de la Fess&eacute;e</i>, and
+    states that they are carried on with great method and care. He is
+    especially interested in the whipping of women by women. He
+    considers that the pleasure of whippings should always be shared
+    by the person whipped, and he is somewhat concerned to find that
+    he has an increasing inclination to imagine an element of cruelty
+    in the whipping. Emissions are somewhat frequent. According to
+    the latest information, he is much better; he has entered into
+    sexual relationship with a woman who is much in love with him,
+    and <a name='3_Page_144'></a>to whom he has confided his peculiarities. With her aid and
+    suggestions he has been able to have intercourse with her, at the
+    moment of coitus whipping her with a harmless India-rubber tube.
+    (E. R&eacute;gis, &quot;Un Cas de Perversion Sexuelle, a forme Sadique,&quot;
+    <i>Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelles</i>, July, 1899.)</p>
+
+<p>    In a case also occurring in a highly educated man (narrated by
+    Marandon de Montyel) a doctor of laws, brilliantly intellectual
+    and belonging to a family in which there had been some insanity,
+    when at school at the age of 11, saw for the first time a
+    schoolfellow whipped on the nates, and experienced a new pleasure
+    and emotion. He was never himself whipped at school, but would
+    invent games with his sisters and playfellows in which whipping
+    formed an essential part. At the age of 13 he teased a young
+    woman, a cook, until she seized him and whipped him. He put his
+    arms around her and experienced his first voluptuous spasm of
+    sex. The love of flagellation temporarily died out, however, and
+    gave place to masturbation and later to a normal attraction to
+    women. But at the age of 32 the old ideas were aroused anew by a
+    story his mistress told him. He suffered from various obsessions
+    and finally committed suicide. (Marandon de Montyel, &quot;Obsessions
+    et Vie Sexuelle,&quot; <i>Archives de Neurologie</i>, Oct., 1904.)</p>
+
+<p>    In a case that has been reported to me, somewhat similar ideas
+    played a part. The subject is a tall, well-developed man, aged
+    28, delicate in childhood, but now normal in health and physical
+    condition, though not fond of athletics. His mental ability is
+    much above the average, especially in scientific directions; he
+    was brought up in narrow and strict religious views, but at an
+    early age developed agnostic views of his own.</p>
+
+<p>    From the age of 6, and perhaps earlier, he practised masturbation
+    almost every night. This was a habit which he carried on in all
+    innocence. It was as invariable a preliminary, he states, to
+    going to sleep as was lying down, and at this period he would
+    have felt no hesitation in telling all about it had the question
+    been asked. At the age of 12 or 13 he recognized the habit as
+    abnormal, and fear of ridicule then caused him to keep silence
+    and to avoid observation. In carrying it out he would lie on his
+    stomach with the penis directed downward, and not up, and the
+    thumb resting on the region above the root of the penis. There
+    was desire for micturition after the act, and when that was
+    satisfied sound sleep followed. When he realized that the habit
+    was abnormal he began to make efforts to discontinue it, and
+    these efforts have been continued up to the present. The chief
+    obstacle has been the difficulty of sleep without carrying out
+    the practice. Emissions first began to occur at the age of 13 and
+    at first caused some alarm. During the six following years
+    indulgence was irregular, sometimes <a name='3_Page_145'></a>occurring every other night
+    and sometimes with a week's intermission. Then at the age of 19
+    the habit was broken for a year, during which nocturnal emissions
+    took place during sleep about every three weeks. Since this,
+    shorter periods of non-indulgence have occurred, these periods
+    always coinciding with unusual mental or physical strain, as of
+    examinations. He has some degree of attraction for women; this is
+    strongest during cessation from masturbation and tends to
+    disappear when the habit is resumed. He has never had sexual
+    intercourse because he prefers his own method of gratification
+    and feels great abhorrence for professional prostitutes; he could
+    not afford to marry. Any indecency or immorality, except (he
+    observes) his own variety, disgusts him.</p>
+
+<p>    At the earliest period no mental images accompanied the act of
+    masturbation. At about the age of 8, however, sexual excitement
+    began to be constantly associated with ideas of being whipped. At
+    or soon after this age only the fear of disgrace prevented him
+    from committing serious childish offenses likely to be punished
+    by a good whipping. Parents and masters, however, seem to have
+    used corporal punishment very sparingly.</p>
+
+<p>    At first this desire was for whipping in general, without
+    reference to the operator. Soon after the age of 10, however, he
+    began to wish that certain boy friends should be the operators.
+    At about the same time definite desire arose for closer contact
+    with these friends and later for definite indecent acts which,
+    however, the subject failed to specify; he probably meant mutual
+    masturbation. These desires were under control, and the fear of
+    ridicule seems to have been the chief restraining cause. At about
+    the age of 15 he began to realize that such acts might be
+    considered morally bad and wrong, and this led to reticence and
+    careful concealment. Up to the age of 20 there were four definite
+    attachments to persons of his own sex. There was a tendency,
+    sometimes, to regard women as possible whippers, and this became
+    stronger at 22, the images of the two sexes then mingling in his
+    thoughts of flagellation. Latterly the mental accompaniments of
+    masturbation have been less personal, lapsing into the mental
+    picture of being whipped by an unknown and vague somebody. When
+    definite it has always been a man, and preferably of the type of
+    a schoolmaster. His desire has been for punishment by whips,
+    canes, or birches, especially upon the buttocks. He has always
+    shrunk from the thought of the production of blood or bruises. He
+    wishes, in mental contemplation, for a punishment sufficiently
+    severe to make him anxious to stop it, and yet not able to stop
+    it. He also takes pleasure in the idea of being tied up so as to
+    be unable to move.</p>
+
+<p>    He has at times indulged in self-whipping, of no great severity.</p><a name='3_Page_146'></a>
+
+<p>    In the preceding case we see a tendency to erotic
+    self-flagellation which in a minor degree is not uncommon.
+    Occasionally it becomes highly developed. Max Marcuse has
+    presented such a case in elaborate detail (<i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r die
+    Gesamte Neurologie</i>, 1912, ht. 3, fully summarized in
+    <i>Sexual-Probleme</i>, Nov., 1912, pp. 815-820). This is the case of
+    a Catholic priest of highly neurotic heredity, who spontaneously
+    began to whip himself at the age of 12, this self-flagellation
+    being continued and accompanied by masturbation after the age of
+    15. Other associated perversions were Narcissism and nates
+    fetichism, as well as homosexual phantasies. He experienced a
+    certain pleasure (with erection, not ejaculation) in punishing
+    his boy pupils. It is not uncommon for all forms of erotic
+    flagellation to be associated with a homosexual element. I have
+    elsewhere brought forward a case of this kind (the case of A. F.,
+    vol. ii of these <i>Studies</i>).</p>
+
+<p>    Significant is Rousseau's account of the origin of his own
+    masochistic pleasure in whipping at the age of 8: &quot;Mademoiselle
+    Lambercier showed toward me a mother's affection and also a
+    mother's authority, which she sometimes carried so far as to
+    inflict on us the usual punishment of children when we had
+    deserved it. For a long time she was content with the threat, and
+    that threat of a chastisement which for me was quite new seemed
+    very terrible; but after it had been executed I found the
+    experience less terrible than the expectation had been; and,
+    strangely enough, this punishment increased my affection for her
+    who had inflicted it. It needed all my affection and all my
+    natural gentleness to prevent me from seeking a renewal of the
+    same treatment by deserving it, for I had found in the pain and
+    even in the shame of it an element of sensuality which left more
+    desire than fear of receiving the experience again from the same
+    hand. It is true that, as in all this a precocious sexual element
+    was doubtless mixed, the same chastisement if inflicted by her
+    brother would not have seemed so pleasant.&quot; He goes on to say
+    that the punishment was inflicted a second time, but that that
+    time was the last, Mademoiselle Lambercier having apparently
+    noted the effects it produced, and, henceforth, instead of
+    sleeping in her room, he was placed in another room and treated
+    by her as a big boy. &quot;Who would have believed,&quot; he adds, &quot;that
+    this childish punishment, received at the age of 8 from the hand
+    of a young woman of 30, would have determined my tastes, my
+    desires, my passions, for the rest of my life?&quot; He remarks that
+    this strange taste drove him almost to madness, but maintained
+    the purity of his morals, and the joys of love existed for him
+    chiefly in imagination. (J. J. Rousseau, <i>Les Confessions</i>, partie
+    i, livre i.) It will be seen how all the favoring conditions of
+    fear, shame, and precocious sexuality were here present in an
+    extremely sensitive child destined to become the <a name='3_Page_147'></a>greatest
+    emotional force of his century, and receptive to influences which
+    would have had no permanent effect on any ordinary child. (When,
+    as occasionally happens, the first sexual feelings are
+    experienced under the stimulation of whipping in normal children,
+    no permanent perversion necessarily follows; Moll mentions that
+    he knows such cases, <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r P&auml;dagogie, Psychiatrie, und
+    Pathologie</i>, 1901.) It may be added that it is, perhaps, not
+    fanciful to see a certain inevitableness in the fact that on
+    Rousseau's highly sensitive and receptive temperament it was a
+    masochistic germ that fell and fructified, while on R&eacute;gis's
+    subject, with his more impulsive ancestral antecedents, a
+    sadistic germ found favorable soil.</p>
+
+<p>    It may be noted that in R&eacute;gis's sadistic case the little girl who
+    was the boy's playmate found scarcely less pleasure in the
+    passive part of whipping than he found in the active. There is
+    ample evidence to show that this is very often the case, and that
+    the attractiveness of the idea of being whipped often even arises
+    spontaneously in children. Lombroso (<i>La Donna Delinquente</i>, p.
+    404) refers to a girl of 7 who had voluptuous pleasure in being
+    whipped, and Hammer (<i>Monatschrift f&uuml;r Harnkrankheiten</i>, 1906, p.
+    398) speaks of a young girl who similarly experienced pleasure in
+    punishment by whipping. Krafft-Ebing records the case of a girl
+    of between 6 and 8 years of age, never at that time having been
+    whipped or seen anyone else whipped, who spontaneously
+    acquired&mdash;how she did not know&mdash;the desire to be castigated in
+    this manner. It gave her very great pleasure to imagine a woman
+    friend doing this to her. She never desired to be whipped by a
+    man, though there was no trace of inversion, and she never
+    masturbated until the age of 24, when a marriage engagement was
+    broken off. At the age of 10 this longing passed away before it
+    was ever actually realized. (Krafft-Ebing, <i>Psychopathia
+    Sexualis</i>, eighth edition, p. 136.)</p>
+
+<p>    In the case of another young woman described by
+    Krafft-Ebing&mdash;where there was neurasthenia with other minor
+    morbid conditions in the family, but the girl herself appears to
+    have been sound&mdash;the desire to be whipped existed from a very
+    early age. She traced it to the fact that when she was 5 years
+    old a friend of her father's playfully placed her across his
+    knees and pretended to whip her. Since then she has always longed
+    to be caned, but to her great regret the wish has never been
+    realized. She longs to be the slave of a man whom she loves:
+    &quot;Lying in fancy before him, he puts one foot on my neck while I
+    kiss the other. I revel in the idea of being whipped by him and
+    imagine different scenes in which he beats me. I take the blows
+    as so many tokens of love; he is at first extremely kind and
+    tender, but then in the excess of his love he beats me. I fancy
+    that to beat me for love's sake gives him the highest pleasure.&quot;
+    Sometimes she imagines <a name='3_Page_148'></a>that she is his slave, but not his female
+    slave, for every woman may be her husband's slave. She is of
+    proud and independent nature in all other matters, and to imagine
+    herself a man who consents to be a slave gives her a more
+    satisfying sense of humiliation. She does not understand that
+    these manifestations are of a sexual nature. (Krafft-Ebing,
+    <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, English translation of tenth edition, p.
+    189.)</p>
+
+<p>    Sometimes a woman desires to take the active part in whipping.
+    Thus Marandon de Montyel records the case of a girl of 19,
+    hereditarily neuropathic (her father was alcoholic), but very
+    intelligent and good-hearted, who had never been whipped or seen
+    anyone whipped. At this age, however, she happened to visit a
+    married friend who was just about to punish her boy of 9 by
+    whipping him with a wet towel. The girl spectator was much
+    interested, and though the boy screamed and struggled she
+    experienced a new sensation she could not define. &quot;At every
+    stroke,&quot; she said, &quot;a strange shiver went through all my body
+    from my brain to my heels.&quot; She would like to have whipped him
+    herself and felt sorry when it was over. She could not forget the
+    scene and would dream of herself whipping a boy. At last the
+    desire became irresistible and she persuaded a boy of 12, whom
+    she was very fond of, and who was much attached to her, to let
+    her whip him on the naked nates. She did this so ferociously that
+    he at last fainted. She was overcome by grief and remorse.
+    (Marandon de Montyel, <i>Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>,
+    Jan., 1906, p. 30.)</p>
+
+<p>    Although masochism in a pronounced degree may be said to be rare
+    in women, the love of active flagellation, and sadistic impulses
+    generally are not uncommon among them. Bloch believes they are
+    especially common among English women. Cases occur from time to
+    time of extreme harshness, cruelty, degrading punishment, and
+    semi-starvation inflicted upon children. The accused are most
+    usually women, and when a man and woman in conjunction are
+    accused it appears generally to have been the woman who played
+    the more active part. But it is rarely demonstrated in these
+    cases that the cruelty exercised had a definite sexual origin.
+    There is nothing, for instance, to indicate true sadism in the
+    famous English case in the eighteenth century of Mrs. Brownrigg
+    (Bloch, <i>Geschlechtsleben in England</i>, vol. ii, p. 425). It may
+    well be, however, in many of these cases that the real motive is
+    sexual, although latent and unconscious. The normal sexual
+    impulse in women is often obscured and disguised, and it would
+    not be surprising if the perverse instinct is so likewise.</p>
+
+<p>    It is noteworthy that a passion for whipping may be aroused by
+    contact with a person who desires to be whipped. This is
+    illustrated by the following case which has been communicated to
+    me: &quot;K. is a Jew, about 40 years of age, apparently normal.
+    Nothing is known of <a name='3_Page_149'></a>his antecedents. He is a manufacturer with
+    several shops. S., an Englishwoman, aged 25, entered his service;
+    she is illegitimate, believed to have been reared in a brothel
+    kept by her mother, is prepossessing in appearance. On entering
+    K.'s service S. was continually negligent and careless. This so
+    provoked K. that on one occasion he struck her. She showed great
+    pleasure and confessed that her blunder had been deliberately
+    intended to arouse him to physical violence. At her suggestion K.
+    ultimately consented to thrash her. This operation took place in
+    K.'s office, S. stripping for the purpose, and the leather
+    driving band from a sewing-machine was used. S. manifested
+    unmistakable pleasure during the flagellation, and connection
+    occurred after it. These thrashings were repeated at frequent
+    intervals, and K. found a growing liking for the operation on his
+    own part. Once, at the suggestion of S., a girl of 13 employed by
+    K. was thrashed by both K. and S. alternately. The child
+    complained to her parents and K. made a money payment to them to
+    avoid scandal, the parents agreeing to keep silence. Other women
+    (Jewish tailoresses) employed by K. were subsequently thrashed by
+    him. He asserts that they enjoyed the experience. Mrs. K.,
+    discovering her husband's infatuation for S., commenced divorce
+    proceedings. S. consented to leave the country at K.'s request,
+    but returned almost immediately and was kept in hiding until the
+    decree was granted. The mutual infatuation of K. and S.
+    continues, though K. asserts that he cares less for her than
+    formerly. Flagellation has, however, now become a passion with
+    him, though he declares that the practice was unknown to him
+    before he met S. His great fear is that he will kill S. during
+    one of these operations. He is convinced that S. is not an
+    isolated case, and that all women enjoy flagellation. He claims
+    that the experiences of the numerous women whom he has now
+    thrashed bear out this opinion; one of them is a wealthy woman
+    separated from her husband, and is now infatuated with K.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Flagellation, more especially in its masochistic form, is
+    sometimes associated with true inversion. Moll presents the case
+    of a young inverted woman of 26, showing, indeed, many other
+    minor sexual anomalies, who is sexually excited when beaten with
+    a switch. A whip would not do, and the blows must only be on the
+    nates; she cannot imagine being beaten by a small woman. She has
+    often in this way been beaten by a friend, who should be naked at
+    the time, and must submit afterward to cunnilinctus. (Moll,
+    <i>Kontr&auml;re Sexualempfindung</i> third edition, p. 568.)</p>
+
+<p>    In the preceding case there were no masochistic ideas; it is
+    likely that in such a case beating is desired largely on account
+    of that purely physical effect to which attention has already
+    been called. In the same <a name='3_Page_150'></a>way self-beating with a switch or whip
+    has sometimes been spontaneously discovered as a method of
+    self-excitement preliminary to masturbation. I am acquainted with
+    a lady of much intellectual ability, sexually normal, who made
+    this discovery at the age of 18, and practised it for a time.
+    Professor Reverdin, also, speaks of the case of a young girl
+    under his care who, after having exhausted all the resources of
+    her intelligence, finally discovered that the climax of enjoyment
+    was best reached by violently whipping her own buttocks and
+    thighs. She had invented for this purpose a whip composed of
+    twelve cords each of which terminated in a large chestnut-burr
+    provided with its spines. (A. Reverdin, <i>Revue M&eacute;dicale de la
+    Suisse Romande</i>, January 20, 1888, p. 17.) </p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_107'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_107'>[107]</a><div class='note'><p> The discipline or scourge was classed with fasting as a
+method of mastering the flesh and of penance. See, <i>e.g.</i>, Lea, <i>History
+of Auricular Confession</i>, vol. ii, p. 122. For many centuries bishops and
+priests used themselves to apply the discipline to their penitents. At
+first it was applied to the back; later, especially in the case of female
+penitents, it was frequently applied to the nates. Moreover, partial or
+complete nudity came to be frequently demanded, the humiliation thereby
+caused being pleasant in the sight of God.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_108'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_108'>[108]</a><div class='note'><p> Dulaure, <i>Des Divinit&eacute;s G&eacute;n&eacute;ratrices</i>, ch. xv; Lea,
+<i>History of Sacerdotal Celibacy</i>, 3d ed., vol. ii, p. 278; Kiernan,
+&quot;Asceticism as an Auto-erotism,&quot; <i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>, Aug., 1911.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_109'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_109'>[109]</a><div class='note'><p> This is the opinion of L&ouml;wenfeld, <i>Ueber die Sexuelle
+Konstitution</i>, p. 43.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_110'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_110'>[110]</a><div class='note'><p> Thus, D&uuml;hren (Iwan Bloch) remarks (<i>Der Marquis de Sade und
+Seine Zeit</i>, 1901, p. 211): &quot;It is well known that England is today the
+classic land of sexual flagellation.&quot; See the same author's
+<i>Geschlechtsleben in England</i>, vol. ii, ch. vi. In America it appears also
+to be common, and Kiernan mentions that in advertisements of Chicago
+&quot;massage shops&quot; there often appears the announcement: &quot;Flagellation a
+Specialty.&quot; The reports of police inspectors in eighteenth century France
+show how common flagellation then was in Paris. It may be added that
+various men of distinguished intellectual ability of recent times and
+earlier are reported as addicted to passive flagellation; this was the
+case with Helv&eacute;tius.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_111'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_111'>[111]</a><div class='note'><p> A full bibliography of flagellation would include many
+hundred items. The more important works on this subject, in connection
+with the sexual impulse, are enumerated by Eulenburg, in his <i>Sadismus und
+Masochismus</i>. An elaborate history of flagellation generally is now being
+written by Georg Collas, <i>Geschichte des Flagellantismus</i>, vol. i, 1912.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_112'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_112'>[112]</a><div class='note'><p> L&ouml;wenfeld, <i>Ueber die Sexuelle Konstitution</i>, p. 43.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_113'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_113'>[113]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Archiv f&uuml;r Kriminal-Anthropologie</i>, 1909, p. 361. He
+brings forward the evidence of a reliable and cultured man who at one time
+sought to obtain the pleasures of passive sexual flagellation. But in
+spite of his expectation and good will the only result was to disperse
+every trace of sexual desire.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_114'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_114'>[114]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>E.g.</i>, Kiefer, <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Sexualwissenschaft</i>, Aug.,
+1908.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_115'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_115'>[115]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Revue de M&eacute;decine</i>, August, 1900. In this paper F&eacute;r&eacute;
+brings together many interesting facts concerning flagellation in ancient
+times.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_116'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_116'>[116]</a><div class='note'><p> Schmidt-Heuert (<i>Monatschrift f&uuml;r Harnkrankheiten</i>, 1906,
+ht. 7) argues that it is not so much the actual use of the rod as playful,
+threatening and mysterious suggestions playing around it which nowadays
+gives it sexual fascination.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_117'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_117'>[117]</a><div class='note'><p> Moll (<i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>, Bd. 1, p.
+18) points out that these emotions frequently suffice to cause sexual
+emissions in schoolboys.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_118'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_118'>[118]</a><div class='note'><p> As Eulenburg truly points out, the circumstances attending
+the whipping of a woman may be sexually attractive, even in the absence of
+any morbid impulse. Such circumstances are &quot;the sight of naked feminine
+charms and especially&mdash;in the usual mode of flagellation&mdash;of those parts
+which possess for the sexual epicure a peculiar esthetic attraction; the
+idea of treating a loved, or at all events desired, person as a child, of
+having her in complete subjection and being able to dispose of her
+despotically; and finally the immediate results of whipping: the changes
+in skin-color, the to and fro movements which simulate or anticipate the
+initial phenomena of coitus.&quot; (Eulenburg, <i>Sexuale Neuropathie</i>, p. 121.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_119'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_119'>[119]</a><div class='note'><p> See the article on Udall in the <i>Dictionary of National
+Biography</i>.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='3_L_IV'></a><h3><a name='3_Page_151'></a>IV.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Impulse to Strangle the Object of Sexual Desire&mdash;The Wish to be
+Strangled&mdash;Respiratory Disturbance the Essential Element in this Group of
+Phenomena&mdash;The Part Played by Respiratory Excitement in the Process of
+Courtship&mdash;Swinging and Suspension&mdash;The Attraction Exerted by the Idea of
+being Chained and Fettered.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>There is another impulse which it may be worth while to consider briefly
+here, for the sake of the light it throws on the relationship between love
+and pain. I allude to the impulse to strangle the object of sexual desire,
+and to the corresponding craving to be strangled. Cases have been recorded
+in which this impulse was so powerful that men have actually strangled
+women at the moment of coitus.<a name='3_FNanchor_120'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_120'><sup>[120]</sup></a> Such cases are rare; but, as a mere
+idea, the thought of strangling a woman appears to be not infrequently
+associated with sexual emotion. We must probably regard it as, in the
+main,&mdash;with whatever subsidiary elements,&mdash;an aspect of that physical
+seizure, domination, and forcible embrace of the female which is one of
+the primitive elements of courtship.<a name='3_FNanchor_121'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_121'><sup>[121]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The corresponding idea&mdash;the pleasurable connection of the thought of being
+strangled with sexual emotion&mdash;appears to occur still more frequently,
+perhaps especially in women. Here we seem to have, as in the case of
+whipping, a combination <a name='3_Page_152'></a>of a physical with a psychic element. Not only is
+the idea attractive, but, as a matter of fact, strangulation, suffocation,
+or any arrest of respiration, even when carried to the extent of producing
+death, may actually provoke emission, as is observed after death by
+hanging.<a name='3_FNanchor_122'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_122'><sup>[122]</sup></a> It is noteworthy that, as Eulenburg remarks, the method of
+treating diseases of the spinal cord by suspension&mdash;a method much in vogue
+a few years ago&mdash;often produced sexual excitement.<a name='3_FNanchor_123'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_123'><sup>[123]</sup></a> In brothels, it is
+said, some of the clients desire to be suspended vertically by a cord
+furnished with pads.<a name='3_FNanchor_124'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_124'><sup>[124]</sup></a> A playful attempt to throttle her on the part of
+her lover is often felt by a woman as pleasurable, though it may not
+necessarily produce definite sexual excitement. Sometimes, however, this
+feeling becomes so strong that it must be regarded as an actual
+perversion, and I have been told of a woman who is indifferent to the
+ordinary sexual embrace; her chief longing is <a name='3_Page_153'></a>to be throttled, and she
+will do anything to have her neck squeezed by her lover till her eyeballs
+bulge.<a name='3_FNanchor_125'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_125'><sup>[125]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;I think if I could be left my present feelings,&quot; a lady writes,
+    &quot;and be changed into a male imbecile,&mdash;that is, given a man's
+    strength, but deprived, to a large extent, of reasoning power,&mdash;I
+    might very likely act in the apparently cruel way they do. And
+    this partly because many of their actions appeal to me on the
+    passive side. The idea of being <i>strangled</i> by a person I love
+    does. The great sensitiveness of one's throat and neck come in
+    here as well as the loss of breath. Once when I was about to be
+    separated from a man I cared for I put his hands on my throat and
+    implored him to kill me. It was a moment of madness, which helps
+    me to understand the feelings of a person always insane. Even now
+    that I am cool and collected I know that if I were deeply in love
+    with a man who I thought was going to kill me, especially in that
+    way, I would make no effort to save myself beforehand, though, of
+    course, in the final moments nature would assert herself without
+    my volition. What makes the horror of such cases in insanity is
+    the fact of the love being left out. But I think I find no
+    greater difficulty in picturing the mental attitude of a sadistic
+    lunatic than that of a normal man who gets pleasure out of women
+    for whom he has no love.&quot; </p></div>
+
+<p>The imagined pleasure of being strangled by a lover brings us to a group
+of feelings which would seem to be not unconnected with respiratory
+elements. I refer to the pleasurable excitement experienced by some in
+suspension, swinging, restraint, and fetters. Strangulation is the extreme
+and most decided type of this group of imagined or real situations, in all
+of which a respiratory disturbance seems to be an essential element.<a name='3_FNanchor_126'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_126'><sup>[126]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='3_Page_154'></a>
+
+<p>In explaining these phenomena we have to remark that respiratory
+excitement has always been a conspicuous part of the whole process of
+tumescence and detumescence, of the struggles of courtship and of its
+climax, and that any restraint upon respiration, or, indeed, any restraint
+upon muscular and emotional activity generally, tends to heighten the
+state of sexual excitement associated with such activity.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>I have elsewhere, when studying the spontaneous solitary
+    manifestation of the sexual instinct (<i>Auto-erotism</i>, in vol. i
+    of these <i>Studies</i>), referred to the pleasurably emotional, and
+    sometimes sexual, effects of swinging and similar kinds of
+    movement. It is possible that there is a certain significance in
+    the frequency with which the eighteenth-century French painters,
+    who lived at a time when the refinements of sexual emotion were
+    carefully sought out, have painted women in the act of swinging.
+    Fragonard mentions that in 1763 a gentleman invited him into the
+    country, with the request to paint his mistress, especially
+    stipulating that she should be depicted in a swing. The same
+    motive was common among the leading artists of that time. It may
+    be said that this attitude was merely a pretext to secure a
+    vision of ankles, but that result could easily have been attained
+    without the aid of the swing.</p>
+
+<p>    I may here quote, as bearing on this and allied questions, a
+    somewhat lengthy communication from a lady to whom I am indebted
+    for many subtle and suggestive remarks on the whole of this group
+    of manifestations:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;With regard to the connection between swinging and suspension,
+    perhaps the physical basis of it is the loss of breath. Temporary
+    loss of breath with me produces excitement. Swinging at a height
+    or a fall from a height would cause loss of breath; in a state of
+    suspension the imagination would suggest the idea of falling and
+    the attendant loss of breath. People suffering from lung disease
+    are often erotically inclined, and anesthetics affect the
+    breathing. Men also seem to like the idea of suspension, but from
+    the active side. One man used to put his wife on a high swinging
+    shelf when she displeased him, and my husband told me once he
+    would like to suspend me to a crane we were watching at work,
+    though I have never mentioned my own feeling on this point to
+    him. Suspension is often mentioned in descriptions of torture.
+    Beatrice Cenci was hung up by her hair and the recently murdered
+    Queen of Korea was similarly treated. In Tolstoi's <i>My Husband
+    and I</i> the girl says she would like her husband to hold her over
+    a precipice. That passage gave me great pleasure.<a name='3_FNanchor_127'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_127'><sup>[127]</sup></a></p><a name='3_Page_155'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;The idea of slipping off an inclined plane gives me the same
+    sensation. I always feel it on seeing Michael Angelo's 'Night,'
+    though the slipping look displeases me artistically. I remember
+    that when I saw the 'Night' first I did feel excited and was
+    annoyed, and it seemed to me it was the slipping-off look that
+    gave it; but I think I am now less affected by that idea. Certain
+    general ideas seem to excite one, but the particular forms under
+    which they are presented lose their effect and have to be varied.
+    The sentence mentioned in Tolstoi leaves me now quite cold, but
+    if I came across the same idea elsewhere, expressed differently,
+    then it would excite me. I am very capricious in the small
+    things, and I think women are so more than men. The idea of
+    slipping down a plank formerly produced excitement with me; now
+    it has a less vivid effect, though the idea of loss of breath
+    still produces excitement. The idea of the plank does not now
+    affect me unless there is a certain amount of drapery. I think,
+    therefore, that the feeling must come in part from the
+    possibility of the drapery catching on some roughness of the
+    surface of the slope, and so producing pressure on the sexual
+    organs. The effect is still produced, however, even without any
+    clothing, if the slope is supposed to end in a deep drop, so that
+    the idea of falling is strongly presented. I cannot recollect any
+    early associations that would tend to explain these feelings,
+    except that jumping from a height, which I used frequently to do
+    as a child, has a tendency to create excitement.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;With me, I may add, it is when I cannot express myself, or am
+    trying to understand what I feel is beyond my grasp, that the
+    first stage of sexual excitement results. For instance, I never
+    get excited in thinking over sexual questions, because my ideas,
+    correct or incorrect, are fairly clear and definite. But I often
+    feel sexually excited over that question of the inheritance of
+    acquired characteristics, not because I can't decide between the
+    two sets of evidence, but because I don't feel confident of
+    having fully grasped the true significance of either. This
+    feeling of want of power, mental or physical, always has the same
+    effect. I feel it if my eyes are blindfolded or my hands tied. I
+    don't like to see the Washington Post dance, in which the man
+    stands behind the woman and holds her hands, on that account. If
+    he held her wrists the feeling would be stronger, as her apparent
+    helplessness would be increased. The nervous irritability that is
+    caused by being <a name='3_Page_156'></a>under restraint seems to manifest itself in that
+    way, while in the case of mental disability the excitement, which
+    should flow down a mental channel, being checked, seems to take a
+    physical course instead.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Possibly this would help to explain masochistic sexual feelings.
+    A physical cause working in the present would be preferable as an
+    explanation to a psychological cause to be traced back through
+    heredity to primitive conditions. I believe such feelings are
+    very common in men as well as in women, only people do not care
+    to admit them, as a rule.&quot; </p></div>
+
+<p>The idea of being chained and fettered appears to be not uncommonly
+associated with pleasurable sexual feelings, for I have met with numerous
+cases in both men and women, and it not infrequently coexists with a
+tendency to inversion. It often arises at a very early age, and it is of
+considerable interest because we cannot account for its frequency by any
+chance association nor by any actual experiences. It would appear to be a
+purely psychic fantasia founded on the elementary physical fact that
+restraint of emotion, like suspension, produces a heightening of emotion.
+In any case the spontaneous character of such ideas and emotions in
+children of both sexes suffices to show that they must possess a very
+definite organic basis.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In one of the histories (X) contained in Appendix B at the end of
+    the present volume a lady describes how, as a child, she reveled
+    in the idea of being chained and tortured, these ideas appearing
+    to rise spontaneously. In another case, that of A. N. (for the
+    most part reproduced in &quot;Erotic Symbolism,&quot; in vol. v of these
+    <i>Studies</i>), whose ideals are inverted and who is also affected by
+    boot-fetichism, the idea of fetters is very attractive. In this
+    case self-excitement was produced at a very early age, without
+    the use of the hands, by strapping the legs together. We can,
+    however, scarcely explain away the idea of fetters in this case
+    as merely the result of an early association, for it may well be
+    argued that the idea led to this method of self-excitement. &quot;The
+    mere idea of fetters,&quot; this subject writes, &quot;produces the
+    greatest excitement, and the sight of pictures representing such
+    things is a temptation. The reading of books dealing with prison
+    life, etc., anywhere where physical restraint is treated of, is a
+    temptation. The temptation is aggravated when the picture
+    represents the person booted. I suppose all this will have been
+    intensified in my case by my practices as a child. But why should
+    a child of 6 do such things unless it were a natural instinct in
+    him? Nobody showed me; I have never mentioned <a name='3_Page_157'></a>such things to
+    anyone. I used to read historical romances for the pleasure of
+    reading of people being put in prison, in fetters, and tortured,
+    and always envied them. I feel now that I should like to undergo
+    the sensation. If I could get anyone to humor me without losing
+    their self-respect, I should jump at the opportunity. I have been
+    most powerfully excited by visiting an old Australian
+    convict-ship, where all the means of restraint are shown; I have
+    been attracted to it night after night, wanting, but not daring
+    to ask, to be allowed to have a practical experience.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Stcherbak, of Warsaw, has recorded a case which resembles that of
+    A. N., but there was no inversion and the attraction of fetters
+    was active rather than passive; the subject desired to fetter and
+    not to be fettered. It is possible that this difference is not
+    fundamental, though Stcherbak regards the case as one of
+    fetichism of sadistic origin (&quot;Contribution &agrave; l'Etude des
+    Perversions Sexuelles,&quot; <i>Archives de Neurologie</i>, Oct., 1907).
+    The subject was a highly intelligent though neurasthenic youth,
+    who from the age of 5 had been deeply interested in criminals who
+    were fettered and sent to prison. The fate of Siberian prisoners
+    was a frequent source of prolonged meditations. It was the
+    fettering which alone interested him, and he spent much time in
+    trying to imagine the feelings of the fettered prisoners, and he
+    often imagined that he was himself a prisoner in fetters. (This
+    seems to indicate that the impulse was in its origin masochistic
+    as much as sadistic, and better described as algolagnia than as
+    sadism.) He delighted in stories and pictures of fettered
+    persons. At the age of 15 the sex of the fettered person became
+    important and he was interested chiefly in fettered women. A new
+    element also appeared; he was attracted to well-dressed women and
+    especially to those wearing elegant shoes, delighting to imagine
+    them fettered. He fastened his own feet together with chains,
+    attempting to walk about his room in this condition, but
+    experienced comparatively little pleasure in this way. At the age
+    of 15 he met a lady 10 years older than himself and of great
+    intelligence. As he began to know her more intimately she allowed
+    him to take liberties with her; he fastened her hands behind her
+    back, and this caused him a violent but delicious emotion which
+    he had never experienced before. Next time he fastened her feet
+    together as well as her hands; as he did so her shoes slightly
+    touched his sexual organs; this caused erection and ejaculation,
+    accompanied by the most acute sexual pleasure he had ever felt.
+    He had no wish to see her naked or to uncover himself, and as
+    long as this relationship lasted he had no abnormal thoughts at
+    other times, or in connection with other people. He never
+    masturbated, and his sexual dreams were of fettered men or women.
+    Stcherbak discusses the case at length and considers <a name='3_Page_158'></a>that it is
+    essentially an example of sadism, on the ground that the impulse
+    of fettering was prompted by the desire to humiliate. There is,
+    however, no evidence of any such desire, and, as a matter of
+    fact, no humiliation was effected. The primary and fundamental
+    element in this and similar cases is an almost abstract sexual
+    fascination in the idea of restraint, whether endured, inflicted,
+    or merely witnessed or imagined; the feet become the chief focus
+    of this fascination, and the basis on which a foot-fetichism or
+    shoe-fetichism tends to arise, because restraint of the feet
+    produces a more marked effect than restraint of the hands. </p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_120'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_120'>[120]</a><div class='note'><p> An attenuated and symbolic form of this impulse is seen in
+the desire to strangle birds with the object of stimulating or even
+satisfying sexual desire. Prostitutes are sometimes acquainted with men
+who bring a live pigeon with them to be strangled just before intercourse.
+Lanphear, of St. Louis (<i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>, May, 1907, p. 204)
+knew a woman, having learned masturbation in a convent school, who was
+only excited and not satisfied by coitus with her husband, and had to rise
+from bed, catch and caress a chicken, and finally wring its neck,
+whereupon orgasm occurred.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_121'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_121'>[121]</a><div class='note'><p> Even young girls, however, may experience pleasure in the
+playful attempt to strangle. Thus a lady speaking of herself at the time
+of puberty, when she was in the habit of masturbating, writes
+(<i>Sexual-Probleme</i>, Aug., 1909, p. 636): &quot;I acquired a desire to seize
+people, especially girls, by the throat, and I enjoyed their way of
+screaming out.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_122'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_122'>[122]</a><div class='note'><p> Godard observed that when animals are bled, or felled, as
+well as strangled, there is often abundant emission, rich in spermatozoa,
+but without erection, though accompanied by the same movements of the tail
+as during copulation. Robin (art. &quot;F&eacute;condation,&quot; <i>Dictionnaire
+Encyclop&eacute;dique des Sciences M&eacute;dicales</i>), who quotes this observation, has
+the following remarks on this subject: &quot;Ejaculation occurring at the
+moment when the circulation, maintained artificially, stops is a fact of
+significance. It shows how congestive conditions&mdash;or inversely anemic
+conditions&mdash;constitute organic states sufficient to set in movement the
+activity of the nerve-centers, as is the case for muscular
+contractility.... Everything leads us to believe that at the moment when
+the motor nervous action takes place the corresponding sensitive centers
+also come into play.&quot; It must be added that Minovici, in his elaborate
+study of death by hanging (&quot;Etude sur la Pendaison,&quot; <i>Archives
+d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, 1905, especially p. 791 <i>et seq.</i>), concludes
+that the turgescence of penis and flow of spermatic fluid (sometimes only
+prostatic secretion) usually observed in these cases is purely passive and
+generally, though not always, of post-mortem occurrence. There is,
+therefore, no sexual pleasure in death by hanging, and persons who have
+been rescued at the last moment have experienced no voluptuous sensations.
+This was so even in the case, referred to by Minovici, of a man who hanged
+himself solely with the object of producing sexual pleasure.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_123'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_123'>[123]</a><div class='note'><p> Eulenburg, <i>Sexuale Neuropathie</i>, p. 114.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_124'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_124'>[124]</a><div class='note'><p> Bernaldo de Quir&oacute;s and Llanos Aguilaniedo (<i>La Mala Vida en
+Madrid</i>, p. 294) knew the case of a man who found pleasure in lying back
+on an inclined couch while a prostitute behind him pulled at a slipknot
+until he was nearly suffocated; it was the only way in which he could
+attain sexual gratification.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_125'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_125'>[125]</a><div class='note'><p> Arrest of respiration, it may be noted, may accompany
+strong sexual excitement, as it may some other emotional states; one
+recalls passages in the <i>Arabian Nights</i> in which we are told of ladies
+who at the sight of a very beautiful youth &quot;felt their reason leave them,
+yearned to embrace the marvelous youth, and <i>ceased breathing</i>.&quot; Inhibited
+respiration is indeed, as Stevens shows (&quot;Study of Attention,&quot; <i>American
+Journal of Psychology</i>, Oct., 1905), a characteristic of all active
+attention.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_126'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_126'>[126]</a><div class='note'><p> The exact part played by the respiration and even the
+circulation in constituting emotional states is still not clear, although
+various experiments have been made; see, <i>e.g.</i>, Angell and Thompson, &quot;A
+Study of the Relations between Certain Organic Processes and
+Consciousness,&quot; <i>Psychological Review</i>, January, 1899. A summary statement
+of the relations of the respiration and circulation to emotional states
+will be found in K&uuml;lpe's <i>Outlines of Psychology</i>, part i, section 2, &sect;
+37.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_127'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_127'>[127]</a><div class='note'><p> The words alluded to by my correspondent are as follows: &quot;I
+needed a struggle; what I needed was that feeling should guide life, and
+not that life should guide feeling. I wanted to go with him to the edge of
+an abyss and say: 'Here a step and I will throw myself over; and here a
+motion and I have gone to destruction'; and for him, turning pale, to
+seize me in his strong arms, hold me back over it till my heart grew cold
+within me, and then carry me away wherever he pleased.&quot; The whole of the
+passage in which these lines occur is of considerable psychological
+interest. In one English translation the story is entitled <i>Family
+Happiness</i>.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='3_L_V'></a><h3><a name='3_Page_159'></a>V.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Pain, and Not Cruelty, the Essential Element in Sadism and Masochism&mdash;Pain
+Felt as Pleasure&mdash;Does the Sadist Identify Himself with the Feelings of
+his Victim?&mdash;The Sadist often a Masochist in Disguise&mdash;The Spectacle of
+Pain or Struggle as a Sexual Stimulant.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>In the foregoing rapid survey of the great group of manifestations in
+which the sexual emotions come into intimate relationship with pain, it
+has become fairly clear that the ordinary division between &quot;sadism&quot; and
+&quot;masochism,&quot; convenient as these terms may be, has a very slight
+correspondence with facts. Sadism and masochism may be regarded as
+complementary emotional states; they cannot be regarded as opposed
+states.<a name='3_FNanchor_128'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_128'><sup>[128]</sup></a> Even De Sade himself, we have seen, can scarcely be regarded
+as a pure sadist. A passage in one of his works expressing regret that
+sadistic feeling is rare among women, as well as his definite recognition
+of the fact that the suffering of pain may call forth voluptuous emotions,
+shows that he was not insensitive to the charm of masochistic experience,
+and it is evident that a merely blood-thirsty vampire, sane or insane,
+could never have retained, as De Sade retained, the undying devotion of
+two women so superior in heart and intelligence as his wife and
+sister-in-law. Had De Sade possessed any wanton love of cruelty, it would
+have appeared during the days of the Revolution, when it was safer for a
+man to simulate blood-thirstiness, even if he did not feel it, than to
+show humanity. But De Sade distinguished himself at that time not merely
+by his general philanthropic activities, but by saving from the scaffold,
+at great risk to himself, those who had injured him. It is clear that,
+apart from the organically morbid twist by which he obtained sexual
+satisfaction in his partner's pain,&mdash;a craving <a name='3_Page_160'></a>which was, for the most
+part, only gratified in imaginary visions developed to an inhuman extent
+under the influence of solitude,&mdash;De Sade was simply, to those who knew
+him, &quot;<i>un aimable mauvais sujet</i>&quot; gifted with exceptional intellectual
+powers. Unless we realize this we run the risk of confounding De Sade and
+his like with men of whom Judge Jeffreys was the sinister type.</p>
+
+<p>It is necessary to emphasize this point because there can be no doubt that
+De Sade is really a typical instance of the group of perversions he
+represents, and when we understand that it is pain only, and not cruelty,
+that is the essential in this group of manifestations we begin to come
+nearer to their explanation. The masochist desires to experience pain, but
+he generally desires that it should be inflicted in love; the sadist
+desires to inflict pain, but in some cases, if not in most, he desires
+that it should be felt as love. How far De Sade consciously desired that
+the pain he sought to inflict should be felt as pleasure it may not now be
+possible to discover, except by indirect inference, but the confessions of
+sadists show that such a desire is quite commonly essential.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>I am indebted to a lady for the following communication on the
+    foregoing aspect of this question: &quot;I believe that, when a person
+    takes pleasure in inflicting pain, he or she imagines himself or
+    herself in the victim's place. This would account for the
+    transmutability of the two sets of feelings. This might be
+    particularly so in the case of men. A man may not care to lower
+    his dignity and vanity by putting himself in subjection to a
+    woman, and he might fear she would feel contempt for him. By
+    subduing her and subjecting her to passive restraint he would
+    preserve, even enhance, his own power and dignity, while at the
+    same time obtaining a reflected pleasure from what he imagined
+    she was feeling.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I think that when I get pleasure out of the idea of subduing
+    another it is this reflected pleasure I get. And if this is so
+    one could thus feel more kindly to persons guilty of cruelty,
+    which has hitherto always seemed the one unpardonable sin. Even
+    criminals, if it is true that they are themselves often very
+    insensitive, may, in the excitement of the moment, imagine that
+    they are only inflicting trifling pain, as it would be to them,
+    and that their victim's feelings are really pleasurable. The men
+    I have known most given to inflicting pain are all particularly
+    tender-hearted when their passions are not in question. I cannot
+    understand <a name='3_Page_161'></a>how (as in a case mentioned by Krafft-Ebing) a man
+    could find any pleasure in binding a girl's hands except by
+    imagining what he supposed were her feelings, though he would
+    probably be unconscious that he put himself in her place.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;As a child I exercised a good deal of authority and influence
+    over my youngest sister. It used to give me considerable pleasure
+    to be somewhat arbitrary and severe with her, but, though I never
+    admitted it to myself or to her, I knew instinctively that she
+    took pleasure in my treatment. I used to give her childish
+    lessons, over which I was very strict. I invented catechisms and
+    chapters of the Bible in which elder sisters were exhorted to
+    keep their juniors under discipline, and younger sisters were
+    commanded to give implicit submission and obedience. Some parts
+    of the <i>Imitation</i> lent themselves to this sort of parody, which
+    never struck me as in any way irreverent. I used to give her
+    arbitrary orders to 'exercise her in obedience,' as I told her,
+    and I used to punish her if she disobeyed me. In all this I was,
+    <i>though only half consciously</i>, guided through my own feelings as
+    to what I should have liked in her place. For instance, I would
+    make her put down her playthings and come and repeat a lesson;
+    but, though she was in appearance having her will subdued to
+    mine, I always chose a moment when I foresaw she would soon be
+    tired of play. There was sufficient resistance to make restraint
+    pleasurable, not enough to render it irksome. In my punishments I
+    acted on a similar principle. I used to tie her hands behind her
+    (like the man in Krafft-Ebing's case), but only for a few
+    moments; I once shut her in a sort of cupboard-room, also for a
+    very short time. On two or three occasions I completely undressed
+    her, made her lie down on the bed, tied her hands and feet to the
+    bedstead, and gave her a slight whipping. I did not wish to hurt
+    her, only to inflict just enough pain to produce the desire to
+    move or resist. <i>My pleasure, a very keen one, came from the
+    imagined excitement produced by the thwarting of this desire</i>.
+    (Are not your own words&mdash;that 'emotion' is 'motion in a more or
+    less arrested form'&mdash;an epigrammatic summary of all this, though
+    in a somewhat different connection?) I did not undress her from
+    any connection of nakedness with sexual feeling, but simply to
+    enhance her feeling of helplessness and defenselessness under my
+    hands. If I were a man and the woman I loved were refractory I
+    should undress her before finding fault with her. A woman's dress
+    symbolizes to her the protection civilization affords to the weak
+    and gives her a fictitious strength. Naked, she is face to face
+    with primitive conditions, her weakness opposed to the man's
+    power. Besides, the sense of shame at being naked under the eyes
+    of a man who regarded her with displeasure would extend itself to
+    her offense and give him a distinct, though perhaps unfair,
+    advantage.<a name='3_Page_162'></a> I used the bristle side of a brush to chastise her
+    with, as suggesting the greatest amount of severity with the
+    least possible pain. In fact, my idea was to produce the maximum
+    of emotion with the minimum of actual discomfort.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;You must not, however, suppose that at the time I reasoned about
+    it at all in this way. I was very fond of her, and honestly
+    believed I was doing it for her good. Had I realized then, as I
+    do now, that my sole aim and object was physical pleasure, I
+    believe my pleasure would have ceased; in any case I should not
+    have felt justified in so treating her. Do I at all persuade you
+    that my pleasure was a reflection of hers? That it was, I think,
+    is clear from the fact that I only obtained it when she was
+    willing to submit. Any <i>real</i> resistance or signs that I was
+    overpassing the boundary of pleasure in her and urging on pain
+    without excitement caused me to desist and my own pleasure to
+    cease.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I disclaim all altruism in my dealings with my sister. What
+    occurs appears to me to be this: A situation appeals to one in
+    imagination and one at once desires to transfer it to the realms
+    of fact, being one's self one of the principal actors. If it is
+    the passive side which appeals to one, one would prefer to be
+    passive; but if that is not obtainable then one takes the active
+    part as next best. In either case, however, it is <i>the
+    realization of the imagined situation</i> that gives the pleasure,
+    not the other person's pleasure as such, although his or her
+    supposed pleasure creates the situation. If I were a man it would
+    afford me great delight to hold a woman over a precipice, even if
+    she disliked it. The idea appeals to me so strongly that I could
+    not help <i>imagining</i> her pleasure, though I might <i>know</i> she got
+    none, and even though she made every demonstration of fear and
+    dislike of it. The situation so often imagined would have become
+    a fact. It seems to me I have to say a thing is and is not in the
+    same breath, but the confusion is only in the words.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Let me give you another example: I have a tame pigeon which has
+    a great affection for me. It sits on my shoulder and squats down
+    with its wings out as birds do when courting, pecking me to make
+    me take notice of it, and flickering its wings. I like to hold it
+    so that it can't move its wings, because I imagine this increases
+    its excitement. If it struggles, or seems to dislike my holding
+    it, I let it go.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;In an early engagement (afterward broken off) my <i>fianc&eacute;</i> used
+    to take an evident pleasure in telling me how he would punish me
+    if I disobeyed him when we were married. Though we had but little
+    in common mentally, I was frequently struck with the similarity
+    between his ideas and what my own had been in regard to my
+    sister. He used his authority over me most capriciously. On one
+    occasion he would <a name='3_Page_163'></a>not let me have any supper at a dance. On
+    another he objected to my drinking black coffee. No day passed
+    without a command or prohibition on some trifling point. Whenever
+    he saw, though, that I really disliked the interference or made
+    any decided resistance, which happened very seldom, he let me
+    have my own way at once. I cannot but think, when I recall the
+    various circumstances, that he got a certain pleasure, as I had
+    done with my sister, by an almost unconscious transference of my
+    feelings to himself.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I find, too, that, when I want a man to say or do to me what
+    would cause me pleasure and he does not gratify me, I feel an
+    intense longing to change places, to be the man and make him, as
+    the woman, feel what I want to feel. Combined with this is a
+    sense of irritation at not being gratified and a desire to punish
+    him for my deprivation, for his stupidity in not saying or doing
+    the right thing. I don't feel any anger at a man not caring for
+    me, but only for not divining my feelings when he does care.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Now let me take another case: that of the man who used to
+    experience pleasure when surprising a woman making water. (<i>Cf.</i>
+    <i>Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, Nov. 15, 1900.) Here the
+    woman's embarrassment appears to be a factor; but it seems to me
+    there must be more than this, as confusion might be produced in
+    so many other ways, as if she were found bathing, or undressed,
+    though it might not be so acute. In reality, I fancy she would be
+    checked in what she was doing, and that the man, perhaps
+    unconsciously, imagined this check and a resulting excitement.
+    That such a check does sometimes produce excitement I know from
+    experience in traveling. If the bladder is not emptied before
+    connection the pleasure is often more intense. Long before I
+    understood these things at all I was struck by this quotation:
+    'Cette volupt&eacute; que ressentent les bords de la mer, d'&ecirc;tre
+    toujours pleins sans jamais d&eacute;border?' What would be the effect
+    on a man of a sudden check at the supreme moment of sexual
+    pleasure? In reality, I suppose, pain, as the nerves would be at
+    their full tension and unable to respond to any further stimulus;
+    but, in imagination, one's nerves are <i>not</i> at their highest
+    tension, and one imagines an increase or, at any rate, a
+    prolongation of the pleasurable sensations. Something of all
+    this, some vague <i>reflection</i> of the woman's possible sensations,
+    seems to enter in the man's feelings in surprising the woman. In
+    any case his pleasure in her confusion seems to me a reflection
+    of her feelings, for the sense of shame and embarrassment before
+    a man is very exciting, and doubly so if one realizes that the
+    man enjoys it. Ouida speaks of the 'delicious shame' experienced
+    by 'Folle Farine.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;It seems to me that whenever we are affected by another's
+    emotion we do practically, though unconsciously, put ourselves in
+    his <a name='3_Page_164'></a>place; but we are not always able to gauge accurately its
+    intensity or to allow for differences between ourselves and
+    another, and, in the case of pain, it is doubly difficult, as we
+    can never recall the pain itself, but only the mental effects
+    upon us of the pain. We cannot even recall the feeling of heat
+    when we are cold, or <i>vice vers&acirc;</i>, with any degree of vividness.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;A woman tells me of a man who frequently asks her if she would
+    not like him to whip her. He is greatly disappointed when she
+    says she gets no pleasure from it, as it would give him so much
+    to do it. He cannot believe she experiences none, because he
+    would enjoy being whipped so keenly if he were a girl. In another
+    case the man thinks the woman <i>must</i> enjoy suffering, <i>because</i>
+    he would get intense pleasure from inflicting it! Why is this,
+    unless he would like it if a woman, and confuses in his mind the
+    two personalities? All the men I know who are sadistically
+    inclined admit that if they were women they would like to be
+    harshly treated.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Of course, I quite see there may be many complications; a man's
+    natural anger at resistance may come in, and also simple, not
+    sexual, pleasure in acts of crushing, etc. I always feel inclined
+    to crush anything very soft or a person with very pretty thick
+    hair, to rub together two shining surfaces, two bits of satin,
+    etc., apart from any feelings of excitement. My explanation only
+    refers to that part of sadism which is sexual enjoyment of
+    another's pain.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    That the foregoing view holds good as regards the traces of
+    sadism found within the normal limits of sexual emotion has
+    already been stated. We may also believe that it is true in many
+    genuinely perverse cases. In this connection reference may be
+    made to an interesting case, reported by Moll, of a married lady
+    23 years of age, with pronounced sadistic feelings. She belongs
+    to a normal family and is herself apparently quite healthy, a
+    tall and strongly built person, of feminine aspect, fond of music
+    and dancing, of more than average intelligence. Her perverse
+    inclinations commenced obscurely about the age of 14, when she
+    began to be dominated by the thought of the pleasure it would be
+    to strike and torture a man, but were not clearly defined until
+    the age of 18, while at an early age she was fond of teasing and
+    contradicting men, though she never experienced the same impulse
+    toward women. She has never, except in a very slight degree,
+    actually carried her ideas into practice, either with her husband
+    or anyone else, being restrained, she says, by a feeling of
+    shame. Coitus, though frequently practised, gives her no
+    pleasure, seems, indeed, somewhat disgusting to her, and has
+    never produced orgasm. Her own ideas, also, though very
+    pleasurable to her, have not produced definite sexual excitement,
+    except on two or three occasions, when they had been combined
+    <a name='3_Page_165'></a>with the influence of alcohol. She frankly regrets that modern
+    social relationship makes it impossible for her to find sexual
+    satisfaction in the only way in which such satisfaction would be
+    possible to her.</p>
+
+<p>    Her chief delight would be to torture the man she was attached to
+    in every possible way; to inflict physical pain and mental pain
+    would give her equal pleasure. &quot;I would bite him till the blood
+    came, as I have often done to my husband. At that moment all
+    sympathy for him would disappear.&quot; She frequently identifies her
+    imaginary lover with a real man to whom she feels that she could
+    be much more attracted than she is to her husband. She imagines
+    to herself that she makes appointments with this lover, and that
+    she reaches the rendezvous in her carriage, but only after her
+    lover has been waiting for her a very long time in the cold. Then
+    he must feel all her power, he must be her slave with no will of
+    his own, and she would torture him with various implements as
+    seemed good to her. She would use a rod, a riding-whip, bind him
+    and chain him, and so on. But it is to be noted that she declares
+    &quot;<i>this could, in general, only give me enjoyment if the man
+    concerned endured such torture with a certain pleasure</i>. He must,
+    indeed, writhe with pain, but at the same time be in a state of
+    sexual ecstasy, followed by satisfaction.&quot; His pleasure must not,
+    however, be so great that it overwhelms his pain; if it did, her
+    own pleasure would vanish, and she has found witty her husband
+    that when in kissing him her bites have given him much pleasure
+    she has at once refrained.</p>
+
+<p>    It is further noteworthy that only the pain she herself had
+    inflicted would give her pleasure. If the lover suffered pain
+    from an accident or a wound she is convinced that she would be
+    full of sympathy for him. Outside her special sexual perversion
+    she is sympathetic and very generous. (Moll, <i>Kontr&auml;re
+    Sexualempfindung</i>, 1899, pp. 507-510.)</p>
+
+<p>    This case is interesting as an uncomplicated example of almost
+    purely ideal sadism. It is interesting to note the feelings of
+    the sadist subject toward her imaginary lover's feelings. It is
+    probably significant that, while his pleasure is regarded as
+    essential, his pain is regarded as even more essential, and the
+    resulting apparent confusion may well be of the very essence of
+    the whole phenomenon. The pleasure of the imaginary lover must be
+    secured or the manifestation passes out of the sexual sphere; but
+    his pleasure must, at all costs, be conciliated with his pain,
+    for in the sadist's eyes the victim's pain has become a vicarious
+    form of sexual emotion. That, at the same time, the sadist
+    desires to give pleasure rather than pain finds confirmation in
+    the fact that he often insists on pleasure being feigned even
+    though it is not felt. Some years ago a rich Jewish merchant
+    became notorious for torturing girls with whom he had
+    intercourse; his performances acquired for him the title of
+    &quot;<i>l'homme qui pique</i>,&quot; and led to his prosecution. It <a name='3_Page_166'></a>was his
+    custom to spend some hours in sticking pins into various parts of
+    the girl's body, but it was essential that she should wear a
+    smiling face throughout the proceedings. (Hamon, <i>La France
+    Sociale et Politique</i>, 1891, p. 445 <i>et seq.</i>) </p></div>
+
+<p>We have thus to recognize that sadism by no means involves any love of
+inflicting pain outside the sphere of sexual emotion, and is even
+compatible with a high degree of general tender-heartedness. We have also
+to recognize that even within the sexual sphere the sadist by no means
+wishes to exclude the victim's pleasure, and may even regard that pleasure
+as essential to his own satisfaction. We have, further, to recognize that,
+in view of the close connection between sadism and masochism, it is highly
+probable that in some cases the sadist is really a disguised masochist and
+enjoys his victim's pain because he identifies himself with that pain.</p>
+
+<p>But there is a further group of cases, and a very important group, on
+account of the light it throws on the essential nature of these phenomena,
+and that is the group in which the thought or the spectacle of pain acts
+as a sexual stimulant, without the subject identifying himself clearly
+either with the inflicter or the sufferer of the pain. Such cases are
+sometimes classed as sadistic; but this is incorrect, for they might just
+as truly be called masochistic. The term algolagnia might properly be
+applied to them (and Eulenburg now classes them as &quot;ideal algolagnia&quot;),
+for they reveal an undifferentiated connection between sexual excitement
+and pain not developed into either active or passive participation. Such
+feelings may arise sporadically in persons in whom no sadistic or
+masochistic perversion can be said to exist, though they usually appear in
+individuals of neurotic temperament. Casanova describes an instance of
+this association which came immediately under his own eyes at the torture
+and execution of Damiens in 1757.<a name='3_FNanchor_129'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_129'><sup>[129]</sup></a> W. G. Stearns <a name='3_Page_167'></a>knew a man (having
+masturbated and had intercourse to excess) who desired to see his wife
+delivered of a child, and finally became impotent without this idea. He
+witnessed many deliveries and especially obtained voluptuous gratification
+at the delivery of a primipara when the suffering was greatest.<a name='3_FNanchor_130'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_130'><sup>[130]</sup></a> A
+very trifling episode may, however, suffice. In one case known to me a
+man, neither sadistic nor masochistic in his tendencies, when sitting
+looking out of his window saw a spider come out of its hole to capture and
+infold a fly which had just been caught in its web; as he watched the
+process he became conscious of a powerful erection, an occurrence which
+had never taken place under such circumstances before.<a name='3_FNanchor_131'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_131'><sup>[131]</sup></a> Under favoring
+conditions some incident of this kind at an early age may exert a decisive
+influence on the sexual life. Tambroni, of Ferrara, records the case of a
+boy of 11 who first felt voluptuous emotions on seeing in an illustrated
+journal the picture of a man trampling on his daughter; ever afterward he
+was obliged to evoke this image in masturbation or coitus.<a name='3_FNanchor_132'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_132'><sup>[132]</sup></a> An
+instructive case has been recorded by F&eacute;r&eacute;. In this case a lady of
+neurotic heredity on one side, and herself liable to hysteria, experienced
+her first sexual crisis at the age of 13, not long after menstruation had
+become established, and when she had just recovered from an attack of
+chorea. Her old nurse, who had remained in the service of the family, had
+a ne'er-do-well son who had disappeared for some years and had just now
+suddenly returned and thrown himself, crying and sobbing, at the knees of
+his mother, who thrust him away. The young girl accidentally witnessed
+this scene. The cries and the sobs provoked in her a sexual excitement she
+had never experienced before. She rushed away in surprise to the next
+room, where, however, she could still <a name='3_Page_168'></a>hear the sobs, and soon she was
+overcome by a sexual orgasm. She was much troubled at this occurrence, and
+at the attraction which she now experienced for a man she had never seen
+before and whom she had always looked upon as a worthless vagabond.
+Shortly afterward she had an erotic dream concerning a man who sobbed at
+her knees. Later she again saw the nurse's son, but was agreeably
+surprised to find that, though a good-looking youth, he no longer caused
+her any emotion, and he disappeared from her mind, though the erotic
+dreams concerning an unknown sobbing man still occurred rather frequently.
+During the next ten years she suffered from various disorders of more or
+less hysterical character, and, although not disinclined to the idea of
+marriage, she refused all offers, for no man attracted her. At the age of
+23, when staying in the Pyrenees, she made an excursion into Spain, and
+was present at a bull-fight. She was greatly excited by the charges of the
+bull, especially when the charge was suddenly arrested.<a name='3_FNanchor_133'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_133'><sup>[133]</sup></a> She felt no
+interest in any of the men who took part in the performance or were
+present; no man was occupying her imagination. But she experienced sexual
+sensations and accompanying general exhilaration, which were highly
+agreeable. After one bull had charged successively several times the
+orgasm took place. She considered the whole performance barbarous, but
+could not resist the desire to be present at subsequent bull-fights, a
+desire several times gratified, always with the same results, which were
+often afterward <a name='3_Page_169'></a>repeated in dreams. From that time she began to take an
+interest in horse-races, which she now found produced the same effect,
+though not to the same degree, especially when there was a fall. She
+subsequently married, but never experienced sexual satisfaction except
+under these abnormal circumstances or in dreams.<a name='3_FNanchor_134'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_134'><sup>[134]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>As the foregoing case indicates, horses, and especially running or
+struggling horses, sometimes have the same effect in stimulating the
+sexual emotions, especially on persons predisposed by neurotic heredity,
+as we have found that the spectacle of pain possesses. A medical
+correspondent in New Zealand tells me of a patient of his own, a young
+carpenter of 26, not in good health, who had never masturbated or had
+connection with a woman. He lived in a room overlooking a livery-stable
+yard where was kept, among other animals, a large black horse. Nearly
+every night he had a dream in which he seemed to be pursuing this large
+black horse, and when he caught it, which he invariably did, there was a
+copious emission. A holiday in the country and tonic treatment dispelled
+the dreams and reduced the nocturnal emissions to normal frequency. F&eacute;r&eacute;
+has recorded a case of a boy, of neuropathic heredity, who, when 14 years
+of age, was one day about to practise mutual masturbation with another boy
+of his own age. They were seated on a hillside overlooking a steep road,
+and at this moment a heavy wagon came up the road drawn by four horses,
+which struggled painfully up, encouraged by the cries and the whip of the
+driver. This sight increased the boy's sexual excitement, which reached
+its climax when one of the horses suddenly fell. He had never before
+experienced such intense excitement, and always afterward a similar
+spectacle of struggling horses produced a similar effect.<a name='3_FNanchor_135'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_135'><sup>[135]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In this connection reference may be made to the frequency with which
+dreams of struggling horses occur in connection <a name='3_Page_170'></a>with disturbance or
+disease of the heart. In such cases it is clear that the struggling horses
+seem to dream-consciousness to embody and explain the panting struggles to
+which the heart is subjected. They become, as it were, a visual symbol of
+the cardiac oppression. In much the same way, it would appear, under the
+influence of sexual excitement, in which cardiac disturbance is one of the
+chief constituent elements, the struggling horses became a sexual symbol,
+and, having attained that position, they are henceforth alone adequate to
+produce sexual excitement.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_128'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_128'>[128]</a><div class='note'><p> This opinion appears to be in harmony with the conclusions
+of Eulenburg, who has devoted special study to De Sade, and points out
+that the ordinary conception of &quot;sadism&quot; is much too narrow. (Eulenburg,
+<i>Sexuale Neuropathie</i>, 1895, p. 110 <i>et seq.</i>)</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_129'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_129'>[129]</a><div class='note'><p> Casanova, <i>M&eacute;moires</i>, vol. viii, pp. 74-76. Goncourt in his
+<i>Journal</i>, under date of April, 1862 (vol. ii, p. 27), tells a story of an
+Englishman who engaged a room overlooking a scaffold where a murderer was
+to be hanged, proposing to take a woman with him and to avail himself of
+the excitement aroused by the scene. This scheme was frustrated by the
+remission of the death penalty.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_130'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_130'>[130]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>, May, 1907, p. 204.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_131'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_131'>[131]</a><div class='note'><p> This spectacle of the spider and the fly seems indeed to be
+specially apt to exert a sexual influence. I have heard of a precisely
+similar case in a man of intellectual distinction, and another in a lady
+who acknowledged to a feeling of &quot;exquisite pleasure,&quot; on one occasion, at
+the mere sound of the death agony of a fly in a spider's web.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_132'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_132'>[132]</a><div class='note'><p> Quoted by Obici and Marchesini, <i>Le Amicizie di Collegio</i>,
+p. 245.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_133'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_133'>[133]</a><div class='note'><p> It may be noted that we have already several times
+encountered this increase of excitement produced by arrest of movement.
+The effect is produced whether the arrest is witnessed or is actually
+experienced. &quot;A man can increase a woman's excitement,&quot; a lady writes, &quot;by
+forbidding her to respond in any way to his caresses. It is impossible to
+remain quite passive for more than a few seconds, but, during these few,
+excitement is considerably augmented.&quot; In a similar way I have been told
+of a man of brilliant intellectual ability who very seldom has connection
+with a woman without getting her to compress with her hand the base of the
+urethral canal to such an extent as to impede the passage of the semen. On
+withdrawal of the hand copious emission occurs, but it is the shock of the
+arrest caused by the constriction which gives him supreme pleasure. He has
+practised this method for years without evil results.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_134'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_134'>[134]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, &quot;Le Sadisme aux Courses de Taureaux,&quot; <i>Revue de
+m&eacute;decine</i>, August, 1900.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_135'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_135'>[135]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct sexuel</i>, p. 255.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='3_L_VI'></a><h3><a name='3_Page_171'></a>VI.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Why is Pain a Sexual Stimulant?&mdash;It is the Most Effective Method of
+Arousing Emotion&mdash;Anger and Fear the Most Powerful Emotions&mdash;Their
+Biological Significance in Courtship&mdash;Their General and Special Effects in
+Stimulating the Organism&mdash;Grief as a Sexual Stimulant&mdash;The Physiological
+Mechanism of Fatigue Renders Pain Pleasurable.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>We have seen that the distinction between &quot;sadism&quot; and &quot;masochism&quot; cannot
+be maintained; not only was even De Sade himself something of a masochist
+and Sacher-Masoch something of a sadist, but between these two extreme
+groups of phenomena there is a central group in which the algolagnia is
+neither active nor passive. &quot;Sadism&quot; and &quot;masochism&quot; are simply convenient
+clinical terms for classes of manifestations which quite commonly occur in
+the same person. We have further found that&mdash;as might have been
+anticipated in view of the foregoing result&mdash;it is scarcely correct to use
+the word &quot;cruelty&quot; in connection with the phenomena we have been
+considering. The persons who experience these impulses usually show no
+love of cruelty outside the sphere of sexual emotion; they may even be
+very intolerant of cruelty. Even when their sexual impulses come into play
+they may still desire to secure the pleasure of the persons who arouse
+their sexual emotions, even though it may not be often true that those who
+desire to inflict pain at these moments identify themselves with the
+feelings of those on whom they inflict it. We have thus seen that when we
+take a comprehensive survey of all these phenomena a somewhat general
+formula will alone cover them. Our conclusion so far must be that under
+certain abnormal circumstances pain, more especially the mental
+representation of pain, acts as a powerful sexual stimulant.</p>
+
+<p>The reader, however, who has followed the discussion to this point will be
+prepared to take the next and final step in our discussion and to reach a
+more definite conclusion. The <a name='3_Page_172'></a>question naturally arises: By what process
+does pain or its mental representation thus act as a sexual stimulant? The
+answer has over and over again been suggested by the facts brought forward
+in this study. Pain acts as a sexual stimulant because it is the most
+powerful of all methods for arousing emotion.</p>
+
+<p>The two emotions most intimately associated with pain are anger and fear.
+The more masculine and sthenic emotion of anger, the more passive and
+asthenic emotion of fear, are the fundamental animal emotions through
+which, on the psychic side, the process of natural selection largely
+works. Every animal in some degree owes its survival to the emotional
+reaction of anger against weaker rivals, to the emotional reaction of fear
+against stronger rivals. To this cause we owe it that these two emotions
+are so powerfully and deeply rooted in the whole zo&ouml;logical series to
+which we belong. But anger and fear are not less fundamental in the sexual
+life. Courtship on the male's part is largely a display of combativity,
+and even the very gestures by which the male seeks to appeal to the female
+are often those gestures of angry hostility by which he seeks to
+intimidate enemies. On the female's part courtship is a skillful
+manipulation of her own fears, and, as we have seen elsewhere, when
+studying the phenomena of modesty, that fundamental attitude of the female
+in courtship is nothing but an agglomeration of fears.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The biological significance of the emotions is now well
+    recognized. &quot;In general,&quot; remarks one of the shrewdest writers on
+    animal psychology, &quot;we may say that emotional states are, under
+    natural conditions, closely associated with behavior of
+    biological value&mdash;with tendencies that are beneficial in
+    self-preservation and race preservation&mdash;with actions that
+    promote survival, and especially with the behavior which clusters
+    round the pairing and parental instincts. The value of the
+    emotions in animals is that they are an indirect means of
+    furthering survival.&quot; (Lloyd Morgan, <i>Animal Behavior</i>, p. 293.)
+    Emotional aptitudes persist not only by virtue of the fact that
+    they are still beneficial, but because they once were; that is to
+    say, they may exist as survivals. In this connection I may quote
+    from a suggestive paper on &quot;Teasing and Bullying,&quot; by F. L. Burk;
+    at the conclusion of this study, <a name='3_Page_173'></a>which is founded on a large
+    body of data concerning American children, the author asks:
+    &quot;Accepting for the moment the theories of Spencer and Ribot upon
+    the transmission of rudimentary instincts, is it possible that
+    the movements which comprise the chief elements of bullying,
+    teasing, and the egotistic impulses in general of the classes
+    cited&mdash;pursuing, throwing down, punching, striking, throwing
+    missiles, etc.&mdash;are, from the standpoint of consciousness, broken
+    neurological fragments, which are parts of old chains of activity
+    involved in the pursuit, combat, capture, torture, and killing of
+    men and enemies?... Is not this hypothesis of transmitted
+    fragments of instincts in accord with the strangely anomalous
+    fact that children are at one moment seemingly cruel and at the
+    next affectionate and kind, vibrating, as it were, between two
+    worlds, egotistic and altruistic, without conscious sense of
+    incongruity?&quot; (F. L. Burk, &quot;Teasing and Bullying,&quot; <i>Pedagogical
+    Seminary</i>, April, 1897.)</p>
+
+<p>    The primitive connection of the special emotions of anger and
+    fear with the sexual impulse has been well expressed by Colin
+    Scott in his remarkable study of &quot;Sex and Art&quot;: &quot;If the higher
+    forms of courting are based on combat, among the males at least
+    anger must be intimately associated with love. And below both of
+    these lies the possibility of fear. In combat the animal is
+    defeated who is first afraid. Competitive exhibition of prowess
+    will inspire the less able birds with a deterring fear. Young
+    grouse and woodcock do not enter the lists with the older birds,
+    and sing very quietly. It is the same with the very oldest birds.
+    Audubon says that the old maids and bachelors of the Canada goose
+    move off by themselves during the courting of the younger birds.
+    In order to succeed in love, fear must be overcome in the male as
+    well as in the female. Courage is the essential male virtue, love
+    is its outcome and reward. The strutting, crowing, dancing, and
+    singing of male birds and the preliminary movements generally of
+    animals must gorge the neuromotor and muscular systems with blood
+    and put them in better fighting trim. The effects of this upon
+    the feelings of the animal himself must be very great. Hereditary
+    tendencies swell his heart. He has 'the joy that warriors feel.'
+    He becomes regardless of danger, and sometimes almost oblivious
+    of his surroundings. This intense passionateness must react
+    powerfully on the whole system, and more particularly on those
+    parts which are capable, such as the brain, of using up a great
+    surplus of blood, and on the naturally erethic functions of sex.
+    The flood of anger or fighting instinct is drained off by the
+    sexual desires, the antipathy of the female is overcome, and
+    sexual union successfully ensues.... Courting and combat shade
+    into one another, courting tending to take the place of the more
+    basal form of combat. The passions which thus come to be
+    associated with love are <a name='3_Page_174'></a>those of fear and anger, both of which,
+    by arousing the whole nature and stimulating the nutritive
+    sources from which they flow, come to increase the force of the
+    sexual passion to which they lead up and in which they culminate
+    and are absorbed,&quot; (Colin Scott, &quot;Sex and Art,&quot; <i>American Journal
+    of Psychology</i>, vol. vii, No. 2, pp. 170 and 215.)</p>
+
+<p>    It must be remembered that fear is an element liable to arise in
+    all courtship on one side or the other. It is usually on the side
+    of the female, but not invariably. Among spiders, for instance,
+    it is usually the male who feels fear, and very reasonably, for
+    he is much weaker than the female. &quot;Courtship by the male spider&quot;
+    says T. H. Montgomery (&quot;The Courtship of Araneads,&quot; <i>American
+    Naturalist</i>, March, 1910, p. 166), &quot;results from a combination of
+    the state of desire for and fear of the female.&quot; It is by his
+    movements of fear that he advertises himself to the female as a
+    male, and it is by the same movements that he is unconsciously
+    impelled to display prominently his own ornamentation. </p></div>
+
+<p>We are thus brought to those essential facts of primitive courtship with
+which we started. But we are now able to understand more clearly how it is
+that alien emotional states became abnormally associated with the sexual
+life. Normally the sexual impulse is sufficiently reinforced by the
+ordinary active energies of the organism which courtship itself arouses,
+energies which, while they may be ultimately in part founded on anger and
+fear, rarely allow these emotions to be otherwise than latent. Motion, it
+may be said, is more prominent than emotion.</p>
+
+<p>Even normally a stimulant to emotional activities is pleasurable, just as
+motion itself is pleasurable. It may even be useful, as was noted long ago
+by Erasmus Darwin; he tells of a friend of his who, when painfully
+fatigued by riding, would call up ideas arousing indignation, and thus
+relieve the fatigue, the indignation, as Darwin pointed out, increasing
+muscular activity.<a name='3_FNanchor_136'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_136'><sup>[136]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is owing to this stimulating action that discomfort, even pain, may be
+welcomed on account of the emotional waves they call up, because they
+&quot;lash into movement the dreary calm of the sea's soul,&quot; and produce that
+alternation of pain and <a name='3_Page_175'></a>enjoyment for which Faust longed. Groos, who
+recalls this passage in his very thorough and profound discussion of the
+region wherein tragedy has its psychological roots, points out that it is
+the overwhelming might of the storm itself, and not the peace of calm
+after the storm, which appeals to us. In the same way, he observes, even
+surprise and shock may also be pleasurable, and fear, though the most
+depressing of emotional states, by virtue of the joy produced by strong
+stimuli is felt as attractive; we not only experience an impulse of
+pleasure in dominating our environment, but also have pleasure in being
+dominated and rendered helpless by a higher power.<a name='3_FNanchor_137'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_137'><sup>[137]</sup></a> Hirn, again, in
+his work on the origins of art, has an interesting chapter on &quot;The
+Enjoyment of Pain,&quot; a phenomenon which he explains by its resultant
+reactions in increase of outward activity, of motor excitement. Anger, he
+observes elsewhere, is &quot;in its active stage a decidedly pleasurable
+emotion. Fear, which in its initial stage is paralyzing and depressing,
+often changes in time when the first shock has been relieved by motor
+reaction.... Anger, fear, sorrow, notwithstanding their distinctly painful
+initial stage, are often not only not avoided, but even deliberately
+sought.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_138'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_138'><sup>[138]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In the ordinary healthy organism, however, although the stimulants of
+strong emotion may be vaguely pleasurable, they do not have more than a
+general action on the sexual sphere, nor are they required for the due
+action of the sexual mechanism. But in a slightly abnormal
+organism&mdash;whether the anomaly is due to a congenital neuropathic
+condition, or to a possibly acquired neurasthenic condition, or merely to
+the physiological inadequacy of childhood or old age&mdash;the balance <a name='3_Page_176'></a>of
+nervous energy is less favorable for the adequate play of the ordinary
+energies in courtship. The sexual impulse is itself usually weaker, even
+when, as often happens, its irritability assumes the fallacious appearance
+of strength. It has become unusually sensitive to unusual stimuli and
+also, it is possible,&mdash;perhaps as a result of those conditions,&mdash;more
+liable to atavistic manifestations. An organism in this state becomes
+peculiarly apt to seize on the automatic sources of energy generated by
+emotion. The parched sexual instinct greedily drinks up and absorbs the
+force it obtains by applying abnormal stimuli to its emotional apparatus.
+It becomes largely, if not solely, dependent on the energy thus secured.
+The abnormal organism in this respect may become as dependent on anger or
+fear, and for the same reason, as in other respects it may become
+dependent on alcohol.</p>
+
+<p>We see the process very well illustrated by the occasional action of the
+emotion of anger. In animals the connection between love and anger is so
+close that even normally, as Groos points out, in some birds the sight of
+an enemy may call out the gestures of courtship.<a name='3_FNanchor_139'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_139'><sup>[139]</sup></a> As Krafft-Ebing
+remarks, both love and anger &quot;seek their object, try to possess themselves
+of it, and naturally exhaust themselves in a physical effect on it; both
+throw the psychomotor sphere into the most intense excitement, and by
+means of this excitement reach their normal expression.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_140'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_140'><sup>[140]</sup></a> F&eacute;r&eacute; has
+well remarked that the impatience of desire may itself be regarded as a
+true state of anger, and Stanley Hall, in his admirable study of anger,
+notes that &quot;erethism of the breasts or sexual parts&quot; was among the
+physical manifestations of anger occurring in some of his cases, and in
+one case a seminal emission accompanied every violent outburst.<a name='3_FNanchor_141'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_141'><sup>[141]</sup></a> Thus
+it is that anger may be used to reinforce a <a name='3_Page_177'></a>weak sexual impulse, and
+cases have been recorded in which coitus could only be performed when the
+man had succeeded in working himself up into an artificial state of
+anger.<a name='3_FNanchor_142'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_142'><sup>[142]</sup></a> On the other hand, F&eacute;r&eacute; has recorded a case in which the
+sexual excitement accompanying delayed orgasm was always transformed into
+anger, though without any true sadistic manifestations.<a name='3_FNanchor_143'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_143'><sup>[143]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>As a not unexpected complementary phenomenon to this connection of anger
+and sexual emotion in the male, it is sometimes found that the spectacle
+of masculine anger excites pleasurable emotion in women. The case has been
+recorded of a woman who delighted in arousing anger for the pleasure it
+gave her, and who advised another woman to follow her example and excite
+her husband's anger, as nothing was so enjoyable as to see a man in a fury
+of rage<a name='3_FNanchor_144'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_144'><sup>[144]</sup></a>; Lombroso mentions a woman who was mostly frigid, but
+experienced sexual feelings when she heard anyone swearing; and a medical
+friend tells me of a lady considerably past middle age who experienced
+sexual erethism after listening to a heated argument between her husband
+and a friend on religious topics. The case has also been recorded of a
+masochistic man who found sexual satisfaction in masturbating while a
+woman, by his instructions, addressed him in the lowest possible terms of
+abuse.<a name='3_FNanchor_145'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_145'><sup>[145]</sup></a> Such a feeling doubtless underlies that delight in teasing men
+which is so common among young women. Stanley Hall, referring to the
+almost morbid dread of witnessing manifestations of anger felt by many
+women, remarks: &quot;In animals, females are often described as watching with
+complacency the conflict of rival males for their possession, and it seems
+probable that the <a name='3_Page_178'></a>intense horror of this state, which many females
+report, is associated more or less unconsciously with the sexual rage
+which has followed it.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_146'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_146'><sup>[146]</sup></a> The dread may well be felt at least as much
+as regards the emotional state in themselves as in the males.</p>
+
+<p>Even when the emotion aroused is disgust it may still act as a sexual
+stimulant. Stcherbak has narrated the instructive case of a very
+intelligent and elegant married lady of rather delicate constitution, an
+artist of some talent, who never experienced any pleasure in sexual
+intercourse, but ever since sexual feelings first began to be manifested
+at all (at the age of 18) has only experienced them in relation to
+disgusting things. Anything that is repulsive, like vomit, etc., causes
+vague but pleasurable feelings which she gradually came to recognize as
+sexual. The sight of a crushed frog will cause very definite sexual
+sensations. She has had many admirers and she has observed that a
+declaration of love by a disagreeable or even repulsive man sexually
+excites her, though she has no desire for sexual intercourse with
+him.<a name='3_FNanchor_147'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_147'><sup>[147]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>After all that has gone before it is easy to see how the emotion of fear
+may act in an analogous manner to anger. Just as anger may reinforce the
+active forms of the sexual impulse to which it is allied, so fear may
+reinforce the passive forms of that impulse. The following observations,
+written by a lady, very well show how we may thus explain the sexual
+attractiveness of whipping: &quot;The fascination of whipping, which has always
+greatly puzzled me, seems to be a sort of hankering after the stimulus of
+fear. In a wild state animals live in constant fear. In civilized life one
+but rarely feels it. A woman's pleasure in being afraid of a husband or
+lover may be an equivalent of a man's love of adventure; and the fear of
+children for their parents may be the dawning of the love of adventure. In
+a woman this desire of adventure receives a serious check when she begins
+to realize what she might be <a name='3_Page_179'></a>subjected to by a man if she gratified it.
+Excessive fear is demoralizing, but it seems to me that the idea of being
+whipped gives a sense of fear which is not excessive. It is almost the
+only kind of pain (physical) which is inflicted on children or women by
+persons whom they can love and trust, and with a moral object. Any other
+kind of bodily ill treatment suggests malignity and may rouse resentment,
+and, in extreme cases, an excess of fear which goes beyond the limits of
+pleasurable excitement. Given a hereditary feeling of this sort, I think
+it is helped by the want of actual experience, as the association with
+excitement is freed from the idea of pain as such.&quot; In his very valuable
+and suggestive study of fears, Stanley Hall, while recognizing the evil of
+excessive fear, has emphasized the emotional and even the intellectual
+benefits of fear, and the great part played by fear in the evolution of
+the race as &quot;the rudimentary organ on the full development and subsequent
+reduction of which many of the best things in the soul are dependent.&quot;
+&quot;Fears that paralyze some brains,&quot; he remarks, &quot;are a good tonic for
+others. In some form and degree all need it always. Without the fear
+apparatus in us, what a wealth of motive would be lost!&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_148'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_148'><sup>[148]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is on the basis of this tonic influence of fear that in some morbidly
+sensitive natures fear acts as a sexual stimulant. Cullerre has brought
+together a number of cases in both men and women, mostly neurasthenic, in
+which fits of extreme anxiety and dread, sometimes of a religious
+character and often in highly moral people, terminate in spontaneous
+orgasm or in masturbation.<a name='3_FNanchor_149'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_149'><sup>[149]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Professor Gurlitt mentions that his first full sexual emission took place
+in class at school, when he was absorbed in writing out the life of
+Aristides and very anxious lest he should not be able to complete it
+within the set time.<a name='3_FNanchor_150'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_150'><sup>[150]</sup></a> </p><a name='3_Page_180'></a>
+
+<p>Dread and anxiety not only excite sexual emotion, but in the more extreme
+morbid cases they may suppress and replace it. Terror, say Fliess, is
+transmuted coitus, and Freud believes that the neurosis of anxiety always
+has a sexual cause, while Ballet, Capgras, L&ouml;wenfeld, and others, though
+not regarding a sexual traumatism as the only cause, still regard it as
+frequent.</p>
+
+<p>It is worthy of note that not only fear, but even so depressing an emotion
+as grief, may act as a sexual stimulant, more especially in women. This
+fact is not sufficiently recognized, though probably everyone can recall
+instances from his personal knowledge, such cases being generally regarded
+as inexplicable. It is, however, not more surprising that grief should be
+transformed into sexual emotion than that (as in a case recorded by
+Stanley Hall) it should manifest itself as anger. In any case we have to
+bear in mind the frequency of this psychological transformation in the
+presence of cases which might otherwise seem to call for a cynical
+interpretation.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The case has been recorded of an English lady of good social
+    position who fell in love with an undertaker at her father's
+    funeral and insisted on marrying him. It is known that some men
+    have been so abnormally excited by the funeral trappings of death
+    that only in such surroundings have they been able to effect
+    coitus. A case has been recorded of a physician of unimpeachable
+    morality who was unable to attend funerals, even of his own
+    relatives, on account of the sexual excitement thus aroused.
+    Funerals, tragedies at the theater, pictures of martyrdom, scenes
+    of execution, and trials at the law-courts have been grouped
+    together as arousing pleasure in many people, especially women.
+    (C. F. von Schlichtegroll, <i>Sacher-Masoch und der Masochismus</i>,
+    pp. 30-31.) Wakes and similar festivals may here find their
+    psychological basis, and funerals are an unquestionable source of
+    enjoyment among some people, especially of so-called &quot;Celtic&quot;
+    race. The stimulating reaction after funerals is well known to
+    many, and Leigh Hunt refers to this (in his <i>Autobiography</i>) as
+    affecting the sincerely devoted friends who had just cremated
+    Shelley.</p><a name='3_Page_181'></a>
+
+<p>    It may well be, as Kiernan has argued (<i>Alienist and
+    Neurologist</i>, 1891; <i>ibid.</i>, 1902, p. 263), that in the
+    disturbance of emotional balance caused by grief the primitive
+    instincts become peculiarly apt to respond to stimulus, and that
+    in the aboulia of grief the mind is specially liable to become
+    the prey to obsessions.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When my child died at the age of 6 months,&quot; a correspondent
+    writes, &quot;I had a violent paroxysm of weeping and for some days I
+    could not eat. When I kissed the dead boy for the last time (I
+    had never seen a corpse before) I felt I had reached the depths
+    of misery and could never smile or have any deep emotions again.
+    Yet that night, though my thoughts had not strayed to sexual
+    subjects since the child's death, I had a violent erection. I
+    felt ashamed to desire carnal things when my dead child was still
+    in the house, and explained to my wife. She was sympathetic, for
+    her idea was that our common grief had intensified my love for
+    her. I feel convinced, however, that my desire was the result of
+    a stimulus propagated to the sexual centers from the centers
+    affected by my grief, the transference of my emotion from one set
+    of nerves to another. I do not perhaps express my meaning
+    clearly.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    How far the emotional influence of grief entered into the
+    following episode it is impossible to say, for here it is
+    probable that we are mainly concerned with one of those almost
+    irresistible impulses by which adolescent girls are sometimes
+    overcome. The narrative is from the lips of a reliable witness, a
+    railway guard, who, some thirty years ago, when a youth of 18, in
+    Cornwall, lodged with a man and woman who had a daughter of his
+    own age. Some months later, when requiring a night's lodging, he
+    called at the house, and was greeted warmly by the woman, who
+    told him her husband had just died and that she and her daughter
+    were very nervous and would be glad if he would stay the night,
+    but that as the corpse occupied the other bedroom he would have
+    to share their bed (&quot;We don't think very much of that among us,&quot;
+    my informant added). He agreed, and went to bed, and when, a
+    little later, the two women also came to bed, the girl, at her
+    own suggestion, lay next to the youth. Nothing happened during
+    the night, but in the morning, when the mother went down to light
+    the fire, the daughter immediately threw off the bedclothes,
+    exposing her naked person, and before the youth had realized what
+    was happening she had drawn him over on to her. He was so utterly
+    surprised that nothing whatever happened, but the incident made a
+    life-long impression on him.</p>
+
+<p>    In this connection reference may be made to the story of the
+    Ephesian matron in Petronius; the story of the widow, overcome by
+    grief, who watches by her husband's tomb, and very speedily falls
+    into the arms of the soldier who is on guard. This story, in very
+    various <a name='3_Page_182'></a>forms, is found in China and India, and has occurred
+    repeatedly in European literature during the last two thousand
+    years. The history of the wanderings of this story has been told
+    by Grisebach (Eduard Grisebach, <i>Die Treulose Witwe</i>, third
+    edition, 1877). It is not probable, however, that all the stories
+    of this type are actually related; in any case it would seem that
+    their vitality is due to the fact that they have been found to
+    show a real correspondence to life; one may note, for instance,
+    the curious tone of personal emotion with which George Chapman
+    treated this theme in his play, <i>Widow's Tears</i>. </p></div>
+
+<p>It may be added that, in explaining the resort to pain as an emotional
+stimulus, we have to take into account not only the biological and
+psychological considerations here brought forward, but also the abnormal
+physiological conditions under which stimuli usually felt as painful come
+specially to possess a sexually exciting influence. The neurasthenic and
+neuropathic states may be regarded as conditions of more or less permanent
+fatigue. It is true that under the conditions we are considering there may
+be an extreme sensitiveness to stimuli not usually felt as of sexual
+character, a kind of hyperesthesia; but hyperesthesia, it has well been
+said, is nothing but the beginning of anesthesia.<a name='3_FNanchor_151'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_151'><sup>[151]</sup></a> Sergeant Bertrand,
+the classical example of necrophily,<a name='3_FNanchor_152'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_152'><sup>[152]</sup></a> began to masturbate at the age
+of 9, stimulating a sexual impulse which may have been congenitally feeble
+by accompanying thoughts of ill-treating women. It was not till
+subsequently that he began to imagine that the women were corpses. The
+sadistic thoughts were only incidents in the emotional evolution, and the
+real object throughout was to procure strong emotion and not to inflict
+cruelty. Some observations of F&eacute;r&eacute;'s as to the conditions which influence
+the amount of muscular work accomplished with the ergograph are
+instructive from the present point of view: &quot;Although sensibility
+diminishes in the course of fatigue,&quot; F&eacute;r&eacute; found that &quot;there are periods
+during which the excitability increases before it disappears. As fatigue
+increases, the perception of the intercurrent <a name='3_Page_183'></a>excitation is retarded; an
+odor is perceived as exciting before it is perceived as a differentiated
+sensation; the most fetid odors arouse feelings of well-being before being
+perceived as odors, and their painful quality only appears afterward, or
+is not noticed at all.&quot; And after recording a series of results with the
+ergograph obtained under the stimulus of unpleasant odors he remarks: &quot;We
+are thus struck by two facts: the diminution of work during painful
+excitation, and its increase when the excitation has ceased. When the
+effects following the excitation have disappeared the diminution is more
+rapid than in the ordinary state. When the fatigue is manifested by a
+notable diminution, if the same excitation is brought into action again,
+no diminution is produced, but a more or less durable increase, exactly as
+though there had been an agreeable excitation. Moreover, the stimulus
+which appears painful in a state of repose loses that painful character
+either partially or completely when acting on the same subject in a more
+and more fatigued state.&quot; F&eacute;r&eacute; defines a painful stimulus as a strong
+excitation which causes displays of energy which the will cannot utilize;
+when, as a result of diminished sensibility, the excitants are attenuated,
+the will can utilize them, and so there is no pain.<a name='3_FNanchor_153'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_153'><sup>[153]</sup></a> These experiments
+had no reference to the sexual instinct, but it will be seen at once that
+they have an extremely significant bearing on the subject before us, for
+they show us the mechanism of the process by which in an abnormal organism
+pain becomes a sexual stimulant.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_136'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_136'>[136]</a><div class='note'><p> Erasmus Darwin, <i>Zo&ouml;nomia</i>, vol. i, p. 496.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_137'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_137'>[137]</a><div class='note'><p> K. Groos, <i>Spiele der Menschen</i>, pp. 200-210.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_138'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_138'>[138]</a><div class='note'><p> Hirn, <i>Origins of Art</i>, p. 54. Reference may here perhaps
+be made to the fact that unpleasant memories persist in women more than in
+men (<i>American Journal of Psychology</i>, 1899, p. 244). This had already
+been pointed out by Coleridge. &quot;It is a remark that I have made many
+times,&quot; we find it said in one of his fragments (<i>Anima Poet&aelig;</i>, p. 89),
+&quot;and many times, I guess, shall repeat, that women are infinitely fonder
+of clinging to and beating about, hanging upon and keeping up, and
+reluctantly letting fall any doleful or painful or unpleasant subject,
+than men of the same class and rank.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_139'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_139'>[139]</a><div class='note'><p> Groos, <i>Spiele der Thiere</i>, p. 251. Maeder (<i>Jahrbuch f&uuml;r
+Psychoanalytische Forschungen</i>, 1909, vol. i, p. 149) mentions an
+epileptic girl of 22 who masturbates when she is in a rage with anyone.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_140'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_140'>[140]</a><div class='note'><p> Krafft-Ebing, <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, English translation
+of tenth edition, p. 78.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_141'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_141'>[141]</a><div class='note'><p> Stanley Hall, &quot;A Study of Anger,&quot; <i>American Journal of
+Psychology</i>, July, 1899, p. 549.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_142'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_142'>[142]</a><div class='note'><p> Krafft-Ebing refers to such a case as recorded by Schulz,
+<i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, p. 78.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_143'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_143'>[143]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct sexuel</i>, p. 213.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_144'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_144'>[144]</a><div class='note'><p> C. F. von Schlichtegroll, <i>Sacher-Masoch und der
+Masochismus</i>, p. 31.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_145'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_145'>[145]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, vol. xv, p. 120. Mention may
+also be made of the cases (described as hysterical mixoscopia by Kiernan,
+<i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>, May, 1903) in which young women address to
+themselves anonymous letters of an abusive and disgusting character, and
+show them to others.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_146'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_146'>[146]</a><div class='note'><p> Stanley Hall, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 587.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_147'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_147'>[147]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Archives de Neurologie</i>, Oct., 1907.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_148'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_148'>[148]</a><div class='note'><p> G. Stanley Hall, &quot;A Study of Fears,&quot; <i>American Journal of
+Psychology</i>, vol. viii, No. 2.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_149'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_149'>[149]</a><div class='note'><p> A. Cullerre, &quot;De l'Excitation Sexuelle dans les
+Psychopathies Anxieuses,&quot; <i>Archives de Neurologie</i>, Feb., 1905.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_150'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_150'>[150]</a><div class='note'><p> L. Gurlitt (<i>Die Neue Generation</i>, July, 1909). Moll
+(<i>Sexualleben des Kindes</i>, p. 84) also give examples of the connection
+between anxiety and sexual excitement. Freud (<i>Der Wahn und die Tra&uuml;me in
+Jensen's Gradiva</i>, p. 52) considers that in dream-interpretation we may
+replace &quot;terror&quot; by &quot;sexual excitement.&quot; In noting the general sexual
+effects of fear, we need not strictly separate the group of cases in which
+the sexual effects are physical only, and fail to be circuited through the
+brain.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_151'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_151'>[151]</a><div class='note'><p> See the article on &quot;Neurasthenia&quot; by Rudolf Arndt in Tuke's
+<i>Dictionary of Psychological Medicine</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_152'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_152'>[152]</a><div class='note'><p> Lunier, <i>Annales M&eacute;dico-psychologiques</i>, 1849, p. 153.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_153'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_153'>[153]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Comptes-rendus de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Biologie</i>, December
+15 and 22, 1900; <i>id.</i>, <i>Ann&eacute;e Psychologique</i>, seventh year, 1901, pp.
+82-129; more especially the same author's <i>Travail et Plaisir</i>, 1904.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='3_L_VII'></a><h3><a name='3_Page_184'></a>VII.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Summary of Results Reached&mdash;The Joy of Emotional Expansion&mdash;The
+Satisfaction of the Craving for Power&mdash;The Influence of Neurasthenic and
+Neuropathic Conditions&mdash;The Problem of Pain in Love Largely Constitutes a
+Special Case of Erotic Symbolism.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>It may seem to some that in our discussion of the relationships of love
+and pain we have covered a very wide field. This was inevitable. The
+subject is peculiarly difficult and complex, and if we are to gain a real
+insight into its nature we must not attempt to force the facts to fit into
+any narrow and artificial formulas of our own construction. Yet, as we
+have unraveled this seemingly confused mass of phenomena it will not have
+escaped the careful reader that the apparently diverse threads we have
+disentangled run in a parallel and uniform manner; they all have a like
+source and they all converge to a like result. We have seen that the
+starting-point of the whole group of manifestations must be found in the
+essential facts of courtship among animal and primitive human societies.
+Pain is seldom very far from some of the phases of primitive courtship;
+but it is not the pain which is the essential element in courtship, it is
+the state of intense emotion, of tumescence, with which at any moment, in
+some shape or another, pain may, in some way or another, be brought into
+connection. So that we have come to see that in the phrase &quot;love and pain&quot;
+we have to understand by &quot;pain&quot; a state of intense emotional excitement
+with which pain in the stricter sense may be associated, but is by no
+means necessarily associated. It is the strong emotion which exerts the
+irresistible fascination in the lover, in his partner, or in both. The
+pain is merely the means to that end. It is the lever which is employed to
+bring the emotional force to bear on the sexual <a name='3_Page_185'></a>impulse. The question of
+love and pain is mainly a question of emotional dynamics.</p>
+
+<p>In attaining this view of our subject we have learned that any impulse of
+true cruelty is almost outside the field altogether. The mistake was
+indeed obvious and inevitable. Let us suppose that every musical
+instrument is sensitive and that every musical performance involves the
+infliction of pain on the instrument. It would then be very difficult
+indeed to realize that the pleasure of music lies by no means in the
+infliction of pain. We should certainly find would-be scientific and
+analytical people ready to declare that the pleasure of music is the
+pleasure of giving pain, and that the emotional effects of music are due
+to the pain thus inflicted. In algolagnia, as in music, it is not cruelty
+that is sought; it is the joy of being plunged among the waves of that
+great primitive ocean of emotions which underlies the variegated world of
+our everyday lives, and pain&mdash;a pain which, as we have seen, is often
+deprived so far as possible of cruelty, though sometimes by very thin and
+feeble devices&mdash;is merely the channel by which that ocean is reached.</p>
+
+<p>If we try to carry our inquiry beyond the point we have been content to
+reach, and ask ourselves why this emotional intoxication exerts so
+irresistible a fascination, we might find a final reply in the explanation
+of Nietzsche&mdash;who regarded this kind of intoxication as of great
+significance both in life and in art&mdash;that it gives us the consciousness
+of energy and the satisfaction of our craving for power.<a name='3_FNanchor_154'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_154'><sup>[154]</sup></a> To carry the
+inquiry to this point would be, however, to take it into a somewhat
+speculative and metaphysical region, and we have perhaps done well not to
+attempt to analyze further the joy of emotional expansion. We must be
+content to regard the profound satisfaction <a name='3_Page_186'></a>of emotion as due to a
+widespread motor excitement, the elements of which we cannot yet
+completely analyze.<a name='3_FNanchor_155'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_155'><sup>[155]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is because the joy of emotional intoxication is the end really sought
+that we have to regard the supposed opposition between &quot;sadism&quot; and
+&quot;masochism&quot; as unimportant and indeed misleading. The emotional value of
+pain is equally great whether the pain is inflicted, suffered, witnessed,
+or merely exists as a mental imagination, and there is no reason why it
+should not coexist in all these forms in the same person, as, in fact, we
+frequently find it.</p>
+
+<p>The particular emotions which are invoked by pain to reinforce the sexual
+impulse are more especially anger and fear, and, as we have seen, these
+two very powerful and primitive emotions are&mdash;on the active and passive
+sides, respectively&mdash;the emotions most constantly brought into play in
+animal and early human courtship; so that they naturally constitute the
+emotional reservoirs from which the sexual impulse may still most easily
+draw. It is not difficult to show that the various forms in which
+&quot;pain&quot;&mdash;as we must here understand pain&mdash;is employed in the service of the
+sexual impulse are mainly manifestations or transformations of anger or
+fear, either in their simple or usually more complex forms, in some of
+which anger and fear may be mingled.</p>
+
+<p>We thus accept the biological origin of the psychological association
+between love and pain; it is traceable to the phenomena of animal
+courtship. We do not on this account exclude the more direct physiological
+factor. It may seem surprising that manifestations that have their origin
+in primeval <a name='3_Page_187'></a>forms of courtship should in many cases coincide with actual
+sensations of definite anatomical base today, and still more surprising
+that these traditional manifestations and actual sensations should so
+often be complementary to each other in their active and passive aspects:
+that is to say, that the pleasure of whipping should be matched by the
+pleasure of being whipped, the pleasure of mock strangling by the pleasure
+of being so strangled, that pain inflicted is not more desirable than pain
+suffered. But such coincidence is of the very essence of the whole group
+of phenomena. The manifestations of courtship were from the first
+conditioned by physiological facts; it is not strange that they should
+always tend to run <i>pari passu</i> with physiological facts. The
+manifestations which failed to find anchorage in physiological
+relationships might well tend to die out. Even under the most normal
+circumstances, in healthy persons of healthy heredity, the manifestations
+we have been considering are liable to make themselves felt. Under such
+circumstances, however, they never become of the first importance in the
+sexual process; they are often little more than play. It is only under
+neurasthenic or neuropathic conditions&mdash;that is to say, in an organism
+which from acquired or congenital causes, and usually perhaps both, has
+become enfeebled, irritable, &quot;fatigued&quot;&mdash;that these manifestations are
+liable to flourish vigorously, to come to the forefront of sexual
+consciousness, and even to attain such seriously urgent importance that
+they may in themselves constitute the entire end and aim of sexual desire.
+Under these pathological conditions, pain, in the broad and special sense
+in which we have been obliged to define it, becomes a welcome tonic and a
+more or less indispensable stimulant to the sexual system.</p>
+
+<p>It will not have escaped the careful reader that in following out our
+subject we have sometimes been brought into contact with manifestations
+which scarcely seem to come within any definition of pain. This is
+undoubtedly so, and the references to these manifestations were not
+accidental, for they serve to indicate the real bearings of our subject.
+The relationships <a name='3_Page_188'></a>of love and pain constitute a subject at once of so
+much gravity and so much psychological significance that it was well to
+devote to them a special study. But pain, as we have here to understand
+it, largely constitutes a special case of what we shall later learn to
+know as erotic symbolism: that is to say, the psychic condition in which a
+part of the sexual process, a single idea or group of ideas, tends to
+assume unusual importance, or even to occupy the whole field of sexual
+consciousness, the part becoming a symbol that stands for the whole. When
+we come to the discussion of this great group of abnormal sexual
+manifestations it will frequently be necessary to refer to the results we
+have reached in studying the sexual significance of pain.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_154'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_154'>[154]</a><div class='note'><p> See, for instance, the section &quot;Zur Physiologie der Kunst&quot;
+in Nietzsche's fragmentary work, <i>Der Wille zur Macht</i>, Werke, Bd. xv.
+Groos (<i>Spiele der Menschen</i>, p. 89) refers to the significance of the
+fact that nearly all races have special methods of procuring intoxication.
+<i>Cf.</i> Partridge's study of the psychology of alcohol (<i>American Journal of
+Psychology</i>, April, 1900). &quot;It is hard to imagine,&quot; this writer remarks of
+intoxicants, &quot;what the religious or social consciousness of primitive man
+would have been without them.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_155'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_155'>[155]</a><div class='note'><p> The muscular element is the most conspicuous in emotion,
+though it is not possible, as a careful student of the emotions (H. R.
+Marshall, <i>Pain, Pleasure, and &AElig;sthetics</i>, p. 84) well points out, &quot;to
+limit the physical activities involved with the emotions to such effects
+of voluntary innervation or alteration of size of blood-vessels or spasm
+of organic muscle, as Lange seems to think determines them; nor to
+increase or decrease of muscle-power, as F&eacute;r&eacute;'s results might suggest; nor
+to such changes, in relation of size of capillaries, in voluntary
+innervation, in respiratory and heart functioning, as Lehmann has
+observed. Emotions seem to me to be coincidents of reactions of the whole
+organism tending to certain results.&quot;</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='3_THE_SEXUAL_IMPULSE_IN_WOMEN'></a><h2><a name='3_Page_189'></a>THE SEXUAL IMPULSE IN WOMEN.</h2>
+<br />
+
+<p>A special and detailed study of the normal characters of the sexual
+impulse in men seems unnecessary. I have elsewhere discussed various
+aspects of the male sexual impulse, and others remain for later
+discussion. But to deal with it broadly as a whole seems unnecessary, if
+only because it is predominantly open and aggressive. Moreover, since the
+constitution of society has largely been in the hands of men, the nature
+of the sexual impulse in men has largely been expressed in the written and
+unwritten codes of social law. The sexual instinct in women is much more
+elusive. This, indeed, is involved at the outset in the organic
+psychological play of male and female, manifesting itself in the phenomena
+of modesty and courting. The same elusiveness, the same mocking mystery,
+meet us throughout when we seek to investigate the manifestations of the
+sexual impulse in women. Nor is it easy to find any full and authentic
+record of a social state clearly founded in sexual matters on the demands
+of woman's nature.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>An illustration of our ignorance and bias in these matters is
+    furnished by the relationship of marriage, celibacy, and divorce
+    to suicide in the two sexes. There can be no doubt that the
+    sexual emotions of women have a profound influence in determining
+    suicide. This is indicated, among other facts, by a comparison of
+    the suicide-rate in the sexes according to age; while in men the
+    frequency of suicide increases progressively throughout life, in
+    women there is an arrest after the age of 30; that is to say,
+    when the period of most intense sexual emotion has been passed.
+    This phenomenon is witnessed among peoples so unlike as the
+    French, the Prussians, and the Italians. Now, how do marriage and
+    divorce affect the sexual liability to suicide? We are always
+    accustomed to say that marriage protects women, and it is even
+    asserted that men have self-sacrificingly maintained the
+    institution of marriage mainly for the benefit of women.
+    Professor Durkheim, however, who has studied suicide elaborately
+    from the sociological standpoint, so far as possible eliminating
+    fallacies, has in recent years thrown considerable doubt on the
+    current assumption. He shows that <a name='3_Page_190'></a>if we take the tendency to
+    suicide as a test, and eliminate the influence of children, who
+    are an undoubted protection to women, it is not women, but men,
+    who are protected by marriage, and that the protection of women
+    from suicide increases regularly as divorces increase. After
+    discussing these points exhaustively, &quot;we reach a conclusion,&quot; he
+    states, &quot;considerably removed from the current view of marriage
+    and the part it plays. It is regarded as having been instituted
+    for the sake of the wife and to protect her weakness against
+    masculine caprices. Monogamy, especially, is very often presented
+    as a sacrifice of man's polygamous instincts, made in order to
+    ameliorate the condition of woman in marriage. In reality,
+    whatever may have been the historical causes which determined
+    this restriction, it is man who has profited most. The liberty
+    which he has thus renounced could only have been a source of
+    torment to him. Woman had not the same reasons for abandoning
+    freedom, and from this point of view we may say that in
+    submitting to the same rule it is she who has made the
+    sacrifice.&quot; (E. Durkheim, <i>Le Suicide</i>, 1897, pp. 186-214,
+    289-311.)</p>
+
+<p>    There is possibly some significance in the varying incidence of
+    insanity in unmarried men and unmarried women as compared with
+    the married. At Erlangen, for example, Hagen found that among
+    insane women the preponderance of the single over the married is
+    not nearly so great as among insane men, marriage appearing to
+    exert a much more marked prophylactic influence in the case of
+    men than of women. (F. W. Hagen, <i>Statistische Untersuchungen &uuml;ber
+    Geisteskrankheiten</i>, 1876, p. 153.) The phenomena are here,
+    however, highly complex, and, as Hagen himself points out, the
+    prophylactic influence of marriage, while very probable, is not
+    the only or even the chief factor at work.</p>
+
+<p>    It is worth noting that exactly the same sexual difference may be
+    traced in England. It appears that, in ratio to similar groups in
+    the general population (taking the years 1876-1900, inclusive),
+    the number of admissions to asylums is the same for both sexes
+    among married people (<i>i.e.</i>, 8.5), but for the single it is
+    larger among the men (4.8 to 4.5), as also it is among the
+    widowed (17.9 to 13.9) (<i>Fifty-sixth Annual Report of the
+    Commissioners in Lunacy, England and Wales</i>, 1902, p. 141). This
+    would seem to indicate that when living apart from men the
+    tendency to insanity is less in women, but is raised to the male
+    level when the sexes live together in marriage.</p>
+
+<p>    Much the same seems to hold true of criminality. It was long
+    since noted by Horsley that in England marriage decidedly
+    increases the tendency to crime in women, though it decidedly
+    decreases it in men. Prinzing has shown (<i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r
+    Sozialwissenschaft</i>, Bd. ii, 1899) that this is also the case in
+    Germany.</p><a name='3_Page_191'></a>
+
+<p>    Similarly marriage decreases the tendency of men to become
+    habitual drunkards and increases that of women. Notwithstanding
+    the fact that the average age of the men is greater than that of
+    the women, the majority of the men admitted to the inebriate
+    reformatories under the English Inebriates Acts are single; the
+    majority of the women are married; of 865 women so admitted 32
+    per cent, were single, 50 per cent, married, and 18 per cent,
+    widows. (<i>British Medical Journal</i>, Sept. 2, 1911, p. 518.) </p></div>
+
+<p>It thus happens that even the elementary characters of the sexual impulse
+in women still arouse, even among the most competent physiological and
+medical authorities,&mdash;not least so when they are themselves women,&mdash;the
+most divergent opinions. Its very existence even may be said to be
+questioned. It would generally be agreed that among men the strength of
+the sexual impulse varies within a considerable range, but that it is very
+rarely altogether absent, such total absence being abnormal and probably
+more or less pathological. But if applied to women, this statement is by
+no means always accepted. By many, sexual anesthesia is considered natural
+in women, some even declaring that any other opinion would be degrading to
+women; even by those who do not hold this opinion it is believed that
+there is an unnatural prevalence of sexual frigidity among civilized
+women. On these grounds it is desirable to deal generally with this and
+other elementary questions of allied character.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='3_S_I'></a><h3><a name='3_Page_192'></a>I.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Primitive View of Women&mdash;As a Supernatural Element in Life&mdash;As
+Peculiarly Embodying the Sexual Instinct&mdash;The Modern Tendency to
+Underestimate the Sexual Impulse in Women&mdash;This Tendency Confined to
+Recent Times&mdash;Sexual An&aelig;sthesia&mdash;Its Prevalence&mdash;Difficulties in
+Investigating the Subject&mdash;Some Attempts to Investigate it&mdash;Sexual
+Anesthesia must be Regarded as Abnormal&mdash;The Tendency to Spontaneous
+Manifestations of the Sexual Impulse in Young Girls at Puberty.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>From very early times it seems possible to trace two streams of opinion
+regarding women: on the one hand, a tendency to regard women as a
+supernatural element in life, more or less superior to men, and, on the
+other hand, a tendency to regard women as especially embodying the sexual
+instinct and as peculiarly prone to exhibit its manifestations.</p>
+
+<p>In the most primitive societies, indeed, the two views seem to be to some
+extent amalgamated; or, it should rather be said, they have not yet been
+differentiated; and, as in such societies it is usual to venerate the
+generative principle of nature and its embodiments in the human body and
+in human functions, such a co-ordination of ideas is entirely rational.
+But with the development of culture the tendency is for this homogeneous
+conception to be split up into two inharmonious tendencies. Even apart
+from Christianity and before its advent this may be noted. It was,
+however, to Christianity and the Christian ascetic spirit that we owe the
+complete differentiation and extreme development which these opposing
+views have reached. The condemnation of sexuality involved the
+glorification of the virgin; and indifference, even contempt, was felt for
+the woman who exercised sexual functions. It remained open to anyone,
+according to his own temperament, to identify the typical average woman
+with the one or with the other type; all the fund of latent sexual emotion
+which no ascetic rule can crush out of the human heart assured the
+<a name='3_Page_193'></a>picturesque idealization alike of the angelic and the diabolic types of
+woman. We may trace the same influence subtly lurking even in the most
+would-be scientific statements of anthropologists and physicians
+today.<a name='3_FNanchor_156'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_156'><sup>[156]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It may not be out of place to recall at this point, once more,
+    the fact, fairly obvious indeed, that the judgments of men
+    concerning women are very rarely matters of cold scientific
+    observation, but are colored both by their own sexual emotions
+    and by their own moral attitude toward the sexual impulse. The
+    ascetic who is unsuccessfully warring with his own carnal
+    impulses may (like the voluptuary) see nothing in women but
+    incarnations of sexual impulse; the ascetic who has subdued his
+    own carnal impulses may see no elements of sex in women at all.
+    Thus the opinions regarding this matter are not only tinged by
+    elements of primitive culture, but by elements of individual
+    disposition. Statements about the sexual impulses of women often
+    tell us less about women than about the persons who make them.</p>
+
+<p>    The curious manner in which for men women become incarnations of
+    the sexual impulse is shown by the tendency of both general and
+    personal names for women to become applicable to prostitutes
+    only. This is the case with the words &quot;garce&quot; and &quot;fille&quot; in
+    French, &quot;M&auml;dchen&quot; and &quot;Dirne&quot; in German, as well as with the
+    French &quot;catin&quot; (Catherine) and the German &quot;Metze&quot; (Mathilde).
+    (See, <i>e.g.</i>, R. Kleinpaul, <i>Die R&auml;thsel der Sprache</i>, 1890, pp.
+    197-198.)</p>
+
+<p>    At the same time, though we have to recognize the presence of
+    elements which color and distort in various ways the judgments of
+    men regarding women, it must not be hastily assumed that these
+    elements render discussion of the question altogether
+    unprofitable. In most cases such prejudices lead chiefly to a
+    one-sided solution of facts, against which we can guard. </p></div>
+
+<p>While, however, these two opposing currents of opinion are of very ancient
+origin, it is only within quite recent times, and only in two or three
+countries, that they have led to any marked difference of opinion
+regarding the sexual aptitude of women. In ancient times men blamed women
+for concupiscence or praised them for chastity, but it seems to have been
+reserved for the nineteenth century to state that women are <a name='3_Page_194'></a>apt to be
+congenitally incapable of experiencing complete sexual satisfaction, and
+peculiarly liable to sexual anesthesia. This idea appears to have been
+almost unknown to the eighteenth century. During the last century,
+however, and more especially in England, Germany, and Italy, this opinion
+has been frequently set down, sometimes even as a matter of course, with a
+tincture of contempt or pity for any woman afflicted with sexual emotions.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In the treatise <i>On Generation</i> (chapter v), which until recent
+    times was commonly ascribed to Hippocrates, it is stated that men
+    have greater pleasure in coitus than women, though the pleasure
+    of women lasts longer, and this opinion, though not usually
+    accepted, was treated with great respect by medical authors down
+    to the end of the seventeenth century. Thus A. Laurentius (Du
+    Laurens), after a long discussion, decides that men have stronger
+    sexual desire and greater pleasure in coitus than women.
+    (<i>Historia Anatomica Humani Corporis</i>, 1599, lib. viii, quest, ii
+    and vii.)</p>
+
+<p>    About half a century ago a book entitled <i>Functions and Disorders
+    of the Reproductive Organs</i>, by W. Acton, a surgeon, passed
+    through many editions and was popularly regarded as a standard
+    authority on the subjects with which it deals. This extraordinary
+    book is almost solely concerned with men; the author evidently
+    regards the function of reproduction as almost exclusively
+    appertaining to men. Women, if &quot;well brought up,&quot; are, and should
+    be, he states, in England, absolutely ignorant of all matters
+    concerning it. &quot;I should say,&quot; this author again remarks, &quot;that
+    the majority of women (happily for society) are not very much
+    troubled with sexual feeling of any kind.&quot; The supposition that
+    women do possess sexual feelings he considers &quot;a vile aspersion.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    In the article &quot;Generation,&quot; contained in another medical work
+    belonging to the middle of the nineteenth century,&mdash;Rees's
+    <i>Cyclopedia</i>,&mdash;we find the following statement: &quot;That a mucous
+    fluid is sometimes found in coition from the internal organs and
+    vagina is undoubted; but this only happens in lascivious women,
+    or such as live luxuriously.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Gall had stated decisively that the sexual desires of men are
+    stronger and more imperious than those of women. (<i>Fonctions du
+    Cerveau</i>, 1825, vol. iii, pp. 241-271.)</p>
+
+<p>    Raciborski declared that three-fourths of women merely endure the
+    approaches of men. (<i>De la Pubert&eacute; chez la Femme</i>, 1844, p. 486.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When the question is carefully inquired into and without
+    prejudice,&quot; said Lawson Tait, &quot;it is found that women have their
+    sexual appetites far less developed than men.&quot; (Lawson Tait,
+    &quot;Remote Effects of Removal of the Uterine Appendages,&quot;
+    <i>Provincial Medical Journal</i>, May, 1891.) &quot;The sexual instinct is
+    very powerful in man and comparatively <a name='3_Page_195'></a>weak in women,&quot; he stated
+    elsewhere (<i>Diseases of Women</i>, 1889, p. 60).</p>
+
+<p>    Hammond stated that, leaving prostitutes out of consideration, it
+    is doubtful if in one-tenth of the instances of intercourse they
+    [women] experience the slightest pleasurable sensation from first
+    to last (Hammond, <i>Sexual Impotence</i>, p. 300), and he considered
+    (p. 281) that this condition was sometimes congenital.</p>
+
+<p>    Lombroso and Ferrero consider that sexual sensibility, as well as
+    all other forms of sensibility, is less pronounced in women, and
+    they bring forward various facts and opinions which seem to them
+    to point in the same direction. &quot;Woman is naturally and
+    organically frigid.&quot; At the same time they consider that, while
+    erethism is less, sexuality is greater than in men. (Lombroso and
+    Ferrero, <i>La Donna Delinquente, la Prostituta, e la Donna
+    Normale</i>, 1893, pp. 54-58.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;It is an altogether false idea,&quot; Fehling declared, in his
+    rectorial address at the University of Basel in 1891, &quot;that a
+    young woman has just as strong an impulse to the opposite sex as
+    a young man.... The appearance of the sexual side in the love of
+    a young girl is pathological.&quot; (H. Fehling, <i>Die Bestimmung der
+    Frau</i>, 1892, p. 18.) In his <i>Lehrbuch der Frauenkrankheiten</i> the
+    same gynecological authority states his belief that half of all
+    women are not sexually excitable.</p>
+
+<p>    Krafft-Ebing was of opinion that women require less sexual
+    satisfaction than men, being less sensual. (Krafft-Ebing, &quot;Ueber
+    Neurosen und Psychosen durch sexuelle Abstinenz,&quot; <i>Jahrb&uuml;cher f&uuml;r
+    Psychiatrie</i>, 1888, Bd. viii, ht. I and 2.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;In the normal woman, especially of the higher social classes,&quot;
+    states Windscheid, &quot;the sexual instinct is acquired, not inborn;
+    when it is inborn, or awakes by itself, there is abnormality.
+    Since women do not know this instinct before marriage, they do
+    not miss it when they have no occasion in life to learn it.&quot; (F.
+    Windscheid, &quot;Die Beziehungen zwischen Gyn&auml;kologie und
+    Neurologie,&quot; <i>Zentralblatt f&uuml;r Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, 1896, No. 22; quoted
+    by. Moll, <i>Libido Sexualis</i>, Bd. i, p. 271.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The sensuality of men,&quot; Moll states, &quot;is in my opinion very much
+    greater than that of women.&quot; (A. Moll, <i>Die Kontr&auml;re
+    Sexualempfindung</i>, third edition, 1899, p. 592.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Women are, in general, less sensual than men,&quot; remarks N&auml;cke,
+    &quot;notwithstanding the alleged greater nervous supply of their
+    sexual organs.&quot; (P. N&auml;cke, &quot;Kritisches zum Kapitel der
+    Sexualit&auml;t,&quot; <i>Archiv f&uuml;r Psychiatrie</i>, 1899, p. 341.)</p>
+
+<p>    L&ouml;wenfeld states that in normal young girls the specifically
+    sexual feelings are absolutely unknown; so that desire cannot
+    exist in them. Putting aside the not inconsiderable proportion of
+    women in whom this absence of desire may persist and be
+    permanent, even after sexual relationships <a name='3_Page_196'></a>have begun, thus
+    constituting absolute frigidity, in a still larger number desire
+    remains extremely moderate, constituting a state of relative
+    frigidity. He adds that he cannot unconditionally support the
+    view of F&uuml;rbringer, who is inclined to ascribe sexual coldness to
+    the majority of German married women. (L. L&ouml;wenfeld, <i>Sexualleben
+    und Nervenleiden</i>, 1899, second edition, p. 11.)</p>
+
+<p>    Adler, who discusses the question at some length, decides that
+    the sexual needs of women are less than those of men, though in
+    some cases the orgasm in quantity and quality greatly exceeds
+    that of men. He believes, not only that the sexual impulse in
+    women is absolutely less than in men, and requires stronger
+    stimulation to arouse it, but that also it suffers from a latency
+    due to inhibition, which acts like a foreign body in the brain
+    (analogous to the psychic trauma of Breuer and Freud in
+    hysteria), and demands great skill in the man who is to awaken
+    the woman to love. (O. Adler, <i>Die Mangelhafte
+    Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes</i>, 1904, pp. 47, 126 <i>et seq.</i>;
+    also enlarged second edition, 1911; <i>id.</i>, &quot;Die Frigide Frau,&quot;
+    <i>Sexual-Probleme</i>, Jan., 1912.) </p></div>
+
+<p>It must not, however, be supposed that this view of the natural tendency
+of women to frigidity has everywhere found acceptance. It is not only an
+opinion of very recent growth, but is confined, on the whole, to a few
+countries.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;Turn to history,&quot; wrote Brierre de Boismont, &quot;and on every page
+    you will be able to recognize the predominance of erotic ideas in
+    women.&quot; It is the same today, he adds, and he attributes it to
+    the fact that men are more easily able to gratify their sexual
+    impulses. (<i>Des Hallucinations</i>, 1862, p. 431.)</p>
+
+<p>    The laws of Manu attribute to women concupiscence and anger, the
+    love of bed and of adornment.</p>
+
+<p>    The Jews attributed to women greater sexual desire than to men.
+    This is illustrated, according to Knobel (as quoted by Dillmann),
+    by <i>Genesis</i>, chapter iii, v. 16.</p>
+
+<p>    In Greek antiquity the romance and sentiment of love were mainly
+    felt toward persons of the same sex, and were divorced from the
+    more purely sexual feelings felt for persons of opposite sex.
+    Theognis compared marriage to cattle-breeding. In love between
+    men and women the latter were nearly always regarded as taking
+    the more active part. In all Greek love-stories of early date the
+    woman falls in love with the man, and never the reverse. &AElig;schylus
+    makes even a father assume that his daughters will misbehave if
+    left to themselves. Euripides emphasized the importance of women;
+    &quot;The Euripidean woman who 'falls in love' thinks first of all:
+    'How can I seduce the man I love?&quot;' (E. F. M.<a name='3_Page_197'></a> Benecke, <i>Antimachus
+    of Colophon and the Position of Women in Greek Poetry</i>, 1896, pp.
+    34, 54.)</p>
+
+<p>    The most famous passage in Latin literature as to the question of
+    whether men or women obtain greater pleasure from sexual
+    intercourse is that in which Ovid narrates the legend of Tiresias
+    (<i>Metamorphoses</i>, iii, 317-333). Tiresias, having been both a man
+    and a woman, decided in favor of women. This passage was
+    frequently quoted down to the eighteenth century.</p>
+
+<p>    In a passage quoted from a lost work of Galen by the Arabian
+    biographer, Abu-l-Faraj, that great physician says of the
+    Christians &quot;that they practice celibacy, that even many of their
+    women do so.&quot; So that in Galen's opinion it was more difficult
+    for a woman than for a man to be continent.</p>
+
+<p>    The same view is widely prevalent among Arabic authors, and there
+    is an Arabic saying that &quot;The longing of the woman for the penis
+    is greater than that of the man for the vulva.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    In China, remarks Dr. Coltman, &quot;when an old gentleman of my
+    acquaintance was visiting me my little daughter, 5 years old, ran
+    into the room, and, climbing upon my knee, kissed me. My visitor
+    expressed his surprise, and remarked: 'We never kiss our
+    daughters when they are so large; we may when they are very
+    small, but not after they are 3 years old,' said he, 'because it
+    is apt to excite in them bad emotions.'&quot; (Coltman, <i>The Chinese</i>,
+    1900, p. 99.)</p>
+
+<p>    The early Christian Fathers clearly show that they regard women
+    as more inclined to sexual enjoyment than men. That was, for
+    instance, the opinion of Tertullian (<i>De Virginibus Velandis</i>,
+    chapter x), and it is clearly implied in some of St. Jerome's
+    epistles.</p>
+
+<p>    Notwithstanding the influence of Christianity, among the vigorous
+    barbarian races of medieval Europe, the existence of sexual
+    appetite in women was not considered to be, as it later became, a
+    matter to be concealed or denied. Thus in 1068 the ecclesiastical
+    historian, Ordericus Vitalis (himself half Norman and half
+    English), narrates that the wives of the Norman knights who had
+    accompanied William the Conqueror to England two years earlier
+    sent over to their husbands to say that they were consumed by the
+    fierce names of desire (&quot;s&aelig;va libidinis face urebantur&quot;), and
+    that if their husbands failed to return very shortly they
+    proposed to take other husbands. It is added that this threat
+    brought a few husbands back to their wanton ladies (&quot;lascivis
+    dominabus suis&quot;).</p>
+
+<p>    During the medieval period in Europe, largely in consequence, no
+    doubt, of the predominance of ascetic ideals set up by men who
+    naturally regarded woman as the symbol of sex, the doctrine of
+    the incontinence of woman became firmly fixed, and it is
+    unnecessary and unprofitable to <a name='3_Page_198'></a>quote examples. It is sufficient
+    to mention the very comprehensive statement of Jean de Meung (in
+    the <i>Roman de la Rose</i>, 9903):&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i4'>&quot;Toutes estes, ser&eacute;s, ou f&ucirc;tes<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>De fait ou de volunt&eacute; putes.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The satirical Jean de Meung was, however, a somewhat extreme and
+    untypical representative of his age, and the fourteenth century
+    Johannes de Sancto Amando (Jean de St. Amand) gives a somewhat
+    more scientifically based opinion (quoted by Pagel, <i>Neue
+    litterarische Beitr&auml;ge zur Mittelalterlichen Medicin</i>, 1896, p.
+    30) that sexual desire is stronger in women than in men.</p>
+
+<p>    Humanism and the spread of the Renaissance movement brought in a
+    spirit more sympathetic to women. Soon after, especially in Italy
+    and France, we begin to find attempts at analyzing the sexual
+    emotions, which are not always without a certain subtlety. In the
+    seventeenth century a book of this kind was written by Venette.
+    In matters of love, Venette declared, &quot;men are but children
+    compared to women. In these matters women have a more lively
+    imagination, and they usually have more leisure to think of love.
+    Women are much more lascivious and amorous than men.&quot; This is the
+    conclusion reached in a chapter devoted to the question whether
+    men or women are the more amorous. In a subsequent chapter,
+    dealing with the question whether men or women receive more
+    pleasure from the sexual embrace, Venette concludes, after
+    admitting the great difficulty of the question, that man's
+    pleasure is greater, but woman's lasts longer. (N. Venette, <i>De
+    la G&eacute;n&eacute;ration de l'Homme ou Tableau de l'Amour Conjugal</i>,
+    Amsterdam, 1688.)</p>
+
+<p>    At a much earlier date, however, Montaigne had discussed this
+    matter with his usual wisdom, and, while pointing out that men
+    have imposed their own rule of life on women and their own
+    ideals, and have demanded from them opposite and contradictory
+    virtues,&mdash;a statement not yet antiquated,&mdash;he argues that women
+    are incomparably more apt and more ardent in love than men are,
+    and that in this matter they always know far more than men can
+    teach them, for &quot;it is a discipline that is born in their veins.&quot;
+    (Montaigne, <i>Essais</i>, book iii, chapter v.)</p>
+
+<p>    The old physiologists generally mentioned the appearance of
+    sexual desire in girls as one of the normal signs of puberty.
+    This may be seen in the numerous quotations brought together by
+    Schurig, in his <i>Parthenologia</i>, cap. ii.</p>
+
+<p>    A long succession of distinguished physicians throughout the
+    seventeenth century discussed at more or less length the relative
+    amount of sexual desire in men and women, and the relative degree
+    of their pleasure in coitus. It is remarkable that, although they
+    usually attach <a name='3_Page_199'></a>great weight to the supposed opinion of
+    Hippocrates in the opposite sense, most of them decide that both
+    desire and pleasure are greater in women.</p>
+
+<p>    Plazzonus decides that women have more sources of pleasure in
+    coitus than men because of the larger extent of surface excited;
+    and if it were not so, he adds, women would not be induced to
+    incur the pains and risks of pregnancy and childbirth.
+    (Plazzonus, <i>De Partibus Generationi Inservientibus</i>, 1621, lib.
+    ii, cap. xiii.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Without doubt,&quot; says Ferrand, &quot;woman is more passionate than
+    man, and more often torn by the evils of love.&quot; (Ferrand, <i>De la
+    Maladie d'Amour</i>, 1623, chapter ii.)</p>
+
+<p>    Zacchia, mainly on <i>a priori</i> grounds, concludes that women have
+    more pleasure in coitus than men. (Zacchia, <i>Qu&aelig;stiones
+    Medico-legales</i>, 1630, lib. iii, quest, vii.)</p>
+
+<p>    Sinibaldus, discussing whether men or women have more salacity,
+    decides in favor of women. (J. B. Sinibaldus, <i>Geneanthropeia</i>,
+    1642, lib. ii, tract. ii, cap. v.)</p>
+
+<p>    Hornius believed that women have greater sexual pleasure than
+    men, though he mainly supported his opinion by the authority of
+    classical poets. (Hornius, <i>Historic Naturalis</i>, 1670, lib. iii,
+    cap. i.)</p>
+
+<p>    Nenter describes what we may now call women's affectability, and
+    considers that it makes them more prone than men to the sexual
+    emotions, as is shown by the fact that, notwithstanding their
+    modesty, they sometimes make sexual advances. This greater
+    proneness of women to the sexual impulse is, he remarks, entirely
+    natural and right, for the work of generation is mainly carried
+    on by women, and love is its basis: &quot;generationis fundamentum est
+    amor.&quot; (G. P. Nenter, <i>Theoria Hominis Sani</i>, 1714, cap. v, memb.
+    ii.)</p>
+
+<p>    The above opinions of seventeenth-century physicians are quoted
+    from the original sources. Schurig, in his <i>Gyn&aelig;cologia</i>, (pp.
+    46-50 and 71-81), quotes a number of passages on this subject
+    from medical authorities of the same period, on which I have not
+    drawn.</p>
+
+<p>    S&eacute;nancour, in his fine and suggestive book on love, first
+    published in 1806, asks: &quot;Has sexual pleasure the same power on
+    the sex which less loudly demands it? It has more, at all events
+    in some respects. The very vigor and laboriousness of men may
+    lead them to neglect love, but the constant cares of maternity
+    make women feel how important it must ever be to them. We must
+    remember also that in men the special emotions of love only have
+    a single focus, while in women the organs of lactation are united
+    to those of conception. Our feelings are all determined by these
+    material causes.&quot; (S&eacute;nancour, <i>De l'Amour</i>, fourth edition, 1834,
+    vol. i, p. 68.) A later psychologist of love, this time a woman,
+    Ellen Key, states that woman's erotic demands, <a name='3_Page_200'></a>though more
+    silent than man's, are stronger. (Ellen Key, <i>Ueber Liebe und
+    Ehe</i>, p. 138.)</p>
+
+<p>    Michael Ryan considered that sexual enjoyment &quot;is more delicious
+    and protracted&quot; in women, and ascribed this to a more sensitive
+    nervous system, a finer and more delicate skin, more acute
+    feelings, and the fact that in women the mamm&aelig; are the seat of a
+    vivid sensibility in sympathy with the uterus. (M. Ryan,
+    <i>Philosophy of Marriage</i>, 1837, p. 153.)</p>
+
+<p>    Busch was inclined to think women have greater sexual pleasure
+    than men. (D. W. H. Busch, <i>Das Geschlechtsleben des Weibes</i>, 1839,
+    vol. i, p. 69.) Kobelt held that the anatomical conformation of
+    the sexual organs in women led to the conclusion that this must
+    be the case.</p>
+
+<p>    Guttceit, speaking of his thirty years' medical experience in
+    Russia, says: &quot;In Russia at all events, a girl, as very many have
+    acknowledged to me, cannot resist the ever stronger impulses of
+    sex beyond the twenty-second or twenty-third year. And if she
+    cannot do so in natural ways she adopts artificial ways. The
+    belief that the feminine sex feels the stimulus of sex less than
+    the male is quite false.&quot; (Guttceit, <i>Dreissig Jahre Praxis</i>,
+    1873, theil i, p. 313.)</p>
+
+<p>    In Scandinavia, according to Vedeler, the sexual emotions are at
+    least as strong in women as in men (Vedeler, &quot;De Impotentia
+    Feminarum,&quot; <i>Norsk Magazin for Laegevidenskaben</i>, March, 1894).
+    In Sweden, Dr. Eklund, of Stockholm, remarking that from 25 to 33
+    per cent. of the births are illegitimate, adds: &quot;We hardly ever
+    hear anyone talk of a woman having been seduced, simply because
+    the lust is at the worst in the woman, who, as a rule, is the
+    seducing party.&quot; (Eklund, <i>Transactions of the American
+    Association of Obstetricians</i>, Philadelphia, 1892, p. 307.)</p>
+
+<p>    On the opposite side of the Baltic, in the K&ouml;nigsberg district,
+    the same observation has been made. Intercourse before marriage
+    is the rule in most villages of this agricultural district, among
+    the working classes, with or without intention of subsequent
+    marriage; &quot;the girls are often the seducing parties, or at least
+    very willing; they seek to bind their lovers to them and compel
+    them to marriage.&quot; In the K&ouml;slin district of Pomerania, where
+    intercourse between the girls and youths is common, the girls
+    come to the youths' rooms even more frequently than the youths to
+    the girls'. In some of the Dantzig districts the girls give
+    themselves to the youths, and even seduce them, sometimes, but
+    not always, with a view of marriage. (Wittenberg, <i>Die
+    geschlechtsittlichen Verhalten der Landbewohner im Deutschen
+    Reiche</i>, 1895, Bd. i, pp. 47, 61, 83.)</p>
+
+<p>    Mantegazza devoted great attention to this point in several of
+    the <a name='3_Page_201'></a>works he published during fifty years, and was decidedly of
+    the opinion that the sexual emotions are much stronger in women
+    than in men, and that women have much more enjoyment in sexual
+    intercourse. In his <i>Fisiologia del Piacere</i> he supports this
+    view, and refers to the greater complexity of the genital
+    apparatus in women (as well as its larger surface and more
+    protected position), to what he considers to be the keener
+    sensibility of women generally, to the passivity of women, etc.;
+    and he considers that sexual pleasure is rendered more seductive
+    to women by the mystery in which it is veiled for them by modesty
+    and our social habits. In a more recent work (<i>Fisiologia della
+    Donna</i>, cap. viii) Mantegazza returns to this subject, and
+    remarks that long experience, while confirming his early opinion,
+    has modified it to the extent that he now believes that, as
+    compared with men, the sexual emotions of women vary within far
+    wider limits. Among men few are quite insensitive to the physical
+    pleasures of love, while, on the other hand, few are thrown by
+    the violence of its emotional manifestations into a state of
+    syncope or convulsions. Among women, while some are absolutely
+    insensitive, others (as in cases with which he was acquainted)
+    are so violently excited by the paradise of physical love that,
+    after the sexual embrace, they faint or fall into a cataleptic
+    condition for several hours.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Physical sex is a larger factor in the life of the woman.... If
+    this be true of the physical element, it is equally true of the
+    mental element.&quot; (Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, <i>The Human Element in
+    Sex</i>, fifth edition, 1894, p. 47.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;In the female sex,&quot; remarks Clouston, &quot;reproduction is a more
+    dominant function of the organism than in the male, and has far
+    larger, if not more intense, relationships to feeling, judgment,
+    and volition.&quot; (Clouston, <i>Neuroses of Development</i>, 1891.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;It may be said,&quot; Marro states, &quot;that in woman the visceral
+    system reacts, if not with greater intensity, certainly in a more
+    general manner, to all the impressions, having a sexual basis,
+    which dominate the life of woman, if not as sexual emotions
+    properly so called, as related emotions closely dependent on the
+    reproductive instinct.&quot; (A. Marro, <i>La Pubert&agrave;</i>, 1898, p. 233.)</p>
+
+<p>    Forel also believed (<i>Die Sexuelle Frage</i>, p. 274) that women are
+    more erotic than men.</p>
+
+<p>    The gynecologist Kisch states his belief that &quot;The sexual impulse
+    is so powerful in women that at certain periods of life its
+    primitive force dominates her whole nature, and there can be no
+    room left for reason to argue concerning reproduction; on the
+    contrary, union is desired even in the presence of the fear of
+    reproduction or when there can be no question of it.&quot; He regards
+    absence of sexual feeling in women as pathological.<a name='3_Page_202'></a> (Kisch,
+    <i>Sterilit&auml;t des Weibes</i>, second edition, pp. 205-206.) In his
+    later work (<i>The Sexual Life of Woman</i>) Kisch again asserts that
+    sexual impulse always exists in mature women (in the absence of
+    organic sexual defect and cerebral disease), though it varies in
+    strength and may be repressed. In adolescent girls, however, it
+    is weaker than in youths of the same age. After she has had
+    sexual experiences, Kisch maintains, a woman's sexual emotions
+    are just as powerful as a man's, though she has more motives than
+    a man for controlling them.</p>
+
+<p>    Eulenburg is of the same opinion as Kisch, and sharply criticises
+    the loose assertion of some authorities who have expressed
+    themselves in an opposite sense. (A. Eulenburg, <i>Sexuale
+    Neuropathie</i>, pp. 88-90; the same author has dealt with the point
+    in the <i>Zukunft</i>, December 2, 1893.)</p>
+
+<p>    Kossmann states that the opinion as to the widespread existence
+    of frigidity among women is a fable. (Kossmann, <i>Allgemeine
+    Gyn&aelig;cologie</i>, 1903, p. 362.)</p>
+
+<p>    Bloch concludes that &quot;in most cases the sexual coldness of women
+    is in fact only apparent, either due to the concealment of
+    glowing sexuality beneath the veil of outward reticence
+    prescribed by conventional morality, or else to the husband who
+    has not succeeded in arousing erotic sensations which are
+    complicated and with difficulty awakened.... The sexual
+    sensibility of women is certainly different from that of men, but
+    in strength it is at least as great.&quot; (Iwan Bloch, <i>Das
+    Sexualleben unserer Zeit</i> 1907, ch. v.)</p>
+
+<p>    Nystr&ouml;m, also, after devoting a chapter to the discussion of the
+    causes of sexual coldness in women, concludes: &quot;My conviction,
+    founded on experience, is, that only a small number of women
+    would be without sexual feeling if sound views and teaching
+    prevailed in respect to the sexual life, if due weight were given
+    to inner devotion and tender caresses as the preliminaries of
+    love in marriage, and if couples who wish to avoid pregnancy
+    would adopt sensible preventive methods instead of <i>coitus
+    interruptus</i>.&quot; (A. Nystr&ouml;m, <i>Das Geschlichtsleben und seine
+    Gesetze</i>, eighth edition, 1907, p. 177.) </p></div>
+
+<p>We thus find two opinions widely current: one, of world-wide existence and
+almost universally accepted in those ages and centers in which life is
+lived most nakedly, according to which the sexual impulse is stronger in
+women than in men; another, now widely prevalent in many countries,
+according to which the sexual instinct is distinctly weaker in women, if,
+indeed, it may not be regarded as normally absent altogether. A third view
+is possible: it may be held that there is no difference <a name='3_Page_203'></a>at all. This
+view, formerly not very widely held, is that of the French physiologist,
+Beaunis, as it is of Winckel; while Rohleder, who formerly held that
+sexual feeling tends to be defective in women, now believes that men and
+women are equal in sexual impulse.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>At an earlier period, however, Donatus (<i>De Medica Historia
+    Mirabili</i>, 1613, lib. iv, cap. xvii) held the same view, and
+    remarked that sometimes men and sometimes women are the more
+    salacious, varying with the individual. Roubaud (<i>De
+    l'Impuissance</i>, 1855, p. 38) stated that the question is so
+    difficult as to be insoluble. </p></div>
+
+<p>In dealing with the characteristics of the sexual impulse in women, it
+will be seen, we have to consider the prevalence in them of what is
+commonly termed (in its slightest forms) frigidity or hyphedonia, and (in
+more complete form) sexual anesthesia or anaphrodism, or erotic blindness,
+or anhedonia.<a name='3_FNanchor_157'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_157'><sup>[157]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Many modern writers have referred to the prevalence of frigidity
+    among women. Shufeldt believes (<i>Pacific Medical Journal</i>, Nov.,
+    1907) that 75 per cent, of married women in New York are
+    afflicted with sexual frigidity, and that it is on the increase;
+    it is rare, however, he adds, among Jewish women. Hegar gives 50
+    per cent, as the proportion of sexually anesthetic women;
+    F&uuml;rbringer says the majority of women are so. Effertz (quoted by
+    L&ouml;wenfeld, <i>Sexualleben und Nervenleiden</i>, p. 11, apparently with
+    approval) regards 10 per cent, among women generally as sexually
+    anesthetic, but only 1 per cent, men. Moll states (Eulenburg's
+    <i>Encyclop&auml;die</i>, fourth edition, art. &quot;Geschlechtstrieb&quot;) that the
+    prevalence of sexual anesthesia among German women varies,
+    according to different authorities, from 10 to 66 per cent.
+    Elsewhere Moll (<i>Kontr&auml;re Sexualempfindung</i>, third edition, 1890,
+    p. 510) emphasizes the statement that &quot;sexual anesthesia in women
+    is much more frequent than is generally supposed.&quot; He explains
+    that he is referring to the physical element of pleasure and
+    satisfaction in intercourse, and of desire for intercourse. He
+    adds that the psychic side of love is often more conspicuous in
+    women than in men. He cannot agree with Sollier that this kind of
+    sexual frigidity <a name='3_Page_204'></a>is a symptom of hysteria. F&eacute;r&eacute; (<i>L'Instinct
+    Sexuel</i>, second edition, p. 112), in referring to the greater
+    frequency of sexual anesthesia in women, remarks that it is often
+    associated with neuropathic states, as well as with anomalies of
+    the genital organs, or general troubles of nutrition, and is
+    usually acquired. Some authors attribute great importance to
+    amenorrhea in this connection; one investigator has found that in
+    4 out of 14 cases of absolute amenorrhea sexual feeling was
+    absent. L&ouml;wenfeld, again (<i>Sexualleben und Nervenleiden</i>),
+    referring to the common misconception that nervous disorder is
+    associated with increased sexual desire, points out that
+    nervously degenerate women far more often display frigidity than
+    increased sexual desire. Elsewhere (<i>Ueber die Sexuelle
+    Konstitution</i>) L&ouml;wenfeld says it is only among the upper classes
+    that sexual anesthesia is common. Campbell Clark, also, showed
+    some years ago that, in young women with a tendency to chlorosis
+    and a predisposition to insanity, defects of pelvic and mammary
+    development are very prevalent. (<i>Journal of Mental Science</i>,
+    October, 1888.)</p>
+
+<p>    As regards the older medical authors, Schurig (<i>Spermatologia</i>,
+    1720, p. 243, and <i>Gyn&aelig;cologia</i>, 1730, p. 81) brought together
+    from the literature and from his own knowledge cases of women who
+    felt no pleasure in coitus, as well as of some men who had
+    erections without pleasure. </p></div>
+
+<p>There is, however, much uncertainty as to what precisely is meant by
+sexual frigidity or anesthesia. All the old medical authors carefully
+distinguish between the heat of sexual desire and the actual presence of
+pleasure in coitus; many modern writers also properly separate <i>libido</i>
+from <i>voluptas</i>, since it is quite possible to experience sexual desires
+and not to be able to obtain their gratification during sexual
+intercourse, and it is possible to hold, with Mantegazza, that women
+naturally have stronger sexual impulses than men, but are more liable than
+men to experience sexual anesthesia. But it is very much more difficult
+than most people seem to suppose, to obtain quite precise and definite
+data concerning the absence of either <i>voluptas</i> or <i>libido</i> in a woman.
+Even if we accept the statement of the woman who asserts that she has
+either or both, the statement of their absence is by no means equally
+conclusive and final. As even Adler&mdash;who discusses this question fully and
+has very pronounced opinions about it&mdash;admits, there are women who stoutly
+deny the existence of any sexual feelings until such feelings are
+<a name='3_Page_205'></a>actually discovered.<a name='3_FNanchor_158'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_158'><sup>[158]</sup></a> Some of the most marked characteristics of the
+sexual impulse in women, moreover,&mdash;its association with modesty, its
+comparatively late development, its seeming passivity, its need of
+stimulation,&mdash;all combine to render difficult the final pronouncement that
+a woman is sexually frigid. Most significant of all in this connection is
+the complexity of the sexual apparatus in women and the corresponding
+psychic difficulty&mdash;based on the fundamental principle of sexual
+selection&mdash;of finding a fitting mate. The fact that a woman is cold with
+one man or even with a succession of men by no means shows that she is not
+apt to experience sexual emotions; it merely shows that these men have not
+been able to arouse them. &quot;I recall two very striking cases,&quot; a
+distinguished gynecologist, the late Dr. Engelmann, of Boston, wrote to
+me, &quot;of very attractive young married women&mdash;one having had a child, the
+other a miscarriage&mdash;who were both absolutely cold to their husbands, as
+told me by both husband and wife. They could not understand desire or
+passion, and would not even believe that it existed. Yet, both these women
+with other men developed ardent passion, all the stronger perhaps because
+it had been so long latent.&quot; In such cases it is scarcely necessary to
+invoke Adler's theory of a morbid inhibition, or &quot;foreign body in
+consciousness,&quot; which has to be overcome. We are simply in the presence of
+the natural fact that the female throughout nature not only requires much
+loving, but is usually fastidious in the choice of a lover. In the human
+species this natural fact is often disguised and perverted. Women are not
+always free to choose the man whom they would prefer as a lover, nor even
+free to find out whether the man they prefer sexually fits them; they are,
+moreover, very often extremely ignorant of the whole question of sex, and
+the victims of the prejudice and false conventions they have been taught.
+On the one hand, they are driven into an unnatural primness and austerity;
+on the other hand, they rebound to an equally unnatural facility or even
+promiscuity. Thus it happens that <a name='3_Page_206'></a>the men who find that a large number of
+women are not so facile as they themselves are, and as they have found a
+large number of women to be, rush to the conclusion that women tend to be
+&quot;sexually anesthetic.&quot; If we wish to be accurate, it is very doubtful
+whether we can assert that a woman is ever absolutely without the aptitude
+for sexual satisfaction.<a name='3_FNanchor_159'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_159'><sup>[159]</sup></a> She may unquestionably be without any
+conscious desire for actual coitus. But if we realize to how large an
+extent woman is a sexual organism, and how diffused and even unconscious
+the sexual impulses may be, it becomes very difficult to assert that she
+has never shown any manifestation of the sexual impulse. All we can assert
+with some degree of positiveness in some cases is that she has not
+manifested sexual gratification, more particularly as shown by the
+occurrence of the orgasm, but that is very far indeed from warranting us
+to assert that she never will experience such gratification or still less
+that she is organically incapable of experiencing it.<a name='3_FNanchor_160'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_160'><sup>[160]</sup></a> It is therefore
+quite impossible to follow Adler when he asks us to accept the existence
+of a condition which he solemnly terms <i>an&aelig;sthesia sexualis completa
+idiopathica</i>, in which there is no mechanical difficulty in the way or
+psychic inhibition, but an &quot;absolute&quot; lack of sexual sensibility and a
+complete absence of sexual inclination.<a name='3_FNanchor_161'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_161'><sup>[161]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is instructive to observe that Adler himself knows no &quot;pure&quot; case of
+this condition. To find such a case he has to go back nearly two centuries
+to Madame de Warens, to whom he <a name='3_Page_207'></a>devotes a whole chapter. He has,
+moreover, had the courage in writing this chapter to rely entirely on
+Rousseau's <i>Confessions</i>, which were written nearly half a century later
+than the episodes they narrated, and are therefore full of inaccuracies,
+besides being founded on an imperfect and false knowledge of Madame de
+Warens's earlier life, and written by a man who was, there can be no
+doubt, not able to arouse women's passions. Adler shows himself completely
+ignorant of the historical investigations of De Montet, Mugnier, Ritter,
+and others which, during recent years, have thrown a flood of light on the
+life and character of Madame de Warens, and not even acquainted with the
+highly significant fact that she was hysterical.<a name='3_FNanchor_162'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_162'><sup>[162]</sup></a> This is the basis of
+&quot;fact&quot; on which we are asked to accept <i>an&aelig;sthesia sexualis completa
+idiopathica!</i><a name='3_FNanchor_163'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_163'><sup>[163]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;In dealing with the alleged absence of the sexual impulse,&quot; a
+    well-informed medical correspondent writes from America, &quot;much
+    caution has to be used in accepting statements as to its absence,
+    from the fact that most women fear by the admission to place
+    themselves in an impure category. I am also satisfied that influx
+    of women into universities, etc., is often due to the sexual
+    impulse causing restlessness, and that this factor finds
+    expression in the prurient prudishness so often presenting itself
+    in such women, which interferes with coeducation. This is
+    becoming especially noticeable at the University of Chicago,
+    where prudishness interferes with classical, biological,
+    sociological, and physiological discussion in the classroom.
+    There have been complaints by such women that a given professor
+    has not left out embryological facts not in themselves in any way
+    implying indelicacy. I have even been informed that the opinion
+    is often expressed in college dormitories that embryological
+    facts and discussions should be left out of a course intended for
+    both sexes.&quot; Such prudishness, it is scarcely necessary to
+    remark, whether found in women or men, indicates a mind that has
+    become morbidly sensitive to sexual impressions. For the healthy
+    mind embryological and allied facts have no emotionally sexual
+    significance, and there is, therefore, no need to shun them.</p>
+
+<p>    Kolischer, of Chicago (&quot;Sexual Frigidity in Women,&quot; <i>American
+    Journal of Obstetrics</i>, Sept., 1905), points out that it is often
+    the failure of the husband to produce sexual excitement in the
+    wife which leads to voluntary repression of sexual sensation on
+    her part, or an <a name='3_Page_208'></a>acquired sexual anesthesia. &quot;Sexual excitement,&quot;
+    he remarks, &quot;not brought to its natural climax, the reaction
+    leaves the woman in a very disagreeable condition, and repeated
+    occurrences of this kind may even lead to general nervous
+    disturbances. Some of these unfortunate women learn to suppress
+    their sexual sensation so as to avoid all these disagreeable
+    sequel&aelig;. Such a state of affairs is not only unfortunate, because
+    it deprives the female partner of her natural rights, but it is
+    also to be deplored because it practically brings down such a
+    married woman to the level of the prostitute.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    In illustration of the prevalence of inhibitions of various
+    kinds, from without and from within, in suppressing or disguising
+    sexual feeling in women, I may quote the following observations
+    by an American lady concerning a series of women of her
+    acquaintance:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Mrs. A. This woman is handsome and healthy. She has never had
+    children, much to the grief of herself and her husband. The man
+    is also handsome and attractive. Mrs. A. once asked me if
+    love-making between me and my husband ever originated with me. I
+    replied it was as often so as not, and she said that in that
+    event she could not see how passion between husband and wife
+    could be regulated. When I seemed not to be ashamed of the
+    matter, but rather to be positive in my views that it should be
+    so, she at once tried to impress me with the fact that she did
+    not wish me to think she 'could not be aroused.' This woman
+    several times hinted that she had learned a great amount that was
+    not edifying at boarding school, and I always felt that, with
+    proper encouragement, she would have retailed suggestive stories.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Mrs. B. This woman lives to please her husband, who is a spoiled
+    man. She gave birth to a child soon after marriage, but was left
+    an invalid for some years. She told me coition always hurt her,
+    and she said it made her sick to see her husband nude. I was
+    therefore surprised, years afterward, to hear her say, in reply
+    to a remark of another person, 'Yes; women are not only as
+    passionate as men, I am sure they are more so.' I therefore
+    questioned the lack of passion she had on former occasions
+    avowed, or else felt convinced her improvement in health had made
+    intercourse pleasant.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Miss C. A teacher. She is emotional and easily becomes
+    hysterical. Her life has been one of self-sacrifice and her
+    rearing most Puritanical. She told me she thought women did not
+    crave sexual satisfaction unless it had been aroused in them. I
+    consider her one who physically is injured by not having it.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Mrs. D. After being married a few years this person told me she
+    thought intercourse 'horrid.' Some years after this, however, she
+    fell in love with a man not her husband, which caused their
+    separation. She always fancied men in love with her, and she told
+    me that she and <a name='3_Page_209'></a>her husband tried to live without intercourse,
+    fearing more children, but they could not do it; she also told of
+    trying to refrain, for the same purpose, until safe parts of the
+    menstrual month, but that 'was just the time she cared least for
+    it.' These remarks made me doubt the sincerity of the first.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Mrs. E. said she enjoyed intercourse as well as her husband, and
+    she 'didn't see why she should not say so.' This same woman,
+    whether using a current phrase or not, afterward said her husband
+    'did not bother her very often.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Mrs. F., the mother of several children, was married to a man
+    she neither loved nor respected, but she said that when a strange
+    man touched her it made her tremble all over.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Mrs. G., the mother of many children, divorced on account of the
+    dissipation, drinking and otherwise, of her husband. She is of
+    the creole type, but large and almost repulsive. She is a
+    brilliant talker and she supports herself by writing. She has
+    fallen in love with a number of young men, 'wildly, madly,
+    passionately,' as one of them told me, and I am sure she suffers
+    greatly from the lack of satisfaction. She would no doubt procure
+    it if it were possible.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I believe,&quot; the writer concludes, &quot;women are as passionate as
+    men, but the enforced restraint of years possibly smothers it.
+    The fear of having children and the methods to prevent conception
+    are, I am sure, potent factors in the injury to the emotions of
+    married women. Perhaps the lack of intercourse acts less
+    disastrously upon a woman because of the renewed feeling which
+    comes after each menstrual period.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    As bearing on the causes which have led to the disguise and
+    misinterpretation of the sexual impulse in women I may quote the
+    following communication from another lady:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I do think the coldness of women has been greatly exaggerated.
+    Men's theoretically ideal woman (though they don't care so much
+    about it in practice) is passionless, and women are afraid to
+    admit that they have any desire for sexual pleasure. Rousseau,
+    who was not very straight-laced, excuses the conduct of Madame de
+    Warens on the ground that it was not the result of passion: an
+    aggravation rather than a palliation of the offense, if society
+    viewed it from the point of view of any other fault. Even in the
+    modern novels written by the 'new woman' the longing for
+    maternity, always an honorable sentiment, is dragged in to veil
+    the so-called 'lower' desire. That some women, at any rate, have
+    very strong passions and that great suffering is entailed by
+    their repression is not, I am sure, sufficiently recognized, even
+    by women themselves.</p><a name='3_Page_210'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;Besides the 'passionless ideal' which checks their sincerity,
+    there are many causes which serve to disguise a woman's feelings
+    to herself and make her seem to herself colder than she really
+    is. Briefly these are:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;1. Unrecognized disease of the reproductive organs, especially
+    after the birth of children. A friend of mine lamented to me her
+    inability to feel pleasure, though she had done so before the
+    birth of her child, then 3 years old. With considerable
+    difficulty I persuaded her to see a doctor, who told her all the
+    reproductive organs were seriously congested; so that for three
+    years she had lived in ignorance and regret for her husband's
+    sake and her own.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;2. The dread of recommencing, once having suffered them, all the
+    pains and discomforts of child-bearing.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;3. Even when precautions are taken, much bother and anxiety is
+    involved, which has a very dampening effect on excitement.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;4. The fact that men will never take any trouble to find out
+    what specially excites a woman. A woman, as a rule, is at some
+    pains to find out the little things which particularly affect the
+    man she loves,&mdash;it may be a trick of speech, a rose in her hair,
+    or what not,&mdash;and she makes use of her knowledge. But do you know
+    one man who will take the same trouble? (It is difficult to
+    specify, as what pleases one person may not another. I find that
+    the things that affect me personally are the following: [<i>a</i>]
+    Admiration for a man's mental capacity will translate itself
+    sometimes into direct physical excitement. [<i>b</i>] Scents of white
+    flowers, like tuberose or syringa. [<i>c</i>] The sight of fireflies.
+    [<i>d</i>] The idea or the reality of suspension. [<i>e</i>] Occasionally
+    absolute passivity.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;5. The fact that many women satisfy their husbands when
+    themselves disinclined. This is like eating jam when one does not
+    fancy it, and has a similar effect. It is a great mistake, in my
+    opinion, to do so, except very rarely. A man, though perhaps
+    cross at the time, prefers, I believe, to gratify himself a few
+    times, when the woman also enjoys it, to many times when she does
+    not.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;6. The masochistic tendency of women, or their desire for
+    subjection to the man they love. I believe no point in the whole
+    question is more misunderstood than this. Nearly every man
+    imagines that to secure a woman's love and respect he must give
+    her her own way in small things, and compel her obedience in
+    great ones. Every man who desires success with a woman should
+    exactly reverse that theory.&quot; </p></div>
+
+<p>When we are faced by these various and often conflicting statements of
+opinion it seems necessary to obtain, if possible, a <a name='3_Page_211'></a>definite basis of
+objective fact. It would be fairly obvious in any case, and it becomes
+unquestionable in view of the statements I have brought together, that the
+best-informed and most sagacious clinical observers, when giving an
+opinion on a very difficult and elusive subject which they have not
+studied with any attention and method, are liable to make unguarded
+assertions; sometimes, also, they become the victims of ethical or
+pseudoethical prejudices, so as to be most easily influenced by that class
+of cases which happens to fit in best with their prepossessions.<a name='3_FNanchor_164'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_164'><sup>[164]</sup></a> In
+order to reach any conclusions on a reasonable basis it is necessary to
+take a series of unselected individuals and to ascertain carefully the
+condition of the sexual impulse in each.</p>
+
+<p>At present, however, this is extremely difficult to do at all
+satisfactorily, and quite impossible, indeed, to do in a manner likely to
+yield absolutely unimpeachable results. Nevertheless, a few series of
+observations have been made. Thus, Dr. Harry Campbell<a name='3_FNanchor_165'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_165'><sup>[165]</sup></a> records the
+result of an investigation, carried on in his hospital practice, of 52
+married women of the poorer class; they were not patients, but ordinary,
+healthy working-class women, and the inquiry was not made directly, but of
+the husbands, who were patients. Sexual instinct was said to be present in
+12 cases before marriage, and absent in 40; in 13 of the 40 it never
+appeared at all; so that it altogether appeared in 39, or in the ratio of
+something over 75 per cent. Among the 12 in whom it existed before
+marriage it was said to have appeared in most with puberty; in 3, however,
+a few years before puberty, and in 2 a few years later. In 2 of those in
+whom it appeared before puberty, menstruation began late; in the third it
+rose almost to nymphomania on the day preceding the first menstruation.<a name='3_Page_212'></a>
+In nearly all the cases desire was said to be stronger in the husband than
+in the wife; when it was stronger in the wife, the husband was
+exceptionally indifferent. Of the 13 in whom desire was absent after
+marriage, 5 had been married for a period under two years, and Campbell
+remarks that it would be wrong to conclude that it would never develop in
+these cases, for in this group of cases the appearance of sexual instinct
+was sometimes a matter of days, sometimes of years, after the date of
+marriage. In two-thirds of the cases there was a diminution of desire,
+usually gradual, at the climacteric; in the remaining third there was
+either no change or exaltation of desire. The most important general
+result, Campbell concludes, is that &quot;the sexual instinct is very much less
+intense in woman than in man,&quot; and to this he elsewhere adds a corollary
+that &quot;the sexual instinct in the civilized woman is, I believe, tending to
+atrophy.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>An eminent gynecologist, the late Dr. Matthews Duncan, has (in his work on
+<i>Sterility in Women</i>) presented a table which, although foreign to this
+subject, has a certain bearing on the matter. Matthews Duncan, believing
+that the absence of sexual desire and of sexual pleasure in coitus are
+powerful influences working for sterility, noted their presence or absence
+in a number of cases, and found that, among 191 sterile women between the
+ages of 15 and 45, 152, or 79 per cent., acknowledged the presence of
+sexual desire; and among 196 sterile women (mostly the same cases), 134,
+or 68 per cent., acknowledged the presence of sexual pleasure in coitus.
+Omitting the cases over 35 years of age, which were comparatively few, the
+largest proportion of affirmative answers, both as regards sexual pleasure
+and sexual desire, was from between 30 and 34 years of age. Matthews
+Duncan assumes that the absence of sexual desire and sexual pleasure in
+women is thoroughly abnormal.<a name='3_FNanchor_166'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_166'><sup>[166]</sup></a> </p><a name='3_Page_213'></a>
+
+<p>An English non-medical author, in the course of a thoughtful discussion of
+sexual phenomena, revealing considerable knowledge and observation,<a name='3_FNanchor_167'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_167'><sup>[167]</sup></a>
+has devoted a chapter to this subject in another of its aspects. Without
+attempting to ascertain the normal strength of the sexual instinct in
+women, he briefly describes 11 cases of &quot;sexual anesthesia&quot; in Women (in 2
+or 3 of which there appears, however, to be an element of latent
+homosexuality) from among the circle of his own friends. This author
+concludes that sexual coldness is very common among English women, and
+that it involves questions of great social and ethical importance.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>I have not met with any series of observations made among
+    seemingly healthy and normal women in other countries; there are,
+    however, various series of somewhat abnormal cases in which the
+    point was noted, and the results are not uninstructive. Thus, in
+    Vienna at Krafft-Ebing's psychiatric clinic, Gattel (<i>Ueber die
+    sexuellen Ursachen der Neurasthenie und Angstneurose</i>, 1898)
+    carefully investigated the cases of 42 women, mostly at the
+    height of sexual life,&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, between 20 and 35,&mdash;who were
+    suffering from slight nervous disorders, especially neurasthenia
+    and mild hysteria, but none of them from grave nervous or other
+    disease. Of these 42, at least 17 had masturbated, at one time or
+    another, either before or after marriage, in order to obtain
+    relief of sexual feelings. In the case of 4 it is stated that
+    they do not obtain sexual satisfaction in marriage, but in these
+    cases only <i>coitus interruptus</i> is practised, and the fact that
+    the absence of sexual satisfaction was complained of seems to
+    indicate an aptitude for experiencing it. These 4 cases can
+    therefore scarcely be regarded as exceptions. In all the other
+    cases sexual desire, sexual excitement, or sexual satisfaction is
+    always clearly indicated, and in a considerable proportion of
+    cases it is noted that the sexual impulse is very strongly
+    developed. This series is valuable, since the facts of the sexual
+    life are, as far as possible, recorded with much precision. The
+    significance of the facts varies, however, according to the view
+    taken as to the causation of neurasthenia and allied conditions
+    of slight nervous disorder. Gattel argues that sexual
+    irregularities are a peculiarly fruitful, if not invariable,
+    source of such disorders; according to the more commonly accepted
+    view this is not so. If we accept the more usual view, these
+    women fairly correspond to average women of lower class; if,
+    however, we accept Gattel's view, they may possess the sexual
+    instinct in a more marked degree than average women.</p><a name='3_Page_214'></a>
+
+<p>    In a series of 116 German women in whom the operation of removing
+    the ovaries was performed, Pfister usually noted briefly in what
+    way the sexual impulse was affected by the operation (&quot;Die
+    Wirkung der Castration auf den Weiblichen Organismus,&quot; <i>Archiv
+    f&uuml;r Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, 1898, p. 583). In 13 cases (all but 3
+    unmarried) the presence of sexual desire at any time was denied,
+    and 2 of these expressed disgust of sexual matters. In 12 cases
+    the point is left doubtful. In all the other cases sexual desire
+    had once been present, and in 2 or 3 cases it was acknowledged to
+    be so strong as to approach nymphomania. In about 30 of these
+    (not including any in which it was previously very strong) it was
+    extinguished by castration, in a few others it was diminished,
+    and in the rest unaffected. Thus, when we exclude the 12 cases in
+    which the point was not apparently investigated, and the 10
+    unmarried women, in whom it may have been latent or unavowed, we
+    find that, of 94 married women, 91 women acknowledged the
+    existence of sexual desire and only 3 denied it.</p>
+
+<p>    Schr&ouml;ter, again in Germany, has investigated the manifestations
+    of the sexual impulse among 402 insane women in the asylum at
+    Eichberg in Rheingau. (&quot;Wird bei jungen Unverheiratheten zur Zeit
+    der Menstruation st&auml;rkere sexuelle Erregheit beobaehtet?&quot;
+    <i>Allgemeine Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Psychiatrie</i>, vol. lvi, 1899, pp.
+    321-333.) There is no reason to suppose that the insane represent
+    a class of the community specially liable to sexual emotion,
+    although its manifestations may become unrestrained and
+    conspicuous under the influence of insanity; and at the same
+    time, while the appearance of such manifestations is evidence of
+    the aptitude for sexual emotions, their absence may be only due
+    to disease, seclusion, or to an intact power of self-control.</p>
+
+<p>    Of the 402 women, 166 were married and 236 unmarried. Schr&ouml;ter
+    divided them into four groups: (1) those below 20; (2) those
+    between 20 and 30; (3) those between 30 and 40; (4) those from 40
+    to the menopause. The patients included persons from the lowest
+    class of the population, and only about a quarter of them could
+    fairly be regarded as curable. Thus the manifestations of
+    sexuality were diminished, for with advance of mental disease
+    sexual manifestations cease to appear. Schr&ouml;ter only counted
+    those cases in which the sexual manifestations were decided and
+    fairly constant at the menstrual epoch; if not visibly
+    manifested, sexual feeling was not taken into account. Sexual
+    phenomena accompanied the entry of the menstrual epoch in 141
+    cases: <i>i.e.</i>, in 20 (or in the proportion of 72 per cent.) of
+    the first group, consisting entirely of unmarried women; in 33
+    (or 28 per cent.) of the second group; in 55 (or 35 per cent.) of
+    the third group; and in 33 (or 33 per cent.) of the fourth group.
+    It was found that 181 patients showed no sexual phenomena at any
+    time, while 80 showed sexual phenomena frequently <a name='3_Page_215'></a>between the
+    menstrual epochs, but only in a slight degree, and not at all
+    during the period. At all ages sexual manifestations were more
+    prevalent among the unmarried than among the married, though this
+    difference became regularly and progressively less with increase
+    in age.</p>
+
+<p>    Schr&ouml;ter inclines to think that sexual excitement is commoner
+    among insane women belonging to the lower social classes than in
+    those belonging to the better classes. Among 184 women in a
+    private asylum, only 13 (6.13 per cent.) showed very marked and
+    constant excitement at menstrual periods. He points out, however,
+    that this may be due to a greater ability to restrain the
+    manifestations of feeling.</p>
+
+<p>    There is some interest in Schr&ouml;ter's results, though they cannot
+    be put on a line with inquiries made among the sane; they only
+    represent the prevalence of the grossest and strongest sexual
+    manifestations when freed from the restraints of sanity. </p></div>
+
+<p>As a slight contribution toward the question, I have selected a series of
+12 cases of women of whose sexual development I possess precise
+information, with the following results: In 2 cases distinct sexual
+feeling was experienced spontaneously at the age of 7 and 8, but the
+complete orgasm only occurred some years after puberty; in 5 cases sexual
+feeling appeared spontaneously for a few months to a year after the
+appearance of menstruation, which began between 12 and 14 years of age,
+usually at 13; in another case sexual feeling first appeared shortly after
+menstruation began, but not spontaneously, being called out by a lover's
+advances; in the remaining 4 cases sexual emotion never became definite
+and conscious until adult life (the ages being 26, 27, 34, 35), in 2 cases
+through being made love to, and in 2 cases through self-manipulation out
+of accident or curiosity. It is noteworthy that the sexual feelings first
+developed in adult life were usually as strong as those arising at
+puberty. It may be added that, of these 12 women, 9 had at some time or
+another masturbated (4 shortly after puberty, 5 in adult life), but,
+except in 1 case, rarely and at intervals. All belong to the middle class,
+2 or 3 leading easy, though not idle, lives, while all the others are
+engaged in professional or other avocations often involving severe labor.
+They differ widely in character and mental ability; but, while 2 or 3
+might be regarded as slightly abnormal, they are all fairly healthy.</p><a name='3_Page_216'></a>
+
+<p>I am inclined to believe that the experiences of the foregoing group are
+fairly typical of the social class to which they belong. I may, however,
+bring forward another series of 35 women, varying in age from 18 to 40
+(with 2 exceptions all over 25), and in every respect comparable with the
+smaller group, but concerning whom my knowledge, though reliable, is
+usually less precise and detailed. In this group 5 state that they have
+never experienced sexual emotion, these being all unmarried and leading
+strictly chaste lives; in 18 cases the sexual impulse may be described as
+strong, or is so considered by the subject herself; in 9 cases it is only
+moderate; in 3 it is very slight when evoked, and with difficulty evoked,
+in 1 of these only appearing two years after marriage, in another the
+exhaustion and worry of household cares being assigned for its comparative
+absence. It is noteworthy that all the more highly intelligent, energetic
+women in the series appear in the group of those with strong sexual
+emotions, and also that severe mental and physical labor, even when
+cultivated for this purpose, has usually had little or no influence in
+relieving sexual emotion.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>An American physician in the State of Connecticut sends me the
+    following notes concerning a series of 13 married women, taken,
+    as they occurred, in obstetric practice. They are in every way
+    respectable and moral women:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Mrs. A. says that her husband does not give her sufficient
+    sexual attention, as he fears they will have more children than
+    he can properly care for. Mrs. B. always enjoys intercourse; so
+    does Mrs. C. Mrs. D. is easily excited and very fond of sexual
+    attention. Mrs. E. likes intercourse if her husband is careful
+    not to hurt her. Mrs. F. never had any sexual desire until after
+    second marriage, but it is now very urgent at times. Mrs. G. is
+    not easily excited, but has never objected to her husband's
+    attention. Mrs. H. would prefer to have her husband exhibit more
+    attention. Mrs. I. never refused her husband, but he does not
+    trouble her much. Mrs. J. thinks that three or four times a week
+    is satisfactory, but would not object to nightly intercourse.
+    Mrs. K. does not think that her husband could give her more than
+    she would like. Mrs. L. would prefer to live with a woman if it
+    were not for sexual intercourse. Mrs. M., aged 40, says that her
+    husband, aged 65, insists upon intercourse three times every
+    night, and that he keeps her tired and disgusted. She each time
+    has at least one orgasm, and would not object to reasonable
+    attention.&quot; </p></div><a name='3_Page_217'></a>
+
+<p>It may be remarked that, while these results in English women of the
+middle class are in fair agreement with the German and Austrian
+observations I have quoted, they differ from Campbell's results among
+women of the working class in London. This discrepancy is, perhaps, not
+difficult to explain. While the conditions of upper-class life may
+possibly be peculiarly favorable to the development of the sexual
+emotions, among the working classes in London, where the stress of the
+struggle for existence under bad hygienic conditions is so severe, they
+may be peculiarly unfavorable. It is thus possible that there really are a
+smaller number of women experiencing sexual emotion among the class dealt
+with by Campbell than among the class to which my series belong.<a name='3_FNanchor_168'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_168'><sup>[168]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>A more serious consideration is the method of investigation. A working
+man, who is perhaps unintelligent outside his own work, and in many cases
+married to a woman who is superior in refinement, may possibly be able to
+arouse his wife's sexual emotions, and also able to ascertain what those
+emotions are, and be willing to answer questions truthfully on this point,
+to the best of his ability, but he is by no means a witness whose evidence
+is final. While, however, Campbell's facts may not be quite
+unquestionable, I am inclined to agree with his conclusion, and
+Mantegazza's, that there is a very great range of variation in this
+matter, and that there is no age at which the sexual impulse in women may
+not appear. A lady who has received the confidence of very many women
+tells me that she has never found a woman <a name='3_Page_218'></a>who was without sexual feeling.
+I should myself be inclined to say that it is extremely difficult to find
+a woman who is without the aptitude for sexual emotion, although a great
+variety of circumstances may hinder, temporarily or permanently, the
+development of this latent aptitude. In other words, while the latent
+sexual aptitude may always be present, the sexual impulse is liable to be
+defective and the aptitude to remain latent, with consequent deficiency of
+sexual emotion, and absence of sexual satisfaction.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>This is not only indicated by the considerable proportion of my
+    cases in which there is only moderate or slight sexual feeling. I
+    have ample evidence that in many cases the element of pain, which
+    may almost be said to be normal in the establishment of the
+    sexual function, is never merged, as it normally is, in
+    pleasurable sensations on the full establishment of sexual
+    relationships. Sometimes, no doubt, this may be due to
+    dyspareunia. Sometimes there may be an absolute sexual
+    anesthesia, whether of congenital or hysterical origin. I have
+    been told of the case of a married lady who has never been able
+    to obtain sexual pleasure, although she has had relations with
+    several men, partly to try if she could obtain the experience,
+    and partly to please them; the very fact that the motives for
+    sexual relationships arose from no stronger impulse itself
+    indicates a congenital defect on the psychic as well as on the
+    physical side. But, as a rule, the sexual anesthesia involved is
+    not absolute, but lies in a disinclination to the sexual act due
+    to various causes, in a defect of strong sexual impulse, and an
+    inaptitude for the sexual orgasm.</p>
+
+<p>    I am indebted to a lady who has written largely on the woman
+    question, and is herself the mother of a numerous family, for
+    several letters in regard to the prevalence among women of sexual
+    coldness, a condition which she regards as by no means to be
+    regretted. She considers that in all her own children the sexual
+    impulse is very slightly developed, the boys being indifferent to
+    women, the girls cold toward men and with no desire to marry,
+    though all are intelligent and affectionate, the girls showing a
+    very delicate and refined kind of beauty. (A large selection of
+    photographs accompanied this communication.) Something of the
+    same tendency is said to mark the stocks from which this family
+    springs, and they are said to be notable for their longevity,
+    healthiness, and disinclination for excesses of all kinds. It is
+    scarcely necessary to remark that a mother, however highly
+    intelligent, is by no means an infallible judge as to the
+    presence or absence in her children of so shy, subtle, and
+    elusive an impulse as that of sex. At the <a name='3_Page_219'></a>same time I am by no
+    means disposed to question the existence in individuals, and even
+    in families or stocks, of a relatively weak sexual impulse,
+    which, while still enabling procreation to take place, is
+    accompanied by no strong attraction to the opposite sex and no
+    marked inclination for marriage. (Adler, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 168,
+    found such a condition transmitted from mother to daughter.) Such
+    persons often possess a delicate type of beauty. Even, however,
+    when the health is good there seems usually to be a certain lack
+    of vitality. </p></div>
+
+<p>It seems to me that a state of sexual anesthesia, relative or absolute,
+cannot be considered as anything but abnormal. To take even the lowest
+ground, the satisfaction of the reproductive function ought to be at least
+as gratifying as the evacuation of the bowels or bladder; while, if we
+take, as we certainly must, higher ground than this, an act which is at
+once the supreme fact and symbol of love and the supreme creative act
+cannot under normal conditions be other than the most pleasurable of all
+acts, or it would stand in violent opposition to all that we find in
+nature.</p>
+
+<p>How natural the sexual impulse is in women, whatever difficulties may
+arise in regard to its complete gratification, is clearly seen when we
+come to consider the frequency with which in young women we witness its
+more or less instinctive manifestations. Such manifestations are liable to
+occur in a specially marked manner in the years immediately following the
+establishment of puberty, and are the more impressive when we remember the
+comparatively passive part played by the female generally in the game of
+courtship, and the immense social force working on women to compel them to
+even an unnatural extension of that passive part. The manifestations to
+which I allude not only occur with most frequency in young girls, but,
+contrary to the common belief, they seem to occur chiefly in innocent and
+unperverted girls. The more vicious are skillful enough to avoid the
+necessity for any such open manifestations. We have to bear this in mind
+when confronted by flagrant sexual phenomena in young girls.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;A young girl,&quot; says Hammer (&quot;Ueber die Sinnlichkeit gesunder
+    Jungfrauen,&quot; <i>Die Neue Generation</i>, Aug., 1911), &quot;who has not
+    previously <a name='3_Page_220'></a>adopted any method of self-gratification experiences
+    at the beginning of puberty, about the time of the first
+    menstruation and the sprouting of the pubic hair, in the absence
+    of all stimulation by a man, spontaneous sexual tendencies of
+    both local and psychic nature. On the psychic side there is a
+    feeling of emptiness and dissatisfaction, a need of subjection
+    and of serving, and, if the opportunity has so far been absent,
+    the craving to see masculine nudity and to learn the facts of
+    procreation. Side by side with these wishes, there are at the
+    same time inhibitory desires, such as the wish to keep herself
+    pure, either for a man whom she represents to herself as the
+    'ideal,' or for her parents, who must not be worried, or as a
+    member of a chosen people in whose spirit she must live and die,
+    or out of love to Jesus or to some saint. On the physical side,
+    there is the feeling of fresh power and energy, of enterprise;
+    the agreeable tension of the genital regions, which easily become
+    moist. Then there is the feeling of overirritability and excess
+    of tension, and the need of relieving the tension through
+    pinches, blows, tight lacing, and so forth. If the girl remains
+    innocent of sex satisfaction, there takes place during sleep, at
+    regular intervals of about three days, more or less the relief
+    and emission of the tense glands, not corresponding to the
+    menstrual period, but to intercourse, and serving better than
+    sexual instruction to represent to her the phenomena of
+    intercourse. If at this period actual intercourse takes place, it
+    is, as a rule, free from pain, as also is the introduction of the
+    speculum. Without any seduction from without, the chaste girl now
+    frequently finds a way to relieve the excessive tension without
+    the aid of a man. It is self-abuse that leads gradually to the
+    production of pain in defloration. The menstrual phenomena
+    correspond to birth; self-gratification or relief during sleep to
+    intercourse.&quot; This statement of the matter is somewhat too
+    absolute and unqualified. Under the artificial conditions of
+    civilization the inhibitory influences of training speedily work
+    powerfully, and more or less successfully, in banishing sexual
+    phenomena into the subconscious, sometimes to work all the
+    mischief there which Freud attributes to them. It must also be
+    said (as I have pointed out in the discussion of Auto-erotism in
+    another volume) that sexual dreams seem to be the exception
+    rather than the rule in innocent girls. It remains true that
+    sexual phenomena in girls at puberty must not be regarded as
+    morbid or unnatural. There is also very good reason for believing
+    (even apart from the testimony of so experienced a gynecologist
+    as Hammer) that on the physical side sexual processes tend to be
+    accomplished with a facility that is often lost in later years
+    with prolonged chastity. This is true alike of intercourse and of
+    childbirth. (See vol. vi of these <i>Studies</i>, ch. xii.) </p></div><a name='3_Page_221'></a>
+
+<p>Even, however, in the case of adults the active part played by women in
+real life in matters of love by no means corresponds to the conventional
+ideas on these subjects. No doubt nearly every woman receives her sexual
+initiation from an older and more experienced man. But, on the other hand,
+nearly every man receives his first initiation through the active and
+designed steps taken by an older and more experienced woman. It is too
+often forgotten by those who write on these subjects that the man who
+seduces a woman has usually himself in the first place been &quot;seduced&quot; by a
+woman.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>A well-known physician in Chicago tells me that on making inquiry
+    of 25 middle-class married men in succession be found that 16 had
+    been first seduced by a woman. An officer in the Indian Medical
+    Service writes to me as follows: &quot;Once at a club in Burma we were
+    some 25 at table and the subject of first intercourse came up.
+    All had been led astray by servants save 2, whom their sisters'
+    governesses had initiated. We were all men in the 'service,' so
+    the facts may be taken to be typical of what occurs in our
+    stratum of society. All had had sexual relations with respectable
+    unmarried girls, and most with the wives of men known to their
+    fathers, in some instances these being old enough to be their
+    lovers' mothers. Apparently up to the age of 17 none had dared to
+    make the first advances, yet from the age of 13 onward all had
+    had ample opportunity for gratifying their sexual instincts with
+    women. Though all had been to public schools where homosexuality
+    was known to occur, yet (as I can assert from intimate knowledge)
+    none had given signs of inversion or perversion in Burma.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    In Russia, Tchlenoff, investigating the sexual life of over 2000
+    Moscow students of upper and middle class (<i>Archives
+    d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, Oct.-Nov., 1908), found that in half
+    of them the first coitus took place between 14 and 17 years of
+    age; in 41 per cent, with prostitutes, in 39 per cent, with
+    servants, and in 10 per cent, with married women. In 41 per cent,
+    the young man declared that he had taken the initiative, in 25
+    per cent, the women took it, and in 23 per cent, the incitement
+    came from a comrade.</p>
+
+<p>    The histories I have recorded in Appendix B (as well as in the
+    two following volumes of these <i>Studies</i>) very well illustrate
+    the tendency of young girls to manifest sexual impulses when
+    freed from the constraint which they feel in the presence of
+    adult men and from the fear of consequences. These histories show
+    especially how very frequently nurse-maids and servant-girls
+    effect the sexual initiation of the young boys intrusted to them.
+    How common this impulse is among adolescent <a name='3_Page_222'></a>girls of low social
+    class is indicated by the fact that certainly the majority of
+    middle-class men can recall instances from their own childhood.
+    (I here leave out of account the widespread practice among nurses
+    of soothing very young children in their charge by manipulating
+    the sexual organs.)</p>
+
+<p>    A medical correspondent, in emphasizing this point, writes that
+    &quot;many boys will tell you that, if a nurse-girl is allowed to
+    sleep in the same room with them, she will attempt sexual
+    manipulations. Either the girl gets into bed with the boy and
+    pulling him on to her tickles the penis and inserts it into the
+    vulva, making the boy imitate sexual movements, or she simply
+    masturbates the child, to get him excited and interested, often
+    showing him the female sexual opening in herself or in his
+    sisters, teaching him to finger it. In fact, a nurse-girl may
+    ruin a boy, chiefly, I think, because she has been brought up to
+    regard the sexual organs as a mystery, and is in utter ignorance
+    about them. She thus takes the opportunity of investigating the
+    boy's penis to find out how it works, etc., in order to satisfy
+    her curiosity. I know of a case in which a nurse in a fashionable
+    London Square garden used to collect all the boys and girls
+    (gentlemen's children) in a summer-house when it grew dark, and,
+    turning up her petticoats, invite all the boys to look at and
+    feel her vulva, and also incite the older boys of 12 or 14 to
+    have coitus with her. Girls are afraid of pregnancy, so do not
+    allow an adult penis to operate. I think people should take on a
+    far higher class of nurses, than they do.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Children ought never to be allowed, under any circumstances
+    whatever,&quot; wrote Lawson Tait (<i>Diseases of Women</i>, 1889, p. 62),
+    &quot;to sleep with servants. In every instance where I have found a
+    number of children affected [by masturbation] the contagion has
+    been traced to a servant.&quot; Freud has found (<i>Neurologisches
+    Centralblatt</i>, No. 10, 1896) that in cases of severe youthful
+    hysteria the starting point may frequently be traced to sexual
+    manipulations by servants, nurse-girls, and governesses.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When I was about 8 or 9,&quot; a friend writes, &quot;a servant-maid of
+    our family, who used to carry the candle out of my bedroom, often
+    drew down the bedclothes and inspected my organs. One night she
+    put the penis in her mouth. When I asked her why she did it her
+    answer was that 'sucking a boy's little dangle' cured her of
+    pains in her stomach. She said that she had done it to other
+    little boys, and declared that she liked doing it. This girl was
+    about 16; she had lately been 'converted.' Another maid in our
+    family used to kiss me warmly on the naked abdomen when I was a
+    small boy. But she never did more than that. I have heard of
+    various instances of servant-girls tampering with boys before
+    puberty, exciting the penis to premature erection by
+    <a name='3_Page_223'></a>manipulation, suction, and contact with their own parts.&quot; Such
+    overstimulation must necessarily in some cases have an injurious
+    influence on the boy's immature nervous system. Thus, Hutchinson
+    (<i>Archives of Surgery</i>, vol. iv, p. 200) describes a case of
+    amblyopia in a boy, developing after he had been placed to sleep
+    in a servant-girl's room.</p>
+
+<p>    Moll (<i>Kontr&auml;re Sexualempfindung</i>, third edition, 1899, p. 325)
+    refers to the frequency with which servant-girls (between the
+    ages of 18 and 30) carry on sexual practices with young boys
+    (between 5 and 13) committed to their care. More than a century
+    earlier Tissot, in his famous work on onanism, referred to the
+    frequency with which servant-girls corrupt boys by teaching them
+    to masturbate; and still earlier, in England, the author of
+    <i>Onania</i> gave many such cases. We may, indeed, go back to the
+    time of Rabelais, who (as Dr. Kiernan reminds me) represents the
+    governesses of Gargantua, when he was a child, as taking pleasure
+    in playing with his penis till it became wet, and joking with
+    each other about it. (<i>Gargantua</i>, book i, chapter ix.)</p>
+
+<p>    The prevalence of such manifestations among servant-girls
+    witnesses to their prevalence among lower-class girls generally.
+    In judging such acts, even when they seem to be very deliberate,
+    it is important to remember that at this age unreasoning instinct
+    plays a very large part in the manifestations of the sexual
+    impulse. This is clearly indicated by the phenomena observed in
+    the insane. Thus, as we have seen (page 214), Schr&ouml;ter has found
+    that, among girls of low social class under 20 years of age,
+    spontaneous periodical sexual manifestations at menstrual epochs
+    occurred in as large a proportion as 72 per cent. Among girls of
+    better social position these impulses are inhibited, or at all
+    events modified, by good taste or good feeling, the influences of
+    tradition or education; it is only to the latter that children
+    should be intrusted.</p>
+
+<p>    Hoche mentions a case in which a man was accused of repeatedly
+    exhibiting his sexual organs to the servant-girl at a house; she
+    enjoyed the spectacle (<i>Neurologisches Centralblatt</i>, 1896, No.
+    2). It may well be that in some cases of self-exhibition the
+    offender has good reason, on the ground of previous experience,
+    for thinking that he is giving pleasure. &quot;When we used to go to
+    bathe while I was at school,&quot; writes a correspondent, &quot;girls from
+    a poor quarter of the lower town (some quite 16) often followed
+    us and stood to watch about a hundred yards from the river. They
+    used to 'giggle' and 'pass remarks.' I have seen girls of this
+    class peeping through chinks of a palisade around a bathing-place
+    on the Thames.&quot; A correspondent who has given special attention
+    to the point tells me of the great interest displayed by young
+    girls of the people in Italy in the sexual organs of men.</p><a name='3_Page_224'></a>
+
+<p>    Curiosity&mdash;whether in the form of the desire for knowledge or the
+    desire for sensation&mdash;is, of course, not confined to young girls
+    and women of lower social strata, though in them it is less often
+    restrained by motives of self-respect and good feeling. &quot;At the
+    age of 8,&quot; writes a correspondent, &quot;I was one day playing in a
+    spare room with a girl of about 12 or 13. She gave me a
+    penholder, and, crouching upon her hands and knees, with her
+    posterior toward me, invited me to introduce the instrument into
+    the vulva. This was the first time I had seen the female parts,
+    and, as I appeared to be somewhat repelled, she coaxed me to
+    comply with her desire. I did as she directed, and she said that
+    it gave her pleasure. Several times after I repeated the same act
+    at her request. A friend tells me that when he was 10 a girl of
+    16 asked him to lace up her boots. While he was kneeling at her
+    feet his hand touched her ankle. She asked him to put his hand
+    higher, and repeated 'Higher, higher,' till he touched the
+    pudenda, and finally, at her request, put his finger into the
+    vestibule. This girl was very handsome and amiable, and a
+    favorite of the boy's mother. No one suspected this propensity.&quot;
+    Again, a correspondent (a man of science) tells me of a friend
+    who lately, when dining out, met a girl, the daughter of a
+    country vicar; he was not specially attracted to her and paid her
+    no special attention. &quot;A few days afterward he was astonished to
+    receive a call from her one afternoon (though his address is not
+    discoverable from any recognized source). She sat down as near to
+    him as she could, and rested her hand on his thigh, etc., while
+    talking on different subjects and drinking tea. Then without any
+    verbal prelude she asked him to have connection with her. Though
+    not exactly a Puritan, he is not the man to jump at such an offer
+    from a woman he is not in love with, so, after ascertaining that
+    the girl was <i>virgo intacta</i>, he declined and she went away. A
+    fortnight or so later he received a letter from her in the
+    country, making no reference to what had passed, but giving an
+    account of her work with her Sunday-school class. He did not
+    reply, and then came a curt note asking him to return her letter.
+    My friend feels sure she was devoted to auto-erotic performances,
+    but, having become attracted to him, came to the conclusion she
+    would like to try normal intercourse.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Wolbarst, studying the prevalence of gonorrhea among boys in New
+    York (especially, it would appear, in quarters where the
+    foreign-born elements&mdash;mainly Russian Jew and south Italian&mdash;are
+    large), states: &quot;In my study of this subject there have been
+    observed 3 cases of gonorrheal urethritis, in boys aged,
+    respectively, 4, 10, and 12 years, which were acquired in the
+    usual manner, from girls ranging between 10 and 12 years of age.
+    In each case, according to the story told by the victim, the girl
+    made the first advances, and in I case, that of the 4-year-old
+    boy, the act was consummated in the form of an assault, <a name='3_Page_225'></a>by a
+    girl 12 years old, in which the child was threatened with injury
+    unless he performed his part.&quot; (A. L. Wolbarst, <i>Journal of the
+    American Medical Association</i>, Sept. 28, 1901.) In a further
+    series of cases (<i>Medical Record</i>, Oct. 29, 1910) Wolbarst
+    obtained similar results, though he recognizes also the frequency
+    of precocious sexuality in the young boys themselves.</p>
+
+<p>    Gibb states, concerning assaults on children by women: &quot;It is
+    undeniably true that they occur much more frequently than is
+    generally supposed, although but few of the cases are brought to
+    public notice, owing to the difficulty of proving the charge.&quot;
+    (W. T. Gibb, article &quot;Indecent Assaults upon Children,&quot; in A.
+    McLane Hamilton's <i>System of Legal Medicine</i>, vol. i, p. 651.)
+    Gibb's opinion carries weight, since he is medical adviser for
+    the New York Society for the Protection of Children, and
+    compelled to sift the evidence carefully in such cases.</p>
+
+<p>    It should be mentioned that, while a sexual curiosity exercised
+    on younger children is, in girls about the age of puberty, an
+    ill-regulated, but scarcely morbid, manifestation, in older women
+    it may be of pathological origin. Thus, Kisch records the case of
+    a refined and educated lady of 30 who had been married for nine
+    years, but had never experienced sexual pleasure in coitus. For a
+    long time past, however, she had felt a strong desire to play
+    with the genital organs of children of either sex, a proceeding
+    which gave her sexual pleasure. She sought to resist this impulse
+    as much as possible, but during menstruation it was often
+    irresistible. Examination showed an enlarged and retroflexed
+    uterus and anesthesia of vagina. (Kisch, <i>Die Sterilit&auml;t des
+    Weibes</i>, 1886, p. 103.) The psychological mechanism by which an
+    anesthetic vagina leads to a feeling of repulsion for normal
+    coitus and normal sexual organs, and directs the sexual feelings
+    toward more infantile forms of sexuality, is here not difficult
+    to trace.</p>
+
+<p>    It is not often that the sexual attempts of girls and young women
+    on boys&mdash;notwithstanding their undoubted frequency&mdash;become of
+    medico-legal interest. In France in the course of ten years (1874
+    to 1884) only 181 women, who were mostly between 20 and 30 years
+    of age, were actually convicted of sexual attempts on children
+    below 15. (Paul Bernard, &quot;Viols et attentats a la Pudeur,&quot;
+    <i>Archives de l'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, 1887.) Lop (&quot;Attentats
+    &agrave; la Pudeur commis par des Femmes sur des Petits Enfants,&quot; <i>id.</i>,
+    Aug., 1896) brings together a number of cases chiefly committed
+    by girls between the ages of 18 and 20. In England such
+    accusations against a young woman or girl may easily be
+    circumvented. If she is under 16 she is protected by the Criminal
+    Law Amendment Act and cannot be punished. In any case, when found
+    out, she can always easily bring the sympathy to her side by
+    declaring that she is not the aggressor, but the victim. Cases of
+    <a name='3_Page_226'></a>violent sexual assault upon girls, Lawson Tait remarks, while
+    they undoubtedly do occur, are very much rarer than the frequency
+    with which the charge is made would lead us to suspect. At one
+    time, by arrangement with the authority, 70 such charges at
+    Birmingham were consecutively brought before Lawson Tait. These
+    charges were all made under the Criminal Law Amendment Act. In
+    only 6 of these cases was he able to advise prosecution, in all
+    of which cases conviction was obtained. In 7 other cases in which
+    the police decided to prosecute there was either no conviction or
+    a very light sentence. In at least 26 cases the charge was
+    clearly trumped up. The average age of these girls was 12. &quot;There
+    is not a piece of sexual argot that ever had before reached my
+    ears,&quot; remarks Mr. Tait, &quot;but was used by these children in the
+    descriptions given by them of what had been done to them; and
+    they introduced, in addition, quite a new vocabulary on the
+    subject. The minute and detailed descriptions of the sexual act
+    given by chits of 10 and 11 would do credit to the pages of
+    Mirabeau. At first sight it is a puzzle to see how children so
+    young obtained their information.&quot; &quot;About the use of the word
+    'seduced,'&quot; the same writer remarks, &quot;I wish to say that the
+    class of women from amongst whom the great bulk of these cases
+    are drawn seem to use it in a sense altogether different from
+    that generally employed. It is not with them a process in which
+    male villainy succeeds by various arts in overcoming female
+    virtue and reluctance, but simply a date at which an incident in
+    their lives occurs for the first time; and, according to their
+    use of the phrase, the ancient legend of the Sacred Scriptures,
+    had it ended in the more ordinary and usual way by the virtue of
+    Joseph yielding to the temptation offered, would have to read as
+    a record of the seduction of Mrs. Potiphar.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    With reference to Lawson Tait's observation that violent assaults
+    on women, while they do occur, are very much rarer than the
+    frequency with which such charges are made would lead us to
+    believe, it may be remarked that many medico-legal authorities
+    are of the same opinion. (See, <i>e.g.</i>, G. Vivian Poore's
+    <i>Treatise on Medical Jurisprudence</i>, 1901, p. 325. This writer
+    also remarks: &quot;I hold very strongly that a woman may rape a man
+    as much as a man may rape a woman.&quot;) There can be little doubt
+    that the plea of force is very frequently seized on by women as
+    the easiest available weapon of defense when her connection with
+    a man has been revealed. She has been so permeated by the current
+    notion that no &quot;respectable&quot; woman can possibly have any sexual
+    impulses of her own to gratify that, in order to screen what she
+    feels to be regarded as an utterly shameful and wicked, as well
+    as foolish, act, she declares it never took place by her own will
+    at all. &quot;Now, I ask you, gentlemen,&quot; I once heard an experienced
+    counsel address the jury in a criminal case, &quot;as men of the
+    world, have you ever known <a name='3_Page_227'></a>or heard of a woman, a single woman,
+    confess that she had had sexual connection and not declare that
+    force had been used to compel her to such connection?&quot; The
+    statement is a little sweeping, but in this matter there is some
+    element of truth in the &quot;man of the world's&quot; opinion. One may
+    refer to the story (told by Etienne de Bourbon, by Francisco de
+    Osuna in a religious work, and by Cervantes in <i>Don Quixote</i>,
+    part ii, ch. xlv) concerning a magistrate who, when a girl came
+    before him to complain of rape, ordered the accused young man
+    either to marry her or pay her a sum of money. The fine was paid,
+    and the magistrate then told the man to follow the girl and take
+    the money from her by force; the man obeyed, but the girl
+    defended herself so energetically that he could not secure the
+    money. Then the judge, calling the parties before him again,
+    ordered the fine to be returned: &quot;Had you defended your chastity
+    as well as you have defended your money it could not have been
+    taken away from you.&quot; In most cases of &quot;rape,&quot; in the case of
+    adults, there has probably been some degree of consent, though
+    that partial assent may have been basely secured by an appeal to
+    the lower nervous centers alone, with no participation of the
+    intelligence and will. Freud (<i>Zur Psychopathologie des
+    Alltagslebens</i>, p. 87) considers that on this ground the judge's
+    decision in <i>Don Quixote</i> is &quot;psychologically unjust,&quot; because in
+    such a case the woman's strength is paralyzed by the fact that an
+    unconscious instinct in herself takes her assailant's part
+    against her own conscious resistance. But it must be remembered
+    that the factor of instinct plays a large part even when no
+    violence is attempted. </p></div>
+
+<p>Such facts and considerations as these tend to show that the sexual
+impulse is by no means so weak in women as many would lead us to think. It
+would appear that, whereas in earlier ages there was generally a tendency
+to credit women with an unduly large share of the sexual impulse, there is
+now a tendency to unduly minimize the sexual impulse in women.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_156'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_156'>[156]</a><div class='note'><p> I have had occasion to refer to the historic evolution of
+male opinion regarding women in previous volumes, as, <i>e.g.</i>, <i>Man and
+Woman</i>, chapter i, and the appendix on &quot;The Influence of Menstruation on
+the Position of Women&quot; in the first volume of these <i>Studies</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_157'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_157'>[157]</a><div class='note'><p> The terminology proposed by Ziehen (&quot;Zur Lehre von den
+psychopathischen Konstitutionen,&quot; <i>Charit&eacute; Annalen</i>, vol. xxxxiii, 1909)
+is as follows: For absence of sexual feeling, <i>anhedonia</i>; for diminution
+of the same, <i>hyphedonia</i>; for excess of sexual feeling, <i>hyperhedonia</i>;
+for qualitative sexual perversions, <i>parhedonia</i>. &quot;Erotic blindness&quot; was
+suggested by Nardelli.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_158'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_158'>[158]</a><div class='note'><p> O. Adler, <i>Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des
+Weibes</i>, 1904, p. 146.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_159'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_159'>[159]</a><div class='note'><p> A correspondent tells me that he knows a woman who has been
+a prostitute since the age of 15, but never experienced sexual pleasure
+and a real, non-simulated orgasm till she was 23; since then she has
+become very sensual. In other similar cases the hitherto indifferent
+prostitute, having found the man who suits her, abandons her profession,
+even though she is thereby compelled to live in extreme poverty. &quot;An
+insensible woman,&quot; as La Bruy&egrave;re long ago remarked in his chapter &quot;Des
+Femmes,&quot; &quot;is merely one who has not yet seen the man she must love.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_160'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_160'>[160]</a><div class='note'><p> Guttceit (<i>Dreissig Jahre Praxis</i>, vol. i, p. 416) pointed
+out that the presence or absence of the orgasm is the only factor in
+&quot;sexual anesthesia&quot; of which we can speak at all definitely; and he
+believed that anaphrodism, in the sense of absence of the sexual impulse,
+never occurs at all, many women having confided to him that they had
+sexual desires, although those desires were not gratified by coitus.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_161'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_161'>[161]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 164.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_162'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_162'>[162]</a><div class='note'><p> Havelock Ellis, &quot;Madame de Warens,&quot; <i>The Venture</i>, 1903.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_163'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_163'>[163]</a><div class='note'><p> It is interesting to observe that finally even Adler admits
+(<i>op. cit.</i>, p. 155) that there is no such thing as <i>congenital</i> lack of
+aptitude for sexual sensibility.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_164'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_164'>[164]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;I am not entirely satisfied with the testimony as to the
+alleged sexual anesthesia,&quot; a medical correspondent writes. &quot;The same
+principle which makes the young harlot an old saint makes the repentant
+rake a believer in sexual anesthesia. Most of the medical men who believe,
+or claim to believe, that sexual anesthesia is so prevalent do so either
+to flatter their hysterical patients or because they have the mentality of
+the Hyacinthe of Zola's <i>Paris</i>.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_165'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_165'>[165]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Differences in the Nervous Organization of Man and Woman</i>,
+1891; chapter xiii, &quot;Sexual Instinct in Men and Women Compared.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_166'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_166'>[166]</a><div class='note'><p> Matthews Duncan considered that &quot;the healthy performance of
+the functions of child-bearing is surely connected with a well-regulated
+condition of desire and pleasure.&quot; &quot;Desire and pleasure,&quot; he adds, &quot;may be
+excessive, furious, overpowering, without bringing the female into the
+class of maniacs; they may be temporary, healthy, and moderate; they may
+be absent or dull.&quot; (Matthews Duncan, <i>Goulstonian Lectures on Sterility
+in Woman</i>, pp. 91, 121.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_167'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_167'>[167]</a><div class='note'><p> Geoffrey Mortimer, <i>Chapters on Human Love</i>, 1898, ch.
+xvi.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_168'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_168'>[168]</a><div class='note'><p> I do not, however, attach much weight to this possibility.
+The sexual instinct among the lower social classes everywhere is subject
+to comparatively weak inhibition, and L&ouml;wenfeld is probably right in
+believing the women of the lower class do not suffer from sexual
+anesthesia to anything like the same extent as upper-class women. In
+England most women of the working class appear to have had sexual
+intercourse at some time in their lives, notwithstanding the risks of
+pregnancy, and if pregnancy occurs they refer to it calmly as an
+&quot;accident,&quot; for which they cannot be held responsible; &quot;Well, I couldn't
+help that,&quot; I have heard a young widow remark when mildly reproached for
+the existence of her illegitimate child. Again, among American negresses
+there seems to be no defect of sexual passion, and it is said that the
+majority of negresses in the Southern States support not only their
+children, but their lovers and husbands.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='3_S_II'></a><h3><a name='3_Page_228'></a>II.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Special Characters of the Sexual Impulse in Women&mdash;The More Passive Part
+Played by Women in Courtship&mdash;This Passivity only Apparent&mdash;The Physical
+Mechanism of the Sexual Process in Women More Complex&mdash;The Slower
+Development of Orgasm in Women&mdash;The Sexual Impulse in Women More
+Frequently Needs to be Actively Aroused&mdash;The Climax of Sexual Energy Falls
+Later in Women's Lives than in Men's&mdash;Sexual Ardor in Women Increased
+After the Establishment of Sexual Relationships&mdash;Women bear Sexual
+Excesses better than Men&mdash;The Sexual Sphere Larger and More Diffused in
+Women&mdash;The Sexual Impulse in Women Shows a Greater Tendency to Periodicity
+and a Wider Range of Variation.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>So far I have been discussing the question of the sexual impulse in women
+on the ground upon which previous writers have usually placed it. The
+question, that is, has usually presented itself to them as one concerning
+the relative strength of the impulse in men and women. When so considered,
+not hastily and with prepossession, as is too often the case, but with a
+genuine desire to get at the real facts in all their aspects, there is no
+reason, as we have seen, to conclude that, on the whole, the sexual
+impulse in women is lacking in strength.</p>
+
+<p>But we have to push our investigation of the matter further. In reality,
+the question as to whether the sexual impulse is or is not stronger in one
+sex than in the other is a somewhat crude one. To put the question in that
+form is to reveal ignorance of the real facts of the matter. And in that
+form, moreover, no really definite and satisfactory answer can be given.</p>
+
+<p>It is necessary to put the matter on different ground. Instead of taking
+more or less insolvable questions as to the strength of the sexual impulse
+in the two sexes, it is more profitable to consider its differences. What
+are the special characters of the sexual impulse in women?</p>
+
+<p>There is certainly one purely natural sexual difference of a fundamental
+character, which lies at the basis of whatever truth may be in the
+assertion that women are not susceptible <a name='3_Page_229'></a>of sexual emotion. As may he
+seen when considering the phenomena of modesty, the part played by the
+female in courtship throughout nature is usually different from that
+played by the male, and is, in some respects, a more difficult and complex
+part. Except when the male fails to play his part properly, she is usually
+comparatively passive; in the proper playing of her part she has to appear
+to shun the male, to flee from his approaches&mdash;even actually to repel
+them.<a name='3_FNanchor_169'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_169'><sup>[169]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Courtship resembles very closely, indeed, a drama or game; and the
+aggressiveness of the male, the coyness of the female, are alike
+unconsciously assumed in order to bring about in the most effectual manner
+the ultimate union of the sexes. The seeming reluctance of the female is
+not intended to inhibit sexual activity either in the male or in herself,
+but to increase it in both. The passivity of the female, therefore, is not
+a real, but only an apparent, passivity, and this holds true of our own
+species as much as of the lower animals. &quot;Women are like delicately
+adjusted alembics,&quot; said a seventeenth-century author. &quot;No fire can be
+seen outside, but if you look underneath the alembic, if you place your
+hand on the hearts of women, in both places you will find a great
+furnace.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_170'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_170'><sup>[170]</sup></a> Or, as Marro has finely put it, the passivity of women in
+love is the passivity of the magnet, which in its apparent immobility is
+drawing the iron toward it. An intense energy lies behind such passivity,
+an absorbed preoccupation in the end to be attained.</p>
+
+<p>Tarde, when exercising magistrate's functions, once had to inquire into a
+case in which a young man was accused of murder. In questioning a girl of
+18, a shepherdess, who appeared before him as a witness, she told him that
+on the morning following the crime she had seen the footmarks of the
+accused up to a certain point. He asked how she recognized them, and she
+replied, ingenuously but with assurance, that she could recognize the
+footprints of every young man in the neighborhood, even in <a name='3_Page_230'></a>a plowed
+field.<a name='3_FNanchor_171'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_171'><sup>[171]</sup></a> No better illustration could be given of the real significance
+of the sexual passivity of women, even at its most negative point.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;The women I have known,&quot; a correspondent writes, &quot;do not express
+    their sensations and feelings as much as I do. Nor have I found
+    women usually anxious to practise 'luxuries.' They seldom care to
+    practice <i>fellatio</i>; I have only known one woman who offered to
+    do <i>fellatio</i> because she liked it. Nor do they generally care to
+    masturbate a man; that is, they do not care greatly to enjoy the
+    contemplation of the other person's excitement. (To me, to see
+    the woman excited means almost more than my own pleasure.) They
+    usually resist <i>cunnilinctus</i>, although they enjoy it. They do
+    not seem to care to touch or look at a man's parts so much as he
+    does at theirs. And they seem to dislike the tongue-kiss unless
+    they feel very sexual or really love a man.&quot; My correspondent
+    admits that his relationships have been numerous and facile,
+    while his erotic demands tend also to deviate from the normal
+    path. Under such circumstances, which not uncommonly occur, the
+    woman's passions fail to be deeply stirred, and she retains her
+    normal attitude of relative passivity.</p>
+
+<p>    It is owing to the fact that the sexual passivity of women is
+    only an apparent, and not a real, passivity that women are apt to
+    suffer, as men are, from prolonged sexual abstinence. This,
+    indeed, has been denied, but can scarcely be said to admit of
+    doubt. The only question is as to the relative amount of such
+    suffering, necessarily a very difficult question. As far back as
+    the fourteenth century Johannes de Sancto Amando stated that
+    women are more injured than men by sexual abstinence. In modern
+    times Maudsley considers that women &quot;suffer more than men do from
+    the entire deprivation of sexual intercourse&quot; (&quot;Relations between
+    Body and Mind,&quot; <i>Lancet</i>, May 28, 1870). By some it has been held
+    that this cause may produce actual disease. Thus, Tilt, an
+    eminent gynecologist of the middle of the nineteenth century, in
+    discussing this question, wrote: &quot;When we consider how much of
+    the lifetime of woman is occupied by the various phases of the
+    generative process, and how terrible is often the conflict within
+    her between the impulse of passion and the dictates of duty, it
+    may be well understood how such a conflict reacts on the organs
+    of the sexual economy in the unimpregnated female, and
+    principally on the ovaria, <a name='3_Page_231'></a>causing an orgasm, which, if often
+    repeated, may <i>possibly</i> be productive of subacute ovaritis.&quot;
+    (Tilt, <i>On Uterine and Ovarian Inflammation</i>, 1862, pp. 309-310.)
+    Long before Tilt, Haller, it seems, had said that women are
+    especially liable to suffer from privation of sexual intercourse
+    to which they have been accustomed, and referred to chlorosis,
+    hysteria, nymphomania, and simple mania curable by intercourse.
+    Hegar considers that in women an injurious result follows the
+    nonsatisfaction of the sexual impulse and of the &quot;ideal
+    feelings,&quot; and that symptoms thus arise (pallor, loss of flesh,
+    cardialgia, malaise, sleeplessness, disturbances of menstruation)
+    which are diagnosed as &quot;chlorosis.&quot; (Hegar, <i>Zusammenhang der
+    Geschlechtskrankheiten mit nerv&ouml;sen Leiden</i>, 1885, p. 45.) Freud,
+    as well as Gattel, has found that states of anxiety
+    (<i>Angstzust&auml;nde</i>) are caused by sexual abstinence. L&ouml;wenfeld, on
+    careful examination of his own cases, is able to confirm this
+    connection in both sexes. He has specially noticed it in young
+    women who marry elderly husbands. L&ouml;wenfeld believes, however,
+    that, on the whole, healthy unmarried women bear sexual
+    abstinence better than men. If, however, they are of at all
+    neuropathic disposition, ungratified sexual emotions may easily
+    lead to various morbid conditions, especially of a
+    hysteroneurasthenic character. (L&ouml;wenfeld, <i>Sexualleben und
+    Nervenleiden</i>, second edition, 1899, pp. 44, 47, 54-60.)
+    Balls-Headley considers that unsatisfied sexual desires in women
+    may lead to the following conditions: general atrophy, anemia,
+    neuralgia and hysteria, irregular menstruation, leucorrhea,
+    atrophy of sexual organs. He also refers to the frequency of
+    myoma of the uterus among those who have not become pregnant or
+    who have long ceased to bear children. (Balls-Headley, art.
+    &quot;Etiology of Diseases of Female Genital Organs,&quot; Allbutt and
+    Playfair, <i>System of Gyn&aelig;cology</i>, 1896, p. 141.) It cannot,
+    however, be said that he brings forward substantial evidence in
+    favor of these beliefs. It may be added that in America, during
+    recent years, leading gynecologists have recorded a number of
+    cases in which widows on remarriage have shown marked improvement
+    in uterine and pelvic conditions.</p>
+
+<p>    The question as to whether men or women suffer most from sexual
+    abstinence, as well as the question whether definite morbid
+    conditions are produced by such abstinence, remains, however, an
+    obscure and debated problem. The available data do not enable us
+    to answer it decisively. It is one of those subtle and complex
+    questions which can only be investigated properly by a
+    gynecologist who is also a psychologist. Incidentally, however,
+    we have met and shall have occasion to meet with evidence bearing
+    on this question. It is sufficient to say here, briefly, that it
+    is impossible to believe, even if no evidence were forthcoming,
+    that the exercise or non-exercise of so vastly important a
+    <a name='3_Page_232'></a>function can make no difference to the organism generally. So
+    far as the evidence goes, it may be said to indicate that the
+    results of the abeyance of the sexual functions in healthy women
+    in whom the sexual emotions have never been definitely aroused
+    tend to be diffused and unconscious, as the sexual impulse itself
+    often is, but that, in women in whom the sexual emotions have
+    been definitely aroused and gratified, the results of sexual
+    abstinence tend to be acute and conscious.</p>
+
+<p>    These acute results are at the present day very often due to
+    premature ejaculation by nervous or neurasthenic husbands, the
+    rapidity with which detumescence is reached in the husband
+    allowing insufficient time for tumescence in the wife, who
+    consequently fails to reach the orgasm. This has of late been
+    frequently pointed out. Thus Kafemann (<i>Sexual-Probleme</i>, March,
+    1910, p. 194 <i>et seq.</i>) emphasizes the prevalence of sexual
+    incompetence in men. Ferenczi, of Budapest (<i>Zentralblatt f&uuml;r
+    Psychoanalyse</i>, 1910, ht. 1 and 2, p. 75), believes that the
+    combination of neurasthenic husbands with resultantly nervous
+    wives is extraordinarily common; even putting aside the
+    neurasthenic, he considers it may be said that the whole male sex
+    in relation to women suffer from precocious ejaculation. He adds
+    that it is often difficult to say whether the lack of harmony may
+    not be due to retarded orgasm in the woman. He regards the
+    influence of masturbation in early life as tending to quicken
+    orgasm in man, while when practised by the other sex it tends to
+    slow orgasm, and thus increases the disharmony. He holds,
+    however, that the chief cause lies in the education of women with
+    its emphasis on sexual repression; this works too well and the
+    result is that when the external impediments to the sexual
+    impulse are removed the impulse has become incapable of normal
+    action. Porosz (<i>British Medical Journal</i>, April 1, 1911) has
+    brought forward cases of serious nervous trouble in women which
+    have been dispersed when the sexual weakness and premature
+    ejaculation of the husband have been cured. </p></div>
+
+<p>The true nature of the passivity of the female is revealed by the ease
+with which it is thrown off, more especially when the male refuses to
+accept his cue. Or, if we prefer to accept the analogy of a game, we may
+say that in the play of courtship the first move belongs to the male, but
+that, if he fails to play, it is then the female's turn to play.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Among many birds the males at mating time fall into a state of
+    sexual frenzy, but not the females. &quot;I cannot call to mind a
+    single case,&quot; states an authority on birds (H. E. Howard,
+    <i>Zo&ouml;logist</i>, 1902, p. 146), &quot;where I have seen anything
+    approaching frenzy in the female of any species while mating.&quot;</p><a name='3_Page_233'></a>
+
+<p>    Another great authority on birds, a very patient and skillful
+    observer, Mr. Edmund Selous, remarks, however, in describing the
+    courting habits of the ruffs and reeves (<i>Machetes pugnax</i>) that,
+    notwithstanding the passivity of the females beforehand, their
+    movements during and after coitus show that they derive at least
+    as much pleasure as the males. (E. Selous, &quot;Selection in Birds,&quot;
+    <i>Zo&ouml;logist</i>, Feb. and May, 1907.)</p>
+
+<p>    The same observer, after speaking of the great beauty of the male
+    eider duck, continues: &quot;These glorified males&mdash;there were a dozen
+    of these, perhaps, to some six or seven females&mdash;swam closely
+    about the latter, but more in attendance upon them than as
+    actively pursuing them, for the females seemed themselves almost
+    as active agents in the sport of being wooed as were their lovers
+    in wooing them. The male bird first dipped down his head till his
+    beak just touched the water, then raised it again in a
+    constrained and tense manner,&mdash;the curious rigid action so
+    frequent in the nuptial antics of birds,&mdash;at the same time
+    uttering his strange haunting note. The air became filled with
+    it; every moment one or other of the birds&mdash;sometimes several
+    together&mdash;with upturned bill would softly laugh or exclaim, and
+    while the males did this, the females, turning excitedly, and
+    with little eager demonstrations from one to another of them,
+    kept lowering and extending forward the head and neck in the
+    direction of each in turn.... I noticed that a female would often
+    approach a male bird with her head and neck laid flat along the
+    water as though in a very 'coming on' disposition, and that the
+    male bird declined her advances. This, taken in conjunction with
+    the actions of the female when courted by the male, appears to me
+    to raise a doubt as to the universal application of the law that
+    throughout nature the male, in courtship, is eager, and the
+    female coy. Here, to all appearances, courtship was proceeding,
+    and the birds had not yet mated. The female eider ducks,
+    however,&mdash;at any rate, some of them,&mdash;appeared to be anything but
+    coy.&quot; (<i>Bird Watching</i>, pp. 144-146.)</p>
+
+<p>    Among moor-hens and great-crested grebes sometimes what Selous
+    terms &quot;functional hermaphroditism&quot; occurs and the females play
+    the part of the male toward their male companions, and then
+    repeat the sexual act with a reversion to the normal order, the
+    whole to the satisfaction of both parties. (E. Selous,
+    <i>Zo&ouml;logist</i>, 1902, p. 196.)</p>
+
+<p>    It is not only among birds that the female sometimes takes the
+    active part, but also among mammals. Among white rats, for
+    instance, the males are exceptionally eager. Steinach, who has
+    made many valuable experiments on these animals (<i>Archiv f&uuml;r die
+    Gesammte Physiologie</i>, Bd. lvi, 1894, p. 319), tells us that,
+    when a female white rat is introduced into the cage of a male, he
+    at once leaves off eating, or whatever else he may be doing,
+    becomes indifferent to noises or any <a name='3_Page_234'></a>other source of
+    distraction, and devotes himself entirely to her. If, however, he
+    is introduced into her cage the new environment renders him
+    nervous and suspicious, and then it is she who takes the active
+    part, trying to attract him in every way. The impetuosity during
+    heat of female animals of various species, when at length
+    admitted to the male, is indeed well known to all who are
+    familiar with animals.</p>
+
+<p>    I have referred to the frequency with which, in the human
+    species,&mdash;and very markedly in early adolescence, when the sexual
+    impulse is in a high degree unconscious and unrestrainedly
+    instinctive,&mdash;similar manifestations may often be noted. We have
+    to recognize that they are not necessarily abnormal and still
+    less pathological. They merely represent the unseasonable
+    apparition of a tendency which in due subordination is implied in
+    the phases of courtship throughout the animal world. Among some
+    peoples and in some stages of culture, tending to withdraw the
+    men from women and the thought of women, this phase of courtship
+    and this attitude assume a prominence which is absolutely normal.
+    The literature of the Middle Ages presents a state of society in
+    which men were devoted to war and to warlike sports, while the
+    women took the more active part in love-making. The medieval
+    poets represent women as actively encouraging backward lovers,
+    and as delighting to offer to great heroes the chastity they had
+    preserved, sometimes entering their bed-chambers at night.
+    Schultz (<i>Das H&ouml;fische Leben</i>, Bd. i, pp. 594-598) considers that
+    these representations are not exaggerated. <i>Cf.</i> Krabbes, <i>Die
+    Frau im Altfranz&ouml;sischen Karls-Epos</i>, 1884, p. 20 <i>et seq.</i>; and
+    M. A. Potter, <i>Sohrab and Rustem</i>, 1902, pp. 152-163.</p>
+
+<p>    Among savages and barbarous races in various parts of the world
+    it is the recognized custom, reversing the more usual method, for
+    the girl to take the initiative in courtship. This is especially
+    so in New Guinea. Here the girls almost invariably take the
+    initiative, and in consequence hold a very independent position.
+    Women are always regarded as the seducers: &quot;Women steal men.&quot; A
+    youth who proposed to a girl would be making himself ridiculous,
+    would be called a woman, and be laughed at by the girls. The
+    usual method by which a girl proposes is to send a present to the
+    youth by a third party, following this up by repeated gifts of
+    food; the young man sometimes waits a month or two, receiving
+    presents all the time, in order to assure himself of the girl's
+    constancy before decisively accepting her advances. (A. C. Haddon,
+    <i>Cambridge Expedition to Torres Straits</i>, vol. v, ch. viii;
+    <i>id.</i>, &quot;Western Tribes of Torres Straits,&quot; <i>Journal of the
+    Anthropological Institute</i>, vol. xix, February, 1890, pp. 314,
+    356, 394, 395, 411, 413; <i>id.</i>, <i>Head Hunters</i>, pp. 158-164; R. E.
+    Guise, &quot;Tribes of the Wanigela River,&quot; <i>Journal of the
+    Anthropological Institute</i>, new series, vol. i, February-May,
+    1899, p. 209.) Westermarck gives instances of <a name='3_Page_235'></a>races among whom
+    the women take the initiative in courtship. (<i>History of
+    Marriage</i>, p. 158; so also Finck, <i>Primitive Love and
+    Love-stories</i>, 1899, p. 109 <i>et seq.</i>; and as regards Celtic
+    women, see Rhys and Brynmor Jones, <i>The Welsh People</i>.) </p></div>
+
+<p>There is another characteristic of great significance by which the sexual
+impulse in women differs from that in men: the widely unlike character of
+the physical mechanism involved in the process of coitus. Considering how
+obvious this difference is, it is strange that its fundamental importance
+should so often be underrated. In man the process of tumescence and
+detumescence is simple. In women it is complex. In man we have the more or
+less spontaneously erectile penis, which needs but very simple conditions
+to secure the ejaculation which brings relief. In women we have in the
+clitoris a corresponding apparatus on a small scale, but behind this has
+developed a much more extensive mechanism, which also demands
+satisfaction, and requires for that satisfaction the presence of various
+conditions that are almost antagonistic. Naturally the more complex
+mechanism is the more easily disturbed. It is the difference, roughly
+speaking, between a lock and a key. This analogy is far from indicating
+all the difficulties involved. We have to imagine a lock that not only
+requires a key to fit it, but should only be entered at the right moment,
+and, under the best conditions, may only become adjusted to the key by
+considerable use. The fact that the man takes the more active part in
+coitus has increased these difficulties; the woman is too often taught to
+believe that the whole function is low and impure, only to be submitted to
+at her husband's will and for his sake, and the man has no proper
+knowledge of the mechanism involved and the best way of dealing with it.
+The grossest brutality thus may be, and not infrequently is, exercised in
+all innocence by an ignorant husband who simply believes that he is
+performing his &quot;marital duties.&quot; For a woman to exercise this physical
+brutality on a man is with difficulty possible; a man's pleasurable
+excitement is usually the necessary condition of the woman's sexual
+gratification. But the reverse is not the case, and, if the man is
+sufficiently ignorant or <a name='3_Page_236'></a>sufficiently coarse-grained to be satisfied with
+the woman's submission, he may easily become to her, in all innocence, a
+cause of torture.</p>
+
+<p>To the man coitus must be in some slight degree pleasurable or it cannot
+take place at all. To the woman the same act which, under some
+circumstances, in the desire it arouses and the satisfaction it imparts,
+will cause the whole universe to shrivel into nothingness, under other
+circumstances will be a source of anguish, physical and mental. This is so
+to some extent even in the presence of the right and fit man. There can be
+no doubt whatever that the mucus which is so profusely poured out over the
+external sexual organs in woman during the excitement of sexual desire has
+for its end the lubrication of the parts and the facilitation of the
+passage of the intromittent organ. The most casual inspection of the cold,
+contracted, dry vulva in its usual aspect and the same when distended,
+hot, and moist suffices to show which condition is and which is not that
+ready for intercourse, and until the proper condition is reached it is
+certain that coitus should not be attempted.</p>
+
+<p>The varying sensitiveness of the female parts again offers difficulties.
+Sexual relations in women are, at the onset, almost inevitably painful;
+and to some extent the same experience may be repeated at every act of
+coitus. Ordinary tactile sensibility in the female genitourinary region is
+notably obtuse, but at the beginning of the sexual act there is normally a
+hyperesthesia which may be painful or pleasurable as excitement
+culminates, passing into a seeming anesthesia, which even craves for rough
+contact; so that in sexual excitement a woman normally displays in quick
+succession that same quality of sensibility to superficial pressure and
+insensibility to deep pressure which the hysterical woman exhibits
+simultaneously.</p>
+
+<p>Thus we see that a highly important practical result follows from the
+greater complexity of the sexual apparatus in women and the greater
+difficulty with which it is aroused. In coitus the orgasm tends to occur
+more slowly in women than in men. It may easily happen that the whole
+process of detumescence <a name='3_Page_237'></a>is completed in the man before it has begun in
+his partner, who is left either cold or unsatisfied. This is one of the
+respects in which women remain nearer than men to the primitive stage of
+humanity.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In the Hippocratic treatise, <i>Of Generation</i>, it is stated that,
+    while woman has less pleasure in coitus than man, her pleasure
+    lasts longer. (<i>&OElig;uvres d'Hippocrate</i>, edition Littr&eacute;,
+    vol. vii, p. 477.)</p>
+
+<p>    Beaunis considers that the slower development of the orgasm in
+    women is the only essential difference in the sexual process in
+    men and women. (Beaunis, <i>Les Sensations Internes</i>, 1889, p.
+    151.) This characteristic of the sexual impulse in women, though
+    recognized for so long a period, is still far too often ignored
+    or unknown. There is even a superstition that injurious results
+    may follow if the male orgasm is not effected as rapidly as
+    possible. That this is not so is shown by the experiences of the
+    Oneida community in America, who in their system of sexual
+    relationship carried prolonged intercourse without ejaculation to
+    an extreme degree. There can be no doubt whatever that very
+    prolonged intercourse gives the maximum amount of pleasure and
+    relief to the woman. Not only is this the very decided opinion of
+    women who have experienced it, but it is also indicated by the
+    well-recognized fact that a woman who repeats the sexual act
+    several times in succession often experiences more intense orgasm
+    and pleasure with each repetition.</p>
+
+<p>    This point is much better understood in the East than in the
+    West. The prolongation of the man's excitement, in order to give
+    the woman time for orgasm, is, remarks Sir Richard Burton
+    (<i>Arabian Nights</i>, vol. v, p. 76), much studied by Moslems, as
+    also by Hindoos, who, on this account, during the orgasm seek to
+    avoid overtension of muscles and to preoccupy the brain. During
+    coitus they will drink sherbet, chew betel-nut, and even smoke.
+    Europeans devote no care to this matter, and Hindoo women, who
+    require about twenty minutes to complete the act, contemptuously
+    call them &quot;village cocks.&quot; I have received confirmation of
+    Burton's statements on this point from medical correspondents in
+    India.</p>
+
+<p>    While the European desires to perform as many acts of coitus in
+    one night as possible, Breitenstein remarks, the Malay, as still
+    more the Javanese, wishes, not to repeat the act many times, but
+    to prolong it. His aim is to remain in the vagina for about a
+    quarter of an hour. Unlike the European, also, he boasts of the
+    pleasure he has given his partner far more than of his own
+    pleasure. (Breitenstein, <i>21 Jahre in India</i>, theil i, &quot;Borneo,&quot;
+    p. 228.)</p>
+
+<p>    J&auml;ger (<i>Entdeckung der Seele</i>, second edition, vol. i, 1884, p.
+    203), as quoted by Moll, explains the preference of some women
+    for castrated <a name='3_Page_238'></a>men as due, not merely to the absence of risk of
+    impregnation, but to the prolonged erections that take place in
+    the castrated. Aly-Belf&agrave;del remarks (<i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>,
+    1903, p. 117) that he knows women who prefer old men in coitus
+    simply because of their delay in ejaculation which allows more
+    time to the women to become excited.</p>
+
+<p>    A Russian correspondent living in Italy informs me that a
+    Neapolitan girl of 17, who had only recently ceased to be a
+    virgin, explained to him that she preferred <i>coitus in ore vulv&aelig;</i>
+    to real intercourse because the latter was over before she had
+    time to obtain the orgasm (or, as she put it, &quot;the big bird has
+    fled from the cage and I am left in the lurch&quot;), while in the
+    other way she was able to experience the orgasm twice before her
+    partner reached the climax. &quot;This reminds me,&quot; my correspondent
+    continues, &quot;that a Milanese cocotte once told me that she much
+    liked intercourse with Jews because, on account of the
+    circumcised penis being less sensitive to contact, they ejaculate
+    more slowly then Christians. 'With Christians,' she said, 'it
+    constantly happens that I am left unsatisfied because they
+    ejaculate before me, while in coitus with Jews I sometimes
+    ejaculate twice before the orgasm occurs in my partner, or,
+    rather, I hold back the second orgasm until he is ready.' This is
+    confirmed,&quot; my correspondent continues, &quot;by what I was told by a
+    Russian Jew, a student at the Z&uuml;rich Polytechnic, who had a
+    Russian comrade living with a mistress, also a Russian student,
+    or pseudostudent. One day the Jew, going early to see his friend,
+    was told to enter by a woman's voice and found his friend's
+    mistress alone and in her chemise beside the bed. He was about to
+    retire, but the young woman bade him stay and in a few minutes he
+    was in bed with her. She told him that her lover had just gone
+    away and that she never had sexual relief with him because he
+    always ejaculated too soon. That morning he had left her so
+    excited and so unrelieved that she was just about to
+    masturbate&mdash;which she rarely did because it gave her
+    headache&mdash;when she heard the Jew's voice, and, knowing that Jews
+    are slower in coitus than Christians, she had suddenly resolved
+    to give herself to him.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    I am informed that the sexual power of negroes and slower
+    ejaculation (see Appendix A) are the cause of the favor with
+    which they are viewed by some white women of strong sexual
+    passions in America, and by many prostitutes. At one time there
+    was a special house in New York City to which white women
+    resorted for these &quot;buck lovers&quot;; the women came heavily veiled
+    and would inspect the penises of the men before making their
+    selection. </p></div>
+
+<p>It is thus a result of the complexity of the sexual mechanism in women
+that the whole attitude of a woman toward <a name='3_Page_239'></a>the sexual relationship is
+liable to be affected disastrously by the husband's lack of skill or
+consideration in initiating her into this intimate mystery. Normally the
+stage of apparent repulsion and passivity, often associated with great
+sensitiveness, physical and moral, passes into one of active participation
+and aid in the consummation of the sexual act. But if, from whatever
+cause, there is partial arrest on the woman's side of this evolution in
+the process of courtship, if her submission is merely a mental and
+deliberate act of will, and not an instinctive and impulsive
+participation, there is a necessary failure of sexual relief and
+gratification. When we find that a woman displays a certain degree of
+indifference in sexual relationships, and a failure of complete
+gratification, we have to recognize that the fault may possibly lie, not
+in her, but in the defective skill of a lover who has not known how to
+play successfully the complex and subtle game of courtship. Sexual
+coldness due to the shock and suffering of the wedding-night is a
+phenomenon that is far too frequent.<a name='3_FNanchor_172'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_172'><sup>[172]</sup></a> Hence it is that many women may
+never experience sexual gratification and relief, through no defect on
+their part, but through the failure of the husband to understand the
+lover's part. We make a false analogy when we compare the courtship of
+animals exclusively with our own courtships before marriage. Courtship,
+properly understood, is the process whereby both the male and the female
+are brought into that state of sexual tumescence which is a more or less
+necessary condition for sexual intercourse. The play of courtship cannot,
+therefore, be considered to be definitely brought to an end by the
+ceremony of marriage; it may more properly be regarded as the natural
+preliminary to every act of coitus.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Tumescence is not merely a more or less essential condition for
+    proper sexual intercourse. It is probably of more fundamental
+    significance as one of the favoring conditions of impregnation.
+    This has, <a name='3_Page_240'></a>indeed, been long recognized. Van Swieten, when
+    consulted by the childless Maria Theresa, gave the opinion &quot;Ego
+    vero censeo, vulvam Sacratissim&aelig; Majestatis ante coitum diutius
+    esse titillandam,&quot; and thereafter she had many children. &quot;I think
+    it very nearly certain,&quot; Matthews Duncan wrote (<i>Goulstonian
+    Lectures on Sterility in Woman</i>, 1884, p. 96), &quot;that desire and
+    pleasure in due or moderate degree are very important aids to, or
+    predisposing causes of, fecundity,&quot; as bringing into action the
+    complicated processes of fecundation. Hirst (<i>Text-book of
+    Obstetrics</i>, 1899, p. 67) mentions the case of a childless
+    married woman who for six years had had no orgasm during
+    intercourse; then it occurred at the same time as coitus, and
+    pregnancy resulted.</p>
+
+<p>    Kisch is very decidedly of the same opinion, and considers that
+    the popular belief on this point is fully justified. It is a
+    fact, he states, that an unfaithful wife is more likely to
+    conceive with her lover than with her husband, and he concludes
+    that, whatever the precise mechanism may be, &quot;sexual excitement
+    on the woman's part is a necessary link in the chain of
+    conditions producing impregnation.&quot; (E. H. Kisch, <i>Die Sterilit&auml;t
+    des Weibes</i>, 1886, p. 99.) Kisch believes (p. 103) that in the
+    majority of women sexual pleasure only appears gradually, after
+    the first cohabitation, and then develops progressively, and that
+    the first conception usually coincides with its complete
+    awakening. In 556 cases of his own the most frequent epoch of
+    first impregnation was found to be between ten and fifteen months
+    after marriage.</p>
+
+<p>    The removal of sexual frigidity thus becomes a matter of some
+    importance. This removal may in some cases be effected by
+    treatment through the husband, but that course is not always
+    practicable. Dr. Douglas Bryan, of Leicester, informs me that in
+    several cases he has succeeded in removing sexual coldness and
+    physical aversion in the wife by hypnotic suggestion. The
+    suggestions given to the patient are &quot;that all her womanly
+    natural feelings would be quickly and satisfactorily developed
+    during coitus; that she would experience no feeling of disgust
+    and nausea, would have no fear of the orgasm not developing; that
+    there would be no involuntary resistance on her part.&quot; The fact
+    that such suggestions can be permanently effective tends to show
+    how superficial the sexual &quot;anesthesia&quot; of women usually is. </p></div>
+
+<p>Not only, therefore, is the apparatus of sexual excitement in women more
+complex than in men, but&mdash;in part, possibly as a result of this greater
+complexity&mdash;it much more frequently requires to be actively aroused. In
+men tumescence tends to occur almost spontaneously, or under the simple
+influence of accumulated semen. In women, also, especially in those who
+live <a name='3_Page_241'></a>a natural and healthy life, sexual excitement also tends to occur
+spontaneously, but by no means so frequently as in men. The comparative
+rarity of sexual dreams in women who have not had sexual relationships
+alone serves to indicate this sexual difference. In a very large number of
+women the sexual impulse remains latent until aroused by a lover's
+caresses. The youth spontaneously becomes a man; but the maiden&mdash;as it has
+been said&mdash;&quot;must be kissed into a woman.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>One result of this characteristic is that, more especially when love is
+unduly delayed beyond the first youth, this complex apparatus has
+difficulty in responding to the unfamiliar demands of sexual excitement.
+Moreover, delayed normal sexual relations, when the sexual impulse is not
+absolutely latent, tend to induce all degrees of perverted or abnormal
+sexual gratification, and the physical mechanism when trained to respond
+in other ways often fails to respond normally when, at last, the normal
+conditions of response are presented. In all these ways passivity and even
+aversion may be produced in the conjugal relationship. The fact that it is
+almost normally the function of the male to arouse the female, and that
+the greater complexity of the sexual mechanism in women leads to more
+frequent disturbance of that mechanism, produces a simulation of organic
+sexual coldness which has deceived many.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>An instructive study of cases in which the sexual impulse has
+    been thus perverted has been presented by Smith Baker (&quot;The
+    Neuropsychical Element in Conjugal Aversion,&quot; <i>Journal of Nervous
+    and Mental Disease</i>, vol. xvii, September, 1892). Raymond and
+    Janet, who believes that sexual coldness is extremely frequent in
+    marriage, and that it plays an important part in the causation of
+    physical and moral troubles, find that it is most often due to
+    masturbation. (<i>Les Obsessions</i>, vol. ii, p. 307.) Adler, after
+    discussing the complexity of the feminine sexual mechanism, and
+    the difficulty which women find in obtaining sexual gratification
+    in normal coitus, concludes that &quot;masturbation is a frequent,
+    perhaps the most frequent, cause of defective sexual sensibility
+    in women.&quot; (<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 119.) He remarks that in women
+    masturbation usually has less resemblance to normal coitus than
+    in men and involves very frequently the special excitation of
+    parts which are not the chief focus of excitement in coitus, so
+    that coitus fails <a name='3_Page_242'></a>to supply the excitation which has become
+    habitual (pp. 113-116). In the discussion of &quot;Auto-erotism&quot; in
+    the first volume of these <i>Studies</i>, I had already referred to
+    the divorce between the physical and the ideal sides of love
+    which may, especially in women, be induced by masturbation.</p>
+
+<p>    Another cause of inhibited sexual feeling has been brought
+    forward. A married lady with normal sexual impulse states
+    (<i>Sexual-Probleme</i>, April, 1912, p. 290) that she cannot
+    experience orgasm and sexual satisfaction when the intercourse is
+    not for conception. This is a psychic inhibition independent of
+    any disturbance due to the process of prevention. She knows other
+    women who are similarly affected. Such an inhibition must be
+    regarded as artificial and abnormal, since the final result of
+    sexual intercourse, under natural and normal conditions, forms no
+    essential constituent of the psychic process of intercourse. </p></div>
+
+<p>As a result of the fact that in women the sexual emotions tend not to
+develop great intensity until submitted to powerful stimulation, we find
+that the maximum climax of sexual emotion tends to fall somewhat later in
+a woman's life than in a man's. Among animals generally there appears to
+be frequently traceable a tendency for the sexual activities of the male
+to develop at a somewhat earlier age than those of the female. In the
+human, species we may certainly trace the same tendency. As the great
+physiologist, Burdach, pointed out, throughout nature, with the
+accomplishment of the sexual act the part of the male in the work of
+generation comes to an end; but that act represents only the beginning of
+a woman's generative activity.</p>
+
+<p>A youth of 20 may often display a passionate ardor in love which is very
+seldom indeed found in women who are under 25. It is rare for a woman,
+even though her sexual emotions may awaken at puberty or earlier, to
+experience the great passion of her life until after the age of 25 has
+been passed. In confirmation of this statement, which is supported by
+daily observation, it may be pointed out that nearly all the most
+passionate love-letters of women, as well as their most passionate
+devotions, have come from women who had passed, sometimes long passed,
+their first youth. When Heloise wrote to Abelard the first of the letters
+which have come down to us she was at least 32. Mademoiselle Aiss&eacute;'s
+relation with the Chevalier began when she was<a name='3_Page_243'></a> 32, and when she died, six
+years later, the passion of each was at its height. Mary Wollstonecraft
+was 34 when her love-letters to Imlay began, and her child was born in the
+following year. Mademoiselle de Lespinasse was 43 when she began to write
+her letters to M. de Guibert. In some cases the sexual impulse may not
+even appear until after the period of the menopause has been passed.<a name='3_FNanchor_173'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_173'><sup>[173]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In Roman times Ovid remarked (<i>Ars Amatoria</i>, lib. ii) that a
+    woman fails to understand the art of love until she has reached
+    the age of 35. &quot;A girl of 18,&quot; said Stendhal (<i>De l'Amour</i>, ch.
+    viii), &quot;has not the power to crystallize her emotions; she forms
+    desires that are too limited by her lack of experience in the
+    things of life, to be able to love with such passion as a woman
+    of 28.&quot; &quot;Sexual needs,&quot; said Restif de la Bretonne (<i>Monsieur
+    Nicolas</i>, vol. xi, p. 221), &quot;often only appears in young women
+    when they are between 26 and 27 years of age; at least, that is
+    what I have observed.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Erb states that it is about the middle of the twenties that women
+    begin to suffer physically, morally, and intellectually from
+    their sexual needs. Nystr&ouml;m (<i>Das Geschlechtsleben</i>, p. 163)
+    considers that it is about the age of 30 that a woman first
+    begins to feel conscious of sex needs. In a case of Adler's (<i>op.
+    cit.</i>, p. 141), sexual feelings first appeared after the birth of
+    the third child, at the age of 30. Forel (<i>Die Sexuelle Frage</i>,
+    1906, p. 219) considers that sexual desire in woman is often
+    strongest between the ages of 30 and 40. Leith Napier
+    (<i>Menopause</i>, p. 94) remarks that from 28 to 30 is often an
+    important age in woman who have retained their virginity, erotism
+    then appearing with the full maturity of the nervous system.
+    Yellowlees (art. &quot;Masturbation,&quot; <i>Dictionary of Psychological
+    Medicine</i>), again, states that at about the age of 33 some women
+    experience great sexual irritability, often resulting in
+    masturbation. Audiffrent (<i>Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>,
+    Jan. 15, 1902, p. 3) considers that it is toward the age of 30
+    that a woman reaches her full moral and physical development, and
+    that at this period her emotional and idealizing impulses reach a
+    degree of intensity which is sometimes <a name='3_Page_244'></a>irresistible. It has
+    already been mentioned that Matthews Duncan's careful inquiries
+    showed that it is between the ages of 30 and 34 that the largest
+    proportion of women experience sexual desire and sexual pleasure.
+    It may be remarked, also, that while the typical English
+    novelists, who have generally sought to avoid touching the deeper
+    and more complex aspects of passion, often choose very youthful
+    heroines, French novelists, who have frequently had a
+    predilection for the problems of passion, often choose heroines
+    who are approaching the age of 30.</p>
+
+<p>    Hirschfeld (<i>Von Wesen der Liebe</i>, p. 26) was consulted by a lady
+    who, being without any sexual desires or feelings, married an
+    inverted man in order to live with him a life of simple
+    comradeship. Within six months, however, she fell violently in
+    love with her husband, with the full manifestation of sexual
+    feelings and accompanying emotions of jealousy. Under all the
+    circumstances, however, she would not enter into sexual
+    relationship with her husband, and the torture she endured became
+    so acute that she desired to be castrated. In this connection,
+    also, I may mention a case, which has been communicated to me
+    from Glasgow, of a girl&mdash;strong and healthy and menstruating
+    regularly since the age of 17&mdash;who was seduced at the age of 20
+    without any sexual desire on her part, giving birth to a child
+    nine months later. Subsequently she became a prostitute for three
+    years, and during this period had not the slightest sexual desire
+    or any pleasure in sexual connection. Thereafter she met a poor
+    lad with whom she has full sexual desire and sexual pleasure, the
+    result being that she refuses to go with any other man, and
+    consequently is almost without food for several days every week.</p>
+
+<p>    The late appearance of the great climax of sexual emotion in
+    women is indicated by a tendency to nervous and psychic
+    disturbances between the ages of 25 and about 33, which has been
+    independently noted by various alienists (though it may be noted
+    that 25 to 30 is not an unusual age for first attacks of insanity
+    in men also). Thus, Krafft-Ebing states that adult unmarried
+    women between the ages of 25 and 30 often show nervous symptoms
+    and peculiarities. (Krafft-Ebing, &quot;Ueber Neurosen und Psychosen
+    durch Sexuelle Abstinenz,&quot; <i>Jahrb&uuml;cher f&uuml;r Psychiatrie</i>, Bd.
+    viii, ht. 1-4, 1888.) Pitres and R&eacute;gis find also (<i>Comptes-rendus
+    XIIe Congr&egrave;s International de M&eacute;decine</i>, Moscow, 1897, vol. iv,
+    p. 45) that obsessions, which are commoner in women than in men
+    and are commonly connected in their causation with strong moral
+    emotion, occur in women chiefly between the ages of 26 and 30,
+    though in men much earlier. The average age at which in England
+    women inebriates begin drinking in excess is 26. (<i>British
+    Medical Journal</i>, Sept. 2, 1911, p. 518.)</p><a name='3_Page_245'></a>
+
+<p>    A case recorded by S&eacute;rieux is instructive as regards the
+    development of the sexual impulse, although it comes within the
+    sphere of mental disorder. A woman of 32 with bad heredity had in
+    childhood had weak health and become shy, silent, and fond of
+    solitude, teased by her companions and finding consolation in
+    hard work. Though very emotional, she never, even in the vaguest
+    form, experienced any of those feelings and aspirations which
+    reveal the presence of the sexual impulse. She had no love of
+    dancing and was indifferent to any embraces she might chance to
+    receive from young men. She never masturbated or showed inverted
+    feelings. At the age of 23 she married. She still, however,
+    experienced no sexual feelings; twice only she felt a faint
+    sensation of pleasure. A child was born, but her home was unhappy
+    on account of her husband's drunken habits. He died and she
+    worked hard for her own living and the support of her mother.
+    Then at the age of 31 a new phase occurs in her life: she falls
+    in love with the master of her workshop. It was at first a purely
+    psychic affection, without any mixture of physical elements; it
+    was enough to see him, and she trembled when she touched anything
+    that belonged to him. She was constantly thinking about him; she
+    loved him for his eyes, which seemed to her those of her own
+    child, and especially for his intelligence. Gradually, however,
+    the lower nervous centers began to take part in these emotions;
+    one day in passing her the master chanced to touch her shoulder;
+    this contact was sufficient to produce sexual turgescence. She
+    began to masturbate daily, thinking of her master, and for the
+    first time in her life she desired coitus. She evoked the image
+    of her master so constantly and vividly that at last
+    hallucinations of sight, touch, and hearing appeared, and it
+    seemed to her that he was present. These hallucinations were only
+    with difficulty dissipated. (P. S&eacute;rieux, <i>Les Anomalies de
+    L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, 1888, p. 50.) This case presents in an insane
+    form a phenomenon which is certainly by no means uncommon and is
+    very significant. Up to the age of 31 we should certainly have
+    been forced to conclude that this woman was sexually anesthetic
+    to an almost absolute degree. In reality, we see this was by no
+    means the case. Weak health, hard work, and a brutal husband had
+    prolonged the latency of the sexual emotions; but they were
+    there, ready to explode with even insane intensity (this being
+    due to the unsound heredity) in the presence of a man who
+    appealed to these emotions.</p>
+
+<p>    In connection with the late evolution of the sexual emotions in
+    women reference may be made to what is usually termed &quot;old maid's
+    insanity,&quot; a condition not met with in men. In these cases, which
+    are not, indeed, common, single women who have led severely
+    strict and virtuous lives, devoting themselves to religious or
+    intellectual work, <a name='3_Page_246'></a>and carefully repressing the animal side of
+    their natures, at last, just before the climacteric, experience
+    an awakening of the erotic impulse; they fall in love with some
+    unfortunate man, often a clergyman, persecute him with their
+    attentions, and frequently suffer from the delusion that he
+    reciprocates their affections. </p></div>
+
+<p>When once duly aroused, there cannot usually be any doubt concerning the
+strength of the sexual impulse in normal and healthy women. There would,
+however, appear to be a distinct difference between the sexes at this
+point also. Before sexual union the male tends to be more ardent; after
+sexual union it is the female who tends to be more ardent. The sexual
+energy of women, under these circumstances, would seem to be the greater
+on account of the long period during which it has been dormant.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Sinibaldus in the seventeenth century, in his <i>Geneanthropeia</i>,
+    argued that, though women are cold at first, and aroused with
+    more difficulty and greater slowness than men, the flame of
+    passion spreads in them the more afterward, just as iron is by
+    nature cold, but when heated gives a great degree of heat.
+    Similarly Mandeville said of women that &quot;their passions are not
+    so easily raised nor so suddenly fixed upon any particular
+    object; but when this passion is once rooted in women it is much
+    stronger and more durable than in men, and rather increases than
+    diminishes by enjoying the person of the beloved.&quot; (<i>A Modest
+    Defence of Public Stews</i>, 1724, p. 34.) Burdach considered that
+    women only acquire the full enjoyment of their general strength
+    after marriage and pregnancy, while it is before marriage that
+    men have most vigor. Schopenhauer also said that a man's love
+    decreases with enjoyment, and a woman's increases. And Ellen Key
+    has remarked (<i>Love and Marriage</i>) that &quot;where there is no
+    mixture of Southern blood it is a long time, sometimes indeed not
+    till years after marriage, that the senses of the Northern women
+    awake to consciousness.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Even among animals this tendency seems to be manifested. Edmund
+    Selous (<i>Bird Watching</i>, p. 112) remarks, concerning sea-gulls:
+    &quot;Always, or almost always, one of the birds&mdash;and this I take to
+    be the female&mdash;is more eager, has a more soliciting manner and
+    tender begging look than the other. It is she who, as a rule,
+    draws the male bird on. She looks fondly up at him, and, raising
+    her bill to his, as though beseeching a kiss, just touches with
+    it, in raising, the feathers of the throat&mdash;an action light, but
+    full of endearment. And in every way she shows herself the most
+    desirous, and, in fact, so worries and pesters the poor male gull
+    that often, to avoid her importunities, he flies away. This may
+    seem odd, but I have seen other instances of it. No doubt, <a name='3_Page_247'></a>in
+    actual courting, before the sexes are paired, the male bird is
+    usually the most eager, but after marriage the female often
+    becomes the wooer. Of this I have seen some marked instances.&quot;
+    Selous mentions especially the plover, kestrel hawk, and rook. </p></div>
+
+<p>In association with the fact that women tend to show an increase of sexual
+ardor after sexual relationships have been set up may be noted the
+probably related fact that sexual intercourse is undoubtedly less
+injurious to women than to men. Other things being equal, that is to say,
+the threshold of excess is passed very much sooner by the man than by the
+woman. This was long ago pointed out by Montaigne. The ancient saying,
+&quot;<i>Omne animal post coitum triste</i>,&quot; is of limited application at the best,
+but certainly has little reference to women.<a name='3_FNanchor_174'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_174'><sup>[174]</sup></a> Alacrity, rather than
+languor, as Robin has truly observed,<a name='3_FNanchor_175'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_175'><sup>[175]</sup></a> marks a woman after coitus, or,
+as a medical friend of my own has said, a woman then goes about the house
+singing.<a name='3_FNanchor_176'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_176'><sup>[176]</sup></a> It is, indeed, only after intercourse with a woman for whom,
+in reality, he feels contempt that a man experiences that revulsion of
+feeling described by Shakespeare (sonnet cxxix). Such a passage should not
+be quoted, as it sometimes has been quoted, as the representation of a
+normal phenomenon. But, with equal gratification on both sides, it remains
+true that, while after a single coitus the man may experience a not
+unpleasant lassitude and readiness for sleep, this is rarely the case with
+his partner, for whom a single coitus is often but a pleasant stimulus,
+the climax of satisfaction not being reached until a second or subsequent
+act of intercourse. &quot;Excess in venery,&quot; which, rightly or wrongly, is set
+down as the cause of so many evils in men, seldom, indeed, appears in
+connection with women, although in every act of venery the woman has taken
+part.<a name='3_FNanchor_177'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_177'><sup>[177]</sup></a> </p><a name='3_Page_248'></a>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>That women bear sexual excesses better than men was noted by
+    Cabanis and other early writers. Alienists frequently refer to
+    the fact that women are less liable to be affected by insanity
+    following such excesses. (See, <i>e.g.</i>, Maudsley, &quot;Relations
+    between Body and Mind,&quot; <i>Lancet</i>, May 28, 1870; and G. Savage,
+    art. &quot;Marriage and Insanity&quot; in <i>Dictionary of Psychological
+    Medicine</i>.) Trousseau remarked on the fact that women are not
+    exhausted by repeated acts of coitus within a short period,
+    notwithstanding that the nervous excitement in their case is as
+    great, if not greater, and he considered that this showed that
+    the loss of semen is a cause of exhaustion in men. L&ouml;wenfeld
+    (<i>Sexualleben und Nervenleiden</i>, pp. 74, 153) states that there
+    cannot be question that the nervous system in women is less
+    influenced by the after-effects of coitus than in men. Not only,
+    he remarks, are prostitutes very little liable to suffer from
+    nervous overstimulation, and neurasthenia and hysteria when
+    occurring in them be easily traceable to other causes, but
+    &quot;healthy women who are not given to prostitution, when they
+    indulge in very frequent sexual intercourse, provided it is
+    practised normally, do not experience the slightest injurious
+    effect. I have seen many young married couples where the husband
+    had been reduced to a pitiable condition of nervous prostration
+    and general discomfort by the zeal with which he had exercised
+    his marital duties, while the wife had been benefited and was in
+    the uninterrupted enjoyment of the best health.&quot; This experience
+    is by no means uncommon.</p>
+
+<p>    A correspondent writes: &quot;It is quite true that the threshold of
+    excess is less easily reached by women than by men. I have found
+    that women can reach the orgasm much more frequently than men.
+    Take an ordinary case. I spend two hours with &mdash;&mdash;. I have the
+    orgasm 3 times, with difficulty; she has it 6 or 8, or even 10 or
+    12, times. Women can also experience it a second or third time in
+    succession, with no interval between. Sometimes the mere fact of
+    realizing that the man is having the orgasm causes the woman to
+    have it also, though it is true that a woman usually requires as
+    many minutes to develop the orgasm as a man does seconds.&quot; I may
+    also refer to the case recorded in another part of this volume in
+    which a wife had the orgasm 26 times to her husband's twice.</p>
+
+<p>    Hutchinson, under the name of post-marital amblyopia (<i>Archives
+    of Surgery</i>, vol. iv, p. 200), has described a condition
+    occurring in men in good health who soon after marriage become
+    nearly blind, but recover as soon as the cause is removed. He
+    mentions no cases in women <a name='3_Page_249'></a>due to coitus, but finds that in
+    women some failure of sight may occur after parturition.</p>
+
+<p>    N&auml;cke states that, in his experience, while masturbation is,
+    apparently, commoner in insane men than in insane women,
+    masturbation repeated several times a day is much commoner in the
+    women. (P. N&auml;cke, &quot;Die Sexuellen Perversit&auml;ten in der
+    Irrenanstalt,&quot; <i>Psychiatrische Bladen</i>, 1899, No. 2.)</p>
+
+<p>    Great excesses in masturbation seem also to be commoner among
+    women who may be said to be sane than among men. Thus, Bloch
+    (<i>New Orleans Medical Journal</i>, 1896) records the case of a young
+    married woman of 25, of bad heredity, who had suffered from
+    almost life-long sexual hyperesthesia, and would masturbate
+    fourteen times daily during the menstrual periods.</p>
+
+<p>    With regard to excesses in coitus the case may be mentioned of a
+    country girl of 17, living in a rural district in North Carolina
+    where prostitution was unknown, who would cohabit with men almost
+    openly. On one Sunday she went to a secluded school-house and let
+    three or four men wear themselves out cohabiting with her. On
+    another occasion, at night, in a field, she allowed anyone who
+    would to perform the sexual act, and 25 men and boys then had
+    intercourse with her. When seen she was much prostrated and with
+    a tendency to spasm, but quite rational. Subsequently she married
+    and attacks of this nature became rare.</p>
+
+<p>    Mr. Lawson made an &quot;attested statement&quot; of what he had observed
+    among the Marquesan women. &quot;He mentions one case in which he
+    heard a parcel of boys next morning count over and <i>name</i> 103 men
+    who during the night had intercourse with <i>one</i> woman.&quot;
+    (<i>Medico-Chirurgical Review</i>, 1871, vol. ii, p. 360, apparently
+    quoting Chevers.) This statement seems open to question, but, if
+    reliable, would furnish a case which must be unique. </p></div>
+
+<p>There is a further important difference, though intimately related to some
+of the differences already mentioned, between the sexual impulse in women
+and in men. In women it is at once larger and more diffused. As Sinibaldus
+long ago said, the sexual pleasure of men is intensive, of women
+extensive. In men the sexual impulse is, as it were, focused to a single
+point. This is necessarily so, for the whole of the essentially necessary
+part of the male in the process of human procreation is confined to the
+ejaculation of semen into the vagina. But in women, mainly owing to the
+fact that women are the child-bearers, in place of one primary sexual
+center and one primary erogenous <a name='3_Page_250'></a>region, there are at least three such
+sexual centers and erogenous regions: the clitoris (corresponding to the
+penis), the vaginal passage up to the womb, and the nipple. In both sexes
+there are other secondary and reflex centers, but there is good reason for
+believing that these are more numerous and more widespread in women than
+in men.<a name='3_FNanchor_178'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_178'><sup>[178]</sup></a> How numerous the secondary sexual centers in women may be is
+indicated by the case of a woman mentioned by Moraglia, who boasted that
+she knew fourteen different ways of masturbating herself.</p>
+
+<p>This great diffusion of the sexual impulse and emotions in women is as
+visible on the psychic as on the physical side. A woman can find sexual
+satisfaction in a great number of ways that do not include the sexual act
+proper, and in a great number of ways that apparently are not physical at
+all, simply because their physical basis is diffused or is to be found in
+one of the outlying sexual zones.</p>
+
+<p>It is, moreover, owing to the diffused character of the sexual emotions in
+women that it so often happens that emotion really having a sexual origin
+is not recognized as such even by the woman herself. It is possible that
+the great prevalence in women of the religious emotional state of &quot;storm
+and stress,&quot; noted by Professor Starbuck,<a name='3_FNanchor_179'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_179'><sup>[179]</sup></a> is largely due to
+unemployed sexual impulse. In this and similar ways it happens that the
+magnitude of the sexual sphere in woman is unrealized by the careless
+observer. </p><a name='3_Page_251'></a>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>A number of converging facts tend to indicate that the sexual
+    sphere is larger, and more potent in its influence on the
+    organism, in women than in men. It would appear that among the
+    males and females of lower animals the same difference may be
+    found. It is stated that in birds there is a greater flow of
+    blood to the ovaries than to the testes.</p>
+
+<p>    In women the system generally is more affected by disturbances in
+    the sexual sphere than in men. This appears to be the case as
+    regards the eye. &quot;The influence of the sexual system upon the eye
+    in man,&quot; Power states, &quot;is far less potent, and the connection,
+    in consequence, far less easy to trace than in woman.&quot; (H. Power,
+    &quot;Relation of Ophthalmic Disease to the Sexual Organs,&quot; <i>Lancet</i>,
+    November 26, 1887.)</p>
+
+<p>    The greater predominance of the sexual system in women on the
+    psychic side is clearly brought out in insane conditions. It is
+    well known that, while satyriasis is rare, nymphomania is
+    comparatively common. These conditions are probably often forms
+    of mania, and in mania, while sexual symptoms are common in men,
+    they are often stated to be the rule in women (see, <i>e.g.</i>,
+    Krafft-Ebing, <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, tenth edition, English
+    translation, p. 465). Bouchereau, in noting this difference in
+    the prevalence of sexual manifestations during insanity, remarks
+    that it is partly due to the naturally greater dependence of
+    women on the organs of generation, and partly to the more active,
+    independent, and laborious lives of men; in his opinion,
+    satyriasis is specially apt to develop in men who lead lives
+    resembling those of women. (Bouchereau, art. &quot;Satyriasis,&quot;
+    <i>Dictionnaire Encyclop&eacute;dique des Sciences M&eacute;dicales</i>.) Again,
+    postconnubial insanity is very much commoner in women than in
+    men, a fact which may indicate the more predominant part played
+    by the sexual sphere in women. (Savage, art. &quot;Marriage and
+    Insanity,&quot; <i>Dictionary of Psychological Medicine</i>.)</p>
+
+<p>    Insanity tends to remove the artificial inhibitory influences
+    that rule in ordinary life, and there is therefore significance
+    in such a fact as that the sexual appetite is often increased in
+    general paralysis and to a notable extent in women. (Pactet and
+    Colin, <i>Les Ali&eacute;n&eacute;s devant la Justice</i>, 1902, p. 122.)</p>
+
+<p>    N&auml;cke, from his experiences among the insane, makes an
+    interesting and possibly sound distinction regarding the
+    character of the sexual manifestations in the two sexes. Among
+    men he finds these manifestations to be more of a reflex and
+    purely spinal nature and chiefly manifested in masturbation; in
+    women he finds them to be of a more cerebral character, and
+    chiefly manifested in erotic gestures, lascivious conversation,
+    etc. The sexual impulse would thus tend to involve to a greater
+    extent the higher psychic region in women than in men.</p><a name='3_Page_252'></a>
+
+<p>    Forel likewise (<i>Die Sexuelle Frage</i>, 1906, p. 276), remarking on
+    the much greater prevalence of erotic manifestations among insane
+    women than insane men (and pointing out that it is by no means
+    due merely to the presence of a male doctor, for it remains the
+    same when the doctor is a woman), considers that it proves that
+    in women the sexual impulse resides more prominently in the
+    higher nervous centers and in men in the lower centers. (As
+    regards the great prevalence of erotic manifestations among the
+    female insane, I may also refer to Claye Shaw's interesting
+    observations, &quot;The Sexes in Lunacy,&quot; <i>St. Bartholomew's Hospital
+    Reports</i>, vol. xxiv, 1888; also quoted in Havelock Ellis, <i>Man
+    and Woman</i>, p. 370 <i>et seq.</i>) Whether or not we may accept
+    N&auml;cke's and Forel's interpretation of the facts, which is at
+    least doubtful, there can be little doubt that the sexual impulse
+    is more fundamental in women. This is indicated by N&auml;cke's
+    observation that among idiots sexual manifestations are commoner
+    in females than in males. Of 16 idiot girls, of the age of 16 and
+    under, 15 certainly masturbated, sometimes as often as fourteen
+    times a day, while the remaining girl probably masturbated; but
+    of 25 youthful male idiots only 1 played with his penis. (P.
+    N&auml;cke, &quot;Die Sexuellen Perversit&auml;ten in der Irrenanstalt,&quot;
+    <i>Psychiatrische Bladen</i>, 1899, No. 2, pp. 9, 12.) On the physical
+    side Bourneville and Sollier found (<i>Progr&egrave;s m&eacute;dical</i>, 1888) that
+    puberty is much retarded in idiot and imbecile boys, while J.
+    Voisin (<i>Annales d'Hygi&egrave;ne Publique</i>, June, 1894) found that in
+    idiot and imbecile girls, on the contrary, there is no lack of
+    full sexual development or retardation of puberty, while
+    masturbation is common. In women, it may be added, as Ball
+    pointed out (<i>Folie &eacute;rotique</i>, p. 40), sexual hallucinations are
+    especially common, while under the influence of anesthetics
+    erotic manifestations and feelings are frequent in women, but
+    rare in men. (Havelock Ellis, <i>Man and Woman</i>, p. 256.)</p>
+
+<p>    The fact that the first coitus has a much more profound moral and
+    psychic influence on a woman than on a man would also seem to
+    indicate how much more fundamental the sexual region is in women.
+    The fact may be considered as undoubted. (It is referred to by
+    Marro, <i>La Pubert&agrave;</i>, p. 460.) The mere physical fact that, while
+    in men coitus remains a merely exterior contact, in women it
+    involves penetration into the sensitive and virginal interior of
+    the body would alone indicate this difference. </p></div>
+
+<p>We are told that in the East there was once a woman named Mo&acirc;rbeda who was
+a philosopher and considered to be the wisest woman of her time. When
+Mo&acirc;rbeda was once asked: &quot;In what part of a woman's body does her mind
+reside?&quot; she replied: &quot;Between her thighs.&quot; To many women,&mdash;perhaps,
+indeed, <a name='3_Page_253'></a>we might even say to most women,&mdash;to a certain extent may be
+applied&mdash;and in no offensive sense&mdash;the dictum of the wise woman of the
+East; in a certain sense their brains are in their wombs. Their mental
+activity may sometimes seem to be limited; they may appear to be passing
+through life always in a rather inert or dreamy state; but, when their
+sexual emotions are touched, then at once they spring into life; they
+become alert, resourceful, courageous, indefatigable. &quot;But when I am not
+in love I am nothing!&quot; exclaimed a woman when reproached by a French
+magistrate for living with a thief. There are many women who could truly
+make the same statement, not many men. That emotion, which, one is tempted
+to say, often unmans the man, makes the woman for the first time truly
+herself.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;Women are more occupied with love than men,&quot; wrote De S&eacute;nancour
+    (<i>De l'Amour</i>, vol. ii, p. 59); &quot;it shows itself in all their
+    movements, animates their looks, gives to their gestures a grace
+    that is always new, to their smiles and voices an inexpressible
+    charm; they live for love, while many men in obeying love feel
+    that they are forgetting themselves.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Restif de la Bretonne (<i>Monsieur Nicolas</i>, vol. vi, p. 223)
+    quotes a young girl who well describes the difference which love
+    makes to a woman: &quot;Before I vegetated; now all my actions have a
+    motive, an end; they have become important. When I wake my first
+    thought is 'Someone is occupied with me and desires me.' I am no
+    longer alone, as I was before; another feels my existence and
+    cherishes it,&quot; etc.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;One is surprised to see in the south,&quot; remarks Bonstetten, in
+    his suggestive book, <i>L'Homme du Midi et l'Homme du Nord</i>
+    (1824),&mdash;and the remark by no means applies only to the
+    south,&mdash;&quot;how love imparts intelligence even to those who are most
+    deficient in ideas. An Italian woman in love is inexhaustible in
+    the variety of her feelings, all subordinated to the supreme
+    emotion which dominates her. Her ideas follow one another with
+    prodigious rapidity, and produce a lambent play which is fed by
+    her heart alone. If she ceases to love, her mind becomes merely
+    the scoria of the lava which yesterday had been so bright.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Cabanis had already made some observations to much the same
+    effect. Referring to the years of nubility following puberty, he
+    remarks: &quot;I have very often seen the greatest fecundity of ideas,
+    the most brilliant imagination, a singular aptitude for the arts,
+    suddenly develop in girls of this age, only to give place soon
+    afterward to the most absolute mental mediocrity.&quot; (Cabanis, &quot;De
+    l'Influence des Sexes,&quot; etc., <i>Rapports du Physique et du Morale
+    de l'Homme</i>.) </p></div><a name='3_Page_254'></a>
+
+<p>This phenomenon seems to be one of the indications of the immense organic
+significance of the sexual relations. Woman's part in the world is less
+obtrusively active than man's, but there is a moment when nature cannot
+dispense with energy and mental vigor in women, and that is during the
+reproductive period. The languidest woman must needs be alive when her
+sexual emotions are profoundly stirred. People often marvel at the
+infatuation which men display for women who, in the eyes of all the world,
+seem commonplace and dull. This is not, as we usually suppose, always
+entirely due to the proverbial blindness of love. For the man whom she
+loves, such a woman is often alive and transformed. He sees a woman who is
+hidden from all the world. He experiences something of that surprise and
+awe which Dostoieffsky felt when the seemingly dull and brutish criminals
+of Siberia suddenly exhibited gleams of exquisite sensibility.</p>
+
+<p>In women, it must further be said, the sexual impulse shows a much more
+marked tendency to periodicity than in men; not only is it less apt to
+appear spontaneously, but its spontaneous manifestations are in a very
+pronounced manner correlated with menstruation. A woman who may experience
+almost overmastering sexual desire just before, during, or after the
+monthly period may remain perfectly calm and self-possessed during the
+rest of the month. In men such irregularities of the sexual impulse are
+far less marked. Thus it is that a woman may often appear capricious,
+unaccountable, or cold, merely because her moments of strong emotion have
+been physiologically confined within a limited period. She may be one day
+capable of audacities of which on another the very memory might seem to
+have left her.</p>
+
+<p>Not only is the intensity of the sexual impulse in women, as compared to
+men, more liable to vary from day to day, or from week to week, but the
+same greater variability is marked when we compare the whole cycle of life
+in women to that of men. The stress of early womanhood, when the
+reproductive functions are in fullest activity, and of late womanhood,
+when <a name='3_Page_255'></a>they are ceasing, produces a profound organic fermentation, psychic
+as much as physical, which is not paralleled in the lives of men. This
+greater variability in the cycle of a woman's life as compared with a
+man's is indicated very delicately and precisely by the varying incidence
+of insanity, and is made clearly visible in a diagram prepared by Marro
+showing the relative liability to mental diseases in the two sexes
+according to age.<a name='3_FNanchor_180'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_180'><sup>[180]</sup></a> At the age of 20 the incidence of insanity in both
+sexes is equal; from that age onward the curve in men proceeds in a
+gradual and equable manner, with only the slightest oscillation, on to old
+age. But in women the curve is extremely irregular; it remains high during
+all the years from 20 to 30, instead of falling like the masculine curve;
+then it falls rapidly to considerably below the masculine curve, rising
+again considerably above the masculine level during the climacteric years
+from 40 to 50, after which age the two sexes remain fairly close together
+to the end of life. Thus, as measured by the test of insanity, the curve
+of woman's life, in the sudden rise and sudden fall of its sexual crisis,
+differs from the curve of man's life and closely resembles the minor curve
+of her menstrual cycle.</p>
+
+<p>The general tendency of this difference in sexual life and impulse is to
+show a greater range of variation in women than in men. Fairly uniform, on
+the whole, in men generally and in the same man throughout mature life,
+sexual impulse varies widely between woman and woman, and even in the same
+woman at different periods.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_169'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_169'>[169]</a><div class='note'><p> Ovid remarks (<i>Ars Amatoria</i>, bk. i) that, if men were
+silent, women would take the active and suppliant part.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_170'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_170'>[170]</a><div class='note'><p> Ferrand, <i>De la Maladie d'Amour</i>, 1623, ch. ii.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_171'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_171'>[171]</a><div class='note'><p> Tarde, <i>Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, May 15, 1897.
+Marro, who quotes this observation (<i>Pubert&agrave;</i>, p. 467; in French edition,
+p. 61), remarks that his own evidence lends some support to Lombroso's
+conclusion that under ordinary circumstances woman's sensory acuteness is
+less than that of man. He is, however, inclined to impute this to
+defective attention; within the sexual sphere women's attention becomes
+concentrated, and their sensory perceptions then go far beyond those of
+men. There is probably considerable truth in this subtle observation.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_172'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_172'>[172]</a><div class='note'><p> A well-known gynecologist writes from America: &quot;Abhorrence
+due to suffering on first nights I have repeatedly seen. One very marked
+case is that of a fine womanly young woman with splendid figure; she is a
+very good woman, and admires her husband, but, though she tries to develop
+desire and passion, she cannot succeed. I fear the man will some day
+appear who will be able to develop the latent feelings.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_173'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_173'>[173]</a><div class='note'><p> It is curious that, while the sexual impulse in women tends
+to develop at a late age more frequently than in men, it would also appear
+to develop more frequently at a very early age than in the other sex. The
+majority of cases of precocious sexual development seems to be in female
+children. W. Roger Williams (&quot;Precocious Sexual Development,&quot; <i>British
+Gyn&aelig;cological Journal</i>, May, 1902) finds that 80 such cases have been
+recorded in females and only 20 in males, and, while 13 is the earliest
+age at which boys have proved virile, girls have been known to conceive at
+8.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_174'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_174'>[174]</a><div class='note'><p> I find the same remark made by Plazzonus in the seventeenth
+century.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_175'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_175'>[175]</a><div class='note'><p> Art. &quot;F&eacute;condation,&quot; <i>Dictionnaire Encyclop&eacute;dique des
+Sciences M&eacute;dicales</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_176'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_176'>[176]</a><div class='note'><p> This also is an ancient remark, for in the early treatise
+<i>De Secretis Mulierum</i>, once attributed to Michael Scot, it is stated,
+concerning the woman who finds pleasure in coitus, &quot;cantat libenter.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_177'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_177'>[177]</a><div class='note'><p> It is scarcely necessary to add that prostitutes can
+furnish little evidence one way or the other. Not only may prostitutes
+refuse to participate in the sexual orgasm, but the evils of a
+prostitute's life are obviously connected with causes quite other than
+mere excess of sexual gratification.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_178'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_178'>[178]</a><div class='note'><p> This is, for instance, indicated by the experiments of
+Gualino concerning the sexual sensitiveness of the lips (<i>Archivio di
+Psichiatria</i>, 1904, fasc. 3). He found that mechanical irritation applied
+to the lips produced more or less sexual feeling in 12 out of 20 women,
+but in only 10 out of 25 men, <i>i.e.</i>, in three-fifths of the women and
+two-fifths of the men.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_179'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_179'>[179]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Adolescence is for women primarily a period of storm and
+stress, while for men it is in the highest sense a period of doubt,&quot;
+(Starbuck, <i>Psychology of Religion</i>, p. 241.) It is interesting to note
+that in the religious sphere, also, the emotions of women are more
+diffused than those of men; Starbuck confirms the conclusion of Professor
+Coe that, while women have at least as much religious emotion as men, in
+them it is more all pervasive, and they experience fewer struggles and
+acute crises. (<i>Ibid.</i>, p. 80.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_180'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_180'>[180]</a><div class='note'><p> Marro, <i>La Pubert&agrave;</i>, p. 233. This table covers all those
+cases, nearly 3000, of patients entering the Turin asylum, from 1886 to
+1895, in which the age of the first appearance of insanity was known.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='3_S_III'></a><h3><a name='3_Page_256'></a>III.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Summary of Conclusions.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>In conclusion it may be worth while to sum up the main points brought out
+in this brief discussion of a very large question. We have seen that there
+are two streams of opinion regarding the relative strength of the sexual
+impulse in men and women: one tending to regard it as greater in men, the
+other as greater in women. We have concluded that, since a large body of
+facts may be brought forward to support either view, we may fairly hold
+that, roughly speaking, the distribution of the sexual impulse between the
+two sexes is fairly balanced.</p>
+
+<p>We have, however, further seen that the phenomena are in reality too
+complex to be settled by the usual crude method of attempting to discover
+quantitative differences in the sexual impulse. We more nearly get to the
+bottom of the question by a more analytic method, breaking up our mass of
+facts into groups. In this way we find that there are certain well-marked
+characteristics by which the sexual impulse in women differs from the same
+impulse in men: 1. It shows greater apparent passivity. 2. It is more
+complex, less apt to appear spontaneously, and more often needing to be
+aroused, while the sexual orgasm develops more slowly than in men. 3. It
+tends to become stronger after sexual relationships are established. 4.
+The threshold of excess is less easily reached than in men. 5. The sexual
+sphere is larger and more diffused. 6. There is a more marked tendency to
+periodicity in the spontaneous manifestations of sexual desire. 7. Largely
+as a result of these characteristics, the sexual impulse shows a greater
+range of variation in women than in men, both as between woman and woman
+and in the same woman at different periods.</p>
+
+<p>It may be added that a proper understanding of these sexual differences in
+men and women is of great importance, both in the practical management of
+sexual hygiene and in the comprehension of those wider psychological
+characteristics by which women differ from men.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='3_APPENDICES'></a><h2><a name='3_Page_257'></a>APPENDICES.</h2>
+
+
+<a name='3_Page_258'></a>
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='3_APPENDIX_A'></a><h3><a name='3_Page_259'></a>APPENDIX A.</h3>
+
+<h4>THE SEXUAL INSTINCT IN SAVAGES.</h4>
+
+<a name='3_A_I'></a><h5>I.</h5>
+<br />
+
+<p>In the eighteenth century, when savage tribes in various parts of the
+world first began to be visited, extravagantly romantic views widely
+prevailed as to the simple and idyllic lives led by primitive peoples.
+During the greater part of the nineteenth century the tendency of opinion
+was to the opposite extreme, and it became usual to insist on the degraded
+and licentious morals of savages.<a name='3_FNanchor_181'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_181'><sup>[181]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In reality, however, savage life is just as little a prolonged debauch as
+a prolonged idyll. The inquiries of such writers as Westermarck, Frazer,
+and Crawley are tending to introduce a sounder conception of the actual,
+often highly complex, conditions of primitive life in its relations to the
+sexual instinct.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time it is not difficult to account for the belief, widely
+spread during the nineteenth century, in the unbridled licentiousness of
+savages. In the first place, the doctrine of evolution inevitably created
+a prejudice in favor of such a view. It was assumed that modesty,
+chastity, and restraint were the finest and ultimate flowers of moral
+development; therefore at the beginnings of civilization we must needs
+expect to find the opposite of these things. Apart, however, from any mere
+prejudice of this kind, a superficial observation of the actual facts
+necessarily led to much misunderstanding. Just as the nakedness of many
+savage peoples led to the belief that they were <a name='3_Page_260'></a>lacking in modesty,
+although, as a matter of fact, modesty is more highly developed in savage
+life than in civilization,<a name='3_FNanchor_182'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_182'><sup>[182]</sup></a> so the absence of our European rules of
+sexual behavior among savages led to the conclusion that they were
+abandoned to debauchery. The widespread custom of lending the wife under
+certain circumstances was especially regarded as indicating gross
+licentiousness. Moreover, even when intercourse was found to be free
+before marriage, scarcely any investigator sought to ascertain what amount
+of sexual intercourse this freedom involved. It was not clearly understood
+that such freedom must by no means be necessarily assumed to involve very
+frequent intercourse. Again, it often happened that no clear distinction
+was made between peoples contaminated by association with civilization,
+and peoples not so contaminated. For instance, when prostitution is
+attributed to a savage people we must usually suppose either that a
+mistake has been made or that the people in question have been degraded by
+intercourse with white peoples, for among unspoilt savages customs that
+can properly be called prostitution rarely prevail. Nor, indeed, would
+they be in harmony with the conditions of primitive life.</p>
+
+<p>It has been seriously maintained that the chastity of savages, so far as
+it exists at all, is due to European civilization. It is doubtless true
+that this is the case with individual persons and tribes, but there is
+ample evidence from various parts of the world to show that this is by no
+means the rule. And, indeed, it may be said&mdash;with no disregard of the
+energy and sincerity of missionary efforts&mdash;that it could not be so. A new
+system of beliefs and practices, however excellent it may be in itself,
+can never possess the same stringent and unquestionable force as the
+system in which an individual and his ancestors have always lived, and
+which they have never doubted the validity of. That this is so we may have
+occasion to observe among ourselves. Christian teachers question the
+wisdom of bringing young people under free-thinking influence, because,
+although they do not <a name='3_Page_261'></a>deny the morals of free-thinkers, they believe that
+to unsettle the young may have a disastrous effect, not only on belief,
+but also on conduct. Yet this dangerously unsettling process has been
+applied by missionaries on a wholesale scale to races which in some
+respect are often little more than children. When, therefore, we are
+considering the chastity of savages we must not take into account those
+peoples which have been brought into close contact with Europeans.</p>
+
+<p>In order to understand the sexual habits of savages generally there are
+two points which always have to be borne in mind as of the first
+importance: (1) the checks restraining sexual intercourse among savages,
+especially as regards time and season, are so numerous, and the sanctions
+upholding those checks so stringent, that sexual excess cannot prevail to
+the same extent as in civilization; (2) even in the absence of such
+checks, that difficulty of obtaining sexual erethism which has been noted
+as so common among savages, when not overcome by the stimulating
+influences prevailing at special times and seasons, and which is probably
+in large measure dependent on hard condition of life as well as an
+insensitive quality of nervous texture, still remains an important factor,
+tending to produce a natural chastity. There is a third consideration
+which, though from the present point of view subsidiary, is not without
+bearing on our conception of chastity among savages: the importance, even
+sacredness, of procreation is much more generally recognized by savage
+than by civilized peoples, and also a certain symbolic significance is
+frequently attached to human procreation as related to natural
+fruitfulness generally; so that a primitive sexual orgy, instead of being
+a mere manifestation of licentiousness, may have a ritual significance, as
+a magical means of evoking the fruitfulness of fields and herds.<a name='3_FNanchor_183'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_183'><sup>[183]</sup></a> </p><a name='3_Page_262'></a>
+
+<p>When a savage practises extraconjugal sexual intercourse, the act is
+frequently not, as it has come to be conventionally regarded in
+civilization, an immorality or at least an illegitimate indulgence; it is
+a useful and entirely justifiable act, producing definite benefits,
+conducing alike to cosmic order and social order, although these benefits
+are not always such as we in civilization believe to be caused by the act.
+Thus, speaking of the northern tribes of central Australia, Spencer and
+Gillen remark: &quot;It is very usual amongst all of the tribes to allow
+considerable license during the performance of certain of their ceremonies
+when a large number of natives, some of them coming often from distant
+parts, are gathered together&mdash;in fact, on such occasions all of the
+ordinary marital rules seem to be more or less set aside for the time
+being. Each day, in some tribes, one or more women are told off whose duty
+it is to attend at the corrobboree grounds,&mdash;sometimes only during the
+day, sometimes at night,&mdash;and all of the men, except those who are
+fathers, elder and younger brothers, and sons, have access to them.... The
+idea is that the sexual intercourse assists in some way in the proper
+performance of the ceremony, causing everything to work smoothly and
+preventing the decorations from falling off.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_184'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_184'><sup>[184]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is largely this sacred character of sexual intercourse&mdash;the fact that
+it is among the things that are at once &quot;divine&quot; and &quot;impure,&quot; these two
+conceptions not being differentiated in primitive thought&mdash;which leads to
+the frequency with which in savage life a taboo is put upon its exercise.
+Robertson Smith added an appendix to his <i>Religion of the Semites</i> on
+&quot;Taboo on the Intercourse of the Sexes.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_185'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_185'><sup>[185]</sup></a> Westermarck brought together
+evidence showing the frequency with which this and allied causes tended to
+the chastity of savages.<a name='3_FNanchor_186'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_186'><sup>[186]</sup></a> Frazer has very luminously expounded the
+whole primitive conception of sexual intercourse, and showed how it
+affected chastity.<a name='3_FNanchor_187'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_187'><sup>[187]</sup></a> Warriors must often be <a name='3_Page_263'></a>chaste; the men who go on
+any hunting or other expedition require to be chaste to be successful; the
+women left behind must be strictly chaste; sometimes even the whole of the
+people left behind, and for long periods, must be chaste in order to
+insure the success of the expedition. Hubert and Maus touched on the same
+point in their elaborate essay on sacrifice, pointing out how frequently
+sexual relationships are prohibited on the occasion of any ceremony
+whatever.<a name='3_FNanchor_188'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_188'><sup>[188]</sup></a> Crawley, in elaborating the primitive conception of taboo,
+has dealt fully with ritual and traditional influences making for chastity
+among savages. He brings forward, for instance, a number of cases, from
+various parts of the world, in which intercourse has to be delayed for
+days, weeks, even months, after marriage. He considers that the sexual
+continence prevalent among savages is largely due to a belief in the
+enervating effects of coitus; so dangerous are the sexes to each other
+that, as he points out, even now sexual separation of the sexes commonly
+occurs.<a name='3_FNanchor_189'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_189'><sup>[189]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>There are thus a great number of constantly recurring occasions in savage
+life when continence must be preserved, and when, it is firmly believed,
+terrible risks would be incurred by its violation&mdash;during war, after
+victory, after festivals, during mourning, on journeys, in hunting and
+fishing, in a vast number of agricultural and industrial occupations.</p>
+
+<p>It might fairly be argued that the facility with which the savage places
+these checks on sexual intercourse itself bears witness to the weakness of
+the sexual impulse. Evidence of another order which seems to point to the
+undeveloped state of the sexual impulse among savages may be found in the
+comparatively undeveloped condition of their sexual organs, a condition
+<a name='3_Page_264'></a>not, indeed, by any means constant, but very frequently noted. As regards
+women, it has in many parts of the world been observed to be the rule, and
+the data which Ploss and Bartels have accumulated seem to me, on the
+whole, to point clearly in this direction.<a name='3_FNanchor_190'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_190'><sup>[190]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>At another point, also, it may be remarked, the repulsion between the
+sexes and the restraints on intercourse may be associated with weak sexual
+impulse. It is not improbable that a certain horror of the sexual organs
+may be a natural feeling which is extinguished in the intoxication of
+desire, yet still has a physiological basis which renders the sexual
+organs&mdash;disguised and minimized by convention and by artistic
+representation&mdash;more or less disgusting in the absence of erotic
+emotion.<a name='3_FNanchor_191'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_191'><sup>[191]</sup></a> And this is probably more marked in cases in which the
+sexual instinct is constitutionally feeble. A lady who had no marked
+sexual desires, and who considered it well bred to be indifferent to such
+matters, on inspecting her sexual parts in a mirror for the first time in
+her life was shocked and disgusted at the sight. Certainly many women
+could record a similar experience on being first approached by a man,
+although artistic conventions present the male form with greater truth
+than the female. Moreover,&mdash;and here is the significant point,&mdash;this
+feeling is by no means restricted to the refined and cultured. &quot;When
+working at Michelangelo,&quot; wrote a correspondent from Italy, &quot;my upper
+gondolier used to see photographs and statuettes of all that man's works.
+Stopping one day before the Night and Dawn of S. Lorenzo, sprawling naked
+women, he exclaimed: 'How hideous <a name='3_Page_265'></a>they are!' I pressed him to explain
+himself. He went on: 'The ugliest man naked is handsomer than the finest
+woman naked. Women have crooked legs, and their sexual organs stink. I
+only once saw a naked woman. It was in a brothel, when I was 18. The sight
+of her &quot;natura&quot; made me go out and vomit into the canal. You know I have
+been twice married, but I never saw either of my wives without clothing.'
+Of very rank cheese he said one day: 'Puzza come la natura d'una donna.'&quot;
+This man, my correspondent added, was entirely normal and robust, but
+seemed to regard sexual congress as a mere evacuation, the sexual instinct
+apparently not being strong.</p>
+
+<p>It seems possible that, if the sexual impulse had no existence, all men
+would regard women with this <i>horror femin&aelig;</i>. As things are, however, at
+all events in civilization, sexual emotions begin to develop even earlier,
+usually, than acquaintance with the organs of the other sex begins; so
+that this disgust is inhibited. If, however, among savages the sexual
+impulse is habitually weak, and only aroused to strength under the impetus
+of powerful stimuli, often acting periodically, then we should expect the
+<i>horror</i> to be a factor of considerable importance.</p>
+
+<p>The weakness of the physical sexual impulse among savages is reflected in
+the psychic sphere. Many writers have pointed out that love plays but a
+small part in their lives. They practise few endearments; they often only
+kiss children (Westermarck notes that sexual love is far less strong than
+parental love); love-poems are among some primitive peoples few (mostly
+originating with the women), and their literature often gives little or no
+attention to passion.<a name='3_FNanchor_192'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_192'><sup>[192]</sup></a> Affection and devotion are, however, often
+strong, especially in savage women.</p>
+
+<p>It is not surprising that jealousy should often, though not by any means
+invariably, be absent, both among men and among women. Among savages this
+is doubtless a proof of the weakness of the sexual impulse. Spencer and
+Gillen note the comparative <a name='3_Page_266'></a>absence of jealousy in men among the Central
+Australian tribes they studied.<a name='3_FNanchor_193'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_193'><sup>[193]</sup></a> Negresses, it is said by a French
+army surgeon in his <i>Untrodden Fields of Anthropology</i>, do not know what
+jealousy is, and the first wife will even borrow money to buy the second
+wife. Among a much higher race, the women in a Korean household, it is
+said, live together happily, as an almost invariable rule, though it
+appears that this was not always the case among a polygamous people of
+European race, the Mormons.</p>
+
+<p>The tendency of the sexual instinct in savages to periodicity, to seasonal
+manifestations, I do not discuss here, as I have dealt with it in the
+first volume of these <i>Studies</i>.<a name='3_FNanchor_194'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_194'><sup>[194]</sup></a> It has, however, a very important
+bearing on this subject. Periodicity of sexual manifestations is, indeed,
+less absolute in primitive man than in most animals, but it is still very
+often quite clearly marked. It is largely the occurrence of these violent
+occasional outbursts of the sexual instinct&mdash;during which the organic
+impulse to tumescence becomes so powerful that external stimuli are no
+longer necessary&mdash;that has led to the belief in the peculiar strength of
+the impulse in savages.<a name='3_FNanchor_195'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_195'><sup>[195]</sup></a></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_181'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_181'>[181]</a><div class='note'><p> Thus, Lubbock (Lord Avebury), in the <i>Origin of
+Civilization</i>, fifth edition, 1889, brings forward a number of references
+in evidence of this belief. More recently Finck, in his <i>Primitive Love
+and Love-stories</i>, 1899, seeks to accumulate data in favor of the
+unbounded licentiousness of savages. He admits, however, that a view of
+the matter opposed to his own is now tending to prevail.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_182'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_182'>[182]</a><div class='note'><p> See &quot;The Evolution of Modesty&quot; in the first volume of these
+<i>Studies</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_183'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_183'>[183]</a><div class='note'><p> The sacredness of sexual relations often applies also to
+individual marriage. Thus, Skeat, in his <i>Malay Magic</i>, shows that the
+bride and bridegroom are definitely recognized as sacred, in the same
+sense that the king is, and in Malay States the king is a very sacred
+person. See also, concerning the sacred character of coitus, whether
+individual or collective, A. Van Gennep, <i>Rites de Passage, passim</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_184'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_184'>[184]</a><div class='note'><p> Spencer and Gillen, <i>Northern Tribes of Central Australia</i>,
+p. 136.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_185'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_185'>[185]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Religion of the Semites</i>, second edition, 1894, p. 454 <i>et
+seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_186'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_186'>[186]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>History of Marriage</i>, pp. 66-70, 150-156, etc.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_187'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_187'>[187]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Golden Bough</i>, third edition, part ii, <i>Taboo and the
+Perils of the Soul</i>. Frazer has discussed taboo generally. For a shorter
+account of taboo, see art. &quot;Taboo&quot; by Northcote Thomas in <i>Encyclop&aelig;dia
+Britannica</i>, eleventh edition, 1911. Freud has lately (<i>Imago</i>, 1912) made
+an attempt to explain the origin of taboo psychologically by comparing it
+to neurotic obsessions. Taboo, Freud believes, has its origin in a
+forbidden act to perform which there is a strong unconscious tendency; an
+ambivalent attitude, that is, combining the opposite tendencies, is thus
+established. In this way Freud would account for the fact that tabooed
+persons and things are both sacred and unclean.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_188'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_188'>[188]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Essai sur le Sacrifice,&quot; <i>L'Ann&eacute;e Sociologique</i>, 1899, pp.
+50-51.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_189'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_189'>[189]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>The Mystic Rose</i>, 1902, p. 187 <i>et seq.</i>, 215 <i>et seq.</i>,
+342 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_190'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_190'>[190]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Das Weib</i>, vol. i, section 6.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_191'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_191'>[191]</a><div class='note'><p> This statement has been questioned. It should, however, be
+fairly evident that the sexual organs in either sex, when closely
+examined, can scarcely be regarded as beautiful except in the eyes of a
+person of the opposite sex who is in a condition of sexual excitement, and
+they are not always attractive even then. Moreover, it must be remembered
+that the snake-like aptitude of the penis to enter into a state of
+erection apart from the control of the will puts it in a different
+category from any other organ of the body, and could not fail to attract
+the attention of primitive peoples so easily alarmed by unusual
+manifestations. We find even in the early ages of Christianity that St.
+Augustine attached immense importance to this alarming aptitude of the
+penis as a sign of man's sinful and degenerate state.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_192'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_192'>[192]</a><div class='note'><p> Lubbock, <i>Origin of Civilization</i>, fifth edition, pp. 69,
+73; Westermarck, <i>History of Marriage</i>, p. 357; Grosse, <i>Anf&auml;nge der
+Kunst</i>, p. 236; Herbert Spencer, &quot;Origin of Music,&quot; <i>Mind</i>, Oct., 1890.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_193'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_193'>[193]</a><div class='note'><p> Spencer and Gillen, <i>Native Tribes of Central Australia</i>,
+p. 99; <i>cf.</i> Finck, <i>Primitive Love and Love-stories</i>, p. 89 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_194'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_194'>[194]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity.&quot; The subject has also
+been more recently discussed by Walter Heape, &quot;The 'Sexual Season' of
+Mammals,&quot; <i>Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science</i>, vol. xliv, 1900.
+See also F. H. A. Marshall, <i>The Physiology of Reproduction</i>, 1910.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_195'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_195'>[195]</a><div class='note'><p> This view finds a belated supporter in Max Marcuse
+(&quot;Geschlechtstrieb des Urmenschens,&quot; <i>Sexual-Probleme</i>, Oct., 1909), who,
+on grounds which I cannot regard as sound, seeks to maintain the belief
+that the sexual instinct is more highly developed among savage than among
+civilized peoples.</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+<a name='3_A_II'></a><h5><a name='3_Page_267'></a>II.</h5>
+<br />
+
+<p>The facts thus seem to indicate that among primitive peoples, while the
+magical, ceremonial, and traditional restraints on sexual intercourse are
+very numerous, very widespread, and nearly always very stringent, there
+is, underlying this prevalence of restraints on intercourse, a fundamental
+weakness of the sexual instinct, which craves less, and craves less
+frequently, than is the case among civilized peoples, but is liable to be
+powerfully manifested at special seasons. It is perfectly true that among
+savages, as Sutherland states, &quot;there is no ideal which makes chastity a
+thing beautiful in itself&quot;; but when the same writer goes on to state that
+&quot;it is untrue that in sexual license the savage has everything to learn,&quot;
+we must demand greater precision of statement.<a name='3_FNanchor_196'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_196'><sup>[196]</sup></a> Travelers, and too
+often would-be scientific writers, have been so much impressed by the
+absence among savages of the civilized ideal of chastity, and by the
+frequent freedom of sexual intercourse, that they have not paused to
+inquire more carefully into the phenomena, or to put themselves at the
+primitive point of view, but have assumed that freedom here means all that
+it would mean in a European population.</p>
+
+<p>In order to illustrate the actual circumstances of savage life in this
+respect from the scanty evidence furnished by the most careful observers,
+I have brought together from scattered sources a few statements concerning
+primitive peoples in very various parts of the world.<a name='3_FNanchor_197'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_197'><sup>[197]</sup></a> </p><a name='3_Page_268'></a>
+
+<p>Among the Andamanese, Portman, who knows them well, says that sexual
+desire is very moderate; in males it appears at the age of 18, but, as
+&quot;their love for sport is greater than their passions, these are not
+gratified to any great extent till after marriage, which rarely takes
+place till a man is about 26.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_198'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_198'><sup>[198]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Although chastity is not esteemed by the Fuegians, and virginity is lost
+at a very early age, yet both men and women are extremely moderate in
+sexual indulgence.<a name='3_FNanchor_199'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_199'><sup>[199]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Among the Eskimo at the other end of the American continent, according to
+Dr. F. Cook, the sexual passions are suppressed during the long darkness
+of winter, as also is the menstrual function usually, and the majority of
+the children are born nine months after the appearance of the sun.<a name='3_FNanchor_200'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_200'><sup>[200]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Among the Indians of North America it is the custom of many tribes to
+refrain from sexual intercourse during the whole period of lactation, as
+also D'Orbigny found to be the case among South American Indians, although
+suckling went on for over three years.<a name='3_FNanchor_201'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_201'><sup>[201]</sup></a> Many of the Indian tribes have
+now been rendered licentious by contact with civilization. In the
+primitive condition their customs were entirely different. Dr. Holder, who
+knows many tribes of North American Indians well, has dealt in some detail
+with this point. &quot;Several of the virtues,&quot; he states, &quot;and among them
+chastity, were more faithfully practised by the Indian race before the
+invasion from the East than these same virtues are practised by the white
+race of the present day.... The race is less salacious than either the
+negro or white race.... That the women of some tribes are now more careful
+of their virtue than the women of any other community whose history I
+know, I am fully convinced.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_202'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_202'><sup>[202]</sup></a> It is not only on the women that sexual
+abstinence is imposed. Among <a name='3_Page_269'></a>some branches of the Salish Indians of
+British Columbia a young widower must refrain from sexual intercourse for
+a year, and sometimes lives entirely apart during that period.<a name='3_FNanchor_203'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_203'><sup>[203]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In many parts of Polynesia, although the sexual impulse seems often to
+have been highly developed before the arrival of Europeans, it is very
+doubtful whether license, in the European sense, at all generally
+prevailed. The Marquesans, who have sometimes been regarded as peculiarly
+licentious, are especially mentioned by Foley as illustrating his
+statement that sexual erethism is with difficulty attained by primitive
+peoples except during sexual seasons.<a name='3_FNanchor_204'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_204'><sup>[204]</sup></a> Herman Melville's detailed
+account in <i>Typee</i> of the Marquesans (somewhat idealized, no doubt)
+reveals nothing that can fairly be called licentiousness. At Rotuma, J.
+Stanley Gardiner remarks, before the missionaries came sexual intercourse
+before marriage was free, but gross immorality and prostitution and
+adultery were unknown. Matters are much worse now.<a name='3_FNanchor_205'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_205'><sup>[205]</sup></a> The Maoris of New
+Zealand, in the old days, according to one who had lived among them, were
+more chaste than the English, and, though a chief might lend his wife to a
+friend as an honor, it would be very difficult to take her (<i>private
+communication</i>).<a name='3_FNanchor_206'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_206'><sup>[206]</sup></a> Captain Cook also represented these people as modest
+and virtuous.</p>
+
+<p>Among the Papuans of New Guinea and Torres Straits, although intercourse
+before marriage is free, it is by no means unbridled, nor is it carried to
+excess. There are many circumstances <a name='3_Page_270'></a>restraining intercourse. Thus,
+unmarried men must not indulge in it during October and November at Torres
+Straits. It is the general rule also that there should be no sexual
+intercourse during pregnancy, while a child is being suckled (which goes
+on for three or four years), or even until it can speak or walk.<a name='3_FNanchor_207'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_207'><sup>[207]</sup></a> In
+Astrolabe Bay, New Guinea, according to Vahness, a young couple must
+abstain from intercourse for several weeks after marriage, and to break
+this rule would be disgraceful.<a name='3_FNanchor_208'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_208'><sup>[208]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>As regards Australia, Brough Smyth wrote: &quot;Promiscuous intercourse between
+the sexes is not practised by the aborigines, and their laws on the
+subject, particularly those of New South Wales, are very strict. When at
+camp all the young unmarried men are stationed by themselves at the
+extreme end, while the married men, each with his family, occupy the
+center. No conversation is allowed between the single men and the girls or
+the married women. Infractions of these laws were visited by punishment;
+... five or six warriors threw from a comparatively short distance several
+spears at him [the offender]. The man was often severely wounded and
+sometimes killed.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_209'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_209'><sup>[209]</sup></a> This author mentions that a black woman has been
+known to kill a white man who attempted to have intercourse with her by
+force. Yet both sexes have occasional sexual intercourse from an early
+age. After marriage, in various parts of Australia, there are numerous
+restraints on intercourse, which is forbidden not merely during
+menstruation, but during the latter part of pregnancy and for one moon
+after childbirth.<a name='3_FNanchor_210'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_210'><sup>[210]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Concerning the people of the Malay Peninsula, Hrolf Vaughan Stevens
+states: &quot;The sexual impulse among the Belendas is only developed to a
+slight extent; they are not sensual, and the husband has intercourse with
+his wife not oftener than three times a month. The women also are not
+ardent.... The <a name='3_Page_271'></a>Orang L&acirc;ut are more sensual than the Dyaks, who are,
+however, more given to obscene jokes than their neighbors.... With the
+Belendas there is little or no love-play in sexual relations&quot;.<a name='3_FNanchor_211'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_211'><sup>[211]</sup></a> Skeat
+tells us also that among Malays in war-time strict chastity must be
+observed in a stockade, or the bullets of the garrison will lose their
+power.<a name='3_FNanchor_212'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_212'><sup>[212]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is a common notion that the negro and negroid races of Africa are
+peculiarly prone to sexual indulgence. This notion is not supported by
+those who have had the most intimate knowledge of these peoples. It
+probably gained currency in part owing to the open and expansive
+temperament of the negro, and in part owing to the extremely sexual
+character of many African orgies and festivals, though those might quite
+as legitimately be taken as evidence of difficulty in attaining sexual
+erethism.</p>
+
+<p>A French army surgeon, speaking from knowledge of the black races in
+various French colonies, states in his <i>Untrodden Fields of Anthropology</i>
+that it is a mistake to imagine that the negress is very amorous. She is
+rather cold, and indifferent to the refinements of love, in which respects
+she is very unlike the mulatto. The white man is usually powerless to
+excite her, partly from his small penis, partly from his rapidity of
+emission; the black man, on account of his blunter nervous system, takes
+three times as long to reach emission as the white man. Among the
+Mohammedan peoples of West Africa, Daniell remarks, as well as in central
+and northern Africa, it is usual to suckle a child for two or more years.
+From the time when pregnancy becomes apparent to the end of weaning no
+intercourse takes place. It is believed that this would greatly endanger
+the infant, if not destroy it. This means that for every child the woman,
+at all events, must remain continent for about three years.<a name='3_FNanchor_213'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_213'><sup>[213]</sup></a> Sir H. H.
+Johnston, writing concerning the peoples <a name='3_Page_272'></a>of central Africa, remarks that
+the man also must remain chaste during these periods. Thus, among the
+Atonga the wife leaves her husband at the sixth month of pregnancy, and
+does not resume relations with him until five or six months after the
+birth of the child. If, in the interval, he has relations with any other
+woman, it is believed his wife will certainly die. &quot;The negro is very
+rarely vicious,&quot; Johnston says, &quot;after he has attained to the age of
+puberty. He is only more or less uxorious. The children are vicious, as
+they are among most races of mankind, the boys outrageously so. As regards
+the little girls over nearly the whole of British Central Africa, chastity
+before puberty is an unknown condition, except perhaps among the A-nyanja.
+Before a girl is become a woman it is a matter of absolute indifference
+what she does, and scarcely any girl remains a virgin after about 5 years
+of age.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_214'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_214'><sup>[214]</sup></a> Among the Bangala of the upper Congo a woman suckles her
+child for six to eighteen months and during all this period the husband
+has no intercourse with his wife, for that, it is believed, would kill the
+child.<a name='3_FNanchor_215'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_215'><sup>[215]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Among the Yoruba-speaking people of West Africa A. B. Ellis mentions that
+suckling lasts for three years, during the whole of which period the wife
+must not cohabit with her husband.<a name='3_FNanchor_216'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_216'><sup>[216]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Although chastity before marriage appears to be, as a rule, little
+regarded in Africa, this is not always so. In some parts of West Africa, a
+girl, at all events if of high birth, when found guilty of unchastity may
+be punished by the insertion into her vagina of bird pepper, a kind of
+capsicum, beaten into a mass; this produces intense pain and such acute
+inflammation that the canal may even be obliterated.<a name='3_FNanchor_217'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_217'><sup>[217]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Among the Dahomey women there is no coitus during pregnancy nor during
+suckling, which lasts for nearly three years.<a name='3_Page_273'></a> The same is true among the
+Jekris and other tribes on the Niger, where it is believed that the milk
+would suffer if intercourse took place during lactation.<a name='3_FNanchor_218'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_218'><sup>[218]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In another part of Africa, among the Suaheli, even after marriage only
+incomplete coitus is at first allowed and there is no intercourse for a
+year after the child's birth.<a name='3_FNanchor_219'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_219'><sup>[219]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Farther south, among the Ba Wenda of north Transvaal, says the Rev. R.
+Wessmann, although the young men are permitted to &quot;play&quot; with the young
+girls before marriage, no sexual intercourse is allowed. If it is seen
+that a girl's labia are apart when she sits down on a stone, she is
+scolded, or even punished, as guilty of having had intercourse.<a name='3_FNanchor_220'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_220'><sup>[220]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Among the higher races in India the sexual instinct is very developed, and
+sexual intercourse has been cultivated as an art, perhaps more elaborately
+than anywhere else. Here, however, we are far removed from primitive
+conditions and among a people closely allied to the Europeans. Farther to
+the east, as among the Cambodians, strict chastity seems to prevail, and
+if we cross the Himalayas to the north we find ourselves among wild people
+to whom sexual license is unknown. Thus, among the Turcomans, even a few
+days after the marriage has been celebrated, the young couple are
+separated for an entire year.<a name='3_FNanchor_221'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_221'><sup>[221]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>All the great organized religions have seized on this value of sexual
+abstinence, already consecrated by primitive magic and religion, and
+embodied it in their system. It was so in ancient Egypt. Thus, according
+to Diodorus, on the death of a king, the entire population of Egypt
+abstained from sexual intercourse for seventy-two days. The Persians,
+again, attached great value to sexual as to all other kinds of purity.
+Even involuntary seminal emissions were severely punishable. To lie with a
+menstruating <a name='3_Page_274'></a>woman, according to the <i>Vendidad</i>, was as serious a matter
+as to pollute holy fire, and to lie with a pregnant woman was to incur a
+penalty of 2000 strokes. Among the modern Parsees a man must not lie with
+his wife after she is four months and ten days pregnant. Mohammedanism
+cannot be described as an ascetic religion, yet long and frequent periods
+of sexual abstinence are enjoined. There must be no sexual intercourse
+during the whole of pregnancy, during suckling, during menstruation (and
+for eight days before and after), nor during the thirty days of the
+Ramedan fast. Other times of sexual abstinence are also prescribed; thus
+among the Mohammedan Yezidis of Mardin in northern Mesopotamia there must
+be no sexual intercourse on Wednesdays or Fridays.<a name='3_FNanchor_222'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_222'><sup>[222]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In the early Christian Church many rules of sexual abstinence still
+prevailed, similar to those usual among savages, though not for such
+prolonged periods. In Egbert's Penitential, belonging to the ninth
+century, it is stated that a woman must abstain from intercourse with her
+husband three months after conception and for forty days after birth.
+There were a number of other occasions, including Lent, when a husband
+must not know his wife.<a name='3_FNanchor_223'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_223'><sup>[223]</sup></a> &quot;Some canonists say,&quot; remarks Jeremy Taylor,
+&quot;that the Church forbids a mutual congression of married pairs upon
+festival days.... The Council of Eliberis commanded abstinence from
+conjugal rights for three or four or seven days before the communion. Pope
+Liberius commanded the same during the whole time of Lent, supposing the
+fast is polluted by such congressions.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_224'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_224'><sup>[224]</sup></a></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_196'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_196'>[196]</a><div class='note'><p> A. Sutherland, <i>Origin and Growth of the Moral Instinct</i>,
+vol. i, pp. 8, 187. As has been shown by, for instance, Dr. Iwan Bloch
+(<i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Erster Theil, 1902),
+every perverse sexual practice may be found, somewhere or other, among
+savages or barbarians; but, as the same writer acutely points out (p. 58),
+these devices bear witness to the need of overcoming frigidity rather than
+to the strength of the sexual impulse.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_197'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_197'>[197]</a><div class='note'><p> Ploss and Bartels have brought together in <i>Das Weib</i> a
+large number of facts in the same sense, more especially under the
+headings of <i>Abstinenz-Vorschriften</i> and <i>Die Fernhaltung der
+Schwangeren</i>. I have not drawn upon their collection.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_198'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_198'>[198]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>, May, 1896, p.
+369.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_199'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_199'>[199]</a><div class='note'><p> Hyades and Deniker, <i>Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn</i>,
+vol. vii, p. 188.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_200'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_200'>[200]</a><div class='note'><p> F. Cook, <i>New York Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics</i>,
+1894.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_201'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_201'>[201]</a><div class='note'><p> A. d'Orbigny, <i>L'Homme Am&eacute;ricain</i>, 1839, vol. i, p. 47.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_202'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_202'>[202]</a><div class='note'><p> A. B. Holder, &quot;Gynecic Notes Among the American Indians,&quot;
+<i>American Journal of Obstetrics</i>, 1892, vol. xxvi, No. 1.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_203'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_203'>[203]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>, 1905, p. 139.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_204'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_204'>[204]</a><div class='note'><p> Foley, <i>Bulletin de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; d' Anthropologie</i>, Paris,
+November 6, 1879.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_205'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_205'>[205]</a><div class='note'><p> J. S. Gardiner, <i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>,
+February, 1898, p. 409.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_206'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_206'>[206]</a><div class='note'><p> As regards the modern Maoris, a medical correspondent in
+New Zealand writes: &quot;It is nothing for members of both sexes to live in
+the same room, and for promiscuous intercourse to take place between
+father and daughter or brother and sister. Maori women, who will display a
+great deal of modesty when in the presence of male Maoris, will openly ask
+strange Europeans to have sexual intercourse with them, and without any
+desire for reward. The men, however, seem to prefer their own women, and
+even when staying in towns, where they can obtain prostitutes, they will
+remain continent until they return home again, a period of perhaps a
+month.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_207'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_207'>[207]</a><div class='note'><p> Schellong, <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1889, i, pp. 17,
+19; Haddon, <i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>, February, 1890,
+pp. 316, 397; Guise, <i>ib.</i>, February and May, 1899, p. 207; Seligmann,
+<i>ib.</i>, 1902, pp. 298, 301-302; <i>Reports Cambridge Expedition</i>, vol. v, pp.
+199-200, 275.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_208'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_208'>[208]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1900, ht. v, p. 414.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_209'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_209'>[209]</a><div class='note'><p> R. Brough Smyth, <i>The Aborigines of Victoria</i>, vol. ii, p.
+318.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_210'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_210'>[210]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>, 1894, pp. 170,
+177, 187.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_211'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_211'>[211]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1896, iv, pp. 180-181.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_212'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_212'>[212]</a><div class='note'><p> W. W. Skeat, <i>Malay Magic</i>, p. 524.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_213'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_213'>[213]</a><div class='note'><p> W. F. Daniell, <i>Medical Topography of Gulf of Guinea</i>, 1849,
+p. 55.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_214'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_214'>[214]</a><div class='note'><p> Sir H. H. Johnston, <i>British Central Africa</i>, 1899, pp. 409,
+414.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_215'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_215'>[215]</a><div class='note'><p> Rev. J. H. Weeks, <i>Journal of the Anthropological
+Institute</i>, 1910, p. 418.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_216'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_216'>[216]</a><div class='note'><p> Sir A. B. Ellis, <i>Yoruba-Speaking Peoples</i>, p. 185.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_217'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_217'>[217]</a><div class='note'><p> W. F. Daniell, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 36.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_218'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_218'>[218]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>, August and
+November, 1898, p. 106.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_219'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_219'>[219]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1899, ii and iii, p. 84;
+Velten, <i>Sitten und Gebra&uuml;che der Suaheli</i>, p. 12.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_220'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_220'>[220]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1896, p. 364.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_221'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_221'>[221]</a><div class='note'><p> Vambery, <i>Travels in Central Asia</i>, 1864, p. 323.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_222'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_222'>[222]</a><div class='note'><p> Heard, <i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>,
+Jan.-June, 1911, p. 210. The same rule is also observed by the Christians
+of this district.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_223'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_223'>[223]</a><div class='note'><p> Haddon and Stubbs, <i>Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents</i>,
+vol. iii, p. 423.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_224'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_224'>[224]</a><div class='note'><p> Jeremy Taylor, <i>The Rule of Conscience</i>, bk. iii, ch. iv,
+rule xx.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<a name='3_A_III'></a><h5><a name='3_Page_275'></a>III.</h5>
+<br />
+
+<p>Thus it would seem probable that, contrary to a belief once widely
+prevalent, the sexual instinct has increased rather than diminished with
+the growth of civilization. This fact was clear to the insight of
+Lucretius, though it has often been lost sight of since.<a name='3_FNanchor_225'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_225'><sup>[225]</sup></a> Yet even
+observation of animals might have suggested the real bearing of the facts.
+The higher breeds of cattle, it is said, require the male more often than
+the inferior breeds.<a name='3_FNanchor_226'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_226'><sup>[226]</sup></a> Thorough-bred horses soon reach sexual maturity,
+and I understand that since pains have been taken to improve cart-horses
+the sexual instincts of the mares have become less trustworthy. There is
+certainly no doubt that in our domestic animals generally, which live
+under what may be called civilized conditions, the sexual system and the
+sexual needs are more developed than in the wild species most closely
+related to them.<a name='3_FNanchor_227'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_227'><sup>[227]</sup></a> All observers seem to agree on this point, and it is
+sufficient to refer to the excellent summary of the question furnished by
+Heape in the study of &quot;The 'Sexual Season' of Mammals,&quot; to which reference
+has already been made. He remarks, moreover, that, &quot;while the sexual
+activity of domestic animals and of wild animals in captivity may be more
+frequently exhibited, it is not so violent as is shown by animals in the
+wild state.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_228'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_228'><sup>[228]</sup></a> So that, it would seem, the greater periodicity of the
+instinct in the wild state, alike in animals and in man, is associated
+with greater violence of the manifestations when they do appear.<a name='3_Page_276'></a> Certain
+rodents, such as the rat and the mouse, are well known to possess both
+great reproductive power and marked sexual proclivities. Heape suggests
+that this also is &quot;due to the advantages derived from their intimate
+relations with the luxuries of civilization.&quot; Heape recognizes that, as
+regards reproductive power, the same development may be traced in man: &quot;It
+would seem highly probable that the reproductive power of man has
+increased with civilization, precisely as it may be increased in the lower
+animals by domestication; that the effect of a regular supply of good
+food, together with all the other stimulating factors available and
+exercised in modern civilized communities, has resulted in such great
+activity of the generative organs, and so great an increase in the supply
+of the reproductive elements, that conception in the healthy human female
+may be said to be possible almost at any time during the reproductive
+period.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;People of sense and reflection are most apt to have violent and constant
+passions,&quot; wrote Mary Wollstonecraft, &quot;and to be preyed on by them.&quot;<a name='3_FNanchor_229'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_229'><sup>[229]</sup></a>
+It is that fact which leads to the greater importance of sexual phenomena
+among the civilized as compared to savages. The conditions of civilization
+increase the sexual instinct, which consequently tends to be more
+intimately connected with moral feelings. Morality is bound up with the
+development of the sexual instinct. The more casual and periodic character
+of the impulse in animals, since it involves greater sexual indifference,
+tends to favor a loose tie between the sexes, and hence is not favorable
+to the development of morals as we understand morals. In man the
+ever-present impulse of sex, idealizing each sex to the other sex, draws
+men and women together and holds them together. Foolish and ignorant
+persons may deplore the full development which the sexual instinct has
+reached in civilized man; to a finer insight that development is seen to
+be indissolubly linked with all that is most poignant and most difficult,
+indeed, but also all that is best, in human life as we know it.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_225'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_225'>[225]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>De Rerum Natur&acirc;</i>, v, 1016.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_226'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_226'>[226]</a><div class='note'><p> Raciborski (<i>Trait&eacute; de la Menstruation</i>, p. 43) quotes the
+observation of an experienced breeder of choice cattle to this effect.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_227'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_227'>[227]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;The organs which in the feral state,&quot; as Adlerz remarks
+(<i>Biologisches Centralblatt</i>, No. 4, 1902; quoted in <i>Science</i>, May 16,
+1902), &quot;are continually exercised in a severe struggle for existence, do
+not under domestication compete so closely with one another for the less
+needed nutriment. Hence, organs like the reproductive glands, which are
+not so directly implicated in self-preservation, are able to avail
+themselves of more food.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_228'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_228'>[228]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science</i>, vol. xliv,
+1900, p. 12, 31, 39.</p></div>
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_229'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_229'>[229]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Love,&quot; in <i>Thoughts on the Education of Daughters</i>.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='3_APPENDIX_B'></a><h3><a name='3_Page_277'></a>APPENDIX B.</h3>
+
+<h4>THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEXUAL INSTINCT.</h4>
+<br />
+
+<p>It is a very remarkable fact that, although for many years past serious
+attempts have been made to elucidate the psychology of sexual perversions,
+little or no endeavor has been made to study the development of the normal
+sexual emotions. Nearly every writer seems either to take for granted that
+he and his readers are so familiar with all the facts of normal sex
+psychology that any detailed statement is altogether uncalled for, or else
+he is content to write a few fragmentary remarks, mostly made up of
+miscellaneous extracts from anatomical, philosophical, and historical
+works.</p>
+
+<p>Yet it is as unreasonable to take normal phenomena for granted here as in
+any other region of science. A knowledge of such phenomena is as necessary
+here as physiology is to pathology or anatomy to surgery. So far from the
+facts of normal sex development, sex emotions, and sex needs being uniform
+and constant, as is assumed by those who consider their discussion
+unnecessary, the range of variation within fairly normal limits is
+immense, and it is impossible to meet with two individuals whose records
+are nearly identical.</p>
+
+<p>There are two fundamental reasons why the endeavor should be made to
+obtain a broad basis of clear information on the subject. In the first
+place, the normal phenomena give the key to the abnormal phenomena, and
+the majority of sexual perversions, including even those that are most
+repulsive, are but exaggerations of instincts and emotions that are
+germinal in normal human beings. In the second place, we cannot even know
+what is normal until we are acquainted with the sexual life of a large
+number of healthy individuals. And until we know the limits of normal
+sexuality we are not in position to lay down any reasonable rules of
+sexual hygiene.</p><a name='3_Page_278'></a>
+
+<p>On these grounds I have for some time sought to obtain the sexual
+histories, and more especially the early histories, of men and women who,
+on <i>prima facie</i> grounds, may fairly be considered, or are at all events
+by themselves and others considered, ordinarily healthy and normal.</p>
+
+<p>There are many difficulties about such a task, difficulties which are
+sufficiently obvious. There is, first of all, the natural reticence to
+reveal facts of so intimately personal a character. There is the
+prevailing ignorance and unintelligence which leads to the phenomena being
+obscure to the subject himself. When the first difficulty has been
+overcome, and the second is non-existent, there is still a lack of
+sufficiently strong motive to undertake the record, as well as a failure
+to realize the value of such records. I have, however, received a large
+number of such histories, for the most part offered spontaneously with
+permission to make such further inquiries as I thought desirable. Some of
+these histories are extremely interesting and instructive. In the present
+Appendix, and in a corresponding Appendix to the two following volumes of
+these <i>Studies</i>, I bring forward a varied selection of these narratives.
+In a few cases, it will be seen, the subjects are, to say the least, on
+the borderland of the abnormal, but they do not come before us as patients
+desiring treatment. They are playing their, usually active, sometimes even
+distinguished, part in the world, which knows nothing of their intimate
+histories.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p><b>HISTORY I.&mdash;</b>E. T. (I reproduce this history, written in the third
+    person, as it reached my hands.) T.'s earliest recollections of
+    ideas of a sexual character are vaguely associated with thoughts
+    upon whipping inflicted on companions by their parents, and
+    sometimes upon his own person. About the age of 7 T. occasionally
+    depicted to himself the appearance of the bare nates and
+    genitalia of boys during flagellation. Reflection upon whipping
+    gave rise to slight curious sensations at the base of the abdomen
+    and in the nerves of the sexual system. The sight of a boy being
+    whipped upon the bare nates caused erection before the age of 9.
+    He cannot account for these excitations, as at the time he had
+    not learned the most rudimentary facts of sex. The spectacle of
+    the boy's nudity had no attraction for him, while the beating
+    aroused his indignation against the person who administered it.
+    T. knew a boy <a name='3_Page_279'></a>and girl of about his own age whose imaginations
+    dwelt somewhat morbidly upon whipping. The three used to talk
+    together about such chastisement, and the little girl liked to
+    read &quot;stories that had whippings in them.&quot; None of these children
+    delighted in cruelty; the fascination in the theme of castigation
+    seemed to be in imagining the spectacle of the exposed nates,
+    though actual witnessing of the whipping made them angry at the
+    time.</p>
+
+<p>    Accustomed to watch a young sister being bathed, T. had no
+    distinct curiosity concerning the differences in sex until the
+    age of 9. About this time he asked his father where babies came
+    from, and was told to be quiet. When he persisted in the inquiry
+    his father threatened to box his ears. His mother told him
+    subsequently that doctors brought babies to mothers. He credited
+    the story so far as to carefully watch the doctor who came when
+    his mother &quot;was going to have a new baby,&quot; in the hope of seeing
+    a bundle in his arm. T. was 9 when he interrogated a servant-girl
+    of 16 about babies and their origin. She laughed and said that
+    one day she would tell him how children came. One Sunday this
+    servant took T. for a country walk and initiated him in sexual
+    intercourse, telling him he was too young to be a father, but
+    that was the way babies were made. The girl took him into a
+    field, saying she would show him how to do something which would
+    make him &quot;feel as though he was in heaven,&quot; informing him that
+    she had often done this with young men. She then succeeded in
+    causing erection and instructed him how to act. His feeling at
+    the time was one of disgust; the appearance and odor of the
+    female genitalia repelled him. Afterward, however, he wished to
+    repeat the experience with girls of his own age. Finding the boy
+    unresponsive, the girl took the masculine position and embraced
+    him with great passion. T. can recall the expression of the
+    girl's face, the perspiration on her forehead, and the whispered
+    query whether it pleased him. The embrace lasted for about ten
+    minutes, when the girl said it had &quot;done her good.&quot; Later the
+    same day they met a girl cousin of this servant about 10 or 12
+    years old. The three went to a lonely part of the seashore. The
+    servant there suggested that T. should repeat the act with the
+    little girl. T. was too shy, though the girl seemed quite willing
+    and experienced. The older girl told the younger to keep watch a
+    few yards away, while she again brought about intercourse in the
+    same way. The servant told T. not to tell anyone. Intercourse
+    with the servant was never repeated after that day; from shame he
+    kept the promise for many years.</p>
+
+<p>    After this episode T. began to speculate about sexual matters and
+    to observe the coupling of dogs with newly acquired interest. At
+    10 years he often lay awake, listening to a woman of 25 singing
+    to a piano <a name='3_Page_280'></a>accompaniment. The woman's voice seemed very
+    beautiful, and so strongly impressed him that he fell in love
+    with her and longed to embrace her sexually. This secret
+    attachment was much more romantic than sensual, though the idea
+    of embracing the woman seemed to T. a natural part of the
+    romance. He was beginning to invest the sex with angelic
+    qualities. The thought of his adventure with the servant no
+    longer caused repulsion, but rather pleasure. He reflected that
+    if he could meet the girl now he could be very fond of her and
+    understand things better. At this time he had not masturbated,
+    nor even heard of the practice. One day, while playing with a
+    girl of his own age, he succeeded in overcoming her shyness and
+    induced her to expose herself, at the same time uncovering his
+    own sexual parts. On this occasion and once afterward he
+    succeeded in penetrating the vulva. Both he and the girl
+    experienced imperfect enjoyment.</p>
+
+<p>    At boarding-school, where he was sent at 10, T. learned the
+    vulgar phrases for sexual organs and sexual acts, and acquired
+    the habit of moderate masturbation. Coarse talk and indecent
+    jests about the opposite sex were common amusements of the
+    playroom and dormitories. At first the obscene conversation was
+    very distasteful; later he became more used to it, but thought it
+    strange that sex intimacy should be a subject for ridicule and
+    jest.</p>
+
+<p>    He began to read love-stories and think much about girls. At the
+    same time he learned the nature of &quot;the sin of fornication,&quot; and
+    wondered why it should be considered so heinous. Parts of the
+    Bible condemning intercourse between the unmarried alarmed him.
+    Being of a serious as well as emotional and amorous nature, he
+    became converted to evangelic belief. His mother warned him to
+    beware of unclean companions at school. He tried to act as a
+    Christian and think only pure thoughts about women. The talk,
+    however, was always of girls and of being in love. His mind was
+    often engrossed with amatory ideas of a poetic, sensuous nature,
+    his sexual experiences having a firm hold on his imagination,
+    while they gave him gratifying assurance of actual knowledge
+    concerning things merely imagined by most of his companions.</p>
+
+<p>    His health was vigorous and he keenly enjoyed all outdoor games
+    and excelled in daring and schoolboy mischief.</p>
+
+<p>    At 12 he fell deeply in love with a girl of corresponding age. He
+    never felt any powerful sexual desire for his sweetheart, and
+    never attempted anything but kissing and decorous caresses. He
+    liked to walk and sit with the girl, to hold her hand, and stroke
+    her soft hair. He felt real grief when separated from her. His
+    thoughts of her were seldom sensual. A year or so afterward he
+    had a temporary passion for a woman of 30, who used to flirt with
+    him and allow kissing. T. thought her queen-like and very lovely,
+    and wished to be her knight.</p><a name='3_Page_281'></a>
+
+<p>    One day he saw, for a moment, in a friend's house, a dark,
+    earnest-looking girl of 13, who made a very deep impression upon
+    him, and, though he did not exchange a word with her, he often
+    thought about her afterward. Five years later he met the dark
+    girl again, and the pair were mutually drawn to one another. He
+    proposed marriage and avowed a most desperate passion. A refusal
+    on the plea of youth caused him the deepest misery. About eight
+    years thereafter T. married the girl, and the marriage proved a
+    very happy one for both.</p>
+
+<p>    When he was 15 T. made the acquaintance of a pretty blonde of the
+    same age. She was a high-spirited hoiden. They were soon close
+    friends and later lovers. They wrote a number of letters to each
+    other and exchanged locks of hair and presents. Their talk about
+    love was unreserved. One day she told T. that she had been
+    sexually embraced by a former lover, a boy of 16, hinting very
+    plainly that she would like T. to embrace her. This amour lasted
+    for about six months. The lovers had many opportunities for
+    clandestine intercourse. They used to consummate their passion in
+    a part of a wood they called &quot;the bower.&quot; Now and then one or the
+    other would experience a pricking of conscience, but they were
+    too passionately attached to each other to sever the intimacy. At
+    length the girl began to dread the risk of conception and the
+    intercourse ceased. Looking back upon this episode T. avers that
+    the attachment and its physical expression seemed quite natural,
+    poetic, and beautiful, though at times his religious principles
+    condemned his conduct. He now thinks that the experience is by no
+    means to be regretted either by the girl or himself. It was a
+    wholesome youthful passion, as innocent as the mating of birds,
+    and the insight which it gave to both of the hidden emotions of
+    human nature was morally advantageous in after-life.</p>
+
+<p>    T. believes that his amative precocity was due to the early
+    awakening of sex feeling by the servant-girl. But he also
+    believes that the love passion would have asserted itself early
+    in any case, since he inherits a warm temperament, had erectile
+    power long before puberty, and has considerable seminal capacity.
+    Having closely watched the effects of suppressed normal emotions
+    and desires in youth at the time of pubescence, he maintains that
+    such suppression is disastrous, causing unhealthy thoughts and
+    leading to the formation of a habit of masturbation which may
+    persist throughout life. He believes that temporary sexual
+    intimacies between boys and girls under 20 from the period of
+    puberty would be far less harmful than separation of the sexes
+    until marriage, with its resultants: masturbation, hysteria,
+    repressed and disordered functions in young women, seduction,
+    prostitution, venereal affections, and many other evils.</p><a name='3_Page_282'></a>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY II.&mdash;</b>The following narrative was written by a married
+    lady: &quot;My mother (herself a very passionate and attractive woman)
+    recognized the difficulty for English girls of getting
+    satisfactorily married, and determined, if possible, to shield us
+    from disappointment by turning our thoughts in a different
+    direction. Theoretically the idea was perhaps good, but in
+    practice it proved useless. The natural desires were there.
+    Disappointment and disillusion followed their repression none the
+    less surely for having altered their natural shape. I think the
+    love I had for my mother was almost sexual, as to be with her was
+    a keen pleasure, and to be long away from her an almost
+    unendurable pain. She used to talk to us a good deal on all sorts
+    of subjects, but she never troubled about education in the
+    ordinary sense. When 9 years old I had been taught nothing except
+    to read and write. She never forbade us to read anything, but if
+    by accident we got hold of a book of which she did not approve
+    she used to say: 'I think that is rather a silly story, don't
+    you?' We were so eager to come up to her standard of taste that
+    we at once imagined we thought it silly, too. In the same way she
+    discouraged ideas about love or marriage, not by suggesting there
+    was anything wrong or improper about them, but by implying great
+    contempt for girls who thought about lovers, etc. Up to the age
+    of about 20 I had a vague general impression that love was very
+    well for ordinary women, but far beneath the dignity of a
+    somewhat superior person like myself. To show how little it
+    entered my thoughts I may add that, up to 17, I fancied a woman
+    got a child by being kissed on the lips by a man. Hence all the
+    fuss in novels about the kiss on the mouth.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When I was 9 years old I began to feel a great craving for
+    scientific knowledge. <i>A Child's Guide to Science</i>, which I
+    discovered at a second-hand book-stall (and which, by the way,
+    informed me that heat is due to a substance called caloric),
+    became a constant companion. In order to learn about light and
+    gravitation, I saved up my money and ordered (of all books)
+    Newton's <i>Principia</i>, shedding bitter tears when I found I could
+    not understand a word of it. At the same time I was horribly
+    ashamed of this desire for knowledge. I got such books as I could
+    surreptitiously and hid them in odd corners. Why, I cannot
+    imagine, as no one would have objected, but, on the contrary, I
+    should have been helped to suitable books.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My sisters and I were all violently argumentative, but our
+    quarrels were all on abstract subjects. We saw little of other
+    children and made no friendships, preferring each other's society
+    to that of outsiders. When I was about 10 a girl of the same age
+    came to stay with us for a few days. When we went to bed the
+    first night she asked me if I ever played with myself, whereupon
+    I took a great dislike to her. No <a name='3_Page_283'></a>sexual ideas or feelings were
+    excited. When still quite a child, however, I had feelings of
+    excitement which I now recognize as sexual. Such feelings always
+    came to me in bed (at least I cannot remember them at any other
+    time) and were generally accompanied by a gradually increasing
+    desire to make water. For a long time I would not dare to get out
+    of bed for fear of being scolded for staying awake, and only did
+    so at last when actually compelled. In the mean time the sexual
+    excitement increased also, and I believe I thought the latter was
+    the result of the former, or, perhaps, rather, that both were the
+    same thing. (This was when I was about 7 or 8 years old.) So far
+    as I can recollect, the excitement did not recur when the desire
+    to make water had been gratified. I seemed to remember wondering
+    why thinking of certain things (I can't remember what these were)
+    should make one want to urinate. (In later life I have found
+    that, if the bladder is not emptied before coitus, pleasure is
+    often more intense.) There were also feelings, which I now
+    recognize as sexual, in connection with ideas of whipping.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;As a child and girl I had very strong religious feelings (I
+    should have now if I could believe in the reality of religion),
+    which were absent in my sisters. These feelings were much the
+    same as I experienced later sexually; I felt toward God what I
+    imagined I should like to feel to my husband if I married. This,
+    I fancy, is what usually occurs. At 14 I went to a
+    boarding-school where there were seventy girls between 7 and 19.
+    I think it goes to show that there is but very little sexual
+    precocity among English girls that during the three years I
+    stayed there I never heard a word the strictest mother would have
+    objected to. One or two of the older girls were occasionally a
+    little sentimental, but on no occasion did I hear the physical
+    side of things touched upon. I think this is partly due to the
+    amount of exercise we took. When picturing my childhood I always
+    see myself racing about, jumping walls, climbing trees. In France
+    and Italy I have been struck by the greater sedateness of
+    Continental children. Our idea of naughtiness consisted chiefly
+    in having suppers in our bedrooms and sliding down the banisters
+    after being sent to bed. The first gratified our natural
+    appetite, while the second supplied the necessary thrill in the
+    fear of being caught.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I made no violent friendships with the other girls, but I became
+    much attached to the French governess. She was 30, and a born
+    teacher, very strict with all of us, and doubly so with me for
+    fear of showing favoritism. But she was never unjust, and I was
+    rather proud of her severity and took a certain pleasure in being
+    punished by her, the punishment always taking the form of
+    learning by heart, which I rather liked doing. So I had my
+    thrill, excitement, I don't quite know <a name='3_Page_284'></a>what to call it, without
+    any very great inconvenience to myself. Just before we left
+    school the sexual instinct began to show itself in enthusiasm for
+    art with a capital A, Ouida's novels being mainly responsible. My
+    sister and I agreed that we would spend our lives traveling about
+    France, Italy, and the Continent, generally <i>&agrave; la Tricotrin</i>,
+    with a violin in one pocket and an Atravante Dante in the other.
+    To do this satisfactorily to ourselves we must be artists, and I
+    resolved to go in for music and become a second Liszt. When my
+    father offered to take us to Italy, the artist's Mecca, for a
+    couple of years, we were wild with delight. We went, and
+    disillusionment began. It may perhaps seem absurd, but we
+    suffered acutely that first summer. Our villa was quite on the
+    beach, the lowest of its flight of steps being washed by the
+    Mediterranean. At the back were grounds which seemed a paradise.
+    Long alleys covered over with vines and carpeted with long grass
+    and poppies, grassy slopes dotted with olives and ilex, roses
+    everywhere, and almost every flower in profusion, with, at night,
+    the fireflies and the heavy scents of syringa and orange
+    blossoms. In the midst of every possible excitement to the senses
+    there was one thing wanting, and we did not know what that was.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;We attributed our restlessness and dissatisfaction to the slow
+    progress in our artistic education, and consoled ourselves by
+    thinking when once we had mastered the technical difficulties we
+    should feel all right. And of course we did derive a very real
+    pleasure from all the beauties of art and nature with which Italy
+    abounds.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;It seems to me, however, that the art craze is one of the modern
+    phases of woman's sexual life. When we were in Italy the great
+    centers of the country were simply overrun with girls studying
+    art, most of whom had very little talent, but who had mistaken
+    the restlessness due to the first awakening of the sexual
+    instinct for the divine flame of genius. In our case it did not
+    matter, as we were not dependent upon our own exertions. But it
+    must have been terribly hard for girls who had burned their boats
+    and chosen art as a career, to have added to the repression of
+    their natural desires the bitterness of knowing that in their
+    chosen walk of life they were failures. The results as far as
+    work goes might not be so bad if the passions, as in men, were
+    occasionally gratified. It is the constant drudgery combined with
+    the disappointment and finding that art alone does not satisfy
+    which is so paralyzing. Besides, sexual gratification is always
+    followed by exaltation of the mental faculties, with, in my
+    experience, no depressing reaction such as follows pleasure
+    excited by mental causes alone.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At one time when living at the villa I met a man about 45, who
+    took rather a fancy to me. I mention this because it woke me up;
+    no emotion was excited, but I realized for the first time (I must
+    have been <a name='3_Page_285'></a>nearly 20) that I was no longer a child, and that a
+    man could think of me in connection with love. It was only after
+    this, and not immediately after, either, that men's society began
+    to have an interest for me, and that I began to think a man's
+    love would be a pleasant thing to possess, after all.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The sexual instinct, at any rate as regards consciousness, thus
+    developed slowly and in what I believe to be a very usual
+    sequence: religion, admiration for an older woman, and art. I am
+    not sure that I have made quite enough of the first, yet I do not
+    know that there is any more to say. There were very strong
+    physical feelings connected with all these which were identical
+    with those now connected with passion, but they were completely
+    satisfied by the mental idea which excited them.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The first time I can remember feeling keen physical pleasure was
+    when I was between 7 and 8 years old. I can't recollect the
+    cause, but I remember lying quite still in my little cot clasping
+    the iron rails at the top. It may be said that this is hardly
+    slow development, but I mean slow as regards (1) any connection
+    of the idea with a man or (2) any physical means of excitation.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have laid stress on my desire for knowledge, as I think my
+    sexual feelings were affected by it. A great part of my feeling
+    for my mother was due to the stores of information she appeared
+    to possess. The omniscience of God was to me his most striking
+    attribute. My French teacher's capacity was her chief attraction.
+    When, as a girl, I thought of marriage, I desired a man who
+    'could explain things to me.' One learns later to live one's
+    mental and sexual life separately to a great extent. But at 20 I
+    could not have done so; given the opportunity, I should have made
+    the mistake of Dorothea in <i>Middlemarch</i>.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have spoken of the depressing after-effects of pleasure
+    brought about by a purely mental cause, but I do not think this
+    is the case in childhood and early youth. (Perhaps some women
+    feel no such depression afterward, and this may account for their
+    coldness in regard to men.) This may perhaps be accounted for by
+    the fact that it occurs much more rarely, and also it is perhaps
+    a natural process before the sexual organs fully develop, and so
+    not harmful.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I always find it difficult in expressing the different degrees
+    of physical excitement even to myself, though I know exactly what
+    I felt. As a child, from the time of the early experience already
+    mentioned (about the age of 7 or 8), and as a young girl, the
+    second stage (secretion of mucus) was always reached. The amount
+    of secretion has always been excessive, but at first secretion
+    only lasted a short time; later it began to last for several
+    hours, or even sometimes the whole <a name='3_Page_286'></a>night, if the natural
+    gratification has been withheld for a long time (say, three
+    months). I do not remember ever feeling the third stage (complete
+    orgasm) until I saw the first man I fancied I cared for. I do not
+    think that mental causes alone have ever produced more than the
+    first two stages (general diffuse excitement and secretion). I
+    have sometimes wondered whether I could produce the third
+    mechanically, but I have a curious unreasonable repugnance to
+    trying the experiment; it would seem to materialize it too much.
+    As a child and a girl I was contented to arrive at the second
+    stage, possibly because I did not realize that there was any
+    other, and perhaps this is why I have experienced no evil
+    results.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;In dreams the third stage seems to come suddenly without any
+    leading up to it, either mental or physical, of which I am
+    conscious. I do not, however, remember having any such dreams
+    before I was engaged. They came at a later period; even then,
+    when great pleasure was experienced, it came, as a rule, suddenly
+    and sharply, with no dreams leading up to it. The dreams
+    generally take a sad form (an Evangeline and Gabriel business),
+    where one vainly seeks the person who eludes one. I have,
+    however, sometimes had pleasurable dreams of men who were quite
+    indifferent to me and of whom I never thought when awake. The
+    impression on waking is so strong one could almost fancy one's
+    self really in love with them. I can quite understand falling in
+    love with a person by dreaming of him in this way.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The first time I remember experiencing the third stage in waking
+    moments was at a picnic, when the man, to whom I have before
+    referred as the first that I fancied I cared for, leaned against
+    me accidentally in passing a plate or dish; but I was already in
+    a violent state of excitement at being with him. There was no
+    possibility of anything between us, as he was married. If he
+    guessed my feelings, they were never admitted, as I did my best
+    to hide them. I never experienced this, except at the touch of
+    some one I loved. (I think the saying about the woman 'desiring
+    the desire of the man' is just about as true as most epigrams. It
+    is the man's personality alone which affects me. His feelings
+    toward me are of&mdash;I was going to say&mdash;indifference, but at any
+    rate quite secondary importance, and the gratification of my own
+    vanity counts as nothing in such relations.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;As a rule, to reach even the second stage the exciting ideas
+    must be associated with some particular person, except in the
+    case of a story, where one identifies one's self with one of the
+    characters. In childhood and early youth it was, in the case of
+    religion, the idea of God and the presence and the personality of
+    God which aroused my feelings and always seemed very vivid to me.
+    In the case of my governess, my feelings were aroused in exactly
+    the same way as later they would be <a name='3_Page_287'></a>by one's lover. In the art
+    craze I am rather vague as to how it came about, but I think, as
+    a rule, there was rather a craving for pleasure than pleasure
+    itself. I do not remember ever thinking much about the physical
+    feeling. It seemed as natural that a pleasant emotion should
+    produce pleasant physical effects as that a painful one should
+    cause tears. As a child, one takes so much for granted, and later
+    on my mind was so much occupied with worrying about the truth of
+    religion that I hardly thought enough about anything else to
+    analyze it carefully.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I may summarize my own feelings thus: First, exciting ideas
+    alone produce, as a rule, merely the first stage of sexual
+    excitement. Second, the same ideas connected with a particular
+    person will produce the second stage. Third, the same may be said
+    of the presence of the beloved person. Fourth, actual contact
+    appears necessary for the third stage. If the first stage only be
+    reached, the sensation is not pleasurable in reality, or would
+    not be but for its association. If produced, as I have sometimes
+    found it to be, by a sense of mental incapacity, it is distinctly
+    disagreeable, especially if one feels that the energy which might
+    have been used in coping with the difficulty is being thus
+    dissipated. If it be produced, as it may be, as the result of
+    physical or mental restraint, it is also unpleasant unless the
+    restraint were put upon one by a person one loves. Then, however,
+    the second stage would probably be reached, but this would depend
+    a good deal on one's mood. If the first stage only were reached,
+    I think it would be disagreeable; it would mean a conflict
+    between one's will and sexual feeling. Perhaps women who feel
+    actual repugnance to the sexual act with a man they love have
+    never gone beyond the first stage, when their dislike to it would
+    be quite intelligible to me.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Some time after the life in Italy had come to an end I became
+    engaged. There was considerable difficulty in the way of
+    marriage, but we saw a good deal of each other. My <i>fianc&eacute;</i> often
+    dined with us, and we met every day. The result of seeing him so
+    frequently was that I was kept in a constant state of strong, but
+    suppressed, sexual excitement. This was particularly the case
+    when we met in the evening and wandered about the moonlit garden
+    together. When this had gone on about three months I began to
+    experience a sense of discomfort after each of his visits. The
+    abdomen seemed to swell with a feeling of fullness and
+    congestion; but, though these sensations were closely connected
+    with the physical excitement, they were not sufficiently painful
+    to cause me any alarm or make me endeavor to avoid their
+    pleasurable cause. The symptoms got worse, however, and no longer
+    passed off quickly as at first. The swelling increased;
+    considerable pain and a dragged-down sensation resulted the
+    moment I tried to walk even a <a name='3_Page_288'></a>short distance. I was troubled
+    with constant indigestion, weight in the chest, pain in the head
+    and eyes, and continual slight diarrhea. This went on for about
+    nine months, and then my <i>fianc&eacute;</i> was called away from the
+    neighborhood. After his departure I got a trifle better, but the
+    symptoms remained, though in less acute form. A few months later
+    the engagement was broken off, and for some weeks I was severely
+    ill with influenza and was on my back for several weeks. When I
+    could get about a little, though very weak, all the swelling was
+    gone, but pain returned whenever I tried to walk or stand for
+    long. The indigestion and diarrhea were also very troublesome. I
+    was treated for both by a physician, but without success. Next
+    year I became engaged to my husband and was shortly after
+    married. The indigestion and diarrhea disappeared soon after. The
+    pain and dragging feeling in the abdomen bothered me much in
+    walking or any kind of exercise. One day I came across a medical
+    work, <i>The Elements of Social Science</i>, in which I found
+    descriptions of symptoms like those I suffered from ascribed to
+    uterine disease. I again applied to a doctor, telling him I
+    thought there was displacement and possibly congestion. He
+    confirmed my opinion and told me to wear a pessary. He ascribed
+    the displacement to the relaxing climate, and said he did not
+    think I should ever get quite right again. After the pessary had
+    been placed in position every trace of pain, etc., left me. A
+    year later I thought I would try and do without the pessary, and
+    to my great satisfaction none of the old trials came back after
+    its removal, in spite of much trouble, anxiety, sick nursing, and
+    fatigue. I attribute the disorder entirely to violent sexual
+    excitement which was not permitted its natural gratification and
+    relief.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have reason to believe that suppression acts very injuriously
+    on a woman's mental capacity. When excitement is naturally
+    relieved the mind turns of its own accord to another subject, but
+    when suppressed it is unable to do this. Personally, in the
+    latter event, I find the greatest difficulty in concentrating my
+    thoughts, and mental effort becomes painful. Other women have
+    complained to me of the same difficulty. I have tried mechanical
+    mental work, such as solving arithmetical or algebraic problems,
+    but it does no good; in fact, it seems only to increase the
+    excitement. (I may remark here that my feelings are always very
+    strong not only before and after the monthly period, but also
+    during the time itself; very unfortunately, as, of course, they
+    cannot then be gratified. This only applies to desire from
+    within, as I am strongly susceptible to influences from without
+    at any time.) There seems nothing to be done but to bow to the
+    storm till it passes over. Anything I do during the time it
+    lasts, even household work, is badly done. The brain seems to
+    become addled for the time being, <a name='3_Page_289'></a>while after gratification of
+    desire it seems to attain an additional quickness and cleverness.
+    Perhaps this cause contributes to the small amount of
+    intellectual and artistic work done by women, admitting their
+    natural inferiority to men in artistic impulse. A woman whose
+    passions are satisfied generally has her strength sapped by
+    maternity, while her attention is drawn from abstract ideas to
+    her children.&quot;</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY III.&mdash;</b>B. states that his first sexual thoughts and acts
+    were curiously connected with whipping. At 12 he and another boy
+    used to beat each other with a cricket bat upon the bare nates,
+    and afterward indulge in mutual masturbation. He cannot remember
+    the beginning of his sexual speculation as a child, nor how he
+    learned masturbation. When he was 13 he used to discuss erotic
+    matters with a schoolfellow who was in the habit of engaging in
+    vulvar intercourse with a girl of his own age. The intercourse
+    was practised on the way home from school, and in a standing
+    posture. B. embraced the girl in the same way. He is not
+    interested in the psychological aspects of the sexual emotion.
+    Although his sex passion was early kindled, he never had commerce
+    with prostitutes. He thinks that his youthful experiences had no
+    ill effect upon him morally, mentally, or physically. He
+    practised masturbation in moderation till he married, at the age
+    of 31.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY IV.&mdash;</b>&quot;I can remember&quot; (writes the subject) &quot;trotting away
+    as a youngster about 5 with another boy to 'see a girl's legs';
+    the idea emanated from the other boy, but I was vaguely
+    interested. How or where we were going to see the object in
+    question I do not remember nor anything further than the
+    intention. When 6 or 7 I remember being put to bed with the nurse
+    girl and feeling her bare arm with undoubted sexual excitement; I
+    remember, too, gradually feeling along the arm very cautiously,
+    fearing the girl would wake and being bitterly disappointed to
+    find it was merely the arm. I am almost certain I had then no
+    idea of sex, but the disappointment was actual.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;These are the only early experiences of the sort I can remember.
+    When about 9 I had others. On the coast of the north of England,
+    which had then very few visitors and seemed to me very remote, I
+    lived in a farm-house and used to assist the girls of the farm in
+    looking after young cattle. These girls certainly instilled
+    sexual ideas, though I did not realize them with precision. They
+    used to talk about things a good many of which, I can now see, I
+    did not then understand as they did. I liked to see these girls
+    wading with their dresses tucked up. About this time I fell
+    passionately in love with a girl cousin, but do not remember
+    having any sensual ideas in regard to her. I cannot say that
+    these early experiences had any influence on my later sexual
+    development so far as I am consciously aware. I have always
+    remembered them vaguely, never with sexual excitement.</p><a name='3_Page_290'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;Sexual dreams took place first at about the age of 13; there was
+    then emission and sensation in sleep. These were, however, not
+    much associated with distinctly sexual dreams. All that I recall
+    after them was the sensation, which, however, I did not even then
+    absolutely localize. Masturbation was undoubtedly the direct
+    result of these dreams. It was tried at first tentatively, out of
+    curiosity to determine if the sensation of the dream could be so
+    reproduced. Sexual dreams, such as I have described, occurred
+    frequently, although I cannot say at what interval. I have never
+    experienced the slightest attraction for the same sex.&quot;</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY V.&mdash;</b>&quot;My maternal grandfather&quot; (writes the subject of this
+    history) &quot;was a small farmer who kept a few beagles and
+    greyhounds for hare-hunting. He had three daughters, one of whom
+    became my mother. One of his sporting companions, a doctor of
+    profligate habits and a drunkard, seduced my mother at the age of
+    20. When her condition was discovered she had to flee from the
+    violence of her father, and I was born some distance from her
+    home. After my grandfather's death I was reared by my
+    grandmother, and saw nothing of my mother until I was nearly 16;
+    she had left the country in shame and disgrace.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I believe that in my heredity the transmission comes chiefly
+    from my mother, who is now 58 years old. Although her life has
+    been blameless in every particular since her youthful
+    indiscretion, she has never got over it. I feel in my character a
+    reflection of her overstrung condition during pregnancy.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I can distinctly remember from the age of 9 years, and am sure
+    that I had no sexual feelings before the age of 13, though always
+    in the company of girls. I had many boyish passions for girls,
+    always older than myself, but these were never accompanied by
+    sexual desires. I deified all my sweethearts, and was satisfied
+    if I got a flower, a handkerchief, or even a shred of clothing of
+    my inamorata for the time being. These things gave me a strange
+    idealistic emotion, but caused no sexual desire or erection.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At 13 a 26-year-old sister of a boy companion once sat down on a
+    sheaf of corn so as to expose the mons veneris and enticed me to
+    copulate. There was slight erection, and after the act had been
+    continued some time a pleasurable sensation of ejaculation, but
+    without true emission. I had frequent relations with this woman
+    after that.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;About this time the farm servant of a neighbor taught me
+    masturbation. The mistress of the farm, a thin, willowy, dark
+    woman, the mother of several children, treated me with such
+    familiarity as once to urinate in my presence, so that I saw her
+    very hirsute mons veneris. From that moment I conceived a great
+    passion for her, and used to <a name='3_Page_291'></a>tremble as soon as I saw her. I had
+    become well developed and virile, but, though I think she was a
+    lustful woman, I never ventured to touch her. I found an extreme
+    ecstasy in masturbating while gazing upon some article of her
+    clothing. This gave me much greater sexual pleasure than actual
+    connection with the ever-willing sister of my schoolfellow. I
+    think I loved the married woman best because the mons veneris was
+    more covered with hair.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;This has always had a peculiar attraction for me. Later, when
+    accosted by prostitutes, I never would go with them unless I was
+    assured the mons veneris was very hirsute. Never much addicted to
+    masturbation, I derived no great enjoyment therefrom unless I had
+    hair or part of the clothing of the woman with whom I was
+    indulging in psychic coitus.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At 16 I left school and went to a large city to learn a
+    business. At this time the sexual appetite was very strong. I
+    frequently had intercourse with three women in one evening.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have had but few lascivious dreams. In these the phantom
+    partner was almost invariably a dead woman. (When about 8 I had
+    seen the dead body of an aunt who died at 24.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When 20 I went to London and took all the pleasure which came my
+    way. I cared only for normal coitus. Offers of another type
+    created disgust. I once allowed a woman to exhaust me sexually
+    orally, but felt degraded thereby. Women with whom I had become
+    very intimate often urged me to <i>cunnilingus</i>, but I could not do
+    it. I have practised intermammary coitus a very few times.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At 26 I married a pure, gentle woman, after having for ten
+    months before marriage led a life of celibacy. My wife died when
+    I was 30, and for about eight months I lived a celibate life.
+    Lascivious dreams sometimes occurred, but I invariably awoke
+    before ejaculation. Eventually I gave way to the cravings of my
+    strong sexual nature, but never wished for anything out of the
+    usual except intercourse from behind. A woman with marked
+    development of the nates has great attraction for me. Solitary
+    masturbation has for some time ceased, but a nude woman in the
+    act of masturbation with her back to me gives me great pleasure.
+    I am as strong sexually at 38 as I was at 20, only I never want
+    women unless I am brought into actual contact with them and they
+    are hairy and have large pelvic development. I am in excellent
+    health. Genitals are well developed, and I am clothed with hair
+    from the chin to the genitals. My skull is dolichocephalic. I am
+    violent and tenacious in temper, high-strung, and rapid in
+    thought and action. My digestion is good, but I have a tendency
+    to constipation. Occasionally I have a twinge of pain below the
+    occipital region.</p><a name='3_Page_292'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;My early views of women have changed; I no longer deify them,
+    though I study them. I have known very sensual women living at
+    home in respectable middle-class society. One, in particular, a
+    girl of 18, after coitus used to excite me lingually. I have had
+    a sweetheart who remained <i>virgo intacta</i>. Had I seduced her, as
+    I could have done, I should have lost all interest in her. I
+    could never bear the presence of naked men, and would never go to
+    a public swimming bath for that reason. I regard myself as a man
+    of abnormally strong, but, on the whole, healthy and wholesome,
+    sexual feelings. As a rule, I have coitus twice or oftener in one
+    week and I practise withdrawal. I am a total abstainer, and never
+    could embrace a woman who smelled of drink.&quot;</p>
+<br />
+<p>    <b>HISTORY VI.&mdash;</b>The writer of the following is a man of letters,
+    married. &quot;Quite early I remember a strange and romantic interest
+    in the feminine. Certainly before I was 9 I had a strong
+    affection for a little girl playmate; our family lost sight of
+    hers, and I saw and heard nothing of her for sixteen years; then,
+    hearing she was coming to town, I experienced quite a flutter of
+    heart, so strong had been the impression caused at even the early
+    age of our acquaintance. Not that I mean to say I never wavered
+    in between! Through the whole of my boyhood I remember persistent
+    romantic interests in girls and women, whose smooth, fair faces
+    and sweet voices exercised ever a subtle attraction over me.
+    Before I was 12 I had picked out my 'future wife' a dozen times
+    at least! (A different one each time of course!) Curiosity as to
+    the physical detail of sex and birth was singularly absent.
+    Possibly this was partly due to the fact that the only younger
+    member of our family was born when I was but 4 years old. Grave,
+    shy, and reserved, I was never taken into the counsels of
+    prurient schoolmates. I was unaware that there was such
+    discussion between them&mdash;though it is, I suppose, not probable
+    that our school was exempt. I was a great reader, and when about
+    12 or 13 I came across a reference to an illegitimate child which
+    puzzled me. Ere long, however, in my random and extensive reading
+    I hit on a book that touched on phallicism, and I learned that
+    there were male and female organs of generation. I had neither
+    shame nor curiosity; I jumped to the conclusion that during close
+    caresses somehow a subtle aroma arose from the man to fertilize
+    the woman; I left the subject at this, satisfied, and had no
+    inkling of the real intimacy of the embrace.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;About 14, much interested in Bradlaugh, I bought both the
+    Knowlton pamphlet and Mrs. Besant's population book. I found the
+    physical details in scientific language so dull that I could not
+    peruse them. By reading the argumentative passages I learned that
+    <i>somehow</i> (I knew not how) children could be produced or not
+    produced as desired; <a name='3_Page_293'></a>and in this stage of the matter it seemed
+    to me so admirable that it should be so that I wondered why there
+    should be cavil.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;About this age my elder brother believed it to be his duty to
+    tell me the secrets of sex; I remember his talking to me, while
+    I, bored and uninterested, thought of something else. When he
+    finished I had heard nothing. Remember, I felt no shame on the
+    matter&mdash;none at all. I was simply bored. This I attribute to two
+    things: first, my preponderating interest in the romantic side of
+    things; secondly (and this bears with it a strong moral), <i>the
+    feeling that the knowledge lay always within my grasp kept me
+    from that curiosity which so oft consumes those who think it is
+    hidden away from them</i>.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The changes of puberty came naturally and without startling me.
+    Even the fact of emissions&mdash;which took place during sleep at
+    intervals, unaccompanied by dreams or by any physical prostration
+    afterward&mdash;has left on my memory no recollection of surprise; I
+    knew it to be somehow connected with generation, but I had no
+    physical trouble, and I am quite sure I did not bother further
+    about it. The best possible proof of this lies in the fact that
+    my memory is a blank on the matter. At the age of 21 (I take this
+    from a diary, so I know it is correct) I was still ignorant as to
+    intrinsic fact. Then I pulled myself together and felt it was
+    really time I learned the actual details of the matter. I went to
+    a clever friend of mine and asked him to tell me all about it. He
+    expressed himself astounded at my not knowing; and he had very
+    great shyness about telling me. In fact, I had to drag facts out
+    of him by a real cross-examination, during which he persistently
+    marveled at my ignorance. Though he had a great deal of false
+    shame about the matter, I had none at all. His revelations
+    considerably surprised me, because I had no idea that there was
+    actual intromission. When I came to reflect on what I had learned
+    the fact of this close physical intimacy appealed to me as being
+    quite poetic and beautiful between two lovers; and I have had no
+    reason since to change my opinion.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;<i>Summary.</i>&mdash;1. Romantic interest in girls and women commencing
+    early and remaining persistently.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;2. Knowledge before puberty of the fact that this interest was
+    based on the all-important process of reproduction.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;3. Absence of further physical curiosity even at puberty itself.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;4. Knowledge ultimately acquired without shock.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The physical in sex has never been any bother to me, neither
+    have I bothered about it. I have recognized it, frankly, and
+    don't see why I shouldn't, but my unashamed recognition has
+    probably been because the merely physical is less absorbing to me
+    than to most. Mental and emotional interest in passion has
+    absorbed me greatly, but the <a name='3_Page_294'></a>merely physical has sunk into what
+    I call its natural place of subordination. Nature is kind. It is
+    our 'conspiracy of silence' which tends to emphasize physical
+    detail.&quot;</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY VII.&mdash;</b>G. D., who is a doctor and a man of science, writes:
+    &quot;There is a strong history of gout on the paternal side. No
+    history of alcohol, tubercle, brain trouble, or of the
+    arthropathies. There is some reason to believe that two of my
+    maternal aunts were sexually frigid, and perhaps this was true to
+    a less extent of my mother, who had a contracted pelvis,
+    necessitating the induction of labor at the eighth month of
+    pregnancy.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;About the age of 7 a German nursery governess, B., took charge
+    of me, and I soon became devoted to her. I was then a delicate
+    child, and used to suffer frequently from nightmare, waking up
+    screaming and covered with sweat. When this happened, B. would
+    sometimes take me into her bed and soothe me with kisses, etc.
+    These I returned, and can remember that I was particularly fond
+    of kissing her breasts.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;About this time a girl cousin, A., about a year older than
+    myself, was one of my most frequent playmates. I endeavored to
+    monopolize her company and attention, and on this account often
+    came to blows with C., a cousin rather younger than myself, who
+    has since told me that he was then 'in love' with A. and
+    'jealous' of me. I believe I was really jealous and in love at
+    the time, but cannot remember that anything in the nature of
+    caresses took place between A. and myself.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Some time later, probably when I was about 9, something led up
+    to B. saying that she was not built like I was, that she had no
+    penis, etc. (I cannot remember my nursery term for penis.) I was
+    incredulous, and demanded to be allowed to see if it was true;
+    this was refused, and I made many plans to gratify my curiosity,
+    such as slipping into her room when she was dressing, tipping up
+    the chair she was sitting in, and trying to suddenly thrust my
+    hand up under her skirts. I did not succeed in finding out, but
+    have since thought that, although she did not allow me to attain
+    the object of my efforts, the later game caused her pleasurable
+    sensations. I regard these efforts as being prompted purely by
+    curiosity; I had no feelings of warmth or irritations of the
+    genitals, and I certainly never manipulated them, nor was I, as
+    far as I can judge, an unusually prurient small boy. B. left when
+    I was about 10, when I went to a preparatory school.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At 12&frac12; I was sent to a public school, and was then told by my
+    father the chief facts of sex and warned to avoid masturbation.
+    My first wet dream took place when I was 14. Rather before this I
+    had begun to suffer with severe intermittent testicular neuralgia
+    which practically defied all treatment and continued on and off
+    for four or five years, the attacks gradually becoming fewer and
+    less severe.</p><a name='3_Page_295'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;When 15, circumstances compelled me to leave school and to live
+    for two years at the seaside with no companions of my own age. I
+    had, however, the run of a well-stocked library, and fished and
+    collected insects energetically.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At 16 I made love to the trained nurse attending my mother, but,
+    owing more, I think, to my timidity than to the austerity of her
+    virtue, got no further than kissing. About this time wet dreams
+    became inconveniently frequent; they would occur three or four
+    times weekly, and resisted the stock remedies. At 17 I was
+    advised to try connection. This I did, and found but little
+    pleasure in the act, there being a strong esthetic objection to
+    the 'love that keeps awake for lure.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;About this time I found in the United States Pharmacop&oelig;ia
+    a remedy for my emissions, which have, however, always
+    remained rather more frequent than those of the average
+    individual, judging from the experience of my friends. Emissions
+    are generally accompanied by lascivious dreams, but at times take
+    place when I dream that I am hurrying to catch a train, or to
+    micturate against time.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have of late years (not noticed till after 20) observed that
+    the dream accompanying emission is shorter; so that, whereas up
+    to, say, 21 I generally performed the whole physiological act
+    with my dream-charmer, I now almost invariably emit and awake
+    before intromission has taken place. There has been no
+    alternation comparable to this in the performance of the act
+    while I am awake.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;As regards my physique I should mention that all my reflexes are
+    very brisk, though I am only slightly ticklish in the ordinary
+    sense of the term. I sweat easily and am very shy, not only with
+    women, but with any strangers. I have, however, trained myself
+    not to show this. About averagely passionate, I should say, and
+    extremely critical where women are concerned, the latter quality
+    often keeping me chaste for months at a time.&quot;</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY VIII.&mdash;</b>&quot;When I was about 8 years old&quot; (states the lady
+    who is the subject of the present observation) &quot;I remember that,
+    with several other children, we used to play in an old garden at
+    being father and mother, unfastening our drawers and bringing the
+    sexual parts together, as we imagined married people to do, but
+    no sexual feelings were aroused, nor did the boys have
+    erections.&quot; When about 10 years old she became conscious of a
+    pleasurable sensation associated with the smell of leather, which
+    has ever since persisted. At that age she was sometimes left to
+    wait in the office of a wholesale business house full of
+    leather-bound ledgers. She did not then notice the sensation
+    particularly, and was certainly not conscious of any connection
+    with sexual emotion. Menstruation was established at 13&frac12; years.
+    Distinct <a name='3_Page_296'></a>sexual feelings were first observed a few months later.
+    &quot;The first feelings of love which I ever felt were at the age of
+    14 for a nice, manly boy of my own age, who often came to our
+    house. He liked me, but was not in love with me. It was very
+    seldom that he would sit by me and hold my hand, as I wished him.
+    This went on till I was about 17, when he went to the university.
+    After his first term he came back and was then attracted to me;
+    but, though I loved him very much, I was too proud to show it.
+    When he tried to kiss me, I resisted, though I longed for it.
+    Thinking I was greatly offended, he apologized, which only made
+    me angry. All these years I was worshiping at his shrine and
+    mixed him up with all my ideas of life.&quot; Whenever she was near
+    him she experienced physical sensations, with moistening of the
+    vulva. This continued till she was about 20, but the object of
+    these emotions never again attempted any advances.</p>
+
+<p>    At 19 she became engaged to someone else. At the beginning she
+    was physically indifferent to her lover, but when he first kissed
+    her she became greatly excited. The engagement, however, was soon
+    broken off from absence of strong affection on either side and
+    chiefly, it would seem, from the cooling of the lover's ardor.
+    She thinks he would have been more strongly attached to her if
+    she had been colder to him, or pretended to be, instead of
+    responding with simplicity and frankness.</p>
+
+<p>    During the next few years little occurred. She was working hard,
+    and her amusements would mostly, she says, be regarded as rather
+    childish. She was extremely fond of dancing, and she was always
+    pleased when anyone paid her attention. She was frequently
+    conscious of sexual feelings, sometimes tormented by them, and
+    she regarded this as something to be ashamed of. The constant
+    longing for love was affected little or not at all by hard work.
+    &quot;At about this time I was very fond of abandoning myself to
+    day-dreams. I was very glad if I could get everyone out of the
+    house and lie on an easy chair or the bed. I liked especially to
+    read poetry, all the more if I did not quite understand it. This
+    would lead me on to all sorts of dreams of love, which, however,
+    never went beyond the preliminaries of actual love&mdash;as that was
+    all I then knew of love.&quot; The only climax to her dream of love
+    was founded on a piece of information volunteered by a married
+    woman many years earlier, when she was about 12. This
+    lady&mdash;evidently agreeing with Rousseau (who in <i>Emile</i> commended
+    the mother's reply to the child's query whence babies come, &quot;Les
+    femmes les pissent, mon enfant, avec des grands douleurs&quot;) that
+    the unknown should first be explained to the young in terms of
+    the known&mdash;told her that the husband micturated into the wife.
+    She therefore used to imagine a lover who would bear her away
+    into a forest and do this on her as she lay at the foot of a
+    tree. (At a later date she accidentally discovered <a name='3_Page_297'></a>that a full
+    bladder tended to enhance sexual feelings, and occasionally
+    resorted to this physical measure of heightening excitement.) All
+    the physical sensations of sexual desire were called out by these
+    day-dreams, with abundant secretion, but never the orgasm. Her
+    reveries never led to masturbation or to allied manifestations,
+    which have never taken place. Such a method of relief has,
+    indeed, never offered any temptation to her and she doubts even
+    its possibility in her case. (At a later period of life, however,
+    at the age of 31, masturbation began and was practised at
+    intervals.) At the same time she remarks that, while no orgasm
+    (of which, indeed, she was then ignorant) ever occurred, the
+    sexual excitement produced by the day-dreams was sufficiently
+    great to cause a feeling of relief afterward. These day-dreams
+    were the only way in which the sexual erethism was discharged.
+    She cannot recall having erotic dreams or any sexual
+    manifestations during sleep.</p>
+
+<p>    Spontaneous sexual excitement was present a few days before
+    menstruation, and fairly marked during and immediately after the
+    period. It also tended to recur in the middle of the
+    intermenstrual period.</p>
+
+<p>    The pleasurable sensation connected with the smell of leather
+    became more marked as she approached adult age. It was especially
+    pronounced about the age of 24, and the sexual emotion it
+    produced (with moisture of the vulva) was then clearly conscious.
+    No other odor produced this effect in such a marked degree. It
+    was often associated with leather bags, but not with boots,
+    though on rubbing the leather of shoes she found that this odor
+    was given out. She cannot account for its origin, and does not
+    connect any association with it. It never affected her conduct or
+    led to fetichistic habits.</p>
+
+<p>    Some other odors affect her in the same way, though not to the
+    same degree as leather. This is more especially the case with
+    some flowers, especially white flowers with heavy odors, like
+    gardenias. Many flowers, on the other hand, like primroses, seem
+    rather opposed to sex effect, too fresh, though stimulating to
+    the mind. Some artificial scents tend to produce sexual effects
+    also. Personal odors have no influence of this kind. (At a later
+    period the sexual influence of personal odors was occasionally
+    experienced, but the present history deals only with the period
+    before marriage.)</p>
+
+<p>    She believes that most beautiful things, however unconnected with
+    sex, have a tendency to produce distinctively sexual feelings in
+    a faint degree, although sometimes more marked, with secretion.
+    She has, however, never experienced homosexual feeling, and, on
+    first consideration, was inclined to believe that the sight of a
+    beautiful woman had no sexual effect on her, though she could
+    quite understand such an effect.<a name='3_Page_298'></a> Subsequently, on recalling as
+    well as observing her experiences more carefully, she found that
+    a lovely woman's face and figure (especially on one occasion the
+    very graceful figure of a beautiful fairy in a ballet) produced
+    distinct sexual sensations (with mucous emission). Music,
+    however, has strongly emotional effects upon her, and she cannot
+    recall that she ever felt any equally powerful influence of this
+    kind in the absence of music.</p>
+
+<p>    Looking back on the development of her feelings she finds that,
+    though in some respects they may have been slow, they were
+    simple, natural, spontaneous, and correspond to &quot;the dawning and
+    progress which go on in the development of every girl. While it
+    is going on in actual fact, the girl does not know or bother
+    herself about trying to understand it. Afterward it seems quite
+    clear and simple. Full occupation of the brain, and hands too,
+    while it does not do away with desire, is a great help and
+    safeguard to a growing girl, when combined with proper
+    information about herself and her relation to man the animal, so
+    that she may realize where she is and how to choose the right
+    man&mdash;though under the best conditions failure may occur.&quot;</p>
+<br />
+<p>    <b>HISTORY IX.&mdash;</b>The subject belongs to a large family having some
+    neurotic members; she spent her early life on a large farm. She
+    is vigorous and energetic, has intellectual tastes, and is
+    accustomed to think for herself, from unconventional standpoints,
+    on many subjects. Her parents were very religious, and not, she
+    thinks, of sensual temperament. Her own early life was free from
+    associations of a sexual character, and she can recall little
+    that now seems to be significant in this respect. She remembers
+    that in childhood and for some time later she believed that
+    children were born through the navel. Her activities went chiefly
+    into humanitarian and utopian directions, and she cherished ideas
+    of a large, healthy, free life, untrammeled by civilization. She
+    regards herself as very passionate, but her sexual emotions
+    appear to have developed very slowly and have been somewhat
+    intellectualized. After reaching adult life she has formed
+    several successive relationships with men to whom she has been
+    attracted by affinity in temperament, in intellectual views, and
+    in tastes. These relationships have usually been followed by some
+    degree of disillusion, and so have been dissolved. She does not
+    believe in legal marriage, though under fitting circumstances she
+    would much like to have a child.</p>
+
+<p>    She never masturbated until the age of 27. At that time a married
+    friend told her that such a thing could be done. She found it
+    gave her decided pleasure, indeed, more than coitus had ever
+    given her except with one man. She has never practised it to
+    excess, only at rare intervals, and is of the opinion that it is
+    decidedly beneficial when thus moderately indulged in. She has
+    sometimes found, for instance, that, <a name='3_Page_299'></a>after the mental excitement
+    produced by delivering a lecture, sleep would be impossible if
+    masturbation were not resorted to as a sedative to relieve the
+    tension.</p>
+
+<p>    Spontaneous sexual excitement is strongest just before the
+    monthly period.</p>
+
+<p>    Definite sexual dreams and sexual excitement during sleep have
+    not occurred except possibly on one or two occasions.</p>
+
+<p>    She has from girlhood experienced erotic day-dreams, imagining
+    love-stories of which she herself was the heroine; the climax of
+    these stories has developed with her own developing knowledge of
+    sexual matters.</p>
+
+<p>    She is not inverted, and has never been in love with a woman. She
+    finds, however, that a beautiful woman is distinctly a sexual
+    excitation, calling out definite physical manifestations of
+    sexual emotion. She explains this by saying that she thinks she
+    instinctively puts herself in the place of a man and feels as it
+    seems to her a man would feel.</p>
+
+<p>    She finds that music excites the sexual emotions, as well as many
+    scents, whether of flowers, the personal odor of the beloved
+    person, or artificial perfumes.</p>
+<br />
+<p>    <b>HISTORY X.&mdash;</b>The subject is of German extraction on both sides.
+    The father is of marked intellectual tastes, as also is she
+    herself. There is no unhealthy strain in the family so far as she
+    is aware, though they all have very strong passions. She is well
+    developed, healthy, vigorous, and athletic, any trouble to which
+    she is subject being mainly due to overwork.</p>
+
+<p>    Looking back on her childhood, she can now see various sexual
+    manifestations occurring at a period when she was quite ignorant
+    of sex matters. &quot;The very first,&quot; she writes, &quot;was at the age of
+    6. I remember once sitting astride a banister while my parents
+    were waiting for me outside. I distinctly remember a pleasurable
+    sensation&mdash;probably in part due to a physical feeling&mdash;in the
+    thought of staying there when I knew I ought to have run out to
+    them. From that year till the age of 10 I simply reveled in the
+    idea of being tortured. I went gladly to bed every night to
+    imagine myself a slave, chained, beaten, made to carry loads and
+    do ignominious work. One of my imaginings, I remember, was that I
+    was chained to a moldering skeleton.&quot; As she grew older these
+    fancies were discontinued. At the same time there was a trace of
+    sadistic tendency: &quot;I used to frighten and tease a young child,
+    driven to it by an irresistible impulse, and experiencing a
+    certain pleasurable feeling in so doing. But this, I am glad to
+    say, was rare, as I hate all cruelty.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    One of her favorite imaginings as a child was that she was a boy,
+    and especially that she was a knight rescuing damsels in
+    distress. She <a name='3_Page_300'></a>was not fond of girls' occupations, and has always
+    had a sort of chivalrous feeling toward women.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When I first heard of the sexual act,&quot; she writes, &quot;it appeared
+    to me so absurd that I took little notice. About the age of 10 I
+    discussed it a good deal with other girls, and we used to play
+    childishly indecent games&mdash;out of pure mischief and not from any
+    definite physical feeling.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    About a year after menstruation was established she accidentally
+    discovered the act of masturbation by leaning over a table. &quot;I
+    discovered it naturally; no one taught me; and the very
+    naturalness of the impulse that led me to it often made me in
+    later years question the harmfulness.&quot; Both her sisters
+    masturbated from a very early age, but not, to her knowledge, her
+    brother. The practice of masturbation was continued. &quot;For many
+    years, imbued with the old ideas of morality, I struggled against
+    it in vain. The sight of animals copulating, the perusal of
+    various books (Shakespeare, Rabelais, Gautier's <i>Mademoiselle de
+    Maupin</i>, etc.), the sight of the nude in some Bacchanalian
+    pictures (such as Rubens's), all aroused passion. Coexistent with
+    this&mdash;perhaps (though I doubt it) due to it&mdash;arose a disgust for
+    normal intercourse. I fell in love and enjoyed kisses, etc., but
+    the mere thought of anything beyond disgusted me. Had my lover
+    suggested such a thing I would have lost all love for him. But
+    all this time I went on masturbating, though as seldom as
+    possible and without thought of my lover. Love was to me a thing
+    ideal and quite apart from lust, and I still think that it is
+    false to try to connect the two. I fear that even now, if I fell
+    in love, sexual intercourse would break the charm. At the age of
+    18 I came across Tolstoy's <i>Kreutzer Sonata</i> and was overjoyed to
+    find all I had thought written down there. Gradually, through
+    seeing a friend happily married, I have grown to a more normal
+    view of things. I am very critical of men and have never met one
+    liberal-minded and just enough to please me. Perhaps if I did I
+    might take a perfectly healthy view of things.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    In course of time various devices had been adopted to heighten
+    sexual excitement when indulging in masturbation. Thus, for
+    instance, she found that the effects of sexual excitement are
+    increased by keeping the bladder full. But the chief method which
+    she had devised for heightening and prolonging the preliminary
+    excitement consisted in wearing tight stays (as a rule, she wears
+    loose stays) and in painting her face. She cannot herself explain
+    this. Self-excitement is completed by friction, or sometimes by
+    the introduction of a piece of wood into the vagina. She finds
+    that, the more frequently she masturbates, the more easily she is
+    excited. Spontaneous sexual feeling is strongest before and after
+    the menstrual period; not so much so during the periods.</p><a name='3_Page_301'></a>
+
+<p>    There are various faint traces of homosexuality, it may be
+    gathered, in the history of this subject's sexual development.
+    Recently these have come to a climax in the formation of a
+    homosexual relationship with a girl friend. This relationship has
+    given her great pleasure and satisfaction. She does not, however,
+    regard herself as being a really inverted person.</p>
+
+<p>    There have been vivid sexual dreams from about 17 (apparently
+    about the period of the relationship with the lover). These
+    dreams have not, however, had special reference to persons of
+    either sex.</p>
+
+<p>    Apart from the influence of books and pictures already mentioned,
+    she remarks that she is sexually affected by the personal odor of
+    a beloved person, but is not consciously affected by any other
+    odors.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY XI.&mdash;</b>Widower, aged 40 years. Surgeon. &quot;My experience of
+    sexual matters began early. When I was about 10 years of age a
+    boy friend who was staying with us told me that his sister made
+    him uncover his person, with which she played and encouraged him
+    to do the same for her. He said it was great fun, and suggested
+    that we should take two of my sisters into an old barn and repeat
+    his experience on them. This we did, and tried all we could to
+    have connection with them; they were nothing loath and did all
+    they could to help us, but nothing was effected and I experienced
+    no pleasure in it.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When I went back to school I attracted the attention of one of
+    the big boys who slept in the same room with me; he came into my
+    bed and began to play with my member, saying that it was the
+    usual thing to do and would give me pleasure. I did not feel any
+    pleasure, but I liked the attention, and rather enjoyed playing
+    with his member, which was of large size, and surrounded by thick
+    pubic hair. After I had played with him for some time I was
+    surprised at his having an emission of sticky matter. Afterward
+    he rubbed me again, saying that if I let him do it long enough he
+    would produce the same substance from me. This he failed to do,
+    however, though he rubbed me long and frequently, on that and
+    many other occasions. I was very disappointed at not being able
+    to have an emission, and on every occasion that offered I
+    endeavored to excite myself to the extent of compassing this. I
+    used to ask to go out of school two or three times a day, and
+    retired to the closet, where I practised on myself most
+    diligently, but to no purpose, at that time, though I began to
+    have pleasurable emotions in the act.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When I went home for the holidays I took a great interest in one
+    of my father's maids, whose legs I felt as she ran upstairs one
+    day. I was in great fear that she would complain of what I had
+    done, but I was delighted to find that she did nothing of the
+    sort; on the contrary, she took to kissing and fondling me,
+    calling me her sweetheart and saying that I was a forward boy.
+    This encouraged me greatly, and<a name='3_Page_302'></a> I was not long in getting to
+    more intimate relations with her. She called me into her room one
+    day when we were alone in the house, she being in a half-dressed
+    condition, and put me on the bed and laid herself on me, kissing
+    me passionately on the mouth. She next unbuttoned my trousers and
+    fondled and kissed my member, and directed my hand to her
+    privates. I became very much excited and trembled violently, but
+    was able to do for her what she wanted in the way of masturbation
+    until she became wet. After this we had many meetings in which we
+    embraced and she let me introduce my member until she had
+    satisfied herself, though I was too young to have an emission.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;On return to school I practised mutual masturbation with several
+    of my schoolfellows, and finally, at the age of 14 years, had my
+    first real emission. I was greatly pleased thereat, and, with
+    this and the growth of hair which began to show on my pubis,
+    began to feel myself quite a man. I loved lying in the arms of
+    another boy, pressing against his body, and fondling his person
+    and being fondled by him in return. We always finished up with
+    mutual masturbation. We never indulged in any unnatural
+    connections.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;After leaving school I had no opportunity of indulging in
+    relations with my own sex, and, indeed, did not wish for such, as
+    I became a slave to the charms of the other sex, and passed most
+    of my time in either enjoying, or planning to enjoy, love
+    passages with them.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The sight of a woman's limbs or bust, especially if partly
+    hidden by pretty underclothing, and the more so if seen by
+    stealth, was sufficient to give a lustful feeling and a violent
+    erection, accompanied by palpitation of the heart and throbbing
+    in the head.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I had frequent coitus at the age of 17, as well as masturbating
+    regularly. I liked to perform masturbation on a girl, even more
+    than I liked having connection with her; and this was especially
+    so in the case of girls who had never had masturbation practised
+    on them before; I loved to see the look of surprised pleasure
+    appear on their faces as they felt the delightful and novel
+    sensation.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;To gratify this desire I persuaded dozens of girls to allow me
+    to take liberties with them, and it would surprise you to learn
+    what a number of girls, many of them in good social position,
+    permitted me the liberty I desired, though the supply was never
+    equal to my demand.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;With a view to enlarging my opportunities I took up the study of
+    medicine as a profession, and reveled in the chances it gave of
+    being on intimate sexual terms with many who would have been,
+    otherwise, out of my reach.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At the age of 25 I married the daughter of an officer, a
+    beautiful girl with a fully developed figure and an amorous
+    disposition. While engaged, we used to pass hours wrapped in each
+    other's arms, practising <a name='3_Page_303'></a>mutual masturbation, or I would kiss
+    her passionately on the mouth, introducing my tongue into her
+    mouth at intervals, with the invariable result that I had an
+    emission and she went off into sighs and shivers. After marriage
+    we practised all sorts of fancy coitus, <i>coitus reservatus</i>,
+    etc., and rarely passed twenty-four hours without two
+    conjunctions, until she got far on in the family way, and our
+    play had to cease for a while.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;During this interval I went to stay at the house of an old
+    schoolfellow, who had been one of my lovers of days gone by. It
+    happened that on account of the number of guests staying in the
+    house the bed accommodation was somewhat scanty, and I agreed to
+    share my friend's bedroom. The sight of his naked body as he
+    undressed gave rise to lustful feelings in me; and when he had
+    turned out the light I stole across to his bed and got in beside
+    him. He made no objection, and we passed the night in mutual
+    masturbation and embraces, <i>coitus inter femora</i>, etc. I was
+    surprised to find how much I preferred this state of affairs to
+    coitus with my wife, and determined to enjoy the occasion to the
+    full. We passed a fortnight together in the above fashion, and,
+    though I afterward went back and did my duty by my wife, I never
+    took the same pleasure in her again, and when she died, five
+    years later, I felt no inclination to contract another marriage,
+    but devoted myself heart and soul to my old school-friend, with
+    whom I continued tender relations until his death by accident
+    last year. Since then I have lost all interest in life.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The patient,&quot; writes the well-known alienist to whom I am
+    indebted for the above history, &quot;consulted me lately. I found him
+    a fairly healthy man to look at, suffering from some neurasthenia
+    and a tendency to melancholia. Generative organs large, one
+    testicle shows some wasting, pubic hair abundant, form of body
+    distinctly masculine; temperament neurotic. He improved under
+    treatment, and, after seeing me three times and writing out the
+    above history, came no more.&quot;</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY XII.&mdash;</b>Mrs. B., aged 32. Father's family normal; mother's
+    family clever, eccentric, somewhat neuropathic. She is herself
+    normal, good-looking, usually healthy, highly intelligent, and
+    with much practical ability, though at some periods of life, and
+    especially in childhood, she has shared to some extent in the
+    high-strung and supersensitive temperament of her mother's
+    family. As a child she was sometimes spoiled and sometimes
+    cuffed, and suffered tortures from nervousness. She has, however,
+    acquired a large measure of self-control.</p>
+
+<p>    The first sensations which she now recognizes as sexual were
+    experienced at the age of 3, when her mother gave her an
+    injection; afterward she declared herself unable to relieve her
+    bowels naturally in <a name='3_Page_304'></a>order to obtain a repetition of this
+    experience, which was several times repeated. At the age of 7 a
+    man pursued her with attentions and attempted to take liberties,
+    but she rejected his advances in terror; four years later another
+    man attempted to assault her, but she resisted vigorously, struck
+    him, and escaped by running. Neither of these sexual attempts
+    appears to have left any serious permanent impression on the
+    child's mind.</p>
+
+<p>    At the age of 11, when her mother was giving her a bath, the
+    sensation of her mother's fingers touching her private parts gave
+    her what she now knows to be sexual feelings, and a year later
+    when taking her bath she would pour hot water on to the sexual
+    region in order to cause these sensations; this did not lead to
+    masturbation, but she had a vague idea that it was &quot;wrong.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    At the age of 12 menstruation began; she suffered very severely
+    from dysmenorrhea, the period sometimes lasting for ten days, and
+    the pain being often extreme. She was not treated for this
+    condition, her mother being of opinion that she would outgrow it.
+    From the age of 14 or 15 until 23, or about the period of her
+    marriage, she suffered from anemia.</p>
+
+<p>    She had little curiosity about sexual matters; her mother wished
+    that she should always come to her for information about things
+    she became acquainted with as to the general facts of sex; she
+    did not, however, know definitely the facts of copulation until
+    her marriage. She knew nothing of erection or semen, and thought
+    that when a man and woman placed their organs together a child
+    resulted. She hated talking about these subjects indecently, and
+    would not listen to the sexual conversation of her schoolfellows.
+    She never felt any homosexual attraction. Once another girl was
+    much in love with her, but she despised and disliked her
+    attentions; again, when a girl much older than herself, a friend
+    of her mother's, slept with her and made advances, she repelled
+    her and refused to sleep with her again.</p>
+
+<p>    She always got on well with men, and men were attracted to her.
+    She was direct and sincere, without undue modesty. But she never
+    allowed men to touch her or kiss her. She was a good dancer, and
+    fond of dancing, but denies that it ever led to sexual feelings.
+    She never felt any sexual attraction for a man until, at the age
+    of 20, she fell in love with her future husband five years or
+    more before marriage.</p>
+
+<p>    At this period she began to feel vague discomfort, which she knew
+    to be localized near her sexual organs. She was aware, in a dim
+    way, that it was connected with her love, and was of a sexual
+    nature. But there was no definite idea of sexual intercourse. She
+    felt nervous and depressed. If she had been asked to state what
+    would relieve her, she could only have said B.'s presence and
+    tenderness. A few days before <a name='3_Page_305'></a>he declared his love she
+    experienced the nearest approach to sexual feeling she had ever
+    had. It was summer and, with B. and some of her family, she had
+    gone on a little expedition. One evening, in the train after a
+    day's excursion, B. took her hand (unperceived by the others) and
+    held it for some time. This aroused the strongest emotions in
+    her; she closed her eyes, and, though she was not at the time
+    aware that her sensations were localized in her sexual organs,
+    she thinks, in the light of subsequent knowledge, that she then
+    experienced the orgasm.</p>
+
+<p>    During the engagement, which lasted between two and three years,
+    circumstances prevented frequent meetings. B. would kiss her,
+    suck her nipples, which became erect, and lie on her. She allowed
+    him to take these liberties, feeling that if she refused him all
+    satisfaction he might have relations with other women. She still
+    felt no definite desire for contact of the sexual organs. She
+    longed rather to be embraced and kissed, and to lie in her
+    lover's arms all night. A few months before marriage, however,
+    she masturbated occasionally, just before or just after
+    menstruation, imagining, while doing it, that she was in her
+    lover's arms. The act was usually followed by a sick feeling.
+    Just before marriage she underwent an operation for the relief of
+    the dysmenorrhea. She was somewhat shocked and sickened by the
+    experiences of the wedding night. It seemed to her that her
+    husband approached her with the violence of an animal, and there
+    was some difficulty in effecting entrance. Coitus, though
+    incomplete, took place some seven times on this first night. The
+    bleeding from rupture of the hymen continued, so that for two
+    days she had to wear a towel. For two months subsequently there
+    was great pain during intercourse, although she suppressed the
+    indications of this.</p>
+
+<p>    There were several children born of the marriage and for some
+    years she lived happily, on the whole, with her husband,
+    notwithstanding various hardships and difficulties and some
+    incompatibility of temper.</p>
+
+<p>    As regards her sexual feelings she considers, from what other
+    women have told her, that her feelings are, if anything, stronger
+    than the average. The orgasm, however, was not fully developed
+    until about five years after marriage. Sexual feeling is most
+    pronounced before, during, and after the menstrual period, more
+    especially before and about the third day (the period usually
+    lasts from five to seven days). There is more sexual desire
+    during pregnancy, especially toward the end, than at any other
+    time. She never refused normal intercourse to her husband, but
+    any abnormal or perverted method of sexual gratification is
+    repellent. She was awakened one night about the third month of
+    pregnancy by her husband inserting his penis <i>in ore</i>; the child
+    was born with palate defect and she is herself inclined to
+    believe that this incident was the cause of the defect. Though
+    she desires normal intercourse, <a name='3_Page_306'></a>she has seldom obtained complete
+    gratification. For a long time she disliked seeing or touching
+    the penis, and the feel, and especially the smell, of the semen
+    produced nausea and even vomiting. (She has a very delicate sense
+    of smell as well as of taste; though fond of the scent of
+    flowers, no sexual feelings are thus aroused.) Withdrawal and the
+    use of condoms are unsatisfactory to her, and mutual masturbation
+    gives no relief and produces headache. Feelings of friendship for
+    her husband have been most potent in arousing the sexual
+    emotions, and she has had most pleasure in intercourse after a
+    day spent in bicycling together. She has been for many months at
+    a time without sexual intercourse, and during such periods has
+    suffered much from pain in the head; this, however, she has now
+    completely surmounted. She eventually discovered that her
+    husband's abstinence from marital intercourse was due to
+    infidelity. This led to a definite separation. She still
+    occasionally experiences sexual desire, but has no inclination to
+    masturbate. Her life is full and busy, affording ample scope for
+    her energies and intelligence; moreover, she has her children to
+    train and educate. She herself believes that her sexual life is
+    at an end.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY XIII.&mdash;</b>G. R., army officer. &quot;I am 35 years of age. My
+    parents married at the ages of 38 and 25, and my father is now 84
+    and my mother 71; both are particularly strong and healthy in
+    body and mind. I am of old lineage on both sides, and know of no
+    disease, defect, or abnormality among any of my ancestors or
+    relations, except that my mother's family has a slight tendency
+    to drink and excess, the present members of it all being
+    considered eccentric. I have one brother and one sister living
+    (brother unmarried, sister with several children) and am the
+    youngest of a family of five. My brother is abnormal, but I don't
+    know exactly in what way or from what cause. I have a strong
+    suspicion that he masturbates to excess. My father is artistic
+    and my mother musical. I have no aptitude for either, but
+    appreciate both enormously, though not until about ten years ago.
+    My principal reading is religion, science, and philosophy, with
+    an occasional standard novel, or a modern novel of the 'improper'
+    type by way of relaxation. I became a convinced and militant
+    rationalist about five years ago, but have been an unbeliever
+    since I left school. I was anemic and threatened with bowel
+    complaint at the age of 7, and was in consequence taken abroad
+    for my health. I am now strong and vigorous, with great powers of
+    endurance, and enjoy all forms of sport and exercise,
+    particularly hunting, pig-sticking, and polo. I drink a lot, and
+    am never fitter than when eating, drinking, and taking exercise
+    in what most people would call excess. It takes more alcohol than
+    I can hold to make me drunk when in England; but not so in the
+    East. I have been told that I am very good-looking.</p><a name='3_Page_307'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;When I was about 4 or 5 I was constantly chaffed by my older
+    companions about putting my hand down my trousers and playing
+    with my privates. I don't remember getting an erection, nor at
+    what age this first occurred with me. At one time my brother and
+    I used to play about with my sister's underclothing, and took
+    great pleasure in it, but we never saw her genitals. She told us
+    that on carefully examining herself one day she was glad to find
+    that she had a small penis like boys had&mdash;doubtless the clitoris.
+    When in France, at the age of 8 to 10, I began to notice the
+    sexual parts of animals, and was very keen to know what mares
+    kept between their hind legs. Later on I took great pleasure with
+    another boy in feeling the teats of a she-ass, and, by myself,
+    the penis of a donkey, as I had seen the French grooms do; but I
+    took no interest in my own penis. I used to put my finger as far
+    up the anus as it would go, and got a vague satisfaction from it.
+    I went to a small private school at the age of 11, having been
+    previously told by my mother of the manner of birth of men and
+    animals, of which I was quite ignorant till then. She made no
+    mention of the part taken by the father, and I never thought
+    about it. Even then I was left with the impression that one was
+    born through the navel. I was initiated at school, and used to
+    handle the penis of the boy who told me. On several occasions I
+    did <i>fellatio</i> for him, and liked it, but he never offered to do
+    the same for me, and I don't think he got much satisfaction out
+    of it. Soon after this I became conscious of pleasurable
+    sensations when lying on my stomach with an erection, and used
+    occasionally to gratify myself that way, caring little for the
+    school tradition that it was 'wicked' and bad for one. On one
+    occasion, when talking at night with another boy, we compared our
+    organs, both in erection, and I then for the first time thought
+    of trying what I had heard vaguely mentioned, viz., two boys
+    playing at man and woman. I lay on him with my penis on his
+    stomach and almost at once had an orgasm with emission, and
+    experienced acute pleasure, though both he and I supposed that I
+    had involuntarily micturated. I was 13 when this happened. I did
+    it once more with him before I left, this time the other way up,
+    so as to spare him the unpleasantness. I used to like kissing and
+    hugging the smaller boys, and had a great eye for good looks. On
+    going home for the holidays I masturbated with my hand out of
+    curiosity to see what happened when the orgasm occurred, and then
+    only did I fully understand the nature of the act. After this the
+    rush and strangeness of a large public school distracted my
+    attention, but I heard about wet dreams, masturbation, and
+    homosexuality from the other boys, and soon became thoroughly
+    initiated. I believe the tone of my house, if not of the whole
+    school, was exceptionally bad; though it may only be that I saw
+    more of it because I was attracted by it, and that other schools
+    <a name='3_Page_308'></a>are the same really. Things involving certain expulsion if found
+    out were done more or less in public, and I have myself openly
+    got into bed with or masturbated other boys, and on more than one
+    occasion have helped forcibly to masturbate small boys or to hold
+    them while others had connection with them, the idea of the last
+    two acts being that the boy would thereby be seduced and become
+    available for, and willing to perform, homosexuality. Before I
+    became big enough to have boys myself I masturbated frequently
+    (on one occasion three times in the day), and invariably by lying
+    on my stomach without the use of the hands. In having connection
+    with other boys I used to do it between the thighs or on the
+    stomach, and I never heard of any other way at that school.
+    <i>P&aelig;dicatio</i> would disgust me, and, moreover, would deprive me of
+    the principal pleasure of intercourse, viz., the feeling of lying
+    face to face and stomach to stomach. Of course, the satisfaction
+    used to be mutual, but, though good-looking, I was never the
+    passive party only, like some small boys who might be called
+    professionals and whom I used to pay for their services. I went
+    back after I had left and had a boy in the dark whom I had never
+    seen before, having been told that he was all right. I used to
+    have a very genuine affection for any party to my pleasure,
+    though I took delight in torturing one in particular, but for
+    what reason I cannot say. For one boy I developed a deep love,
+    which lasted long after we had left school and had ceased all
+    sexual connection. This love was as strong as anything I have
+    ever felt since.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I don't remember whether it was while I was at school or later
+    that I first began again to take a sexual interest in animals. I
+    used to masturbate a good deal and was always trying to find new
+    ways of doing it and new substances to lie on. It was while
+    feeling the vulva of a young mare that the brilliant thought
+    struck me of trying to copulate with her, and thus getting the
+    advantage of the soft vagina. It afforded me great satisfaction
+    and I had an emission, though I did not then, nor at any other
+    time with any other animal, succeed in penetrating properly. I
+    afterward did the same with other mares and with a certain cow
+    whenever I got a safe opportunity, which was not as often as I
+    could have wished. I have not had connection with an animal for
+    about ten years, but would have no objection to doing so, and
+    feel sure I could perform the act properly now. After I left
+    school at 17, I occasionally had longings for boys, but it was
+    the exception and not the rule. I continued to masturbate, but
+    not to excess, and used to make ineffectual efforts to stop it,
+    but never succeeded for very long. When I was confirmed, at the
+    age of 15, I became intensely religious, and was so remorseful at
+    my first lapse from virtue that I burnt my leg with a red-hot
+    poker, and I bear the scar still. On leaving school I went to
+    Germany and there had my first coitus with a woman, a fat old
+    German <a name='3_Page_309'></a>who gave me very little satisfaction. My next, a Jewess,
+    gave me more than I asked for, in the shape of a soft chancre. In
+    my ignorance I never had it treated, but it must have been very
+    mild, for it disappeared of its own accord. When cramming in
+    England I occasionally went home with a prostitute, but did not
+    care much about them and could not afford good ones. On one
+    occasion I was impotent. It may have been through drink, but it
+    disgusted me with myself. I liked seeing the women naked, and
+    always insisted that they should strip, especially the breasts,
+    which I liked large and full. I had not learned to kiss on the
+    lips, and had no desire to kiss the body, except the breasts,
+    which I was generally too shy to do. But as I nearly always wore
+    a condom and found penetration difficult I did not much enjoy the
+    actual coitus. I am fully convinced that if women had been more
+    accessible, if I had not thought myself bound to use preventives
+    in self-defense, and if the act had not been looked upon with
+    such disfavor by those in authority over me, I should have
+    masturbated less or not at all, and would not have been tempted
+    to bestiality. When I was 22 I had coitus with a girl who was not
+    a prostitute for the first time. I was violently excited and
+    enjoyed it more than anything I had yet experienced, in spite of
+    the facts that she would not undress and insisted on withdrawal
+    before emission. On one other occasion only have I had coitus
+    with a non-professional unmarried woman. Shortly after this I
+    caught syphilis from a girl of the streets. I was circumcised and
+    stayed in a private hospital for six weeks. It never went beyond
+    the primary stage, and I have felt no ill effects from it, except
+    that I have got a hydrocele in the right testicle. Of course,
+    this incident necessitated the use of a condom on every occasion,
+    and it greatly spoiled my pleasure. About this time a
+    brother-officer older than myself made advances to me. He
+    compared me to a Greek statue, and wanted to kiss me. I would
+    have nothing to do with him, but was glad to have his confessions
+    of homosexuality and somewhat surprised to learn that he was not
+    alone in the regiment. I afterward fell in love with his sister,
+    and he married and had children. He was bisexual in his
+    inclinations, but was really in love with me for a short time.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I had little to do with professionals until I went to South
+    Africa, and though I was fond of ladies' society, and liked by
+    ladies, I looked upon them as something apart, especially married
+    women, and never attempted to take liberties with them; though I
+    used to with shopgirls, etc., in my cramming days, and had often
+    been in love. In South Africa I first began really to enjoy
+    coitus, and on going to India continued to do so; in fact, I
+    thought sexually of nothing else and rarely masturbated,&mdash;perhaps
+    once in three weeks. I would go to brothels wherever they were
+    available, Durban, Cape Town, Colombo,<a name='3_Page_310'></a> Calcutta, Bombay, and at
+    one time preferred black women to white. I used to have horrible
+    orgies with my brother-officers, and on one occasion I ordered
+    six women to my bungalow in order to celebrate my birthday, and
+    made a present of them to five of my friends after dinner. During
+    this period, and until I went home, I rarely spoke to a lady, the
+    chief exception being No. 1, a brother-officer's wife, with whom
+    I began to be in love.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Shortly after the South African War I fell violently in love
+    with a young brother-officer, 'Z.' It amounted to a passion and I
+    was forced to make overtures to him. He did not understand, being
+    ignorant of homosexuality and quite virile, and would have
+    nothing to do with me, though he was very nice about it. This
+    lasted for about a year, and then, thinking no doubt that he had
+    better stop it, as I was really making myself very ridiculous and
+    was mad with love, he threw me up altogether. I was intensely
+    miserable for some time, and then I recovered and we made it up,
+    and are now firm friends. I still want to kiss and stroke him
+    when I see him naked, but would do nothing more. I went home by
+    way of Japan after several years' absence from home, taking the
+    women of the Eastern ports as I went, until I contracted
+    gonorrhea in the Tokio Yoshiwara. I could not get rid of it, and
+    arrived home in that state, having been deprived of the pleasure
+    of trying several new races on the way in consequence. In England
+    I rushed into a society which I had quit on such different terms,
+    and it received me with open arms. I very soon began a flirtation
+    with a married woman, and she completed my education in kissing
+    which had been begun by the Japanese harlots. I was just coming
+    to the point with this woman when I met No. 1 again, and my love
+    for her was at once renewed. I told her so, but I knew that she
+    did not return it. I then became attracted to No. 2, a girl older
+    than myself, whom I had known all my life. I kissed her and
+    fondled her breasts; but she would not allow anything else, until
+    one night, when in the train with her, I got my hand down farther
+    than she intended. It ended in my performing <i>cunnilingus</i> on her
+    first, and then obtaining satisfaction between her thighs&mdash;a
+    large step to take after the former limitations. Previous to this
+    I had on several occasions obtained an emission, without meaning
+    to, by lying on her fully dressed. She was aware of my disease,
+    which by that time had become a gleet and did not inconvenience
+    me in any way. From that time until I went back to India we went
+    through the same performance whenever possible, I masturbating
+    her sometimes with the finger, sometimes with the tongue, and
+    having connection with various parts of her body, including the
+    breasts, but always with a condom on account of my disease. She
+    used to strip for my edification, and we frequently spent the
+    night in the same bed. I was attracted to <a name='3_Page_311'></a>her mentally, but not
+    very much physically; that is to say, that if circumstances had
+    not thrown us together I should never have picked her out from
+    other girls as being sexually attractive to me. I returned to
+    India, and to No. 1, though I kept faithful to No. 2 in word and
+    deed for five months, but gradually the overmastering influence
+    of No. 1 reasserted itself over me. And then I met No. 3. We were
+    attracted to each other at first acquaintance, and the attraction
+    was mental and sexual. She was married and in love with another
+    man, but that did not prevent her from kissing me. I felt her
+    breasts, masturbated her, and had emissions by lying on her, but
+    she drew the line at one thing, viz., kissing on the lips; and I
+    drew it at coitus. We arranged a trip together during which I
+    went to bed with her, but never had coitus, though we both had
+    frequent orgasms in other ways. Before starting on this trip I
+    had thought that I should not see No. 1 again, and she let me
+    kiss her, to my unspeakable joy. Circumstances, however,
+    intervened, and I went straight to No. 1 after parting with No.
+    3, told her all I had done, and then kissed her again, leaving
+    her just before her real lover, with whom she was then living,
+    arrived. Later I returned again to No. 1, now in child to her
+    lover. We lived together for three nights in spite of this. She
+    then went home, and I had no connection with any woman for two
+    years, except one black woman, being consumed with love and
+    worship for No. 1. I was much in society, but never had any luck.
+    At the end of this time I was traveling one night with a young
+    officer ('X'), slight and effeminate and preferring men to women,
+    with whom I had been until then on friendly but not intimate
+    terms. I watched him undress and go to bed, and then, having
+    myself undressed, went over to his bunk and put my hand under his
+    clothes. He at once responded, and I got into his bed, both of us
+    being in a frenzy of passion and surprise. But I was fairly sure
+    of my ground or I would not have dared to take the risk. I used
+    often to go to his bed after this, and on one occasion had coitus
+    with a girl on a chair at a ball and the next night with my young
+    officer. I scarcely knew the girl, and don't know her name now,
+    but I took her measure, made her excited by manipulation and
+    kissing, and then got her consent. I did not harm her, even if I
+    had been the first, for orgasm occurred before I had penetrated
+    beyond the lips. X surprised me by telling me that he had had
+    connection with three other officers in my regiment, as well as
+    with several others in the same station. He would not tell me
+    their names, but I guessed easily enough. He used to drink
+    heavily, and once I got into his bed when he was in a drunken
+    stupor and he was quite unaware that I was there for some time. I
+    myself was drinking too much at this time, and was frequently
+    drunk before dinner. In the hot weather that followed I had one
+    orgy in Bombay which lasted three nights. I started <a name='3_Page_312'></a>on a Greek
+    and a Pole and finished up with a Japanese, two brother-officers
+    accompanying me. Afterward I was much alone during the day in my
+    bungalow, and used to become possessed by intense desire. I
+    masturbated occasionally, but by this time took but little
+    pleasure in it, always craving for the moist human vagina. I had
+    often heard, and myself quoted, the Pathan proverb 'Women for
+    breeding; boys for pleasure; melons for delight,' and one day
+    when seeking for some novelty with which to masturbate, and my
+    eye being caught by a melon put ready for me to eat, it flashed
+    across me to try whether the proverb was in any way true. I found
+    it most satisfactory, and practised it several times after that,
+    the pepita (papaye or pawpaw) being the nearest approach to the
+    human vagina. The opportune arrival of a fairly good-looking
+    punkah woman, however, put an end to this form of enjoyment by
+    providing me with what I wanted. Soon afterward I went home
+    again, taking the Japanese at Bombay on my way.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I had kept up a correspondence with No. 1 all this time, but we
+    had made a compact that whatever each did until we met again was
+    not to count, and I knew that she had had at least one liaison
+    since our parting, and was in entire ignorance of the state of
+    her feelings toward me. Therefore, while trying to arrange a
+    meeting with her, I took the first thing that chance threw in my
+    way, thinking a bird in the hand better than the off chance of a
+    better one in the bush. This was No. 4, with whom I spent three
+    days at the seaside after having first had coitus with her in my
+    own home while she was in the monthly state. Immediately on
+    parting from her I came home to receive No. 1. The first time we
+    were alone she kissed me, and this was followed by mutual
+    confessions and coitus, though at first she said my affair was
+    too recent. I agreed not to have connection again with No. 4, and
+    kept to this until when staying in the same house again with her
+    I was tempted beyond my powers; and I may add that she gave me no
+    assistance in keeping this promise, of which she was fully
+    cognizant. I at once wrote and confessed to No. 1, and she very
+    naturally would have nothing more to do with me. But I managed to
+    reconcile her, and we afterward lived together for three days in
+    the country, as well as in London and in her own house. Meanwhile
+    No. 5 had been making advances to me which I could not well
+    refuse, being a very old friend. Nos. 4 and 5 were on one
+    occasion staying together at my house, just after I had been
+    faithless to No. 1 with No. 4. I could not very well sleep with
+    them both, so at the earnest entreaty of No. 4 I went to her room
+    first, told her my reasons for not having connection with her,
+    left her in tears, and then went and slept with No. 5. This is
+    the only transaction I have ever concealed from No. 1; but No. 5
+    knows my whole story and accepts the situation of being only
+    second so long as I give her satisfaction whenever <a name='3_Page_313'></a>possible.
+    About this time I again met No. 3 and kissed and masturbated her
+    in a cab, but she would not allow me to go home with her. At the
+    bidding of No. 1 I now broke entirely with No. 4, to the great
+    grief and astonishment of my sister, whose friend she was.
+    Shortly after this I again returned to India, where I quarreled
+    hopelessly with No. 1, and I don't know to this day what my fault
+    was, except that she had got tired of me. Her influence over me
+    is, however, too great to be so easily broken, and I would return
+    to her tomorrow if she moved a finger in reconciliation. During
+    the following hot weather I slowly but surely, albeit quite
+    unconsciously, obtained an influence over No. 6, and it ended by
+    her falling desperately in love with me and allowing me to do
+    what I liked. I did not love her, and told her about No. 1, whose
+    image always remained in the back of my vision, whatever I was
+    doing. She also accepted the situation, and I don't think has any
+    grievance against me. For my part I have nothing but thanks and
+    gratitude and as much love as I am capable of to give her, and
+    all the other women with whom I have had any sexual relations.
+    The following is a short account of the above women:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;No. 1. Had coitus before marriage, for love and with full
+    knowledge of the nature of the act. Agreement with her husband
+    not to have coitus rigidly adhered to by both. Has had connection
+    with five other men since marriage. Very passionate, but faddy
+    and particular. Slow at producing orgasm. Likes being in bed
+    naked, and liked me once for having kissed her mons veneris.
+    Thin, with undeveloped breasts. Brilliant, good-looking. Artistic
+    and highly intellectual. Never masturbated, and did not know of
+    homosexuality among women; very sensitive to touch on the
+    pudenda.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;No. 2. Has had sexual relations, but never coitus, with many
+    men. Mutually masturbated with one man. Masturbated herself
+    frequently, and took a long time to produce orgasm, even with
+    <i>cunnilingus</i>, which delighted her immensely. After having it
+    performed, she would stoop down and passionately kiss my lips.
+    Fond of prolonged kisses, during which the tongue played a
+    prominent part. Tall and fully developed, but no looks. Clever,
+    masculine brain, and strong physically. Skillfully concealed her
+    passionate nature, which, however, was long in developing and was
+    long kept in check by maidenly modesty.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;No. 3. Innocent before marriage, and hated her <i>fianc&eacute;</i> even to
+    touch her, which feeling still persists. Has had liaisons with
+    many men, and several miscarriages, one legitimate, others
+    illegitimate, and one illegitimate child. Does not masturbate
+    herself, but readily yields to its seduction when performed by
+    others. The most passionate woman I have ever met. Good, typical,
+    womanly figure, but thin and weak. Not much looks, but very
+    fascinating to men. Clever and intellectual.</p><a name='3_Page_314'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;No. 4. Coitus only with her husband before myself. Not very
+    passionate. I know nothing about masturbation or homosexuality in
+    her case. Very broad hips, large breasts, and well-developed
+    nates. Deserted by her husband. No children. Rather foolish and
+    weak-minded. Penetration difficult owing to long labia majora.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;No. 5. Knows all about homosexuality of both sexes and wants to
+    know more about everything. Probably masturbates. Several
+    children. In love with her husband at first, but now tired of him
+    and took to other men for variety and because her husband had
+    ceased to give her sexual pleasure. Very passionate; has slow
+    orgasm; likes nakedness and contact of body. Very large vagina.
+    Broad hips and full breasts. Intellectual, but not so by nature.
+    Artistic and very musical.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;No. 6. Absolutely innocent before marriage. Was practically
+    raped by her husband on her marriage night. This disgusted her
+    with the whole performance, and she could not bear her husband's
+    caresses. During pregnancy she was frightened because she did not
+    know what was going to happen, <i>i.e.</i>, how the child was going to
+    be born; and no one enlightened her,&mdash;doctor, nurse, or mother.
+    Did not know the meaning of the words sexual feeling, and never
+    thought about sexual matters at all until marriage. I roused her
+    passion, put things in their true light, made her have an orgasm,
+    and told her what it meant. The orgasms at first made her cry and
+    nearly faint, and she thereafter became intensely passionate.
+    Very excited at cunnilingus, which I practised on her more than
+    once. She confessed that the orgasm was stronger and more
+    complete during coitus than during masturbation, which relieved
+    my mind. She volunteered to strip naked and has but little
+    shyness with me. Cannot bear her husband yet. She admits that she
+    was only half a woman before she knew me, but now regrets her
+    marriage. Short, thin, and slight, with narrow hips and no
+    breasts. Quick woman's wit, but not intellectual.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Of the prostitutes I have known, perhaps 60 in number, the
+    Japanese easily take the palm. They are scrupulously clean, have
+    charming manners and beautiful bodies, and take an intelligent
+    interest in the proceedings. Also they are not always thinking
+    about the money. Perhaps the Kashmiris come next, though the
+    Chinese run them very close. Some of the more expensive London
+    women are bearable, but they are such harlots! The white women in
+    the East are insupportable, and small wonder, for they consist of
+    the dregs of the European and American markets. My list comprises
+    English, French, German, Italian, Spanish-American, American,
+    Bengali, Punjabi, Kashmiri, Kaffir, Singhalese, Tamil, Burmese,
+    Malay, Japanese, Chinese, Greek, and Pole.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I naturally prefer to satisfy myself with a woman, a friend and
+    a lady of my own class; but in the absence of the best I gladly
+    take the <a name='3_Page_315'></a>next best available, down the scale from a lady for
+    whom I do not care to prostitutes of all classes and colors, men,
+    boys, animals, melons, and masturbation. I would as cheerfully
+    have connection with my sister, or any other female relative. I
+    have frequent erotic dreams about the most extraordinary
+    subjects&mdash;male and female relations, casual acquaintances of both
+    sexes, and animals. When I have got an intrigue in hand with a
+    woman, I have no wish to masturbate, and often restrain myself
+    when I know that I am going to have access before long to
+    prostitutes. After coitus it takes a long time before I am ready
+    for the next, sometimes two hours; and the first is always very
+    quick, nearly always too quick for the woman. With a strange
+    woman I have difficulty in maintaining erection at the instant of
+    penetration, and this has often given me trouble.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I know that most women like, and few dislike, being touched by
+    me. My favorite colors are green and red, and I can whistle quite
+    well.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I would be very glad to know whether I may be considered
+    sexually normal or not, but I do not desire any opinion on the
+    morality of my acts, for the simple reason that without knowing
+    all the circumstances it would be impossible to judge. But I
+    cannot help saying that I do not consider anything I have done is
+    wrong in itself, and I am quite certain that I have never harmed
+    in any way any of the ladies with whom I have had relations. I am
+    certain, if I had made promises which I knew I could not keep, I
+    might have married one of them. But the result would have been
+    great unhappiness to both, quarrels, and ultimate separation or
+    divorce&mdash;and she realized that as well as I did. I may seem
+    egotistical in my attitude and assurance toward ladies, but I
+    only speak the honest truth; and I know that No. 6, for instance,
+    has only gratitude and worship to give me for having opened her
+    eyes. I have made her promise to have intercourse with her
+    husband as soon as she can bear it, and I have satisfied myself
+    that I have not started her on the road to sexual perversion. So
+    much in self-explanation. I may add that I do not deliberately
+    seek 'affaires de c&oelig;ur,' and that, when they come my
+    way, I do my utmost to use all consideration for the lady,
+    thinking, as I do, that I owe them a far bigger debt than I shall
+    ever be able to pay.&quot;</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY XIV.&mdash;</b>J. E., professional man, aged 32. Public school and
+    university education, in which he did well. From age of 6 or 7
+    had strong sexual emotions, and from 9 sexually pleasurable
+    dreams, though no emission till 12 or 13. He remembers the
+    association of sexual excitement with whipping, either at sight
+    or imagination of it, and this feeling was certainly shared by
+    boys aged 9 to 12 at his private boarding-school and others at
+    the public school later on. His nurse-maid used to invent excuses
+    for beating his nates with a long lead-pencil when he was <a name='3_Page_316'></a>aged
+    about 7, and he saw occasional whippings with clothes removed in
+    the family nursery.</p>
+
+<p>    When nearly 16 he was initiated into masturbation, which at once
+    coincided with rapid mental development and success at school. He
+    has practised it ever since under same conditions and
+    restrictions as marital intercourse. Religion has never acted as
+    any restraint, and the best restraint to all young people, in his
+    opinion, is to warn them on hygienic grounds. (He became a
+    freethinker at 17, partly on observing the inconsistency of
+    religious persons in this connection. He was twice set upon by
+    Catholics when 16, who attempted mutual masturbation.) He can
+    vaguely remember some such warning when very young from his
+    mother.</p>
+
+<p>    No intercourse with women till age of 19, though strong
+    homosexual feelings from 10 upward, associated with feminine
+    youths. These feelings were quite distinct from feelings of
+    affection and friendship for more virile youths. An attack of
+    gonorrhea at 21 was followed by an operation for circumcision,
+    which had beneficial effects, but did not prevent an attack of
+    syphilis at age of 23, caught at a guaranteed state establishment
+    in France. Intercourse almost always with prostitutes, on
+    prudential and worldly grounds, though what he approves would be
+    greater laxity between boys and girls, with proper safeguards
+    against undesired offspring. He is now happily married. He only
+    indulges in masturbation at times when intercourse is impossible
+    (<i>e.g.</i>, childbirth). It is then practised once or twice a week
+    in the early morning; overnight it causes troubled sleep, brain
+    activity, and constipation. This seems ethically more desirable
+    unless the wife were to condone physical infidelity, which she
+    would not, and even then there might be risks of venereal
+    disease. His general health and working power are in all respects
+    excellent, as the venereal diseases were speedily and thoroughly
+    cured. Homosexual feeling has entirely disappeared since
+    marriage.</p>
+<br />
+<p>    <b>HISTORY XV.&mdash;</b>G. D., English; aged 60. &quot;My earliest essays in
+    juvenile vice were due not so much to unguarded as to unguided
+    ignorance. I slipped where my natural protectors suspected no
+    danger, and I fell because I had never been warned of the
+    treacherous nature of the ground. Before or soon after I was 7
+    years old, the example of an elder brother, who had lately begun
+    to go to school as a day-boy, initiated me into the mysteries of
+    masturbation, which seemed to me then as harmless as it was
+    fascinating; and the novel pleasure was almost daily indulged in,
+    after I had acquired sufficient dexterity to accomplish the act
+    within a reasonable time, without a twinge of conscience, either
+    in that brother's company or when alone. Decency demanded secrecy
+    in the gratification of what soon became an imperious <a name='3_Page_317'></a>desire,
+    and the preliminary operations included, almost from the first,
+    mutual <i>fellatio</i> and approximation of the excited organs; but
+    similar privacy was very properly sought during the performance
+    of other bodily acts associated with those 'less honorable
+    members,' and it appeared to me quite as natural and right for us
+    to amuse ourselves together in that way as for a married couple
+    to hide their most intimate embraces from the observation of
+    others. Indeed, I went farther than that, and even came to regard
+    the absence of all shame between us as akin to the primeval
+    innocence which Adam and Eve exhibited before the Fall. I
+    believed for long that we two were specially privileged and
+    possessed a peculiar sense denied to other boys, for I had never
+    heard of masturbation till I learnt, not the word indeed, but the
+    thing itself.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My curiosity about the real nature of sexual union in the case
+    of human beings set my intelligence to work at the interesting
+    problem, and by carefully studying certain parts of the Bible,
+    Lempri&egrave;re's classical and other dictionaries, as well as by
+    persistently watching when I could the amorous proceedings of
+    domestic animals, I learnt enough to make its most prominent
+    features pretty clear before I was 11 years of age. I was then
+    all eagerness to have the opportunity of inspecting at close
+    quarters the genitals of women or young girls, and a stay at the
+    seaside when I was 12 made the latter at least feasible. When the
+    shore was nearly deserted, between 1 and 2 P.M., the daughters of
+    the fisherfolk used to besiege the bathing machines and disport
+    themselves in the water, bathing and paddling in various stages
+    of nudity. I would pretend that my whole attention was being
+    given to the making of miniature tunnels in the sand, while all
+    the time I slyly peeped at what I most desired to see, whether in
+    front or from behind, as the dancing damsels stood upright or
+    stooped till their haunches were higher than their heads. I had
+    already read something somewhere about the <i>clitoris</i>, and wanted
+    especially to see it, but indistinct glimpses were all that I
+    could obtain; nor was it until I visited an anatomical museum,
+    which then existed at the top of the Haymarket in London, that I
+    learned, a good many years later, from several life-sized models
+    there displayed, the characteristic features of that part, as
+    well as the abnormal modifications to which it is subject, either
+    congenitally or in consequence of profligate habits. I was 15, I
+    think, when I first came to know that girls can masturbate as
+    well as boys.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Long after I had realized why the terms male and female are so
+    distinguished, my imagination was occupied with the possible
+    postures in which the act of copulation may be accomplished by a
+    man and woman; from Horace, Lucretius, Martial, Aristophanes,
+    and, above all, from Ovid's <i>Ars Amatoria</i> I obtained much, but
+    not always very clear, information while still a schoolboy. This
+    was supplemented later by <a name='3_Page_318'></a>photographic pictures from Pompeiian
+    brothels and photographs from life, purchased at Florence and
+    gloated over one night, with twice-repeated masturbation, and
+    afterward destroyed in a revulsion of shame.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;But while continuing to practise self-abuse (with a certain
+    degree of restraint indeed, but seldom less often than once or
+    even twice a week), after I had been made fully aware of its
+    perils by Dr. Adam Clarke's alarming comments on Genesis xxxviii,
+    9, when I was about 12 or 13, I never had connection with a woman
+    until I married somewhat late in life. This abstinence was not
+    due to any frigidity of disposition, but from prudential and
+    religious motives, and, to some extent perhaps, from the
+    imperfect but genuine satisfaction afforded by solitary
+    indulgence. My imagination, like that of young J. J. Rousseau, as
+    set forth in his <i>Confessions</i>, was allowed free scope for its
+    exercise, but in practice I confined myself to what seemed to me
+    comparatively innocent as compared with fornication. I was never
+    an unreserved 'exhibitionist' like Rousseau, but I have on more
+    than one occasion turned toward a hedge and pretended to make
+    water, when a girl had just passed me on the road, showing a
+    <i>turgens cauda</i> if she should chance out of curiosity to look
+    back, as once, at any rate, happened.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I watched with interest the first indications of puberty in my
+    own person. I had, of course, seen the pubic hair on many of my
+    own sex, but I was 17 when I first saw a naked woman. She was
+    standing at the door of her machine, wringing out her
+    bathing-dress, as I swam past, and her face was hidden by the
+    awning then used, so that she could not see me. A slight effusion
+    of limpid mucus began to characterize the orgasm, at the age of
+    12 or 13 (before any ejaculation of semen was experienced), such
+    as exuded later from the <i>urethra</i> when salacious excitement
+    reached a certain pitch, even though the final climax might be
+    postponed or prevented altogether. I found it a refinement of
+    luxury to prolong the period of tumescence as far as possible, by
+    frequently checking a too rapid progress toward the goal. By this
+    practice of repeated arrest when the orgasm was imminent, and the
+    mental debauchery which was its habitual accompaniment, I believe
+    I did my nervous system more damage than by anything else&mdash;even
+    the early age at which the dangerous indulgence became
+    established. Nocturnal emissions (the sequel of lascivious
+    dreams) commenced when I was about 15, at which age I had my
+    first experience of an involuntary discharge when awake, under
+    the influence of purely mental emotion; but this latter mode of
+    escape did not often happen, and later on ceased altogether. My
+    muscular strength was not impaired by too frequent indulgence,
+    and I acquired some athletic prowess on the football field and on
+    the running path, both as a boy and as a young man. Walking tours
+    were for long my favorite recreation, even after the bicycle
+    became <a name='3_Page_319'></a>an increasing attraction. My health, however, suffered in
+    other ways from too constant absorption in lustful thoughts,
+    which found vent in erotic verses and tales, generally destroyed
+    soon after they were written. I have been subject since I was a
+    boy to more or less prolonged fits of mental depression. How far
+    I have inherited this tendency (my father and his father both
+    married first cousins, and a neurotic diathesis has been
+    characteristic of our family), or how far it has been aggravated
+    by pernicious habits, I cannot say; cause and effect have no
+    doubt acted and reacted on each other.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;As I grew toward adolescence I endeavored to make self-abuse as
+    close an imitation as possible of sexual intercourse by such
+    methods as may be easily imagined. My biological studies (I won a
+    scholarship and took honors at my university) were directed with
+    most intent predilection toward the reproductive system,
+    particularly the modifications of the copulatory organs in
+    different animals and the diverse manner of their employment. The
+    sexual instinct, whether in its normal or abnormal
+    manifestations, is a subject which has always had a strong
+    attraction for me, nor has it lost its fascination with the
+    growth of years (I am now 60) nor the competition of other
+    interests.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My very limited experience of the sexual system in women would
+    lead me to believe that the <i>clitoris</i> is the only peculiarly
+    sensitive part of the female <i>genitalia</i>, coition giving no
+    pleasure unless 'the trigger of love' is simultaneously
+    manipulated, as can be done when intromission is effected <i>a
+    tergo</i>; that the mind of a normally healthy maiden is altogether
+    free from sexual excitement of a physical kind, and that little
+    curiosity is felt about the precise <i>modus operandi</i> of conjugal
+    intercourse; but, nevertheless, I have good reason to believe
+    that this, if not an unusual type, is by no means the only one
+    that exists.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;As to sexual inversion my personal experience has been confined
+    to two or three <i>grandes passions</i> for boys, the first of which
+    possessed me when between the ages of 16 and 18, and involved,
+    when I was 17, the most intense mental emotion, of a romantic
+    kind, tinged with poignant jealousy and vexation at comparative
+    coldness toward myself. These love passages never led me into
+    indelicate behavior (I was once threatened with such treatment
+    myself by a stranger whose acquaintance I made one day at the
+    British Museum, when a lad of 15. He took me to his bedroom at an
+    inn, locked the door, and showed me a collection of coins, giving
+    me some, and, while doing so, attempted to take indecent
+    liberties; but I pretended that I must catch a certain train,
+    unlocked the door, and made a hasty escape), nor was any
+    gratification sought beyond occasional kisses and other innocent
+    endearments, though such caresses would sometimes excite an
+    erection, which I carefully concealed. These amours were,
+    however, no outcome of perverted instinct, <a name='3_Page_320'></a>nor were they any bar
+    to fancies for the opposite sex which affected my imagination
+    rather than my heart.&quot;</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY XVI.&mdash;</b>This history is given in the subject's own words:
+    A. N., 34 years of age, a university graduate, devoted to learning
+    and interested in philosophy and theology. He is happily married
+    and the father of an only daughter. Since puberty he has enjoyed
+    excellent health.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Looking back he finds the beginnings of sexual feeling obscure.
+    This feeling is by no means identical in its progress with the
+    knowledge of the phenomena of sex generally. The latter he
+    acquired thus: His mother told him at a very early age the
+    outlines of the phenomena of birth and explained to him (perhaps
+    at that time unnecessarily) that the genital organs of little
+    girls were different from his own. This piece of knowledge led to
+    his asking, when 9 years old, a little girl cousin who came to
+    live with the family (he was an only child) and who shared his
+    bed to let him see her genitalia. This she readily did and also
+    invited him to coitus, which she described as a 'nice game.' He
+    complied, but without, of course, any feeling of pleasure or any
+    understanding of the nature of what he was doing. Shortly after
+    this he went to a day school, where, amid the extraordinarily
+    coarse conversation of the boys, he was initiated into all the
+    more obvious phenomena of sex. But still it was only a matter of
+    intellectual curiosity. As such it had a strange fascination for
+    him, and to this day he remembers many of the obscene words and
+    phrases, as, for example, a set of indecent verses beginning
+    'William, the milkman, sat under a tree,' describing coitus,
+    though some of the details were yet misunderstood by him. That up
+    to his tenth or eleventh year no real sexual desire was awakened
+    is plain from the fact that there was no desire for any
+    repetition of attempts at coitus with his cousin, though he did
+    indeed, again out of curiosity, finger her genitals sometimes, a
+    thing which she, grown evidently more fastidious, reported to his
+    mother, who gravely reprimanded him, telling him that it was the
+    'beginning of all evil.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Desire was awakened gradually and, as I have said, obscurely.
+    Not only at school, but among his own cousins, especially two
+    girls (other than the one above mentioned) and a boy, the
+    conversation was lascivious in the extreme, though words never
+    proceeded to deeds as between the boys and the girls. He was
+    soon, however, about his fifteenth year, so far as he can
+    remember, initiated into the practice of masturbation, first,
+    sleeping with his boy cousin, the two used to play at 'husband
+    and wife,' and then, more directly, a neighbor, a heavy, sensual
+    type of boy, took him aside one day and drawing out his own penis
+    asked him 'if he knew how to make some buttermilk.' Out of
+    curiosity at first, and to obtain the new and voluptuous
+    sensation afterward, <a name='3_Page_321'></a>he began assiduously to practise this vice,
+    which, as he afterward found out, was very common, if not
+    universal about him. That it was morally reprehensible he had not
+    at that time the ghost of a notion; he considered that it
+    belonged to the category of the 'dirty' only. His father quite
+    neglected this development, believing, I suppose, in the
+    superstition of the 'innocence of childhood.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;This practice of masturbation went on assiduously to his
+    sixteenth year, when its true nature and danger were revealed to
+    him by a good clergyman who prepared him for confirmation. He had
+    at this time gone far, in both solitary vice and vice '&agrave; deux,'
+    with his male cousin, with whom he practised even 'fellatio' and
+    'intromissio in anum.' But now he began to struggle against it
+    and made some headway, but never entirely shook it off before his
+    marriage at 26, so deeply rooted was the hold it had on him.
+    Especially at the time between sleeping and waking, or while
+    lying sleepless at night&mdash;when the monks prayed 'ne polluantur
+    corpora'&mdash;did its attacks come insidiously upon him. He would
+    struggle for weeks and then would come a relapse. On one occasion
+    he slept with a young uncle who amused himself, thinking he was
+    asleep, by playing with his penis until he had an emission. A. N.
+    hailed the occasion with keen joy&mdash;he caustically argued that he
+    experienced the pleasure without being culpable in its
+    production! Then on 'coming to himself' he would agonize over his
+    vice, remembering, for example, that, while <i>he</i> had rejoiced in
+    what had been done, the very cousin who some time before used to
+    share his sin was genuinely annoyed at the same uncle's
+    attentions when it was he who suffered them.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Looking back over the whole period of his youth and adolescence,
+    he can trace the psychological effect of what was going on
+    secretly, in his relations to girls and women. In a word, these
+    relations were sentimental only. He often imagined himself in
+    love; but it was imagination only. He was in love with a wraith,
+    not a girl of flesh and blood. He hesitated to regard in any
+    sexual way any girl of whom he had a high opinion; sexual desire
+    and 'love' seemed for him to inhabit different worlds and that it
+    would be a pollution to bring them together. In hours of
+    relaxation from the very hard intellectual work which he was at
+    this time engaged on at school and at the university, he was
+    quite content with the society of quite young girls or even
+    children when most of his friends would have sought out females
+    of their own age. Nothing could have been farther from his
+    desires or intention than any lascivious or, indeed, unseemly act
+    toward any female in whose company he might be: no mother need
+    have hesitated to trust her daughter in his company. I firmly
+    believe that the discipline of the same bed which Gibbon
+    (<i>Decline and Fall</i>, ed. Bury, vol. ii, p. 37) makes so merry
+    over could <a name='3_Page_322'></a>have been endured by him without difficulty. His
+    outward conduct was in all these respects most seemly and
+    decorous, yet night after night he could masturbate, his
+    imagination glowing with visions of female nakedness.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Curiously the one and only actual female for whom he felt any
+    desire at the earlier period (aged 14 to 16) began to be the
+    cousin who lived in the house. On one occasion he touched her
+    breasts, on another her naked thighs&mdash;and that was all! As she
+    grew to puberty, she would have allowed far more liberties, but
+    he contented himself with a sly glance now and again, when he
+    could procure it, at her swelling bosom. The fear of putting her
+    with child was ample to keep him away from her bed. Later on even
+    so much as the foregoing occurred no more, and, as I have said,
+    his outward life became absolutely decorous.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Consequently he was in no danger of having dealings with
+    prostitutes. The preliminaries, the conversation of such women,
+    especially their drinking habits, would have been disgusting and
+    repugnant to him in the extreme. He would have shunned the
+    possibility of acquiring venereal disease like the plague. But he
+    was never free from solitary vice; he secretly envied those who
+    had occasions for coitus in what I may call a seemly and cleanly
+    manner, friends in the country with farm girls, etc., of whom he
+    had heard. He indulged also in lascivious reading, the obscene
+    when he could procure it, rather than the merely suggestive,
+    which has never been to his taste. He was familiar with quite a
+    large number of Latin and Greek indecent passages, knew the
+    broader farces of the <i>Canterbury Tales</i> and of the <i>Decameron</i>,
+    and, later, the 'contes' of La Fontaine and the <i>Faceti&aelig;</i> of
+    Poggio. As Ste.-Beuve says of Gibbon, I think, he acquired an
+    'erudite and cold' sort of obscenity in this way.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;All this, of course, is only one half, and by no means always
+    the dominant half, of his nature. He was often repentant for
+    these delinquencies, and he was sincerely religious. He was also
+    fond of serious learning and contrived to take a first-class
+    university degree. Yet, ever and anon, the deeply sensual side of
+    his nature made itself felt. Scotched for a time it could be, but
+    killed never.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Yet, I do not think it could be said that he had the sexual
+    instinct in any really high degree. It was more like a small fly
+    that makes a large buzz than any considerable factor in his
+    constitution. He had a companion about this time of whom such a
+    remark is even more true. This man's mind was replete with all
+    manner of risky stories, all sorts of sexual details. He would
+    take long walks with girls of loose character, talk with
+    prostitutes at home and abroad, and yet, I believe, he never
+    proceeded to coitus.</p><a name='3_Page_323'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;Such then, was the subject of this notice up to the time of his
+    marriage. Two men, one might say, in one skin. One learned, one
+    merely obscene; one a pattern of decorousness, the other a
+    self-polluter.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;On the sexual side he was as one knowing everything there is to
+    know&mdash;yet knowing nothing. Like the boy-hero in Wedekind's
+    <i>Fr&uuml;hling's Erwachen</i>, he had been long in Egypt, yet he had
+    never seen the pyramids. He began to distress himself with
+    questions as to whether he was yet capable; whether his recurring
+    vice had not permanently injured him; whether he had made himself
+    unfit for marriage. So shy and reserved was he about his secret
+    that he could never have brought himself to mention it to a
+    medical man. 'What! he! the good, the religious! the wholly moral
+    and decorous!' (such was, indeed, the reputation he had among his
+    friends); 'he, the victim of a vice so black!' No, no! '<i>Secretum
+    meum mihi</i>,' he cried.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Fortune, however, was kind to him. He was at an early age free
+    from financial worries, which had almost crushed him earlier in
+    his career, and he met in course of time the family from which he
+    selected his excellent wife.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The society in which he lived was of all English classes, I
+    should suppose, the most reticent in matters of sex&mdash;the
+    respectable, lower middle class; shopkeepers and the like, with a
+    tradition of homely religion and virtue. The classes a little
+    higher in the scale (to which, by the way, his mother had
+    belonged) could far better sympathize with one in his position.
+    Well, the family of his future wife was of a higher class and,
+    what is far more, of foreign origin, for whom a large number of
+    our English 'convenances' do not exist. To them sex was frankly
+    recognized as a factor in life, and the mother of this household,
+    as he grew more intimate, broached subjects which he had never,
+    in such a manner, discussed before. It is unnecessary to give
+    here any general history of his relationships with this
+    household, as they have nothing to do with the matter in hand.
+    After some time he became engaged to the youngest daughter, two
+    years his senior, a woman of remarkable beauty and splendid
+    development, one who attracted him as none other had done, both
+    on account of her intellectual and social qualities and her
+    physical beauty (he had hitherto despaired of finding the two
+    combined in one person), for she is certainly the most beautiful
+    woman with whom he has ever been acquainted.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;He now began to make the practical acquaintance of a woman&mdash;and
+    one who, in impulses, temper, manner, and habit of thought,
+    differed <i>toto c&aelig;lo</i> from the girls he had known in his old home.
+    Her sexual nature was ripe and developed, and it is lucky that
+    the engagement was of short duration, or the strain and
+    anticipation of that time might have been injurious to the health
+    of both. As usual, in his outward relations <a name='3_Page_324'></a>toward women, so
+    toward his <i>fianc&eacute;e</i>, he was prepared for chaste caresses only.
+    This, however, did not suffice for her hot and passionate nature.
+    They went as far as possible short of actual coitus.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;After a few months, however, the marriage took place, and, at
+    first, this brought him bitter disappointment and seemed to
+    confirm his worst fears. He found himself quite unable to have
+    pleasure or satisfactory coitus; quite incapable, with any
+    erection that he could command, of introducing his well-developed
+    penis into his wife's extremely narrow and contracted vagina.
+    About a fortnight after the marriage, however, on his return from
+    their short wedding tour, he felt much stronger and copulated
+    with her, especially in the early mornings, so satisfactorily
+    that she soon found herself with child. Coitus now began to be
+    much more pleasurable for him, but to his wife still attended
+    with pain.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;After nine months of married life, the child, the only offspring
+    of the marriage, a healthy girl, was born. The stress of this
+    time, the upsetting of his wife's health, her nervous breakdown
+    and consequently uncertain temper, seemed for a period of nearly
+    two years effectually to repress any sexual desire in the
+    husband, and this period is perhaps the chastest of his life.
+    Desire seemed to be the one thing absent. The revulsion of
+    feeling in his wife was remarkable. The erstwhile amorous
+    <i>fianc&eacute;e</i>, who could hardly wait until marriage to test her
+    lover, became now the wife and mother who hardly wished to be
+    touched by her husband.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Her health, however, gradually improved and a more normal state
+    of affairs was brought about, which has continued to the present
+    day, broken only by periods of abstention, chiefly caused by the
+    attacks of anemia and menstrual irregularities from which his
+    wife suffers from time to time. Ordinarily, he enjoys coitus once
+    or twice in the month, hardly oftener, taking one month with
+    another. At one time he exemplified in his own person the saying
+    <i>omne animal post coitum triste</i>, but now happily this depression
+    of spirits is rarely felt. Sometimes he has felt a depression of
+    spirits, a general discontentedness, before experiencing a strong
+    erection; in these cases coitus has cleared his spirits. He would
+    naturally look upon coitus as an evacuation, although he
+    recognizes the imperfectness of that view. For one thing he is
+    constantly sorry, viz., that the act gives no pleasure to his
+    wife, and that he has never been able to induce a crisis with her
+    by normal means. In this state of affairs, knowing that 'apr&egrave;s
+    coup' she was still unsatisfied, he slipped into the practice of
+    rubbing the clitoris with his fingers until the emission takes
+    place. To do this, they assume the position 'ille sub, illa
+    super.' From his own limited marital experience, he has never
+    been able to understand the stories of women who masturbate
+    several <a name='3_Page_325'></a>times a day, as his wife would be physically incapable
+    (so he believes) of anything of the kind, and only easily reaches
+    the crisis in any circumstances during the first few days after
+    the menstrual flow has ceased. In fine, while agreeing
+    theoretically with Sir Richard Burton and others that the eastern
+    style of coitus (directed with a view to the pleasure of your
+    partner) is the right one, it is one of his standing regrets that
+    he is unable to practise it. In the place of the twenty minutes
+    required by the women of India (according to Burton) he is happy
+    if he can give two or three at the most, much as he would wish to
+    prolong a pleasure as keen to himself as he could desire it to be
+    to his dear and excellent spouse.&quot;</p>
+<br />
+<p>    <b>HISTORY XVII.&mdash;</b>R. L., American; aged 43; height, 5 ft. 7 in.;
+    weight, about 145 lbs.; occupation, teacher; somewhat neurotic; a
+    slight myopia associated with acute astigmatism and muscular
+    weakness of the eyes, producing a tendency to migraine. Uric acid
+    diathesis, producing occasionally severe neuralgia, particularly
+    in the intestines. These symptoms have been more or less constant
+    since very early childhood. General health very good. Not
+    inclined to indulge in athletic sports, but prefers sedentary
+    occupations and recreations.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My early ideas of sexual things are not very clear in
+    recollection. I think that when 7 or 8 years of age I had a
+    knowledge of the common or vulgar terms for intercourse and for
+    the genital organs. Boys of my own age and slightly older would
+    discuss sex relations, and I had a general knowledge that, in
+    some way connected with the sexual act, 'babies were made.' We
+    would tell, occasionally, lewd stories, and a few times attempted
+    sexual practices with one another. Not till after puberty did I
+    ever attempt masturbation. I must have been 9 or 10 years old
+    before I learned that there was a difference in the sex organs of
+    boys and girls. Up to this time I had supposed that intercourse
+    was <i>per anum.</i> I attended a public school with both sexes. Talk
+    among my boy associates was often nasty and concerned the sexual
+    act with girls. At about 12 years I began to have erotic day
+    dreams. I always had a sentimental attachment for some girl
+    acquaintance whom I would idealize and with whom I would imagine
+    myself having sex relations. As a matter of fact, there was no
+    real sexual feeling about this. As I was very shy and timid
+    naturally, I never made any kind of advances toward any of them,
+    and they were entirely ignorant of any sentiments of affection in
+    me.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Pubertal changes commenced, I presume, about the age of 13&frac12;
+    years. I place it at this period from the following
+    circumstances, which are fixed very strongly in my memory: I had,
+    as a child, a soprano voice that was praised considerably by
+    older friends, and about which I was inordinately conceited, I
+    enjoyed greatly taking part in operettas, cantatas, <a name='3_Page_326'></a>etc. The
+    dramatic instinct, if so it may be called, has always been marked
+    with me, and amateur dramatics are still my chief diversion. When
+    I was about the age mentioned above my voice changed quite
+    rapidly, greatly to my distress of mind, as I was obliged to give
+    up taking a part for which I had been cast in a school
+    entertainment. The memory of that disappointment is still
+    poignant. Other changes, such as the appearance of the pubertal
+    hair, must have made no impression on my mind, as I cannot
+    recollect anything in connection therewith. No involuntary
+    emissions occurred. Indeed, during periods of continence in later
+    life, when the sexual tension has been very strong, I have had
+    very few such emissions.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;As a lad of 11 or 12, I had heard frequent allusions to
+    masturbation by other boys who were older, but always in a way
+    that indicated contempt. Yet there is no doubt now in my mind
+    that the practice was very general. I think that I was probably
+    about 15 when I decided to try the act. I think that there was
+    little sex impulse in this decision. The animating purpose was
+    rather curiosity. I succeeded in producing the complete orgasm
+    and found it pleasurable, though there was a considerable shock
+    of surprise at the ejaculation of semen. As nearly as I can
+    estimate in my memory of an event as far back as this was, this
+    was the beginning of definite sexual sensibility in me. I cannot
+    but believe, however, that it would have been aroused sooner or
+    later in some other way. Thereafter I would imagine myself
+    embracing some of the girl friends to whom I have referred above,
+    and, when excited, would masturbate. The act was in every
+    instance a psychic intercourse. For some time I did not know that
+    the practice was considered harmful. I indulged whenever I felt
+    the inclination. This at times was rather frequent; again only at
+    considerable intervals. I did know that it was looked upon as
+    being unmanly, and never admitted, except to perhaps two or three
+    boy friends, that I ever indulged. With these boys I practised
+    mutual masturbation a few times. There was no homosexual feeling
+    connected with these acts in any of us. It was only that the
+    normal method of gratifying our desires was not available. I know
+    the subsequent history of each of these boys, and there has been
+    nothing to indicate any perverted instinct in any of them. About
+    the age of 16 I heard a talk on sexual matters by a traveling
+    evangelist, who portrayed the effects of masturbation in fearful
+    colors. I now realize that he was an ignorant though
+    well-intentioned man; but the general effect of his talk upon me
+    was a bad one. One of the results of the habit, according to his
+    statements, was insanity. Therefore I expected at any moment to
+    lose my mind. I felt that I must stop the practice at once, but
+    the matter became so great an obsession that again and again I
+    broke my resolutions for reform. I undertook exercise, dieting,
+    the reading of <a name='3_Page_327'></a>serious literature: all of which I had seen
+    referred to in books as methods of lessening sexual desire. The
+    object of these disciplinary practices was always the thing most
+    prominently in mind, and so they were of no avail. Fortunately I
+    entered college a little later, and the affairs of school life
+    gradually took a commanding place in my thoughts, and the
+    practice was not so much in mind. I did not, however, completely
+    break away from it until almost the time of my marriage. If the
+    present attitude of the scientific medical world toward the
+    subject had been known to me, I do not believe that any evil
+    would have come to me from the practice. At a later period of my
+    life, say between 21 and 24, I would not indulge the habit for a
+    considerable interval. At times I did not notice the presence or
+    lack of desire. But then there would come periods when I would be
+    under a severe sexual tension. This would be marked by intense
+    nervousness, an inability to fix my attention upon any one thing,
+    and a great desire to have intercourse. An act of masturbation at
+    such a time would generally give relief. However, when I yielded
+    to this form of relief, there would always follow feelings of
+    profound self-reproach and of self-repugnance. Had I had
+    nocturnal emissions they might have relieved me; but, as I have
+    said before, they very rarely occurred. When, rarely, one did
+    occur I would be greatly frightened, for I had the old, erroneous
+    idea that they meant serious weakness and always ascribed them to
+    my bad habit. That my habit of masturbation had any relation to
+    the rarity of the involuntary emissions would, of course, be a
+    matter of pure conjecture. In passing from the discussion of
+    personal masturbation, I wish to say that my associations with
+    boys as a pupil and as a teacher lead me to believe that the
+    practice is practically universal. When discussing the hygienic
+    evils of prostitution with boy pupils I have noted that, whereas
+    not infrequently a boy will voluntarily protest that he has never
+    had intercourse, there has always been a significant silence when
+    masturbation is mentioned. I have never heard a boy make a
+    denial, direct or indirect, that he had indulged in the practice.
+    But it has seldom been a perversion. It has rather been, as in my
+    own case, an available means of relieving a sexual impulse.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;During my college life I associated with many boys who had more
+    or less regular sexual relations with prostitutes or with girls
+    who were not virtuous. Their attitude toward the practice was an
+    immoral one. The ethical aspect of irregular sexual relations
+    never concerned them. It certainly did not concern me. What I
+    have learned through my conversations on the subject with my
+    pupils makes it evident to me that this is the common feeling of
+    most boys of the adolescent period. I think of two things which
+    operated strongly to prevent my entering into sexual relations
+    with girls during this period of my life. One was an <a name='3_Page_328'></a>esthetic
+    repugnance to the average prostitute. These are the women most
+    easily available to the youth whose sexual desires are developed.
+    I do not remember ever having seen an avowed prostitute who did
+    not seem repulsive to me. I confess to an inclination to
+    priggishness. I preferred to associate with people whom I called
+    'nice people.' It was fortunate for me that I was thrown into the
+    society of a rather rough crowd of youths, who knocked a great
+    deal of this snobbishness out of me. But it did act to prevent my
+    having recourse to prostitution. A second preventive was my
+    natural timidity in making advances to people. This has been a
+    trait that I have never completely overcome. In my professional
+    life this has been some detriment to my advancement. In the
+    matter of sex relationship it tended to prevent my taking
+    advantage of association with and even of advances from girls
+    who, not prostitutes, were nevertheless not virtuous. There were
+    a number of such in the town and neighborhood in which I lived,
+    and I undoubtedly could have had sexual relations with them if I
+    had only been able to overcome my shyness. The desire was not
+    wanting. I really craved intercourse with them. It was simply a
+    matter of cowardice. There was one girl whom I knew very well,
+    with whom I was on friendly terms, who I knew had had sexual
+    relations with other boys. She showed, at times, a marked
+    preference for me, and I am sure would have welcomed any advances
+    that I should have made. A number of times I sought her company
+    with the intention of suggesting intercourse, but my resolution
+    always failed.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;All through my college course I was much in the society of
+    girls. We were in class together, associated very freely in
+    society, frequently studied together. This is the most usual
+    state of things in the western part of our country. But they were
+    simply comrades: sex thoughts never arose in connection with such
+    association. And I am quite certain that this was the general
+    attitude of the other boys. Although the talk among the boy
+    students was at times, very frankly and crudely, about sexual
+    relations, no breath of scandal ever touched one of the college
+    girls. Again my experience as teacher and student brings a
+    conclusion that coeducation of the sexes does not affect, in one
+    way or the other, the strictly sexual life of the male student. A
+    very intimate friend who has had a varied experience in school
+    work has told me recently that his conclusions are the same.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When I was about 20 years old I became acquainted with a very
+    beautiful girl, four years my junior. Our acquaintance very
+    rapidly developed into deeper affection, and about five years
+    later we were married. During all this time very little of the
+    physical aspects of love entered into our attachment. My
+    sweetheart had much of the same shyness as was so pronounced in
+    my own character. For several years<a name='3_Page_329'></a> I think that the thought of
+    marriage was never distinctly present in our minds. A formal
+    betrothal between us did not take place until within a year and a
+    half of our marriage. Yet each of us had a very distinct
+    understanding of the feelings of the other. But until our
+    betrothal there were none of even those very innocent expressions
+    of endearment common, I imagine, to all lovers. I am sure that
+    during this period of our attachment no thought of any physical
+    relations between us was ever in my mind; or, at any rate, was
+    promptly banished if it occurred. Yet all this time my sex
+    desires were very strong and at times became an obsession. Never,
+    though, were they directed toward my sweetheart. The first time
+    that we engaged in the endearments and caresses allowed to lovers
+    I became conscious, after a time, of a state of sexual
+    excitement. I experienced an erection. It was absolutely reflex;
+    no thought had entered into it. I was at once overwhelmed with a
+    feeling of shame. I felt that I had been guilty of unthinkable
+    indecency toward my betrothed. Then there arose a fear that it
+    might be noticed. (Men at that time wore abominably tight
+    clothing.) As a matter of fact, I now know that there was no real
+    danger of this, for she was absolutely ignorant of the nature of
+    the male sexual organs. But I made a pretext for withdrawing from
+    the room and tried to adjust my clothing so that no exposure
+    could occur. I was fearful of coming into close proximity to her
+    again, lest there should be a recurrence of the feeling. As a
+    matter of fact it did occur a number of times, but my good sense
+    finally suggested the explanation and after a time it ceased to
+    trouble me. The thought was latent in my mind that sexual
+    excitement was necessarily more or less indecent at all times,
+    and I could not reconcile its manifestation with a pure love.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have said that my sexual desire was strong. Up to the time of
+    marriage it was never gratified in the normal manner. My esthetic
+    abhorrence of prostitutes continued to prevent its gratification
+    in that manner. No other opportunity offered. I am positive that
+    moral considerations did not enter into the matter at all. I
+    think now that it was strange that the thought that it would be
+    disloyal to my promised wife to have connection with other women
+    did not affect me. But I am sure that it did not. I am inclined
+    to think that conscientious scruples very rarely enter into the
+    average young man's considerations of contemplated sexual
+    relations.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;As the time of my marriage drew near, thoughts of the physical
+    relationship of husband and wife became, of course, more
+    insistent. The idea of establishing sexual relations was not at
+    all a pleasant one. I dreaded it as an ordeal. I wondered if it
+    would be possible for us to retain the same love and affection
+    for one another after such intimate relations were established.
+    This was a recurrence of the fallacious <a name='3_Page_330'></a>notion that there was
+    something inherently indecent in sexual things. I am in hopes
+    that other ideas are replacing this wrong one, in the minds of
+    the younger generation, as the result of the saner and franker
+    discussion of sex. By a great effort, I had practically stopped
+    masturbating. At times I felt almost maddened by desire. But
+    never did the prospect of marriage seem desirable from this point
+    of view. Up to the very day of our wedding my affection for my
+    betrothed seemed free from sexual desire. But my physical being
+    was craving sexual companionship.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Theoretically I knew a great deal of the nature of intercourse.
+    Practically I was absolutely ignorant. In some ways I was better
+    informed, on matters that a new husband should know, than the
+    average man entering the married life. A physician's library had
+    been at my disposal, and I had read somewhat extensively on
+    physiology and hygiene. My chosen lines of study had given me a
+    theoretical knowledge of the anatomy of the female genital organs
+    that was fairly thorough. I knew a little about the physiology of
+    reproduction and rather less of intercourse. Fortunately, I
+    learned in the course of my reading that the first sexual
+    approaches were likely to be quite painful to a woman, and that
+    great care should be exercised at this time. I tried to put into
+    practice what little I had learned in theory and I imagine that
+    we got through the introductory attempts with less than the
+    average difficulties. Our first efforts were not satisfactory to
+    either of us. My wife was absolutely unprepared so far as any
+    definite knowledge of the act was concerned. I sincerely hope
+    that the prudish notions of the past generations will give way to
+    more sensible views in the future, and that the girl becoming a
+    wife will be just as chaste, but wiser in matters of such
+    importance to her happiness. I presume that my timidity was a
+    valuable asset at this time; for I was afraid to force matters in
+    any way, and time and repeated attempts finally overcame our
+    difficulties. And when our sexual relations were once
+    established, the whole tenor of my life was changed. All the
+    former sexual unrest disappeared. My former feeling toward sexual
+    relations was altered. They no longer seemed that which, though
+    very desirable, was yet necessarily indecent. Fortunately, after
+    the first few weeks, they have been quite pleasurable to my wife.
+    I am sure that our sexual life since marriage has been a large
+    factor in deepening the love that has made our married life an
+    ideal one. As I look back at the first year of marriage, I wonder
+    that we got through it so well. My knowledge of sexual hygiene
+    was a strange mixture of fact and nonsense. If the frequency of
+    acts of intercourse advocated by some of the authorities I have
+    lately read is correct, then we must have passed the bounds of
+    <a name='3_Page_331'></a>moderation. But it is certain that our general health has been
+    very good: better in both cases than before marriage.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;In reviewing these phases of the development of my sexual life,
+    one or two conclusions seem to me to be strongly emphasized. It
+    was unfortunate that the real sexual desire was aroused as early
+    and in the manner that it was. Whether this would have been
+    prevented by more definite education in the hygiene and the
+    purpose of the function, I can only conjecture. I believe that
+    mine was and is the common experience of boys. I am decidedly of
+    the opinion that there should be instruction given of the anatomy
+    of the genital organs and of the hygiene of intercourse, and this
+    shortly after the youth has reached puberty. How this is to be
+    done is a grave question. It will require tact and knowledge not
+    possessed by the average teacher and parent. However it is done,
+    it should be honest, frank, and free from piosity.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I am certain that, in my own case, rather frequent intercourse
+    is decidedly beneficial. Any prolonged abstinence always brings
+    about the same nervous disturbances that I have referred to
+    above. It is fortunate for me that this repetition of the act is
+    satisfactory to both concerned.&quot;</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY XVIII.&mdash;</b>E. W., dentist, aged 32, of New England Puritan
+    stock. Height, 5 ft. 10&frac12; in.; weight, 144 lbs. Spare and active,
+    of nervobilious temperament.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My earliest recollection is being punished for 'playing with
+    myself' when I could not have been more than 3 or 4 years of age.
+    I distinctly remember my exultation on discovering that I could
+    excite myself (while my hands were tied behind my back for
+    punishment) by rubbing my small but erect penis against the
+    carpet while lying on my stomach. At this time, of course, I knew
+    nothing of sex or of what I was doing. I did what my desires and
+    instincts at that time prompted me to do. However, punishments
+    and lectures failed utterly to break up this habit, and, though I
+    always wished and tried faithfully to obey my parents, I soon
+    grew to indulge quietly in bed when I was thought to be asleep.
+    The matter apparently passed out of the minds of my parents as
+    soon as they ceased to detect me further in the act, and they
+    regarded it as abandoned. I now feel reasonably certain that this
+    precocity was due to an adherent foreskin which covered the glans
+    tightly almost to the meatus, and so kept up a continual
+    irritation.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have no recollection that anyone ever taught me the habit, and
+    I know beyond a doubt that no one ever learned of the habit or
+    even a word as to the possibility of autoexcitement through word
+    or deed of mine. My recollection of the sensations is that there
+    was a short period of excitation, usually by rubbing, which was
+    not particularly, often not at all, pleasurable, and this was
+    followed by a single thrill of pleasure <a name='3_Page_332'></a>that extended all over
+    my little body. The curious thing was, however, that there seemed
+    to be no limit to the number of times I could consecutively
+    produce this sensation. My recollection is perfectly clear of how
+    I would lie in bed of a morning and thus excite myself time after
+    time. As I grew older this condition, of course, changed.
+    Masturbation was not a consuming passion with me at this or any
+    other time. I enjoyed it and felt that in it I had a means of
+    entertainment when other sources of enjoyment were not at hand.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;By the time I was 6 or 7 I had figured out the difference in sex
+    in animals and suspected that 'all was not as it should be' in
+    some portions of a girl's anatomy. This suspicion was suddenly
+    confirmed one never-to-be-forgotten morning, when I induced my
+    dearest playmate, a little girl, to urinate in my presence. I was
+    more thunderstruck than excited over this discovery, and it led
+    to no results in any other way, nor did we ever again unveil
+    ourselves to each other. At this time I began to learn from the
+    older boys the pitiful, childish vulgarities and common terms of
+    sex, and to invent and exchange rhymes and stories that were
+    pathetic in their attempts at vulgarity.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At the age of 11 a buxom servant-girl threw out some vague hints
+    to me,&mdash;I was very tall for my age,&mdash;and tried to induce me to
+    take liberties with her, at least to the extent of telling her
+    vulgar stories, but I would not rise to the lure. I believe that
+    the thing which held me in check was fear of discovery by my
+    parents and the consequent humiliation. A short time previous to
+    this my father had enlightened me as to the means and manner of
+    reproduction and had encouraged me to talk to him and to my
+    mother on such subjects rather than with anyone else. I think
+    this had a great influence for good, as it made me feel that I
+    had some authoritative knowledge and that I was trusted by my
+    parents. My determination not to prove entirely unworthy of their
+    trust has been the anchor that has held through all the storms
+    and temptations of youth and young manhood.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;About the age of puberty I began to long for more realistic
+    experiences and tried through a period of a year or so the
+    disgusting experiments of intercourse with animals, using hens
+    and a cow for this purpose. Details are of no importance, and I
+    spare myself their repetition. My better nature or general mental
+    development soon overcame my desires in this direction, and the
+    practice was abandoned.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;With the dawning of the power of emission I noticed that the
+    adherent foreskin before alluded to, which had never been
+    examined during all these years (as I had discovered that I was
+    different from other boys and so was shy about exposing myself),
+    began to trouble me by being painful during erections.
+    Accordingly I took a buttonhook and tore all the adhesions loose.
+    A very painful though ultimately entirely satisfactory
+    operation!</p><a name='3_Page_333'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;(I may mention in this connection that my two sons were
+    afflicted with adherent foreskins to such an extent as to render
+    circumcision necessary a few days after birth, in order that the
+    function of urination might become fully established.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;As my powers developed I had my first wet dream at about the age
+    of 15, and was much surprised thereat. My father, however, told
+    me not to be alarmed and soothed my anxious fears, which were
+    easily aroused by my guilty feelings on account of my habit of
+    masturbation, in which I still indulged from one to three times a
+    week.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Between the ages of 12 and 17 my father had the good judgment to
+    require a large amount of active outdoor labor from me, as well
+    as sending me to excellent schools. Certain kinds of study had a
+    distinct effect upon the sexual organs, namely, difficult Latin
+    and German translations and problems in fractions. I considered
+    at the time that it was because my mind wandered from the subject
+    I was studying. Now I am perfectly sure it was because my mind
+    focused on the subject I was studying. At any rate the fact
+    existed, and when alone in my room, wrestling with a knotty
+    problem, I used almost as a rule to keep myself in the most
+    violent state of erection for long periods&mdash;an hour or
+    so&mdash;sometimes ending with an emission, but more often I forced
+    myself to forego this climax through fear of overindulgence.
+    During these years my curiosity as to the exact nature of the
+    female organs was something terrible, and I wasted many hours and
+    much ingenuity in the attempt to surreptitiously gratify it. My
+    perseverance in the face of failure along this line was surely
+    worthy of a nobler cause.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I was much in the society of girls of my own age or older during
+    these years and until I was 19. I found with them a keen and
+    entirely pure and wholesome enjoyment utterly separate and apart
+    from the desires and indulgences which I have been describing. I
+    never cared for any girl who was 'forward' or in any way
+    unladylike, and the idea of taking any undue liberties with any
+    of my youthful sweethearts was as remote from my thoughts as a
+    trip to the moon. Perhaps I can say this better and more
+    distinctly by stating that I would be perfectly willing to have
+    my wife know of, or my boys repeat, any action that I ever took
+    with any woman.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I spent my spare time in their society and lavished upon my girl
+    companions every cent I could spare, but had no thought of
+    immediate sex desire or gratification. At the age of 17 I went as
+    an apprentice in my present profession of dentistry. Whenever it
+    became necessary for me, in assisting at the operating chair, to
+    touch a lady's hair or face, I would be seized with the utmost
+    confusion and could with difficulty control my hands so that they
+    did not tremble. This soon wore off as I came to a realization of
+    the true professional spirit and attitude toward <a name='3_Page_334'></a>all patients,
+    and, needless to say, has now become a matter of the utmost
+    indifference to me.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;From 19 to 22 I attended a professional school in a large city,
+    remote from my home, where I was an utter stranger. During these
+    years I devoted myself to my professional studies and to music
+    with much diligence. I took an active part in all student life
+    and problems save only that of the 'eternal feminine.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Frequently I have been out with a crowd of 'the boys' when they
+    headed for a brothel, and have been the only one to turn back or
+    to remain on the sidewalk as the door closed behind my last
+    companion. I say this not in self-praise, but in the same spirit
+    of accuracy which has prompted me to put down everything
+    concerning this greatest mystery of our natures as I have
+    experienced it and worked it out.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;It was during these three years at school that I placed upon
+    myself the most stringent and effective curbs to my sex nature. I
+    somehow never could 'get my own consent' to go to a brothel or
+    stay with a 'soiled dove,' for I had by this time firmly resolved
+    that I would bring to my wife, whoever she might turn out to be,
+    a clean body at least. I limited myself in my autoexcitement to
+    one emission a week and on one or two occasions went two weeks
+    without inducing an emission. Spontaneous nocturnal emissions
+    were quite common during these years. I cannot state just how
+    frequent they were, but perhaps one a week would be a fair
+    average.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Shortly after graduation at the age of 22 I became engaged to
+    the woman who is now my wife. (She was 17 at the time of our
+    engagement, brunette, well developed, and with a wisdom and charm
+    that have held me a willing captive for ten years and no prospect
+    of escape!)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;With our engagement began for each of us that divine and
+    mysterious unfolding of the nature of one to the nature of the
+    other. Our engagement lasted two years and a half and, ignorant
+    as we both were, I am sure that it was none too long. Never shall
+    I forget the surprise I felt&mdash;to say nothing of the delight&mdash;when
+    I discovered that my sweetheart was as anxious to find out the
+    uttermost facts about me as I was to explore the divine mystery
+    of her sweet body.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;We lived in different towns and I used to spend Sundays at her
+    home. I slept in a room adjoining that occupied by my betrothed
+    and a friend. There was a transom with clear glass over the door
+    which connected these two rooms, and to have stood upon the foot
+    of the bed and looked through this transom would have been the
+    easiest thing in the world, and was such an opportunity as I
+    would have given years of my life to have obtained in my
+    adolescence; but now that the chance was afforded me to freely
+    spy upon the chamber of my future bride my soul revolted, for the
+    feeling was upon me that not until it was revealed <a name='3_Page_335'></a>to me because
+    she could no longer bear to keep it concealed from me would I
+    look upon the blessed vision of her maiden loveliness. Nor was I
+    disappointed, for gradually we became acquainted with each
+    other's bodies, and this gradual unveiling of each to the other
+    led, during the last months of our engagement, to mutual manual
+    manipulations, excitement and gratification. Intercourse did not
+    take place until the second night after our marriage, and our
+    first baby was born nine months and three days after our
+    marriage, though my wife was ten days past the cessation of her
+    period at the time of my first entering.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Since marriage I have made it my first duty to study my wife's
+    inclinations and desires with regard to our sexual relations, and
+    can say that now, after seven years of married life, and after
+    she has borne me two sons, we are enjoying a fullness of
+    happiness that neither of us would have believed possible during
+    the first year of our married life.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have found that the woman must have the entire charge of the
+    time and number of approaches in a week or month, and that when
+    she is for any reason disinclined to the sexual act the husband
+    must keep away, no matter how he feels about the matter. Also the
+    man must be sure that his wife reaches the orgasm or is at the
+    point of it before he allows himself to 'let go.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Our meetings have averaged eight or nine a month. During the
+    latter months of pregnancy they were <i>nil</i>, and in the month
+    following an enforced separation of several weeks they were
+    fourteen. We have never tried nor had the slightest curiosity to
+    know how far we could indulge ourselves.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;For myself I seem to demand a gratification of the sexual desire
+    rather oftener than my wife, and when I feel I cannot get a good
+    night's rest without first being relieved of my seminal burden,
+    while at the same time my wife is disinclined to the sexual act,
+    I have her perform manual manipulation until relief is effected.
+    Mind, I say <i>relief</i>, for the emission gives me very little
+    pleasure under these circumstances, but it does give <i>relief</i>. In
+    my present health I find I cannot sleep well if I go over more
+    than two nights without an emission. My wife understands my
+    condition, and is entirely willing to assist me in this way when
+    she feels she cannot give me the gratification which I crave. We
+    have come to see sex matters as they are, and respect and
+    reverence have taken the place of ignorance and fear.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;To sum up, owing to lack of circumcision the sex instinct
+    developed too soon and out of all proportion during my early
+    youth. I cannot see that masturbation has ever had the slightest
+    bad effect upon my health or mental state (except as I was
+    constantly loathing myself more or less for being unable to stop
+    it).</p><a name='3_Page_336'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;The husband must subordinate himself to the wife in order to
+    obtain the highest good and pleasure of both.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have always been successful in my undertakings. Stood at the
+    head of my class at school, and in my professional work graduated
+    with highest honors. I have a memory for prose or verse that is
+    the cause of envy to many of my friends. The facts here set down
+    are recorded in the interest of advancing study along this most
+    important but neglected and ignored line. That they have been
+    truthfully recorded without favor to the black or light on the
+    white is my sincere belief.&quot;</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY XIX.&mdash;</b>E. B. Parents sound; strong constitution in mother,
+    moderately so in father; vigorous and healthy, but of refined
+    nature. Breast-milk for six months.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;<i>Age 4-5</i>. Took great delight in the little waterworks. Severely
+    punished for this. Interest in the parts morbidly increased
+    thereby.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;<i>Age 5</i>. Earliest recollection of 'counter-erection'&mdash;the penis
+    shrinking tensely into itself, producing local and general
+    discomfort. This resulted from certain kinds of
+    <i>mauvaise-honte</i>,&mdash;having to kiss aged persons, having officious
+    help at micturition, bathing, dressing, etc., which caused a sort
+    of physical disgust. Toward puberty the experience grew rare. One
+    such occasion was at about eighteen, when solicited on the street
+    by a prostitute. The very <i>idea</i> of homosexual relations produces
+    it. It would appear to be a powerful safeguard against
+    promiscuous sex relations. I have met two men subject to the same
+    thing, and have heard of one woman subject to something
+    analogous. It might be called a nausea of the 'nether heart' in
+    Georg Hirth's phrase.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;<i>Age 6-7</i>. Earliest recollection of erection. Unprovoked at
+    first. A disposition to <i>punish</i> the organ and satisfaction in
+    doing so. From this time erection took place whenever it was
+    thought about.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;<i>Age 10</i>. Present at a discussion in the playground about the
+    best way of intercourse, which I heard of for the first time.
+    This was followed by enlightenment on the source of children.
+    Concluded it must be very painful to both parties. 'Just the
+    other way,' I was told. But the idea of pain to the genitals was
+    'interesting' to me. Pain felt by the other sex was
+    'interesting.' Pained looks captivated me&mdash;I liked to imagine
+    some mysterious trouble; and, as I learned more, 'female
+    complaints' interested me greatly in their subjects. I got a
+    'grateful pang' at the pit of the stomach at the thought, but
+    neither erection nor the opposite. This hypogastric feeling has
+    continued to associate itself with certain sexual impressions.
+    The thought of a <i>woman mortifying herself</i> later on excited me
+    sexually. Once, pulling a stay-string for fun (my wife never
+    laced) gave me a powerful and quite unexpected erection.</p><a name='3_Page_337'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;<i>Age 12</i>. A girl visitor of the same age got me talking about
+    the genitals, and at bedtime came and proposed coitus. We failed
+    to manage it. The vulva stripped back the foreskin, which was a
+    voluptuous feeling; then we were alarmed by something and
+    separated. I never saw her again. She too liked to 'punish' her
+    vulva. She put whole pepper in it, and advised me to use the
+    same. I continued greatly excited when she had gone; the hand
+    flew to the phallus and worried it, and orgasm came on at
+    once&mdash;the childish orgasm consisting of well-spaced spasms of the
+    ejaculators, without the poignant preliminary nisus of the adult
+    orgasm. There was no reaction or depression, except that the
+    phallus&mdash;which did not subside at once&mdash;was painful to touch. A
+    week or so later I tried again, but failed. A month later, being
+    more excited, I succeeded. I found that I could only compass it
+    about once in three weeks. There were no emissions. I used to
+    have a spontaneous mental image of a small Grecian temple in a
+    sunny park, which charmed me, and I had no scruples.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;<i>Age 12-13</i>. Masturbated once or twice a month.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;<i>Age 13-14</i>. Was sent to a small public school, where it
+    happened that a very good tone prevailed. I learned that
+    masturbation was bad form and unmanly. The proper thing was to
+    save one's self up for women&mdash;at about 18. I dropped the practice
+    easily, in spite of indulging my imagination about coitus. I
+    thought of the initiation with prostitutes at 18, with the mixed
+    feelings that even the most combative soldier must regard the
+    fray. The hypogastric feeling above referred to would come
+    on&mdash;which I liked and disliked at the same time. The first
+    occasion on which I remember this feeling was when I got my first
+    braces. Anything that harped on my sex produced it. Every time I
+    received the sacrament, which I was forced to do very young, I
+    repented of my intention of whoring at 18&mdash;as a man 'must'
+    do&mdash;and afterward I relapsed to the expectation. Religion was a
+    great reality to me, but it did not produce the radical effect
+    that the development of the romantic sentiment did later on.
+    (Both my wife and I became free-thinkers at about 30.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;<i>Age 15-17</i>. Read poetry and romance. Conceived a high ideal of
+    faithfulness and constancy. What a mockery all this loyalty is, I
+    said to myself, if a man has stultified it beforehand. That was
+    no mere castle-building. I had not understood what I was about in
+    expecting to whore. The critical feelings were now awakening, and
+    what they produced was revulsion against the abuse of sex, which
+    got stronger every year. It became plain that there would be no
+    whoring or the like for me; I was far too proud and fastidious. I
+    neglected my tasks, which were uncongenial, and read a great deal
+    of anatomy and physiology, which stood me in good stead later. As
+    I rose in the school I was surprised to find the tone worse, but
+    quite at the top it was better <a name='3_Page_338'></a>again, and with my latest
+    companions sex was never even mentioned. At 14 I had a friend who
+    importuned me to come into his bed, but I never would get under
+    his bedclothes, for the male sex repels me powerfully in personal
+    contact; he began to talk of masturbation, and now I can
+    understand what he was aiming at. But my day-dreams of nymphs and
+    dryads kept me in a state of perpetual tension, and erection was
+    very frequent. The early morbid admiration of delicate women
+    became replaced by admiration of health and strength combined
+    with grace.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;<i>Age 17-18</i>. I was given a cubicle in which my neighbor on the
+    right masturbated noisily two or three times a week, and the one
+    on the left every night, using intermittent friction to drag it
+    out longer. One night, kneeling at my bedside, saying prayers, my
+    attention was divided between these and the occupation of my
+    neighbor, when, after not having masturbated for four years,&mdash;the
+    critical years of development,&mdash;the hand flew to the phallus and </p></div>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i4'>&quot;'pulses pounding through palms and trembling encircling fingers'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;procured, in Walt Whitman's language, </p></div>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i4'>&quot;'the wholesome relief,&mdash;repose, content.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;I slept well and had a sense of elation at the proof of manhood,
+    for we boys were anxious about whether we secreted semen or not.
+    The sexual obsession was tempered, and about three weeks later I
+    had my first 'pollution'&mdash;the 'angel of the night,' as Mantegazza
+    with better sense calls it. From that time on I had pollutions
+    every two or three weeks, with dreams sometimes of masturbation
+    or of nymphs, or quite irrelevant matters. For a time these gave
+    me perfect relief; then my 'dilectatio morosa' began to grow
+    again, and the phallus would become so sensitive that working
+    about on the belly would liberate the orgasm.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;<i>Age 18-19</i>. I had kept on persuading myself I was not
+    masturbating&mdash;avoiding the use of the hand&mdash;but now I dropped
+    this pretense, and frankly conceded the need to myself. I got
+    done with it in a peremptory way and thought no more of it. I had
+    no evil effects, moral or physical, and my mother would often
+    compliment me on my bright appearance the morning after. At that
+    time the appetite matured every seven to ten days, and, though I
+    dreaded the idea of slavery to it, it would have been very hard
+    to forego it. Headaches, which had begun to plague me from
+    puberty on, grew rarer. Pollutions occurred in between, but were
+    less effectual. I had up to this point accepted the incidental
+    pleasure under a sort of protest; but now I got over that too and
+    I allowed what I would prefer to call an idio-erotism (rather
+    than an auto-erotism) its way, always picturing beautiful nymphs
+    to myself. Surroundings of natural beauty moved me to this kind
+    of reverie, partly perhaps because I had once secretly observed a
+    lad <a name='3_Page_339'></a>basking naked on the sandy beach and toying with himself.
+    The recollection is wholly unsullied to me. Happening on one
+    occasion to check the stimulation about two-thirds way to orgasm,
+    I experienced a miniature orgasm like the childish one, but with
+    no declension of the tumescence, and I was able to repeat this
+    maneuver several times before the full orgasm. This I later
+    practised in <i>Coitus prolongatus</i>&mdash;giving the partner time to
+    come up. I had already got into the way of poising the feeling on
+    its climax. The ejaculator reflex, being habituated to this,
+    seems to set in with its throbs when the maneuver is simulated,
+    though no semen has yet been poured into the bulbous portion for
+    the ejaculators to act upon. If this play be broken off before
+    the critical spasm&mdash;as in the American 'Karezza,' etc.&mdash;there is
+    no perceptible reaction, though an unsatisfied feeling remains.
+    But when the act proceeds to emission and the poignant
+    <i>undercurrent</i> of feeling sets in that ushers the ejaculation and
+    may only last two to five seconds, it makes all the difference,
+    and constitutional signs appear&mdash;perspiration, etc. This leads to
+    the question whether the critical sensation specially involves
+    the sympathetic nervous system? Up to that point the process is
+    under control, but then automatic.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;An observation of practical importance to me at that time was
+    this: I awoke in the morning after a pollution at night, with an
+    acute headache of a specific kind, and erection. This had
+    happened before, after pollution, and the erection suggested to
+    me whether 'a hair of the dog that bit me' might not prove
+    beneficial. As the excitation proceeded, the pain in the head was
+    directly drained away, as if I were drawing it out. Other pain is
+    also relieved for the moment, such as neuralgia, but to return
+    soon with interest. This, however, was specific and pure benefit.
+    The next time I got a bad headache of this character, without
+    preceding pollution, I tried the remedy, at about 10 A. M. The
+    semen was copious and watery, and the relief was marked, but in
+    an hour's time the headache returned. I had never repeated the
+    act at short interval, <i>i.e.</i>, while the organs were under the
+    influence of a previous act, and now I tried the effect of that.
+    The second emission was also profuse, but much thicker, and the
+    relief much greater. In about three hours the headache was,
+    however, again intolerable, and, the connection being now clear,
+    I ventured on a third act, which proved to be the most voluptuous
+    I had so far experienced, the nisus being far more intense. The
+    semen was copious, but thick and ropy, with lumps as large as
+    small peas that could scarcely be crushed with the finger, and
+    yellow in color and rank in odor. After that I was perfectly well
+    and kept so. (The urethra was blocked so that I could with
+    difficulty stroke the masses out.) Later I have examined such
+    semen microscopically and found the spermatozoa dead and
+    disintegrating. My <a name='3_Page_340'></a>period in my best years&mdash;21 to 48&mdash;was twice
+    a week, the odd number being an inconvenience, and I have since
+    endeavored to avoid accumulations, emptying the receptacles on
+    the fourth day, when I remembered the interval, even if the
+    organs did not remind me. On the fifth day headache would
+    otherwise appear and perhaps two acts be needful, or, if I forgot
+    about it for a week, three acts running. That I did not abuse the
+    function the fact proves that every year I would forget about it
+    two to three times and have to resort to this drastic mode.<a name='3_FNanchor_230'></a><a href='#3_Footnote_230'><sup>[230]</sup></a>
+    But there is quite a different headache that follows on
+    indulgence during convalescence or when the system is otherwise
+    much lowered. Railway traveling greatly accentuates the need with
+    me; also riding. Girls aroused no physical desire, though I
+    chiefly sought their society, and even after the genital tension
+    was so pronounced, up to 20, I was troubled by the fact that
+    women did not affect me sexually. About this time a buxom girl I
+    liked and who liked me vehemently laid her hand on my arm, in
+    trying to persuade me to give up shooting. The phallus leaped
+    simultaneously. That was my first <i>sexual</i> experience&mdash;the proof
+    that the <i>nexus</i> was established between the genital mechanism
+    and the complex of feeling we call sexual.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;<i>Age 24</i>. At this age I went to stay at a house where there were
+    two very pretty girls. I at once lost my heart to the elder,
+    L. B., as she did to me (strong constitution, but refined nature;
+    parents sound; brought up in the country; eleven months'
+    breast-milk). 'What a mother she will make,' I said to myself.
+    Now began a time of the spiritual and physical communion that I
+    had pictured to myself....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I am 60 now; she is 57. We are still like lovers. No; not <i>like</i>
+    lovers; we <i>are</i> lovers. Of course, I do not mean to imply that
+    sexual impressions have preponderated in our life, as they do in
+    this account. Quite the contrary. We are both strong and,
+    according to all accounts, unusually well preserved. We are very
+    temperate. Since 48 I notice a gradual decline of the erotic
+    propensity. It is now once in five or seven <a name='3_Page_341'></a>days. Since the
+    menopause her propensity has declined markedly, but it is not
+    extinct, and she delights as much as ever in my delight. She
+    began to menstruate at 12, was regular till 17; then got
+    chlorotic for a few months, soon recovered, though menstruation
+    was often irregular, but never painful. Sexual experience began
+    at 25. I have often wondered if a moderate self-gymnastic of the
+    faculty, in Venturi's sense, would not have educated her genital
+    sphere, and made her a still better comrade&mdash;excluded the periods
+    of irregularity and frigidity. The stage of latency was too
+    protracted. We often noticed that, when menstruation was due or
+    nearly so, prolonged love-sports at bedtime would be followed by
+    menstruation in the morning. We never were separated for longer
+    than three months, and on that occasion, menstruation being
+    delayed, she tried what masturbation would do to determine it,
+    and with a positive result. My need, though less, is as
+    imperative as ever. Seminal headaches&mdash;as I would call them&mdash;have
+    ceased since 50; the accumulation only produces muddleheadedness.
+    But I have not suffered accumulation over ten to at most twelve
+    days. The quantity of semen is also less. The sensibility of the
+    corpora has declined much; that of the glans is unimpaired.
+    Erection is good. Orgasm takes two to four minutes to provoke,
+    against forty to fifty seconds when young; it is in some respects
+    even more enjoyable&mdash;perhaps less intense, but much more
+    prolonged. I have no reaction from indulgence. But I never press
+    it; it always presses me. For overaccumulation, with headache or
+    muddleheadedness, the wifely hand is more efficacious than the
+    vulva. Even the most vivid dream of coitus fails to compass the
+    orgasm now. The peripheral stimulus is essential.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;In our case physical and psychical intensity of emotion have
+    gone hand in hand. I have become specialized to one woman,
+    despite an erotic endowment certainly not meager. The pervasive
+    fragrance makes one adore the whole sex, but my wife does not
+    interpret this homage in a sexually promiscuous sense. We both
+    agree in the principle that if one cannot hold the affection of
+    the other there is no title to it. Tarde says that constancy in
+    love is rarely anything but a voyage of discovery round the
+    beloved object. I am perpetually making fresh discoveries. But
+    her constancy, I mean the high level of her passion, is
+    independent of discoveries.&quot; </p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='3_Footnote_230'></a><a href='#3_FNanchor_230'>[230]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;A practical question arising out of the foregoing is
+whether such semen should be committed to the vagina? Its presence is
+known to me by constitutional symptoms (toxic). It is the last to be
+expelled, and its degenerate germ-cells have no chance against those of
+the normal fluid deposited in preceding acts, supposing that to be
+retained. But it may well happen that the prior emissions only reach the
+pouch, whereas the last is injected into the womb itself. I have
+frequently had the sense of the orifices of meatus and cervix matching
+directly, especially when she had powerful orgasm (including two
+conceptions), and of the semen being sucked from me rather than occluded
+in its exit, as also happens, requiring me to relax the urge a little. At
+18 to 19 the semen of a 'pollution' has left tender red patches where it
+dried on the neighboring skin, and deep straw-colored stains in the
+linen.&quot;</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+<a name='3_Page_342'></a>
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='3_INDEX_OF_AUTHORS'></a><h2><a name='3_Page_343'></a>INDEX OF AUTHORS.</h2>
+
+<ul><li>Abu-l-Faraj, <a href='#3_Page_197'>197</a>.</li>
+<li>Acton, W., <a href='#3_Page_194'>194</a>.</li>
+<li>Adler, O., <a href='#3_Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#3_Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#3_Page_196'>196</a>, <a href='#3_Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#3_Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#3_Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#3_Page_241'>241</a>.</li>
+<li>Adlerz, <a href='#3_Page_275'>275</a>.</li>
+<li>Aguilaniedo, <a href='#3_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>Aldrich, <a href='#3_Page_38'>38</a>.</li>
+<li>Allen, G. W., <a href='#3_Page_97'>97</a>.</li>
+<li>Alonzi, <a href='#3_Page_87'>87</a>.</li>
+<li>Aly-Belf&agrave;del, <a href='#3_Page_238'>238</a>.</li>
+<li>Amand, St., <a href='#3_Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#3_Page_230'>230</a>.</li>
+<li>Andrews, W., <a href='#3_Page_134'>134</a>.</li>
+<li>Angell, <a href='#3_Page_153'>153</a>.</li>
+<li>Arndt, R., <a href='#3_Page_243'>243</a>.</li>
+<li>Avebury, Lord, <a href='#3_Page_259'>259</a>, <a href='#3_Page_265'>265</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Bach, G., <a href='#3_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+<li>Baker, Smith, <a href='#3_Page_241'>241</a>.</li>
+<li>Ballet, <a href='#3_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Balls-Headley, <a href='#3_Page_231'>231</a>.</li>
+<li>Bancroft, H. H., <a href='#3_Page_47'>47</a>.</li>
+<li>Bantock, <a href='#3_Page_12'>12</a>.</li>
+<li>Baretti, <a href='#3_Page_57'>57</a>.</li>
+<li>Barrus, Clara, <a href='#3_Page_14'>14</a>.</li>
+<li>Bartels, Max, <a href='#3_Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#3_Page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#3_Page_267'>267</a>.</li>
+<li>Beaunis, <a href='#3_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#3_Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#3_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#3_Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#3_Page_237'>237</a>.</li>
+<li>Bechterew, <a href='#3_Page_62'>62</a>.</li>
+<li>Bell, Sanford, <a href='#3_Page_51'>51</a>.</li>
+<li>Benecke, E. F. M., <a href='#3_Page_196'>196</a>.</li>
+<li>Bernard, P., <a href='#3_Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#3_Page_251'>251</a>.</li>
+<li>Bernelle, <a href='#3_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>Blackwell, E., <a href='#3_Page_201'>201</a>.</li>
+<li>Bladon, J., <a href='#3_Page_34'>34</a>.</li>
+<li>Blagden, <a href='#3_Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#3_Page_76'>76</a>.</li>
+<li>Bloch, <a href='#3_Page_249'>249</a>.</li>
+<li>Bloch, Iwan, <a href='#3_Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#3_Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#3_Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#3_Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#3_Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#3_Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#3_Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#3_Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#3_Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#3_Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#3_Page_267'>267</a>.</li>
+<li>Bloom, <a href='#3_Page_13'>13</a>.</li>
+<li>Blumr&ouml;der, <a href='#3_Page_121'>121</a>.</li>
+<li>Boerhaave, <a href='#3_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>Bohn, G., <a href='#3_Page_2'>2</a>.</li>
+<li>Bonstetten, <a href='#3_Page_253'>253</a>.</li>
+<li>Booth, D. S., <a href='#3_Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
+<li>Bos, C., <a href='#3_Page_93'>93</a>.</li>
+<li>Bossard, <a href='#3_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>Bouchereau, <a href='#3_Page_251'>251</a>.</li>
+<li>Bourneville, <a href='#3_Page_252'>252</a>.</li>
+<li>Brant&ocirc;me, <a href='#3_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#3_Page_78'>78</a>.</li>
+<li>Bray, <a href='#3_Page_32'>32</a>.</li>
+<li>Brehm, <a href='#3_Page_34'>34</a>.</li>
+<li>Breitenstein, <a href='#3_Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#3_Page_237'>237</a>.</li>
+<li>Bridgman, W. G., <a href='#3_Page_14'>14</a>.</li>
+<li>Brierre de Boismont, <a href='#3_Page_196'>196</a>.</li>
+<li>Browne, W. A. F., <a href='#3_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Brunfels, <a href='#3_Page_132'>132</a>.</li>
+<li>Bryan, D., <a href='#3_Page_240'>240</a>.</li>
+<li>B&uuml;chner, <a href='#3_Page_34'>34</a>.</li>
+<li>Burckhardt, J. L., <a href='#3_Page_77'>77</a>.</li>
+<li>Burdach, <a href='#3_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#3_Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#3_Page_242'>242</a>, <a href='#3_Page_246'>246</a>.</li>
+<li>Burk, F. L., <a href='#3_Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
+<li>Burton, Robert, <a href='#3_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>Burton, Si: R., <a href='#3_Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#3_Page_237'>237</a>.</li>
+<li>Buscalioni, <a href='#3_Page_47'>47</a>.</li>
+<li>Busch, D. W. H., <a href='#3_Page_200'>200</a>.</li>
+<li>Butler, A. G., <a href='#3_Page_67'>67</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Caban&egrave;s, <a href='#3_Page_134'>134</a>.</li>
+<li>Cabanis, <a href='#3_Page_248'>248</a>, <a href='#3_Page_253'>253</a>.</li>
+<li>Calmann, <a href='#3_Page_96'>96</a>.</li>
+<li>Campbell, Harry, <a href='#3_Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#3_Page_217'>217</a>.</li>
+<li>Cannon, W., <a href='#3_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>Capgras, <a href='#3_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Casanova, <a href='#3_Page_166'>166</a>.</li>
+<li>Catullus, <a href='#3_Page_84'>84</a>.</li>
+<li>Cellini, <a href='#3_Page_79'>79</a>.</li>
+<li>Ceni, <a href='#3_Page_15'>15</a>.</li>
+<li>Cervantes, <a href='#3_Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#3_Page_227'>227</a>.</li>
+<li>Chapman, G., <a href='#3_Page_182'>182</a>.</li>
+<li>Christian, <a href='#3_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>Clark, Campbell, <a href='#3_Page_204'>204</a>.</li>
+<li>Clarke, E. D., <a href='#3_Page_77'>77</a>.</li>
+<li>Cleland, <a href='#3_Page_19'>19</a>.</li>
+<li>Clement of Alexandria, <a href='#3_Page_63'>63</a>.</li>
+<li>Cl&eacute;rambault, <a href='#3_Page_79'>79</a>.</li>
+<li>Clevenger, <a href='#3_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>Clouston, <a href='#3_Page_201'>201</a>.</li>
+<li>C&oelig;lius Aurelianus, <a href='#3_Page_63'>63</a>.</li>
+<li>Coleridge, <a href='#3_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>Colin, <a href='#3_Page_251'>251</a>.</li>
+<li>Collas, <a href='#3_Page_131'>131</a>.</li>
+<li>Colman, W. A., <a href='#3_Page_14'>14</a>.</li>
+<li>Coltman, <a href='#3_Page_197'>197</a>.<a name='3_Page_344'></a></li>
+<li>Congreve, <a href='#3_Page_68'>68</a>.</li>
+<li>Cook, F., <a href='#3_Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#3_Page_268'>268</a>.</li>
+<li>Cook, J., <a href='#3_Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#3_Page_269'>269</a>.</li>
+<li>Cooke, Kev. L. H., <a href='#3_Page_35'>35</a>.</li>
+<li>Cornevin, <a href='#3_Page_138'>138</a>.</li>
+<li>Cotterill, J. M., <a href='#3_Page_14'>14</a>.</li>
+<li>Coutagne, <a href='#3_Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
+<li>Crawley, E., <a href='#3_Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#3_Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#3_Page_259'>259</a>, <a href='#3_Page_263'>263</a>.</li>
+<li>Crofton, <a href='#3_Page_134'>134</a>.</li>
+<li>Crooke, W., <a href='#3_Page_46'>46</a>.</li>
+<li>Cullerre, <a href='#3_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Daniell, W. F., <a href='#3_Page_271'>271</a>, <a href='#3_Page_272'>272</a>.</li>
+<li>Darwin, C., <a href='#3_Page_22'>22</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Darwin, E., <a href='#3_Page_174'>174</a>.</li>
+<li>D'Aulnoy, Countess, <a href='#3_Page_135'>135</a>.</li>
+<li>Daumas, <a href='#3_Page_85'>85</a>.</li>
+<li>Davenport, Isabel, <a href='#3_Page_12'>12</a>.</li>
+<li>Debreyne, <a href='#3_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>Dillmann, <a href='#3_Page_196'>196</a>.</li>
+<li>Diodorus, <a href='#3_Page_273'>273</a>.</li>
+<li>Disselhorst, <a href='#3_Page_10'>10</a>.</li>
+<li>D'Orbigny, <a href='#3_Page_268'>268</a>.</li>
+<li>Duchenne, <a href='#3_Page_84'>84</a>.</li>
+<li>D&uuml;hren, E. <i>See</i> Bloch, Iwan.</li>
+<li>Dulaure, <a href='#3_Page_130'>130</a>.</li>
+<li>Dumas, G., <a href='#3_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>Duncan, Matthews, <a href='#3_Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#3_Page_240'>240</a>.</li>
+<li>Dunlop, W., <a href='#3_Page_43'>43</a>.</li>
+<li>Dupr&eacute;, <a href='#3_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Durkheim, <a href='#3_Page_189'>189</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Earle, A., <a href='#3_Page_75'>75</a>.</li>
+<li>Effertz, <a href='#3_Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
+<li>Eklund, <a href='#3_Page_200'>200</a>.</li>
+<li>Ellis, Havelock, <a href='#3_Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#3_Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#3_Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#3_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#3_Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#3_Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#3_Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#3_Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#3_Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#3_Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#3_Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#3_Page_242'>242</a>, <a href='#3_Page_252'>252</a>.</li>
+<li>Ellis, Sir A. B., <a href='#3_Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#3_Page_272'>272</a>.</li>
+<li>Engelmann, <a href='#3_Page_205'>205</a>.</li>
+<li>Epaulow, <a href='#3_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Erb, <a href='#3_Page_243'>243</a>.</li>
+<li>Espinas, <a href='#3_Page_27'>27</a>.</li>
+<li>Eulenburg, <a href='#3_Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#3_Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#3_Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#3_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#3_Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#3_Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#3_Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#3_Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#3_Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#3_Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#3_Page_202'>202</a>.</li>
+<li>Eyss&eacute;ric, <a href='#3_Page_50'>50</a>.</li>
+<li>Eyre, E. J., <a href='#3_Page_42'>42</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Fabre, J. H., <a href='#3_Page_37'>37</a>.</li>
+<li>Fehling, <a href='#3_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>F&eacute;r&eacute;, <a href='#3_Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#3_Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#3_Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#3_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#3_Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#3_Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#3_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#3_Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#3_Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#3_Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#3_Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#3_Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#3_Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#3_Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#3_Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#3_Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#3_Page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#3_Page_204'>204</a>.</li>
+<li>Ferenczi, <a href='#3_Page_232'>232</a>.</li>
+<li>Ferrand, <a href='#3_Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#3_Page_229'>229</a>.</li>
+<li>Ferrero, <a href='#3_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Ferriani, <a href='#3_Page_88'>88</a>.</li>
+<li>Finck, <a href='#3_Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#3_Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#3_Page_259'>259</a>, <a href='#3_Page_266'>266</a>.</li>
+<li>Fliess, <a href='#3_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Foley, <a href='#3_Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#3_Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#3_Page_269'>269</a>.</li>
+<li>Forbes, H. O., <a href='#3_Page_40'>40</a>.</li>
+<li>Forel, <a href='#3_Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#3_Page_243'>243</a>, <a href='#3_Page_252'>252</a>.</li>
+<li>Forman, S., <a href='#3_Page_79'>79</a>.</li>
+<li>Franklin, Miles, <a href='#3_Page_81'>81</a>.</li>
+<li>Frazer, J. G., <a href='#3_Page_259'>259</a>, <a href='#3_Page_262'>262</a>.</li>
+<li>French-Sheldon, Mrs., <a href='#3_Page_50'>50</a>.</li>
+<li>Freud, <a href='#3_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#3_Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#3_Page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#3_Page_227'>227</a>, <a href='#3_Page_231'>231</a>, <a href='#3_Page_263'>263</a>.</li>
+<li>Friedenthal, <a href='#3_Page_101'>101</a>.</li>
+<li>F&uuml;rbringer, <a href='#3_Page_196'>196</a>, <a href='#3_Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
+<li>Fustel de Coulanges, <a href='#3_Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#3_Page_73'>73</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Galen, <a href='#3_Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#3_Page_197'>197</a>.</li>
+<li>Gall, <a href='#3_Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#3_Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#3_Page_194'>194</a>.</li>
+<li>Gardiner, J. S., <a href='#3_Page_269'>269</a>.</li>
+<li>Garnier, P., <a href='#3_Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#3_Page_105'>105</a>.</li>
+<li>Gason, S., <a href='#3_Page_41'>41</a>.</li>
+<li>Gattel, <a href='#3_Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#3_Page_231'>231</a>.</li>
+<li>Gaupp, <a href='#3_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+<li>Gennep, A. Van, <a href='#3_Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#3_Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#3_Page_261'>261</a></li>
+<li>Gibb, <a href='#3_Page_225'>225</a>.</li>
+<li>Gillen, <a href='#3_Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#3_Page_262'>262</a>, <a href='#3_Page_264'>264</a>.</li>
+<li>Ginisty, <a href='#3_Page_109'>109</a>.</li>
+<li>Gl&auml;veke, <a href='#3_Page_11'>11</a>.</li>
+<li>Glynn, <a href='#3_Page_16'>16</a>.</li>
+<li>Godard, <a href='#3_Page_252'>252</a>.</li>
+<li>Goltz, <a href='#3_Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#3_Page_6'>6</a>.</li>
+<li>Goncourt, J. de, <a href='#3_Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
+<li>Gosse, P. H., <a href='#3_Page_100'>100</a>.</li>
+<li>Gourmont, Remy de, <a href='#3_Page_128'>128</a>.</li>
+<li>Gowers, Sir W., <a href='#3_Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#3_Page_61'>61</a>.</li>
+<li>Grisebach, E., <a href='#3_Page_182'>182</a>.</li>
+<li>Groos, K., <a href='#3_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#3_Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#3_Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#3_Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#3_Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#3_Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#3_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>Grosse, E., <a href='#3_Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#3_Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#3_Page_265'>265</a>.</li>
+<li>Gualino, <a href='#3_Page_250'>250</a>.</li>
+<li>Guinard, <a href='#3_Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#3_Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#3_Page_15'>15</a>.</li>
+<li>Guise, <a href='#3_Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#3_Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#3_Page_270'>270</a>.</li>
+<li>Guyon, <a href='#3_Page_59'>59</a>.</li>
+<li>Gurlitt, <a href='#3_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Guttceit, <a href='#3_Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#3_Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>H&auml;cker, <a href='#3_Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#3_Page_34'>34</a>.</li>
+<li>Haddon, A. C., <a href='#3_Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#3_Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#3_Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#3_Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#3_Page_270'>270</a>.</li>
+<li>Haeckel, <a href='#3_Page_32'>32</a>.</li>
+<li>Hagen, <a href='#3_Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#3_Page_190'>190</a>.</li>
+<li>Halban, <a href='#3_Page_7'>7</a>.</li>
+<li>Hall, G. Stanley, <a href='#3_Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#3_Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#3_Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#3_Page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#3_Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#3_Page_179'>179</a>.<a name='3_Page_345'></a></li>
+<li>Haller, <a href='#3_Page_231'>231</a>.</li>
+<li>Hamerling, <a href='#3_Page_112'>112</a>.</li>
+<li>Hammer, <a href='#3_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#3_Page_219'>219</a>.</li>
+<li>Hammond, <a href='#3_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#3_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Hamon, <a href='#3_Page_166'>166</a>.</li>
+<li>Hartmann, E. von, <a href='#3_Page_18'>18</a>.</li>
+<li>Hawkesworth, <a href='#3_Page_46'>46</a>.</li>
+<li>Hayes, J. J., <a href='#3_Page_76'>76</a>.</li>
+<li>Heape, W., <a href='#3_Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#3_Page_266'>266</a>, <a href='#3_Page_275'>275</a>.</li>
+<li>Heard, <a href='#3_Page_274'>274</a>.</li>
+<li>Hegar, <a href='#3_Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#3_Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#3_Page_231'>231</a>.</li>
+<li>Heine, <a href='#3_Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#3_Page_112'>112</a>.</li>
+<li>Henz, <a href='#3_Page_78'>78</a>.</li>
+<li>Herodotus, <a href='#3_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Hicks, Braxton, <a href='#3_Page_13'>13</a>.</li>
+<li>Hippocrates, <a href='#3_Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#3_Page_237'>237</a>.</li>
+<li>Hirn, <a href='#3_Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#3_Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#3_Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#3_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>Hirschfeld, <a href='#3_Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#3_Page_244'>244</a>.</li>
+<li>Hoche, <a href='#3_Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
+<li>Holden, W. C., <a href='#3_Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#3_Page_55'>55</a>.</li>
+<li>Holder, A. B., <a href='#3_Page_268'>268</a>.</li>
+<li>Holt, R. B., <a href='#3_Page_133'>133</a>.</li>
+<li>Horace, <a href='#3_Page_84'>84</a>.</li>
+<li>Hornius, <a href='#3_Page_199'>199</a>.</li>
+<li>Horsley, <a href='#3_Page_190'>190</a>.</li>
+<li>Howard, <a href='#3_Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#3_Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#3_Page_232'>232</a>.</li>
+<li>Howard, H. E., <a href='#3_Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#3_Page_32'>32</a>.</li>
+<li>Howarth, O. H., <a href='#3_Page_136'>136</a>.</li>
+<li>Hubert, <a href='#3_Page_263'>263</a>.</li>
+<li>Hudson, W. H., <a href='#3_Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#3_Page_39'>39</a>.</li>
+<li>Hutchinson, Sir J., <a href='#3_Page_248'>248</a>.</li>
+<li>Huysmans, <a href='#3_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>Hyades, <a href='#3_Page_215'>215</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>J&auml;ger, <a href='#3_Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#3_Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#3_Page_237'>237</a>.</li>
+<li>Janet, <a href='#3_Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#3_Page_241'>241</a>.</li>
+<li>Janin, <a href='#3_Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
+<li>Jayle, <a href='#3_Page_11'>11</a>.</li>
+<li>Jerome, St., <a href='#3_Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#3_Page_197'>197</a>.</li>
+<li>Joest, W., <a href='#3_Page_45'>45</a>.</li>
+<li>Johnston, Sir H., <a href='#3_Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#3_Page_271'>271</a>.</li>
+<li>Jones, Brynmor, <a href='#3_Page_235'>235</a>.</li>
+<li>Jones, Ernest, <a href='#3_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Kafemann, <a href='#3_Page_232'>232</a>.</li>
+<li>Keppler, <a href='#3_Page_11'>11</a>.</li>
+<li>Key, Ellen, <a href='#3_Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#3_Page_246'>246</a>.</li>
+<li>Kiefer, <a href='#3_Page_136'>136</a>.</li>
+<li>Kiernan, J. G., <a href='#3_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#3_Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#3_Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#3_Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#3_Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#3_Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#3_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#3_Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#3_Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#3_Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#3_Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
+<li>Kisch, E. H., <a href='#3_Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#3_Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#3_Page_225'>225</a>, <a href='#3_Page_240'>240</a>.</li>
+<li>Kleinpaul, <a href='#3_Page_193'>193</a>.</li>
+<li>Kline, <a href='#3_Page_54'>54</a>.</li>
+<li>Kolischer, <a href='#3_Page_207'>207</a>.</li>
+<li>Kossmann, <a href='#3_Page_202'>202</a>.</li>
+<li>Kowalevsky, <a href='#3_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>Krabbes, <a href='#3_Page_234'>234</a>.</li>
+<li>Krafft-Ebing, <a href='#3_Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#3_Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#3_Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#3_Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#3_Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#3_Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#3_Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#3_Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#3_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#3_Page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#3_Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#3_Page_244'>244</a>, <a href='#3_Page_251'>251</a>.</li>
+<li>Krauss, <a href='#3_Page_78'>78</a>.</li>
+<li>Kubary, <a href='#3_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Kulischer, <a href='#3_Page_58'>58</a>.</li>
+<li>K&uuml;lpe, <a href='#3_Page_153'>153</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Lacassagne, <a href='#3_Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#3_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Lacroix, P., <a href='#3_Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
+<li>Lagrange, <a href='#3_Page_53'>53</a>.</li>
+<li>Lancaster, <a href='#3_Page_10'>10</a>.</li>
+<li>Landor, A. H., Savage, <a href='#3_Page_87'>87</a>.</li>
+<li>Lanphear, <a href='#3_Page_151'>151</a>.</li>
+<li>Laserre, <a href='#3_Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
+<li>Laurentius, <a href='#3_Page_194'>194</a>.</li>
+<li>Lawson, <a href='#3_Page_249'>249</a>.</li>
+<li>Lea, <a href='#3_Page_129'>129</a>.</li>
+<li>L&eacute;caillon, <a href='#3_Page_36'>36</a>.</li>
+<li>Lehmann-Nitsche, <a href='#3_Page_99'>99</a>.</li>
+<li>Leppmann, <a href='#3_Page_121'>121</a>.</li>
+<li>Lipa Bey, <a href='#3_Page_9'>9</a>.</li>
+<li>Loeb, <a href='#3_Page_2'>2</a>.</li>
+<li>Lombroso, <a href='#3_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#3_Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#3_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Long, S. H., <a href='#3_Page_48'>48</a>.</li>
+<li>Lop, <a href='#3_Page_225'>225</a>.</li>
+<li>Low, Brooke, <a href='#3_Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#3_Page_100'>100</a>.</li>
+<li>Loti, P., <a href='#3_Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
+<li>L&ouml;wenfeld, <a href='#3_Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#3_Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#3_Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#3_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#3_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#3_Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#3_Page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#3_Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#3_Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#3_Page_217'>217</a>, <a href='#3_Page_231'>231</a>, <a href='#3_Page_248'>248</a>.</li>
+<li>Lubbock (Lord Avebury), <a href='#3_Page_259'>259</a>, <a href='#3_Page_265'>265</a>.</li>
+<li>Lucian, <a href='#3_Page_80'>80</a>.</li>
+<li>Lucretius, <a href='#3_Page_275'>275</a>.</li>
+<li>Lunier, <a href='#3_Page_182'>182</a>.</li>
+<li>Luther, <a href='#3_Page_3'>3</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Macdonald, Rev. J., <a href='#3_Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
+<li>Mac&eacute;, <a href='#3_Page_97'>97</a>.</li>
+<li>MacGillicuddy, <a href='#3_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>MacLennan, <a href='#3_Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#3_Page_72'>72</a>.</li>
+<li>Macnaughton-Jones, <a href='#3_Page_14'>14</a>.</li>
+<li>Maeder, <a href='#3_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Maeterlinck, <a href='#3_Page_128'>128</a>.</li>
+<li>Manac&eacute;ine, Marie de, <a href='#3_Page_63'>63</a>.</li>
+<li>Mandeville, <a href='#3_Page_246'>246</a>.</li>
+<li>Mantegazza, <a href='#3_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#3_Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#3_Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#3_Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#3_Page_204'>204</a>.</li>
+<li>Marandon de Montyel, <a href='#3_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#3_Page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#3_Page_148'>148</a>.</li>
+<li>Marchesini, <a href='#3_Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#3_Page_167'>167</a>.</li>
+<li>Marcuse, Max, <a href='#3_Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#3_Page_266'>266</a>.<a name='3_Page_346'></a></li>
+<li>Mardrus, <a href='#3_Page_78'>78</a>.</li>
+<li>Marie, A., <a href='#3_Page_110'>110</a>.</li>
+<li>Marie, P., <a href='#3_Page_9'>9</a>.</li>
+<li>Marie de France, <a href='#3_Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#3_Page_89'>89</a>.</li>
+<li>Mariner, <a href='#3_Page_52'>52</a>.</li>
+<li>Marlowe, <a href='#3_Page_132'>132</a>.</li>
+<li>Marot, Clement, <a href='#3_Page_140'>140</a>.</li>
+<li>Marro, <a href='#3_Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#3_Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#3_Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#3_Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#3_Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#3_Page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#3_Page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#3_Page_255'>255</a>.</li>
+<li>Marsden, W., <a href='#3_Page_44'>44</a>.</li>
+<li>Marshall, F. H. A., <a href='#3_Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#3_Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#3_Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#3_Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#3_Page_266'>266</a>.</li>
+<li>Marshall, H. R., <a href='#3_Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#3_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+<li>Martial, <a href='#3_Page_9'>9</a>.</li>
+<li>Martins, <a href='#3_Page_47'>47</a>.</li>
+<li>Matignon, <a href='#3_Page_9'>9</a>.</li>
+<li>Maudsley, <a href='#3_Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#3_Page_248'>248</a>.</li>
+<li>Mauriac, <a href='#3_Page_100'>100</a>.</li>
+<li>Maus, <a href='#3_Page_263'>263</a>.</li>
+<li>Maxwell, <a href='#3_Page_97'>97</a>.</li>
+<li>Mayer, A., <a href='#3_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>McIlroy, A. L., <a href='#3_Page_16'>16</a>.</li>
+<li>Meibomius, <a href='#3_Page_132'>132</a>.</li>
+<li>Melville, Herman, <a href='#3_Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#3_Page_269'>269</a>.</li>
+<li>Meung, Jean de, <a href='#3_Page_198'>198</a>.</li>
+<li>Meyer, A. B., <a href='#3_Page_53'>53</a>.</li>
+<li>Middleton, T., <a href='#3_Page_89'>89</a>.</li>
+<li>Miklucho-Macleay, <a href='#3_Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#3_Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#3_Page_100'>100</a>.</li>
+<li>Millais, J. G., <a href='#3_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#3_Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#3_Page_40'>40</a>.</li>
+<li>Millant, <a href='#3_Page_9'>9</a>.</li>
+<li>Minovici, <a href='#3_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>Mirandola, Pico della, <a href='#3_Page_132'>132</a>.</li>
+<li>M&ouml;bius, <a href='#3_Page_16'>16</a>.</li>
+<li>Modigliani, E., <a href='#3_Page_44'>44</a>.</li>
+<li>Moll, <a href='#3_Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#3_Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#3_Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#3_Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#3_Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#3_Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#3_Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#3_Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#3_Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#3_Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#3_Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#3_Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#3_Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#3_Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#3_Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#3_Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
+<li>Montaigne, <a href='#3_Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#3_Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#3_Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#3_Page_247'>247</a>.</li>
+<li>Montet, <a href='#3_Page_207'>207</a>.</li>
+<li>Montgomery, T. H., <a href='#3_Page_174'>174</a>.</li>
+<li>Moraglia, <a href='#3_Page_250'>250</a>.</li>
+<li>More, Sir Thomas, <a href='#3_Page_4'>4</a>.</li>
+<li>Morgan, C. Lloyd, <a href='#3_Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#3_Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#3_Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#3_Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
+<li>Mortimer, G., <a href='#3_Page_213'>213</a>.</li>
+<li>Moule, <a href='#3_Page_77'>77</a>.</li>
+<li>Moyer, <a href='#3_Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#3_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+<li>Mugnier, <a href='#3_Page_207'>207</a>.</li>
+<li>M&uuml;ller, R., <a href='#3_Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#3_Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#3_Page_67'>67</a>.</li>
+<li>Mund&eacute;, P., <a href='#3_Page_14'>14</a>.</li>
+<li>Munzer, <a href='#3_Page_16'>16</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>N&auml;cke, <a href='#3_Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#3_Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#3_Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#3_Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#3_Page_249'>249</a>, <a href='#3_Page_251'>251</a>, <a href='#3_Page_252'>252</a>.</li>
+<li>Napier, Leith, <a href='#3_Page_243'>243</a>.</li>
+<li>Nardelli, <a href='#3_Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
+<li>Nenter, <a href='#3_Page_199'>199</a>.</li>
+<li>Nesterus, <a href='#3_Page_132'>132</a>.</li>
+<li>Nicefero, <a href='#3_Page_81'>81</a>.</li>
+<li>Nietzsche, <a href='#3_Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#3_Page_185'>185</a>.</li>
+<li>Nussbaum, <a href='#3_Page_7'>7</a>.</li>
+<li>Nystr&ouml;m, <a href='#3_Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#3_Page_243'>243</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Obici, <a href='#3_Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#3_Page_167'>167</a>.</li>
+<li>Ordericus, Vitalis, <a href='#3_Page_197'>197</a>.</li>
+<li>Otway, <a href='#3_Page_112'>112</a>.</li>
+<li>Ovid, <a href='#3_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#3_Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#3_Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#3_Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#3_Page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#3_Page_243'>243</a>.</li>
+<li>Owen, Sir R., <a href='#3_Page_6'>6</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Pactet, <a href='#3_Page_251'>251</a>.</li>
+<li>Papillon, <a href='#3_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Parent-Duch&acirc;telet, <a href='#3_Page_80'>80</a>.</li>
+<li>Partridge, <a href='#3_Page_185'>185</a>.</li>
+<li>Paullinus, <a href='#3_Page_79'>79</a>.</li>
+<li>Peckham, G. W., <a href='#3_Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#3_Page_35'>35</a>.</li>
+<li>Pelikan, <a href='#3_Page_10'>10</a>.</li>
+<li>Penta, <a href='#3_Page_128'>128</a>.</li>
+<li>Petronius, <a href='#3_Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#3_Page_181'>181</a>.</li>
+<li>Pfister, <a href='#3_Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#3_Page_214'>214</a>.</li>
+<li>Pfl&uuml;ger, <a href='#3_Page_8'>8</a>.</li>
+<li>Pi&eacute;ron, <a href='#3_Page_2'>2</a>.</li>
+<li>Pilet, R., <a href='#3_Page_51'>51</a>.</li>
+<li>Pitre, <a href='#3_Page_51'>51</a>.</li>
+<li>Pitres, <a href='#3_Page_244'>244</a>.</li>
+<li>Pittard, <a href='#3_Page_8'>8</a>.</li>
+<li>Platen, <a href='#3_Page_112'>112</a>.</li>
+<li>Plautus, <a href='#3_Page_84'>84</a>.</li>
+<li>Plazzonus, <a href='#3_Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#3_Page_247'>247</a>.</li>
+<li>Ploss, <a href='#3_Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#3_Page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#3_Page_267'>267</a>.</li>
+<li>Plutarch, <a href='#3_Page_84'>84</a>.</li>
+<li>Poore, G. V., <a href='#3_Page_220'>220</a>.</li>
+<li>Porosz, <a href='#3_Page_232'>232</a>.</li>
+<li>Portman, <a href='#3_Page_268'>268</a>.</li>
+<li>Potter, M. A., <a href='#3_Page_234'>234</a>.</li>
+<li>Poulton, E. B., <a href='#3_Page_38'>38</a>.</li>
+<li>Power, H., <a href='#3_Page_251'>251</a>.</li>
+<li>Prinzing, <a href='#3_Page_190'>190</a>.</li>
+<li>Propertius, <a href='#3_Page_84'>84</a>.</li>
+<li>Purnell, C. W., <a href='#3_Page_2'>2</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Quir&oacute;s, B. de, <a href='#3_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Rabelais, <a href='#3_Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
+<li>Raciborski, <a href='#3_Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#3_Page_275'>275</a>.</li>
+<li>Racovitza, E. G., <a href='#3_Page_35'>35</a></li>
+<li>Raymond, <a href='#3_Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#3_Page_241'>241</a>.</li>
+<li>Rees, <a href='#3_Page_194'>194</a>.</li>
+<li>R&eacute;gis, <a href='#3_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#3_Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#3_Page_244'>244</a>.</li>
+<li>Regoyos, <a href='#3_Page_136'>136</a>.<a name='3_Page_347'></a></li>
+<li>Restif de la Bretonne, <a href='#3_Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#3_Page_243'>243</a>, <a href='#3_Page_253'>253</a>.</li>
+<li>Reverdin, <a href='#3_Page_150'>150</a>.</li>
+<li>Rhodiginus, <a href='#3_Page_132'>132</a>.</li>
+<li>Rhys, <a href='#3_Page_235'>235</a>.</li>
+<li>Ribot, <a href='#3_Page_68'>68</a>.</li>
+<li>Riedel, <a href='#3_Page_99'>99</a>.</li>
+<li>Ritter, <a href='#3_Page_207'>207</a>.</li>
+<li>Robin, <a href='#3_Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#3_Page_247'>247</a>.</li>
+<li>Rohleder, <a href='#3_Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#3_Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
+<li>Roubaud, <a href='#3_Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
+<li>Rousseau, J. J., <a href='#3_Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#3_Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#3_Page_146'>146</a>.</li>
+<li>Rousset, <a href='#3_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Roux, J., <a href='#3_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>Russo, <a href='#3_Page_80'>80</a>.</li>
+<li>Ryan, M., <a href='#3_Page_200'>200</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Sacher-Masoch, <a href='#3_Page_113'>113</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Sacher-Masoch, Wanda von, <a href='#3_Page_114'>114</a>.</li>
+<li>Sade, De, <a href='#3_Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#3_Page_107'>107</a>.</li>
+<li>Sadger, <a href='#3_Page_57'>57</a>.</li>
+<li>Sajous, <a href='#3_Page_16'>16</a>.</li>
+<li>Salillas, <a href='#3_Page_18'>18</a>.</li>
+<li>Sand, George, <a href='#3_Page_71'>71</a>.</li>
+<li>Sanitchenko, <a href='#3_Page_139'>139</a>.</li>
+<li>Savage, Sir G., <a href='#3_Page_248'>248</a>, <a href='#3_Page_251'>251</a>.</li>
+<li>Sch&auml;fer, <a href='#3_Page_70'>70</a>.</li>
+<li>Schaller, <a href='#3_Page_57'>57</a>.</li>
+<li>Schellong, <a href='#3_Page_270'>270</a>.</li>
+<li>Schlichtegroll, C. F. von, <a href='#3_Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#3_Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#3_Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#3_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Schmidt-Heuert, <a href='#3_Page_138'>138</a>.</li>
+<li>Schopenhauer, <a href='#3_Page_246'>246</a>.</li>
+<li>Schreiner, S. C. Cronwright, <a href='#3_Page_41'>41</a>.</li>
+<li>Schrenck-Notzing, <a href='#3_Page_119'>119</a>.</li>
+<li>Schr&ouml;ter, <a href='#3_Page_214'>214</a>.</li>
+<li>Schultz, <a href='#3_Page_234'>234</a>.</li>
+<li>Schultze-Malkowsky, <a href='#3_Page_62'>62</a>.</li>
+<li>Schurig, <a href='#3_Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#3_Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#3_Page_198'>198</a>.</li>
+<li>Scott, Colin, <a href='#3_Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#3_Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#3_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Seligmann, <a href='#3_Page_7'>7</a>.</li>
+<li>Selous, Edmund, <a href='#3_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#3_Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#3_Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#3_Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#3_Page_276'>276</a>.</li>
+<li>S&eacute;nancour, <a href='#3_Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#3_Page_253'>253</a>.</li>
+<li>S&eacute;rieux, <a href='#3_Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#3_Page_244'>244</a>.</li>
+<li>Sergi, <a href='#3_Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#3_Page_55'>55</a>.</li>
+<li>Shakespeare, <a href='#3_Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#3_Page_247'>247</a>.</li>
+<li>Shattock, <a href='#3_Page_7'>7</a>.</li>
+<li>Shaw, Claye, <a href='#3_Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#3_Page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#3_Page_261'>261</a>, <a href='#3_Page_271'>271</a>.</li>
+<li>Shufeldt, <a href='#3_Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
+<li>Sinibaldus, <a href='#3_Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#3_Page_246'>246</a>, <a href='#3_Page_249'>249</a>.</li>
+<li>Skeat, <a href='#3_Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#3_Page_76'>76</a>.</li>
+<li>Smith, Lapthorn, <a href='#3_Page_12'>12</a>.</li>
+<li>Smith, W. Robertson, <a href='#3_Page_262'>262</a>.</li>
+<li>Smyth, Brough, <a href='#3_Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#3_Page_270'>270</a>.</li>
+<li>Sollier, <a href='#3_Page_252'>252</a>.</li>
+<li>Spallanzani, <a href='#3_Page_4'>4</a>.</li>
+<li>Spencer, Baldwin, <a href='#3_Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#3_Page_262'>262</a>, <a href='#3_Page_264'>264</a>.</li>
+<li>Spencer, Herbert, <a href='#3_Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#3_Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#3_Page_265'>265</a>.</li>
+<li>Spitzka, <a href='#3_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>Spix, <a href='#3_Page_47'>47</a>.</li>
+<li>Starbuck, <a href='#3_Page_250'>250</a>.</li>
+<li>Stcherbak, <a href='#3_Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#3_Page_178'>178</a>.</li>
+<li>Stearns, <a href='#3_Page_166'>166</a>.</li>
+<li>Stefanowsky, <a href='#3_Page_111'>111</a>.</li>
+<li>Steinach, E., <a href='#3_Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#3_Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#3_Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#3_Page_233'>233</a>.</li>
+<li>Stendhal, De, <a href='#3_Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#3_Page_243'>243</a>.</li>
+<li>Stevens, <a href='#3_Page_153'>153</a>.</li>
+<li>Stevens, H. V., <a href='#3_Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#3_Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#3_Page_270'>270</a>.</li>
+<li>Str&uuml;mpell, <a href='#3_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>Stubbs, <a href='#3_Page_274'>274</a>.</li>
+<li>Sully, <a href='#3_Page_68'>68</a>.</li>
+<li>Sutherland, A., <a href='#3_Page_267'>267</a>.</li>
+<li>Swieten, Van, <a href='#3_Page_240'>240</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Tait, Lawson, <a href='#3_Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#3_Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#3_Page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#3_Page_226'>226</a>.</li>
+<li>Tambroni, <a href='#3_Page_167'>167</a>.</li>
+<li>Tarchanoff, <a href='#3_Page_5'>5</a>.</li>
+<li>Tarde, <a href='#3_Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#3_Page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#3_Page_230'>230</a>.</li>
+<li>Tate, H. R., <a href='#3_Page_51'>51</a>.</li>
+<li>Tautain, <a href='#3_Page_46'>46</a>.</li>
+<li>Taylor, Jeremy, <a href='#3_Page_274'>274</a>.</li>
+<li>Tchlenoff, <a href='#3_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Tertullian, <a href='#3_Page_197'>197</a>.</li>
+<li>Thoinot, <a href='#3_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+<li>Thomas, N., <a href='#3_Page_263'>263</a>.</li>
+<li>Thomas, P., <a href='#3_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Thompson, <a href='#3_Page_153'>153</a>.</li>
+<li>Tillier, <a href='#3_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#3_Page_32'>32</a>.</li>
+<li>Tilt, <a href='#3_Page_231'>231</a>.</li>
+<li>Tolstoy, <a href='#3_Page_154'>154</a>.</li>
+<li>Townsend, J., <a href='#3_Page_136'>136</a>.</li>
+<li>Treves, Marco, <a href='#3_Page_96'>96</a>.</li>
+<li>Trousseau, <a href='#3_Page_248'>248</a>.</li>
+<li>Tschisch, <a href='#3_Page_94'>94</a>.</li>
+<li>Turley, <a href='#3_Page_38'>38</a>.</li>
+<li>Turnbull, J., <a href='#3_Page_75'>75</a>.</li>
+<li>Tylor, <a href='#3_Page_72'>72</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Vahness, <a href='#3_Page_270'>270</a>.</li>
+<li>Vambery, <a href='#3_Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#3_Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#3_Page_273'>273</a>.</li>
+<li>Vatsyayana, <a href='#3_Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#3_Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#3_Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#3_Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
+<li>Vedeler, <a href='#3_Page_200'>200</a>.</li>
+<li>Velten, <a href='#3_Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#3_Page_273'>273</a>.</li>
+<li>Venette, <a href='#3_Page_198'>198</a>.</li>
+<li>Vespucci, Amerigo, <a href='#3_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Vincent, Swale, <a href='#3_Page_16'>16</a>.</li>
+<li>Voisin, <a href='#3_Page_252'>252</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name='3_Page_348'></a>
+<ul><li>Wallace, A. R., <a href='#3_Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#3_Page_27'>27</a>.</li>
+<li>Wallaschek, <a href='#3_Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#3_Page_57'>57</a>.</li>
+<li>Waller, E., <a href='#3_Page_16'>16</a>.</li>
+<li>Walsingham, <a href='#3_Page_135'>135</a>.</li>
+<li>Weismann, <a href='#3_Page_31'>31</a>.</li>
+<li>Weissenberg, <a href='#3_Page_99'>99</a>.</li>
+<li>Wesch&eacute;, W., <a href='#3_Page_19'>19</a>.</li>
+<li>Wessmann, Rev. R., <a href='#3_Page_273'>273</a>.</li>
+<li>Westermarck, <a href='#3_Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#3_Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#3_Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#3_Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#3_Page_265'>265</a>.</li>
+<li>Wiedemann, <a href='#3_Page_113'>113</a>.</li>
+<li>Weysse, <a href='#3_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+<li>Williams, Montagu, <a href='#3_Page_80'>80</a>.</li>
+<li>Williams, W. Roger, <a href='#3_Page_243'>243</a>.</li>
+<li>Winckel, <a href='#3_Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
+<li>Windscheid, <a href='#3_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Wittenberg, <a href='#3_Page_200'>200</a>.</li>
+<li>Wolbarst, <a href='#3_Page_224'>224</a>.</li>
+<li>Wollstonecraft, Mary, <a href='#3_Page_276'>276</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Yellowlees, <a href='#3_Page_243'>243</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Zacchia, <a href='#3_Page_199'>199</a>.</li>
+<li>Zambaco, <a href='#3_Page_9'>9</a>.</li>
+<li>Ziegler, H. E., <a href='#3_Page_31'>31</a>.</li>
+<li>Ziehen, <a href='#3_Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
+<li>Zmigrodski, <a href='#3_Page_54'>54</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='3_INDEX_OF_SUBJECTS'></a><h2>INDEX OF SUBJECTS.</h2>
+<a name='3_Page_349'></a>
+
+<ul><li>Abduction of women in Great Britain, <a href='#3_Page_72'>72</a>.</li>
+<li>Abstinence in women,
+<ul><li>effects of sexual, <a href='#3_Page_230'>230</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Adolescence,
+<ul><li>criminality and, <a href='#3_Page_70'>70</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Adolescent girls,
+<ul><li>sexual manifestations in, <a href='#3_Page_209'>209</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Adrenal glands, <a href='#3_Page_16'>16</a>.</li>
+<li>Africa,
+<ul><li>marriage by capture in, <a href='#3_Page_76'>76</a>.
+<li>sexual instinct in, <a href='#3_Page_27'>27</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><i>Agelena labyrinthica</i>, <a href='#3_Page_36'>36</a>.</li>
+<li>Ainu,
+<ul><li>love-bite among, <a href='#3_Page_87'>87</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Algolagnia, <a href='#3_Page_119'>119</a>.
+<ul><li>ideal, <a href='#3_Page_166'>166</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Algophily, <a href='#3_Page_119'>119</a>.</li>
+<li>Amblyopia,
+<ul><li>post-marital, <a href='#3_Page_248'>248</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>American Indians,
+<ul><li>courtship among, <a href='#3_Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#3_Page_80'>80</a>.
+<li>sexual instinct in, <a href='#3_Page_268'>268</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Ampallang, <a href='#3_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>An&aelig;sthesia in women,
+<ul><li>sexual, <a href='#3_Page_203'>203</a> <i>et seq.</i>
+<li>a cause of sterility, <a href='#3_Page_212'>212</a>.
+<li>causes of, <a href='#3_Page_207'>207</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Anger and sexual emotion, <a href='#3_Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#3_Page_172'>172</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Anhedonia, <a href='#3_Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
+<li>Anxiety as a sexual stimulant, <a href='#3_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Ardisson, <a href='#3_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Argus pheasant, courtship of, <a href='#3_Page_40'>40</a>.</li>
+<li>Aristotle as a masochist, <a href='#3_Page_111'>111</a>.</li>
+<li>Arrest of movement producing sexual excitement, <a href='#3_Page_168'>168</a>.</li>
+<li>Ascetic attitude toward women, the, <a href='#3_Page_192'>192</a>.</li>
+<li>Assaults on children by women,
+<ul><li>sexual, <a href='#3_Page_225'>225</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Australians,
+<ul><li>courtship among, <a href='#3_Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#3_Page_75'>75</a>.
+<li>sexual instinct in, <a href='#3_Page_262'>262</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Auto-intoxication by muscular movement, <a href='#3_Page_53'>53</a>.</li>
+<li>Auto-sadism, <a href='#3_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Bambula dance, <a href='#3_Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
+<li>Bathory, Countess, <a href='#3_Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
+<li>Bedouins,
+<ul><li>marriage by capture among, <a href='#3_Page_77'>77</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Bertrand, Sergeant, <a href='#3_Page_182'>182</a>.</li>
+<li>Birds,
+<ul><li>sexual impulse in, <a href='#3_Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#3_Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#3_Page_246'>246</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Bismarck,
+<ul><li>traces of masochism in, <a href='#3_Page_112'>112</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Biting in relationship to sexual instinct, <a href='#3_Page_84'>84</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#3_Page_120'>120</a>.</li>
+<li>Bladder and sexual organs,
+<ul><li>relationship between, <a href='#3_Page_59'>59</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Blood,
+<ul><li>the fascination of, <a href='#3_Page_121'>121</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Borneo,
+<ul><li>use of ampallang in, <a href='#3_Page_98'>98</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Brazil,
+<ul><li>courtship in, <a href='#3_Page_47'>47</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Bullying, <a href='#3_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Capture,
+<ul><li>marriage by, <a href='#3_Page_71'>71</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Castration, <a href='#3_Page_7'>7</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#3_Page_237'>237</a>.</li>
+<li>Cerebellum as a sexual center, <a href='#3_Page_15'>15</a>.</li>
+<li>Cerebral sexual centers,
+<ul><li>alleged, <a href='#3_Page_15'>15</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Chained,
+<ul><li>the idea of being, <a href='#3_Page_156'>156</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Chastity among savages, <a href='#3_Page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#3_Page_266'>266</a>.</li>
+<li>China,
+<ul><li>marriage ceremony in, <a href='#3_Page_77'>77</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Chinese eunuchs, <a href='#3_Page_9'>9</a>.</li>
+<li>Chinese hedgehog, <a href='#3_Page_99'>99</a>.</li>
+<li>Christianity and women, <a href='#3_Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#3_Page_197'>197</a>.</li>
+<li>Church and flagellation, the, <a href='#3_Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#3_Page_130'>130</a>.</li>
+<li>Coitus,
+<ul><li>mechanism of, <a href='#3_Page_235'>235</a>.
+<li>compared to epilepsy, <a href='#3_Page_63'>63</a>.
+<li>often sacred among savages, <a href='#3_Page_261'>261</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Combat and courtship, <a href='#3_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#3_Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#3_Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
+<li>Contrectation, <a href='#3_Page_21'>21</a>.</li>
+<li>Courtship, <a href='#3_Page_22'>22</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#3_Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#3_Page_34'>34</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#3_Page_66'>66</a> <i>et seq.</i>,
+<ul><li>  <a href='#3_Page_172'>172</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#3_Page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#3_Page_239'>239</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Cow-birds,
+<ul><li>courtship of, <a href='#3_Page_39'>39</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Crime as a manifestation of adolescence, <a href='#3_Page_70'>70</a>.</li>
+<li>Criminality in relation to marriage, <a href='#3_Page_190'>190</a>.</li>
+<li>Cruelty among animals, <a href='#3_Page_67'>67</a>.
+<ul><li>in human beings, <a href='#3_Page_68'>68</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#3_Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#3_Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#3_Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#3_Page_185'>185</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Cymri,
+<ul><li>marriage customs of, <a href='#3_Page_133'>133</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Dancing in relation to sexual impulse, <a href='#3_Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#3_Page_41'>41</a> <i>et seq.</i> <a href='#3_Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#3_Page_56'>56</a>.
+<ul><li>among Australians, <a href='#3_Page_41'>41</a>.<a name='3_Page_350'></a></li>
+<li>  the most usual method of attaining tumescence, <a href='#3_Page_53'>53</a>.</li>
+<li>why it acts so powerfully on the organism, <a href='#3_Page_54'>54</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Day-dreams, erotic, <a href='#3_Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#3_Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#3_Page_146'>146</a>.</li>
+<li>Degenerative conditions on sexual desire,
+<ul><li>influence of, <a href='#3_Page_175'>175</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><i>Dendryphantes elegans</i>, <a href='#3_Page_36'>36</a>.</li>
+<li>Detumescence,
+<ul><li>impulse of, <a href='#3_Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#3_Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#3_Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#3_Page_65'>65</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Diffusion of sexual impulse in women, <a href='#3_Page_249'>249</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Discipline, the, <a href='#3_Page_129'>129</a>.</li>
+<li>Disgust as a sexual stimulant, <a href='#3_Page_178'>178</a>.</li>
+<li>Divorce in relation to sexual difference in the suicide-rate, <a href='#3_Page_189'>189</a>.</li>
+<li>Doraphobia, <a href='#3_Page_115'>115</a>.</li>
+<li>Dreams of struggling horses, <a href='#3_Page_169'>169</a>.
+<ul><li>erotic, <a href='#3_Page_241'>241</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Drunkenness in relation to marriage, <a href='#3_Page_191'>191</a>.</li>
+<li>Ducks,
+<ul><li>courtship among, <a href='#3_Page_10'>10</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Ductless glands, <a href='#3_Page_16'>16</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Eider-ducks,
+<ul><li>courtship of, <a href='#3_Page_233'>233</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Ejaculation,
+<ul><li>premature, <a href='#3_Page_232'>232</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Emotion aroused by pain, <a href='#3_Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#3_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+<li>Ephesian matron, the, <a href='#3_Page_181'>181</a>.</li>
+<li>Epilepsy and micturition, <a href='#3_Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#3_Page_61'>61</a>.
+<ul><li>analogy between coitus, <a href='#3_Page_63'>63</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Erotic symbolism, <a href='#3_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+<li>Erotisation, <a href='#3_Page_8'>8</a>.</li>
+<li>Eskimos,
+<ul><li>marriage by capture among, <a href='#3_Page_75'>75</a>.
+<li>sexual instinct in, <a href='#3_Page_268'>268</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Esthetic sense of animals,
+<ul><li>alleged, <a href='#3_Page_266'>266</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Estrus, <a href='#3_Page_25'>25</a>.</li>
+<li>Eunuchs,
+<ul><li>sexual impulse in, <a href='#3_Page_9'>9</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Evacuation theory of sexual impulse, <a href='#3_Page_3'>3</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#3_Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#3_Page_58'>58</a>.</li>
+<li>Excess in intercourse not injurious to women, <a href='#3_Page_247'>247</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Exercise, the intoxication of muscular, <a href='#3_Page_53'>53</a>.</li>
+<li>Exhibitionism, a cause of, <a href='#3_Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Faroe Islanders,
+<ul><li>courtship among.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Fatigue, <a href='#3_Page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#3_Page_187'>187</a>.</li>
+<li>Fear as a sexual stimulant, <a href='#3_Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#3_Page_172'>172</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Fetichism, <a href='#3_Page_156'>156</a>, <a href='#3_Page_157'>157</a>.</li>
+<li>Fetters,
+<ul><li>the fascination of, <a href='#3_Page_156'>156</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Flagellation, <a href='#3_Page_129'>129</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Frigidity,
+<ul><li>in women, sexual, <a href='#3_Page_203'>203</a> <i>et seq.</i>
+<li>a cause of sterility, <a href='#3_Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#3_Page_239'>239</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Frog,
+<ul><li>sexual instinct of, <a href='#3_Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#3_Page_7'>7</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Fuegians,
+<ul><li>sexual instinct in, <a href='#3_Page_268'>268</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Funerals as a sexual stimulant, <a href='#3_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Fur,
+<ul><li>fascination of, <a href='#3_Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#3_Page_116'>116</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Gelding,
+<ul><li>sexual impulse in, <a href='#3_Page_8'>8</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Genital sphere larger in women, <a href='#3_Page_249'>249</a>.</li>
+<li>Geskel, <a href='#3_Page_99'>99</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Glandul&aelig; vesiculares</i>, <a href='#3_Page_6'>6</a>.</li>
+<li>Goethe's masochism, <a href='#3_Page_112'>112</a>.</li>
+<li>Gonorrh&oelig;a in young boys, <a href='#3_Page_224'>224</a>.</li>
+<li>Greek antiquity, love in, <a href='#3_Page_196'>196</a>.</li>
+<li>Grief as a sexual stimulant, <a href='#3_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Griselda, <a href='#3_Page_102'>102</a>.</li>
+<li>Gurus,
+<ul><li>courtship among, <a href='#3_Page_50'>50</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Hanging and sexual excitement, <a href='#3_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>Head hunting, <a href='#3_Page_68'>68</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Helix aspersa</i>, <a href='#3_Page_35'>35</a>.</li>
+<li>Hemothymia, <a href='#3_Page_121'>121</a>.</li>
+<li>Hormones, <a href='#3_Page_16'>16</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Horror femin&aelig;</i> normal in absence of sexual impulse, <a href='#3_Page_265'>265</a>.</li>
+<li>Horses,
+<ul><li>sexual perversion in, <a href='#3_Page_137'>137</a>.
+<li>sexual excitement produced by spectacle of, <a href='#3_Page_169'>169</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Hungary,
+<ul><li>masochism in, <a href='#3_Page_79'>79</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Hunger,
+<ul><li>analogy between sexual impulse and, <a href='#3_Page_64'>64</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Hyperhedonia, <a href='#3_Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
+<li>Hyphedonia, <a href='#3_Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
+<li>Hypnotic suggestions and frigidity, <a href='#3_Page_240'>240</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Impregnation in relation to tumescence, <a href='#3_Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#3_Page_239'>239</a>.</li>
+<li>Impulse,
+<ul><li>definition of sexual, <a href='#3_Page_2'>2</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>India,
+<ul><li>courtship in, <a href='#3_Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#3_Page_77'>77</a>.
+<li>sexual instinct in, <a href='#3_Page_273'>273</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Indians,
+<ul><li>courtship among American, <a href='#3_Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#3_Page_80'>80</a>.
+<li>sexual instinct among American, <a href='#3_Page_268'>268</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Indonesian peoples,
+<ul><li>use of ampallang, etc., among, <a href='#3_Page_97'>97</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Insanity,<a name='3_Page_351'></a>
+<ul><li>  in relation to marriage, <a href='#3_Page_190'>190</a>.
+<li>in relation to sexual instinct, <a href='#3_Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#3_Page_251'>251</a>, <a href='#3_Page_255'>255</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Instinct,
+<ul><li>definition of, <a href='#3_Page_1'>1</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Internal secretions, <a href='#3_Page_16'>16</a>.</li>
+<li>Intoxication,
+<ul><li>the fascination of, <a href='#3_Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#3_Page_185'>185</a>.
+<li>of muscular movement, <a href='#3_Page_53'>53</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Inversion,
+<ul><li>associated with masochism, <a href='#3_Page_149'>149</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Jealousy among savages, <a href='#3_Page_265'>265</a>.</li>
+<li>Jew,
+<ul><li>sexual impulse in, <a href='#3_Page_238'>238</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Kaffirs,
+<ul><li>courtship among, <a href='#3_Page_48'>48</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Kambion, <a href='#3_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Kirghiz,
+<ul><li>marriage by capture among, <a href='#3_Page_71'>71</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Kiss,
+<ul><li>origin of, <a href='#3_Page_86'>86</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Lactation,
+<ul><li>no intercourse among some savages during, <a href='#3_Page_268'>268</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Laughter and the sexual sphere, <a href='#3_Page_62'>62</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Leistes superciliaris</i>, <a href='#3_Page_39'>39</a>.</li>
+<li>Love-bite, the, <a href='#3_Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#3_Page_120'>120</a>.</li>
+<li>Love-songs rare among savages, <a href='#3_Page_265'>265</a>.</li>
+<li>Lycanthropy, <a href='#3_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Malays,
+<ul><li>coitus among, <a href='#3_Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#3_Page_237'>237</a>, <a href='#3_Page_270'>270</a>.
+<li>courtship among, <a href='#3_Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#3_Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#3_Page_76'>76</a>.
+<li>sexual instinct in, <a href='#3_Page_270'>270</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><i>Mantis religiosa</i>, <a href='#3_Page_37'>37</a>.</li>
+<li>Maoris,
+<ul><li>marriage by capture among, <a href='#3_Page_75'>75</a>.
+<li>sexual instinct in, <a href='#3_Page_269'>269</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Marquesans,
+<ul><li>courtship among, <a href='#3_Page_46'>46</a>.
+<li>sexual instinct in, <a href='#3_Page_269'>269</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Marriage by capture, <a href='#3_Page_71'>71</a> <i>et seq.</i>
+<ul><li>in relation to suicide, <a href='#3_Page_189'>189</a>.
+<li>in relation to insanity and criminality, <a href='#3_Page_190'>190</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Marsh-bird,
+<ul><li>courtship of, <a href='#3_Page_39'>39</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Masochism among Slav women, <a href='#3_Page_79'>79</a>.
+<ul><li>definition of, <a href='#3_Page_111'>111</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#3_Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#3_Page_132'>132</a>.
+<li>its psychological mechanism, <a href='#3_Page_101'>101</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#3_Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#3_Page_159'>159</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Masturbation in women, <a href='#3_Page_241'>241</a>, <a href='#3_Page_243'>243</a>, <a href='#3_Page_249'>249</a>.</li>
+<li>Menopause, sexual impulse after, <a href='#3_Page_13'>13</a>.</li>
+<li>Menstruation and sexual impulse, <a href='#3_Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#3_Page_215'>215</a>.</li>
+<li>Micturition and sexual impulse, <a href='#3_Page_59'>59</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Mixoscopia,
+<ul><li>hysterical, <a href='#3_Page_177'>177</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Modesty among savages, <a href='#3_Page_259'>259</a>.
+<ul><li>object of, <a href='#3_Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#3_Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#3_Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#3_Page_73'>73</a>.
+<li>obsessions of, <a href='#3_Page_60'>60</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><i>Molothrus bonariensis</i>, <a href='#3_Page_39'>39</a>.</li>
+<li>Moluccas,
+<ul><li>courtship in, <a href='#3_Page_45'>45</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Monogamy,
+<ul><li>its advantages for men, <a href='#3_Page_189'>189</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Mortality connected with the development of the sexual instinct, <a href='#3_Page_276'>276</a>.</li>
+<li>Moslems,
+<ul><li>coitus among, <a href='#3_Page_274'>274</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Moths,
+<ul><li>courtship of, <a href='#3_Page_38'>38</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Motion,
+<ul><li>the pleasure of, <a href='#3_Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#3_Page_58'>58</a>.
+<li>arrest of, <a href='#3_Page_168'>168</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Muscular movement,
+<ul><li>auto-intoxication by, <a href='#3_Page_53'>53</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Music,
+<ul><li>sexual influence of, <a href='#3_Page_29'>29</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Necrophilism, <a href='#3_Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#3_Page_182'>182</a>.</li>
+<li>Necrosadism, <a href='#3_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Negresses not jealous, <a href='#3_Page_266'>266</a>.</li>
+<li>Negro eunuchs, <a href='#3_Page_9'>9</a>.</li>
+<li>Negroes,
+<ul><li>sexual instinct in, <a href='#3_Page_238'>238</a>, <a href='#3_Page_271'>271</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Neurasthenia, sexual, <a href='#3_Page_232'>232</a>.</li>
+<li>New Caledonia,
+<ul><li>courtship in, <a href='#3_Page_75'>75</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>New Guinea,
+<ul><li>courtship in, <a href='#3_Page_43'>43</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>New Hebrides,
+<ul><li>courtship in, <a href='#3_Page_45'>45</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>New Mexico,
+<ul><li>courtship in, <a href='#3_Page_47'>47</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>New Zealand,
+<ul><li>marriage by capture in, <a href='#3_Page_75'>75</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Nubia,
+<ul><li>eunuchs in, <a href='#3_Page_10'>10</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Obsessions,
+<ul><li>sexual, <a href='#3_Page_60'>60</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Octopus,
+<ul><li>courtship of, <a href='#3_Page_35'>35</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Odour,
+<ul><li>excitation by, <a href='#3_Page_183'>183</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Oneida community, <a href='#3_Page_237'>237</a>.</li>
+<li>O&ouml;phorectomy and sexual impulse, <a href='#3_Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#3_Page_204'>204</a>.</li>
+<li>Orgasm lasts longer in women, <a href='#3_Page_236'>236</a>.</li>
+<li>Ostrich,
+<ul><li>courtship of, <a href='#3_Page_41'>41</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Ovariotomy and sexual impulse, <a href='#3_Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#3_Page_204'>204</a>.</li>
+<li>Ovary,
+<ul><li>secretions of, <a href='#3_Page_16'>16</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Ox,
+<ul><li>sexual impulse in, <a href='#3_Page_8'>8</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a name='3_Page_352'></a>
+<ul><li>Pain the essential element in algolagnia, <a href='#3_Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#3_Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
+<li>Palang, <a href='#3_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Papuans,
+<ul><li>courtship among, <a href='#3_Page_43'>43</a>.
+<li>sexual instinct in, <a href='#3_Page_269'>269</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Parturition sometimes painless, <a href='#3_Page_96'>96</a>.</li>
+<li>Passivism, <a href='#3_Page_111'>111</a>.</li>
+<li>Passivity of women only apparent, <a href='#3_Page_229'>229</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Penis in lower animals,
+<ul><li>peculiarities of, <a href='#3_Page_100'>100</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Periodicity of sexual impulse among savages, <a href='#3_Page_275'>275</a>.
+<ul><li>greater in women, <a href='#3_Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#3_Page_254'>254</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><i>Pitangus Bolivianus</i>, <a href='#3_Page_39'>39</a>.</li>
+<li>Pleasure,
+<ul><li>in what sense pain may be felt as, <a href='#3_Page_90'>90</a> <i>et seq.</i>
+<li>its manifestations resemble those of pain, <a href='#3_Page_84'>84</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Plover,
+<ul><li>dances of great, <a href='#3_Page_30'>30</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Power in sexual sphere,
+<ul><li>love of, <a href='#3_Page_78'>78</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Precocity of women,
+<ul><li>sexual, <a href='#3_Page_243'>243</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Pregnancy,
+<ul><li>savages often avoid intercourse during, <a href='#3_Page_268'>268</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li><i>Proben&auml;chte</i>, <a href='#3_Page_78'>78</a>.</li>
+<li>Procreation among savages,
+<ul><li>sacredness of, <a href='#3_Page_261'>261</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Pro-estrum, <a href='#3_Page_25'>25</a>.</li>
+<li>Prostitutes' love of <i>souteneur</i>, <a href='#3_Page_80'>80</a>.</li>
+<li>Prostitution not found under primitive conditions, <a href='#3_Page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#3_Page_269'>269</a>.</li>
+<li>Puberty in girls,
+<ul><li>sexual manifestations at, <a href='#3_Page_209'>209</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Rais, Gilles de, <a href='#3_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Rana temporaria</i>, <a href='#3_Page_5'>5</a>.</li>
+<li>Rape and sadism, <a href='#3_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Rat,
+<ul><li>sexual instinct of white, <a href='#3_Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#3_Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#3_Page_233'>233</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Reeves and ruffs, <a href='#3_Page_28'>28</a>.</li>
+<li>Reflex action,
+<ul><li>instinct and, <a href='#3_Page_2'>2</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Reidal, <a href='#3_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Religious flagellation, <a href='#3_Page_130'>130</a>.</li>
+<li>Religious storm and stress in women, <a href='#3_Page_250'>250</a>.</li>
+<li>Reproductive impulse,
+<ul><li>alleged, <a href='#3_Page_19'>19</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Respiration in connection with sexual emotion, <a href='#3_Page_153'>153</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Responsibility of Sadists, <a href='#3_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+<li>Rome,
+<ul><li>eunuchs in ancient, <a href='#3_Page_9'>9</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Rosseau's masochism, <a href='#3_Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#3_Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#3_Page_207'>207</a>.</li>
+<li>Russia,
+<ul><li>masochism in, <a href='#3_Page_79'>79</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Sacher-Masoch, <a href='#3_Page_114'>114</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Sacredness of procreation among savages, <a href='#3_Page_261'>261</a>.</li>
+<li>Sade, De, <a href='#3_Page_106'>106</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#3_Page_159'>159</a>.</li>
+<li>Sadism, <a href='#3_Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#3_Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#3_Page_148'>148</a>.
+<ul><li>definition of, <a href='#3_Page_105'>105</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#3_Page_120'>120</a>.
+<li>its psychological mechanism, <a href='#3_Page_160'>160</a> <i>et seq.</i>
+<li>responsibility in, <a href='#3_Page_127'>127</a>.
+<li>often combined with masochism, <a href='#3_Page_159'>159</a>.
+<li>ideal, <a href='#3_Page_165'>165</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><i>Saitis pulex</i>, <a href='#3_Page_35'>35</a>.</li>
+<li>Savages,
+<ul><li>sexual erethism in, <a href='#3_Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#3_Page_259'>259</a> <i>et seq.</i>
+<li>dancing among, <a href='#3_Page_53'>53</a>.
+<li>sexual impulse weak in, <a href='#3_Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#3_Page_261'>261</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Sea-gulls,
+<ul><li>courtship among, <a href='#3_Page_246'>246</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Secondary sexual characters, <a href='#3_Page_7'>7</a>.</li>
+<li>Seminal receptacles of frogs, <a href='#3_Page_5'>5</a>.</li>
+<li>Seminal vesicles, <a href='#3_Page_5'>5</a>.
+<ul><li>functions of, <a href='#3_Page_6'>6</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Senegal,
+<ul><li>courtship in, <a href='#3_Page_49'>49</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Sensibility of genital sphere in women, <a href='#3_Page_95'>95</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#3_Page_236'>236</a>.</li>
+<li>Sensory acuteness in women, <a href='#3_Page_203'>203</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Sexual cerebral centers,
+<ul><li>hypothetical, <a href='#3_Page_15'>15</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Sexual impulse,
+<ul><li>definition of, <a href='#3_Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#3_Page_65'>65</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Sexual incompetence,
+<ul><li>prevalence of, <a href='#3_Page_232'>232</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Sexual selection,
+<ul><li>psychological aspects of, <a href='#3_Page_22'>22</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Sexual season, <a href='#3_Page_25'>25</a>.</li>
+<li>Shaftesbury's supposed masochism, <a href='#3_Page_112'>112</a>.</li>
+<li>Shoe-fetichism, <a href='#3_Page_157'>157</a>.</li>
+<li>Sicily, courtship in, <a href='#3_Page_51'>51</a>.
+<ul><li>love-bite in, <a href='#3_Page_87'>87</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Slavery, erotic, <a href='#3_Page_111'>111</a>.</li>
+<li>Slavs,
+<ul><li>courtship customs of, <a href='#3_Page_78'>78</a>.
+<li>masochism among, <a href='#3_Page_79'>79</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Slug,
+<ul><li>courtship of, <a href='#3_Page_34'>34</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Smell,
+<ul><li>stimulation of, <a href='#3_Page_183'>183</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Snails,
+<ul><li>sexual process in, <a href='#3_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#3_Page_34'>34</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Social class and sexual feeling, <a href='#3_Page_207'>207</a>.</li>
+<li>Soleilland, <a href='#3_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Song of birds,
+<ul><li>sexual significance of, <a href='#3_Page_29'>29</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><i>Spadones</i>, <a href='#3_Page_9'>9</a>.</li>
+<li>Spain,<a name='3_Page_353'></a>
+<ul><li>  flagellation in, <a href='#3_Page_135'>135</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Spiders,
+<ul><li>courtship of, <a href='#3_Page_35'>35</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Sprit-sail yard, <a href='#3_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Stabbers, <a href='#3_Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
+<li>Sterility,
+<ul><li>absence of sexual desire in women as a cause of, <a href='#3_Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#3_Page_239'>239</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Stone-curlew,
+<ul><li>dances of, <a href='#3_Page_30'>30</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Storm and stress in women,
+<ul><li>religious, <a href='#3_Page_250'>250</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Strangle,
+<ul><li>the impulse to, <a href='#3_Page_151'>151</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Subjection in women,
+<ul><li>sexual, <a href='#3_Page_78'>78</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#3_Page_102'>102</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Suckling,
+<ul><li>compared to sexual act, <a href='#3_Page_18'>18</a>.
+<li>no intercourse among some savages during, <a href='#3_Page_268'>268</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Suicide,
+<ul><li>divorce and, <a href='#3_Page_189'>189</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Sumatra,
+<ul><li>courtship in, <a href='#3_Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#3_Page_99'>99</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Suspension and sexual excitement, <a href='#3_Page_154'>154</a>.</li>
+<li>Swinging and sexual excitement, <a href='#3_Page_154'>154</a>.</li>
+<li>Symbolism,
+<ul><li>erotic, <a href='#3_Page_188'>188</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Taboo,
+<ul><li>sexual, <a href='#3_Page_263'>263</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Tahitians,
+<ul><li>courtship among, <a href='#3_Page_46'>46</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Teasing, <a href='#3_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Telum veneris</i>, <a href='#3_Page_34'>34</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Thlasi&aelig;</i>, <a href='#3_Page_9'>9</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Thlibi&aelig;</i>, <a href='#3_Page_9'>9</a>.</li>
+<li>Torture,
+<ul><li>the attraction of, <a href='#3_Page_156'>156</a>, <a href='#3_Page_164'>164</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Tumescence, <a href='#3_Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#3_Page_34'>34</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#3_Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#3_Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#3_Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
+<li>Turcomans,
+<ul><li>marriage by capture among, <a href='#3_Page_74'>74</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Tyrant-bird,
+<ul><li>courtship of, <a href='#3_Page_39'>39</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Urination in relation to sexual excitement, <a href='#3_Page_59'>59</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Vacher, <a href='#3_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Vampirism, <a href='#3_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Variation in sexual impulse greater in women, <a href='#3_Page_254'>254</a>.</li>
+<li>Venereal disease in the young, <a href='#3_Page_224'>224</a>.</li>
+<li>Vesicles,
+<ul><li>function of seminal, <a href='#3_Page_6'>6</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Waltz,
+<ul><li>origin of the, <a href='#3_Page_57'>57</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Warens, Mme. de, <a href='#3_Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+<li>Werwolf, <a href='#3_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>Whipping in relation to the sexual emotions, <a href='#3_Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#3_Page_129'>129</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Women-stabbers, <a href='#3_Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
+<li>Wrestling combats, <a href='#3_Page_70'>70</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Zo&ouml;sadism, <a href='#3_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Zulus,
+<ul><li>courtship among, <a href='#3_Page_49'>49</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+<br>
+<br>
+<hr class="pg" noshade>
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX, VOLUME 3 (OF 6)***</p>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 3
+(of 6), by Havelock Ellis
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 3 (of 6)
+
+Author: Havelock Ellis
+
+Release Date: October 8, 2004  [eBook #13612]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX,
+VOLUME 3 (OF 6)***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland and the Project Gutenberg Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX, VOLUME III
+
+   Analysis of the Sexual Impulse
+   Love and Pain
+   The Sexual Impulse in Women
+
+
+by
+
+HAVELOCK ELLIS
+
+1927
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.
+
+
+This volume has been thoroughly revised for the present edition and
+considerably enlarged throughout, in order to render it more accurate and
+more illustrative, while bringing it fairly up to date with reference to
+scientific investigation. Numerous histories have also been added to the
+Appendix.
+
+It has not been found necessary to modify the main doctrines set forth ten
+years ago. At the same time, however, it may be mentioned, as regards the
+first study in the volume, that our knowledge of the physiological
+mechanism of the sexual instinct has been revolutionized during recent
+years. This is due to the investigations that have been made, and the
+deductions that have been built up, concerning the part played by
+hormones, or internal secretions of the ductless glands, in the physical
+production of the sexual instinct and the secondary sexual characters. The
+conception of the psychology of the sexual impulse here set forth, while
+correlated to terms of a physical process of tumescence and detumescence,
+may be said to be independent of the ultimate physiological origins of
+that process. But we cannot fail to realize the bearing of physiological
+chemistry in this field; and the doctrine of internal secretions, since it
+may throw light on many complex problems presented by the sexual instinct,
+is full of interest for us.
+
+HAVELOCK ELLIS.
+
+June, 1913.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.
+
+
+The present volume of _Studies_ deals with some of the most essential
+problems of sexual psychology. The _Analysis of the Sexual Impulse_ is
+fundamental. Unless we comprehend the exact process which is being worked
+out beneath the shifting and multifold phenomena presented to us we can
+never hope to grasp in their true relations any of the normal or abnormal
+manifestations of this instinct. I do not claim that the conception of the
+process here stated is novel or original. Indeed, even since I began to
+work it out some years ago, various investigators in these fields,
+especially in Germany, have deprived it of any novelty it might otherwise
+have possessed, while at the same time aiding me in reaching a more
+precise statement. This is to me a cause of satisfaction. On so
+fundamental a matter I should have been sorry to find myself tending to a
+peculiar and individual standpoint. It is a source of gratification to me
+that the positions I have reached are those toward which current
+intelligent and scientific opinions are tending. Any originality in my
+study of this problem can only lie in the bringing together of elements
+from somewhat diverse fields. I shall be content if it is found that I
+have attained a fairly balanced, general, and judicial statement of these
+main factors in the sexual instinct.
+
+In the study of _Love and Pain_ I have discussed the sources of those
+aberrations which are commonly called, not altogether happily, "sadism"
+and "masochism." Here we are brought before the most extreme and perhaps
+the most widely known group of sexual perversions. I have considered them
+from the medico-legal standpoint, because that has already been done by
+other writers whose works are accessible. I have preferred to show how
+these aberrations may be explained; how they may be linked on to normal
+and fundamental aspects of the sexual impulse; and, indeed, in their
+elementary forms, may themselves be regarded as normal. In some degree
+they are present, in every case, at some point of sexual development;
+their threads are subtly woven in and out of the whole psychological
+process of sex. I have made no attempt to reduce their complexity to a
+simplicity that would be fallacious. I hope that my attempt to unravel
+these long and tangled threads will be found to make them fairly clear.
+
+In the third study, on _The Sexual Impulse in Women_, we approach a
+practical question of applied sexual psychology, and a question of the
+first importance. No doubt the sex impulse in men is of great moment from
+the social point of view. It is, however, fairly obvious and well
+understood. The impulse in women is not only of at least equal moment, but
+it is far more obscure. The natural difficulties of the subject have been
+increased by the assumption of most writers who have touched it--casually
+and hurriedly, for the most part--that the only differences to be sought
+in the sexual impulse in man and in woman are quantitative differences. I
+have pointed out that we may more profitably seek for qualitative
+differences, and have endeavored to indicate such of these differences as
+seem to be of significance.
+
+In an Appendix will be found a selection of histories of more or less
+normal sexual development. Histories of gross sexual perversion have often
+been presented in books devoted to the sexual instinct; it has not
+hitherto been usual to inquire into the facts of normal sexual
+development. Yet it is concerning normal sexual development that our
+ignorance is greatest, and the innovation can scarcely need justification.
+I have inserted these histories not only because many of them are highly
+instructive in themselves, but also because they exhibit the nature of the
+material on which my work is mainly founded.
+
+I am indebted to many correspondents, medical and other, in various parts
+of the world, for much valuable assistance. When they have permitted me
+to do so I have usually mentioned their names in the text. This has not
+been possible in the case of many women friends and correspondents, to
+whom, however, my debt is very great. Nature has put upon women the
+greater part of the burden of sexual reproduction; they have consequently
+become the supreme authorities on all matters in which the sexual emotions
+come into question. Many circumstances, however, that are fairly obvious,
+conspire to make it difficult for women to assert publicly the wisdom and
+knowledge which, in matters of love, the experiences of life have brought
+to them. The ladies who, in all earnestness and sincerity, write books on
+these questions are often the last people to whom we should go as the
+representatives of their sex; those who know most have written least. I
+can therefore but express again, as in previous volumes I have expressed
+before, my deep gratitude to these anonymous collaborators who have aided
+me in throwing light on a field of human life which is of such primary
+social importance and is yet so dimly visible.
+
+HAVELOCK ELLIS.
+
+Carbis Water,
+
+Lelant, Cornwall, England.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+ANALYSIS OF THE SEXUAL IMPULSE.
+
+Definition of Instinct--The Sexual Impulse a Factor of the Sexual
+Instinct--Theory of the Sexual Impulse as an Impulse of Evacuation--The
+Evidence in Support of this Theory Inadequate--The Sexual Impulse to Some
+Extent Independent of the Sexual Glands--The Sexual Impulse in Castrated
+Animals and Men--The Sexual Impulse in Castrated Women, After the
+Menopause, and in the Congenital Absence of the Sexual Glands--The
+Internal Secretions--Analogy between the Sexual Relationship and that of
+the Suckling Mother and her Child--The Theory of the Sexual Impulse as a
+Reproductive Impulse--This Theory Untenable--Moll's Definition--The
+Impulse of Detumescence--The Impulse of Contrectation--Modification of
+this Theory Proposed--Its Relation to Darwin's Sexual Selection--The
+Essential Element in Darwin's Conception--Summary of the History of the
+Doctrine of Sexual Selection. Its Psychological Aspect--Sexual Selection a
+Part of Natural Selection--The Fundamental Importance of
+Tumescence--Illustrated by the Phenomena of Courtship in Animals and in
+Man--The Object of Courtship is to Produce Sexual Tumescence--The
+Primitive Significance of Dancing in Animals and Man--Dancing is a Potent
+Agent for Producing Tumescence--The Element of Truth in the Comparison of
+the Sexual Impulse with an Evacuation, Especially of the Bladder--Both
+Essentially Involve Nervous Explosions--Their Intimate and Sometimes
+Vicarious Relationships--Analogy between Coitus and Epilepsy--Analogy of
+the Sexual Impulse to Hunger--Final Object of the Impulses of Tumescence
+and Detumescence.
+
+
+LOVE AND PAIN.
+
+I.
+
+The Chief Key to the Relationship between Love and Pain to be Found in
+Animal Courtship--Courtship a Source of Combativity and of Cruelty--Human
+Play in the Light of Animal Courtship--The Frequency of Crimes Against the
+Person in Adolescence--Marriage by Capture and its Psychological
+Basis--Man's Pleasure in Exerting Force and Woman's Pleasure in
+Experiencing it--Resemblance of Love to Pain even in Outward
+Expression--The Love-bite--In What Sense Pain May be Pleasurable--The
+Natural Contradiction in the Emotional Attitude of Women Toward
+Men--Relative Insensibility to Pain of the Organic Sexual Sphere in
+Women--The Significance of the Use of the Ampallang and Similar Appliances
+in Coitus--The Sexual Subjection of Women to Men in Part Explainable as
+the Necessary Condition for Sexual Pleasure.
+
+II.
+
+The Definition of Sadism--De Sade--Masochism to some Extent
+Normal--Sacher-Masoch--No Real Line of Demarcation between Sadism and
+Masochism--Algolagnia Includes Both Groups of Manifestations--The
+Love-bite as a Bridge from Normal Phenomena to Algolagnia--The Fascination
+of Blood--The Most Extreme Perversions are Linked on to Normal Phenomena.
+
+III.
+
+Flagellation as a Typical Illustration of Algolagnia--Causes of Connection
+between Sexual Emotion and Whipping--Physical Causes--Psychic Causes
+Probably More Important--The Varied Emotional Associations of
+Whipping--Its Wide Prevalence.
+
+IV.
+
+The Impulse to Strangle the Object of Sexual Desire--The Wish to be
+Strangled. Respiratory Disturbance the Essential Element in this Group of
+Phenomena--The Part Played by Respiratory Excitement in the Process of
+Courtship--Swinging and Suspension--The Attraction Exerted by the Idea of
+being Chained and Fettered.
+
+V.
+
+Pain, and not Cruelty, the Essential Element in Sadism and Masochism--Pain
+Felt as Pleasure--Does the Sadist Identify Himself with the Feelings of
+his Victim?--The Sadist Often a Masochist in Disguise--The Spectacle of
+Pain or Struggle as a Sexual Stimulant.
+
+VI.
+
+Why is Pain a Sexual Stimulant?--It is the Most Effective Method of
+Arousing Emotion--Anger and Fear the Most Powerful Emotions--Their
+Biological Significance in Courtship--Their General and Special Effects in
+Stimulating the Organism--Grief as a Sexual Stimulant--The Physiological
+Mechanism of Fatigue Renders Pain Pleasurable.
+
+VII.
+
+Summary of Results Reached--The Joy of Emotional Expansion--The
+Satisfaction of the Craving for Power--The Influence of Neurasthenic and
+Neuropathic Conditions--The Problem of Pain in Love Largely Constitutes a
+Special Case of Erotic Symbolism.
+
+
+THE SEXUAL IMPULSE IN WOMEN.
+
+Introduction.
+
+I.
+
+The Primitive View of Women--As a Supernatural Element in Life--As
+Peculiarly Embodying the Sexual Instinct--The Modern Tendency to
+Underestimate the Sexual Impulse in Women--This Tendency Confined to
+Recent Times--Sexual Anaesthesia--Its Prevalence--Difficulties in
+Investigating the Subject--Some Attempts to Investigate it--Sexual
+Anaesthesia Must be Regarded as Abnormal--The Tendency to Spontaneous
+Manifestations of the Sexual Impulse in Young Girls at Puberty.
+
+II.
+
+Special Characters of the Sexual Impulse in Women--The More Passive Part
+Played by Women in Courtship--This Passivity Only Apparent--The Physical
+Mechanism of the Sexual Process in Women More Complex--The Slower
+Development of Orgasm in Women--The Sexual Impulse in Women More
+Frequently Needs to be Actively Aroused--The Climax of Sexual Energy Falls
+Later in Women's Lives than in Men's--Sexual Ardor in Women increased
+After the Establishment of Sexual Relationships--Women Bear Sexual
+Excesses Better than Men--The Sexual Sphere Larger and More Diffused in
+Women--The Sexual Impulse in Women Shows a Greater Tendency to Periodicity
+and a Wider Range of Variation.
+
+III.
+
+Summary of Conclusions.
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+The Sexual Instinct in Savages.
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+The Development of the Sexual Instinct.
+
+
+INDEX OF AUTHORS.
+
+
+INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
+
+
+
+
+ANALYSIS OF THE SEXUAL IMPULSE.
+
+Definition of Instinct--The Sexual Impulse a Factor of the Sexual
+Instinct--Theory of the Sexual Impulse as an Impulse of Evacuation--The
+Evidence in Support of this Theory Inadequate--The Sexual Impulse to Some
+Extent Independent of the Sexual Glands--The Sexual Impulse in Castrated
+Animals and Men--The Sexual Impulse in Castrated Women, after the
+Menopause, and in the Congenital Absence of the Sexual Glands--The
+Internal Secretions--Analogy between the Sexual Relationship and that of
+the Suckling Mother and her Child--The Theory of the Sexual Impulse as a
+Reproductive Impulse--This Theory Untenable--Moll's Definition--The
+Impulse of Detumescence--The Impulse of Contrectation--Modification of
+this Theory Proposed--Its Relation to Darwin's Sexual Selection--The
+Essential Element in Darwin's Conception--Summary of the History of the
+Doctrine of Sexual Selection--Its Psychological Aspect--Sexual Selection a
+Part of Natural Selection--The Fundamental Importance of
+Tumescence--Illustrated by the Phenomena of Courtship in Animals and in
+Man--The Object of Courtship is to Produce Sexual Tumescence--The
+Primitive Significance of Dancing in Animals and Man--Dancing is a Potent
+Agent for Producing Tumescence--The Element of Truth in the Comparison of
+the Sexual Impulse with an Evacuation, Especially of the Bladder--Both
+Essentially Involve Nervous Explosions--Their Intimate and Sometimes
+Vicarious Relationships--Analogy between Coitus and Epilepsy--Analogy of
+the Sexual Impulse to Hunger--Final Object of the Impulses of Tumescence
+and Detumescence.
+
+
+The term "sexual instinct" may be said to cover the whole of the
+neuropsychic phenomena of reproduction which man shares with the lower
+animals. It is true that much discussion has taken place concerning the
+proper use of the term "instinct," and some definitions of instinctive
+action would appear to exclude the essential mechanism of the process
+whereby sexual reproduction is assured. Such definitions scarcely seem
+legitimate, and are certainly unfortunate. Herbert Spencer's definition of
+instinct as "compound reflex action" is sufficiently clear and definite
+for ordinary use.
+
+    A fairly satisfactory definition of instinct is that supplied by
+    Dr. and Mrs. Peckham in the course of their study _On the
+    Instincts and Habits of Solitary Wasps_. "Under the term
+    'instinct,'" they say, "we place all complex acts which are
+    performed previous to experience and in a similar manner by all
+    members of the same sex and race, leaving out as non-essential,
+    at this time, the question of whether they are or are not
+    accompanied by consciousness." This definition is quoted with
+    approval by Lloyd Morgan, who modifies and further elaborates it
+    (_Animal Behavior_, 1900, p. 21). "The distinction between
+    instinctive and reflex behavior," he remarks, "turns in large
+    degree on their relative complexity," and instinctive behavior,
+    he concludes, may be said to comprise "those complex groups of
+    co-ordinated acts which are, on their first occurrence,
+    independent of experience; which tend to the well-being of the
+    individual and the preservation of the race; which are due to the
+    co-operation of external and internal stimuli; which are
+    similarly performed by all the members of the same more or less
+    restricted group of animals; but which are subject to variation,
+    and to subsequent modification under the guidance of experience."
+    Such a definition clearly justifies us in speaking of a "sexual
+    instinct." It may be added that the various questions involved in
+    the definition of the sexual instinct have been fully discussed
+    by Moll in the early sections of his _Untersuchungen ueber die
+    Libido Sexualis_.
+
+    Of recent years there has been a tendency to avoid the use of the
+    term "instinct," or, at all events, to refrain from attaching any
+    serious scientific sense to it. Loeb's influence has especially
+    given force to this tendency. Thus, while Pieron, in an
+    interesting discussion of the question ("Les Problemes Actuels de
+    l'Instinct," _Revue Philosophique_, Oct., 1908), thinks it would
+    still be convenient to retain the term, giving it a philosophical
+    meaning, Georges Bohn, who devotes a chapter to the notion of
+    instinct (_La Naissance de l'Intelligence_, 1909), is strongly in
+    favor of eliminating the word, as being merely a legacy of
+    medieval theologians and metaphysicians, serving to conceal our
+    ignorance or our lack of exact analysis.
+
+It may be said that the whole of the task undertaken in these _Studies_ is
+really an attempt to analyze what is commonly called the sexual instinct.
+In order to grasp it we have to break it up into its component parts.
+Lloyd Morgan has pointed out that the components of an instinct may be
+regarded as four: first, the internal messages giving rise to the impulse;
+secondly, the external stimuli which co-operate with the impulse to affect
+the nervous centers; thirdly, the active response due to the co-ordinate
+outgoing discharges; and, fourthly, the message from the organs concerned
+in the behavior by which the central nervous system is further
+affected.[1]
+
+In dealing with the sexual instinct the first two factors are those which
+we have most fully to discuss. With the external stimuli we shall be
+concerned in a future volume (IV). We may here confine ourselves mainly to
+the first factor: the nature of the internal messages which prompt the
+sexual act. We may, in other words, attempt to analyze the _sexual
+impulse_.
+
+The first definition of the sexual impulse we meet with is that which
+regards it as an impulse of evacuation. The psychological element is thus
+reduced to a minimum. It is true that, especially in early life, the
+emotions caused by forced repression of the excretions are frequently
+massive or acute in the highest degree, and the joy of relief
+correspondingly great. But in adult life, on most occasions, these desires
+can be largely pushed into the background of consciousness, partly by
+training, partly by the fact that involuntary muscular activity is less
+imperative in adult life; so that the ideal element in connection with the
+ordinary excretions is almost a negligible quantity. The evacuation theory
+of the sexual instinct is, however, that which has most popular vogue, and
+the cynic delights to express it in crude language. It is the view that
+appeals to the criminal mind, and in the slang of French criminals the
+brothel is _le cloaque_. It was also the view implicitly accepted by
+medieval ascetic writers, who regarded woman as "a temple built over a
+sewer," and from a very different standpoint it was concisely set forth by
+Montaigne, who has doubtless contributed greatly to support this view of
+the matter: "I find," he said, "that Venus, after all, is nothing more
+than the pleasure of discharging our vessels, just as nature renders
+pleasurable the discharges from other parts."[2] Luther, again, always
+compared the sexual to the excretory impulse, and said that marriage was
+just as necessary as the emission of urine. Sir Thomas More, also, in the
+second book of _Utopia_, referring to the pleasure of evacuation, speaks
+of that felt "when we do our natural easement, or when we be doing the act
+of generation." This view would, however, scarcely deserve serious
+consideration if various distinguished investigators, among whom Fere may
+be specially mentioned, had not accepted it as the best and most accurate
+definition of the sexual impulse. "The genesic need may be considered,"
+writes Fere, "as a need of evacuation; the choice is determined by the
+excitations which render the evacuation more agreeable."[3] Certain facts
+observed in the lower animals tend to support this view; it is, therefore,
+necessary, in the first place, to set forth the main results of
+observation on this matter. Spallanzani had shown how the male frog during
+coitus will undergo the most horrible mutilations, even decapitation, and
+yet resolutely continue the act of intercourse, which lasts from four to
+ten days, sitting on the back of the female and firmly clasping her with
+his forelegs. Goltz confirmed Spallanzani's observations and threw new
+light on the mechanism of the sexual instinct and the sexual act in the
+frog. By removing various parts of the female frog Goltz found that every
+part of the female was attractive to the male at pairing time, and that he
+was not imposed on when parts of a male were substituted. By removing
+various of the sense-organs of the male Goltz[4] further found that it was
+not by any special organ, but by the whole of his sensitive system, that
+this activity was set in action. If, however, the skin of the arms and of
+the breast between was removed, no embrace took place; so that the sexual
+sensations seemed to be exerted through this apparatus. When the
+testicles were removed the embrace still took place. It could scarcely be
+said that these observations demonstrated, or in any way indicated, that
+the sexual impulse is dependent on the need of evacuation. Professor
+Tarchanoff, of St. Petersburg, however, made an experiment which seemed to
+be crucial. He took several hundred frogs (_Rana temporaria_), nearly all
+in the act of coitus, and in the first place repeated Goltz's experiments.
+He removed the heart; but this led to no direct or indirect stoppage of
+coitus, nor did removal of the lungs, parts of the liver, the spleen, the
+intestines, the stomach, or the kidneys. In the same way even careful
+removal of both testicles had no result. But on removing the seminal
+receptacles coitus was immediately or very shortly stopped, and not
+renewed. Thus, Tarchanoff concluded that in frogs, and possibly therefore
+in mammals, the seminal receptacles are the starting-point of the
+centripetal impulse which by reflex action sets in motion the complicated
+apparatus of sexual activity.[5] A few years later the question was again
+taken up by Steinach, of Prague. Granting that Tarchanoff's experiments
+are reliable as regards the frog, Steinach points out that we may still
+ask whether in mammals the integrity of the seminal receptacles is bound
+up with the preservation of sexual excitability. This cannot be taken for
+granted, nor can we assume that the seminal receptacles of the frog are
+homologous with the seminal vesicles of mammals. In order to test the
+question, Steinach chose the white rat, as possessing large seminal
+vesicles and a very developed sexual impulse. He found that removal of the
+seminal sacs led to no decrease in the intensity of the sexual impulse;
+the sexual act was still repeated with the same frequency and the same
+vigor. But these receptacles, Steinach proceeded to argue, do not really
+contain semen, but a special secretion of their own; they are anatomically
+quite unlike the seminal receptacles of the frog; so that no doubt is thus
+thrown on Tarchanoff's observations. Steinach remarked, however, that
+one's faith is rather shaken by the fact that in the _Esculenta_, which
+in sexual life closely resembles _Rana temporaria_, there are no seminal
+receptacles. He therefore repeated Tarchanoff's experiments, and found
+that the seminal receptacles were empty before coitus, only becoming
+gradually filled during coitus; it could not, therefore, be argued that
+the sexual impulse started from the receptacles. He then extirpated the
+seminal receptacles, avoiding hemorrhage as far as possible, and found
+that, in the majority of cases so operated on, coitus still continued for
+from five to seven days, and in the minority for a longer time. He
+therefore concluded, with Goltz, that it is from the swollen testicles,
+not from the seminal receptacles, that the impulse first starts. Goltz
+himself pointed out that the fact that the removal of the testicles did
+not stop coitus by no means proves that it did not begin it, for, when the
+central nervous mechanism is once set in action, it can continue even when
+the exciting stimulus is removed. By extirpating the testicles some months
+before the sexual season he found that no coitus occurred. At the same
+time, even in these frogs, a certain degree of sexual inclination and a
+certain excitability of the embracing center still persisted, disappearing
+when the sexual epoch was over.
+
+According to most recent writers, the seminal vesicles of mammals are
+receptacles for their own albuminous secretion, the function of which is
+unknown. Steinach could find no spermatozoa in these "seminal" sacs, and
+therefore he proposed to use Owen's name of _glandulae vesiculares_. After
+extirpation of these vesicular glands in the white rat typical coitus
+occurred. But the capacity for _procreation_ was diminished, and
+extirpation of both _glandulae vesiculares_ and _glandulae prostaticae_ led
+to disappearance of the capacity for procreation. Steinach came to the
+conclusion that this is because the secretions of these glands impart
+increased vitality to the spermatozoa, and he points out that great
+fertility and high development of the accessory sexual glands go together.
+
+Steinach found that, when sexually mature white rats were castrated,
+though at first they remained as potent as ever, their potency gradually
+declined; sexual excitement, however, and sexual inclination always
+persisted. He then proceeded to castrate rats before puberty and
+discovered the highly significant fact that in these also a quite
+considerable degree of sexual inclination appeared. They followed,
+sniffed, and licked the females like ordinary males; and that this was not
+a mere indication of curiosity was shown by the fact that they made
+attempts at coitus which only differed from those of normal males by the
+failure of erection and ejaculation, though, occasionally, there was
+imperfect erection. This lasted for a year, and then their sexual
+inclinations began to decline, and they showed signs of premature age.
+These manifestations of sexual sense Steinach compares to those noted in
+the human species during childhood.[6]
+
+The genesic tendencies are thus, to a certain degree, independent of the
+generative glands, although the development of these glands serves to
+increase the genesic ability and to furnish the impulsion necessary to
+assure procreation, as well as to insure the development of the secondary
+sexual characters, probably by the influence of secretions elaborated and
+thrown into the system from the primary sexual glands.[7]
+
+    Halban ("Die Entstehung der Geschlechtscharaktere," _Archiv fuer
+    Gynaekologie_, 1903, pp. 205-308) argues that the primary sex
+    glands do not necessarily produce the secondary sex characters,
+    nor inhibit the development of those characteristic of the
+    opposite sex. It is indeed the rule, but it is not the inevitable
+    result. Sexual differences exist from the first. Nussbaum made
+    experiments on frogs (_Rana fusca_), which go through a yearly
+    cycle of secondary sexual changes at the period of heat. These
+    changes cease on castration, but, if the testes of other frogs
+    are introduced beneath the skin of the castrated frogs, Nussbaum
+    found that they acted as if the frog had not been castrated. It
+    is the secretion of the testes which produces the secondary
+    sexual changes. But Nussbaum found that the testicular secretion
+    does not work if the nerves of the secondary sexual region are
+    cut, and that the secretion has no direct action on the organism.
+    Pflueger, discussing these experiments (_Archiv fuer die Gesammte
+    Physiologie_, 1907, vol. cxvi, parts 5 and 6), disputes this
+    conclusion, and argues that the secretion is not dependent on the
+    action of the nervous system, and that therefore the secondary
+    sexual characters are independent of the nervous system.
+
+    Steinach has also in later experiments ("Geschlechtstrieb und
+    echt Sekundaere Geschlechtsmerkmale als Folge der
+    innerskretorischen Funktion der Keimdrusen," _Zentralblatt fuer
+    Physiologie_, Bd. xxiv, Nu. 13, 1910) argued against any local
+    nervous influence. He found in _Rana fusca_ and _esculenta_ that
+    after castration in autumn the impulse to grasp the female
+    persisted in some degrees and then disappeared, reappearing in a
+    slight degree, however, every winter at the normal period of
+    sexual activity. But when the testicular substance of actively
+    sexual frogs was injected into the castrated frogs it exerted an
+    elective action on the sexual reflex, sometimes in a few hours,
+    but the action is, Steinach concludes, first central. The
+    testicular secretion of frogs that were not sexually active had
+    no stimulating action, but if the frogs were sexually active the
+    injection of their central nervous substance was as effective as
+    their testicular substance. In either case, Steinach concludes,
+    there is the removal of an inhibition which is in operation at
+    sexually quiescent periods.
+
+    Speaking generally, Steinach considers that there is a process of
+    "erotisation" (Erotisieurung) of the nervous center under the
+    influence of the internal testicular secretions, and that this
+    persists even when the primary physical stimulus has been
+    removed.
+
+The experience of veterinary surgeons also shows that the sexual impulse
+tends to persist in animals after castration. Thus the ox and the gelding
+make frequent efforts to copulate with females in heat. In some cases, at
+all events in the case of the horse, castrated animals remain potent, and
+are even abnormally ardent, although impregnation cannot, of course,
+result.[8]
+
+The results obtained by scientific experiment and veterinary experience on
+the lower animals are confirmed by observation of various groups of
+phenomena in the human species. There can be no doubt that castrated men
+may still possess sexual impulses. This has been noted by observers in
+various countries in which eunuchs are made and employed.[9]
+
+    It is important to remember that there are different degrees of
+    castration, for in current language these are seldom
+    distinguished. The Romans recognized four different degrees: 1.
+    True _castrati_, from whom both the testicles and the penis had
+    been removed. 2. _Spadones_, from whom the testicles only had
+    been removed; this was the most common practice. 3. _Thlibiae_, in
+    whom the testicles had not been removed, but destroyed by
+    crushing; this practice is referred to by Hippocrates. 4.
+    _Thlasiae_, in whom the spermatic cord had simply been cut.
+    Millant, from whose Paris thesis (_Castration Criminelle et
+    Maniaque_, 1902) I take these definitions, points out that it was
+    recognized that _spadones_ remained apt for coitus if the
+    operation was performed after puberty, a fact appreciated by many
+    Roman ladies, _ad seouras libidinationes_, as St. Jerome
+    remarked, while Martial (lib. iv) said of a Roman lady who sought
+    eunuchs: "Vult futui Gallia, non parere." (See also Millant, _Les
+    Eunuques a Travers les Ages_, 1909, and articles by Lipa Bey and
+    Zambaco, _Sexual-Probleme_, Oct. and Dec., 1911.)
+
+In China, Matignon, formerly physician to the French legation in Pekin,
+tells us that eunuchs are by no means without sexual feeling, that they
+seek the company of women and, he believes, gratify their sexual desires
+by such methods as are left open to them, for the sexual organs are
+entirely removed. It would seem probable that, the earlier the age at
+which the operation is performed, the less marked are the sexual desires,
+for Matignon mentions that boys castrated before the age of 10 are
+regarded by the Chinese as peculiarly virginal and pure.[10] At
+Constantinople, where the eunuchs are of negro race, castration is usually
+complete and performed before puberty, in order to abolish sexual potency
+and desire as far as possible. Even when castration is effected in
+infancy, sexual desire is not necessarily rendered impossible. Thus Marie
+has recorded the case of an insane Egyptian eunuch whose penis and scrotum
+were removed in infancy; yet, he had frequent and intense sexual desire
+with ejaculation of mucus and believed that an invisible princess touched
+him and aroused voluptuous sensations. Although the body had a feminine
+appearance, the prostate was normal and the vesiculae seminales not
+atrophied.[11] It may be added that Lancaster[12] quotes the following
+remark, made by a resident for many years in the land, concerning Nubian
+eunuchs: "As far as I can judge, sex feeling exists unmodified by absence
+of the sexual organs. The eunuch differs from the man not in the absence
+of sexual passion, but only in the fact that he cannot fully gratify it.
+As far as he can approach a gratification of it he does so." In this
+connection it may be noted that (as quoted by Moll) Jaeger attributes the
+preference of some women--noted in ancient Rome and in the East--for
+castrated men as due not only to the freedom from risk of impregnation in
+such intercourse, but also to the longer duration of erection in the
+castrated.
+
+When castration is performed without removal of the penis it is said that
+potency remains for at least ten years afterward, and Disselhorst, who in
+his _Die accessorischen Geschlechtsdruesen der Wirbelthiere_ takes the same
+view as has been here adopted, mentions that, according to Pelikan (_Das
+Skopzentum in Ruessland_), those castrated at puberty are fit for coitus
+long afterward. When castration is performed for surgical reasons at a
+later age it is still less likely to affect potency or to change the
+sexual feelings.[13] Guinard concludes that the sexual impulse after
+castration is relatively more persistent in man than in the lower animals,
+and is sometimes even heightened, being probably more dependent on
+external stimuli.[14]
+
+Except in the East, castration is more often performed on women than on
+men, and then the evidence as to the influence of the removal of the
+ovaries on the sexual emotions shows varying results. It has been found
+that after castration sexual desire and sexual pleasure in coitus may
+either remain the same, be diminished or extinguished, or be increased. By
+some the diminution has been attributed to autosuggestion, the woman being
+convinced that she can no longer be like other women; the augmentation of
+desire and pleasure has been supposed to be due to the removal of the
+dread of impregnation. We have, of course, to take into account individual
+peculiarities, method of life, and the state of the health.
+
+    In France Jayle ("Effets physiologiques de la Castration chez la
+    Femme," _Revue de Gynecologie_, 1897, pp. 403-57) found that,
+    among 33 patients in whom ovariotomy had been performed, in 18
+    sexual desire remained the same, in 3 it was diminished, in 8
+    abolished, in 3 increased; while pleasure in coitus remained the
+    same in 17, was diminished in 1, abolished in 4, and increased in
+    5, in 6 cases sexual intercourse was very painful. In two other
+    groups of cases--one in which both ovaries and uterus were
+    removed and another in which the uterus alone was removed--the
+    results were not notably different.
+
+    In Germany Glaeveke (_Archiv fuer Gynaekologie_, Bd. xxxv, 1889)
+    found that desire remained in 6 cases, was diminished in 10, and
+    disappeared in 11, while pleasure in intercourse remained in 8,
+    was diminished in 10, and was lost in 8. Pfister, again (_Archiv
+    fuer Gynaekologie_, Bd. lvi, 1898), examined this point in 99
+    castrated women; he remarks that sexual desire and sexual
+    pleasure in intercourse were usually associated, and found the
+    former unchanged in 19 cases, decreased in 24, lost in 35, never
+    present in 21, while the latter was unchanged in 18 cases and
+    diminished or lost in 60. Keppler (International Medical
+    Congress, Berlin, 1890) found that among 46 castrated women
+    sexual feeling was in no case abolished. Adler also, who
+    discusses this question (_Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung
+    des Weibes_, 1904, p. 75 et seq.), criticises Glaeveke's
+    statements and concludes that there is no strict relation between
+    the sexual organs and the sexual feelings. Kisch, who has known
+    several cases in which the feelings remained the same as before
+    the operation, brings together (_The Sexual Life of Women_)
+    varying opinions of numerous authors regarding the effects of
+    removal of the ovaries on the sexual appetite.
+
+    In America Bloom (as quoted in _Medical Standard_, 1896, p. 121)
+    found that in none of the cases of women investigated, in which
+    ooephorectomy had been performed before the age of 33, was the
+    sexual appetite entirely lost; in most of them it had not
+    materially diminished and in a few it was intensified. There
+    was, however, a general consensus of opinion that the normal
+    vaginal secretion during coitus was greatly lessened. In the
+    cases of women over 33, including also hysterectomies, a gradual
+    lessening of sexual feeling and desire was found to occur most
+    generally. Dr. Isabel Davenport records 2 cases (reported in
+    _Medical Standard_, 1895, p. 346) of women between 30 and 35
+    years of age whose erotic tendencies were extreme; the ovaries
+    and tubes were removed, in one case for disease, in the other
+    with a view of removing the sexual tendencies; in neither case
+    was there any change. Lapthorn Smith (_Medical Record_, vol.
+    xlviii) has reported the case of an unmarried woman of 24 whose
+    ovaries and tubes had been removed seven years previously for
+    pain and enlargement, and the periods had disappeared for six
+    years; she had had experience of sexual intercourse, and declared
+    that she had never felt such extreme sexual excitement and
+    pleasure as during coitus at the end of this time.
+
+    In England Lawson Tait and Bantock (_British Medical Journal_,
+    October 14, 1899, p. 975) have noted that sexual passion seems
+    sometimes to be increased even after the removal of ovaries,
+    tubes, and uterus. Lawson Tait also stated (_British
+    Gynaecological Journal_, Feb., 1887, p. 534) that after systematic
+    and extensive inquiry he had not found a single instance in
+    which, provided that sexual appetite existed before the removal
+    of the appendages, it was abolished by that operation. A Medical
+    Inquiry Committee appointed by the Liverpool Medical Institute
+    (ibid., p. 617) had previously reported that a considerable
+    number of patients stated that they had suffered a distinct loss
+    of sexual feeling. Lawson Tait, however, throws doubts on the
+    reliability of the Committee's results, which were based on the
+    statements of unintelligent hospital patients.
+
+    I may quote the following remarks from a communication sent to me
+    by an experienced physician in Australia: "No rule can be laid
+    down in cases in which both ovaries have been extirpated. Some
+    women say that, though formerly passionate, they have since
+    become quite indifferent, but I am of opinion that the majority
+    of women who have had prior sexual experience retain desire and
+    gratification in an equal degree to that they had before
+    operation. I know one case in which a young girl hardly 19 years
+    old, who had been accustomed to congress for some twelve months,
+    had trouble which necessitated the removal of the ovaries and
+    tubes on both sides. Far from losing all her desire or
+    gratification, both were very materially increased in intensity.
+    Menstruation has entirely ceased, without loss of femininity in
+    either disposition or appearance. During intercourse, I am told,
+    there is continuous spasmodic contraction of various parts of the
+    vagina and vulva."
+
+The independence of the sexual impulse from the distention of the sexual
+glands is further indicated by the great frequency with which sexual
+sensations, in a faint or even strong degree, are experienced in childhood
+and sometimes in infancy, and by the fact that they often persist in women
+long after the sexual glands have ceased their functions.
+
+    In the study of auto-erotism in another volume of these _Studies_
+    I have brought together some of the evidence showing that even in
+    very young children spontaneous self-induced sexual excitement,
+    with orgasm, may occur. Indeed, from an early age sexual
+    differences pervade the whole nervous tissue. I may here quote
+    the remarks of an experienced gynecologist: "I venture to think,"
+    Braxton Hicks said many years ago, "that those who have much
+    attended to children will agree with me in saying that, almost
+    from the cradle, a difference can be seen in manner, habits of
+    mind, and in illness, requiring variations in their treatment.
+    The change is certainly hastened and intensified at the time of
+    puberty; but there is, even to an average observer, a clear
+    difference between the sexes from early infancy, gradually
+    becoming more marked up to puberty. That sexual feelings exist
+    [it would be better to say 'may exist'] from earliest infancy is
+    well known, and therefore this function does not depend upon
+    puberty, though intensified by it. Hence, may we not conclude
+    that the progress toward development is not so abrupt as has been
+    generally supposed?... The changes of puberty are all of them
+    dependent on the primordial force which, gradually gathering in
+    power, culminates in the perfection both of form and of the
+    sexual system, primary and secondary."
+
+    There appear to have been but few systematic observations on the
+    persistence of the sexual impulse in women after the menopause.
+    It is regarded as a fairly frequent phenomenon by Kisch, and also
+    by Loewenfeld (_Sexualleben und Nervenleiden_, p. 29). In America,
+    Bloom (as quoted in _Medical Standard_, 1896), from an
+    investigation of four hundred cases, found that in some cases the
+    sexual impulse persisted to a very advanced age, and mentions a
+    case of a woman of 70, twenty years past the menopause, who had
+    been long a widow, but had recently married, and who declared
+    that both desire and gratification were as great, if not greater,
+    than before the menopause.
+
+Reference may finally be made to those cases in which the sexual impulse
+has developed notwithstanding the absence, verified or probable, of any
+sexual glands at all. In such cases sexual desire and sexual gratification
+are sometimes even stronger than normal. Colman has reported a case in
+which neither ovaries nor uterus could be detected, and the vagina was too
+small for coitus, but pleasurable intercourse took place by the rectum and
+sexual desire was at times so strong as to amount almost to nymphomania.
+Clara Barrus has reported the case of a woman in whom there was congenital
+absence of uterus and ovaries, as proved subsequently by autopsy, but the
+sexual impulse was very strong and she had had illicit intercourse with a
+lover. She suffered from recurrent mania, and then masturbated
+shamelessly; when sane she was attractively feminine. Macnaughton-Jones
+describes the case of a woman of 32 with normal sexual feelings and fully
+developed breasts, clitoris, and labia, but no vagina or internal
+genitalia could be detected even under the most thorough examination. In a
+case of Bridgman's, again, the womb and ovaries were absent, and the
+vagina small, but coitus was not painful, and the voluptuous sensations
+were complete and sexual passion was strong. In a case of Cotterill's, the
+ovaries and uterus were of minute size and functionless, and the vagina
+was absent, but the sexual feelings were normal, and the clitoris
+preserved its usual sensibility. Munde had recorded two similar cases, of
+which he presents photographs. In all these cases not only was the sexual
+impulse present in full degree, but the subjects were feminine in
+disposition and of normal womanly conformation; in most cases the external
+sexual organs were properly developed.[15]
+
+    Fere (_L'Instinct sexuel_, p. 241) has sought to explain away
+    some of these phenomena, in so far as they may be brought against
+    the theory that the secretions and excretions of the sexual
+    glands are the sole source of the sexual impulse. The persistence
+    of sexual feelings after castration may be due, he argues, to the
+    presence of the nerves in the cicatrices, just as the amputated
+    have the illusion that the missing limb is still there. Exactly
+    the same explanation has since been put forward by Moll,
+    _Medizinische Klinik_, 1905, Nrs. 12 and 13. In the same way the
+    presence of sexual feelings after the menopause may be due to
+    similar irritation determined by degeneration during involution
+    of the glands. The precocious appearance of the sexual impulse in
+    childhood he would explain as due to an anomaly of development in
+    the sexual organs. Fere makes no attempt to explain the presence
+    of the sexual impulse in the congenital absence of the sexual
+    glands; here, however, Munde intervenes with the suggestion that
+    it is possible that in most cases "an infinitesimal trace of
+    ovary" may exist, and preserve femininity, though insufficient to
+    produce ovulation or menstruation.
+
+    It is proper to mention these ingenious arguments. They are,
+    however, purely hypothetical, obviously invented to support a
+    theory. It can scarcely be said that they carry conviction. We
+    may rather agree with Guinard that so great is the importance of
+    reproduction that nature has multiplied the means by which
+    preparation is made for the conjunction of the sexes and the
+    roads by which sexual excitation may arrive. As Hirschfeld puts
+    it, in a discussion of this subject (_Sexual-Probleme_, Feb.,
+    1912), "Nature has several irons in the fire."
+
+    It will be seen that the conclusions we have reached indirectly
+    involve the assumption that the spinal nervous centers, through
+    which the sexual mechanism operates, are not sufficient to
+    account for the whole of the phenomena of the sexual impulse. The
+    nervous circuit tends to involve a cerebral element, which may
+    sometimes be of dominant importance. Various investigators, from
+    the time of Gall onward, have attempted to localize the sexual
+    instinct centrally. Such attempts, however, cannot be said to
+    have succeeded, although they tend to show that there is a real
+    connection between the brain and the generative organs. Thus
+    Ceni, of Modena, by experiments on chickens, claims to have
+    proved the influence of the cortical centers of procreation on
+    the faculty of generation, for he found that lesions of the
+    cortex led to sterility corresponding in degree to the lesion;
+    but as these results followed even independently of any
+    disturbance of the sexual instinct, their significance is not
+    altogether clear (Carlo Ceni, "L'Influenza dei Centri Corticali
+    sui Fenomeni della Generazione," _Revista Sperimentale di
+    Freniatria_, 1907, fasc. 2-3). At present, as Obici and
+    Marchesini have well remarked, all that we can do is to assume
+    the existence of cerebral as well as spinal sexual centers; a
+    cerebral sexual center, in the strictest sense, remains purely
+    hypothetical.
+
+    Although Gall's attempt to locate the sexual instinct in the
+    cerebellum--well supported as it was by observations--is no
+    longer considered to be tenable, his discussion of the sexual
+    instinct was of great value, far in advance of his time, and
+    accompanied by a mass of facts gathered from many fields. He
+    maintained that the sexual instinct is a function of the brain,
+    not of the sexual organs. He combated the view ruling in his day
+    that the seat of erotic mania must be sought in the sexual
+    organs. He fully dealt with the development of the sexual
+    instinct in many children before maturity of the sexual glands,
+    the prolongation of the instinct into old age, its existence in
+    the castrated and in the congenital absence of the sexual glands;
+    he pointed out that even with an apparently sound and normal
+    sexual apparatus all sorts of psychic pathological deviations may
+    yet occur. In fact, all the lines of argument I have briefly
+    indicated in the foregoing pages--although when they were first
+    written this fact was unknown to me--had been fully discussed by
+    this remarkable man nearly a century ago. (The greater part of
+    the third volume of Gall's _Sur les Fonctions du Cerveau_, in the
+    edition of 1825, is devoted to this subject. For a good summary,
+    sympathetic, though critical, of Gall's views on this matter, see
+    Moebius, "Ueber Gall's Specielle Organologie," _Schmidt's
+    Jahrbuecher der Medicin_, 1900, vol. cclxvii; also _Ausgewahlte
+    Werke_, vol. vii.)
+
+It will be seen that the question of the nature of the sexual impulse has
+been slowly transformed. It is no longer a question of the formation of
+semen in the male, of the function of menstruation in the female. It has
+become largely a question of physiological chemistry. The chief parts in
+the drama of sex, alike on its psychic as on its physical sides, are thus
+supposed to be played by two mysterious protagonists, the hormones, or
+internal secretions, of the testes and of the ovary. Even the part played
+by the brain is now often regarded as chemical, the brain being considered
+to be a great chemical laboratory. There is a tendency, moreover, to
+extend the sexual sphere so as to admit the influence of internal
+secretions from other glands. The thymus, the adrenals, the thyroid, the
+pituitary, even the kidneys: it is possible that internal secretions from
+all these glands may combine to fill in the complete picture of sexuality
+as we know it in men and women.[16] The subject is, however, so complex
+and at present so little known that it would be hazardous, and for the
+present purpose it is needless, to attempt to set forth any conclusions.
+
+It is sufficiently clear that there is on the surface a striking analogy
+between sexual desire and the impulse to evacuate an excretion, and that
+this analogy is not only seen in the frog, but extends also to the highest
+vertebrates. It is quite another matter, however, to assert that the
+sexual impulse can be adequately defined as an impulse to evacuate. To
+show fully the inadequate nature of this conception would require a
+detailed consideration of the facts of sexual life. That is, however,
+unnecessary. It is enough to point out certain considerations which alone
+suffice to invalidate this view. In the first place, it must be remarked
+that the trifling amount of fluid emitted in sexual intercourse is
+altogether out of proportion to the emotions aroused by the act and to its
+after-effect on the organism; the ancient dictum _omne animal post coitum
+triste_ may not be exact, but it is certain that the effect of coitus on
+the organism is far more profound than that produced by the far more
+extensive evacuation of the bladder or bowels. Again, this definition
+leaves unexplained all those elaborate preliminaries which, both in man
+and the lower animals, precede the sexual act, preliminaries which in
+civilized human beings sometimes themselves constitute a partial
+satisfaction to the sexual impulse. It must also be observed that, unlike
+the ordinary excretions, this discharge of the sexual glands is not
+always, or in every person, necessary at all. Moreover, the theory of
+evacuation at once becomes hopelessly inadequate when we apply it to
+women; no one will venture to claim that an adequate psychological
+explanation of the sexual impulse in a woman is to be found in the desire
+to expel a little bland mucus from the minute glands of the genital tract.
+We must undoubtedly reject this view of the sexual impulse. It has a
+certain element of truth and it permits an instructive and helpful
+analogy; but that is all. The sexual act presents many characters which
+are absent in an ordinary act of evacuation, and, on the other hand, it
+lacks the special characteristic of the evacuation proper, the
+elimination of waste material; the seminal fluid is not a waste material,
+and its retention is, to some extent perhaps, rather an advantage than a
+disadvantage to the organism.
+
+Eduard von Hartmann long since remarked that the satisfaction of what we
+call the sexual instinct through an act carried out with a person of the
+opposite sex is a very wonderful phenomenon. It cannot be said, however,
+that the conception of the sexual act as a simple process of evacuation
+does anything to explain the wonder. We are, at most, in the same position
+as regards the stilling of normal sexual desire as we should be as regards
+the emptying of the bladder, supposing it were very difficult for either
+sex to effect this satisfactorily without the aid of a portion of the body
+of a person of the other sex acting as a catheter. In such a case our
+thoughts and ideals would center around persons of opposite sex, and we
+should court their attention and help precisely as we do now in the case
+of our sexual needs. Some such relationship does actually exist in the
+case of the suckling mother and her infant. The mother is indebted to the
+child for the pleasurable relief of her distended breasts; and, while in
+civilization more subtle pleasures and intelligent reflection render this
+massive physical satisfaction comparatively unessential to the act of
+suckling, in more primitive conditions and among animals the need of this
+pleasurable physical satisfaction is a real bond between the mother and
+her offspring. The analogy is indeed very close: the erectile nipple
+corresponds to the erectile penis, the eager watery mouth of the infant to
+the moist and throbbing vagina, the vitally albuminous milk to the vitally
+albuminous semen.[17] The complete mutual satisfaction, physical and
+psychic, of mother and child, in the transfer from one to the other of a
+precious organized fluid, is the one true physiological analogy to the
+relationship of a man and a woman at the climax of the sexual act. Even
+this close analogy, however, fails to cover all the facts of the sexual
+life.
+
+A very different view is presented to us in the definition of the sexual
+instinct as a reproductive impulse, a desire for offspring. Hegar,
+Eulenburg, Naecke, and Loewenfeld have accepted this as, at all events, a
+partial definition.[18] No one, indeed, would argue that it is a complete
+definition, although a few writers appear to have asserted that it is so
+sometimes as regards the sexual impulse in women. There is, however,
+considerable mental confusion in the attempt to set up such a definition.
+If we define an instinct as an action adapted to an end which is not
+present to consciousness, then it is quite true that the sexual instinct
+is an instinct of reproduction. But we do not adequately define the sexual
+instinct by merely stating its ultimate object. We might as well say that
+the impulse by which young animals seize food is "an instinct of
+nutrition." The object of reproduction certainly constitutes no part of
+the sexual impulse whatever in any animal apart from man, and it reveals a
+lack of the most elementary sense of biological continuity to assert that
+in man so fundamental and involuntary a process can suddenly be
+revolutionized. That the sexual impulse is very often associated with a
+strong desire for offspring there can be no doubt, and in women the
+longing for a child--that is to say, the longing to fulfill those
+functions for which their bodies are constituted--may become so urgent and
+imperative that we may regard it as scarcely less imperative than the
+sexual impulse. But it is not the sexual impulse, though intimately
+associated with it, and though it explains it. A reproductive instinct
+might be found in parthenogenetic animals, but would be meaningless,
+because useless, in organisms propagating by sexual union. A woman may not
+want a lover, but may yet want a child. This merely means that her
+maternal instincts have been aroused, while her sexual instincts are still
+latent. A desire for reproduction, as soon as that desire becomes
+instinctive, necessarily takes on the form of the sexual impulse, for
+there is no other instinctive mechanism by which it can possibly express
+itself. A "reproductive instinct," apart from the sexual instinct and
+apart from the maternal instinct, cannot be admitted; it would be an
+absurdity. Even in women in whom the maternal instincts are strong, it may
+generally be observed that, although before a woman is in love, and also
+during the later stages of her love, the conscious desire for a child may
+be strong, during the time when sexual passion is at its highest the
+thought of offspring, under normally happy conditions, tends to recede
+into the background. Reproduction is the natural end and object of the
+sexual instinct, but the statement that it is part of the contents of the
+sexual impulse, or can in any way be used to define that impulse, must be
+dismissed as altogether inacceptable. Indeed, although the term
+"reproductive instinct" is frequently used, it is seldom used in a sense
+that we need take seriously; it is vaguely employed as a euphemism by
+those who wish to veil the facts of the sexual life; it is more precisely
+employed mainly by those who are unconsciously dominated by a
+superstitious repugnance to sex.
+
+I now turn to a very much more serious and elaborate attempt to define the
+constitution of the sexual impulse, that of Moll. He finds that it is made
+up of two separate components, each of which may be looked upon as an
+uncontrollable impulse.[19] One of these is that by which the tension of
+the sexual organs is spasmodically relieved; this he calls the _impulse of
+detumescence_,[20] and he regards it as primary, resembling the impulse to
+empty a full bladder. The other impulse is the "instinct to approach,
+touch, and kiss another person, usually of the opposite sex"; this he
+terms the _impulse of contrectation_, and he includes under this head not
+only the tendency to general physical contact, but also the psychic
+inclination to become generally interested in a person of the opposite
+sex. Each of these primary impulses Moll regards as forming a constituent
+of the sexual instinct in both men and women. It seems to me undoubtedly
+true that these two impulses do correspond to the essential phenomena. The
+awkward and unsatisfactory part of Moll's analysis is the relation of the
+one to the other. It is true that he traces both impulses back to the
+sexual glands, that of detumescence directly, that of contrectation
+indirectly; but evidently he does not regard them as intimately related to
+each other; he insists on the fact that they may exist apart from each
+other, that they do not appear synchronously in youth: the contrectation
+impulse he regards as secondary; it is, he states, an indirect result of
+the sexual glands, "only to be understood by the developmental history of
+these glands and the object which they subserve"; that is to say, that it
+is connected with the rise of the sexual method of reproduction and the
+desirability of the mingling of the two sexes in procreation, while the
+impulse of detumescence arose before the sexual method of reproduction had
+appeared; thus the contrectation impulse was propagated by natural
+selection together with the sexual method of reproduction. The impulse of
+contrectation is secondary, and Moll even regards it as a secondary sexual
+character.
+
+While, therefore, this analysis seems to include all the phenomena and to
+be worthy of very careful study as a serious and elaborate attempt to
+present an adequate psychological definition of the sexual impulse, it
+scarcely seems to me that we can accept it in precisely the form in which
+Moll presents it. I believe, however, that by analyzing the process a
+little more minutely we shall find that these two constituents of the
+sexual impulse are really much more intimately associated than at the
+first glance appears, and that we need by no means go back to the time
+when the sexual method of reproduction arose to explain the significance
+of the phenomena which Moll includes under the term contrectation.
+
+To discover the true significance of the phenomena in men it is necessary
+to observe carefully the phenomena of love-making not only among men, but
+among animals, in which the impulse of contrectation plays a very large
+part, and involves an enormous expenditure of energy. Darwin was the first
+to present a comprehensive view of, at all events a certain group of, the
+phenomena of contrectation in animals; on his interpretation of those
+phenomena he founded his famous theory of sexual selection. We are not
+primarily concerned with that theory; but the facts on which Darwin based
+his theory lie at the very roots of our subject, and we are bound to
+consider their psychological significance. In the first place, since these
+phenomena are specially associated with Darwin's name, it may not be out
+of place to ask what Darwin himself considered to be their psychological
+significance. It is a somewhat important question, even for those who are
+mainly concerned with the validity of the theory which Darwin established
+on those facts, but so far as I know it has not hitherto been asked. I
+find that a careful perusal of the _Descent of Man_ reveals the presence
+in Darwin's mind of two quite distinct theories, neither of them fully
+developed, as to the psychological meaning of the facts he was collecting.
+The two following groups of extracts will serve to show this very
+conclusively: "The lower animals have a sense of beauty," he declares,
+"powers of discrimination and taste on the part of the female" (p.
+211[21]); "the females habitually or occasionally prefer the more
+beautiful males," "there is little improbability in the females of insects
+appreciating beauty in form or color" (p. 329); he speaks of birds as the
+most "esthetic" of all animals excepting man, and adds that they have
+"nearly the same taste for the beautiful as we have" (p. 359); he remarks
+that a change of any kind in the structure or color of the male bird
+"appears to have been admired by the female" (p. 385). He speaks of the
+female Argus pheasant as possessing "this almost human degree of taste."
+Birds, again, "seem to have some taste for the beautiful both in color and
+sound," and "we ought not to feel too sure that the female does not attend
+to each detail of beauty" (p. 421). Novelty, he says, is "admired by birds
+for its own sake" (p. 495). "Birds have fine powers of discrimination and
+in some few instances it can be shown that they have a taste for the
+beautiful" (p. 496). The "esthetic capacity" of female animals has been
+advanced by exercise just as our own taste has improved (p. 616). On the
+other hand, we find running throughout the book quite another idea. Of
+cicadas he tells us that it is probable that, "like female birds, they are
+excited or allured by the male with the most attractive voice" (p. 282);
+and, coming to _Locustidae_, he states that "all observers agree that the
+sounds serve either to call or excite the mute females" (p. 283). Of birds
+he says, "I am led to believe that the females prefer or are most excited
+by the more brilliant males" (p. 316). Among birds also the males
+"endeavor to charm or excite their mates by love-notes," etc., and "the
+females are excited by certain males, and thus unconsciously prefer them"
+(p. 367), while ornaments of all kinds "apparently serve to excite,
+attract, or fascinate the female" (p. 394). In a supplemental note, also,
+written in 1876, five years after the first publication of the _Descent of
+Man_, and therefore a late statement of his views, Darwin remarks that "no
+supporter of the principle of sexual selection believes that the females
+select particular points of beauty in the males; they are merely excited
+or attracted in a greater degree by one male than by another, and this
+seems often to depend, especially with birds, on brilliant coloring" (p.
+623). Thus, on the one hand, Darwin interprets the phenomena as involving
+a real esthetic element, a taste for the beautiful; on the other hand, he
+states, without apparently any clear perception that the two views are
+quite distinct, that the colors and sounds and other characteristics of
+the male are not an appeal to any esthetic sense of the female, but an
+appeal to her sexual emotions, a stimulus to sexual excitement, an
+allurement to sexual contact. According to the first theory, the female
+admires beauty, consciously or unconsciously, and selects the most
+beautiful partner[22]; according to the second theory, there is no
+esthetic question involved, but the female is unconsciously influenced by
+the most powerful or complex organic stimulus to which she is subjected.
+There can be no question that it is the second, and not the first, of
+these two views which we are justified in accepting. Darwin, it must be
+remembered, was not a psychologist, and he lived before the methods of
+comparative psychology had begun to be developed; had he written twenty
+years later we may be sure he would never have used so incautiously some
+of the vague and hazardous expressions I have quoted. He certainly injured
+his theory of sexual selection by stating it in too anthropomorphic
+language, by insisting on "choice," "preference," "esthetic sense," etc.
+There is no need whatever to burden any statement of the actual facts by
+such terms borrowed from human psychology. The female responds to the
+stimulation of the male at the right moment just as the tree responds to
+the stimulation of the warmest days in spring. We should but obscure this
+fact by stating that the tree "chooses" the most beautiful days on which
+to put forth its young sprouts. In explaining the correlation between
+responsive females and accomplished males the supposition of esthetic
+choice is equally unnecessary. It is, however, interesting to observe
+that, though Darwin failed to see that the love-combats, pursuits, dances,
+and parades of the males served as a method of stimulating the impulse of
+contrectation--or, as it would be better to term it, tumescence--in the
+male himself,[23] he to some extent realized the part thus played in
+exciting the equally necessary activity of tumescence in the female.
+
+    The justification for using the term "tumescence," which I here
+    propose, is to be found in the fact that vascular congestion,
+    more especially of the parts related to generation, is an
+    essential preliminary to acute sexual desire. This is clearly
+    brought out in Heape's careful study of the "sexual season" in
+    mammals. Heape distinguishes between the "pro-estrum," or
+    preliminary period of congestion, in female animals and the
+    immediately following "estrus," or period of desire. The latter
+    period is the result of the former, and, among the lower animals
+    at all events, intercourse only takes place during the estrus,
+    not during the pro-estrum. Tumescence must thus be obtained
+    before desire can become acute, and courtship runs _pari passu_
+    with physiological processes. "Normal estrus," Heape states,
+    "occurs in conjunction with certain changes in the uterine
+    tissue, and this is accompanied by congestion and stimulation or
+    irritation of the copulatory organs.... Congestion is invariably
+    present and is an essential condition.... The first sign of
+    pro-estrum noticed in the lower mammals is a swollen and
+    congested vulva and a general restlessness, excitement, or
+    uneasiness. There are other signs familiar to breeders of various
+    mammals, such as the congested conjunctiva of the rabbit's eye
+    and the drooping ears of the pig. Many monkeys exhibit congestion
+    of the face and nipples, as well as of the buttocks, thighs, and
+    neighboring parts; sometimes they are congested to a very marked
+    extent, and in some species a swelling, occasionally prodigious,
+    of the soft tissues round the anal and generative openings, which
+    is also at the time brilliantly congested, indicates the progress
+    of the pro-estrum.... The growth of the stroma-tissue [in the
+    uterus of monkeys during the pro-estrum] is rapidly followed by
+    an increase in the number and size of the vessels of the stroma;
+    the whole becomes richly supplied with blood, and the surface is
+    flushed and highly vascular. This process goes on until the whole
+    of the internal stroma becomes tense and brilliantly injected
+    with blood.... In all essential points the menstruation or
+    pro-estrum of the human female is identical with that of
+    monkeys.... Estrus is possible only after the changes due to
+    pro-estrum have taken place in the uterus. A wave of disturbance,
+    at first evident in the external generative organs, extends to
+    the uterus, and after the various phases of pro-estrum have been
+    gone through in that organ, and the excitement there is
+    subsiding, it would seem as if the external organs gain renewed
+    stimulus, and it is then that estrus takes place.... In all
+    animals which have been investigated coition is not allowed by
+    the female until some time after the swelling and congestion of
+    the vulva and surrounding tissue are first demonstrated, and in
+    those animals which suffer from a considerable discharge of blood
+    the main portion of that discharge, if not the whole of it, will
+    be evacuated before sexual intercourse is allowed." (W. Heape,
+    "The 'Sexual Season' of Mammals," _Quarterly Journal of
+    Microscopical Science_, vol. xliv, Part I, 1900. Estrus has since
+    been fully discussed in Marshall's _Physiology of Reproduction_.)
+    This description clearly brings out the fundamentally vascular
+    character of the process I have termed "tumescence"; it must be
+    added, however, that in man the nervous elements in the process
+    tend to become more conspicuous, and more or less obliterate
+    these primitive limitations of sexual desire. (See "Sexual
+    Periodicity" in the first volume of these _Studies_.)
+
+    Moll subsequently restated his position with reference to my
+    somewhat different analysis of the sexual impulse, still
+    maintaining his original view ("Analyse des Geschlechtstriebes,"
+    _Medizinische Klinik_, Nos. 12 and 13, 1905; also _Geschlecht und
+    Gesellschaft_, vol. ii, Nos. 9 and 10). Numa Praetorius
+    (_Jahrbuch fuer Sexeuelle Zwischenstufen_, 1904, p. 592) accepts
+    contrectation, tumescence, and detumescence as all being stages
+    in the same process, contrectation, which he defines as the
+    sexual craving for a definite individual, coming first. Robert
+    Mueller (_Sexualbiologie_, 1907, p. 37) criticises Moll much in
+    the same sense as I have done and considers that contrectation
+    and detumescence cannot be separated, but are two expressions of
+    the same impulse; so also Max Katte, "Die Praeliminarien des
+    Geschlechtsaktes," _Zeitschrift fuer Sexualwissenschaft_, Oct.,
+    1908, and G. Saint-Paul, _L'Homosexualite et les Types
+    Homosexuels_, 1910, p. 390.
+
+    While I regard Moll's analysis as a valuable contribution to the
+    elucidation of the sexual impulse, I must repeat that I cannot
+    regard it as final or completely adequate. As I understand the
+    process, contrectation is an incident in the development of
+    tumescence, an extremely important incident indeed, but not an
+    absolutely fundamental and primitive part of it. It is equally an
+    incident, highly important though not primitive and fundamental,
+    of detumescence. Contrectation, from first to last; furnishes
+    the best conditions for the exercise of the sexual process, but
+    it is not an absolutely essential part of the process and in the
+    early stages of zooelogical development it had no existence at
+    all. Tumescence and detumescence are alike fundamental,
+    primitive, and essential; in resting the sexual impulse on these
+    necessarily connected processes we are basing ourselves on the
+    solid bedrock of nature.
+
+    Moreover, of the two processes, tumescence, which in time comes
+    first, is by far the most important, and nearly the whole of
+    sexual psychology is rooted in it. To assert, with Moll, that the
+    sexual process may be analyzed into contrectation and
+    detumescence alone is to omit the most essential part of the
+    process. It is much the same as to analyze the mechanism of a gun
+    into probable contact with the hand, and a more or less
+    independent discharge, omitting all reference to the loading of
+    the gun. The essential elements are the loading and the
+    discharging. Contrectation is a part of loading, though not a
+    necessary part, since the loading may be effected mechanically.
+    But to understand the process of firing a gun and to comprehend
+    the mechanism of the discharge, we must insist on the act of
+    loading and not merely on the contact of the hand. So it is in
+    analyzing the sexual impulse. Contrectation is indeed highly
+    important, but it is important only in so far as it aids
+    tumescence, and so may be subordinated to tumescence, exactly as
+    it may also be subordinated to detumescence. It is tumescence
+    which is the really essential part of the process, and we cannot
+    afford, with Moll, to ignore it altogether.
+
+Wallace opposed Darwin's theory of sexual selection, but it can scarcely
+be said that his attitude toward it bears critical examination. On the one
+hand, as has already been noted, he saw but one side of that theory and
+that the unessential side, and, on the other hand, his own view really
+coincided with the more essential elements in Darwin's theory. In his
+_Tropical Nature_ he admitted that the male's "persistency and energy win
+the day," and also that this "vigor and liveliness" of the male are
+usually associated with intense coloration, while twenty years later (in
+his _Darwinism_) he admitted also that it is highly probable that the
+female is pleased or excited by the male's display. But all that is really
+essential in Darwin's theory is involved, directly or indirectly, in these
+admissions.
+
+Espinas, in 1878, in his suggestive book, _Des Societes Animales_,
+described the odors, colors and forms, sounds, games, parades, and mock
+battles of animals, approaching the subject in a somewhat more
+psychological spirit than either Darwin or Wallace, and he somewhat more
+clearly apprehended the object of these phenomena in producing mutual
+excitement and stimulating tumescence. He noted the significance of the
+action of the hermaphroditic snails in inserting their darts into each
+other's flesh near the vulva in order to cause preliminary excitation. He
+remarks of this whole group of phenomena: "It is the preliminary of sexual
+union, it constitutes the first act of it. By it the image of the male is
+graven on the consciousness of the female, and in a manner impregnates it,
+so as to determine there, as the effects of this representation descend to
+the depths of the organism, the physiological modifications necessary to
+fecundation." Beaunis, again, in an analysis of the sexual sensations, was
+inclined to think that the dances and parades of the male are solely
+intended to excite the female, not perceiving, however, that they at the
+same time serve to further excite the male also.[24]
+
+A better and more comprehensive statement was reached by Tillier, who, to
+some extent, may be said to have anticipated Groos. Darwin, Tillier
+pointed out, had not sufficiently taken into account the coexistence of
+combat and courtship, nor the order of the phenomena. Courtship without
+combat, Tillier argued, is rare; "there is a normal coexistence of combat
+and courtship."[25] Moreover, he proceeded, force is the chief factor in
+determining the possession of the female by the male, who in some species
+is even prepared to exert force on her; so that the female has little
+opportunity of sexual selection, though she is always present at these
+combats. He then emphasized the significant fact that courtship takes
+place long after pairing has ceased, and the question of selection thus
+been eliminated. The object of courtship, he concluded, is not sexual
+selection by the female, but the sexual excitement of both male and
+female, such excitement, he asserted, not only rendering coupling easier,
+but favoring fecundation. Modesty, also, Tillier further argued, again
+anticipating Groos, works toward the same end; it renders the male more
+ardent, and by retarding coupling may also increase the secretions of the
+sexual glands and favor the chances of reproduction.[26]
+
+    In a charming volume entitled _The Naturalist in La Plata_ (1892)
+    Mr. W.H. Hudson included a remarkable chapter on "Music and
+    Dancing in Nature." In this chapter he described many of the
+    dances, songs, and love-antics of birds, but regarded all such
+    phenomena as merely "periodical fits of gladness." While,
+    however, we may quite well agree with Mr. Hudson that conscious
+    sexual gratification on the part of the female is not the cause
+    of music and dancing performances in birds, nor of the brighter
+    colors and ornaments that distinguish the male, such an opinion
+    by no means excludes the conclusion that these phenomena are
+    primarily sexual and intimately connected with the process of
+    tumescence in both sexes. It is noteworthy that, according to
+    H.E. Howard ("On Sexual Selection in Birds," _Zooelogist_, Nov.,
+    1903), color is most developed just before pairing, rapidly
+    becoming less beautiful--even within a few hours--after this, and
+    the most beautiful male is most successful in getting paired. The
+    fact that, as Mr. Hudson himself points out, it is at the season
+    of love that these manifestations mainly, if not exclusively,
+    appear, and that it is the more brilliant and highly endowed
+    males which play the chief part in them, only serves to confirm
+    such a conclusion. To argue, with Mr. Hudson, that they cannot be
+    sexual because they sometimes occur before the arrival of the
+    females, is much the same as to argue that the antics of a
+    kitten with a feather or a reel have no relationship whatever to
+    mice. The birds that began earliest to practise their
+    accomplishments would probably have most chance of success when
+    the females arrived. Darwin himself said that nothing is commoner
+    than for animals to take pleasure in practising whatever instinct
+    they follow at other times for some real good. These
+    manifestations are primarily for the sake of producing sexual
+    tumescence, and could not well have been developed to the height
+    they have reached unless they were connected closely with
+    propagation. That they may incidentally serve to express
+    "gladness" one need not feel called upon to question.
+
+    Another observer of birds, Mr. E. Selous, has made observations
+    which are of interest in this connection. He finds that all
+    bird-dances are not nuptial, but that some birds--the
+    stone-curlew (or great plover), for example--have different kinds
+    of dances. Among these birds he has made the observation, very
+    significant from our present point of view, that the nuptial
+    dances, taken part in by both of the pair, are immediately
+    followed by intercourse. In spring "all such runnings and
+    chasings are, at this time, but a part of the business of
+    pairing, and one divines at once that such attitudes are of a
+    sexual character.... Here we have a bird with distinct nuptial
+    (sexual) and social (non-sexual) forms of display or antics, and
+    the former as well as the latter are equally indulged in by both
+    sexes." (E. Selous, _Bird Watching_, pp. 15-20.)
+
+    The same author (ibid., pp. 79, 94) argues that in the fights of
+    two males for one female--with violent emotion on one side and
+    interested curiosity on the other--the attitude of the former
+    "might gradually come to be a display made entirely for the
+    female, and of the latter a greater or less degree of pleasurable
+    excitement raised by it, with a choice in accordance." On this
+    view the interest of the female would first have been directed,
+    not to the plumage, but to the frenzied actions and antics of the
+    male. From these antics in undecorated birds would gradually
+    develop the interest in waving plumes and fluttering wings. Such
+    a dance might come to be of a quite formal and non-courting
+    nature.
+
+    Last, we owe to Professor Haecker what may fairly be regarded, in
+    all main outlines, as an almost final statement of the matter. In
+    his _Gesang der Voegel_ (1900) he gives a very clear account of
+    the evolution of bird-song, which he regards as the most
+    essential element in all this group of manifestations, furnishing
+    the key also to the dancing and other antics. Originally the song
+    consists only of call-cries and recognition-notes. Under the
+    parallel influence of natural selection and sexual selection they
+    become at the pairing season reflexes of excitement and thus
+    develop into methods of producing excitement, in the male by the
+    muscular energy required, and in the female through the ear;
+    finally they become play, though here also it is probable that
+    use is not excluded. Thus, so far as the male bird is concerned,
+    bird-song possesses a primary prenuptial significance in
+    attracting the female, a secondary nuptial significance in
+    producing excitement (p. 48). He holds also that the
+    less-developed voices of the females aid in attaining the same
+    end (p. 51). Finally, bird-song possesses a tertiary extranuptial
+    significance (including exercise play, expression of gladness).
+    Haecker points out, at the same time, that the maintenance of some
+    degree of sexual excitement beyond pairing time may be of value
+    for the preservation of the species, in case of disturbance
+    during breeding and consequent necessity for commencing breeding
+    over again.
+
+    Such a theory as this fairly coincides with the views brought
+    forward in the preceding pages,--views which are believed to be
+    in harmony with the general trend of thought today,--since it
+    emphasizes the importance of tumescence and all that favors
+    tumescence in the sexual process. The so-called esthetic element
+    in sexual selection is only indirectly of importance. The male's
+    beauty is really a symbol of his force.
+
+    It will be seen that this attitude toward the facts of tumescence
+    among birds and other animals includes the recognition of dances,
+    songs, etc., as expressions of "gladness." As such they are
+    closely comparable to the art manifestations among human races.
+    Here, as Weismann in his _Gedanken ueber Musik_ has remarked, we
+    may regard the artistic faculty as a by-product: "This [musical]
+    faculty is, as it were, the mental hand with which we play on our
+    own emotional nature, a hand not shaped for this purpose, not due
+    to the necessity for the enjoyment of music, but owing its origin
+    to entirely different requirements."
+
+The psychological significance of these facts has been carefully studied
+and admirably developed by Groos in his classic works on the play instinct
+in animals and in men.[27] Going beyond Wallace, Groos denies _conscious_
+sexual selection, but, as he points out, this by no means involves the
+denial of unconscious selection in the sense that "the female is most
+easily won by the male who most strongly excites her sexual instincts."
+Groos further quotes a pregnant generalization of Ziegler: "In all animals
+a high degree of excitement of the nervous system is _necessary to
+procreation_, and thus we find an excited prelude to procreation widely
+spread."[28] Such a stage, indeed, as Groos points out, is usually
+necessary before any markedly passionate discharge of motor energy, as may
+be observed in angry dogs and the Homeric heroes. While, however, in other
+motor explosions the prelude may be reduced to a minimum, in courtship it
+is found in a highly marked degree. The primary object of courtship, Groos
+insists, is to produce sexual excitement.
+
+It is true that Groos's main propositions were by no means novel. Thus, as
+I have pointed out, he was at most points anticipated by Tillier. But
+Groos developed the argument in so masterly a manner, and with so many
+wide-ranging illustrations, that he has carried conviction where the mere
+insight of others had passed unperceived. Since Darwin wrote the _Descent
+of Man_ the chief step in the development of the theory of sexual
+selection has been taken by Groos, who has at the same time made it clear
+that sexual selection is largely a special case of natural selection.[29]
+The conjunction of the sexes is seen to be an end only to be obtained with
+much struggle; the difficulty of achieving sexual erethism in both sexes,
+the difficulty of so stimulating such erethism in the female that her
+instinctive coyness is overcome, these difficulties the best and most
+vigorous males,[30] those most adapted in other respects to carry on the
+race, may most easily overcome. In this connection we may note what Marro
+has said in another connection, when attempting to answer the question why
+it is that among savages courtship becomes so often a matter in which
+persuasion takes the form of force. The explanation, he remarks, is yet
+very simple. Force is the foundation of virility, and its psychic
+manifestation is courage. In the struggle for life violence is the first
+virtue. The modesty of women--in its primordial form consisting in
+physical resistance, active or passive, to the assaults of the male--aided
+selection by putting to the test man's most important quality, force. Thus
+it is that when choosing among rivals for her favors a woman attributes
+value to violence.[31] Marro thus independently confirms the result
+reached by Groos.
+
+The debate which has for so many years been proceeding concerning the
+validity of the theory of sexual selection may now be said to be brought
+to an end. Those who supported Darwin and those who opposed him were, both
+alike, in part right and in part wrong, and it is now possible to combine
+the elements of truth on either side into a coherent whole. This is now
+beginning to be widely recognized; Lloyd Morgan,[32] for instance, has
+readjusted his position as regards the "pairing instinct" in the light of
+Groos's contribution to the subject. "The hypothesis of sexual selection,"
+he concludes, "suggests that the accepted male is the one which adequately
+evokes the pairing impulse.... Courtship may thus be regarded from the
+physiological point of view as a means of producing the requisite amount
+of pairing hunger; of stimulating the whole system and facilitating
+general and special vascular changes; of creating that state of profound
+and explosive irritability which has for its psychological concomitant or
+antecedent an imperious and irresistible craving.... Courtship is thus
+the strong and steady bending of the bow that the arrow may find its mark
+in a biological end of the highest importance in the survival of a healthy
+and vigorous race."
+
+    Having thus viewed the matter broadly, we may consider in detail
+    a few examples of the process of tumescence among the lower
+    animals and man, for, as will be seen, the process in both is
+    identical. As regards animal courtship, the best treasury of
+    facts is Brehm's _Thierleben_, while Buechner's _Liebe und
+    Liebes-Leben in der Thierwelt_ is a useful summary; the admirable
+    discussion of bird-dancing and other forms of courtship in
+    Haecker's _Gesang der Voegel_, chapter iv, may also be consulted.
+    As regards man, Wallaschek's _Primitive Music_, chapter vii,
+    brings together much scattered material, and is all the more
+    valuable since the author rejects any form of sexual selection;
+    Hirn's _Origins of Art_, chapter xvii, is well worth reading, and
+    Finck's _Primitive Love and Love-stories_ contains a large amount
+    of miscellaneous information. I have preferred not to draw on any
+    of these easily accessible sources (except that in one or two
+    cases I have utilized references they supplied), but here simply
+    furnish illustrations met with in the course of my own reading.
+
+    Even in the hermaphroditic slugs (_Limax maximus_) the process of
+    courtship is slow and elaborate. It has been described by James
+    Bladon ("The Loves of the Slug [_Limax cinereus_]," _Zooelogist_,
+    vol. xv, 1857, p. 6272). It begins toward midnight on sultry
+    summer nights, one slug slowly following another, resting its
+    mouth on what may be called the tail of the first, and following
+    its every movement. Finally they stop and begin crawling around
+    each other, emitting large quantities of mucus. When this has
+    constituted a mass of sufficient size and consistence they
+    suspend themselves from it by a cord of mucus from nine to
+    fifteen inches in length, continuing to turn round each other
+    till their bodies form a cone. Then the organs of generation are
+    protruded from their orifice near the mouth and, hanging down a
+    short distance, touch each other. They also then begin again the
+    same spiral motion, twisting around each other, like a two-strand
+    cord, assuming various and beautiful forms, sometimes like an
+    inverted agaric, or a foliated murex, or a leaf of curled
+    parsley, the light falling on the ever-varying surface of the
+    generative organs sometimes producing iridescence. It is not
+    until after a considerable time that the organs untwist and are
+    withdrawn and the bodies separate, to crawl up the suspending
+    cord and depart.
+
+    Some snails have a special organ for creating sexual excitement.
+    A remarkable part of the reproductive system in many of the true
+    Helicidae is the so-called _dart, Liebespfeil_, or _telum
+    Veneris_. It consists of a straight or curved, sometimes
+    slightly twisted, tubular shaft of carbonate of lime, tapering to
+    a fine point above, and enlarging gradually, more often somewhat
+    abruptly, to the base. The sides of the shaft are sometimes
+    furnished with two or more blades; these are apparently not for
+    cutting purposes, but simply to brace the stem. The dart is
+    contained in a dart-sac, which is attached as a sort of pocket to
+    the vagina, at no great distance from its orifice. In _Helix
+    aspersa_ the dart is about five-sixteenths of an inch in length,
+    and one-eighth of an inch in breadth at its base. It appears most
+    probable that the dart is employed as an adjunct for the sexual
+    act. Besides the fact of the position of the dart-sac
+    anatomically, we find that the darts are extended and become
+    imbedded in the flesh, just before or during the act of
+    copulation. It may be regarded, then, as an organ whose functions
+    induce excitement preparatory to sexual union. It only occurs in
+    well-grown specimens. (Rev. L.H. Cooke, "Molluscs," _Cambridge
+    Natural History_, vol. iii, p. 143.)
+
+    Racovitza has shown that in the octopus (_Octopus vulgaris_)
+    courtship is carried on with considerable delicacy, and not
+    brutally, as had previously been supposed. The male gently
+    stretches out his third arm on the right and caresses the female
+    with its extremity, eventually passing it into the chamber formed
+    by the mantle. The female contracts spasmodically, but does not
+    attempt to move. They remain thus about an hour or more, and
+    during this time the male shifts the arm from one oviduct to the
+    other. Finally he withdraws his arm, caresses her with it for a
+    few moments, and then replaces it with his other arm. (E.G.
+    Racovitza, in _Archives de Zooelogie Experimentale_, quoted in
+    _Natural Science_, November, 1894.)
+
+    The phenomena of courtship are very well illustrated by spiders.
+    Peckham, who has carefully studied them, tells us of _Saitis
+    pulex_: "On May 24th we found a mature female, and placed her in
+    one of the larger boxes, and the next day we put a male in with
+    her. He saw her as she stood perfectly still, twelve inches away;
+    the glance seemed to excite him, and he at once moved toward her;
+    when some four inches from her he stood still, and then began the
+    most remarkable performances that an amorous male could offer to
+    an admiring female. She eyed him eagerly, changing her position
+    from time to time so that he might be always in view. He, raising
+    his whole body on one side by straightening out the legs, and
+    lowering it on the other by folding the first two pairs of legs
+    up and under, leaned so far over as to be in danger of losing his
+    balance, which he only maintained by sliding rapidly toward the
+    lowered side. The palpus, too, on this side was turned back to
+    correspond to the direction of the legs nearest it. He moved in a
+    semicircle for about two inches, and then instantly reversed the
+    position of the legs and circled in the opposite direction,
+    gradually approaching nearer and nearer to the female. Now she
+    dashes toward him, while he, raising his first pair of legs,
+    extends them upward and forward as if to hold her off, but withal
+    slowly retreats. Again and again he circles from side to side,
+    she gazing toward him in a softer mood, evidently admiring the
+    grace of his antics. This is repeated until we have counted one
+    hundred and eleven circles made by the ardent little male. Now he
+    approaches nearer and nearer, and when almost within reach whirls
+    madly around and around her, she joining and whirling with him in
+    a giddy maze. Again he falls back and resumes his semicircular
+    motions, with his body tilted over; she, all excitement, lowers
+    her head and raises her body so that it is almost vertical; both
+    draw nearer; she moves slowly under him, he crawling over her
+    head, and the mating is accomplished."
+
+    The same author thus describes the courtship of _Dendryphantes
+    elegans_: "While from three to five inches distant from her, he
+    begins to wave his plumy first legs in a way that reminds one of
+    a windmill. She eyes him fiercely, and he keeps at a proper
+    distance for a long time. If he comes close she dashes at him,
+    and he quickly retreats. Sometimes he becomes bolder, and when
+    within an inch, pauses, with the first legs outstretched before
+    him, not raised as is common in other species; the palpi also are
+    held stiffly out in front with the points together. Again she
+    drives him off, and so the play continues. Now the male grows
+    excited as he approaches her, and while still several inches
+    away, whirls completely around and around; pausing, he runs
+    closer and begins to make his abdomen quiver as he stands on
+    tiptoe in front of her. Prancing from side to side, he grows
+    bolder and bolder, while she seems less fierce, and yielding to
+    the excitement, lifts up her magnificently iridescent abdomen,
+    holding it at one time vertical, and at another sideways to him.
+    She no longer rushes at him, but retreats a little as he
+    approaches. At last he comes close to her, lying flat, with his
+    first legs stretched out and quivering. With the tips of his
+    front legs he gently pats her; this seems to arouse the old demon
+    of resistance, and she drives him back. Again and again he pats
+    her with a caressing movement, gradually creeping nearer and
+    nearer, which she now permits without resistance, until he crawls
+    over her head to her abdomen, far enough to reach the epigynum
+    with his palpus." (G.W. Peckham, "Sexual Selection of Spiders,"
+    _Occasional Papers of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin_,
+    1889, quoted in _Nature_, August 21, 1890.)
+
+    The courtship of another spider, the _Agelena labyrinthica_, has
+    been studied by Lecaillon ("Les Instincts et les Psychismes des
+    Araignees," _Revue Scientifique_, Sept. 15, 1906.) The male
+    enters the female's web and may be found there about the middle
+    of July. When courtship has begun it is not interrupted by the
+    closest observation, even under the magnifying glass. At first it
+    is the male which seeks to couple and he pursues the female over
+    her web till she consents. The pursuit may last some hours, the
+    male agitating his abdomen in a peculiar way, while the female
+    simply retreats a short distance without allowing herself to be
+    approached. At last the female holds herself completely
+    motionless, and then the male approaches, seizes her, places her
+    on her side, sometimes carrying her to a more suitable part of
+    the web. Then one of his copulative apparatus is applied to the
+    female genital opening, and copulation begins. When completed (on
+    an average in about two hours) the male withdraws his copulatory
+    palpus and turns over the female, who is still inert, on to her
+    other side, then brings his second copulatory apparatus to the
+    female opening and starts afresh. When the process is definitely
+    completed the male leaves the female, suddenly retiring to a
+    little distance. The female, who had remained completely
+    motionless for four hours, suddenly runs after the male. But she
+    only pursues him for a short distance, and the two spiders remain
+    together without any danger to either. Lecaillon disbelieves the
+    statement of Romanes (in his _Animal Intelligence_) that the
+    female eats the male after copulation. But this certainly seems
+    to occur sometimes among insects, as illustrated by the following
+    instance described by so careful an observer of insects as Fabre.
+
+    The _Mantis religiosa_ is described by Fabre as contemplating the
+    female for a long time in an attitude of ecstasy. She remains
+    still and seems indifferent. He is small and she is large. At
+    last he approaches; spreads his wings, which tremble
+    convulsively; leaps on her back, and fixes himself there. The
+    preludes are long and the coupling itself sometimes occupies five
+    or six hours. Then they separate. But the same day or the
+    following day she seizes him and eats him up in small mouthfuls.
+    She will permit a whole series of males to have intercourse with
+    her, always eating them up directly afterward. Fabre has even
+    seen her eating the male while still on her back, his head and
+    neck gone, but his body still firmly attached. (J.H. Fabre,
+    _Souvenirs Entomologiques_, fifth series, p. 307.) Fabre also
+    describes in great detail (ibid., ninth series, chs. xxi-xxii)
+    the sexual parades of the Languedoc scorpion (_Scorpio
+    occitanus_), an arachnid. These parades are in public; for their
+    subsequent intercourse the couple seek complete seclusion, and
+    the female finally eats the male.
+
+    An insect (a species of _Empis_) has been described which excites
+    the female by manipulating a large balloon. "This is of
+    elliptical shape, about seven millimeters long (nearly twice as
+    long as the fly), hollow, and composed entirely of a single layer
+    of minute bubbles, nearly uniform in size, arranged in regular
+    circles concentric with the axis of the structure. The
+    beautiful, glistening whiteness of the object when the sun shines
+    upon it makes it very conspicuous. The bubbles were slightly
+    viscid, and in nearly every case there was a small fly pressed
+    into the front end of the balloon, apparently as food for the
+    _Empis_. In all cases they were dead. The balloon appears to be
+    made while the insect is flying in the air. Those flying highest
+    had the smallest balloons. The bubbles are probably produced by
+    some modification of the anal organs. It is possible that the
+    captured fly serves as a nucleus to begin the balloon on. One
+    case of a captured fly but no balloon was observed. After
+    commencing, it is probable that the rest of the structure is made
+    by revolving the completed part between the hind legs and adding
+    more bubbles somewhat spirally. The posterior end of the balloon
+    is left more or less open. The purpose of this structure is to
+    attract the female. When numerous males were flying up and down
+    the road, it happened several times that a female was seen to
+    approach them from some choke-cherry blossoms near by. The males
+    immediately gathered in her path, and she with little hesitation
+    selected for a mate the one with the largest balloon, taking a
+    position _upon his back_. After copulation had begun, the pair
+    would settle down toward the ground, select a quiet spot, and the
+    female would alight by placing her front legs across a horizontal
+    grass blade, her head resting against the blade so as to brace
+    the body in position. Here she would continue to hold the male
+    beneath her for a little time, until the process was finished.
+    The male, meanwhile, would be rolling the balloon about in a
+    variety of positions, juggling with it, one might almost say.
+    After the male and female parted company, the male immediately
+    dropped the balloon upon the ground, and it was greedily seized
+    by ants. No illustration could properly show the beauty of the
+    balloon." (Aldrich and Turley, "A Balloon-making Fly," _American
+    Naturalist_, October, 1899.)
+
+    "In many species of moths the males 'assemble' around the freshly
+    emerged female, but no special advantage appears to attend on
+    early arrival. The female sits apparently motionless, while the
+    little crowd of suitors buzz around her for several minutes.
+    Suddenly, and, as far as one can see, without any sign from the
+    female, one of the males pairs with her and all the others
+    immediately disappear. In these cases the males do not fight or
+    struggle in any way, and as one watches the ceremony the wonder
+    arises as to how the moment is determined, and why the pairing
+    did not take place before. Proximity does not decide the point,
+    for long beforehand the males often alight close to the female
+    and brush against her with fluttering wings. I have watched the
+    process exactly as I have described it in a common Northern
+    _Noctua_, the antler moth (_Charaeax graminis_), and I have seen
+    the same thing among beetles." (E.B. Poulton, _The Colors of
+    Animals_, 1890, p. 391.) This author mentions that among some
+    butterflies the females take the active part. The example here
+    quoted of courtship among moths illustrates how phenomena which
+    are with difficulty explicable by the theory of sexual selection
+    in its original form become at once intelligible when we realize
+    the importance of tumescence in courtship.
+
+    Of the Argentine cow-bird (_Molothrus bonariensis_) Hudson says
+    (_Argentine Ornithology_, vol. i, p. 73): "The song of the male,
+    particularly when making love, is accompanied with gestures and
+    actions somewhat like those of the domestic pigeon. He swells
+    himself out, beating the ground with his wings, and uttering a
+    series of deep internal notes, followed by others loud and clear;
+    and occasionally, when uttering them, he suddenly takes wing and
+    flies directly away from the female to a distance of fifty yards,
+    and performs a wide circuit about her in the air, singing all the
+    time. The homely object of his passion always appears utterly
+    indifferent to this curious and pretty performance; yet she must
+    be even more impressionable than most female birds, since she
+    continues scattering about her parasitical and often wasted eggs
+    during four months in every year."
+
+    Of a tyrant-bird (_Pitangus Bolivianus_) Hudson writes
+    (_Argentine Ornithology_, vol. i, p. 148): "Though the male and
+    female are greatly attached, they do not go afield to hunt in
+    company, but separate to meet again at intervals during the day.
+    One of a couple (say, the female) returns to the trees where they
+    are accustomed to meet, and after a time, becoming impatient or
+    anxious at the delay of her consort, utters a very long, clear
+    call-note. He is perhaps a quarter of a mile away, watching for a
+    frog beside a pool, or beating over a thistle-bed, but he hears
+    the note and presently responds with one of equal power. Then,
+    perhaps, for half an hour, at intervals of half a minute, the
+    birds answer each other, though the powerful call of the one must
+    interfere with his hunting. At length he returns; then the two
+    birds, perched close together, with their yellow bosoms almost
+    touching, crests elevated, and beating the branch with their
+    wings, scream their loudest notes in concert--a confused jubilant
+    noise that rings through the whole plantation. Their joy at
+    meeting is patent, and their action corresponds to the warm
+    embrace of a loving human couple."
+
+    Of the red-breasted marsh-bird (_Leistes superciliaris_) Hudson
+    (_Argentine Ornithology_, vol. i, p. 100) writes: "These birds
+    are migratory, and appear everywhere in the eastern part of the
+    Argentine country early in October, arriving singly, after which
+    each male takes up a position in a field or open space abounding
+    with coarse grass and herbage, where he spends most of his time
+    perched on the summit of a tall stalk or weed, his glowing
+    crimson bosom showing at a distance like some splendid flower
+    above the herbage. At intervals of two or three minutes he soars
+    vertically up to a height of twenty or twenty-five yards to utter
+    his song, composed of a single long, powerful and rather musical
+    note, ending with an attempt at a flourish, during which the bird
+    flutters and turns about in the air; then, as if discouraged at
+    his failure, he drops down, emitting harsh, guttural chirps, to
+    resume his stand. Meanwhile the female is invisible, keeping
+    closely concealed under the long grass. But at length, attracted
+    perhaps by the bright bosom and aerial music of the male, she
+    occasionally exhibits herself for a few moments, starting up with
+    a wild zigzag flight, and, darting this way and that, presently
+    drops into the grass once more. The moment she appears above the
+    grass the male gives chase, and they vanish from sight together."
+
+    "Courtship with the mallard," says J.G. Millais (_Natural History
+    of British Ducks_, p. 6), "appears to be carried on by both
+    sexes, though generally three or four drakes are seen showing
+    themselves off to attract the attention of a single duck.
+    Swimming round her, in a coy and semi-self-conscious manner, they
+    now and again all stop quite still, nod, bow, and throw their
+    necks out in token of their admiration and their desire of a
+    favorable response. But the most interesting display is when all
+    the drakes simultaneously stand up in the water and rapidly pass
+    their bills down their breasts, uttering at the same time a low
+    single note somewhat like the first half of the call that teal
+    and pintail make when 'showing off.' At other times the
+    love-making of the drake seems to be rather passive than active.
+    While graciously allowing himself to be courted, he holds his
+    head high with conscious pride, and accepts as a matter of course
+    any attention that may be paid to him. A proud bird is he when
+    three or four ducks come swimming along beside and around him,
+    uttering a curious guttural note, and at the same time dipping
+    their bills in quick succession to right and left. He knows what
+    that means, and carries himself with even greater dignity than
+    before. In the end, however, he must give in. As a last appeal,
+    one of his lady lovers may coyly lower herself in the water till
+    only the top of her back, head, and neck is seen, and so
+    fascinating an advance as this no drake of any sensibility can
+    withstand."
+
+    The courting of the Argus pheasant, noted for the extreme beauty
+    of the male's plumage, was observed by H.O. Forbes in Sumatra. It
+    is the habit of this bird to make "a large circus, some ten or
+    twelve feet in diameter, in the forest, which it clears of every
+    leaf and twig and branch, till the ground is perfectly swept and
+    garnished. On the margin of this circus there is invariably a
+    projecting branch or high-arched root, at a few feet elevation
+    above the ground, on which the female bird takes its place, while
+    in the ring the male--the male birds alone possess great
+    decoration--shows off all its magnificence for the gratification
+    and pleasure of his consort and to exalt himself in her eyes."
+    (H.O. Forbes, _A. Naturalist's Wanderings_, 1885, p. 131.)
+
+    "All ostriches, adults as well as chicks, have a strange habit
+    known as 'waltzing.' After running for a few hundred yards they
+    will also stop, and, with raised wings, spin around rapidly for
+    some time after until quite giddy, when a broken leg occasionally
+    occurs.... Vicious cocks 'roll' when challenging to fight or when
+    wooing the hen. The cock will suddenly bump down on to his knees
+    (the ankle-joint), open his wings, and then swing them
+    alternately backward and forward, as if on a pivot.... While
+    rolling, every feather over the whole body is on end, and the
+    plumes are open, like a large white fan. At such a time the bird
+    sees very imperfectly, if at all; in fact, he seems so
+    preoccupied that, if pursued, one may often approach unnoticed.
+    Just before rolling, a cock, especially if courting the hen, will
+    often run slowly and daintily on the points of his toes, with
+    neck slightly inflated, upright, and rigid, the tail
+    half-drooped, and all his body-feathers fluffed up; the wings
+    raised and expanded, the inside edges touching the sides of the
+    neck for nearly the whole of its length, and the plumes showing
+    separately, like an open fan. In no other attitude is the
+    splendid beauty of his plumage displayed to such advantage."
+    (S.C. Cronwright Schreiner, "The Ostrich," _Zooelogist_, March,
+    1897.)
+
+    As may be seen from the foregoing fairly typical examples, the
+    phenomena of courtship are highly developed, and have been most
+    carefully studied, in animals outside the mammal series. It may
+    seem a long leap from birds to man; yet, as will be seen, the
+    phenomena among primitive human peoples, if not, indeed, among
+    many civilized peoples also, closely resemble those found among
+    birds, though, unfortunately, they have not usually been so
+    carefully studied.
+
+    In Australia, where dancing is carried to a high pitch of
+    elaboration, its association with the sexual impulse is close and
+    unmistakable. Thus, Mr. Samuel Gason (of whom it has been said
+    that "no man living has been more among blacks or knows more of
+    their ways") remarks concerning a dance of the Dieyerie tribe:
+    "This dance men and women only take part in, in regular form and
+    position, keeping splendid time to the rattle of the beat of two
+    boomerangs; some of the women keep time by clapping their hands
+    between their thighs; promiscuous sexual intercourse follows
+    after the dance; jealousy is forbidden." Again, at the Mobierrie,
+    or rat-harvest, "many weeks' preparation before the dance comes
+    off; no quarreling is allowed; promiscuous sexual intercourse
+    during the ceremony." The fact that jealousy is forbidden at
+    these festivals clearly indicates that sexual intercourse is a
+    recognized and probably essential element in the ceremonies. This
+    is further emphasized by the fact that at other festivals open
+    sexual intercourse is not allowed. Thus, at the Mindarie, or
+    dance at a peace festival (when a number of tribes comes
+    together), "there is great rejoicing at the coming festival,
+    which is generally held at the full of the moon, and kept up all
+    night. The men are artistically decorated with down and feathers,
+    with all kinds of designs. The down and feathers are stuck on
+    their bodies with blood freshly taken from their penis; they are
+    also nicely painted with various colors; tufts of boughs are tied
+    on their ankles to make a noise while dancing. Promiscuous sexual
+    intercourse is carried on _secretly_; many quarrels occur at this
+    time." (_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, vol. xxiv,
+    November, 1894, p. 174.)
+
+    In Australian dances, sometimes men and women dance together,
+    sometimes the men dance alone, sometimes the women. In one dance
+    described by Eyre: "Women are the chief performers; their bodies
+    are painted with white streaks, and their hair adorned with
+    cockatoo feathers. They carry large sticks in their hands, and
+    place themselves in a row in front, while the men with their
+    spears stand in a row behind them. They then all commence their
+    movements, but without intermingling, the males and females
+    dancing by themselves. The women have occasionally another mode
+    of dancing, by joining the hands together over the head, closing
+    the feet, and bringing the knees into contact. The legs are then
+    thrown outward from the knee, while the feet and hands are kept
+    in their original position, and, being drawn quickly in again, a
+    sharp sound is produced by the collision. This is also practised
+    alone by young girls or by several together for their own
+    amusement. It is adopted also when a single woman is placed in
+    front of a row of male dancers to excite their passions." (E.J.
+    Eyre, _Journals of Expeditions into Central Australia_, vol. ii,
+    p. 235.)
+
+    A charming Australian folk-tale concerning two sisters with
+    wings, who disliked men, and their wooing by a man, clearly
+    indicates, even among the Australians (whose love-making is
+    commonly supposed to be somewhat brutal in character), the
+    consciousness that it is by his beauty, charm, and skill in
+    courtship that a man wins a woman. Unahanach, the lover, stole
+    unperceived to the river where the girls were bathing and at last
+    showed himself carelessly sitting on a high tree. The girls were
+    startled, but thought it would be safe to amuse themselves by
+    looking at the intruder. "Young and with the most active figure,
+    yet of a strength that defied the strongest emu, and even enabled
+    him to resist an 'old man' kangaroo, he had no equal in the
+    chase, and conscious power gave a dignity to his expression that
+    at one glance calmed the fears of the two girls. His large
+    brilliant eyes, shaded by a deep fringe of soft black eyelashes,
+    gazed down upon them admiringly, and his rich black hair hung
+    around his well-formed face, smooth and shining from the emu-oil
+    with which it was abundantly covered." At last he persuaded them
+    to talk and by and by induced them to call him husband. Then they
+    went off with him, with no thought of flight in their hearts.
+    ("Australian Folklore Stories," collected by W. Dunlop, _Journal
+    of the Anthropological Institute_, new series, vol. i, 1898, p.
+    33.)
+
+    Of the people of Torres Straits Haddon states (_Reports
+    Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits_, vol. v, p. 222):
+    "It was during the secular dance, or _Kap_, that the girls
+    usually lost their hearts to the young men. A young man who was a
+    good dancer would find favor in the sight of the girls. This can
+    be readily understood by anyone who has seen the active, skilful,
+    and fatiguing dances of these people. A young man who could
+    acquit himself well in these dances must be possessed of no mean
+    strength and agility, qualities which everywhere appeal to the
+    opposite sex. Further, he was decorated, according to local
+    custom, with all that would render him more imposing in the eyes
+    of the spectators. As the former chief of Mabuiag put it, 'In
+    England if a man has plenty of money, women want to marry him; so
+    here, if a man dances well they too want him.' In olden days the
+    war-dance, which was performed after a successful foray, would be
+    the most powerful excitement to a marriageable girl, especially
+    if a young man had distinguished himself sufficiently to bring
+    home the head of someone he had killed."
+
+    Among the tribes inhabiting the mouth of the Wanigela River, New
+    Guinea, "when a boy admires a girl, he will not look at her,
+    speak to her, or go near her. He, however, shows his love by
+    athletic bounds, posing, and pursuit, and by the spearing of
+    imaginary enemies, etc., before her, to attract her attention. If
+    the girl reciprocates his love she will employ a small girl to
+    give to him an _ugauga gauna_, or love invitation, consisting of
+    an areca-nut whose skin has been marked with different designs,
+    significant of her wish to _ugauga_. After dark he is apprised of
+    the place where the girl awaits him; repairing thither, he seats
+    himself beside her as close as possible, and they mutually share
+    in the consumption of the betel-nut." This constitutes betrothal;
+    henceforth he is free to visit the girl's house and sleep there.
+    Marriages usually take place at the most important festival of
+    the year, the _kapa_, preparations for which are made during the
+    three previous months, so that there may be a bountiful and
+    unfailing supply of bananas. Much dancing takes place among the
+    unmarried girls, who, also, are tattooed at this time over the
+    whole of the front of the body, special attention being paid to
+    the lower parts, as a girl who is not properly tattooed there
+    possesses no attraction in the eyes of young men. Married women
+    and widows and divorced women are not forbidden to take part in
+    these dances, but it would be considered ridiculous for them to
+    do so. (R.E. Guise, "On the Tribes of the Wanigela River,"
+    _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, new series, vol. i,
+    1899, pp. 209, 214 et seq.)
+
+    In the island of Nias in the Malay Archipelago, Modigliani
+    (mainly on the excellent authority of Sundermann, the missionary)
+    states, at a wedding "dancing and singing go on throughout the
+    day. The women, two or three at a time, a little apart from the
+    men, take part in the dancing, which is very well adapted to
+    emphasize the curves of the flanks and the breasts, though at the
+    same time the defects of their legs are exhibited in this series
+    of rhythmic contortions which constitute a Nias dance. The most
+    graceful movement they execute is a lascivious undulation of the
+    flanks while the face and breast are slowly wound round by the
+    _sarong_ [a sort of skirt] held in the hands, and then again
+    revealed. These movements are executed with jerks of the wrist
+    and contortions of the flanks, not always graceful, but which
+    excite the admiration of the spectators, even of the women, who
+    form in groups to sing in chorus a compliment, more or less
+    sincere, in which they say: 'They dance with the grace of birds
+    when they fly. They dance as the hawk flies; it is lovely to
+    see.' They sing and dance both at weddings and at other
+    festivals." (Elio Modigliani, _Un Viaggio a Nias_, 1890, p. 549.)
+
+    In Sumatra Marsden states that chastity prevails more, perhaps,
+    than among any other people: "But little apparent courtship
+    precedes their marriages. Their manners do not admit of it, the
+    _boojong_ and _geddas_ (youths of each sex) being carefully kept
+    asunder and the latter seldom trusted from under the wings of
+    their mothers.... The opportunities which the young people have
+    of seeing and conversing with each other are at the _birnbangs_,
+    or public festivals. On these occasions the young people meet
+    together and dance and sing in company. The men, when determined
+    in their regard, generally employ an old woman as their agent, by
+    whom they make known their sentiments, and send presents to the
+    female of their choice. The parents then interfere, and the
+    preliminaries being settled, a _birnbang_ takes place. The young
+    women proceed in a body to the upper end of the _balli_ (hall),
+    where there is a part divided off for them by a curtain. They do
+    not always make their appearance before dinner, that time,
+    previous to a second or third meal, being appropriated to
+    cock-fighting or other diversions peculiar to men. In the evening
+    their other amusements take place, of which the dances are the
+    principal. These are performed either singly or by two women, two
+    men, or with both mixed. Their motions and attitudes are usually
+    slow, approaching often to the lascivious. They bend forward as
+    they dance, and usually carry a fan, which they close and strike
+    smartly against their elbows at particular cadences.... The
+    assembly seldom breaks up before daylight and these _birnbangs_
+    are often continued for several days together. The young men
+    frequent them in order to look out for wives, and the lasses of
+    course set themselves off to the best advantage. They wear their
+    best silken dresses, of their own weaving, as many ornaments of
+    filigree as they possess, silver rings upon their arms and legs,
+    and ear-rings of a particular construction. Their hair is
+    variously adorned with flowers, and perfumed with oil of
+    benjamin. Civet is also in repute, but more used by the men. To
+    render their skin fine, smooth, and soft they make use of a white
+    cosmetic called _poopoor_ [a mixture of ginger, patch-leaf,
+    maize, sandal-wood, fairy-cotton, and mush-seed with a basis of
+    fine rice]." (W. Marsden, _History of Sumatra_, 1783, p. 230.)
+
+    The Alfurus of Seram in the Moluccas, who have not yet been
+    spoilt by foreign influences, are very fond of music and dancing.
+    Their _maku_ dances, which take place at night, have been
+    described by Joest: "Great torches of dry bamboos and piles of
+    burning resinous leaves light up the giant trees to their very
+    summits and reveal in the distance the little huts which the
+    Alfuras have built in the virgin forests, as well as the skulls
+    of the slain. The women squat together by the fire, making a
+    deafening noise with the gongs and the drums, while the young
+    girls, richly adorned with pearls and fragrant flowers, await the
+    beginning of the dance. Then appear the men and youths without
+    weapons, but in full war-costume, the girdle freshly marked with
+    the number of slain enemies. [Among the Alfuras it is the man who
+    has the largest number of heads to show who has most chance of
+    winning the object of his love.] They hold each other's arms and
+    form a circle, which is not, however, completely closed. A song
+    is started, and with small, slow steps this ring of bodies, like
+    a winding snake, moves sideways, backward, closes, opens again,
+    the steps become heavier, the songs and drums louder, the girls
+    enter the circle and with closed eyes grasp the girdle of their
+    chosen youths, who clasp them by the hips and necks, the chain
+    becomes longer and longer, the dance and song more ardent, until
+    the dancers grow tired and disappear in the gloom of the forest."
+    (W. Joest, _Welt-Fahrten_, 1895, Bd. ii, p. 159.)
+
+    The women of the New Hebrides dance, or rather sway, to and fro
+    in the midst of a circle formed by the men, with whom they do not
+    directly mingle. They leap, show their genital parts to the men,
+    and imitate the movements of coitus. Meanwhile the men unfasten
+    the _manou_ (penis-wrap) from their girdles with one hand, with
+    the other imitating the action of seizing a woman, and, excited
+    by the women, also go through a mock copulation. Sometimes, it is
+    said, the dancers masturbate. This takes place amid plaintive
+    songs, interrupted from time to time by loud cries and howls.
+    (_Untrodden Fields of Anthropology_, by a French army-surgeon,
+    1898, vol. ii, p. 341.)
+
+    Among the hill tribes of the Central Indian Hills may be traced a
+    desire to secure communion with the spirit of fertility embodied
+    in vegetation. This appears, for instance, in a tree-dance, which
+    is carried out on a date associated not only with the growths of
+    the crops or with harvest, but also with the seasonal period for
+    marriage and the annual Saturnalia. (W. Crooke, "The Hill
+    Tribes," _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, new series,
+    vol. i, 1899, p. 243.) The association of dancing with seasonal
+    ritual festivals of a generative character--of which the above is
+    a fairly typical instance--leads us to another aspect of these
+    phenomena on which I have elsewhere touched in these _Studies_
+    (vol. i) when discussing the "Phenomena of Periodicity."
+
+    The Tahitians, when first discovered by Europeans, appear to have
+    been highly civilized on the sexual side and very licentious. Yet
+    even at Tahiti, when visited by Cook, the strict primitive
+    relationship between dancing and courtship still remained
+    traceable. Cook found "a dance called Timorodee, which is
+    performed by young girls, whenever eight or ten of them can be
+    collected together, consisting of motions and gestures beyond
+    imagination wanton, in the practice of which they are brought up
+    from their earliest childhood, accompanied by words which, if it
+    were possible, would more explicitly convey the same ideas. But
+    the practice which is allowed to the virgin is prohibited to the
+    woman from the moment that she has put these hopeful lessons in
+    practice and realized the symbols of the dance." He added,
+    however, that among the specially privileged class of the Areoi
+    these limitations were not observed, for he had heard that this
+    dance was sometimes performed by them as a preliminary to sexual
+    intercourse. (Hawkesworth, _An Account of the Voyages_, etc.,
+    1775, vol. ii, p. 54.)
+
+    Among the Marquesans at the marriage of a woman, even of high
+    rank, she lies with her head at the bridegroom's knees and all
+    the male guests come in single file, singing and dancing--those
+    of lower class first and the great chiefs last--and have
+    connection with the woman. There are often a very large number of
+    guests and the bride is sometimes so exhausted at the end that
+    she has to spend several days in bed. (Tautain, "Etude sur le
+    Mariage chez les Polynesiens," _L'Anthropologie_,
+    November-December, 1895, p. 642.) The interesting point for us
+    here is that singing and dancing are still regarded as a
+    preliminary to a sexual act. It has been noted that in sexual
+    matters the Polynesians, when first discovered by Europeans, had
+    largely gone beyond the primitive stage, and that this applies
+    also to some of their dances. Thus the _hula-hula_ dance, while
+    primitive in origin, may probably be compared more to a civilized
+    than to a primitive dance, since it has become divorced from real
+    life. In the same way, while the sexual pantomime dance of the
+    Azimba girls of central Africa has a direct and recognized
+    relationship to the demands of real life, the somewhat allied
+    _danses du ventre_ of the Hamitic peoples of northern Africa are
+    merely an amusement, a play more or less based on the sexual
+    instinct. At the same time it is important to bear in mind that
+    there is no rigid distinction between dances that are, and those
+    that are not, primitive. As Haddon truly points out in a book
+    containing valuable detailed descriptions of dances, even among
+    savages dances are so developed that it is difficult to trace
+    their origin, and at Torres Straits, he remarks, "there are
+    certainly play or secular dances, dances for pure amusement
+    without any ulterior design." (A.C. Haddon, _Head Hunters_, p.
+    233.) When we remember that dancing had probably become highly
+    developed long before man appeared on the earth, this difficulty
+    in determining the precise origin of human dancing cannot cause
+    surprise.
+
+    Spix and Martius described how the Muras of Brazil by moonlight
+    would engage all night in a Bacchantic dance in a great circle,
+    hand in hand, the men on one side, the women on the other,
+    shouting out all the time, the men "Who will marry me?" the
+    women, "You are a beautiful devil; all women will marry you,"
+    (Spix and Martius, _Reise in Brasilien_, 1831, vol. iii, p.
+    1117.) They also described in detail the dance of the Brazilian
+    Puris, performed in a state of complete nakedness, the men in a
+    row, the women in another row behind them. They danced backward
+    and forward, stamping and singing, at first in a slow and
+    melancholy style, but gradually with increasing vigor and
+    excitement. Then the women began to rotate the pelvis backward
+    and forward, and the men to thrust their bodies forward, the
+    dance becoming a pantomimic representation of sexual intercourse
+    (ibid., vol. i, 1823, pp. 373-5).
+
+    Among the Apinages of Brazil, also, the women stand in a row,
+    almost motionless, while the men dance and leap in front of them,
+    both men and women at the same time singing. (Buscalioni, "Reise
+    zu den Apinages," _Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie_, 1899, ht. 6, p.
+    650.)
+
+    Among the Gilas of New Mexico, "when a young man sees a girl whom
+    he desires for a wife, he first endeavors to gain the good-will
+    of the parents; this accomplished, he proceeds to serenade his
+    lady-love, and will often sit for hours, day after day, near her
+    home, playing on his flute. Should the girl not appear, it is a
+    sign she rejects him; but if, on the other hand, she comes out to
+    meet him, he knows that his suit is accepted, and he takes her to
+    his home. No marriage ceremony is performed."[33] (H.H. Bancroft,
+    _Native Races of the Pacific_, vol. i, p. 549.)
+
+    "Among the Minnetarees a singular night-dance is, it is said,
+    sometimes held. During this amusement an opportunity is given to
+    the squaws to select their favorites. A squaw, as she dances,
+    will advance to a person with whom she is captivated, either for
+    his personal attractions or for his renown in arms; she taps him
+    on the shoulder and immediately runs out of the lodge and betakes
+    herself to the bushes, followed by the favorite. But if it should
+    happen that he has a particular preference for another from whom
+    he expects the same favor, or if he is restrained by a vow, or is
+    already satiated with indulgence, he politely declines her offer
+    by placing his hand in her bosom, on which they return to the
+    assembly and rejoin the dance." It is worthy of remark that in
+    the language of the Omahas the word _watche_ applies equally to
+    the amusement of dancing and to sexual intercourse. (S.H. Long,
+    _Expedition to the Rocky Mountains_, 1823, vol. i, p. 337.)
+
+    At a Kaffir marriage "singing and dancing last until midnight.
+    Each party [the bride's and the bridegroom's] dances in front of
+    the other, but they do not mingle together. As the evening
+    advances, the spirits and passions of all become greatly excited;
+    and the power of song, the display of muscular action, and the
+    gesticulations of the dancers and leapers are something
+    extraordinary. The manner in which, at certain times, one man or
+    woman, more excited than the rest, bounds from the ranks, leaps
+    into the air, bounces forward, and darts backward beggars all
+    description. These violent exercises usually close about
+    midnight, when each party retires; generally, each man selects a
+    paramour, and, indulging in sexual gratification, spends the
+    remainder of the night." (W.C. Holden, _The Kaffir Race_, 1866,
+    p. 192.)
+
+    At the initiation of Kaffir boys into manhood, as described by
+    Holden, they were circumcised. "Cattle are then slaughtered by
+    the parents, and the boys are plentifully supplied with flesh
+    meat; a good deal of dancing also ensues at this stage of the
+    proceedings. The _ukut-shila_ consists in attiring themselves
+    with the leaves of the wild date in the most fantastic manner;
+    thus attired they visit each of the kraals to which they belong
+    in rotation, for the purpose of dancing. These dances are the
+    most licentious which can be imagined. The women act a prominent
+    part in them, and endeavor to excite the passions of the novices
+    by performing all sorts of obscene gesticulations. As soon as the
+    soreness occasioned by the act of circumcision is healed the boys
+    are, as it were, let loose upon society, and exempted from nearly
+    all the restraints of law; so that should they even steal and
+    slaughter their neighbor's cattle they would not be punished; and
+    they have the special privilege of seizing by force, if force be
+    necessary, every unmarried woman they choose, for the purpose of
+    gratifying their passions." Similar festivals take place at the
+    initiation of girls. (W.C. Holden, _The Kaffir Race_, 1866, p.
+    185.)
+
+    The Rev. J. Macdonald has described the ceremonies and customs
+    attending and following the initiation-rites of a young girl on
+    her first menstruation among the Zulus between the Tugela and
+    Delagoa Bay. At this time the girl is called an _intonjane_. A
+    beast is killed as a thank-offering to the ancestral spirits,
+    high revel is held for several days, and dancing and music take
+    place every night till those engaged in it are all exhausted or
+    daylight arrives. "After a few days and when dancing has been
+    discontinued, young men and girls congregate in the outer
+    apartment of the hut, and begin singing, clapping their hands,
+    and making a grunting noise to show their joy. At nightfall most
+    of the young girls who were the intonjane's attendants, leave for
+    their own homes for the night, to return the following morning.
+    Thereafter the young men and girls who gathered into the hut in
+    the afternoon separate into pairs and sleep together _in puris
+    naturalibus_, for that is strictly ordained by custom. Sexual
+    intercourse is not allowed, but what is known as _metsha_ or
+    _ukumetsha_ is the sole purpose of the novel arrangement.
+    _Ukumetsha_ may be defined as partial intercourse. Every man who
+    sleeps thus with a girl has to send to the father of the
+    intonjane an assegai; should he have formed an attachment for his
+    partner of the night and wish to pay her his addresses, he sends
+    two assegais." (Rev. J. Macdonald, "Manners, etc., of South
+    African Tribes," _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, vol.
+    xx, November, 1890, p. 117.)
+
+    Goncourt reports the account given him by a French officer from
+    Senegal of the dances of the women, "a dance which is a gentle
+    oscillation of the body, with gradually increasing excitement,
+    from time to time a woman darting forward from the group to stand
+    in front of her lover, contorting herself as though in a
+    passionate embrace, and, on passing her hand between her thighs,
+    showing it covered with the moisture of amorous enjoyment."
+    (_Journal_, vol. ix, p. 79.) The dance here referred to is
+    probably the Bamboula dance of the Wolofs, a spring festival
+    which has been described by Pierre Loti in his _Roman d'un
+    Spahi_, and concerning which various details are furnished by a
+    French army-surgeon, acquainted with Senegal, in his _Untrodden
+    Fields of Anthropology_. The dance, as described by the latter,
+    takes place at night during full moon, the dancers, male and
+    female, beginning timidly, but, as the beat of the tam-tams and
+    the encouraging cries of the spectators become louder, the dance
+    becomes more furious. The native name of the dance is _anamalis
+    fobil_, "the dance of the treading drake." "The dancer in his
+    movements imitates the copulation of the great Indian duck. This
+    drake has a member of a corkscrew shape, and a peculiar movement
+    is required to introduce it into the duck. The woman tucks up her
+    clothes and convulsively agitates the lower part of her body; she
+    alternately shows her partner her vulva and hides it from him by
+    a regular movement, backward and forward, of the body."
+    (_Untrodden Fields of Anthropology_, Paris, 1898, vol. ii, p.
+    112.)
+
+    Among the Gurus of the Ivory Coast (Gulf of Guinea), Eysseric
+    observes, dancing is usually carried on at night and more
+    especially by the men, and on certain occasions women must not
+    appear, for if they assisted at fetichistic dances "they would
+    die." Under other circumstances men and women dance together with
+    ardor, not forming couples but often _vis-a-vis_: their movements
+    are lascivious. Even the dances following a funeral tend to
+    become sexual in character. At the end of the rites attending the
+    funeral of a chief's son the entire population began to dance
+    with ever-growing ardor; there was nothing ritualistic or sad in
+    these contortions, which took on the character of a lascivious
+    dance. Men and women, boys and girls, young and old, sought to
+    rival each other in suppleness, and the festival became joyous
+    and general, as if in celebration of a marriage or a victory.
+    (Eysseric, "La Cote d'Ivoire," _Nouvelles Archives des Missions
+    Scientifiques_, tome ix, 1890, pp. 241-49.)
+
+    Mrs. French-Sheldon has described the marriage-rites she observed
+    at Taveta in East Africa. "During this time the young people
+    dance and carouse and make themselves generally merry and
+    promiscuously drunk, carrying the excess of their dissipation to
+    such an extent that they dance until they fall down in a species
+    of epileptic fit." It is the privilege of the bridegroom's four
+    groomsmen to enjoy the bride first, and she is then handed over
+    to her legitimate husband. This people, both men and women, are
+    "great dancers and merry-makers; the young fellows will collect
+    in groups and dance as though in competition one with the other;
+    one lad will dash out from the circle of his companions, rush
+    into the middle of a circumscribed space, and scream out 'Wow,
+    wow!' Another follows him and screams; then a third does the
+    same. These men will dance with their knees almost rigid, jumping
+    into the air until their excitement becomes very great and their
+    energy almost spasmodic, leaving the ground frequently three feet
+    as they spring into the air. At some of their festivals their
+    dancing is carried to such an extent that I have seen a young
+    fellow's muscles quiver from head to foot and his jaws tremble
+    without any apparent ability on his part to control them, until,
+    foaming at the mouth and with his eyes rolling, he falls in a
+    paroxysm upon the ground, to be carried off by his companions."
+    The writer adds significantly that this dancing "would seem to
+    emanate from a species of voluptuousness." (Mrs. French-Sheldon,
+    "Customs among the Natives of East Africa," _Journal of the
+    Anthropological Institute_, vol. xxi, May, 1892, pp. 366-67.) It
+    may be added that among the Suaheli dances are intimately
+    associated with weddings; the Suaheli dances have been minutely
+    described by Velten (_Sitten und Gebraueche der Suaheli_, pp.
+    144-175). Among the Akamba of British East Africa, also,
+    according to H.R. Tate (_Journal of the Anthropological
+    Institute_, Jan.-June, 1904, p. 137), the dances are followed by
+    connection between the young men and girls, approved of by the
+    parents.
+
+    The dances of the Faroe Islanders have been described by Raymond
+    Pilet ("Rapport sur une Mission en Islande et aux lies Feroe,"
+    _Nouvelles Archives des Missions Scientifiques_, tome vii, 1897,
+    p. 285). These dances, which are entirely decorous, include
+    poetry, music, and much mimicry, especially of battle. They
+    sometimes last for two consecutive days and nights. "The dance is
+    simply a permitted and discreet method by which the young men may
+    court the young girls. The islander enters the circle and places
+    himself beside the girl to whom he desires to show his affection;
+    if he meets with her approval she stays and continues to dance at
+    his side; if not, she leaves the circle and appears later at
+    another spot."
+
+    Pitre (_Usi, etc., del Popolo Siciliano_, vol. ii, p. 24, as
+    quoted in Marro's _Puberta_) states that in Sicily the youth who
+    wishes to marry seeks to give some public proof of his valor and
+    to show himself off. In Chiaramonte, in evidence of his virile
+    force, he bears in procession the standard of some confraternity,
+    a high and richly adorned standard which makes its staff bend to
+    a semicircle, of such enormous weight that the bearer must walk
+    in a painfully bent position, his head thrown back and his feet
+    forward. On reaching the house of his betrothed he makes proof of
+    his boldness and skill in wielding this extremely heavy standard
+    which at this moment seems a plaything in his hands, but may yet
+    prove fatal to him through injury to the loins or other parts.
+
+    This same tendency, which we find in so highly developed a degree
+    among animals and primitive human peoples, is also universal
+    among the children of even the most civilized human races,
+    although in a less organized and more confused way. It manifests
+    itself as "showing-off." Sanford Bell, in his study of the
+    emotion of love in children, finds that "showing-off" is an
+    essential element in the love of children in what he terms the
+    second stage (from the eighth to the twelfth year in girls and
+    the fourteenth in boys). "It constitutes one of the chief numbers
+    in the boy's repertory of love charms, and is not totally absent
+    from the girl's. It is a most common sight to see the boys taxing
+    their resources in devising means of exposing their own
+    excellencies, and often doing the most ridiculous and extravagant
+    things. Running, jumping, dancing, prancing, sparring, wrestling,
+    turning handsprings, somersaults, climbing, walking fences,
+    swinging, giving yodels and yells, whistling, imitating the
+    movements of animals, 'taking people off,' courting danger,
+    affecting courage are some of its common forms.... This
+    'showing-off' in the boy lover is the forerunner of the skilful,
+    purposive, and elaborate means of self-exhibition in the adult
+    male and the charming coquetry in the adult female, in their
+    love-relations." (Sanford Bell, "The Emotion of Love Between the
+    Sexes," _American Journal Psychology_, July, 1902; cf.
+    "Showing-off and Bashfulness," _Pedagogical Seminary_, June,
+    1903.)
+
+If, in the light of the previous discussion, we examine such facts as
+those here collected, we may easily trace throughout the perpetual
+operations of the same instinct. It is everywhere the instinctive object
+of the male, who is very rarely passive in the process of courtship, to
+assure by his activity in display, his energy or skill or beauty, both his
+own passion and the passion of the female. Throughout nature sexual
+conjugation only takes place after much expenditure of energy.[34] We are
+deceived by what we see among highly fed domesticated animals, and among
+the lazy classes of human society, whose sexual instincts are at once both
+unnaturally stimulated and unnaturally repressed, when we imagine that the
+instinct of detumescence is normally ever craving to be satisfied, and
+that throughout nature it can always be set off at a touch whenever the
+stimulus is applied. So far from the instinct of tumescence naturally
+needing to be crushed, it needs, on the contrary, in either sex to be
+submitted to the most elaborate and prolonged processes in order to bring
+about those conditions which detumescence relieves. A state of tumescence
+is not normally constant, and tumescence must be obtained before
+detumescence is possible.[35] The whole object of courtship, of the mutual
+approximation and caresses of two persons of the opposite sex, is to
+create the state of sexual tumescence.
+
+It will be seen that the most usual method of attaining tumescence--a
+method found among the most various kinds of animals, from insects and
+birds to man--is some form of the dance. Among the Negritos of the
+Philippines dancing is described by A.B. Meyer as "jumping in a circle
+around a girl and stamping with the feet"; as we have seen, such a dance
+is, essentially, a form of courtship that is widespread among animals.
+"The true cake-walk," again, Stanley Hall remarks, "as seen in the South
+is perhaps the purest expression of this impulse to courtship antics seen
+in man."[36] Muscular movement of which the dance is the highest and most
+complex expression, is undoubtedly a method of auto-intoxication of the
+very greatest potency. All energetic movement, indeed, tends to produce
+active congestion. In its influence on the brain violent exercise may thus
+result in a state of intoxication even resembling insanity. As Lagrange
+remarks, the visible effects of exercise--heightened color, bright eyes,
+resolute air and walk--are those of slight intoxication, and a girl who
+has waltzed for a quarter of an hour is in the same condition as if she
+had drunk champagne.[37] Groos regards the dance as, above all, an
+intoxicating play of movement, possessing, like other methods of
+intoxication,--and even apart from its relationship to combat and
+love,--the charm of being able to draw us out of our everyday life and
+lead us into a self-created dream-world.[38] That the dance is not only a
+narcotic, but also a powerful stimulant, we may clearly realize from the
+experiments which show that this effect is produced even by much less
+complex kinds of muscular movement. This has been clearly determined, for
+instance, by Fere, in the course of a long and elaborate series of
+experiments dealing with the various influences that modify work as
+measured by Mosso's ergograph. This investigator found that muscular
+movement is the most efficacious of all stimulants in increasing muscular
+power.[39] It is easy to trace these pleasurable effects of combined
+narcotic and stimulant motion in everyday life and it is unnecessary to
+enumerate its manifestations.[40]
+
+    Dancing is so powerful an agent on the organism, as Sergi truly
+    remarks (_Les Emotions_, p. 288), because its excitation is
+    general, because it touches every vital organ, the higher centers
+    no longer dominating. Primitive dancing differs very widely from
+    that civilized kind of dancing--finding its extreme type in the
+    ballet--in which energy is concentrated into the muscles below
+    the knee. In the finest kinds of primitive dancing all the limbs,
+    the whole body, take part. For instance, "the Marquisan girls,"
+    Herman Melville remarked in _Typee_, "dance all over, as it were;
+    not only do their feet dance, but their arms, hands,
+    fingers,--ay, their very eyes seem to dance in their heads. In
+    good sooth, they so sway their floating forms, arch their necks,
+    toss aloft their naked arms, and glide, and swim, and whirl,"
+    etc.
+
+    If we turn to a very different people, we find this
+    characteristic of primitive dancing admirably illustrated by the
+    missionary, Holden, in the case of Kaffir dances. "So far as I
+    have observed," he states, "the perfection of the art or science
+    consists in their _being able to put every part of the body into
+    motion at the same time_. And as they are naked, the bystander
+    has a good opportunity of observing the whole process, which
+    presents a remarkably odd and grotesque appearance,--the head,
+    the trunk, the arms, the legs, the hands, the feet, bones,
+    muscles, sinews, skin, scalp, and hair, each and all in motion at
+    the same time, with feathers waving, tails of monkeys and wild
+    beasts dangling, and shields beating, accompanied with whistling,
+    shouting, and leaping. It would appear as though the whole frame
+    was hung on springing wires or cords. Dances are held in high
+    repute, being the natural expression of joyous emotion, or
+    creating it when absent. There is, perhaps, no exercise in
+    greater accordance with the sentiments or feelings of a barbarous
+    people, or more fully calculated to gratify their wild and
+    ungoverned passions." (W.C. Holden, _The Kaffir Race_, 1866, p.
+    274.)
+
+Dancing, as the highest and most complex form of muscular movement, is the
+most potent method of obtaining the organic excitement muscular movement
+yields, and thus we understand how from the earliest zooelogical ages it
+has been brought to the service of the sexual instinct as a mode of
+attaining tumescence. Among savages this use of dancing works harmoniously
+with the various other uses which dancing possesses in primitive times
+and which cause it to occupy so large and vital a part in savage life that
+it may possibly even affect the organism to such an extent as to mold the
+bones; so that some authorities have associated platycnemia with dancing.
+As civilization advances, the other uses of dancing fall away, but it
+still remains a sexual stimulant. Burton, in his _Anatomy of Melancholy_,
+brings forward a number of quotations from old authors showing that
+dancing is an incitement to love.[41]
+
+    The Catholic theologians (Debreyne, _Moechialogie_, pp. 190-199)
+    for the most part condemn dancing with much severity. In
+    Protestant Germany, also, it is held that dance meetings and
+    musical gatherings are frequent occasions of unchastity. Thus in
+    the Leipzig district when a girl is asked "How did you fall?" she
+    nearly always replies "At the dance." (_Die
+    Geschlechtlich-Sittliche Verhaeltnisse im Deutschen Reiche_, vol.
+    i, p. 196.) It leads quite as often, and no doubt oftener, to
+    marriage. Rousseau defended it on this account (_Nouvelle
+    Heloise_, bk. iv, letter x); dancing is, he held, an admirable
+    preliminary to courtship, and the best way for young people to
+    reveal themselves to each other, in their grace and decorum,
+    their qualities and defects, while its publicity is its
+    safeguard. An International Congress of Dancing Masters was held
+    at Barcelona in 1907. In connection with this Congress, Giraudet,
+    president of the International Academy of Dancing Masters, issued
+    an inquiry to over 3000 teachers of dancing throughout the world
+    in order to ascertain the frequency with which dancing led to
+    marriage. Of over one million pupils of dancing, either married
+    or engaged to be married, it was found that in most countries
+    more than 50 per cent. met their conjugal partners at dances. The
+    smallest proportion was in Norway, with only 39 per cent., and
+    the highest, Germany, with 97 per cent. Intermediate are France,
+    83 per cent.; America, 80 per cent.; Italy, 70 per cent.; Spain,
+    68 per cent.; Holland, Bulgaria, and England, 65 per cent.;
+    Australia and Roumania, 60 per cent., etc. Of the teachers
+    themselves 92 per cent. met their partners at dances. (Quoted
+    from the _Figaro_ in Beiblatt "Sexualreform" to _Geschlecht und
+    Gesellschaft_, 1907, p. 175.)
+
+In civilization, however, dancing is not only an incitement to love and a
+preliminary to courtship, but it is often a substitute for the normal
+gratification of the sexual instinct, procuring something of the pleasure
+and relief of gratified love. In occasional abnormal cases this may be
+consciously realized. Thus Sadger, who regards the joy of dancing as a
+manifestation of "muscular eroticism," gives the case of a married
+hysterical woman of 21, with genital anesthesia, but otherwise strongly
+developed skin eroticism, who was a passionate dancer: "I often felt as
+though I was giving myself to my partner in dancing," she said, "and was
+actually having coitus with him. I have the feeling that in me dancing
+takes the place of coitus."[42] Normally something of the same feeling is
+experienced by many young women, who will expend a prodigious amount of
+energy in dancing, thus procuring, not fatigue, but happiness and
+relief.[43] It is significant that, after sexual relations have begun,
+girls generally lose much of their ardor in dancing. Even our modern
+dances, it is worthy of note, are often of sexual origin; thus, the most
+typical of all, the waltz, was originally (as Schaller, quoted by Groos,
+states) the close of a complicated dance which "represented the romance of
+love, the seeking and the fleeing, the playful sulking and shunning, and
+finally the jubilation of the wedding."[44]
+
+Not only is movement itself a source of tumescence, but even the spectacle
+of movement tends to produce the same effect. The pleasure of witnessing
+movement, as represented by its stimulating effect on the muscular
+system,--for states of well-being are accompanied by an increase of
+power,--has been found susceptible of exact measurement by Fere. He has
+shown that to watch a colored disk when in motion produced stronger
+muscular contractions, as measured by the dynamometer, than to watch the
+same disk when motionless. Even in the absence of color a similar
+influence of movement was noted, and watching a modified metronome
+produced a greater increase of work with the ergograph than when working
+to the rhythm of the metronome without watching it.[45] This psychological
+fact has been independently discovered by advertisers, who seek to impress
+the value of their wares on the public by the device of announcing them by
+moving colored lights. The pleasure given by the ballet largely depends on
+the same fact. Not only is dancing an excitation, but the spectacle of
+dancing is itself exciting, and even among savages dances have a public
+which becomes almost as passionately excited as the dancers
+themselves.[46] It is in virtue of this effect of dancing and similar
+movements that we so frequently find, both among the lower animals and
+savage man, that to obtain tumescence in both sexes, it is sufficient for
+one sex alone, usually the male, to take the active part. This point
+attracted the attention of Kulischer many years ago, and he showed how the
+dances of the men, among savages, excite the women, who watch them
+intently though unobtrusively, and are thus influenced in choosing their
+lovers. He was probably the first to insist that in man sexual selection
+has taken place mainly through the agency of dances, games, and
+festivals.[47]
+
+It is now clear, therefore, why the evacuation theory of the sexual
+impulse must necessarily be partial and inadequate. It leaves out of
+account the whole of the phenomena connected with tumescence, and those
+phenomena constitute the most prolonged, the most important, the most
+significant stage of the sexual process. It is during tumescence that the
+whole psychology of the sexual impulse is built up; it is as an incident
+arising during tumescence and influencing its course that we must probably
+regard nearly every sexual aberration. It is with the second stage of the
+sexual process, when the instinct of detumescence arises, that the analogy
+of evacuation can alone be called in. Even here, that analogy, though
+real, is not complete, the nervous element involved in detumescence being
+out of all proportion to the extent of the evacuation. The typical act of
+evacuation, however, is a nervous process, and when we bear this in mind
+we may see whatever truth the evacuation theory possesses. Beaunis classes
+the sexual impulse with the "needs of activity," but under this head he
+coordinates it with the "need of urination." That is to say, that both
+alike are nervous explosions. Micturition, like detumescence, is a
+convulsive act, and, like detumescence also, it is certainly connected
+with cerebral processes; thus in epilepsy the passage of urine which may
+occur (as in a girl described by Gowers with minor attacks during which it
+was emitted consciously, but involuntarily) is really a part of the
+process.[48]
+
+There appears, indeed, to be a special and intimate connection between the
+explosion of sexual detumescence and the explosive energy of the bladder;
+so that they may reinforce each other and to a limited extent act
+vicariously in relieving each other's tension. It is noteworthy that
+nocturnal and diurnal incontinence of urine, as well as "stammering" of
+the bladder, are all specially liable to begin or to cease at puberty. In
+men and even infants, distention of the bladder favors tumescence by
+producing venous congestion, though at the same time it acts as a physical
+hindrance to sexual detumescence[49]; in women--probably not from pressure
+alone, but from reflex nervous action--a full bladder increases both
+sexual excitement and pleasure, and I have been informed by several women
+that they have independently discovered this fact for themselves and
+acted in accordance with it. Conversely, sexual excitement increases the
+explosive force of the bladder, the desire to urinate is aroused, and in
+women the sexual orgasm, when very acute and occurring with a full
+bladder, is occasionally accompanied, alike in savage and civilized life,
+by an involuntary and sometimes full and forcible expulsion of urine.[50]
+The desire to urinate may possibly be, as has been said, the normal
+accompaniment of sexual excitement in women (just as it is said to be in
+mares; so that the Arabs judge that the mare is ready for the stallion
+when she urinates immediately on hearing him neigh). The association may
+even form the basis of sexual obsessions.[51] I have elsewhere shown that,
+of all the influences which increase the expulsive force of the bladder,
+sexual excitement is the most powerful.[52] It may also have a reverse
+influence and inhibit contraction of the bladder, sometimes in association
+with shyness, but also independently of shyness. There is also reason to
+suppose that the nervous energy expended in an explosion of the tension
+of the sexual organs may sometimes relieve the bladder; it is well
+recognized that a full bladder is a factor in producing sexual emissions
+during sleep, the explosive energy of the bladder being inhibited and
+passing over into the sexual sphere. Conversely, it appears that explosion
+of the bladder relieves sexual tension. An explosion of the nervous
+centers connected with the contraction of the bladder will relieve nervous
+tension generally; there are forms of epilepsy in which the act of
+urination constitutes the climax, and Gowers, in dealing with minor
+epilepsy, emphasizes the frequency of micturition, which "may occur with
+spasmodic energy when there is only the slightest general stiffness,"
+especially in women. He adds the significant remark that it "sometimes
+seems to relieve the cerebral tension,"[53] and gives the case of a girl
+in whom the aura consisted mainly of a desire to urinate; if she could
+satisfy this the fit was arrested; if not she lost consciousness and a
+severe fit followed.
+
+If micturition may thus relieve nervous tension generally, it is not
+surprising that it should relieve the tension of the centers with which it
+is most intimately connected. Serieux records the case of a girl of 12,
+possessed by an impulse to masturbation which she was unable to control,
+although anxious to conquer it, who only found relief in the act of
+urination; this soothed her and to some extent satisfied the sexual
+excitement; when the impulse to masturbate was restrained the impulse to
+urinate became imperative; she would rise four or five times in the night
+for this purpose, and even urinate in bed or in her clothes to obtain the
+desired sexual relief.[54] I am acquainted with a lady who had a similar,
+but less intense, experience during childhood. Sometimes, especially in
+children, the act of urination becomes an act of gratification at the
+climax of sexual pleasure, the imitative symbol of detumescence. Thus
+Schultze-Malkowsky describes a little girl of 7 who would bribe her girl
+companions with little presents to play the part of horses on all fours
+while she would ride on their necks with naked thighs in order to obtain
+the pleasurable sensation of close contact. With one special friend she
+would ride facing backward, and leaning forward to embrace her body
+impulsively, and at the same time pressing the neck closely between her
+thighs, would urinate.[55] Fere has recorded the interesting case of a man
+who, having all his life after puberty been subject to monthly attacks of
+sexual excitement, after the age of 45 completely lost the liability to
+these manifestations, but found himself subject, in place of them, to
+monthly attacks of frequent and copious urination, accompanied by sexual
+day-dreams, but by no genital excitement.[56] Such a case admirably
+illustrates the compensatory relation of sexual and vesical excitation.
+This mutual interaction is easily comprehensible when we recall the very
+close nervous connection which exists between the mechanisms of the sexual
+organs and the bladder.
+
+Nor are such relationships found to be confined to these two centers; in a
+lesser degree the more remote explosive centers are also affected; all
+motor influences may spread to related muscles; the convulsion of
+laughter, for instance, seems to be often in relation with the sexual
+center, and Groos has suggested that the laughter which, especially in the
+sexually minded, often follows allusions to the genital sphere is merely
+an effort to dispel nascent sexual excitement by liberating an explosion
+of nervous energy in another direction.[57] Nervous discharges tend to
+spread, or to act vicariously, because the motor centers are more or less
+connected.[58] Of all the physiological motor explosions, the sexual
+orgasm, or detumescence, is the most massive, powerful, and overwhelming.
+So volcanic is it that to the ancient Greek philosophers it seemed to be a
+minor kind of epilepsy. The relief of detumescence is not merely the
+relief of an evacuation; it is the discharge, by the most powerful
+apparatus for nervous explosion in the body, of the energy accumulated and
+stored up in the slow process of tumescence, and that discharge
+reverberates through all the nervous centers in the organism.
+
+    "The sophist of Abdera said that coitus is a slight fit of
+    epilepsy, judging it to be an incurable disease." (Clement of
+    Alexandria, _Paedagogus_, bk. ii, chapter x.) And Coelius
+    Aurelianus, one of the chief physicians of antiquity, said that
+    "coitus is a brief epilepsy." Fere has pointed out that both
+    these forms of nervous storm are sometimes accompanied by similar
+    phenomena, by subjective sensations of sight or smell, for
+    example; and that the two kinds of discharge may even be
+    combined. (Fere, _Les Epileptiques_, pp. 283-84; also "Exces
+    Veneriens et Epilepsie," _Comptes-rendus de la Societe de
+    Biologie_, April 3, 1897, and the same author's _Instinct
+    Sexuel_, pp. 209, 221, and his "Priapisme Epileptique," _La
+    Medecine Moderne_, February 4, 1899.) The epileptic convulsion in
+    some cases involves the sexual mechanism, and it is noteworthy
+    that epilepsy tends to appear at puberty. In modern times even so
+    great a physician as Boerhaave said that coitus is a "true
+    epilepsy," and more recently Roubaud, Hammond, and Kowalevsky
+    have emphasized the resemblance between coitus and epilepsy,
+    though without identifying the two states. Some authorities have
+    considered that coitus is a cause of epilepsy, but this is denied
+    by Christian, Struempell, and Loewenfeld. (Loewenfeld, _Sexualleben
+    und Nervenleiden_, 1899, p. 68.) Fere has recorded the case of a
+    youth in whom the adoption of the practice of masturbation,
+    several times a day, was followed by epileptic attacks which
+    ceased when masturbation was abandoned. (Fere, _Comptes-rendus de
+    la Socitete de Biologie_, April 3, 1897.)
+
+It seems unprofitable at present to attempt any more fundamental analysis
+of the sexual impulse. Beaunis, in the work already quoted, vaguely
+suggests that we ought possibly to connect the sexual excitation which
+leads the male to seek the female with chemical action, either exercised
+directly on the protoplasm of the organism or indirectly by the
+intermediary of the nervous system, and especially by smell in the higher
+animals. Clevenger, Spitzka, Kiernan, and others have also regarded the
+sexual impulse as protoplasmic hunger, tracing it back to the presexual
+times when one protozoal form absorbed another. In the same way Joanny
+Roux, insisting that the sexual need is a need of the whole organism, and
+that "we love with the whole of our body," compares the sexual instinct to
+hunger, and distinguishes between "sexual hunger" affecting the whole
+system and "sexual appetite" as a more localized desire; he concludes that
+the sexual need is an aspect of the nutritive need.[59] Useful as these
+views are as a protest against too crude and narrow a conception of the
+part played by the sexual impulse, they carry us into a speculative region
+where proof is difficult.
+
+We are now, however, at all events, in a better position to define the
+contents of the sexual impulse. We see that there are certainly, as Moll
+has indicated, two constituents in that impulse; but, instead of being
+unrelated, or only distantly related, we see that they are really so
+intimately connected as to form two distinct stages in the same process: a
+first stage, in which--usually under the parallel influence of internal
+and external stimuli--images, desires, and ideals grow up within the mind,
+while the organism generally is charged with energy and the sexual
+apparatus congested with blood; and a second stage, in which the sexual
+apparatus is discharged amid profound sexual excitement, followed by deep
+organic relief. By the first process is constituted the tension which the
+second process relieves. It seems best to call the first impulse the
+_process of tumescence_; the second the _process of detumescence_.[60] The
+first, taking on usually a more active form in the male, has the double
+object of bringing the male himself into the condition in which discharge
+becomes imperative, and at the same time arousing in the female a similar
+ardent state of emotional excitement and sexual turgescence. The second
+process has the object, directly, of discharging the tension thus produced
+and, indirectly, of effecting the act by which the race is propagated.
+
+It seems to me that this is at present the most satisfactory way in which
+we can attempt to define the sexual impulse.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] C. Lloyd Morgan, "Instinct and Intelligence in Animals," _Nature_,
+February 3, 1898.
+
+[2] _Essais_, livre iii, ch. v.
+
+[3] Fere, "La Predisposition dans l'etiologie des perversions sexuelles,"
+_Revue de medecine_, 1898. In his more recent work on the evolution and
+dissolution of the sexual instinct Fere perhaps slightly modified his
+position by stating that "the sexual appetite is, above all, a general
+need of the organism based on a sensation of fullness, a sort of need of
+evacuation," _L'Instinct sexuel_, 1899, p. 6. Loewenfeld (_Ueber die
+Sexuelle Konstitution_, p. 30) gives a qualified acceptance to the
+excretory theory, as also Rohleder (_Die Zeugung beim Menschen_, p. 25).
+
+[4] Goltz, _Centralblatt fuer die med. Wissenschaften_, 1865, No. 19, and
+1866, No. 18; also _Beitraege zur Lehre von den Funktionen des Frosches_,
+Berlin, 1869, p. 20.
+
+[5] J. Tarchanoff, "Zur Physiologie des Geschlechtsapparatus des
+Frosches," _Archiv fuer die Gesammte Physiologie_, 1887, vol. xl, p. 330.
+
+[6] E. Steinach, "Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden Physiologie der
+maennlicher Geschlechtsorgane insbesondere der accessorischen
+Geschlechtsdruesen," _Archiv fuer die Gesammte Physiologie_, vol. lvi,
+1894, pp. 304-338.
+
+[7] See, e.g., Shattock and Seligmann, "The Acquirement of Secondary
+Sexual Characters," _Proceedings of the Royal Society_, vol. lxxiii, 1904,
+p. 49.
+
+[8] For facts bearing on this point, see Guinard, art. "Castration,"
+Richet's _Dictionnaire de Physiologie_. The general results of castration
+are summarized by Robert Mueller in ch. vii of his _Sexualbiologie_; also
+by F.H.A. Marshall, _The Physiology of Reproduction_, ch, ix; see also E.
+Pittard, "Les Skoptzy," _L'Anthropologie_, 1903, p. 463.
+
+[9] For an ancient discussion of this point, see Schurig, _Spermatologia_,
+1720, cap. ix.
+
+[10] J.J. Matignon, _Superstition, Crime, et Misere en Chine_, "Les
+Eunuques du Palais Imperial de Pekin," 1901.
+
+[11] P. Marie, "Eunuchisme et Erotisme," _Nouvelle Iconographie de la
+Salpetriere_, 1906, No. 5, and _Progres medical_, Jan. 26, 1907.
+
+[12] _Pedagogical Seminary_, July, 1897, p. 121.
+
+[13] See, for instance, the case reported in another volume of these
+_Studies_ ("Sexual Inversion"), in which castration was performed on a
+sexual invert without effecting any change.
+
+[14] Guinard, art. "Castration," _Dictionnaire de Physiologie_.
+
+[15] M.A. Colman, _Medical Standard_, August, 1895; Clara Barrus,
+_American Journal of Insanity_, April, 1895; Macnaughton-Jones, _British
+Gynaecological Journal_, August, 1902; W.G. Bridgman, _Medical Standard_,
+1896; J.M. Cotterill, _British Medical Journal_, April 7, 1900 (also
+private communication); Paul F. Munde, _American Journal of Obstetrics_,
+March, 1899.
+
+[16] See Swale Vincent, _Internal Secretion and the Ductless Glands_,
+1912; F.H.A. Marshall, _The Physiology of Reproduction_, 1910, ch. ix;
+Munzer, _Berliner klinische Wochenschrift_, Nov., 1910; C. Sajous, _The
+Internal Secretions_, vol. i, 1911. The adrenal glands have been fully and
+interestingly studied by Glynn, _Quarterly Journal of Medicine_, Jan.,
+1912; the thyroid, by Ewan Waller, _Practitioner_, Aug., 1912; the
+internal secretion of the ovary, by A. Louise McIlroy, _Proceedings Royal
+Society Medicine_, July, 1912. For a discussion at the Neurology Section
+of the British Medical Association Meeting, 1912, see _British Medical
+Journal_, Nov. 16, 1912.
+
+[17] Since this was written I have come across a passage in _Hampa_ (p.
+228), by Rafael Salillas, the Spanish sociologist, which shows that the
+analogy has been detected by the popular mind and been embodied in popular
+language: "A significant anatomico-physiological concordance supposes a
+resemblance between the mouth and the sexual organs of a woman, between
+coitus and the ingestion of food, and between foods which do not require
+mastication and the spermatic ejaculation; these representations find
+expression in the popular name _papo_ given to women's genital organs.
+'Papo' is the crop of birds, and is derived from 'papar' (Latin,
+_papare_), to eat soft food such as we call pap. With this representation
+of infantile food is connected the term _leche_ [milk] as applied to the
+ejaculated genital fluid." Cleland, it may be added, in the most
+remarkable of English erotic novels, _The Memoirs of Fanny Hill_, refers
+to "the compressive exsuction with which the sensitive mechanism of that
+part [the vagina] thirstily draws and drains the nipple of Love," and
+proceeds to compare it to the action of the child at the breast. It
+appears that, in some parts of the animal world at least, there is a real
+analogy of formation between the oral and vaginal ends of the trunk. This
+is notably the case in some insects, and the point has been elaborately
+discussed by Walter Wesche, "The Genitalia of Both the Sexes in Diptera,
+and their Relation to the Armature of the Mouth," _Transactions of the
+Linnean Society_, second series, vol. ix, Zooelogy, 1906.
+
+[18] Naecke now expresses himself very dubiously on the point; see, e.g.,
+_Archiv fuer Kriminal-Anthropologie_, 1905, p. 186.
+
+[19] _Untersuchungen ueber die Libido Sexualis_, Berlin, 1897-98.
+
+[20] Moll adopts the term "impulse of detumescence" (_Detumescenztrieb_)
+instead of "impulse of ejaculation," because in women there is either no
+ejaculation or it cannot be regarded as essential.
+
+[21] I quote from the second edition, as issued in 1881.
+
+[22] This is the theory which by many has alone been seen in Darwin's
+_Descent of Man_. Thus even his friend Wallace states unconditionally
+(_Tropical Nature_, p. 193) that Darwin accepted a "voluntary or conscious
+sexual selection," and seems to repeat the same statement in _Darwinism_
+(1889), p. 283. Lloyd Morgan, in his discussion of the pairing instinct in
+_Habit and Instinct_ (1896), seems also only to see this side of Darwin's
+statement.
+
+[23] In his _Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication_, Darwin
+was puzzled by the fact that, in captivity, animals often copulate without
+conceiving and failed to connect that fact with the processes behind his
+own theory of sexual selection.
+
+[24] Beaunis, _Sensations Internes_, ch. v, "Besoins Sexuels," 1889. It
+may be noted that many years earlier Burdach (in his _Physiologie als
+Erfahrungswissenschaft_, 1826) had recognized that the activity of the
+male favored procreation, and that mental and physical excitement seemed
+to have the same effect in the female also.
+
+[25] It is scarcely necessary to point out that this is too extreme a
+position. As J.G. Millais remarks of ducks (_Natural History of British
+Ducks_, p. 45), in courtship "success in winning the admiration of the
+female is rather a matter of persistent and active attention than physical
+force," though the males occasionally fight over the female. The ruff
+(_Machetes pugnax_) is a pugnacious bird, as his name indicates. Yet, the
+reeve, the female of this species, is, as E. Selous shows ("Sexual
+Selection in Birds," _Zooelogist_, Feb. and May, 1907), completely mistress
+of the situation. "She seems the plain and unconcerned little mistress of
+a numerous and handsome seraglio, each member of which, however he flounce
+and bounce, can only wait to be chosen." Any fighting among the males is
+only incidental and is not a factor in selection. Moreover, as R. Mueller
+points out (loc. cit., p. 290), fighting would not usually attain the end
+desired, for if the males expend their time and strength in a serious
+combat they merely afford a third less pugnacious male a better
+opportunity of running off with the prize.
+
+[26] L. Tillier, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, 1889, pp. 74, 118, 119, 124 et seq.,
+289.
+
+[27] K. Groos, _Die Spiele der Thiere_, 1896; _Die Spiele der Menschen_,
+1899; both are translated into English.
+
+[28] Prof. H.E. Ziegler, in a private letter to Professor Groos, _Spiele
+der Thiere_, p. 202.
+
+[29] _Die Spiele der Thiere_, p. 244. This had been briefly pointed out by
+earlier writers. Thus, Haeckel (_Gen. Morph._, ii, p. 244) remarked that
+fighting for females is a special or modified kind of struggle for
+existence, and that it acts on both sexes.
+
+[30] It may be added that in the human species, as Bray remarks ("Le Beau
+dans la Nature," _Revue Philosophique_, October, 1901, p. 403), "the hymen
+would seem to tend to the same end, as if nature had wished to reinforce
+by a natural obstacle the moral restraint of modesty, so that only the
+vigorous male could insure his reproduction." There can be no doubt that
+among many animals pairing is delayed so far as possible until maturity is
+reached. "It is a strict rule amongst birds," remarks J.G. Millais (op.
+cit., p. 46), "that they do not breed until both sexes have attained the
+perfect adult plumage." Until that happens, it seems probable, the
+conditions for sexual excitation are not fully established. We know
+little, says Howard (_Zooelogist_, 1903, p. 407), of the age at which birds
+begin to breed, but it is known that "there are yearly great numbers of
+individuals who do not breed, and the evidence seems to show that such
+individuals are immature."
+
+[31] A. Marro, _La Puberte_, 1901, p. 464.
+
+[32] Lloyd Morgan, _Animal Behavior_, 1900, pp. 264-5. It may be added
+that, on the esthetic side, Hirn, in his study (_The Origins of Art_,
+1900), reaches conclusions which likewise, in the main, concord with those
+of Groos.
+
+[33] It may be noted that the marriage ceremony itself is often of the
+nature of a courtship, a symbolic courtship, embodying a method of
+attaining tumescence. As Crawley, who has brought out this point, puts it,
+"Marriage-rites of union are essentially identical with love charms," and
+he refers in illustration to the custom of the Australian Arunta, among
+whom the man or woman by making music on the bull-roarer compels a person
+of the opposite sex to court him or her, the marriage being thus
+completed. (E. Crawley, _The Mystic Rose_, p. 318.)
+
+[34] The more carefully animals are observed, the more often this is found
+to be the case, even with respect to species which possess no obvious and
+elaborate process for obtaining tumescence. See, for instance, the
+detailed and very instructive account--too long to quote here--given by E.
+Selous of the preliminaries to intercourse practised by a pair of great
+crested grebes, while nest-building. Intercourse only took place with much
+difficulty, after many fruitless invitations, more usually given by the
+female. ("Observational Diary of the Habits of the Great Crested Grebe,"
+_Zoeologist_, September, 1901.) It is exactly the same with savages. The
+observation of Foley (_Bulletin de la Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris_,
+November 6, 1879) that in savages "sexual erethism is very difficult" is
+of great significance and certainly in accordance with the facts. This
+difficulty of erethism is the real cause of many savage practices which to
+the civilized person often seem perverse; the women of the Caroline
+Islands, for instance, as described by Finsch, require the tongue or even
+the teeth to be applied to the clitoris, or a great ant to be applied to
+bite the parts, in order to stimulate orgasm. Westermarck, after quoting a
+remark of Mariner's concerning the women of Tonga,--"it must not be
+supposed that these women are always easily won; the greatest attentions
+and the most fervent solicitations are sometimes requisite, even though
+there be no other lover in the way,"--adds that these words "hold true for
+a great many, not to say all, savage and barbarous races now existing."
+(_Human Marriage_, p. 163.) The old notions, however, as to the sexual
+licentiousness of peoples living in natural conditions have scarcely yet
+disappeared. See Appendix A; "The Sexual Instinct in Savages."
+
+[35] In men a certain degree of tumescence is essential before coitus can
+be effected at all; in women, though tumescence is not essential to
+coitus, it is essential to orgasm and the accompanying physical and
+psychic relief. The preference which women often experience for prolonged
+coitus is not, as might possibly be imagined, due to sensuality, but has a
+profound physiological basis.
+
+[36] Stanley Hall, _Adolescence_, vol. i, p. 223.
+
+[37] See Lagrange's _Physiology of Bodily Exercise_, especially chapter
+ii. It is a significant fact that, as Sergi remarks (_Les Emotions_, p.
+330), the physiological results of dancing are identical with the
+physiological results of pleasure.
+
+[38] Groos, _Spiele der Menschen_, p. 112. Zmigrodzki (_Die Mutter bei den
+Volkern des Arischen Stammes_, p. 414 et seq.) has an interesting passage
+describing the dance--especially the Russian dance--in its orgiastic
+aspects.
+
+[39] Fere, "L'Influence sur le Travail Volontaire d'un muscle de
+l'activite d'autres muscles," _Nouvelles Iconographie de la Salpetriere_,
+1901.
+
+[40] "The sensation of motion," Kline remarks ("The Migratory Impulse,"
+_American Journal of Psychology_, October, 1898, p. 62), "as yet but
+little studied from a pleasure-pain standpoint, is undoubtedly a
+pleasure-giving sensation. For Aristippus the end of life is pleasure,
+which he defines as gentle motion. Motherhood long ago discovered its
+virtue as furnished by the cradle. Galloping to town on the parental knee
+is a pleasing pastime in every nursery. The several varieties of swings,
+the hammock, see-saw, flying-jenny, merry-go-round, shooting the chutes,
+sailing, coasting, rowing, and skating, together with the fondness of
+children for rotating rapidly in one spot until dizzy and for jumping from
+high places, are all devices and sports for stimulating the sense of
+motion. In most of these modes of motion the body is passive or
+semipassive, save in such motions as skating and rotating on the feet. The
+passiveness of the body precludes any important contribution of stimuli
+from kinesthetic sources. The stimuli are probably furnished, as Dr. Hall
+and others have suggested, by a redistribution of fluid pressure (due to
+the unusual motions and positions of the body) to the inner walls of the
+several vascular systems of the body."
+
+[41] _Anatomy of Melancholy_, part iii., sect. ii, mem. ii, subs. iv.
+
+[42] Sadger, "Haut-, Schleimhaut-, und Muskel-erotik," _Jahrbuch fuer
+psychoanalytische Forschungen_, Bd. iii, 1912, p. 556.
+
+[43] Marro (_Puberta_, p. 367 et seq.) has some observations on this
+point. It was an insight into this action of dancing which led the Spanish
+clergy of the eighteenth century to encourage the national enthusiasm for
+dancing (as Baretti informs us) in the interests of morality.
+
+[44] It is scarcely necessary to remark that a primitive dance, even when
+associated with courtship, is not necessarily a sexual pantomime; as
+Wallaschek, in his comprehensive survey of primitive dances, observes, it
+is more usually an animal pantomime, but nonetheless connected with the
+sexual instinct, separation of the sexes, also, being no proof to the
+contrary. (Wallaschek, _Primitive Music_, pp. 211-13.) Grosse (_Anfaenge
+der Kunst_, English translation, p. 228) has pointed out that the best
+dancer would be the best fighter and hunter, and that sexual selection and
+natural selection would thus work in harmony.
+
+[45] Fere, "Le plaisir de la vue du Mouvement," _Comptes-rendus de la
+Societe de Biologie_, November 2, 1901; also _Travail et Plaisir_, ch.
+xxix.
+
+[46] Groos repeatedly emphasizes the significance of this fact (_Spiele
+der Menschen_, pp. 81-9, 460 et seq.); Grosse (_Anfaenge der Kunst_, p.
+215) had previously made some remarks on this point.
+
+[47] M. Kulischer, "Die Geschlechtliche Zuchtwahl bei den Menschen in der
+Urzeit," _Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie_, 1876, p. 140 _et seq._
+
+[48] Sir W.R. Gowers, _Epilepsy_, 2d ed., 1901, pp. 61, 138.
+
+[49] Guyon, _Lecons Cliniques sur les Maladies des Voies Urinaires_, 3d
+ed., 1896, vol. ii, p. 397.
+
+[50] See, e.g., Fere, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, pp. 222-23: Brantome was
+probably the first writer in modern times who referred to this phenomenon.
+MacGillicuddy (_Functional Disorders of the Nervous System in Women_, p.
+110) refers to the case of a lady who always had sudden and uncontrollable
+expulsion of urine whenever her husband even began to perform the marital
+act, on which account he finally ceased intercourse with her. Kubary
+states that in Ponape (Western Carolines) the men are accustomed to
+titillate the vulva of their women with the tongue until the excitement is
+so intense that involuntary emission of urine takes place; this is
+regarded as the proper moment for intercourse.
+
+[51] Thus Pitres and Regis (_Transactions of the International Medical
+Congress, Moscow_, vol. iv, p. 19) record the case of a young girl whose
+life was for some years tormented by a groundless fear of experiencing an
+irresistible desire to urinate. This obsession arose from once seeing at a
+theater a man whom she liked, and being overcome by sexual feeling
+accompanied by so strong a desire to urinate that she had to leave the
+theater. An exactly similar case in a young woman of erotic temperament,
+but prudish, has been recorded by Freud (_Zur Neurosenlehre_, Bd. i, p.
+54). Morbid obsessions of modesty involving the urinary sphere and
+appearing at puberty are evidently based on transformed sexual emotion.
+Such a case has been recorded by Marandon de Montyel (_Archives de
+Neurologie_, vol. xii, 1901, p. 36); this lady, who was of somewhat
+neuropathic temperament, from puberty onward, in order to be able to
+urinate found it necessary not only to be absolutely alone, but to feel
+assured that no one even knew what was taking place.
+
+[52] H. Ellis, "The Bladder as a Dynamometer," _American Journal of
+Dermatology_, May, 1902.
+
+[53] Sir W. Gowers, "Minor Epilepsy," _British Medical Journal_, January
+6, 1900; ib., _Epilepsy_, 2d ed., 1901, p. 106; see also H. Ellis, art.
+"Urinary Bladder, Influence of the Mind on the," in Tuke's _Dictionary of
+Psychological Medicine_.
+
+[54] Serieux, _Recherches Cliniques sur les Anomalies de l'Instinct
+Sexuel_, p. 22.
+
+[55] Emil Schultze-Malkowsky, "Der Sexuelle Trieb in Kindesalter,"
+_Geschlecht und Gesellschaft_, vol. ii, part 8, p. 372.
+
+[56] Fere, "Note sur un Cas de Periodicite Sexuelle chez l'Homme,"
+_Comptes-rendus Societe de Biologie_, July 23, 1904.
+
+[57] It is a familiar fact that, in women, occasionally, a violent
+explosion of laughter may be propagated to the bladder-center and produce
+urination. "She laughed till she nearly wetted the floor," I have heard a
+young woman in the country say, evidently using without thought a familiar
+locution. Professor Bechterew has recorded the case of a young married
+lady who, from childhood, wherever she might be--in friends' houses, in
+the street, in her own drawing-room--had always experienced an involuntary
+and forcible emission of urine, which could not be stopped or controlled,
+whenever she laughed; the bladder was quite sound and no muscular effort
+produced the same result. (W. Bechterew, _Neurologisches Centralblatt_,
+1899.) In women these relationships are most easily observed, partly
+because in them the explosive centers are more easily discharged, and
+partly, it is probable, so far as the bladder is concerned, because,
+although after death the resistance to the emission of urine is notably
+less in women, during life about the same amount of force is necessary in
+both sexes; so that a greater amount of energy flows to the bladder in
+women, and any nervous storm or disturbance is thus specially apt to
+affect the bladder.
+
+[58] "Every pain," remarks Marie de Manaceine, "produces a number of
+movements which are apparently useless: we cry out, we groan, we move our
+limbs, we throw ourselves from one side to the other, and at bottom all
+these movements are logical because by interrupting and breaking our
+attention they render us less sensitive to the pain. In the days before
+chloroform, skillful surgeons requested their patients to cry out during
+the operation, as we are told by Gratiolet, who could not explain so
+strange a fact, for in his time the antagonism of movements and attention
+was not recognized." (Marie de Manaceine, _Archives Italiennes de
+Biologie_, 1894, p. 250.) This antagonism of attention by movement is but
+another way of expressing the vicarious relationship of motor discharges.
+
+[59] Joanny Roux, _Psychologie de l'Instinct Sexuel_, 1899, pp. 22-23. It
+is disputed whether hunger is located in the whole organism, and powerful
+arguments have been brought against the view. (W. Cannon, "The Nature of
+Hunger," _Popular Science Monthly_, Sept., 1912.) Thirst is usually
+regarded as organic (A. Mayer, _La Soif_, 1901).
+
+[60] If there is any objection to these terms it is chiefly because they
+have reference to vascular congestion rather than to the underlying
+nervous charging and discharging, which is equally fundamental, and in man
+more prominent than the vascular phenomena.
+
+
+
+
+LOVE AND PAIN.
+
+I.
+
+The Chief Key to the Relationship between Love and Pain to be Found in
+Animal Courtship--Courtship a Source of Combativity and of Cruelty--Human
+Play in the Light of Animal Courtship--The Frequency of Crimes Against the
+Person in Adolescence--Marriage by Capture and its Psychological
+Basis--Man's Pleasure in Exerting Force and Woman's Pleasure in
+Experiencing it--Resemblance of Love to Pain even in Outward
+Expression--The Love-bite--In what Sense Pain may be Pleasurable--The
+Natural Contradiction in the Emotional Attitude of Women Toward
+Men--Relative Insensibility to Pain of the Organic Sexual Sphere in
+Women--The Significance of the Use of the Ampallang and Similar Appliances
+in Coitus--The Sexual Subjection of Women to Men in Part Explainable as
+the Necessary Condition for Sexual Pleasure.
+
+
+The relation of love to pain is one of the most difficult problems, and
+yet one of the most fundamental, in the whole range of sexual psychology.
+Why is it that love inflicts, and even seeks to inflict, pain? Why is it
+that love suffers pain, and even seeks to suffer it? In answering that
+question, it seems to me, we have to take an apparently circuitous route,
+sometimes going beyond the ostensible limits of sex altogether; but if we
+can succeed in answering it we shall have come very near one of the great
+mysteries of love. At the same time we shall have made clear the normal
+basis on which rest the extreme aberrations of love.
+
+The chief key to the relationship of love to pain is to be found by
+returning to the consideration of the essential phenomena of courtship in
+the animal world generally. Courtship is a play, a game; even its combats
+are often, to a large extent, mock-combats; but the process behind it is
+one of terrible earnestness, and the play may at any moment become deadly.
+Courtship tends to involve a mock-combat between males for the possession
+of the female which may at any time become a real combat; it is a pursuit
+of the female by the male which may at any time become a kind of
+persecution; so that, as Colin Scott remarks, "Courting may be looked upon
+as a refined and delicate form of combat." The note of courtship, more
+especially among mammals, is very easily forced, and as soon as we force
+it we reach pain.[61] The intimate and inevitable association in the
+animal world of combat--of the fighting and hunting impulses--with the
+process of courtship alone suffices to bring love into close connection
+with pain.
+
+Among mammals the male wins the female very largely by the display of
+force. The infliction of pain must inevitably be a frequent indirect
+result of the exertion of power. It is even more than this; the infliction
+of pain by the male on the female may itself be a gratification of the
+impulse to exert force. This tendency has always to be held in check, for
+it is of the essence of courtship that the male should win the female, and
+she can only be won by the promise of pleasure. The tendency of the male
+to inflict pain must be restrained, so far as the female is concerned, by
+the consideration of what is pleasing to her. Yet, the more carefully we
+study the essential elements of courtship, the clearer it becomes that,
+playful as these manifestations may seem on the surface, in every
+direction they are verging on pain. It is so among animals generally; it
+is so in man among savages. "It is precisely the alliance of pleasure and
+pain," wrote the physiologist Burdach, "which constitutes the voluptuous
+emotion."
+
+Nor is this emotional attitude entirely confined to the male. The female
+also in courtship delights to arouse to the highest degree in the male the
+desire for her favors and to withhold those favors from him, thus finding
+on her part also the enjoyment of power in cruelty. "One's cruelty is
+one's power," Millament says in Congreve's _Way of the World_, "and when
+one parts with one's cruelty one parts with one's power."
+
+At the outset, then, the impulse to inflict pain is brought into
+courtship, and at the same time rendered a pleasurable idea to the female,
+because with primitive man, as well as among his immediate ancestors, the
+victor in love has been the bravest and strongest rather than the most
+beautiful or the most skilful. Until he can fight he is not reckoned a man
+and he cannot hope to win a woman. Among the African Masai a man is not
+supposed to marry until he has blooded his spear, and in a very different
+part of the world, among the Dyaks of Borneo, there can be little doubt
+that the chief incentive to head-hunting is the desire to please the
+women, the possession of a head decapitated by himself being an excellent
+way of winning a maiden's favor.[62] Such instances are too well known to
+need multiplication here, and they survive in civilization, for, even
+among ourselves, although courtship is now chiefly ruled by quite other
+considerations, most women are in some degree emotionally affected by
+strength and courage. But the direct result of this is that a group of
+phenomena with which cruelty and the infliction of pain must inevitably be
+more or less allied is brought within the sphere of courtship and rendered
+agreeable to women. Here, indeed, we have the source of that love of
+cruelty which some have found so marked in women. This is a phase of
+courtship which helps us to understand how it is that, as we shall see,
+the idea of pain, having become associated with sexual emotion, may be
+pleasurable to women.
+
+Thus, in order to understand the connection between love and pain, we have
+once more to return to the consideration, under a somewhat new aspect, of
+the fundamental elements in the sexual impulse. In discussing the
+"Evolution of Modesty" we found that the primary part of the female in
+courtship is the playful, yet serious, assumption of the role of a hunted
+animal who lures on the pursuer, not with the object of escaping, but with
+the object of being finally caught. In considering the "Analysis of the
+Sexual Impulse" we found that the primary part of the male in courtship is
+by the display of his energy and skill to capture the female or to arouse
+in her an emotional condition which leads her to surrender herself to him,
+this process itself at the same time heightening his own excitement. In
+the playing of these two different parts is attained in both male and
+female that charging of nervous energy, that degree of vascular
+tumescence, necessary for adequate discharge and detumescence in an
+explosion by which sperm-cells and germ-cells are brought together for the
+propagation of the race. We are now concerned with the necessary interplay
+of the differing male and female roles in courtship, and with their
+accidental emotional by-products. Both male and female are instinctively
+seeking the same end of sexual union at the moment of highest excitement.
+There cannot, therefore, be real conflict.[63] But there is the semblance
+of a conflict, an apparent clash of aim, an appearance of cruelty.
+Moreover,--and this is a significant moment in the process from our
+present point of view,--when there are rivals for the possession of one
+female there is always a possibility of actual combat, so tending to
+introduce an element of real violence, of undisguised cruelty, which the
+male inflicts on his rival and which the female views with satisfaction
+and delight in the prowess of the successful claimant. Here we are brought
+close to the zooelogical root of the connection between love and pain.[64]
+
+In his admirable work on play in man Groos has fully discussed the plays
+of combat (_Kampfspiele_), which begin to develop even in childhood and
+assume full activity during adolescence; and he points out that, while the
+impulse to such play certainly has a wider biological significance, it
+still possesses a relationship to the sexual life and to the rivalries of
+animals in courtship which must not be forgotten.[65]
+
+Nor is it only in play that the connection between love and combativity
+may still be traced. With the epoch of the first sexual relationship,
+Marro points out, awakes the instinct of cruelty, which prompts the youth
+to acts which are sometimes in absolute contrast to his previous conduct,
+and leads him to be careless of the lives of others as well as of his own
+life.[66] Marro presents a diagram showing how crimes against the person
+in Italy rise rapidly from the age of 16 to 20 and reach a climax between
+21 and 25. In Paris, Gamier states, crimes of blood are six times more
+frequent in adolescents (aged 16 to 20) than in adults. It is the same
+elsewhere.[67] This tendency to criminal violence during the age-period of
+courtship is a by-product of the sexual impulse, a kind of tertiary sexual
+character.
+
+In the process of what is commonly termed "marriage by capture" we have a
+method of courtship which closely resembles the most typical form of
+animal courtship, and is yet found in all but the highest and most
+artificial stages of human society. It may not be true that, as MacLennan
+and others have argued, almost every race of man has passed through an
+actual stage of marriage by capture, but the phenomena in question have
+certainly been extremely widespread and exist in popular custom even among
+the highest races today. George Sand has presented a charming picture of
+such a custom, existing in France, in her _Mare au Diable_. Farther away,
+among the Kirghiz, the young woman is pursued by all her lovers, but she
+is armed with a formidable whip, which she does not hesitate to use if
+overtaken by a lover to whom she is not favorable. Among the Malays,
+according to early travelers, courtship is carried on in the water in
+canoes with double-bladed paddles; or, if no water is near, the damsel,
+stripped naked of all but a waistband, is given a certain start and runs
+off on foot followed by her lover. Vaughan Stevens in 1896 reported that
+this performance is merely a sport; but Skeat and Blagden, in their more
+recent and very elaborate investigations in the Malay States, find that it
+is a rite.
+
+Even if we regard "marriage by capture" as simply a primitive human
+institution stimulated by tribal exigencies and early social conditions,
+yet, when we recall its widespread and persistent character, its close
+resemblance to the most general method of courtship among animals, and the
+emotional tendencies which still persist even in the most civilized men
+and women, we have to recognize that we are in presence of a real
+psychological impulse which cannot fail in its exercise to introduce some
+element of pain into love.
+
+There are, however, two fundamentally different theories concerning
+"marriage by capture." According to the first, that of MacLennan, which,
+until recently, has been very widely accepted, and to which Professor
+Tylor has given the weight of his authority, there has really been in
+primitive society a recognized stage in which marriages were effected by
+the capture of the wife. Such a state of things MacLennan regarded as once
+world-wide. There can be no doubt that women very frequently have been
+captured in this way among primitive peoples. Nor, indeed, has the custom
+been confined to savages. In Europe we find that even up to comparatively
+recent times the abduction of women was not only very common, but was
+often more or less recognized. In England it was not until Henry VII's
+time that the violent seizure of a woman was made a criminal offense, and
+even then the statute was limited to women possessed of lands and goods. A
+man might still carry off a girl provided she was not an heiress; but even
+the abduction of heiresses continued to be common, and in Ireland remained
+so until the end of the eighteenth century. But it is not so clear that
+such raids and abductions, even when not of a genuinely hostile character,
+have ever been a recognized and constant method of marriage.
+
+According to the second set of theories, the capture is not real, but
+simulated, and may be accounted for by psychological reasons. Fustel de
+Coulanges, in _La Cite Antique_,[68] discussing simulated marriage by
+capture among the Romans, mentioned the view that it was "a symbol of the
+young girl's modesty," but himself regarded it as an act of force to
+symbolize the husband's power. He was possibly alluding to Herbert
+Spencer, who suggested a psychological explanation of the apparent
+prevalence of marriage by capture based on the supposition that, capturing
+a wife being a proof of bravery, such a method of obtaining a wife would
+be practised by the strongest men and be admired, while, on the other
+hand, he considered that "female coyness" was "an important factor" in
+constituting the more formal kinds of marriage by capture ceremonial.[69]
+Westermarck, while accepting true marriage by capture, considers that
+Spencer's statement "can scarcely be disproved."[70] In his valuable study
+of certain aspects of primitive marriage Crawley, developing the
+explanation rejected by Fustel de Coulanges, regards the fundamental fact
+to be the modesty of women, which has to be neutralized, and this is done
+by "a ceremonial use of force, which is half real and half make-believe."
+Thus the manifestations are not survivals, but "arising in a natural way
+from normal human feelings. It is not the tribe from which the bride is
+abducted, nor, primarily, her family and kindred, but her _sex_"; and her
+"sexual characters of timidity, bashfulness, and passivity are
+sympathetically overcome by make-believe representations of male
+characteristic actions."[71]
+
+It is not necessary for the present purpose that either of these two
+opposing theories concerning the origin of the customs and feelings we are
+here concerned with should be definitely rejected. Whichever theory is
+adopted, the fundamental psychic element which here alone concerns us
+still exists intact.[72] It may be pointed out, however, that we probably
+have to accept two groups of such phenomena: one, seldom or never existing
+as the sole form of marriage, in which the capture is real; and another in
+which the "capture" is more or less ceremonial or playful. The two groups
+coexist among the Turcomans, as described by Vambery, who are constantly
+capturing and enslaving the Persians of both sexes, and, side by side with
+this, have a marriage ceremonial of mock-capture of entirely playful
+character. At the same time the two groups sometimes overlap, as is
+indicated by cases in which, while the "capture" appears to be ceremonial,
+the girl is still allowed to escape altogether if she wishes. The
+difficulty of disentangling the two groups is shown by the fact that so
+careful an investigator as Westermarck cites cases of real capture and
+mock-capture together without attempting to distinguish between them. From
+our present point of view it is quite unnecessary to attempt such a
+distinction. Whether the capture is simulated or real, the man is still
+playing the masculine and aggressive part proper to the male; the woman is
+still playing the feminine and defensive part proper to the female. The
+universal prevalence of these phenomena is due to the fact that
+manifestations of this kind, real or pretended, afford each sex the very
+best opportunity for playing its proper part in courtship, and so, even
+when the force is real, must always gratify a profound instinct.
+
+    It is not necessary to quote examples of marriage by capture from
+    the numerous and easily accessible books on the evolution of
+    marriage. (Sir A.B. Ellis, adopting MacLennan's standpoint,
+    presented a concise statement of the facts in an article on
+    "Survivals from Marriage by Capture," _Popular Science Monthly_,
+    1891, p. 207.) It may, however, be worth while to bring together
+    from scattered sources a few of the facts concerning the
+    phenomena in this group and their accompanying emotional state,
+    more especially as they bear on the association of love with
+    force, inflicted or suffered.
+
+    In New Caledonia, Foley remarks, the successful coquette goes off
+    with her lover into the bush. "It usually happens that, when she
+    is successful, she returns from her expedition, tumbled, beaten,
+    scratched, even bitten on the nape and shoulders, her wounds thus
+    bearing witness to the quadrupedal attitude she has assumed amid
+    the foliage." (Foley, _Bulletin de la Societe d'Anthropologie_,
+    Paris, November 6, 1879.)
+
+    Of the natives of New South Wales, Turnbull remarked at the
+    beginning of the nineteenth century that "their mode of courtship
+    is not without its singularity. When a young man sees a female to
+    his fancy he informs her she must accompany him home; the lady
+    refuses; he not only enforces compliance with threats but blows;
+    thus the gallant, according to the custom, never fails to gain
+    the victory, and bears off the willing, though struggling
+    pugilist. The colonists for some time entertained the idea that
+    the women were compelled and forced away against their
+    inclinations; but the young ladies informed them that this mode
+    of gallantry was the custom, and perfectly to their taste," (J.
+    Turnbull, _A Voyage Round the World_, 1813, p. 98; cf. Brough
+    Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, 1878, vol. i, p. 81.)
+
+    As regards capture of women among Central Australian tribes,
+    Spencer and Gillen remark: "We have never in any of these central
+    tribes met with any such thing, and the clubbing part of the
+    story may be dismissed, so far as the central area of the
+    continent is concerned. To the casual observer what looks like a
+    capture (we are, of course, only speaking of these tribes) is in
+    reality an elopement, in which the woman is an aiding and
+    abetting party." (_Northern Tribes of Central Australia_. p. 32.)
+
+    "The New Zealand method of courtship and matrimony is a most
+    extraordinary one. A man sees a woman whom he fancies he should
+    like for a wife; he asks the consent of her father, or, if an
+    orphan, of her nearest relative, which, if he obtain, he carries
+    his intended off by force, she resisting with all her strength,
+    and, as the New Zealand girls are generally fairly robust,
+    sometimes a dreadful struggle takes place; both are soon stripped
+    to the skin and it is sometimes the work of hours to remove the
+    fair prize a hundred yards. It sometimes happens that she secures
+    her retreat into her father's house, and the lover loses all
+    chance of ever obtaining her." (A. Earle, _Narratives of
+    Residence in New Zealand_, 1832, p. 244.)
+
+    Among the Eskimos (probably near Smith Sound) "there is no
+    marriage ceremony further than that the boy is required to carry
+    off his bride by main force, for even among these blubber-eating
+    people the woman only saves her modesty by a show of resistance,
+    although she knows years beforehand that her destiny is sealed
+    and that she is to become the wife of the man from whose
+    embraces, when the nuptial day comes, she is obliged by the
+    inexorable law of public opinion to free herself, if possible, by
+    kicking and screaming with might and main until she is safely
+    landed in the hut of her future lord, when she gives up the
+    combat very cheerfully and takes possession of her new abode. The
+    betrothal often takes place at a very early period of life and at
+    very dissimilar ages." Marriage only takes place when the lover
+    has killed his first seal; this is the test of manhood and
+    maturity. (J.J. Hayes, _Open Polar Sea_, 1867, p. 432.)
+
+    Marriage by "capture" is common in war and raiding in central
+    Africa. "The women, as a rule," Johnston says, "make no very
+    great resistance on these occasions. It is almost like playing a
+    game. A woman is surprised as she goes to get water at the
+    stream, or when she is on the way to or from the plantation. The
+    man has only got to show her she is cornered and that escape is
+    not easy or pleasant and she submits to be carried off. As a
+    general rule, they seem to accept very cheerfully these abrupt
+    changes in their matrimonial existence." (Sir H.H. Johnston,
+    _British Central Africa_, p. 412.)
+
+    Among the wild tribes of the Malay Peninsula in one form of
+    wedding rite the bridegroom is required to run seven times around
+    an artificial mound decorated with flowers and the emblem of the
+    people's religion. In the event of the bridegroom failing to
+    catch the bride the marriage has to be postponed. Among the Orang
+    Laut, or sea-gipsies, the pursuit sometimes takes the form of a
+    canoe-race; the woman is given a good start and must be overtaken
+    before she has gone a certain distance. (W.W. Skeat, _Journal
+    Anthropological Institute_, Jan.-June, 1902, p. 134; Skeat and
+    Blagden, _Pagan Races of the Malay_, vol. ii, p. 69 et seq.,
+    fully discuss the ceremony around the mound.)
+
+    "Calmuck women ride better than the men. A male Calmuck on
+    horseback looks as if he was intoxicated, and likely to fall off
+    every instant, though he never loses his seat; but the women sit
+    with more ease, and ride with extraordinary skill. The ceremony
+    of marriage among the Calmucks is performed on horseback. A girl
+    is first mounted, who rides off at full speed. Her lover pursues,
+    and if he overtakes her she becomes his wife and the marriage is
+    consummated upon the spot, after which she returns with him to
+    his tent. But it sometimes happens that the woman does not wish
+    to marry the person by whom she is pursued, in which case she
+    will not suffer him to overtake her; and we were assured that no
+    instance occurs of a Calmuck girl being thus caught, unless she
+    has a partiality for her pursuer. If she dislikes him, she rides,
+    to use the language of English sportsmen, 'neck or nothing,'
+    until she has completely escaped or until the pursuer's horse is
+    tired out, leaving her at liberty to return, to be afterward
+    chased by some more favored admirer." (E.D. Clarke, _Travels_,
+    1810, vol. i, p. 333.)
+
+    Among the Bedouins marriage is arranged between the lover and the
+    girl's father, often without consulting the girl herself. "Among
+    the Arabs of Sinai the young maid comes home in the evening with
+    the cattle. At a short distance from the camp she is met by the
+    future spouse and a couple of his young friends and carried off
+    by force to her father's tent. If she entertains any suspicion of
+    their designs she defends herself with stones, and often inflicts
+    wounds on the young men, even though she does not dislike the
+    lover, for, according to custom, the more she struggles, bites,
+    kicks, cries, and strikes, the more she is applauded ever after
+    by her own companions." After being taken to her father's tent,
+    where a man's cloak is thrown over her by one of the bridegroom's
+    relations, she is dressed in garments provided by her future
+    husband, and placed on a camel, "still continuing to struggle in
+    a most unruly manner, and held by the bridegroom's friends on
+    both sides." She is then placed in a recess of the husband's
+    tent. Here the marriage is finally consummated, "the bride still
+    continuing to cry very loudly. It sometimes happens that the
+    husband is obliged to tie his bride, and even to beat her, before
+    she can be induced to comply with his desires." If, however, she
+    really does not like her husband, she is perfectly free to leave
+    him next morning, and her father is obliged to receive her back
+    whether he wishes to or not. It is not considered proper for a
+    widow or divorced woman to make any resistance on being married.
+    (J.L. Burckhardt, _Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys_, 1830, p.
+    149 et seq.)
+
+    Among the Turcomans forays for capturing and enslaving their
+    Persian neighbors were once habitual. Vambery describes their
+    "marriage ceremonial when the young maiden, attired in bridal
+    costume, mounts a high-bred courser, taking on her lap the
+    carcass of a lamb or goat, and setting off at full gallop,
+    followed by the bridegroom and other young men of the party, also
+    on horseback; she is always to strive, by adroit turns, etc., to
+    avoid her pursuers, that no one approach near enough to snatch
+    from her the burden on her lap. This game, called _koekbueri_
+    (green wolf), is in use among all the nomads of central Asia."
+    (A. Vambery, _Travels in Central Asia_, 1864, p. 323.)
+
+    In China, a missionary describes how, when he was called upon to
+    marry the daughter of a Chinese Christian brought up in native
+    customs, he was compelled to wait several hours, as the bride
+    refused to get up and dress until long after the time appointed
+    for the wedding ceremony, and then only by force. "Extreme
+    reluctance and dislike and fear are the true marks of a happy and
+    lively wedding." (A.E. Moule, _New China and Old_, p. 128.)
+
+    It is interesting to find that in the Indian art of love a kind
+    of mock-combat, accompanied by striking, is a recognized and
+    normal method of heightening tumescence. Vatsyayana has a
+    chapter "On Various Manners of Striking," and he approves of the
+    man striking the woman on the back, belly, flanks, and buttocks,
+    before and during coitus, as a kind of play, increasing as sexual
+    excitement increases, which the woman, with cries and groans,
+    pretends to bid the man to stop. It is mentioned that, especially
+    in southern India, various instruments (scissors, needles, etc.)
+    are used in striking, but this practice is condemned as barbarous
+    and dangerous. (_Kama Sutra_, French translation, iii, chapter
+    v.)
+
+    In the story of Aladdin, in the _Arabian Nights_, the bride is
+    undressed by the mother and the other women, who place her in the
+    bridegroom's bed "as if by force, and, according to the custom of
+    the newly married, she pretends to resist, twisting herself in
+    every direction, and seeking to escape from their hands." (_Les
+    Mille Nuits_, tr. Mardrus, vol. xi, p. 253.)
+
+    It is said that in those parts of Germany where preliminary
+    _Probenaechte_ before formal marriage are the rule it is not
+    uncommon for a young woman before finally giving herself to a man
+    to provoke him to a physical struggle. If she proves stronger she
+    dismisses him; if he is stronger she yields herself willingly.
+    (W. Henz, "Probenaechte," _Sexual-Probleme_, Oct., 1910, p. 743.)
+
+    Among the South Slavs of Servia and Bulgaria, according to
+    Krauss, it is the custom to win a woman by seizing her by the
+    ankle and bringing her to the ground by force. This method of
+    wooing is to the taste of the woman, and they are refractory to
+    any other method. The custom of beating or being beaten before
+    coitus is also found among the South Slavs. (Kryptadia, vol. vi,
+    p. 209.)
+
+    In earlier days violent courtship was viewed with approval in the
+    European world, even among aristocratic circles. Thus in the
+    medieval _Lai de Graelent_ of Marie de France this Breton knight
+    is represented as very chaste, possessing a high ideal of love
+    and able to withstand the wiles of women. One day when he is
+    hunting in a forest he comes upon a naked damsel bathing,
+    together with her handmaidens. Overcome by her beauty, he seizes
+    her clothes in case she should be alarmed, but is persuaded to
+    hand them to her; then he proceeds to make love to her. She
+    replies that his love is an insult to a woman of her high
+    lineage. Finding her so proud, Graelent sees that his prayers are
+    in vain. He drags her by force into the depth of the forest, has
+    his will of her, and begs her very gently not to be angry,
+    promising to love her loyally and never to leave her. The damsel
+    saw that he was a good knight, courteous, and wise. She thought
+    within herself that if she were to leave him she would never find
+    a better friend.
+
+    Brantome mentions a lady who confessed that she liked to be
+    "half-forced" by her husband, and he remarks that a woman who is
+    "a little difficult and resists" gives more pleasure also to her
+    lover than one who yields at once, just as a hard-fought battle
+    is a more notable triumph than an easily won victory. (Brantome,
+    _Vie des Dames Galantes_, discours i.) Restif de la Bretonne,
+    again, whose experience was extensive, wrote in his
+    _Anti-Justine_ that "all women of strong temperament like a sort
+    of brutality in sexual intercourse and its accessories."
+
+    Ovid had said that a little force is pleasing to a woman, and
+    that she is grateful to the ravisher against whom she struggles
+    (_Ars Amatoria_, lib. i). One of Janet's patients (Raymond and
+    Janet, _Les Obsessions et la Psychasthenie_, vol. ii, p. 406)
+    complained that her husband was too good, too devoted. "He does
+    not know how to make me suffer a little. One cannot love anyone
+    who does not make one suffer a little." Another hysterical woman
+    (a silk fetichist, frigid with men) had dreams of men and animals
+    abusing her: "I cried with pain and was happy at the same time."
+    (Clerambault, _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, June, 1908,
+    p. 442.)
+
+    It has been said that among Slavs of the lower class the wives
+    feel hurt if they are not beaten by their husbands. Paullinus, in
+    the seventeenth century, remarked that Russian women are never
+    more pleased and happy than when beaten by their husbands, and
+    regard such treatment as proof of love. (See, e.g., C.F. von
+    Schlichtegroll, _Sacher-Masoch und der Masochismus_, p. 69.)
+    Krafft-Ebing believes that this is true at the present day, and
+    adds that it is the same in Hungary, a Hungarian official having
+    informed him that the peasant women of the Somogyer Comitate do
+    not think they are loved by their husbands until they have
+    received the first box on the ear. (Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia
+    Sexualis_, English translation of the tenth edition, p. 188.) I
+    may add that a Russian proverb says "Love your wife like your
+    soul and beat her like your _shuba_" (overcoat); and, according
+    to another Russian proverb, "a dear one's blows hurt not long."
+    At the same time it has been remarked that the domination of men
+    by women is peculiarly frequent among the Slav peoples. (V.
+    Schlichtegroll, op. cit., p. 23.) Cellini, in an interesting
+    passage in his _Life_ (book ii, chapters xxxiv-xxxv), describes
+    his own brutal treatment of his model Caterina, who was also his
+    mistress, and the pleasure which, to his surprise, she took in
+    it. Dr. Simon Forman, also, the astrologist, tells in his
+    _Autobiography_ (p. 7) how, as a young and puny apprentice to a
+    hosier, he was beaten, scolded, and badly treated by the servant
+    girl, but after some years of this treatment he turned on her,
+    beat her black and blue, and ever after "Mary would do for him
+    all that she could."
+
+    That it is a sign of love for a man to beat his sweetheart, and a
+    sign much appreciated by women, is illustrated by the episode of
+    Cariharta and Repolido, in "Rinconete and Cortadillo," one of
+    Cervantes's _Exemplary Novels_. The Indian women of South
+    America feel in the same way, and Mantegazza when traveling in
+    Bolivia found that they complained when they were not beaten by
+    their husbands, and that a girl was proud when she could say "He
+    loves me greatly, for he often beats me." (_Fisiologia della
+    Donna_, chapter xiii.) The same feeling evidently existed in
+    classic antiquity, for we find Lucian, in his "Dialogues of
+    Courtesans," makes a woman say: "He who has not rained blows on
+    his mistress and torn her hair and her garments is not yet in
+    love," while Ovid advises lovers sometimes to be angry with their
+    sweethearts and to tear their dresses.
+
+    Among the Italian Camorrista, according to Russo, wives are very
+    badly treated. Expression is given to this fact in the popular
+    songs. But the women only feel themselves tenderly loved when
+    they are badly treated by their husbands; the man who does not
+    beat them they look upon as a fool. It is the same in the east
+    end of London. "If anyone has doubts as to the brutalities
+    practised on women by men," writes a London magistrate, "let him
+    visit the London Hospital on a Saturday night. Very terrible
+    sights will meet his eye. Sometimes as many as twelve or fourteen
+    women may be seen seated in the receiving room, waiting for their
+    bruised and bleeding faces and bodies to be attended to. In nine
+    cases out of ten the injuries have been inflicted by brutal and
+    perhaps drunken husbands. The nurses tell me, however, that any
+    remarks they may make reflecting on the aggressors are received
+    with great indignation by the wretched sufferers. They positively
+    will not hear a single word against the cowardly ruffians.
+    'Sometimes,' said a nurse to me, 'when I have told a woman that
+    her husband is a brute, she has drawn herself up and replied:
+    "You mind your own business, miss. We find the rates and taxes,
+    and the likes of you are paid out of 'em to wait on us."'"
+    (Montagu Williams, _Round London_, p. 79.)
+
+    "The prostitute really loves her _souteneur_, notwithstanding all
+    the persecutions he inflicts on her. Their torments only increase
+    the devotion of the poor slaves to their 'Alphonses.'
+    Parent-Duchatelet wrote that he had seen them come to the
+    hospital with their eyes out of their heads, faces bleeding, and
+    bodies torn by the blows of their drunken lovers, but as soon as
+    they were healed they went back to them. Police-officers tell us
+    that it is very difficult to make a prostitute confess anything
+    concerning her _souteneur_. Thus, Rosa L., whom her 'Alphonse'
+    had often threatened to kill, even putting the knife to her
+    throat, would say nothing, and denied everything when the
+    magistrate questioned her. Maria R., with her face marked by a
+    terrible scar produced by her _souteneur_, still carefully
+    preserved many years afterward the portrait of the aggressor, and
+    when we asked her to explain her affection she replied: 'But he
+    wounded me because he loved me.' The _souteneur's_ brutality only
+    increases the ill-treated woman's love; the humiliation and
+    slavery in which the woman's soul is drowned feed her love."
+    (Niceforo, _Il Gergo_, etc., 1897, p. 128.)
+
+    In a modern novel written in autobiographic form by a young
+    Australian lady the heroine is represented as striking her
+    betrothed with a whip when he merely attempts to kiss her. Later
+    on her behavior so stings him that his self-control breaks down
+    and he seizes her fiercely by the arms. For the first time she
+    realizes that he loves her. "I laughed a joyous little laugh,
+    saying 'Hal, we are quits'; when on disrobing for the night I
+    discovered on my soft white shoulders and arms--so susceptible to
+    bruises--many marks, and black. It had been a very happy day for
+    me." (Miles Franklin, _My Brilliant Career_.)
+
+    It is in large measure the existence of this feeling of
+    attraction for violence which accounts for the love-letters
+    received by men who are accused of crimes of violence. Thus in
+    one instance, in Chicago (as Dr. Kiernan writes to me), "a man
+    arrested for conspiracy to commit abortion, and also suspected of
+    being a sadist, received many proposals of marriage and other
+    less modest expressions of affection from unknown women. To judge
+    by the signatures, these women belonged to the Germans and Slavs
+    rather than to the Anglo-Celts."
+
+    Neuropathic or degenerative conditions sometimes serve to
+    accentuate or reveal ancestral traits that are very ancient in
+    the race. Under such conditions the tendency to find pleasure in
+    subjection and pain, which is often faintly traceable even in
+    normal civilized women, may become more pronounced. This may be
+    seen in a case described in some detail in the _Archivio di
+    Psichiatria_. The subject was a young lady of 19, of noble
+    Italian birth, but born in Tunis. On the maternal side there is a
+    somewhat neurotic heredity, and she is herself subject to attacks
+    of hystero-epileptoid character. She was very carefully, but
+    strictly, educated; she knows several languages, possesses marked
+    intellectual aptitudes, and is greatly interested in social and
+    political questions, in which she takes the socialistic and
+    revolutionary side. She has an attractive and sympathetic
+    personality; in complexion she is dark, with dark eyes and very
+    dark and abundant hair; the fine down on the upper lip and lower
+    parts of the cheeks is also much developed; the jaw is large, the
+    head acrocephalic, and the external genital organs of normal
+    size, but rather asymmetric. Ever since she was a child she has
+    loved to work and dream in solitude. Her dreams have always been
+    of love, since menstruation began as early as the age of 10, and
+    accompanied by strong sexual feelings, though at that age these
+    feelings remained vague and indefinite; but in them the desire
+    for pleasure was always accompanied by the desire for pain, the
+    desire to bite and destroy something, and, as it were, to
+    annihilate herself. She experienced great relief after periods of
+    "erotic rumination," and if this rumination took place at night
+    she would sometimes masturbate, the contact of the bedclothes,
+    she said, giving her the illusion of a man. In time this vague
+    longing for the male gave place to more definite desires for a
+    man who would love her, and, as she imagined, strike her.
+    Eventually she formed secret relationships with two or three
+    lovers in succession, each of these relationships being, however,
+    discovered by her family and leading to ineffectual attempts at
+    suicide. But the association of pain with love, which had
+    developed spontaneously in her solitary dreams, continued in her
+    actual relations with her lovers. During coitus she would bite
+    and squeeze her arms until the nails penetrated the flesh. When
+    her lover asked her why at the moment of coitus she would
+    vigorously repel him, she replied: "Because I want to be
+    possessed by force, to be hurt, suffocated, to be thrown down in
+    a struggle." At another time she said: "I want a man with all his
+    vitality, so that he can torture and kill my body." We seem to
+    see here clearly the ancient biological character of animal
+    courtship, the desire of the female to be violently subjugated by
+    the male. In this case it was united to sensitiveness to the
+    sexual domination of an intellectual man, and the subject also
+    sought to stimulate her lovers' intellectual tastes. (_Archivio
+    di Psichiatria_, vol. xx, fasc. 5-6, p. 528.)
+
+This association between love and pain still persists even among the most
+normal civilized men and women possessing well-developed sexual impulses.
+The masculine tendency to delight in domination, the feminine tendency to
+delight in submission, still maintain the ancient traditions when the male
+animal pursued the female. The phenomena of "marriage by capture," in its
+real and its simulated forms, have been traced to various causes. But it
+has to be remembered that these causes could only have been operative in
+the presence of a favorable emotional aptitude, constituted by the
+zooelogical history of our race and still traceable even today. To exert
+power, as psychologists well recognize, is one of our most primary
+impulses, and it always tends to be manifested in the attitude of a man
+toward the woman he loves.[73]
+
+It might be possible to maintain that the primitive element of more or
+less latent cruelty in courtship tends to be more rather than less marked
+in civilized man. In civilization the opportunity of dissipating the
+surplus energy of the courtship process by inflicting pain on rivals
+usually has to be inhibited; thus the woman to be wooed tends to become
+the recipient of the whole of this energy, both in its pleasure-giving and
+its pain-giving aspects. Moreover, the natural process of courtship, as it
+exists among animals and usually among the lower human races, tends to
+become disguised and distorted in civilization, as well by economic
+conditions as by conventional social conditions and even ethical
+prescription. It becomes forgotten that the woman's pleasure is an
+essential element in the process of courtship. A woman is often reduced to
+seek a man for the sake of maintenance; she is taught that pleasure is
+sinful or shameful, that sex-matters are disgusting, and that it is a
+woman's duty, and also her best policy, to be in subjection to her
+husband. Thus, various external checks which normally inhibit any passing
+over of masculine sexual energy into cruelty are liable to be removed.
+
+We have to admit that a certain pleasure in manifesting his power over a
+woman by inflicting pain upon her is an outcome and survival of the
+primitive process of courtship, and an almost or quite normal constituent
+of the sexual impulse in man. But it must be at once added that in the
+normal well-balanced and well-conditioned man this constituent of the
+sexual impulse, when present, is always held in check. When the normal man
+inflicts, or feels the impulse to inflict, some degree of physical pain on
+the woman he loves he can scarcely be said to be moved by cruelty. He
+feels, more or less obscurely, that the pain he inflicts, or desires to
+inflict, is really a part of his love, and that, moreover, it is not
+really resented by the woman on whom it is exercised. His feeling is by
+no means always according to knowledge, but it has to be taken into
+account as an essential part of his emotional state. The physical force,
+the teasing and bullying, which he may be moved to exert under the stress
+of sexual excitement, are, he usually more or less unconsciously persuades
+himself, not really unwelcome to the object of his love.[74] Moreover, we
+have to bear in mind the fact--a very significant fact from more than one
+point of view--that the normal manifestations of a woman's sexual pleasure
+are exceedingly like those of pain. "The outward expressions of pain," as
+a lady very truly writes,--"tears, cries, etc.,--which are laid stress on
+to prove the cruelty of the person who inflicts it, are not so different
+from those of a woman in the ecstasy of passion, when she implores the man
+to desist, though that is really the last thing she desires."[75] If a man
+is convinced that he is causing real and unmitigated pain, he becomes
+repentant at once. If this is not the case he must either be regarded as a
+radically abnormal person or as carried away by passion to a point of
+temporary insanity.
+
+The intimate connection of love with pain, its tendency to approach
+cruelty, is seen in one of the most widespread of the occasional and
+non-essential manifestations of strong sexual emotion, especially in
+women, the tendency to bite. We may find references to love-bites in the
+literature of ancient as well as of modern times, in the East as well as
+in the West. Plautus, Catullus, Propertius, Horace, Ovid, Petronius, and
+other Latin writers refer to bites as associated with kisses and usually
+on the lips. Plutarch says that Flora, the mistress of Cnaeus Pompey, in
+commending her lover remarked that he was so lovable that she could never
+leave him without giving him a bite. In the Arabic _Perfumed Garden_ there
+are many references to love-bites, while in the Indian _Kama Sutra_ of
+Vatsyayana a chapter is devoted to this subject. Biting in love is also
+common among the South Slavs.[76] The phenomenon is indeed sufficiently
+familiar to enable Heine, in one of his _Romancero_, to describe those
+marks by which the ancient chronicler states that Edith Swanneck
+recognized Harold, after the Battle of Hastings, as the scars of the bites
+she had once given him.
+
+It would be fanciful to trace this tendency back to that process of
+devouring to which sexual congress has, in the primitive stages of its
+evolution, been reduced. But we may probably find one of the germs of the
+love-bite in the attitude of many mammals during or before coitus; in
+attaining a firm grip of the female it is not uncommon (as may be observed
+in the donkey) for the male to seize the female's neck between his teeth.
+The horse sometimes bites the mare before coitus and it is said that among
+the Arabs when a mare is not apt for coitus she is sent to pasture with a
+small ardent horse, who excites her by playing with her and biting
+her.[77] It may be noted, also, that dogs often show their affection for
+their masters by gentle bites. Children also, as Stanley Hall has pointed
+out, are similarly fond of biting.
+
+Perhaps a still more important factor is the element of combat in
+tumescence, since the primitive conditions associated with tumescence
+provide a reservoir of emotions which are constantly drawn on even in the
+sexual excitement of individuals belonging to civilization. The tendency
+to show affection by biting is, indeed, commoner among women than among
+men and not only in civilization. It has been noted among idiot girls as
+well as among the women of various savage races. It may thus be that the
+conservative instincts of women have preserved a primitive tendency that
+at its origin marked the male more than the female. But in any case the
+tendency to bite at the climax of sexual excitement is so common and
+widespread that it must be regarded, when occurring in women, as coming
+within the normal range of variation in such manifestations. The
+gradations are of wide extent; while in its slight forms it is more or
+less normal and is one of the origins of the kiss,[78] in its extreme
+forms it tends to become one of the most violent and antisocial of sexual
+aberrations.
+
+    A correspondent writes regarding his experience of biting and
+    being bitten: "I have often felt inclination to bite a woman I
+    love, even when not in coitus or even excited. (I like doing so
+    also with my little boy, playfully, as a cat and kittens.) There
+    seem to be several reasons for this: (1) the muscular effect
+    relieves me; (2) I imagine I am giving the woman pleasure; (3) I
+    seem to attain to a more intimate possession of the loved one. I
+    cannot remember when I first felt desire to be bitten in coitus,
+    or whether the idea was first suggested to me. I was initiated
+    into pinching by a French prostitute who once pinched my nates in
+    coitus, no doubt as a matter of business; it heightened my
+    pleasure, perhaps by stimulating muscular movement. It does not
+    occur to me to ask to be pinched when I am very much excited
+    already, but only at an earlier stage, no doubt with the object
+    of promoting excitement. Apart altogether from sexual excitement,
+    being pinched is unpleasant to me. It has not seemed to me that
+    women usually like to be bitten. One or two women have bitten and
+    sucked my flesh. (The latter does not affect me.) I like being
+    bitten, partly for the same reason as I like being pinched,
+    because if spontaneous it is a sign of my partner's amorousness
+    and the biting never seems too hard. Women do not usually seem to
+    like being bitten, though there are exceptions; 'I should like to
+    bite you and I should like you to bite me,' said one woman; I did
+    so hard, in coitus, and she did not flinch." "She is particularly
+    anxious to eat me alive," another correspondent writes, "and
+    nothing gives her greater satisfaction than to tear open my
+    clothes and fasten her teeth into my flesh until I yell for
+    mercy. My experience has generally been, however," the same
+    correspondent continues, "that the cruelty is _unconscious_. A
+    woman just grows mad with the desire to squeeze or bite
+    something, with a complete unconsciousness of what result it will
+    produce in the victim. She is astonished when she sees the result
+    and will hardly believe she has done it." It is unnecessary to
+    accumulate evidence of a tendency which is sufficiently common to
+    be fairly well known, but one or two quotations may be presented
+    to show its wide distribution. In the _Kama Sutra_ we read: "If
+    she is very exalted, and if in the exaltation of her passionate
+    transports she begins a sort of combat, then she takes her lover
+    by the hair, draws his head to hers, kisses his lower lip, and
+    then in her delirium bites him all over his body, shutting her
+    eyes"; it is added that with the marks of such bites lovers can
+    remind each other of their affections, and that such love will
+    last for ages. In Japan the maiden of Ainu race feels the same
+    impulse. A.H. Savage Landor (_Alone with the Hairy Ainu_, 1893,
+    p. 140) says of an Ainu girl: "Loving and biting went together
+    with her. She could not do the one without the other. As we sat
+    on a stone in the twilight she began by gently biting my fingers
+    without hurting me, as affectionate dogs do to their masters. She
+    then bit my arm, then my shoulder, and when she had worked
+    herself up into a passion she put her arms around my neck and bit
+    my cheeks. It was undoubtedly a curious way of making love, and,
+    when I had been bitten all over, and was pretty tired of the new
+    sensation, we retired to our respective homes. Kissing,
+    apparently, was an unknown art to her."
+
+    The significance of biting, and the close relationship which, as
+    will have to be pointed out later, it reveals to other phenomena,
+    may be illustrated by some observations which have been made by
+    Alonzi on the peasant women of Sicily. "The women of the people,"
+    he remarks, "especially in the districts where crimes of blood
+    are prevalent, give vent to their affection for their little ones
+    by kissing and sucking them on the neck and arms till they make
+    them cry convulsively; all the while they say: 'How sweet you
+    are! I will bite you, I will gnaw you all over,' exhibiting every
+    appearance of great pleasure. If a child commits some slight
+    fault they do not resort to simple blows, but pursue it through
+    the street and bite it on the face, ears, and arms until the
+    blood flows. At such moments the face of even a beautiful woman
+    is transformed, with injected eyes, gnashing teeth, and
+    convulsive tremors. Among both men and women a very common threat
+    is 'I will drink your blood.' It is told on ocular evidence that
+    a man who had murdered another in a quarrel licked the hot blood
+    from the victim's hand." (G. Alonzi, _Archivio di Psichiatria_,
+    vol. vi, fasc. 4.) A few years ago a nurse girl in New York was
+    sentenced to prison for cruelty to the baby in her charge. The
+    mother had frequently noticed that the child was in pain and at
+    last discovered the marks of teeth on its legs. The girl admitted
+    that she had bitten the child because that action gave her
+    intense pleasure. (_Alienist and Neurologist_, August, 1901, p.
+    558.) In the light of such observations as these we may
+    understand a morbid perversion of affection such as was recorded
+    in the London police news some years ago (1894). A man of 30 was
+    charged with ill-treating his wife's illegitimate daughter, aged
+    3, during a period of many months; her lips, eyes, and hands were
+    bitten and bruised from sucking, and sometimes her pinafore was
+    covered with blood. "Defendant admitted he had bitten the child
+    because he loved it."
+
+    It is not surprising that such phenomena as these should
+    sometimes be the stimulant and accompaniment to the sexual act.
+    Ferriani thus reports such a case in the words of the young man's
+    mistress: "Certainly he is a strange, maddish youth, though he is
+    fond of me and spends money on me when he has any. He likes much
+    sexual intercourse, but, to tell the truth, he has worn out my
+    patience, for before our embraces there are always struggles
+    which become assaults. He tells me he has no pleasure except when
+    he sees me crying on account of his bites and vigorous pinching.
+    Lately, just before going with me, when I was groaning with
+    pleasure, he threw himself on me and at the moment of emission
+    furiously bit my right cheek till the blood came. Then he kissed
+    me and begged my pardon, but would do it again if the wish took
+    him." (L. Ferriani, _Archivio di Psicopatie Sessuale_, vol. i,
+    fasc. 7 and 8, 1896, p. 107.)
+
+    In morbid cases biting may even become a substitute for coitus.
+    Thus, Moll (_Die Kontraere Sexualempfindung_, second edition, p.
+    323) records the case of a hysterical woman who was sexually
+    anesthetic, though she greatly loved her husband. It was her
+    chief delight to bite him till the blood flowed, and she was
+    content if, instead of coitus, he bit her and she him, though she
+    was grieved if she inflicted much pain. In other still more
+    morbid cases the fear of inflicting pain is more or less
+    abolished.
+
+    An idealized view of the impulse of love to bite and devour is
+    presented in the following passage from a letter by a lady who
+    associates this impulse with the idea of the Last Supper: "Your
+    remarks about the Lord's Supper in 'Whitman' make it natural to
+    me to tell you my thoughts about that 'central sacrament of
+    Christianity.' I cannot tell many people because they
+    misunderstand, and a clergyman, a very great friend of mine, when
+    I once told what I thought and felt, said I was carnal. He did
+    not understand the divinity and intensity of human love as I
+    understand it. Well, when one loves anyone very much,--a child, a
+    woman, or a man,--one loves everything belonging to him: the
+    things he wears, still more his hands, and his face, every bit of
+    his body. We always want to have all, or part, of him as part of
+    ourselves. Hence the expression: I could _devour_ you, I love you
+    so. In some such warm, devouring way Jesus Christ, I have always
+    felt, loved each and every human creature. So it was that he took
+    this mystery of food, which by eating became part of ourselves,
+    as the symbol of the most intense human love, the most intense
+    Divine love. Some day, perhaps, love will be so understood by all
+    that this sacrament will cease to be a superstition, a bone of
+    contention, an 'article' of the church, and become, in all
+    simplicity, a symbol of pure love."
+
+While in men it is possible to trace a tendency to inflict pain, or the
+simulacrum of pain, on the women they love, it is still easier to trace in
+women a delight in experiencing physical pain when inflicted by a lover,
+and an eagerness to accept subjection to his will. Such a tendency is
+certainly normal. To abandon herself to her lover, to be able to rely on
+his physical strength and mental resourcefulness, to be swept out of
+herself and beyond the control of her own will, to drift idly in delicious
+submission to another and stronger will--this is one of the commonest
+aspirations in a young woman's intimate love-dreams. In our own age these
+aspirations most often only find their expression in such dreams. In ages
+when life was more nakedly lived, and emotion more openly expressed, it
+was easier to trace this impulse. In the thirteenth century we have found
+Marie de France--a French poetess living in England who has been credited
+with "an exquisite sense of the generosities and delicacy of the heart,"
+and whose work was certainly highly appreciated in the best circles and
+among the most cultivated class of her day--describing as a perfect, wise,
+and courteous knight a man who practically commits a rape on a woman who
+has refused to have anything to do with him, and, in so acting, he wins
+her entire love. The savage beauty of New Caledonia furnishes no better
+illustration of the fascination of force, for she, at all events, has done
+her best to court the violence she undergoes. In Middleton's _Spanish
+Gypsy_ we find exactly the same episode, and the unhappy Portuguese nun
+wrote: "Love me for ever and make me suffer still more." To find in
+literature more attenuated examples of the same tendency is easy.
+Shakespeare, whose observation so little escaped, has seldom depicted the
+adult passion of a grown woman, but in the play which he has mainly
+devoted to this subject he makes Cleopatra refer to "amorous pinches," and
+she says in the end: "The stroke of death is as a lover's pinch, which
+hurts and is desired." "I think the Sabine woman enjoyed being carried off
+like that," a woman remarked in front of Rubens's "Rape of the Sabines,"
+confessing that such a method of love-making appealed strongly to
+herself, and it is probable that the majority of women would be prepared
+to echo that remark.
+
+    It may be argued that pain cannot give pleasure, and that when
+    what would usually be pain is felt as pleasure it cannot be
+    regarded as pain at all. It must be admitted that the emotional
+    state is often somewhat complex. Moreover, women by no means
+    always agree in the statement of their experience. It is
+    noteworthy, however, that even when the pleasurableness of pain
+    in love is denied it is still admitted that, under some
+    circumstances, pain, or the idea of pain, is felt as pleasurable.
+    I am indebted to a lady for a somewhat elaborate discussion of
+    this subject, which I may here quote at length: "As regards
+    physical pain, though the idea of it is sometimes exciting, I
+    think the reality is the reverse. A very slight amount of pain
+    destroys my pleasure completely. This was the case with me for
+    fully a month after marriage, and since. When pain has
+    occasionally been associated with passion, pleasure has been
+    sensibly diminished. I can imagine that, when there is a want of
+    sensitiveness so that the tender kiss or caress might fail to
+    give pleasure, more forcible methods are desired; but in that
+    case what would be pain to a sensitive person would be only a
+    pleasant excitement, and it could not be truly said that such
+    obtuse persons liked pain, though they might appear to do so. I
+    cannot think that anyone enjoys what is pain _to them_, if only
+    from the fact that it detracts and divides the attention. This,
+    however, is only my own idea drawn from my own negative
+    experience. No woman has ever told me that she would like to have
+    pain inflicted on her. On the other hand, the desire to inflict
+    pain seems almost universal among men. I have only met one man in
+    whom I have never at any time been able to detect it. At the same
+    time most men shrink from putting their ideas into practice. A
+    friend of my husband finds his chief pleasure in imagining women
+    hurt and ill-treated, but is too tender-hearted ever to inflict
+    pain on them in reality, even when they are willing to submit to
+    it. Perhaps a woman's readiness to submit to pain to please a man
+    may sometimes be taken for pleasure in it. Even when women like
+    the idea of pain, I fancy it is only because it implies
+    subjection to the man, from association with the fact that
+    physical pleasure must necessarily be preceded by submission to
+    his will."
+
+    In a subsequent communication this lady enlarged and perhaps
+    somewhat modified her statements on this point:--
+
+    "I don't think that what I said to you was quite correct.
+    _Actual_ pain gives me no pleasure, yet the _idea_ of pain does,
+    _if inflicted by way of discipline and for the ultimate good of
+    the person suffering it_. This is essential. For instance, I once
+    read a poem in which the devil and the lost souls in hell were
+    represented as recognizing that they could not be good except
+    under torture, but that while suffering the purifying actions of
+    the flames of hell they so realized the beauty of holiness that
+    they submitted willingly to their agony and praised God for the
+    sternness of his judgment. This poem gave me decided physical
+    pleasure, yet I know that if my hand were held in a fire for five
+    minutes I should feel nothing but the pain of the burning. To get
+    the feeling of pleasure, too, I must, for the moment, revert to
+    my old religious beliefs and my old notion that mere suffering
+    has an elevating influence; one's emotions are greatly modified
+    by one's beliefs. When I was about fifteen I invented a game
+    which I played with a younger sister, in which we were supposed
+    to be going through a process of discipline and preparation for
+    heaven after death. Each person was supposed to enter this state
+    on dying and to pass successively into the charge of different
+    angels named after the special virtues it was their function to
+    instill. The last angel was that of Love, who governed solely by
+    the quality whose name he bore. In the lower stages, we were
+    under an angel called Severity who prepared us by extreme
+    harshness and by exacting implicit obedience to arbitrary orders
+    for the acquirement of later virtues. Our duties were to
+    superintend the weather, paint the sunrise and sunset, etc., the
+    constant work involved exercising us in patience and submission.
+    The physical pleasure came in in inventing and recounting to each
+    other our day's work and the penalties and hardships we had been
+    subjected to. We never told each other that we got any physical
+    pleasure out of this, and I cannot therefore be sure that my
+    sister did so; I only imagine she did because she entered so
+    heartily into the spirit of the game. I could get as much
+    pleasure by imagining myself the angel and inflicting the pain,
+    under the conditions mentioned; but my sister did not like this
+    so much, as she then had no companion in subjection. I could not,
+    however, thus reverse my feelings in regard to a man, as it would
+    appear to me unnatural, and, besides, the greater physical
+    strength is essential in the superior position. I can, however,
+    by imagining myself a man, sometimes get pleasure in conceiving
+    myself as educating and disciplining a woman by severe measures.
+    There is, however, no real cruelty in this idea, as I always
+    imagine her liking it.
+
+    "I only get pleasure in the idea of a woman submitting herself to
+    pain and harshness from the man she loves when the following
+    conditions are fulfilled: 1. She must be absolutely sure of the
+    man's love. 2. She must have perfect confidence in his judgment.
+    3. The pain must be deliberately inflicted, not accidental. 4. It
+    must be inflicted in kindness and for her own improvement, not in
+    anger or with any revengeful feelings, as that would spoil one's
+    ideal of the man. 5. The pain must not be excessive and must be
+    what when we were children we used to call a 'tidy' pain; i.e.,
+    there must be no mutilation, cutting, etc. 6. Last, one would
+    have to feel very sure of one's own influence over the man. So
+    much for the idea. As I have never suffered pain under a
+    combination of all these conditions, I have no right to say that
+    I should or should not experience pleasure from its infliction in
+    reality."
+
+    Another lady writes: "I quite agree that the idea of pain may be
+    pleasurable, but must be associated with something to be gained
+    by it. My experience is that it [coitus] does often hurt for a
+    few moments, but that passes and the rest is easy; so that the
+    little hurt is nothing terrible, but all the same annoying if
+    only for the sake of a few minutes' pleasure, which is not long
+    enough. I do not know how my experience compares with other
+    women's, but I feel sure that in my case the time needed is
+    longer than usual, and the longer the better, always, with me. As
+    to liking pain--no, I do not really like it, although I can
+    tolerate pain very well, of any kind; but I like to feel force
+    and strength; this is usual, I think, women being--or supposed to
+    be--passive in love. I have not found that 'pain at once kills
+    pleasure.'"
+
+    Again, another lady briefly states that, for her, pain has a
+    mental fascination, and that such pain as she has had she has
+    liked, but that, if it had been any stronger, pleasure would have
+    been destroyed.
+
+    The evidence thus seems to point, with various shades of
+    gradation, to the conclusion that the idea or even the reality of
+    pain in sexual emotion is welcomed by women, provided that this
+    element of pain is of small amount and subordinate to the
+    pleasure which is to follow it. Unless coitus is fundamentally
+    pleasure the element of pain must necessarily be unmitigated
+    pain, and a craving for pain unassociated with a greater
+    satisfaction to follow it cannot be regarded as normal.
+
+    In this connection I may refer to a suggestive chapter on "The
+    Enjoyment of Pain" in Hirn's _Origins of Art_. "If we take into
+    account," says Hirn, "the powerful stimulating effect which is
+    produced by acute pain, we may easily understand why people
+    submit to momentary unpleasantness for the sake of enjoying the
+    subsequent excitement. This motive leads to the deliberate
+    creation, not only of pain-sensations, but also of emotions in
+    which pain enters as an element. The violent activity which is
+    involved in the reaction against fear, and still more in that
+    against anger, affords us a sensation of pleasurable excitement
+    which is well worth the cost of the passing unpleasantness. It
+    is, moreover, notorious that some persons have developed a
+    peculiar art of making the initial pain of anger so transient
+    that they can enjoy the active elements in it with almost
+    undivided delight. Such an accomplishment is far more difficult
+    in the case of sorrow.... The creation of pain-sensations may be
+    explained as a desperate device for enhancing the intensity of
+    the emotional state."
+
+    The relation of pain and pleasure to emotion has been thoroughly
+    discussed, I may add, by H.R. Marshall in his _Pain, Pleasure,
+    and AEsthetics_. He contends that pleasure and pain are "general
+    qualities, one of which must, and either of which may, belong to
+    any fixed element of consciousness." "Pleasure," he considers,
+    "is experienced whenever the physical activity coincident with
+    the psychic state to which the pleasure is attached involves the
+    use of surplus stored force." We can see, therefore, how, if pain
+    acts as a stimulant to emotion, it becomes the servant of
+    pleasure by supplying it with surplus stored force.
+
+    This problem of pain is thus one of psychic dynamics. If we
+    realize this we shall begin to understand the place of cruelty in
+    life. "One ought to learn anew about cruelty," said Nietzsche
+    (_Beyond Good and Evil_, 229), "and open one's eyes. Almost
+    everything that we call 'higher culture' is based upon the
+    spiritualizing and intensifying of _cruelty_.... Then, to be
+    sure, we must put aside teaching the blundering psychology of
+    former times, which could only teach with regard to cruelty that
+    it originated at the sight of the suffering of _others_; there is
+    an abundant, superabundant enjoyment even in one's own suffering,
+    in causing one's own suffering." The element of paradox
+    disappears from this statement if we realize that it is not a
+    question of "cruelty," but of the dynamics of pain.
+
+    Camille Bos in a suggestive essay ("Du Plaisir de la Douleur,"
+    _Revue Philosophique_, July, 1902) finds the explanation of the
+    mystery in that complexity of the phenomena to which I have
+    already referred. Both pain and pleasure are complex feelings,
+    the resultant of various components, and we name that resultant
+    in accordance with the nature of the strongest component. "Thus
+    we give to a complexus a name which strictly belongs only to one
+    of its factors, _and in pain all is not painful_." When pain
+    becomes a desired end Camille Bos regards the desire as due to
+    three causes: (1) the pain contrasts with and revives a pleasure
+    which custom threatens to dull; (2) the pain by preceding the
+    pleasure accentuates the positive character of the latter; (3)
+    pain momentarily raises the lowered level of sensibility and
+    restores to the organism for a brief period the faculty of
+    enjoyment it had lost.
+
+    It must therefore be said that, in so far as pain is pleasurable,
+    it is so only in so far as it is recognized as a prelude to
+    pleasure, or else when it is an actual stimulus to the nerves
+    conveying the sensation of pleasure. The nymphomaniac who
+    experienced an orgasm at the moment when the knife passed through
+    her clitoris (as recorded by Mantegazza) and the prostitute who
+    experienced keen pleasure when the surgeon removed vegetations
+    from her vulva (as recorded by Fere) took no pleasure in pain,
+    but in one case the intense craving for strong sexual emotion,
+    and in the other the long-blunted nerves of pleasure, welcomed
+    the abnormally strong impulse; and the pain of the incision, if
+    felt at all, was immediately swallowed up in the sensation of
+    pleasure. Moll remarks (_Kontraere Sexualempfindung_, third
+    edition, p. 278) that even in man a trace of physical pain may be
+    normally combined with sexual pleasure, when the vagina
+    contracts on the penis at the moment of ejaculation, the pain,
+    when not too severe, being almost immediately felt as pleasure.
+    That there is no pleasure in the actual pain, even in masochism,
+    is indicated by the following statement which Krafft-Ebing gives
+    as representing the experiences of a masochist (_Psychopathia
+    Sexualis_ English translation, p. 201): "The relation is not of
+    such a nature that what causes physical pain is simply perceived
+    as physical pleasure, for the person in a state of masochistic
+    ecstasy feels no pain, either because by reason of his emotional
+    state (like that of the soldier in battle) the physical effect on
+    his cutaneous nerves is not apperceived, or because (as with
+    religious martyrs and enthusiasts) in the preoccupation of
+    consciousness with sexual emotion the idea of maltreatment
+    remains merely a symbol, without its quality of pain. To a
+    certain extent there is overcompensation of physical pain in
+    psychic pleasure, and only the excess remains in consciousness as
+    psychic lust. This also undergoes an increase, since, either
+    through reflex spinal influence or through a peculiar coloring in
+    the sensorium of sensory impressions, a kind of hallucination of
+    bodily pleasure takes place, with a vague localization of the
+    objectively projected sensation. In the self-torture of religious
+    enthusiasts (fakirs, howling dervishes, religious flagellants)
+    there is an analogous state, only with a difference in the
+    quality of pleasurable feeling. Here the conception of martyrdom
+    is also apperceived without its pain, for consciousness is filled
+    with the pleasurably colored idea of serving God, atoning for
+    sins, deserving Heaven, etc., through martyrdom." This statement
+    cannot be said to clear up the matter entirely; but it is fairly
+    evident that, when a woman says that she finds pleasure in the
+    pain inflicted by a lover, she means that under the special
+    circumstances she finds pleasure in treatment which would at
+    other times be felt as pain, or else that the slight real pain
+    experienced is so quickly followed by overwhelming pleasure that
+    in memory the pain itself seems to have been pleasure and may
+    even be regarded as the symbol of pleasure.
+
+    There is a special peculiarity of physical pain, which may be
+    well borne in mind in considering the phenomena now before us,
+    for it helps to account for the tolerance with which the idea of
+    pain is regarded. I refer to the great ease with which physical
+    pain is forgotten, a fact well known to all mothers, or to all
+    who have been present at the birth of a child. As Professor von
+    Tschisch points out ("Der Schmerz," _Zeitschrift fuer Psychologie
+    und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane_, Bd. xxvi, ht. 1 and 2, 1901),
+    memory can only preserve impressions as a whole; physical pain
+    consists of a sensation and of a feeling. But memory cannot
+    easily reproduce the definite sensation of the pain, and thus the
+    whole memory is disintegrated and speedily forgotten. It is quite
+    otherwise with moral suffering, which persists in memory and has
+    far more influence on conduct. No one wishes to suffer moral pain
+    or has any pleasure even in the idea of suffering it.
+
+It is the presence of this essential tendency which leads to a certain
+apparent contradiction in a woman's emotions. On the one hand, rooted in
+the maternal instinct, we find pity, tenderness, and compassion; on the
+other hand, rooted in the sexual instinct, we find a delight in roughness,
+violence, pain, and danger, sometimes in herself, sometimes also in
+others. The one impulse craves something innocent and helpless, to cherish
+and protect; the other delights in the spectacle of recklessness,
+audacity, sometimes even effrontery.[79] A woman is not perfectly happy in
+her lover unless he can give at least some satisfaction to each of these
+two opposite longings.
+
+The psychological satisfaction which women tend to feel in a certain
+degree of pain in love is strictly co-ordinated with a physical fact.
+Women possess a minor degree of sensibility in the sexual region. This
+fact must not be misunderstood. On the one hand, it by no means begs the
+question as to whether women's sensibility generally is greater or less
+than that of men; this is a disputed question and the evidence is still
+somewhat conflicting.[80] On the other hand, it also by no means involves
+a less degree of specific sexual pleasure in women, for the tactile
+sensibility of the sexual organs is no index to the specific sexual
+sensibility of those organs when in a state of tumescence. The real
+significance of the less tactile sensibility of the genital region in
+women is to be found in parturition and the special liability of the
+sexual region in women to injury.[81] The women who are less sensitive in
+this respect would be better able and more willing to endure the risks of
+childbirth, and would therefore tend to supplant those who were more
+sensitive. But, as a by-product of this less degree of sensibility, we
+have a condition in which physical irritation amounting even to pain may
+become to normal women in the state of extreme tumescence a source of
+pleasurable excitement, such as it would rarely be to normal men.
+
+    To Calmann appear to be due the first carefully made observations
+    showing the minor sensibility of the genital tract in women.
+    (Adolf Calmann, "Sensibilituetsprufungen am weiblicken Genitale
+    nach forensichen Gesichtspunkten," _Archiv fuer Gynaekologie_,
+    1898, p. 454.) He investigated the vagina, urethra, and anus in
+    eighteen women and found a great lack of sensibility, least
+    marked in anus, and most marked in vagina. [This distribution of
+    the insensitiveness alone indicates that it is due, as I have
+    suggested, to natural selection.] Sometimes a finger in the
+    vagina could not be felt at all. One woman, when a catheter was
+    introduced into the anus, said it might be the vagina or urethra,
+    but was certainly not the anus. (Calmann remarks that he was
+    careful to put his questions in an intelligible form.) The women
+    were only conscious of the urine being drawn off when they heard
+    the familiar sound of the stream or when the bladder was very
+    full; if the sound of the stream was deadened by a towel they
+    were quite unconscious that the bladder had been emptied. [In
+    confirmation of this statement I have noticed that in a lady
+    whose distended bladder it was necessary to empty by the catheter
+    shortly before the birth of her first child--but who had, indeed,
+    been partly under the influence of chloroform--there was no
+    consciousness of the artificial relief; she merely remarked that
+    she thought she could now relieve herself.] There was some sense
+    of temperature, but sense of locality, tactile sense, and
+    judgment of size were often widely erroneous. It is significant
+    that virgins were just as insensitive as married women or those
+    who had had children. Calmann's experiments appear to be
+    confirmed by the experiments of Marco Treves, of Turin, on the
+    thermoesthesiometry of mucous membranes, as reported to the Turin
+    International Congress of Physiology (and briefly noted in
+    _Nature_, November 21, 1901). Treves found that the sensitivity
+    of mucous membranes is always less than that of the skin. The
+    mucosa of the urethra and of the cervix uteri was quite incapable
+    of heat and cold sensations, and even the cautery excited only
+    slight, and that painful, sensation.
+
+    In further illustration of this point reference may be made to
+    the not infrequent cases in which the whole process of
+    parturition and the enormous distention of tissues which it
+    involves proceed throughout in an almost or quite painless
+    manner. It is sufficient to refer to two cases reported in Paris
+    by Mace and briefly summarized in the _British Medical Journal_,
+    May 25, 1901. In the first the patient was a primipara 20 years
+    of age, and, until the dilatation of the cervix was complete and
+    efforts at expulsion had commenced, the uterine contractions were
+    quite painless. In the second case, the mother, aged 25, a
+    tripara, had previously had very rapid labors; she awoke in the
+    middle of the night without pains, but during micturition the
+    fetal head appeared at the vulva, and was soon born.
+
+    Further illustration may be found in those cases in which severe
+    inflammatory processes may take place in the genital canal
+    without being noticed. Thus, Maxwell reports the case of a young
+    Chinese woman, certainly quite normal, in whom after the birth of
+    her first child the vagina became almost obliterated, yet beyond
+    slight occasional pain she noticed nothing wrong until the
+    husband found that penetration was impossible (_British Medical
+    Journal_, January 11, 1902, p. 78). The insensitiveness of the
+    vagina and its contrast, in this respect, with the penis--though
+    we are justified in regarding the penis as being, like organs of
+    special sense, relatively deficient in general sensibility--are
+    vividly presented in such an incident as the following, reported
+    a few years ago in America by Dr. G.W. Allen in the _Boston
+    Medical and Surgical Journal_: A man came under observation with
+    an edematous, inflamed penis. The wife, the night previous, on
+    advice of friends, had injected pure carbolic acid into the
+    vagina just previous to coitus. The husband, ignorant of the
+    fact, experienced untoward burning and smarting during and after
+    coitus, but thought little of it, and soon fell asleep. The next
+    morning there were large blisters on the penis, but it was no
+    longer painful. When seen by Dr. Allen the prepuce was retracted
+    and edematous, the whole penis was much swollen, and there were
+    large, perfectly raw surfaces on either side of the glans.
+
+In this connection we may well bring into line a remarkable group of
+phenomena concerning which much evidence has now accumulated. I refer to
+the use of various appliances, fixed in or around the penis, whether
+permanently or temporarily during coitus, such appliance being employed at
+the woman's instigation and solely in order to heighten her excitement in
+congress. These appliances have their great center among the Indonesian
+peoples (in Borneo, Java, Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, the Philippines,
+etc.), thence extending in a modified form through China, to become, it
+appears, considerably prevalent in Russia; I have also a note of their
+appearance in India. They have another widely diffused center, through
+which, however, they are more sparsely scattered, among the American
+Indians of the northern and more especially of the southern continents.
+Amerigo Vespucci and other early travelers noted the existence of some of
+these appliances, and since Miklucho-Macleay carefully described them as
+used in Borneo[82] their existence has been generally recognized. They are
+usually regarded merely as ethnological curiosities. As such they would
+not concern us here. Their real significance for us is that they
+illustrate the comparative insensitiveness of the genital canal in women,
+while at the same time they show that a certain amount of what we cannot
+but regard as painful stimulation is craved by women, in order to heighten
+tumescence and increase sexual pleasure, even though it can only by
+procured by artificial methods. It is, of course, possible to argue that
+in these cases we are not concerned with pain at all, but with a strong
+stimulation that is felt as purely pleasurable. There can be no doubt,
+however, that in the absence of sexual excitement this stimulation would
+be felt as purely painful, and--in the light of our previous
+discussion--we may, perhaps, fairly regard it as a painful stimulation
+which is craved, not because it is itself pleasurable, but because it
+heightens the highly pleasurable state of tumescence.
+
+    Borneo, the geographical center of the Indonesian world, appears
+    also to be the district in which these instruments are most
+    popular. The _ampallang, palang, kambion_, or _sprit-sail yard_,
+    as it is variously termed, is a little rod of bone or metal
+    nearly two inches in length, rounded at the ends, and used by the
+    Kyans and Dyaks of Borneo. Before coitus it is inserted into a
+    transverse orifice in the penis, made by a painful and somewhat
+    dangerous operation and kept open by a quill. Two or more of
+    these instruments are occasionally worn. Sometimes little brushes
+    are attached to each end of the instrument. Another instrument,
+    used by the Dyaks, but said to have been borrowed from the
+    Malays, is the _palang anus_, which is a ring or collar of
+    plaited palm-fiber, furnished with a pair of stiffish horns of
+    the same wiry material; it is worn on the neck of the glans and
+    fits tight to the skin so as not to slip off. (Brooke Low, "The
+    Natives of Borneo," _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
+    August and November, 1892, p. 45; the _ampallang_ and similar
+    instruments are described by Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, Bd.
+    i, chapter xvii; also in _Untrodden Fields of Anthropology_, by a
+    French army surgeon, 1898, vol. ii, pp. 135-141; also Mantegazza,
+    _Gli Amori degli Uomini_, French translation, p. 83 et seq.)
+    Riedel informed Miklucho-Macleay that in the Celebes the Alfurus
+    fasten the eyelids of goats with the eyelashes round the corona
+    of the glans penis, and in Java a piece of goatskin is used in a
+    similar way, so as to form a hairy sheath (_Zeitschrift fuer
+    Ethnologie_, 1876, pp. 22-25), while among the Batta, of Sumatra,
+    Hagen found that small stones are inserted by an incision under
+    the skin of the penis (_Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie_, 1891, ht. 3,
+    p. 351).
+
+    In the Malay peninsula Stevens found instruments somewhat similar
+    to the _ampallang_ still in use among some tribes, and among
+    others formerly in use. He thinks they were brought from Borneo.
+    (H.V. Stevens, _Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie_, 1896, ht. 4, p.
+    181.) Bloch, who brings forward other examples of similar devices
+    (_Beitraege zur AEtiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, pp. 56-58),
+    considers that the Australian mica operation may thus in part be
+    explained.
+
+    Such instruments are not, however, entirely unknown in Europe. In
+    France, in the eighteenth century, it appears that rings,
+    sometimes set with hard knobs, and called "aides," were
+    occasionally used by men to heighten the pleasure of women in
+    intercourse. (Duehren, _Marquis de Sade_, 1901, p. 130.) In
+    Russia, according to Weissenberg, of Elizabethsgrad, it is not
+    uncommon to use elastic rings set with little teeth; these rings
+    are fastened around the base of the glans. (Weissenberg,
+    _Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie_, 1893, ht. 2, p. 135.) This
+    instrument must have been brought to Russia from the East, for
+    Burton (in the notes to his _Arabian Nights_) mentions a
+    precisely similar instrument as in use in China. Somewhat similar
+    is the "Chinese hedgehog," a wreath of fine, soft feathers with
+    the quills solidly fastened by silver wire to a ring of the same
+    metal, which is slipped over the glans. In South America the
+    Araucanians of Argentina use a little horsehair brush fastened
+    around the penis; one of these is in the museum at La Plata; it
+    is said the custom may have been borrowed from the Patagonians;
+    these instruments, called _geskels_, are made by the women and
+    the workmanship is very delicate. (Lehmann-Nitsche, _Zeitschrift
+    fuer Ethnologie_, 1900, ht. 6, p. 491.) It is noteworthy that a
+    somewhat similar tuft of horsehair is also worn in Borneo.
+    (Breitenstein, _21 Jahre in India_, 1899, pt. i, p. 227.) Most of
+    the accounts state that the women attach great importance to the
+    gratification afforded by such instruments. In Borneo a modest
+    woman symbolically indicates to her lover the exact length of the
+    ampallang she would prefer by leaving at a particular spot a
+    cigarette of that length. Miklucho-Macleay considers that these
+    instruments were invented by women. Brooke Low remarks that "no
+    woman once habituated to its use will ever dream of permitting
+    her bedfellow to discontinue the practice of wearing it," and
+    Stevens states that at one time no woman would marry a man who
+    was not furnished with such an apparatus. It may be added that a
+    very similar appliance may be found in European countries
+    (especially Germany) in the use of a condom furnished with
+    irregularities, or a frill, in order to increase the woman's
+    excitement. It is not impossible to find evidence that, in
+    European countries, even in the absence of such instruments, the
+    craving which they gratify still exists in women. Thus, Mauriac
+    tells of a patient with vegetations on the glans who delayed
+    treatment because his mistress liked him so best (art.
+    "Vegetations," _Dictionnaire de Medecine et Chirurgie pratique_).
+
+    It may seem that such impulses and such devices to gratify them
+    are altogether unnatural. This is not so. They have a zooelogical
+    basis and in many animals are embodied in the anatomical
+    structure. Many rodents, ruminants, and some of the carnivora
+    show natural developments of the penis closely resembling some of
+    those artificially adopted by man. Thus the guinea-pigs possess
+    two horny styles attached to the penis, while the glans of the
+    penis is covered with sharp spines. Some of the Caviidae also have
+    two sharp, horny saws at the side of the penis. The cat, the
+    rhinoceros, the tapir, and other animals possess projecting
+    structures on the penis, and some species of ruminants, such as
+    the sheep, the giraffe, and many antelopes, have, attached to the
+    penis, long filiform processes through which the urethra passes.
+    (F.H.A. Marshall, _The Physiology of Reproduction_, pp. 246-248.)
+
+    We find, even in creatures so delicate and ethereal as the
+    butterflies, a whole armory of keen weapons for use in coitus.
+    These were described in detail in an elaborate and fully
+    illustrated memoir by P.H. Gosse ("On the Clasping Organs
+    Ancillary to Generation in Certain Groups of the Lepidoptera,"
+    _Transactions of the Linnaean Society_, second series, vol. ii,
+    Zooelogy, 1882). These organs, which Gosse terms _harpes_ (or
+    grappling irons), are found in the Papilionidae and are very
+    beautiful and varied, taking the forms of projecting claws,
+    hooks, pikes, swords, knobs, and strange combinations of these,
+    commonly brought to a keen edge and then cut into sharp teeth.
+
+    It is probable that all these structures serve to excite the
+    sexual apparatus of the female and to promote tumescence.
+
+    To the careless observer there may seem to be something vicious
+    or perverted in such manifestations in man. That opinion becomes
+    very doubtful when we consider how these tendencies occur in
+    people living under natural conditions in widely separated parts
+    of the world. It becomes still further untenable if we are
+    justified in believing that the ancestors of men possessed
+    projecting epithelial appendages attached to the penis, and if we
+    accept the discovery by Friedenthal of the rudiment of these
+    appendages on the penis of the human fetus at an early stage
+    (Friedenthal, "Sonderformen der menschlichen Leibesbildung,"
+    _Sexual-Probleme_, Feb., 1912, p. 129). In this case human
+    ingenuity would merely be seeking to supply an organ which nature
+    has ceased to furnish, although it is still in some cases needed,
+    especially among peoples whose aptitude for erethism has remained
+    at, or fallen to, a subhuman level.
+
+At first sight the connection between love and pain--the tendency of men
+to delight in inflicting it and women in suffering it--seems strange and
+inexplicable. It seems amazing that a tender and even independent woman
+should maintain a passionate attachment to a man who subjects her to
+physical and moral insults, and that a strong man, often intelligent,
+reasonable, and even kind-hearted, should desire to subject to such
+insults a woman whom he loves passionately and who has given him every
+final proof of her own passion. In understanding such cases we have to
+remember that it is only within limits that a woman really enjoys the
+pain, discomfort, or subjection to which she submits. A little pain which
+the man knows he can himself soothe, a little pain which the woman gladly
+accepts as the sign and forerunner of pleasure--this degree of pain comes
+within the normal limits of love and is rooted, as we have seen, in the
+experience of the race. But when it is carried beyond these limits, though
+it may still be tolerated because of the support it receives from its
+biological basis, it is no longer enjoyed. The natural note has been too
+violently struck, and the rhythm of love has ceased to be perfect. A woman
+may desire to be forced, to be roughly forced, to be ravished away beyond
+her own will. But all the time she only desires to be forced toward those
+things which are essentially and profoundly agreeable to her. A man who
+fails to realize this has made little progress in the art of love. "I like
+being knocked about and made to do things I don't want to do," a woman
+said, but she admitted, on being questioned, that she would not like to
+have _much_ pain inflicted, and that she might not care to be made to do
+important things she did not want to do. The story of Griselda's unbounded
+submissiveness can scarcely be said to be psychologically right, though it
+has its artistic rightness as an elaborate fantasia on this theme
+justified by its conclusion.
+
+    This point is further illustrated by the following passage from a
+    letter written by a lady: "Submission to the man's will is still,
+    and always must be, the prelude to pleasure, and the association
+    of ideas will probably always produce this much misunderstood
+    instinct. Now, I find, indirectly from other women and directly
+    from my own experience, that, when the point in dispute is very
+    important and the man exerts his authority, the desire to get
+    one's own way completely obliterates the sexual feeling, while,
+    conversely, in small things the sexual feeling obliterates the
+    desire to have one's own way. Where the two are nearly equal a
+    conflict between them ensues, and I can stand aside and wonder
+    which will get the best of it, though I encourage the sexual
+    feeling when possible, as, if the other conquers, it leaves a
+    sense of great mental irritation and physical discomfort. A man
+    should command in small things, as in nine cases out of ten this
+    will produce excitement. He should _advise_ in large matters, or
+    he may find either that he is unable to enforce his orders or
+    that he produces a feeling of dislike and annoyance he was far
+    from intending. Women imagine men must be stronger than
+    themselves to excite their passion. I disagree. A passionate man
+    has the best chance, for in him the primitive instincts are
+    strong. The wish to subdue the female is one of them, and in
+    small things he will exert his authority to make her feel his
+    power, while she knows that on a question of real importance she
+    has a good chance of getting her own way by working on his
+    greater susceptibility. Perhaps an illustration will show what I
+    mean. I was listening to the band and a girl and her _fiance_
+    came up to occupy two seats near me. The girl sank into one seat,
+    but for some reason the man wished her to take the other. She
+    refused. He repeated his order twice, the second time so
+    peremptorily that she changed places, and I heard him say: 'I
+    don't think you heard what I said. I don't expect to give an
+    order three times.'
+
+    "This little scene interested me, and I afterward asked the girl
+    the following questions:--
+
+    "'Had you any reason for taking one chair more than the other?'
+
+    "'No.'
+
+    "'Did Mr. ----'s insistence on your changing give you any
+    pleasure?'
+
+    "'Yes' (after a little hesitation).
+
+    "'Why?'
+
+    "'I don't know.'
+
+    "'Would it have done so if you had particularly wished to sit in
+    that chair; if, for instance, you had had a boil on your cheek
+    and wished to turn that side away from him?'
+
+    "'No; certainly not. The worry of thinking he was looking at it
+    would have made me too cross to feel pleased.'
+
+    "Does this explain what I mean? The occasion, by the way, need
+    not be really important, but, as in this imaginary case of the
+    boil, if it _seems important_ to the woman, irritation will
+    outweigh the physical sensation."
+
+I am well aware that in thus asserting a certain tendency in women to
+delight in suffering pain--however careful and qualified the position I
+have taken--many estimable people will cry out that I am degrading a whole
+sex and generally supporting the "subjection of women." But the day for
+academic discussion concerning the "subjection of women" has gone by. The
+tendency I have sought to make clear is too well established by the
+experience of normal and typical women--however numerous the exceptions
+may be--to be called in question. I would point out to those who would
+deprecate the influence of such facts in relation to social progress that
+nothing is gained by regarding women as simply men of smaller growth. They
+are not so; they have the laws of their own nature; their development must
+be along their own lines, and not along masculine lines. It is as true now
+as in Bacon's day that we only learn to command nature by obeying her. To
+ignore facts is to court disappointment in our measure of progress. The
+particular fact with which we have here come in contact is very vital and
+radical, and most subtle in its influence. It is foolish to ignore it; we
+must allow for its existence. We can neither attain a sane view of life
+nor a sane social legislation of life unless we possess a just and
+accurate knowledge of the fundamental instincts upon which life is built.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[61] Various mammals, carried away by the reckless fury of the sexual
+impulse, are apt to ill-treat their females (R. Mueller, _Sexualbiologie_,
+p. 123). This treatment is, however, usually only an incident of
+courtship, the result of excess of ardor. "The chaffinches and
+saffron-finches (_Fringella_ and _Sycalis_) are very rough wooers," says
+A.G. Butler (_Zooelogist_, 1902, p. 241); "they sing vociferously, and
+chase their hens violently, knocking them over in their flight, pursuing
+and savagely pecking them even on the ground; but when once the hens
+become submissive, the males change their tactics, and become for the time
+model husbands, feeding their wives from their crop, and assisting in
+rearing the young."
+
+[62] Cf. A.C. Haddon, _Head Hunters_, p. 107.
+
+[63] Marro considers that there may be transference of emotion,--the
+impulse of violence generated in the male by his rivals being turned
+against his partner,--according to a tendency noted by Sully and
+illustrated by Ribot in his _Psychology of the Emotions_, part i, chapter
+xii.
+
+[64] Several writers have found in the facts of primitive animal courtship
+the explanation of the connection between love and pain. Thus,
+Krafft-Ebing (_Psychopathia Sexualis_, English translation of tenth German
+edition, p. 80) briefly notes that outbreaks of sadism are possibly
+atavistic. Marro (_La Puberta_, 1898, p. 219 et seq.) has some suggestive
+pages on this subject. It would appear that this explanation was vaguely
+outlined by Jaeger. Laserre, in a Bordeaux thesis mentioned by Fere, has
+argued in the same sense. Fere (_L'Instinct Sexuel_, p. 134), on grounds
+that are scarcely sufficient, regards this explanation as merely a
+superficial analogy. But it is certainly not a complete explanation.
+
+[65] Schaefer (_Jahrbuecher fuer Psychologie_, Bd. ii, p. 128, and quoted
+by Krafft-Ebing in _Psychopathia Sexualis_), in connection with a case in
+which sexual excitement was produced by the sight of battles or of
+paintings of them, remarks: "The pleasure of battle and murder is so
+predominantly an attribute of the male sex throughout the animal kingdom
+that there can be no question about the close connection between this side
+of the masculine character and male sexuality. I believe that I can show
+by observation that in men who are absolutely normal, mentally and
+physically, the first indefinite and incomprehensible precursors of sexual
+excitement may be induced by reading exciting scenes of chase and war.
+These give rise to unconscious longings for a kind of satisfaction in
+warlike games (wrestling, etc.) which express the fundamental sexual
+impulse to close and complete contact with a companion, with a secondary
+more or less clearly defined thought of conquest." Groos (_Spiele der
+Menschen_, 1899, p. 232) also thinks there is more or less truth in this
+suggestion of a subconscious sexual element in the playful wrestling
+combats of boys. Freud considers (_Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie_,
+p. 49) that the tendency to sexual excitement through muscular activity in
+wrestling, etc., is one of the roots of sadism. I have been told of normal
+men who feel a conscious pleasure of this kind when lifted in games, as
+may happen, for instance, in football. It may be added that in some parts
+of the world the suitor has to throw the girl in a wrestling-bout in order
+to secure her hand.
+
+[66] A minor manifestation of this tendency, appearing even in quite
+normal and well-conditioned individuals, is the impulse among boys at and
+after puberty to take pleasure in persecuting and hurting lower animals or
+their own young companions. Some youths display a diabolical enjoyment and
+ingenuity in torturing sensitive juniors, and even a boy who is otherwise
+kindly and considerate may find enjoyment in deliberately mutilating a
+frog. In some cases, in boys and youths who have no true sadistic impulse
+and are not usually cruel, this infliction of torture on a lower animal
+produces an erection, though not necessarily any pleasant sexual
+sensations.
+
+[67] Marro, _La Puberta_, 1898, p. 223; Garnier, "La Criminalite
+Juvenile," _Comptes-rendus Congres Internationale d'Anthropologie
+Criminelle_, Amsterdam, 1901, p. 296; _Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1899,
+fasc. v-vi, p. 572.
+
+[68] Bk. ii, ch. ii.
+
+[69] Herbert Spencer, _Principles of Sociology_, 1876, vol. i, p. 651.
+
+[70] Westermarck, _Human Marriage_, p. 388. Grosse is of the same opinion;
+he considers also that the mock-capture is often an imitation, due to
+admiration, of real capture; he does not believe that the latter has ever
+been a form of marriage recognized by custom and law, but only "an
+occasional and punishable act of violence." (_Die Formen der Familie_, pp.
+105-7.) This position is too extreme.
+
+[71] Ernest Crawley, _The Mystic Rose_, 1902, p. 350 et seq. Van Gennep
+rightly remarks that we cannot correctly say that the woman is abducted
+from "her sex," but only from her "sexual society."
+
+[72] A. Van Gennep (_Rites de Passage_, 1909, pp. 175-186) has put forward
+a third theory, though also of a psychological character, according to
+which the "capture" is a rite indicating the separation of the young girl
+from the special societies of her childhood. Gennep regards this rite as
+one of a vast group of "rites of passage," which come into action whenever
+a person changes his social or natural environment.
+
+[73] Fere (_L'Instinct Sexuel_, p. 133) appears to regard the
+satisfaction, based on the sentiment of personal power, which may be
+experienced in the suffering and subjection of a victim as an adequate
+explanation of the association of pain with love. This I can scarcely
+admit. It is a factor in the emotional attitude, but when it only exists
+in the sexual sphere it is reasonable to base this attitude largely on the
+still more fundamental biological attitude of the male toward the female
+in the process of courtship. Fere regards this biological element as
+merely a superficial analogy, on the ground that an act of cruelty may
+become an equivalent of coitus. But a sexual perversion is quite commonly
+constituted by the selection and magnification of a single moment in the
+normal sexual process.
+
+[74] The process may, however, be quite conscious. Thus, a correspondent
+tells me that he not only finds sexual pleasure in cruelty toward the
+woman he loves, but that he regards this as an essential element. He is
+convinced that it gives the woman pleasure, and that it is possible to
+distinguish by gesture, inflection of voice, etc., an hysterical, assumed,
+or imagined feeling of pain from real pain. He would not wish to give real
+pain, and would regard that as sadism.
+
+[75] De Sade had already made the same remark, while Duchenne, of
+Boulogne, pointed out that the facial expressions of sexual passion and of
+cruelty are similar.
+
+[76] Kryptadia, vol. vi, p. 208.
+
+[77] Daumas, _Chevaux de Sahara_, p. 49.
+
+[78] See in vol. iv of these _Studies_ ("Sexual Selection in Man"),
+Appendix A, on "The Origins of the Kiss."
+
+[79] De Stendhal (_De l'Amour_) mentions that when in London he was on
+terms of friendship with an English actress who was the mistress of a
+wealthy colonel, but privately had another lover. One day the colonel
+arrived when the other man was present. "This gentleman has called about
+the pony I want to sell," said the actress. "I have come for a very
+different purpose," said the little man, and thus aroused a love which was
+beginning to languish.
+
+[80] See Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_, chapter vi, "The Senses."
+
+[81] This liability is emphasized by Adler, _Die Mangelhafte
+Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes_, p. 125.
+
+[82] _Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie_, Bd. viii, 1876, pp. 22-28.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+The Definition of Sadism--De Sade--Masochism to some Extent
+Normal--Sacher-Masoch--No Real Line of Demarcation between Sadism and
+Masochism--Algolagnia includes both Groups of Manifestations--The
+Love-bite as a Bridge from Normal Phenomena to Algolagnia--The Fascination
+of Blood--The Most Extreme Perversions are Linked on to Normal Phenomena.
+
+
+We thus see that there are here two separate groups of feelings: one, in
+the masculine line, which delights in displaying force and often inflicts
+pain or the simulacrum of pain; the other, in the feminine line, which
+delights in submitting to that force, and even finds pleasure in a slight
+amount of pain, or the idea of pain, when associated with the experiences
+of love. We see, also, that these two groups of feelings are
+complementary. Within the limits consistent with normal and healthy life,
+what men are impelled to give women love to receive. So that we need not
+unduly deprecate the "cruelty" of men within these limits, nor unduly
+commiserate the women who are subjected to it.
+
+Such a conclusion, however, as we have also seen, only holds good within
+those normal limits which an attempt has here been made to determine. The
+phenomena we have been considering are strictly normal phenomena, having
+their basis in the conditions of tumescence and detumescence in animal and
+primitive human courtship. At one point, however, when discussing the
+phenomena of the love-bite, I referred to the facts which indicate how
+this purely normal manifestation yet insensibly passes over into the
+region of the morbid. It is an instance that enables us to realize how
+even the most terrible and repugnant sexual perversions are still
+demonstrably linked on to phenomena that are fundamentally normal. The
+love-bite may be said to give us the key to that perverse impulse which
+has been commonly called sadism.
+
+There is some difference of opinion as to how "sadism" may be best
+defined. Perhaps the simplest and most usual definition is that of
+Krafft-Ebing, as sexual emotion associated with the wish to inflict pain
+and use violence, or, as he elsewhere expresses it, "the impulse to cruel
+and violent treatment of the opposite sex, and the coloring of the idea of
+such acts with lustful feeling."[83] A more complete definition is that of
+Moll, who describes sadism as a condition in which "the sexual impulse
+consists in the tendency to strike, ill-use, and humiliate the beloved
+person."[84] This definition has the advantage of bringing in the element
+of moral pain. A further extension is made in Fere's definition as "the
+need of association of violence and cruelty with sexual enjoyment, such
+violence or cruelty not being necessarily exerted by the person himself
+who seeks sexual pleasure in this association."[85] Garnier's definition,
+while comprising all these points, further allows for the fact that a
+certain degree of sadism may be regarded as normal. "Pathological sadism,"
+he states, "is an impulsive and obsessing sexual perversion characterized
+by a close connection between suffering inflicted or mentally represented
+and the sexual orgasm, without this necessary and sufficing condition
+frigidity usually remaining absolute."[86] It must be added that these
+definitions are very incomplete if by "sadism" we are to understand the
+special sexual perversions which are displayed in De Sade's novels. Iwan
+Bloch ("Eugen Duehren"), in the course of his book on De Sade, has
+attempted a definition strictly on this basis, and, as will be seen, it is
+necessary to make it very elaborate: "A connection, whether intentionally
+sought or offered by chance, of sexual excitement and sexual enjoyment
+with the real or only symbolic (ideal, illusionary) appearance of
+frightful and shocking events, destructive occurrences and practices,
+which threaten or destroy the life, health, and property of man and other
+living creatures, and threaten and interrupt the continuity of inanimate
+objects, whereby the person who from such occurrences obtains sexual
+enjoyment may either himself be the direct cause, or cause them to take
+place by means of other persons, or merely be the spectator, or, finally,
+be, voluntarily or involuntarily, the object against which these processes
+are directed."[87] This definition of sadism as found in De Sade's works
+is thus, more especially by its final clause, a very much wider conception
+than the usual definition.
+
+    Donatien Alphonse Francois, Marquis De Sade, was born in 1740 at
+    Paris in the house of the great Conde. He belonged to a very
+    noble, ancient, and distinguished Provencal family; Petrarch's
+    Laura, who married a De Sade, was one of his ancestors, and the
+    family had cultivated both arms and letters with success. He was,
+    according to Lacroix, "an adorable youth whose delicately pale
+    and dusky face, lighted up by two large black [according to
+    another account blue] eyes, already bore the languorous imprint
+    of the vice which was to corrupt his whole being"; his voice was
+    "drawling and caressing"; his gait had "a softly feminine grace."
+    Unfortunately there is no authentic portrait of him. His early
+    life is sketched in letter iv of his _Aline et Valcourt_. On
+    leaving the College-Louis-le-Grand he became a cavalry officer
+    and went through the Seven Years' War in Germany. There can be
+    little doubt that the experiences of his military life, working
+    on a femininely vicious temperament, had much to do with the
+    development of his perversion. He appears to have got into
+    numerous scrapes, of which the details are unknown, and his
+    father sought to marry him to the daughter of an aristocratic
+    friend of his own, a noble and amiable girl of 20. It so chanced
+    that when young De Sade first went to the house of his future
+    wife only her younger sister, a girl of 13, was at home; with her
+    he at once fell in love and his love was reciprocated; they were
+    both musical enthusiasts, and she had a beautiful voice. The
+    parents insisted on carrying out the original scheme of marriage.
+    De Sade's wife loved him, and, in spite of everything, served his
+    interests with Griselda-like devotion; she was, Ginisty remarks,
+    a saint, a saint of conjugal life; but her love was from the
+    first only requited with repulsion, contempt, and suspicion.
+    There were, however, children of the marriage; the career of the
+    eldest--an estimable young man who went into the army and also
+    had artistic ability, but otherwise had no community of tastes
+    with his father--has been sketched by Paul Ginisty, who has also
+    edited the letters of the Marquise. De Sade's passion for the
+    younger sister continued (he idealized her as Juliette), though
+    she was placed in a convent beyond his reach, and at a much later
+    period he eloped with her and spent perhaps the happiest period
+    of his life, soon terminated by her death. It is evident that
+    this unhappy marriage was decisive in determining De Sade's
+    career; he at once threw himself recklessly into every form of
+    dissipation, spending his health and his substance sometimes
+    among refinedly debauched nobles and sometimes among coarsely
+    debauched lackeys. He was, however, always something of an
+    artist, something of a student, something of a philosopher, and
+    at an early period he began to write, apparently at the age of
+    23. It was at this age, and only a few months after his marriage,
+    that on account of some excess he was for a time confined in
+    Vincennes. He was destined to spend 27 years of his life in
+    prisons, if we include the 13 years which in old age he passed in
+    the asylum at Charenton. His actual offenses were by no means so
+    terrible as those he loved to dwell on in imagination, and for
+    the most part they have been greatly exaggerated. His most
+    extreme offenses were the indecent and forcible flagellation in
+    1768 of a young woman, Rosa Keller, who had accosted him in the
+    street for alms, and whom he induced by false pretenses to come
+    to his house, and the administration of aphrodisiacal bonbons to
+    some prostitutes at Marseilles. It is owing to the fact that the
+    prime of his manhood was spent in prisons that De Sade fell back
+    on dreaming, study, and novel-writing. Shut out from real life,
+    he solaced his imagination with the perverted visions--to a very
+    large extent, however, founded on knowledge of the real facts of
+    perverted life in his time--which he has recorded in _Justine_
+    (1781); _Les 120 Journees de Sodome ou l'Ecole du Libertinage_
+    (1785); _Aline et Valcour ou le Roman Philosophique_ (1788);
+    _Juliette_ (1796); _La Philosophie dans le Boudoir_ (1795). These
+    books constitute a sort of encyclopedia of sexual perversions, an
+    eighteenth century _Psychopathia Sexualis_, and embody, at the
+    same time, a philosophy. He was the first, Bloch remarks, who
+    realized the immense importance of the sexual question. His
+    general attitude may be illustrated by the following passage (as
+    quoted by Lacassagne): "If there are beings in the world whose
+    acts shock all accepted prejudices, we must not preach at them or
+    punish them ... because their bizarre tastes no more depend upon
+    themselves than it depends on you whether you are witty or
+    stupid, well made or hump-backed.... What would become of your
+    laws, your morality, your religion, your gallows, your Paradise,
+    your gods, your hell, if it were shown that such and such
+    fluids, such fibers, or a certain acridity in the blood, or in
+    the animal spirits, alone suffice to make a man the object of
+    your punishments or your rewards?" He was enormously well read,
+    Bloch points out, and his interest extended to every field of
+    literature: _belles lettres_, philosophy, theology, politics,
+    sociology, ethnology, mythology, and history. Perhaps his
+    favorite reading was travels. He was minutely familiar with the
+    bible, though his attitude was extremely critical. His favorite
+    philosopher was Lamettrie, whom he very frequently quotes, and he
+    had carefully studied Machiavelli.
+
+    De Sade had foreseen the Revolution; he was an ardent admirer of
+    Marat, and at this period he entered into public life as a mild,
+    gentle, rather bald and gray-haired person. Many scenes of the
+    Revolution were the embodiment in real life of De Sade's
+    imagination; such, for instance, were the barbaric tortures
+    inflicted, at the instigation of Theroigne de Mericourt, on La
+    Belle Bouquetiere. Yet De Sade played a very peaceful part in the
+    events of that time, chiefly as a philanthropist, spending much
+    of his time in the hospitals. He saved his parents-in-law from
+    the scaffold, although they had always been hostile to him, and
+    by his moderation aroused the suspicions of the revolutionary
+    party, and was again imprisoned. Later he wrote a pamphlet
+    against Napoleon, who never forgave him and had him shut up in
+    Charenton as a lunatic; it was a not unusual method at that time
+    of disposing of persons whom it was wished to put out of the way,
+    and, notwithstanding De Sade's organically abnormal temperament,
+    there is no reason to regard him as actually insane.
+    Royer-Collard, an eminent alienist of that period, then at the
+    head of Charenton, declared De Sade to be sane, and his detailed
+    report is still extant. Other specialists were of the same
+    opinion. Bloch, who quotes these opinions (_Neue Forschungen_,
+    etc., p. 370), says that the only possible conclusion is that De
+    Sade was sane, but neurasthenic, and Eulenburg also concludes
+    that he cannot be regarded as insane, although he was highly
+    degenerate. In the asylum he amused himself by organizing a
+    theater. Lacroix, many years later, questioning old people who
+    had known him, was surprised to find that even in the memory of
+    most virtuous and respectable persons he lived merely as an
+    "_aimable mauvais sujet_." It is noteworthy that De Sade aroused,
+    in a singular degree, the love and devotion of women,--whether or
+    not we may regard this as evidence of the fascination exerted on
+    women by cruelty. Janin remarks that he had seen many pretty
+    little letters written by young and charming women of the great
+    world, begging for the release of the "_pauvre marquis_."
+
+    Sardou, the dramatist, has stated that in 1855 he visited the
+    Bicetre and met an old gardener who had known De Sade during his
+    reclusion there. He told that one of the marquis's amusements
+    was to procure baskets of the most beautiful and expensive roses;
+    he would then sit on a footstool by a dirty streamlet which ran
+    through the courtyard, and would take the roses, one by one, gaze
+    at them, smell them with a voluptuous expression, soak them in
+    the muddy water, and fling them away, laughing as he did so. He
+    died on the 2d of December, 1814, at the age of 74. He was almost
+    blind, and had long been a martyr to gout, asthma, and an
+    affection of the stomach. It was his wish that acorns should be
+    planted over his grave and his memory effaced. At a later period
+    his skull was examined by a phrenologist, who found it small and
+    well formed; "one would take it at first for a woman's head." The
+    skull belonged to Dr. Londe, but about the middle of the century
+    it was stolen by a doctor who conveyed it to England, where it
+    may possibly yet be found. [The foregoing account is mainly
+    founded on Paul Lacroix, _Revue de Paris_, 1837, and _Curiosites
+    de l'Histoire de France_, second series, _Proces Celebres_, p.
+    225; Janin, _Revue de Paris_, 1834; Eugen Duehren (Iwan Bloch),
+    _Der Marquis de Sade und Seine Zeit_, third edition, 1901; id.,
+    _Neue Forschungen ueber den Marquis de Sade und Seine Zeit_, 1904;
+    Lacassagne, _Vacher l'Eventreur et les Crimes Sadiques_, 1899;
+    Paul Ginisty, _La Marquise de Sade_, 1901.]
+
+The attempt to define sadism strictly and penetrate to its roots in De
+Sade's personal temperament reveals a certain weakness in the current
+conception of this sexual perversion. It is not, as we might infer, both
+from the definition usually given and from its probable biological
+heredity from primitive times, a perversion due to excessive masculinity.
+The strong man is more apt to be tender than cruel, or at all events knows
+how to restrain within bounds any impulse to cruelty; the most extreme and
+elaborate forms of sadism (putting aside such as are associated with a
+considerable degree of imbecility) are more apt to be allied with a
+somewhat feminine organization. Montaigne, indeed, observed long ago that
+cruelty is usually accompanied by feminine softness.
+
+    In the same way it is a mistake to suppose that the very feminine
+    woman is not capable of sadistic tendencies. Even if we take into
+    account the primitive animal conditions of combat, the male must
+    suffer as well as inflict pain, and the female must not only
+    experience subjection to the male, but also share in the emotions
+    of her partner's victory over his rivals. As bearing on these
+    points, I may quote the following remarks written by a lady: "It
+    is said that, the weaker and more feminine a woman is, the
+    greater the subjection she likes. I don't think it has anything
+    at all to do with the general character, but depends entirely on
+    whether the feeling of constraint and helplessness affects her
+    sexually. In men I have several times noticed that those who were
+    most desirous of subjection to the women they loved had, in
+    ordinary life, very strong and determined characters. I know of
+    others, too, who with very weak characters are very imperious
+    toward the women they care for. Among women I have often been
+    surprised to see how a strong, determined woman will give way to
+    a man she loves, and how tenacious of her own will may be some
+    fragile, clinging creature who in daily life seems quite unable
+    to act on her own responsibility. A certain amount of passivity,
+    a desire to have their emotions worked on, seems to me, so far as
+    my small experience goes, very common among ordinary, presumably
+    normal men. A good deal of stress is laid on femininity as an
+    attraction in a woman, and this may be so to very strong natures,
+    but, so far as I have seen, the women who obtain extraordinary
+    empire over men are those with a certain _virility_ in their
+    character and passions. If with this virility they combine a
+    fragility or childishness of appearance which appeals to a man in
+    another way at the same time, they appear to be irresistible."
+
+    I have noted some of the feminine traits in De Sade's temperament
+    and appearance. The same may often be noted in sadists whose
+    crimes were very much more serious and brutal than those of De
+    Sade. A man who stabbed women in the streets at St. Louis was a
+    waiter with a high-pitched, effeminate voice and boyish
+    appearance. Reidel, the sadistic murderer, was timid, modest, and
+    delicate; he was too shy to urinate in the presence of other
+    people. A sadistic zooephilist, described by A. Marie, who
+    attempted to strangle a woman fellow-worker, had always been very
+    timid, blushed with much facility, could not look even children
+    in the eyes, or urinate in the presence of another person, or
+    make sexual advances to women.
+
+    Kiernan and Moyer are inclined to connect the modesty and
+    timidity of sadists with a disgust for normal coitus. They were
+    called upon to examine an inverted married woman who had
+    inflicted several hundred wounds, mostly superficial, with forks,
+    scissors, etc., on the genital organs and other parts of a girl
+    whom she had adopted from a "Home." This woman was very prominent
+    in church and social matters in the city in which she lived, so
+    that many clergymen and local persons of importance testified to
+    her chaste, modest, and even prudish character; she was found to
+    be sane at the time of the acts. (Moyer, _Alienist and
+    Neurologist_, May, 1907, and private letter from Dr. Kiernan.)
+
+We are thus led to another sexual perversion, which is usually considered
+the opposite of sadism. Masochism is commonly regarded as a peculiarly
+feminine sexual perversion, in women, indeed, as normal in some degree,
+and in man as a sort of inversion of the normal masculine emotional
+attitude, but this view of the matter is not altogether justified, for
+definite and pronounced masochism seems to be much rarer in women than
+sadism.[88] Krafft-Ebing, whose treatment of this phenomenon is, perhaps,
+his most valuable and original contribution to sexual psychology, has
+dealt very fully with the matter and brought forward many cases. He thus
+defines this perversion: "By masochism I understand a peculiar perversion
+of the psychical _vita sexualis_ in which the individual affected, in
+sexual feeling and thought, is controlled by the idea of being completely
+and unconditionally subject to the will of a person of the opposite sex,
+of being treated by this person as by a master, humiliated and abused.
+This idea is colored by sexual feeling; the masochist lives in fancies in
+which he creates situations of this kind, and he often attempts to realize
+them."[89]
+
+In a minor degree, not amounting to a complete perversion of the sexual
+instinct, this sentiment of abnegation, the desire to be even physically
+subjected to the adored woman, cannot be regarded as abnormal. More than
+two centuries before Krafft-Ebing appeared, Robert Burton, who was no mean
+psychologist, dilated on the fact that love is a kind of slavery. "They
+are commonly slaves," he wrote of lovers, "captives, voluntary servants;
+_amator amicae mancipium_, as Castilio terms him; his mistress's servant,
+her drudge, prisoner, bondman, what not?"[90] Before Burton's time the
+legend of the erotic servitude of Aristotle was widely spread in Europe,
+and pictures exist of the venerable philosopher on all fours ridden by a
+woman with a whip.[91] In classic times various masochistic phenomena are
+noted with approval by Ovid. It has been pointed out by Moll[92] that
+there are traces of masochistic feeling in some of Goethe's poems,
+especially "Lilis Park" and "Erwin und Elmire." Similar traces have been
+found in the poems of Heine, Platen, Hamerling, and many other poets.[93]
+The poetry of the people is also said to contain many such traces. It may,
+indeed, be said that passion in its more lyric exaltations almost
+necessarily involves some resort to masochistic expression. A popular lady
+novelist in a novel written many years ago represents her hero, a robust
+soldier, imploring the lady of his love, in a moment of passionate
+exaltation, to trample on him, certainly without any wish to suggest
+sexual perversion. If it is true that the Antonio of Otway's _Venice
+Preserved_ is a caricature of Shaftesbury, then it would appear that one
+of the greatest of English statesmen was supposed to exhibit very
+pronounced and characteristic masochistic tendencies; and in more recent
+days masochistic expressions have been noted as occurring in the
+love-letters of so emphatically virile a statesman as Bismarck.
+
+Thus a minor degree of the masochistic tendency may be said to be fairly
+common, while its more pronounced manifestations are more common than
+pronounced sadism.[94] It very frequently affects persons of a sensitive,
+refined, and artistic temperament. It may even be said that this tendency
+is in the line of civilization. Krafft-Ebing points out that some of the
+most delicate and romantic love-episodes of the Middle Ages are distinctly
+colored by masochistic emotion.[95] The increasing tendency to masochism
+with increasing civilization becomes explicable if we accept Colin Scott's
+"secondary law of courting" as accessory to the primary law that the male
+is active, and the female passive and imaginatively attentive to the
+states of the excited male. According to the secondary law, "the female
+develops a superadded activity, the male becoming relatively passive and
+imaginatively attentive to the psychical and bodily states of the
+female."[96] We may probably agree that this "secondary law of courting"
+does really represent a tendency of love in individuals of complex and
+sensitive nature, and the outcome of such a receptive attitude on the part
+of the male is undoubtedly in well-marked cases a desire of submission to
+the female's will, and a craving to experience in some physical or psychic
+form, not necessarily painful, the manifestations of her activity.
+
+When we turn from vague and unpronounced forms of the masochistic tendency
+to the more definite forms in which it becomes an unquestionable sexual
+perversion, we find a very eminent and fairly typical example in Rousseau,
+an example all the more interesting because here the subject has himself
+portrayed his perversion in his famous _Confessions_. It is, however, the
+name of a less eminent author, the Austrian novelist, Sacher-Masoch, which
+has become identified with the perversion through the fact that
+Krafft-Ebing fixed upon it as furnishing a convenient counterpart to the
+term "sadism." It is on the strength of a considerable number of his
+novels and stories, more especially of _Die Venus im Pelz_, that
+Krafft-Ebing took the scarcely warrantable liberty of identifying his
+name, while yet living, with a sexual perversion.
+
+    Sacher-Masoch's biography has been written with intimate
+    knowledge and much candor by C.F. von Schlichtegroll
+    (_Sacher-Masoch und der Masochismus_, 1901) and, more indirectly,
+    by his first wife Wanda von Sacher-Masoch in her autobiography
+    (_Meine Lebensbeichte_, 1906; French translation, _Confession de
+    ma Vie_, 1907). Schlichtegroll's book is written with a somewhat
+    undue attempt to exalt his hero and to attribute his misfortunes
+    to his first wife. The autobiography of the latter, however,
+    enables us to form a more complete picture of Sacher-Masoch's
+    life, for, while his wife by no means spares herself, she clearly
+    shows that Sacher-Masoch was the victim of his own abnormal
+    temperament, and she presents both the sensitive, refined,
+    exalted, and generous aspects of his nature, and his morbid,
+    imaginative, vain aspects.
+
+    Leopold von Sacher-Masoch was born in 1836 at Lemberg in Galicia.
+    He was of Spanish, German, and more especially Slavonic race. The
+    founder of the family may be said to be a certain Don Matthias
+    Sacher, a young Spanish nobleman, in the sixteenth century, who
+    settled in Prague. The novelist's father was director of police
+    in Lemberg and married Charlotte von Masoch, a Little Russian
+    lady of noble birth. The novelist, the eldest child of this
+    union, was not born until after nine years of marriage, and in
+    infancy was so delicate that he was not expected to survive. He
+    began to improve, however, when his mother gave him to be suckled
+    to a robust Russian peasant woman, from whom, as he said later,
+    he gained not only health, but "his soul"; from her he learned
+    all the strange and melancholy legends of her people and a love
+    of the Little Russians which never left him. While still a child
+    young Sacher-Masoch was in the midst of the bloody scenes of the
+    revolution which culminated in 1848. When he was 12 the family
+    migrated to Prague, and the boy, though precocious in his
+    development, then first learned the German language, of which he
+    attained so fine a mastery. At a very early age he had found the
+    atmosphere, and even some of the most characteristic elements, of
+    the peculiar types which mark his work as a novelist.
+
+    It is interesting to trace the germinal elements of those
+    peculiarities which so strongly affected his imagination on the
+    sexual side. As a child, he was greatly attracted by
+    representations of cruelty; he loved to gaze at pictures of
+    executions, the legends of martyrs were his favorite reading, and
+    with the onset of puberty he regularly dreamed that he was
+    fettered and in the power of a cruel woman who tortured him. It
+    has been said by an anonymous author that the women of Galicia
+    either rule their husbands entirely and make them their slaves or
+    themselves sink to be the wretchedest of slaves. At the age of
+    10, according to Schlichtegroll's narrative, the child Leopold
+    witnessed a scene in which a woman of the former kind, a certain
+    Countess Xenobia X., a relative of his own on the paternal side,
+    played the chief part, and this scene left an undying impress on
+    his imagination. The Countess was a beautiful but wanton
+    creature, and the child adored her, impressed alike by her beauty
+    and the costly furs she wore. She accepted his devotion and
+    little services and would sometimes allow him to assist her in
+    dressing; on one occasion, as he was kneeling before her to put
+    on her ermine slippers, he kissed her feet; she smiled and gave
+    him a kick which filled him with pleasure. Not long afterward
+    occurred the episode which so profoundly affected his
+    imagination. He was playing with his sisters at hide-and-seek and
+    had carefully hidden himself behind the dresses on a clothes-rail
+    in the Countess's bedroom. At this moment the Countess suddenly
+    entered the house and ascended the stairs, followed by a lover,
+    and the child, who dared not betray his presence, saw the
+    countess sink down on a sofa and begin to caress her lover. But a
+    few moments later the husband, accompanied by two friends, dashed
+    into the room. Before, however, he could decide which of the
+    lovers to turn against the Countess had risen and struck him so
+    powerful a blow in the face with her fist that he fell back
+    streaming with blood. She then seized a whip, drove all three men
+    out of the room, and in the confusion the lover slipped away. At
+    this moment the clothes-rail fell and the child, the involuntary
+    witness of the scene, was revealed to the Countess, who now fell
+    on him in anger, threw him to the ground, pressed her knee on his
+    shoulder, and struck him unmercifully. The pain was great, and
+    yet he was conscious of a strange pleasure. While this
+    castigation was proceeding the Count returned, no longer in a
+    rage, but meek and humble as a slave, and kneeled down before her
+    to beg forgiveness. As the boy escaped he saw her kick her
+    husband. The child could not resist the temptation to return to
+    the spot; the door was closed and he could see nothing, but he
+    heard the sound of the whip and the groans of the Count beneath
+    his wife's blows.
+
+    It is unnecessary to insist that in this scene, acting on a
+    highly sensitive and somewhat peculiar child, we have the key to
+    the emotional attitude which affected so much of Sacher-Masoch's
+    work. As his biographer remarks, woman became to him, during a
+    considerable part of his life, a creature at once to be loved and
+    hated, a being whose beauty and brutality enabled her to set her
+    foot at will on the necks of men, and in the heroine of his first
+    important novel, the _Emissaer_, dealing with the Polish
+    Revolution, he embodied the contradictory personality of Countess
+    Xenobia. Even the whip and the fur garments, Sacher-Masoch's
+    favorite emotional symbols, find their explanation in this early
+    episode. He was accustomed to say of an attractive woman: "I
+    should like to see her in furs," and, of an unattractive woman:
+    "I could not imagine her in furs." His writing-paper at one time
+    was adorned with the figure of a woman in Russian Boyar costume,
+    her cloak lined with ermine, and brandishing a scourge. On his
+    walls he liked to have pictures of women in furs, of the kind of
+    which there is so magnificent an example by Rubens in the gallery
+    at Munich. He would even keep a woman's fur cloak on an ottoman
+    in his study and stroke it from time to time, finding that his
+    brain thus received the same kind of stimulation as Schiller
+    found in the odor of rotten apples.[97]
+
+    At the age of 13, in the revolution of 1848, young Sacher-Masoch
+    received his baptism of fire; carried away in the popular
+    movement, he helped to defend the barricades together with a
+    young lady, a relative of his family, an amazon with a pistol in
+    her girdle, such as later he loved to depict. This episode was,
+    however, but a brief interruption of his education; he pursued
+    his studies with brilliance, and on the higher side his education
+    was aided by his father's esthetic tastes. Amateur theatricals
+    were in special favor at his home, and here even the serious
+    plays of Goethe and Gogol were performed, thus helping to train
+    and direct the boy's taste. It is, perhaps, however, significant
+    that it was a tragic event which, at the age of 16, first brought
+    to him the full realization of life and the consciousness of his
+    own power. This was the sudden death of his favorite sister. He
+    became serious and quiet, and always regarded this grief as a
+    turning-point in his life.
+
+    At the Universities of Prague and Graz he studied with such zeal
+    that when only 19 he took his doctor's degree in law and shortly
+    afterward became a _privatdocent_ for German history at Graz.
+    Gradually, however, the charms of literature asserted themselves
+    definitely, and he soon abandoned teaching. He took part,
+    however, in the war of 1866 in Italy, and at the battle of
+    Solferino he was decorated on the field for bravery in action by
+    the Austrian field-marshal. These incidents, however, had little
+    disturbing influence on Sacher-Masoch's literary career, and he
+    was gradually acquiring a European reputation by his novels and
+    stories.
+
+    A far more seriously disturbing influence had already begun to be
+    exerted on his life by a series of love-episodes. Some of these
+    were of slight and ephemeral character; some were a source of
+    unalloyed happiness, all the more so if there was an element of
+    extravagance to appeal to his Quixotic nature. He always longed
+    to give a dramatic and romantic character to his life, his wife
+    says, and he spent some blissful days on an occasion when he ran
+    away to Florence with a Russian princess as her private
+    secretary. Most often these episodes culminated in deception and
+    misery. It was after a relationship of this kind from which he
+    could not free himself for four years that he wrote _Die
+    Geschiedene Frau, Passionsgeschichte eines Idealisten_, putting
+    into it much of his own personal history. At one time he was
+    engaged to a sweet and charming young girl. Then it was that he
+    met a young woman at Graz, Laura Ruemelin, 27 years of age,
+    engaged as a glove-maker, and living with her mother. Though of
+    poor parentage, with little or no knowledge of the world, she had
+    great natural ability and intelligence. Schlichtegroll represents
+    her as spontaneously engaging in a mysterious intrigue with the
+    novelist. Her own detailed narrative renders the circumstances
+    more intelligible. She approached Sacher-Masoch by letter,
+    adopting for disguise the name of his heroine Wanda von Dunajev,
+    in order to recover possession of some compromising letters which
+    had been written to him, as a joke, by a friend of hers.
+    Sacher-Masoch insisted on seeing his correspondent before
+    returning the letters, and with his eager thirst for romantic
+    adventure he imagined that she was a married woman of the
+    aristocratic world, probably a Russian countess, whose simple
+    costume was a disguise. Not anxious to reveal the prosaic facts,
+    she humored him in his imaginations and a web of mystification
+    was thus formed. A strong attraction grew up on both sides and,
+    though for some time Laura Ruemelin maintained the mystery and
+    held herself aloof from him, a relationship was formed and a
+    child born. Thereupon, in 1893, they married. Before long,
+    however, there was disillusion on both sides. She began to detect
+    the morbid, chimerical, and unpractical aspects of his character,
+    and he realized that not only was his wife not an aristocrat,
+    but, what was of more importance to him, she was by no means the
+    domineering heroine of his dreams. Soon after marriage, in the
+    course of an innocent romp in which the whole of the small
+    household took part, he asked his wife to inflict a whipping on
+    him. She refused, and he thereupon suggested that the servant
+    should do it; the wife failed to take this idea seriously; but he
+    had it carried out, with great satisfaction at the severity of
+    the castigation he received. When, however, his wife explained to
+    him that, after this incident, it was impossible for the servant
+    to stay, Sacher-Masoch quite agreed and she was at once
+    discharged. But he constantly found pleasure in placing his wife
+    in awkward or compromising circumstances, a pleasure she was too
+    normal to share. This necessarily led to much domestic
+    wretchedness. He had persuaded her, against her wish, to whip him
+    nearly every day, with whips which he devised, having nails
+    attached to them. He found this a stimulant to his literary work,
+    and it enabled him to dispense in his novels with his stereotyped
+    heroine who is always engaged in subjugating men, for, as he
+    explained to his wife, when he had the reality in his life he was
+    no longer obsessed by it in his imaginative dreams. Not content
+    with this, however, he was constantly desirous for his wife to be
+    unfaithful. He even put an advertisement in a newspaper to the
+    effect that a young and beautiful woman desired to make the
+    acquaintance of an energetic man. The wife, however, though she
+    wished to please her husband, was not anxious to do so to this
+    extent. She went to an hotel by appointment to meet a stranger
+    who had answered this advertisement, but when she had explained
+    to him the state of affairs he chivalrously conducted her home.
+    It was some time before Sacher-Masoch eventually succeeded in
+    rendering his wife unfaithful. He attended to the minutest
+    details of her toilette on this occasion, and as he bade her
+    farewell at the door he exclaimed: "How I envy him!" This episode
+    thoroughly humiliated the wife, and from that moment her love for
+    her husband turned to hate. A final separation was only a
+    question of time. Sacher-Masoch formed a relationship with Hulda
+    Meister, who had come to act as secretary and translator to him,
+    while his wife became attached to Rosenthal, a clever journalist
+    later known to readers of the _Figaro_ as "Jacques St.-Cere," who
+    realized her painful position and felt sympathy and affection for
+    her. She went to live with him in Paris and, having refused to
+    divorce her husband, he eventually obtained a divorce from her;
+    she states, however, that she never at any time had physical
+    relationships with Rosenthal, who was a man of fragile
+    organization and health. Sacher-Masoch united himself to Hulda
+    Meister, who is described by the first wife as a prim and faded
+    but coquettish old maid, and by the biographer as a highly
+    accomplished and gentle woman, who cared for him with almost
+    maternal devotion. No doubt there is truth in both descriptions.
+    It must be noted that, as Wanda clearly shows, apart from his
+    abnormal sexual temperament, Sacher-Masoch was kind and
+    sympathetic, and he was strongly attached to his eldest child.
+    Eulenburg also quotes the statement of a distinguished Austrian
+    woman writer acquainted with him that, "apart from his sexual
+    eccentricities, he was an amiable, simple, and sympathetic man
+    with a touchingly tender love for his children." He had very few
+    needs, did not drink or smoke, and though he liked to put the
+    woman he was attached to in rich furs and fantastically gorgeous
+    raiment he dressed himself with extreme simplicity. His wife
+    quotes the saying of another woman that he was as simple as a
+    child and as naughty as a monkey.
+
+    In 1883 Sacher-Masoch and Hulda Meister settled in Lindheim, a
+    village in Germany near the Taunus, a spot to which the novelist
+    seems to have been attached because in the grounds of his little
+    estate was a haunted and ruined tower associated with a tragic
+    medieval episode. Here, after many legal delays, Sacher-Masoch
+    was able to render his union with Hulda Meister legitimate; here
+    two children were in due course born, and here the novelist spent
+    the remaining years of his life in comparative peace. At first,
+    as is usual, treated with suspicion by the peasants,
+    Sacher-Masoch gradually acquired great influence over them; he
+    became a kind of Tolstoy in the rural life around him, the friend
+    and confidant of all the villagers (something of Tolstoy's
+    communism is also, it appears, to be seen in the books he wrote
+    at this time), while the theatrical performances which he
+    inaugurated, and in which his wife took an active part, spread
+    the fame of the household in many neighboring villages. Meanwhile
+    his health began to break up; a visit to Nauheim in 1894 was of
+    no benefit, and he died March 9, 1895.
+
+A careful consideration of the phenomena of sadism and masochism may be
+said to lead us to the conclusion that there is no real line of
+demarcation. Even De Sade himself was not a pure sadist, as Bloch's
+careful definition is alone sufficient to indicate; it might even be
+argued that De Sade was really a masochist; the investigation of histories
+of sadism and masochism, even those given by Krafft-Ebing (as, indeed,
+Colin Scott and Fere have already pointed out), constantly reveals traces
+of both groups of phenomena in the same individual. They cannot,
+therefore, be regarded as opposed manifestations. This has been felt by
+some writers, who have, in consequence, proposed other names more clearly
+indicating the relationship of the phenomena. Fere speaks of sexual
+algophily[98]; he only applies the term to masochism; it might equally
+well be applied to sadism. Schrenck-Notzing, to cover both sadism and
+masochism, has invented the term algolagnia (algos, pain, and lagnos
+sexually excited), and calls the former active, the latter passive,
+algolagnia.[99] Eulenburg has also emphasized the close connection between
+these groups of perverted sexual manifestations, and has adopted the same
+terms, adding the further group of ideal (illusionary) algolagnia, to
+cover the cases in which the mere autosuggestive representation of pain,
+inflicted or suffered, suffices to give sexual gratification.[100]
+
+A brief discussion of the terms "sadism" and "masochism" has imposed
+itself upon us at this point because as soon as, in any study of the
+relationship between love and pain, we pass over the limits of normal
+manifestations into a region which is more or less abnormal, these two
+conceptions are always brought before us, and it was necessary to show on
+what grounds they are here rejected as the pivots on which the discussion
+ought to turn. We may accept them as useful terms to indicate two groups
+of clinical phenomena; but we cannot regard them as of any real scientific
+value. Having reached this result, we may continue our consideration of
+the love-bite, as the normal manifestation of the connection between love
+and pain which most naturally leads us across the frontier of the
+abnormal.
+
+The result of the love-bite in its extreme degree is to shed blood. This
+cannot be regarded as the direct aim of the bite in its normal
+manifestations, for the mingled feelings of close contact, of passionate
+gripping, of symbolic devouring, which constitute the emotional
+accompaniments of the bite would be too violently discomposed by actual
+wounding and real shedding of blood. With some persons, however, perhaps
+more especially women, the love-bite is really associated with a conscious
+desire, even if more or less restrained, to draw blood, a real delight in
+this process, a love of blood. Probably this only occurs in persons who
+are not absolutely normal, but on the borderland of the abnormal. We have
+to admit that this craving has, however, a perfectly normal basis. There
+is scarcely any natural object with so profoundly emotional an effect as
+blood, and it is very easy to understand why this should be so.[101]
+Moreover, blood enters into the sphere of courtship by virtue of the same
+conditions by which cruelty enters into it; they are both accidents of
+combat, and combat is of the very essence of animal and primitive human
+courtship, certainly its most frequent accompaniment. So that the
+repelling or attracting fascination of blood may be regarded as a
+by-product of normal courtship, which, like other such by-products, may
+become an essential element of abnormal courtship.[102]
+
+Normally the fascination of blood, if present at all during sexual
+excitement, remains more or less latent, either because it is weak or
+because the checks that inhibit it are inevitably very powerful.
+Occasionally it becomes more clearly manifest, and this may happen early
+in life. Fere records the case of a man of Anglo-Saxon origin, of sound
+heredity so far as could be ascertained and presenting no obvious stigmata
+of degeneration, who first experienced sexual manifestations at the age of
+5 when a boy cousin was attacked by bleeding at the nose. It was the first
+time he had seen such a thing and he experienced erection and much
+pleasure at the sight. This was repeated the next time the cousin's nose
+bled and also whenever he witnessed any injuries or wounds, especially
+when occurring in males. A few years later he began to find pleasure in
+pinching and otherwise inflicting slight suffering. This sadism was not,
+however, further developed, although a tendency to inversion
+persisted.[103]
+
+    Somewhat similar may have been the origin of the attraction of
+    blood in a case which has been reported to me of a youth of 17,
+    the youngest of a large family who are all very strong and
+    entirely normal. He is himself, however, delicate, overgrown,
+    with a narrow chest, a small head, and babyish features, while
+    mentally he is backward, with very defective memory and scant
+    powers of assimilation. He is intensely nervous, peevish, and
+    subject to fits of childish rage. He takes violent fancies to
+    persons of his own sex. But he appears to have only one way of
+    obtaining sexual excitement and gratification. It is his custom
+    to get into a hot bath and there to produce erection and
+    emission, not by masturbation, but by thinking of flowing blood.
+    He does not associate himself with the causation of this
+    imaginary flow of blood; he is merely the passive but pleased
+    spectator. He is aware of his peculiarity and endeavors to shake
+    it off, but his efforts to obtain normal pleasure by thinking of
+    a girl are vain.
+
+    I may here narrate a case which has been communicated to me of
+    algolagnia in a woman, combined with sexual hyperesthesia.
+
+    R.D., aged 25, married, and of good social position; she is a
+    small and dark woman, restless and alert in manner. She has one
+    child.
+
+    She has practised masturbation from an early age--ever since she
+    can remember--by the method of external friction and pressure.
+    From the age of 17 she was able (and is still) to produce the
+    orgasm almost without effort, by calling up the image of any man
+    who had struck her fancy. She has often done so while seated
+    talking to such a man, even when he is almost a stranger; in
+    doing it, she says, a tightening of the muscles of the thighs and
+    the slightest movement are sufficient. Ugly men (if not
+    deformed), as well as men with the reputation of being _roues_,
+    greatly excite her sexually, more especially if of good social
+    position, though this is not essential.
+
+    At the age of 18 she became hysterical, probably, she herself
+    believes, in consequence of a great increase at that time of
+    indulgence in masturbation. The doctors, apparently suspecting
+    her habits, urged her parents to get her married early. She
+    married, at the age of 20, a man about twice her own age.
+
+    As a child (and in a less degree still) she was very fond of
+    watching dog-fights. This spectacle produced strong sexual
+    feelings and usually orgasm, especially if much blood was shed
+    during the fight. Clean cuts and wounds greatly attract her,
+    whether on herself or a man. She has frequently slightly cut or
+    scratched herself "to see the blood," and likes to suck the
+    wound, thinking the taste "delicious." This produces strong
+    sexual feelings and often orgasm, especially if at the time she
+    thinks of some attractive man and imagines that she is sucking
+    his blood. The sight of injury to a woman only very slightly
+    affects her, and that, she thinks, only because of an involuntary
+    association of ideas. Nor has the sight of suffering in illness
+    any exciting effects, only that which is due to violence, and
+    when there is a visible cause for the suffering, such as cuts and
+    wounds. (Bruises, from the absence of blood, have only a slight
+    effect.) The excitement is intensified if she imagines that she
+    has herself inflicted the injury. She likes to imagine that the
+    man wished to rape her, and that she fought him in order to make
+    him more greatly value her favor, so wounding him.
+
+    Impersonal ideas of torture also excite her. She thinks Fox's
+    _Book of Martyrs_ "lovely," and the more horrible and bloody the
+    tortures described the greater is the sexual excitement produced.
+    The book excites her from the point of view of the torturer, not
+    that of the victim. She has frequently masturbated while reading
+    it.
+
+    So far as practicable she has sought to carry out these ideas in
+    her relations with her husband. She has several times bitten him
+    till the blood came and sucked the bite during coitus. She likes
+    to bite him enough to make him wince. The pleasure is greatly
+    heightened by thinking of various tortures, chiefly by cutting.
+    She likes to have her husband talk to her, and she to him, of all
+    the tortures they could inflict on each other. She has, however,
+    never actually tried to carry out these tortures. She would like
+    to, but dares not, as she is sure he could not endure them. She
+    has no desire for her husband to try them on her, although she
+    likes to hear him talk about it.
+
+    She is at the same time fond of normal coitus, even to excess.
+    She likes her husband to remain entirely passive during
+    connection, so that he can continue in a state of strong erection
+    for a long time. She can thus, she says, procure for herself the
+    orgasm a number of times in succession, even nine or ten, quite
+    easily. On one occasion she even had the orgasm twenty-six times
+    within about one and a quarter hours, her husband during this
+    time having two orgasms. (She is quite certain about the accuracy
+    of this statement.) During this feat much talk about torture was
+    indulged in, and it took place after a month's separation from
+    her husband, during which she was careful not to masturbate, so
+    that she might have "a real good time" when he came back. She
+    acknowledges that on this occasion she was a "complete wreck" for
+    a couple of days afterward, but states that usually ten or a
+    dozen orgasms (or spasms, as she terms them) only make her "feel
+    lively." She becomes frenzied with excitement during intercourse
+    and insensible to everything but the pleasure of it.
+
+    She has never hitherto allowed anyone (except her husband after
+    marriage) to know of her sadistic impulses, nor has she carried
+    them out with anyone, though she would like to, if she dared. Nor
+    has she allowed any man but her husband to have connection with
+    her or to take any liberties.
+
+Outbursts of sadism may occur episodically in fairly normal persons. Thus,
+Coutagne describes the case of a lad of 17--always regarded as quite
+normal, and without any signs of degeneracy, even on careful examination,
+or any traces of hysteria or alcoholism, though there was insanity among
+his cousins--who had had occasional sexual relations for a year or two,
+and on one occasion, being in a state of erection, struck the girl three
+times on the breast and abdomen with a kitchen knife bought for the
+purpose. He was much ashamed of his act immediately afterward, and, all
+the circumstances being taken into consideration, he was acquitted by the
+court.[104] Here we seem to have the obscure and latent fascination of
+blood, which is almost normal, germinating momentarily into an active
+impulse which is distinctly abnormal, though it produced little beyond
+those incisions which Vatsyayana disapproved of, but still regarded as a
+part of courtship. One step more and we are amid the most outrageous and
+extreme of all forms of sexual perversion: with the heroes of De Sade's
+novels, who, in exemplification of their author's most cherished ideals,
+plan scenes of debauchery in which the flowing of blood is an essential
+element of coitus; with the Marshall Gilles de Rais and the Hungarian
+Countess Bathory, whose lust could only be satiated by the death of
+innumerable victims.
+
+    This impulse to stab--with no desire to kill, or even in most
+    cases to give pain, but only to draw blood and so either
+    stimulate or altogether gratify the sexual impulse--is no doubt
+    the commonest form of sanguinary sadism. These women-stabbers
+    have been known in France as _piqueurs_ for nearly a century, and
+    in Germany are termed _Stecher_ or _Messerstecher_ (they have
+    been studied by Naecke, "Zur Psychologie der sadistischen
+    Messerstecher," _Archiv fuer Kriminal-Anthropologie_, Bd. 35,
+    1909). A case of this kind where a man stabbed girls in the
+    abdomen occurred in Paris in the middle of the eighteenth
+    century, and in 1819 or 1820 there seems to have been an epidemic
+    of _piqueurs_ in Paris; as we learn from a letter of Charlotte
+    von Schiller's to Knebel; the offenders (though perhaps there was
+    only one) frequented the Boulevards and the Palais Royal and
+    stabbed women in the buttocks or thighs; they were never caught.
+    About the same time similar cases of a slighter kind occurred in
+    London, Brussels, Hamburg, and Munich.
+
+    Stabbers are nearly always men, but cases of the same perversion
+    in women are not unknown. Thus Dr. Kiernan informs me of an Irish
+    woman, aged 40, and at the beginning of the menopause, who, in
+    New York in 1909, stabbed five men with a hatpin. The motive was
+    sexual and she told one of the men that she stabbed him because
+    she "loved" him.
+
+    Gilles de Rais, who had fought beside Joan of Arc, is the classic
+    example of sadism in its extreme form, involving the murder of
+    youths and maidens. Bernelle considers that there is some truth
+    in the contention of Huysmans that the association with Joan of
+    Arc was a predisposing cause in unbalancing Gilles de Rais.
+    Another cause was his luxurious habit of life. He himself, no
+    doubt rightly, attached importance to the suggestions received in
+    reading Suetonius. He appears to have been a sexually precocious
+    child, judging from an obscure passage in his confessions. He was
+    artistic and scholarly, fond of books, of the society of learned
+    men, and of music. Bernelle sums him up as "a pious warrior, a
+    cruel and keen artist, a voluptuous assassin, an exalted mystic,"
+    who was at the same time unbalanced, a superior degenerate, and
+    morbidly impulsive. (The best books on Gilles de Rais are the
+    Abbe Bossard's _Gilles de Rais_, in which, however, the author,
+    being a priest, treats his subject as quite sane and abnormally
+    wicked; Huysmans's novel, _La-Bas_, which embodies a detailed
+    study of Gilles de Rais, and F.H. Bernelle's These de Paris, _La
+    Psychose de Gilles de Rais_, 1910.)
+
+    The opinion has been hazarded that the history of Gilles de Rais
+    is merely a legend. This view is not accepted, but there can be
+    no doubt that the sadistic manifestations which occurred in the
+    Middle Ages were mixed up with legendary and folk-lore elements.
+    These elements centered on the conception of the _werwolf_,
+    supposed to be a man temporarily transformed into a wolf with
+    blood-thirsty impulses. (See, e.g., articles "Werwolf" and
+    "Lycanthropy" in _Encyclopaedia Britannica_.) France, especially,
+    was infested with werwolves in the sixteenth century. In 1603,
+    however, it was decided at Bordeaux, in a trial involving a
+    werwolf, that lycanthropy was only an insane delusion. Dumas
+    ("Les Loup-Garous," _Journal de Psychologie Normale et
+    Pathologique_, May-June, 1907) argues that the medieval werwolves
+    were sadists whose crimes were largely imaginative, though
+    sometimes real, the predecessor of the modern Jack the Ripper.
+    The complex nature of the elements making up the belief in the
+    werwolf is emphasized by Ernest Jones, _Der Alptraum_, 1912.
+
+    Related to the werwolf, but distinct, was the _vampire_, supposed
+    to be a dead person who rose from the dead to suck the blood of
+    the living during sleep. By way of reprisal the living dug up,
+    exorcised, and mutilated the supposed vampires. This was called
+    vampirism. The name vampire was then transferred to the living
+    person who had so treated a corpse. All profanation of the
+    corpse, whatever its origin, is now frequently called vampirism
+    (Epaulow, _Vampirisme_, These de Lyon, 1901; id., "Le Vampire du
+    Muy," _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, Sept., 1903). The
+    earliest definite reference to necrophily is in Herodotus, who
+    tells (bk. ii, ch. lxxxix) of an Egyptian who had connection with
+    the corpse of a woman recently dead. Epaulow gives various old
+    cases and, at full length, the case which he himself
+    investigated, of Ardisson, the "Vampire du Muy." W.A.F. Browne
+    also has an interesting article on "Necrophilism" (_Journal of
+    Mental Science_, Jan., 1875) which he regards as atavistic. When
+    there is, in addition, mutilation of the corpse, the condition is
+    termed necrosadism. There seems usually to be no true sadism in
+    either necrosadism or necrophilism. (See, however, Bloch,
+    _Beitraege_, vol. ii, p. 284 et seq.)
+
+    It must be said also that cases of rape followed by murder are
+    quite commonly not sadistic. The type of such cases is
+    represented by Soleilland, who raped and then murdered children.
+    He showed no sadistic perversion. He merely killed to prevent
+    discovery, as a burglar who is interrupted may commit murder in
+    order to escape. (E. Dupre, "L'Affaire Soleilland," _Archives
+    d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, Jan.-Feb., 1910.)
+
+    A careful and elaborate study of a completely developed sadist
+    has been furnished by Lacassagne, Rousset, and Papillon
+    ("L'Affaire Reidal," _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_,
+    Oct.-Nov., 1907). Reidal, a youth of 18, a seminarist, was a
+    congenital sanguinary sadist who killed another youth and was
+    finally sent to an asylum. From the age of 4 he had voluptuous
+    ideas connected with blood and killing, and liked to play at
+    killing with other children. He was of infantile physical
+    development, with a pleasant, childish expression of face, very
+    religious, and hated obscenity and immorality. But the love of
+    blood and murder was an irresistible obsession and its
+    gratification produced immense emotional relief.
+
+    Sadism generally has been especially studied by Lacassagne,
+    _Vacher l'Eventreur et les Crimes Sadiques_, 1899. Zooesadism, or
+    sadism toward animals, has been dealt with by P. Thomas, "Le
+    Sadisme sur les Animaux," _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_,
+    Sept., 1903. Auto-sadism, or "auto-erotic cruelty," that is to
+    say, injuries inflicted on a person by himself with a sexual
+    motive, has been investigated by G. Bach (_Sexuelle Verrirungen
+    des Menschen und der Nature_, p. 427); this condition seems,
+    however, a form of algolagnia more masochistic than sadistic in
+    character.
+
+    With regard to the medico-legal aspects, Kiernan ("Responsibility
+    in Active Algophily," _Medicine_, April, 1903) sets forth the
+    reasons in favor of the full and complete responsibility of
+    sadists, and Harold Moyer comes to the same conclusion ("Is
+    Sexual Perversion Insanity?" _Alienist and Neurologist_, May,
+    1907). See also Thoinot's _Medico-legal Aspects of Moral
+    Offenses_ (edited by Weysse, 1911), ch. xviii. While we are
+    probably justified in considering the sadist as morally not
+    insane in the technical sense, we must remember that he is, for
+    the most part, highly abnormal from the outset. As Gaupp points
+    out (_Sexual-Probleme_, Oct., 1909, p. 797), we cannot measure
+    the influences which create the sadist and we must not therefore
+    attempt to "punish" him, but we are bound to place him in a
+    position where he will not injure society.
+
+It is enough here to emphasize the fact that there is no solution of
+continuity in the links that bind the absolutely normal manifestations of
+sex with the most extreme violations of all human law. This is so true
+that in saying that these manifestations are violations of all human law
+we cannot go on to add, what would seem fairly obvious, that they are
+violations also of all natural law. We have but to go sufficiently far
+back, or sufficiently far afield, in the various zooelogical series to find
+that manifestations which, from the human point of view, are in the
+extreme degree abnormally sadistic here become actually normal. Among very
+various species wounding and rending normally take place at or immediately
+after coitus; if we go back to the beginning of animal life in the
+protozoa sexual conjugation itself is sometimes found to present the
+similitude, if not the actuality, of the complete devouring of one
+organism by another. Over a very large part of nature, as it has been
+truly said, "but a thin veil divides love from death."[105]
+
+There is, indeed, on the whole, a point of difference. In that abnormal
+sadism which appears from time to time among civilized human beings it is
+nearly always the female who becomes the victim of the male. But in the
+normal sadism which occurs throughout a large part of nature it is nearly
+always the male who is the victim of the female. It is the male spider who
+impregnates the female at the risk of his life and sometimes perishes in
+the attempt; it is the male bee who, after intercourse with the queen,
+falls dead from that fatal embrace, leaving her to fling aside his
+entrails and calmly pursue her course.[106] If it may seem to some that
+the course of our inquiry leads us to contemplate with equanimity, as a
+natural phenomenon, a certain semblance of cruelty in man in his relations
+with woman, they may, if they will, reflect that this phenomenon is but a
+very slight counterpoise to that cruelty which has been naturally exerted
+by the female on the male long even before man began to be.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[83] Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia Sexualis_, English translation of tenth
+German edition, pp. 80, 209. It should be added that the object of the
+sadistic impulse is not necessarily a person of the opposite sex.
+
+[84] A. Moll, _Die Kontraere Sexualempfindung_, third edition, 1899, p.
+309.
+
+[85] Fere, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, p. 133.
+
+[86] P. Garnier, "Des Perversions Sexuelles," Thirteenth International
+Congress of Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, Paris, 1900.
+
+[87] E. Duehren, _Der Marquis de Sade und Seine Zeit_, third edition, 1901,
+p. 449.
+
+[88] See, for instance, Bloch's _Beitraege zur AEtiologie der Psychopathia
+Sexualis_, part ii, p. 178.
+
+[89] Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia Sexualis_, English translation of tenth
+German edition, p. 115. Stefanowsky, who also discussed this condition
+(_Archives de l'Anthropologie Criminelle_, May, 1892, and translation,
+with notes by Kiernan, _Alienist and Neurologist_, Oct., 1892), termed it
+passivism.
+
+[90] _Anatomy of Melancholy_, part iii, section 2, mem. iii, subs, 1.
+
+[91] "Aristoteles als Masochist," _Geschlecht und Gesellschaft_, Bd. ii,
+ht. 2.
+
+[92] _Die Kontraere Sexualempfindung_, third edition, p. 277. Cf. C.F. von
+Schlichtegroll, _Sacher-Masoch und der Masochismus_, p. 120.
+
+[93] See C.F. von Schlichtegroll, loc. cit., p. 124 et seq.
+
+[94] Iwan Bloch considers that it is the commonest of all sexual
+perversions, more prevalent even than homosexuality.
+
+[95] It has no doubt been prominent in earlier civilization. A very
+pronounced masochist utterance may be found in an ancient Egyptian
+love-song written about 1200 B.C.: "Oh! were I made her porter, I should
+cause her to be wrathful with me. Then when I did but hear her voice, the
+voice of her anger, a child shall I be for fear." (Wiedemann, _Popular
+Literature in Ancient Egypt_, p. 9.) The activity and independence of the
+Egyptian women at the time may well have offered many opportunities to the
+ancient Egyptian masochist.
+
+[96] Colin Scott, "Sex and Art," _American Journal of Psychology_, vol.
+vii, No. 2, p. 208.
+
+[97] It must not be supposed that the attraction of fur or of the whip is
+altogether accounted for by such a casual early experience as in
+Sacher-Masoch's case served to evoke it. The whip we shall have to
+consider briefly later on. The fascination exerted by fur, whether
+manifesting itself as love or fear, would appear to be very common in many
+children, and almost instinctive. Stanley Hall, in his "Study of Fears"
+(_American Journal of Psychology_, vol. viii, p. 213) has obtained as many
+as 111 well-developed cases of fear of fur, or, as he terms it,
+doraphobia, in some cases appearing as early as the age of 6 months, and
+he gives many examples. He remarks that the love of fur is still more
+common, and concludes that "both this love and fear are so strong and
+instinctive that they can hardly be fully accounted for without recourse
+to a time when association with animals was far closer than now, or
+perhaps when our remote ancestors were hairy." (Cf. "Erotic Symbolism,"
+iv, in the fifth volume of these _Studies_.)
+
+[98] Fere, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, p. 138.
+
+[99] Schrenck-Notzing, _Zeitschrift fuer Hypnotismus_, Bd. ix, ht. 2, 1899.
+
+[100] Eulenburg, _Sadismus und Masochismus_, second edition, 1911, p. 5.
+
+[101] I have elsewhere dealt with this point in discussing the special
+emotional tone of red (Havelock Ellis, "The Psychology of Red," _Popular
+Science Monthly_, August and September, 1900).
+
+[102] It is probable that the motive of sexual murders is nearly always to
+shed blood, and not to cause death. Leppmann (_Bulletin Internationale de
+Droit Penal_, vol. vi, 1896, p. 115) points out that such murders are
+generally produced by wounds in the neck or mutilation of the abdomen,
+never by wounds of the head. T. Claye Shaw, who terms the lust for blood
+hemothymia, has written an interesting and suggestive paper ("A Prominent
+Motive in Murder," _Lancet_, June 19, 1909) on the natural fascination of
+blood. Blumroeder, in 1830, seems to have been the first who definitely
+called attention to the connection between lust and blood.
+
+[103] Fere, _Revue de Chirurgie_, March 10, 1905.
+
+[104] H. Coutagne, "Cas de Perversion Sanguinaire de l'Instinct Sexuel,"
+_Annales Medico-Psychologiques_, July and August, 1893. D.S. Booth
+(_Alienist and Neurologist_, Aug., 1906) describes the case of a man of
+neurotic heredity who slightly stabbed a woman with a penknife when on his
+way to a prostitute.
+
+[105] Kiernan appears to have been the first to suggest the bearing of
+these facts on sadism, which he would regard as the abnormal human form of
+phenomena which may be found at the very beginning of animal life, as,
+indeed, the survival or atavistic reappearance of a primitive sexual
+cannibalism. See his "Psychological Aspects of the Sexual Appetite,"
+_Alienist and Neurologist_, April, 1891, and "Responsibility in Sexual
+Perversion," _Chicago Medical Recorder_, March, 1892. Penta has also
+independently developed the conception of the biological basis of sadism
+and other sexual perversions (_I Pervertimenti Sessuali_, 1893). It must
+be added that, as Remy de Gourmont points out (_Promenades
+Philosophiques_, 2d series, p. 273), this sexual cannibalism exerted by
+the female may have, primarily, no erotic significance: "She eats him
+because she is hungry and because when exhausted he is an easy prey."
+
+[106] In the chapter entitled "Le Vol Nuptial" of his charming book on the
+life of bees Maeterlinck has given an incomparable picture of the tragic
+courtship of these insects.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+Flagellation as a Typical Illustration of Algolagnia--Causes of Connection
+between Sexual Emotion and Whipping--Physical Causes--Psychic Causes
+probably more Important--The Varied Emotional Associations of
+Whipping--Its Wide Prevalence.
+
+
+The whole problem of love and pain, in its complementary sadistic and
+masochistic aspects, is presented to us in connection with the pleasure
+sometimes experienced in whipping, or in being whipped, or in witnessing
+or thinking about scenes of whipping. The association of sexual emotion
+with bloodshed is so extreme a perversion, it so swiftly sinks to phases
+that are obviously cruel, repulsive, and monstrous in an extreme degree,
+that it is necessarily rare, and those who are afflicted by it are often
+more or less imbecile. With whipping it is otherwise. Whipping has always
+been a recognized religious penance; it is still regarded as a beneficial
+and harmless method of chastisement; there is nothing necessarily cruel,
+repulsive, or monstrous in the idea or the reality of whipping, and it is
+perfectly easy and natural for an interest in the subject to arise in an
+innocent and even normal child, and thus to furnish a germ around which,
+temporarily at all events, sexual ideas may crystallize. For these reasons
+the connection between love and pain may be more clearly brought out in
+connection with whipping than with blood.
+
+There is, by no means, any necessary connection between flagellation and
+the sexual emotions. If there were, this form of penance would not have
+been so long approved or at all events tolerated by the Church.[107]
+
+As a matter of fact, indeed, it was not always approved or even tolerated.
+Pope Adrian IV in the eighth century forbade priests to beat their
+penitents, and at the time of the epidemic of flagellation in the
+thirteenth century, which was highly approved by many holy men, the abuses
+were yet so frequent that Clement VI issued a bull against these
+processions. All such papal prohibitions remained without effect. The
+association of religious flagellation with perverted sexual motives is
+shown by its condemnation in later ages by the Inquisition, which was
+accustomed to prosecute the priests who, in prescribing flagellation as a
+penance, exerted it personally, or caused it to be inflicted on the
+stripped penitent in his presence, or made a woman penitent discipline
+him, such offences being regarded as forms of "solicitation."[108] There
+seems even to be some reason to suppose that the religious flagellation
+mania which was so prevalent in the later Middle Ages, when processions of
+penitents, male and female, eagerly flogged themselves and each other, may
+have had something to do with the discovery of erotic flagellation,[109]
+which, at all events in Europe, seems scarcely to have been known before
+the sixteenth century. It must, in any case, have assisted to create a
+predisposition. The introduction of flagellation as a definitely
+recognized sexual stimulant is by Eulenburg, in his interesting book,
+_Sadismus und Masochismus_, attributed to the Arabian physicians. It would
+appear to have been by the advice of an Arabian physician that the Duchess
+Leonora Gonzaga, of Mantua, was whipped by her mother to aid her in
+responding more warmly to her husband's embraces and to conceive.
+
+Whatever the precise origin of sexual flagellation in Europe, there can be
+no doubt that it soon became extremely common, and so it remains at the
+present day. Those who possess a special knowledge of such matters declare
+that sexual flagellation is the most frequent of all sexual perversions
+in England.[110] This belief is, I know, shared by many people both inside
+and outside England. However this may be, the tendency is certainly
+common. I doubt if it is any or at all less common in Germany, judging by
+the large number of books on the subject of flagellation which have been
+published in German. In a catalogue of "interesting books" on this and
+allied subjects issued by a German publisher and bookseller, I find that,
+of fifty-five volumes, as many as seventeen or eighteen, all in German,
+deal solely with the question of flagellation, while many of the other
+books appear to deal in part with the same subject.[111] It is, no doubt,
+true that the large part which the rod has played in the past history of
+our civilization justifies a considerable amount of scientific interest in
+the subject of flagellation, but it is clear that the interest in these
+books is by no means always scientific, but very frequently sexual.
+
+    It is remarkable that, while the sexual associations of whipping,
+    whether in slight or in marked degrees, are so frequent in modern
+    times, they appear to be by no means easy to trace in ancient
+    times. "Flagellation," I find it stated by a modern editor of the
+    _Priapeia_, "so extensively practised in England as a provocation
+    to venery, is almost entirely unnoticed by the Latin erotic
+    writers, although, in the _Satyricon_ of Petronius (ch.
+    cxxxviii), Encolpius, in describing the steps taken by OEnothea
+    to undo the temporary impotence to which he was subjected, says:
+    'Next she mixed nasturtium-juice with southern wood, and, having
+    bathed my foreparts, she took a bunch of green nettles, and
+    gently whipped my belly all over below the navel.'" It appears
+    also that many ancient courtesans dedicated to Venus as ex-votos
+    a whip, a bridle, or a spur as tokens of their skill in riding
+    their lovers. The whip was sometimes used in antiquity, but if it
+    aroused sexual emotions they seem to have passed unregarded. "We
+    naturally know nothing," Eulenburg remarks (_Sadismus und
+    Masochismus_, p. 72), "of the feelings of the priestess of
+    Artemis at the flagellation of Spartan youths; or what emotions
+    inspired the priestess of the Syrian goddess under similar
+    circumstances; or what the Roman Pontifex Maximus felt when he
+    castigated the exposed body of a negligent vestal (as described
+    by Plutarch) behind a curtain, and the 'plagosus Orbilius' only
+    practised on children."
+
+    It was at the Renaissance that cases of abnormal sexual pleasure
+    in flagellation began to be recorded. The earliest distinct
+    reference to a masochistic flagellant seems to have been made by
+    Pico della Mirandola, toward the end of the fifteenth century, in
+    his _Disputationes Adversus Astrologiam Divinatricem_, bk. iii,
+    ch. xxvii. Coelius Rhodiginus in 1516, again, narrated the case
+    of a man he knew who liked to be severely whipped, and found this
+    a stimulant to coitus. Otto Brunfels, in his _Onomasticon_
+    (1534), art. "Coitus," refers to another case of a man who could
+    not have intercourse with his wife until he had been whipped.
+    Then, a century later, in 1643, Meibomius wrote _De Usu Flagrorum
+    in re Venerea_, the earliest treatise on this subject, narrating
+    various cases. Numerous old cases of pleasure in flagellation and
+    urtication were brought together by Schurig in 1720 in his
+    _Spermatologia_, pp. 253-258.
+
+    The earliest definitely described medical case of sadistic
+    pleasure in the sight of active whipping which I have myself come
+    across belongs to the year 1672, and occurs in a letter in which
+    Nesterus seeks the opinion of Garmann. He knows intimately, he
+    states, a very learned man--whose name, for the honor he bears
+    him, he refrains from mentioning--who, whenever in a school or
+    elsewhere he sees a boy unbreeched and birched, and hears him
+    crying out, at once emits semen copiously without any erection,
+    but with great mental commotion. The same accident frequently
+    happens to him during sleep, accompanied by dreams of whipping.
+    Nesterus proceeds to mention that this "_laudatus vir_" was also
+    extremely sensitive to the odor of strawberries and other fruits,
+    which produced nausea. He was evidently a neurotic subject.
+    (L.C.F. Garmanni et Aliorum Virorum Clarissimorum, _Epistolarum
+    Centuria_, Rostochi et Lipsiae, 1714.)
+
+    In England we find that toward the end of the sixteenth century
+    one of Marlowe's epigrams deals with a certain Francus who before
+    intercourse with his mistress "sends for rods and strips himself
+    stark naked," and by the middle of the seventeenth century the
+    existence of an association between flagellation and sexual
+    pleasure seems to have been popularly recognized. In 1661, in a
+    vulgar "tragicomedy" entitled _The Presbyterian Lash_, we find:
+    "I warrant he thought that the tickling of the wench's buttocks
+    with the rod would provoke her to lechery." That whipping was
+    well known as a sexual stimulant in England in the eighteenth
+    century is sufficiently indicated by the fact that in one of
+    Hogarth's series representing the "Harlot's Progress" a birch rod
+    hangs over the bed. The prevalence of sexual flagellation in
+    England at the end of that century and the beginning of the
+    nineteenth is discussed by Duehren (Iwan Bloch) in his
+    _Geschlechtsleben in England_ (1901-3), especially vol. ii, ch.
+    vi.
+
+    While, however, the evidence regarding sexual flagellation is
+    rare, until recent times whipping as a punishment was extremely
+    common. It is even possible that its very prevalence, and the
+    consequent familiarity with which it was regarded, were
+    unfavorable to the development of any mysterious emotional state
+    likely to act on the sexual sphere, except in markedly neurotic
+    subjects. Thus, the corporal chastisement of wives by husbands
+    was common and permitted. Not only was this so to a proverbial
+    extent in eastern Europe, but also in the extreme west and among
+    a people whose women enjoyed much freedom and honor. Cymric law
+    allowed a husband to chastise his wife for angry speaking, such
+    as calling him a cur; for giving away property she was not
+    entitled to give away; or for being found in hiding with another
+    man. For the first two offenses she had the option of paying him
+    three kine. When she accepted the chastisement she was to receive
+    "three strokes with a rod of the length of her husband's forearm
+    and the thickness of his long finger, and that wheresoever he
+    might will, excepting on the head"; so that she was to suffer
+    pain only, and not injury. (R.B. Holt, "Marriage Laws and Customs
+    of the Cymri," _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
+    August-November, 1898, p. 162.)
+
+    "The Cymric law," writes a correspondent, "seems to have survived
+    in popular belief in the Eastern and Middle States of the United
+    States. In police-courts in New York, for example, it has been
+    unsuccessfully pleaded that a man is entitled to beat his wife
+    with a stick no thicker than his thumb. In Pennsylvania actual
+    acquittals have been rendered."
+
+    Among all classes children were severely whipped by their parents
+    and others in authority over them. It may be recalled that in the
+    twelfth century when Abelard became tutor to Heloise, then about
+    18 years of age, her uncle authorized him to beat her, if
+    negligent in her studies. Even in the sixteenth century Jeanne
+    d'Albert, who became the mother of Henry IV of France, at the
+    age of 131/2 was married to the Duke of Cleves, and to overcome her
+    resistance to this union the Queen, her mother, had her whipped
+    to such an extent that she thought she would die of it. The whip
+    on this occasion was, however, only partially successful, for the
+    Duke never succeeded in consummating the marriage, which was, in
+    consequence, annulled. (Cabanes brings together numerous facts
+    regarding the prevalence of flagellation as a chastisement in
+    ancient France in the interesting chapter on "La Flagellation a
+    la Cour et a la Ville" in his _Indiscretions de l'Histoire_,
+    1903.)
+
+    As to the prevalence of whipping in England evidence is furnished
+    by Andrews, in the chapter on "Whipping and Whipping Posts," in
+    his book on ancient punishments. It existed from the earliest
+    times and was administered for a great variety of offenses, to
+    men and women alike, for vagrancy, for theft, to the fathers and
+    mothers of illegitimate children, for drunkenness, for insanity,
+    even sometimes for small-pox. At one time both sexes were whipped
+    naked, but from Queen Elizabeth's time only from the waist
+    upward. In 1791 the whipping of female vagrants ceased by law.
+    (W. Andrews, _Bygone Punishments_, 1899.)
+
+    It must, however, be remarked that law always lags far behind
+    social feeling and custom, and flagellation as a common
+    punishment had fallen into disuse or become very perfunctory long
+    before any change was made in the law, though it is not
+    absolutely extinct, even by law, today. There is even an ignorant
+    and retrograde tendency to revive it. Thus, even in severe
+    Commonwealth days, the alleged whipping with rods of a
+    servant-girl by her master, though with no serious physical
+    injury, produced a great public outcry, as we see by the case of
+    the Rev. Zachary Crofton, a distinguished London clergyman, who
+    was prosecuted in 1657 on the charge of whipping his
+    servant-girl, Mary Cadman, because she lay in bed late in the
+    morning and stole sugar. This incident led to several pamphlets.
+    In _The Presbyterian, Lash or Noctroff's Maid Whipt_ (1661), a
+    satire on Crofton, we read: "It is not only contrary to Gospel
+    but good manners to take up a wench's petticoats, smock and all";
+    and in the doggerel ballad of "Bo-Peep," which was also written
+    on the same subject, it is said that Crofton should have left his
+    wife to chastise the maid. Crofton published two pamphlets, one
+    under his own name and one under that of Alethes Noctroff (1657),
+    in which he elaborately dealt with the charge as both false and
+    frivolous. In one passage he offers a qualified defense of such
+    an act: "I cannot but bewail the exceeding rudeness of our times
+    to suffer such foolery to be prosecuted as of some high and
+    notorious crime. Suppose it were (as it is not) true, may not
+    some eminent congregational brother be found guilty of the same
+    act? Is it not much short of drinking an health naked on a
+    signpost? May it not be as theologically defended as the
+    husband's correction of his wife?" This passage, and the whole
+    episode, show that feeling in regard to this matter was at that
+    time in a state of transition.
+
+    Flagellation as a penance, whether inflicted by the penitent
+    himself or by another person, was also extremely common in
+    medieval and later days. According to Walsingham ("Master of the
+    Rolls' Collection," vol. i, p. 275), in England, in the middle of
+    the fourteenth century, penitents, sometimes men of noble birth,
+    would severely flagellate themselves, even to the shedding of
+    blood, weeping or singing as they did so; they used cords with
+    knots containing nails.
+
+    At a later time the custom of religious flagellation was more
+    especially preserved in Spain. The Countess d'Aulnoy, who visited
+    Spain in 1685, has described the flagellations practised in
+    public at Madrid. After giving an account of the dress worn by
+    these flagellants, which corresponds to that worn in Spain in
+    Holy Week at the present time by the members of the _Cofradias_,
+    the face concealed by the high sugar-loaf head-covering, she
+    continues: "They attach ribbons to their scourges, and usually
+    their mistresses honor them with their favors. In gaining public
+    admiration they must not gesticulate with the arm, but only move
+    the wrist and hand; the blows must be given without haste, and
+    the blood must not spoil the costume. They make terrible wounds
+    on their shoulders, from which the blood flows in streams; they
+    march through the streets with measured steps; they pass before
+    the windows of their mistresses, where they flagellate themselves
+    with marvelous patience. The lady gazes at this fine sight
+    through the blinds of her room, and by a sign she encourages him
+    to flog himself, and lets him understand how much she likes this
+    sort of gallantry. When they meet a good-looking woman they
+    strike themselves in such a way that the blood goes on to her;
+    this is a great honor, and the grateful lady thanks them.... All
+    this is true to the letter."
+
+    The Countess proceeds to describe other and more genuine
+    penitents, often of high birth, who may be seen in the street
+    naked above the waist, and with naked feet on the rough and sharp
+    pavement; some had swords passed through the skin of their body
+    and arms, others heavy crosses that weighed them down. She
+    remarks that she was told by the Papal Nuncio that he had
+    forbidden confessors to impose such penances, and that they were
+    due to the devotion of the penitents themselves. (_Relation du
+    Voyage d'Espagne_, 1692, vol. ii, pp. 158-164.)
+
+    The practice of public self-flagellation in church during Lent
+    existed in Spain and Portugal up to the early years of the
+    nineteenth century. Descriptions of it will often be met with in
+    old volumes of travel. Thus, I find a traveler through Spain in
+    1786 describing how, at Barcelona, he was present when, in Lent,
+    at a Miserere in the Convent Church of San Felipe Neri on Friday
+    evening the doors were shut, the lights put out, and in perfect
+    darkness all bared their backs and applied the discipline,
+    singing while they scourged themselves, ever louder and harsher
+    and with ever greater vehemence until in twenty minutes' time the
+    whole ended in a deep groan. It is mentioned that at Malaga,
+    after such a scene, the whole church was in the morning sprinkled
+    with blood. (Joseph Townsend, _A Journey through Spain in 1786_,
+    vol. i, p. 122; vol. iii, p. 15.)
+
+    Even to our own day religious self-flagellation is practised by
+    Spaniards in the Azores, in the darkened churches during Lent,
+    and the walls are often spotted and smeared with blood at this
+    time. (O.H. Howarth, "The Survival of Corporal Punishment,"
+    _Journal Anthropological Institute_, Feb., 1889.) In remote
+    districts of Spain (as near Haro in Rioja) there are also
+    brotherhoods who will flagellate themselves on Good Friday, but
+    not within the church. (Dario de Regoyos, _Espana Negra_, 1899,
+    p. 72.)
+
+When we glance over the history of flagellation and realize that, though
+whipping as a punishment has been very widespread and common, there have
+been periods and lands showing no clear knowledge of any sexual
+association of whipping, it becomes clear that whipping is not necessarily
+an algolagnic manifestation. It seems evident that there must be special
+circumstances, and perhaps a congenital predisposition, to bring out
+definitely the relationship of flagellation to the sexual impulse. Thus,
+Loewenfeld considers that only about 1 per cent, of people can be sexually
+excited by flagellation of the buttocks,[112] and Naecke also is decidedly
+of opinion that there can be no sexual pleasure in flagellation without
+predisposition, which is rare.[113] On these grounds many are of opinion
+that physical chastisement, provided it is moderate, seldom applied, and
+only to children who are quite healthy and vigorous, need not be
+absolutely prohibited.[114] But, however rare and abnormal a sexual
+response to actual flagellation may be in adults, we shall see that the
+general sexual association of whipping in the minds of children, and
+frequently of their elders, is by; no means rare and scarcely abnormal.
+
+What is the cause of the connection between sexual emotion and whipping? A
+very simple physical cause has been believed by some to account fully for
+the phenomena. It is known that strong stimulation of the gluteal region
+may, especially under predisposing conditions, produce or heighten sexual
+excitement, by virtue of the fact that both regions are supplied by
+branches of the same nerve.
+
+There is another reason why whipping should exert a sexual influence. As
+Fere especially has pointed out, in moderate amount it has a tonic effect,
+and as such has a general beneficial result in stimulating the whole body.
+This fact was, indeed, recognized by the classic physicians, and Galen
+regarded flagellation as a tonic.[115] Thus, not only must it be said that
+whipping, when applied to the gluteal region, has a direct influence in
+stimulating the sexual organs, but its general tonic influence must
+naturally extend to the sexual system.
+
+    It is possible that we must take into account here a biological
+    factor, such as we have found involved in other forms of sadism
+    and masochism. In this connection a lady writes to me: "With
+    regard to the theory which connects the desire for whipping with
+    the way in which animals make love, where blows or pressure on
+    the hindquarters are almost a necessary preliminary to pleasure,
+    have you ever noticed the way in which stags behave? Their does
+    seem as timid as the males are excitable, and the blows inflicted
+    on them by the horns of their mates to reduce them to submission
+    must be, I should think, an exact equivalent to being beaten with
+    a stick."
+
+    It is remarkable that in some cases the whip would even appear to
+    have a psychic influence in producing sexual excitement in
+    animals accustomed to its application as a stimulant to action.
+    Thus, Professor Cornevin, of Lyons, describes the case of a
+    Hungarian stallion, otherwise quite potent, in whom erection
+    could only be produced in the presence of a mare in heat when a
+    whip was cracked near him, and occasionally applied gently to his
+    legs. (Cornevin, _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, January,
+    1896.)
+
+Here, undoubtedly, we have a definite anatomical and physiological
+relationship which often serves as a starting-point for the turning of the
+sexual feelings in this direction, and will sometimes support the
+perversion when it has otherwise arisen. But this relationship, even if we
+regard it as a fairly frequent channel by which sexual emotion is aroused,
+will not suffice to account for most, or even many, of the cases in which
+whipping exerts a sexual fascination. In many, if not most, cases it is
+found that the idea of whipping asserts its sexual significance quite
+apart from any personal experience, even in persons who have never been
+whipped;[116] not seldom also in persons who have been whipped and who
+feel nothing but repugnance for the actual performance, attractive as it
+may be in imagination.
+
+It is evident that we have to seek the explanation of this phenomenon
+largely in psychic causes. Whipping, whether inflicted or suffered, tends
+to arouse, vaguely but massively, the very fundamental and primitive
+emotions of anger and fear, which, as we have seen, have always been
+associated with courtship, and it tends to arouse them at an age when the
+sexual emotions have not become clearly defined, and under circumstances
+which are likely to introduce sexual associations. From their earliest
+years children have been trained to fear whipping, even when not actually
+submitted to it, and an unjust punishment of this kind, whether inflicted
+on themselves or others, frequently arouses intense anger, nervous
+excitement, or terror in the sensitive minds of children.[117] Moreover,
+as has been pointed out to me by a lady who herself in early life was
+affected by the sexual associations of whipping, a child only sees the
+naked body of elder children when uncovered for whipping, and its sexual
+charm may in part be due to this cause. We further have to remark that the
+spectacle of suffering itself is, to some extent and under some
+circumstances, a stimulant of sexual emotion. It is evident that a number
+of factors contribute to surround whipping at a very early age with
+powerful emotional associations, and that these associations are of such a
+character that in predisposed subjects they are very easily led into a
+sexual channel.[118] Various lines of evidence support this conclusion.
+Thus, from several reliable quarters I learn that the sight of a boy being
+caned at school may produce sexual excitement in the boys who look on. The
+association of sexual emotion with whipping is, again, very liable to show
+itself in schoolmasters, and many cases have been recorded in which the
+flogging of boys, under the stress of this impulse, has been carried to
+extreme lengths. An early and eminent example is furnished by Udall, the
+humanist, at one time headmaster of Eton, who was noted for his habit of
+inflicting frequent corporal punishment for little or no cause, and who
+confessed to sexual practices with the boys under his care.[119]
+
+Sanitchenko has called attention to the case of a Russian functionary, a
+school inspector, who every day had some fifty pupils flogged in his
+presence, as evidence of a morbid pleasure in such scenes. Even when no
+sexual element can be distinctly traced, scenes of whipping sometimes
+exert a singular fascination on some persons of sensitive emotional
+temperament. A friend, a clergyman, who has read many novels tells me that
+he has been struck by the frequency with which novelists describe such
+scenes with much luxury of detail; his list includes novels by well-known
+religious writers of both sexes. In some of these cases there is reason to
+believe that the writers felt this sexual association of whipping.
+
+It is natural that an interest in whipping should be developed very early
+in childhood, and, indeed, it enters very frequently into the games of
+young children, and constitutes a much relished element of such games,
+more especially among girls. I know of many cases in which young girls
+between 6 and 12 years of age took great pleasure in games in which the
+chief point consisted in unfastening each other's drawers and smacking
+each other, and some of these girls, when they grew older, realized that
+there was an element of sexual enjoyment in their games. It has indeed, it
+seems, always been a child's game, and even an amusement of older persons,
+to play at smacking each other's nates. In _The Presbyter's Lash_ in 1661
+a young woman is represented as stating that she had done this as a child,
+and in ancient France it was a privileged custom on Innocents' Day
+(December 28th) to smack all the young people found lying late in bed; it
+was a custom which, as Clement Marot bears witness, was attractive to
+lovers.
+
+    If we turn to the histories I have brought together in Appendix B
+    we find various references to whipping more or less clearly
+    connected with the rudimentary sexual feelings of childhood.
+
+    I am acquainted with numerous cases in which the idea of
+    whipping, or the impulse to whip or be whipped, distinctly
+    exists, though usually, when persisting to adult life, only in a
+    rudimentary form. History I in the Appendix B presents a
+    well-marked instance. I may quote the remarks in another case of
+    a lady regarding her early feelings: "As a child the idea of
+    being whipped excited me, but only in connection with a person I
+    loved, and, moreover, one who had the right to correct me. On one
+    occasion I was beaten with the back of a brush, and the pain was
+    sufficient to overcome any excitement; so that, ever after, this
+    particular form of whipping left me unaffected, though the
+    excitement still remained connected with forms of which I had no
+    experience."
+
+    Another lady states that when a little girl of 4 or 5 the
+    servants used to smack her nates with a soft brush to amuse
+    themselves (undoubtedly, as she now believes, this gave them a
+    kind of sexual pleasure); it did not hurt her, but she disliked
+    it. Her father used to whip her severely on the nates at this age
+    and onward to the age of 13, but this never gave her any
+    pleasure. When, however, she was about 9 she began in waking
+    dreams to imagine that she was whipping somebody, and would
+    finish by imagining that she was herself being whipped. She would
+    make up stories of which the climax was a whipping, and felt at
+    the same time a pleasurable burning sensation in her sexual
+    parts; she used to prolong the preliminaries of the story to
+    heighten the climax; she felt more pleasure in the idea of being
+    whipped than of whipping, although she never experienced any
+    pleasure from an actual whipping. These day-dreams were most
+    vivid when she was at school, between the ages of 11 and 14. They
+    began to fade with the growth of affection for real persons. But
+    in dreams, even in adult life, she occasionally experienced
+    sexual excitement accompanied by images of smacking.
+
+    Another correspondent, this time a man, writes: "I experienced
+    the connection between sexual excitement and whipping long before
+    I knew what sexuality meant or had any notion regarding the
+    functions of the sexual organs. What I now know to be distinct
+    sexual feeling used to occur whenever the idea of whipping arose
+    or the mention of whipping was made in a way to arrest my
+    attention. I well remember the strange, mysterious fascination it
+    had, even apart from any actual physical excitement. I have been
+    told by many men and a few women that it was the same with them.
+    Even now the feeling exists sometimes, especially when reading
+    about whipping."
+
+    The following confession, which I find recorded by a German
+    manufacturer's wife, corresponds with those I have obtained in
+    England: "When about 5 years old I was playing with a little girl
+    friend in the park. Our governesses sat on a bench talking. For
+    some reason--perhaps because we had wandered away too far and
+    failed to hear a call to return--my friend aroused the anger of
+    the governess in charge of her. That young lady, therefore, took
+    her aside, raised her dress, and vigorously smacked her with the
+    flat hand. I looked on fascinated, and possessed by an
+    inexplicable feeling to which I naively gave myself up. The
+    impression was so deep that the scene and the persons concerned
+    are still clearly present to my mind, and I can even recall the
+    little details of my companion's underclothing." When sexual
+    associations are permanently brought into play through such an
+    early incident it is possible that a special predisposition
+    exists. (_Gesellschaft und Geschlecht_, Bd. ii, ht. 4, p. 120.)
+
+It would certainly seem that we must look upon this association as coming
+well within the normal range of emotional life in childhood, although
+after puberty, when the sexual feelings become clearly defined, the
+attraction of whipping normally tends to be left behind as a piece of
+childishness, only surviving in the background of consciousness, if at
+all, to furnish a vaguely sexual emotional tone to the subject of
+whipping, but not affecting conduct, sometimes only emerging in erotic
+dreams.
+
+This, however, is not invariably the case in persons who are organically
+abnormal. In such cases, and especially, it would seem, in highly
+sensitive and emotional children, the impress left by the fact or the
+image of whipping may be so strong that it affects not only definitely,
+but permanently, the whole subsequent course of development of the sexual
+impulse. Regis has recorded a case which well illustrates the
+circumstances and hereditary conditions under which the idea of whipping
+may take such firm root in the sexual emotional nature of a child as to
+persist into adult life; at the same time the case shows how a sexual
+perversion may, in an intelligent person, take on an intellectual
+character, and it also indicates a rational method of treatment.
+
+    Jules P., aged 22, of good heredity on father's side, but bad on
+    that of mother, who is highly hysterical, while his grandmother
+    was very impulsive and sometimes pursued other women with a
+    knife. He has one brother and one sister, who are somewhat morbid
+    and original. He is himself healthy, intelligent, good looking,
+    and agreeable, though with slightly morbid peculiarities. At the
+    age of 4 or 5 he suddenly opened a door and saw his sister, then
+    a girl of 14 or 15, kneeling, with her clothes raised and her
+    head on her governess's lap, at the moment of being whipped for
+    some offense. This trivial incident left a profound impression on
+    his mind, and he recalls every detail of it, especially the sight
+    of his sister's buttocks,--round, white, and enormous as they
+    seemed to his childish eyes,--and that momentary vision gave a
+    permanent direction to the whole of his sexual life. Always after
+    that he desired to touch and pat his sister's gluteal regions. He
+    shared her bed, and, though only a child, acquired great skill in
+    attaining his ends without attracting her attention, lifting her
+    night-gown when she slept and gently caressing the buttocks, also
+    contriving to turn her over on to her stomach and then make a
+    pillow of her hips. This went on until the age of 7, when he
+    began to play with two little girls of the neighborhood, the
+    eldest of whom was 10; he liked to take the part of the father
+    and whip them. The older girl was big for her age, and he would
+    separate her drawers and smack her with much voluptuous emotion;
+    so that he frequently sought opportunities to repeat the
+    experience, to which the girl willingly lent herself, and they
+    were constantly together in dark corners, the girl herself
+    opening her drawers to enable him to caress her thighs and
+    buttocks with his hand until he became conscious of an erection.
+    Sometimes he would gently use a whip. On one occasion she asked
+    him if he would not now like to see her in front, but he
+    declined.
+
+    One day, when 8 or 9 years old, being with a boy companion, he
+    came upon a picture of a monk being flagellated, and thereupon
+    persuaded his companion to let himself be whipped; the boy
+    enjoyed the experience, which was therefore often repeated. Jules
+    P. himself, however, never took the slightest pleasure in playing
+    the passive part. These practices were continued even after the
+    friend became a conscript, when, however, they became very rare.
+    Only once or twice has he ever done anything of this kind to
+    girls who were strangers to him. Nor has he ever masturbated or
+    had any desire for sexual intercourse. He contents himself with
+    the pleasure of being occasionally able to witness scenes of
+    whipping in public places--parks and gardens--or of catching
+    glimpses of the thighs and buttocks of young girls or, if
+    possible, women.
+
+    His principal enjoyment is in imagination. From the first he has
+    loved to invent stories in which whippings were the climax, and
+    at 13 such stories produced the first spontaneous emission. Thus,
+    he imagines, for instance, a young girl from the country who
+    comes up to Paris by train; on the way a lady is attracted by
+    her, takes an interest in her, brings her home to dinner, and at
+    last can no longer resist the temptation to take the girl in her
+    arms and whip her amorously. He writes out these scenes and
+    illustrates them with drawings, many of which Regis reproduces.
+    He has even written comedies in which whipping plays a prominent
+    part. He has, moreover, searched public libraries for references
+    to flagellation, inserted queries in the _Intermediare des
+    Chercheurs et des Curieux_, and thus obtained a complete
+    bibliography of flagellation which is of considerable value.
+    Regis is acquainted with these _Archives de la Fessee_, and
+    states that they are carried on with great method and care. He is
+    especially interested in the whipping of women by women. He
+    considers that the pleasure of whippings should always be shared
+    by the person whipped, and he is somewhat concerned to find that
+    he has an increasing inclination to imagine an element of cruelty
+    in the whipping. Emissions are somewhat frequent. According to
+    the latest information, he is much better; he has entered into
+    sexual relationship with a woman who is much in love with him,
+    and to whom he has confided his peculiarities. With her aid and
+    suggestions he has been able to have intercourse with her, at the
+    moment of coitus whipping her with a harmless India-rubber tube.
+    (E. Regis, "Un Cas de Perversion Sexuelle, a forme Sadique,"
+    _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelles_, July, 1899.)
+
+    In a case also occurring in a highly educated man (narrated by
+    Marandon de Montyel) a doctor of laws, brilliantly intellectual
+    and belonging to a family in which there had been some insanity,
+    when at school at the age of 11, saw for the first time a
+    schoolfellow whipped on the nates, and experienced a new pleasure
+    and emotion. He was never himself whipped at school, but would
+    invent games with his sisters and playfellows in which whipping
+    formed an essential part. At the age of 13 he teased a young
+    woman, a cook, until she seized him and whipped him. He put his
+    arms around her and experienced his first voluptuous spasm of
+    sex. The love of flagellation temporarily died out, however, and
+    gave place to masturbation and later to a normal attraction to
+    women. But at the age of 32 the old ideas were aroused anew by a
+    story his mistress told him. He suffered from various obsessions
+    and finally committed suicide. (Marandon de Montyel, "Obsessions
+    et Vie Sexuelle," _Archives de Neurologie_, Oct., 1904.)
+
+    In a case that has been reported to me, somewhat similar ideas
+    played a part. The subject is a tall, well-developed man, aged
+    28, delicate in childhood, but now normal in health and physical
+    condition, though not fond of athletics. His mental ability is
+    much above the average, especially in scientific directions; he
+    was brought up in narrow and strict religious views, but at an
+    early age developed agnostic views of his own.
+
+    From the age of 6, and perhaps earlier, he practised masturbation
+    almost every night. This was a habit which he carried on in all
+    innocence. It was as invariable a preliminary, he states, to
+    going to sleep as was lying down, and at this period he would
+    have felt no hesitation in telling all about it had the question
+    been asked. At the age of 12 or 13 he recognized the habit as
+    abnormal, and fear of ridicule then caused him to keep silence
+    and to avoid observation. In carrying it out he would lie on his
+    stomach with the penis directed downward, and not up, and the
+    thumb resting on the region above the root of the penis. There
+    was desire for micturition after the act, and when that was
+    satisfied sound sleep followed. When he realized that the habit
+    was abnormal he began to make efforts to discontinue it, and
+    these efforts have been continued up to the present. The chief
+    obstacle has been the difficulty of sleep without carrying out
+    the practice. Emissions first began to occur at the age of 13 and
+    at first caused some alarm. During the six following years
+    indulgence was irregular, sometimes occurring every other night
+    and sometimes with a week's intermission. Then at the age of 19
+    the habit was broken for a year, during which nocturnal emissions
+    took place during sleep about every three weeks. Since this,
+    shorter periods of non-indulgence have occurred, these periods
+    always coinciding with unusual mental or physical strain, as of
+    examinations. He has some degree of attraction for women; this is
+    strongest during cessation from masturbation and tends to
+    disappear when the habit is resumed. He has never had sexual
+    intercourse because he prefers his own method of gratification
+    and feels great abhorrence for professional prostitutes; he could
+    not afford to marry. Any indecency or immorality, except (he
+    observes) his own variety, disgusts him.
+
+    At the earliest period no mental images accompanied the act of
+    masturbation. At about the age of 8, however, sexual excitement
+    began to be constantly associated with ideas of being whipped. At
+    or soon after this age only the fear of disgrace prevented him
+    from committing serious childish offenses likely to be punished
+    by a good whipping. Parents and masters, however, seem to have
+    used corporal punishment very sparingly.
+
+    At first this desire was for whipping in general, without
+    reference to the operator. Soon after the age of 10, however, he
+    began to wish that certain boy friends should be the operators.
+    At about the same time definite desire arose for closer contact
+    with these friends and later for definite indecent acts which,
+    however, the subject failed to specify; he probably meant mutual
+    masturbation. These desires were under control, and the fear of
+    ridicule seems to have been the chief restraining cause. At about
+    the age of 15 he began to realize that such acts might be
+    considered morally bad and wrong, and this led to reticence and
+    careful concealment. Up to the age of 20 there were four definite
+    attachments to persons of his own sex. There was a tendency,
+    sometimes, to regard women as possible whippers, and this became
+    stronger at 22, the images of the two sexes then mingling in his
+    thoughts of flagellation. Latterly the mental accompaniments of
+    masturbation have been less personal, lapsing into the mental
+    picture of being whipped by an unknown and vague somebody. When
+    definite it has always been a man, and preferably of the type of
+    a schoolmaster. His desire has been for punishment by whips,
+    canes, or birches, especially upon the buttocks. He has always
+    shrunk from the thought of the production of blood or bruises. He
+    wishes, in mental contemplation, for a punishment sufficiently
+    severe to make him anxious to stop it, and yet not able to stop
+    it. He also takes pleasure in the idea of being tied up so as to
+    be unable to move.
+
+    He has at times indulged in self-whipping, of no great severity.
+
+    In the preceding case we see a tendency to erotic
+    self-flagellation which in a minor degree is not uncommon.
+    Occasionally it becomes highly developed. Max Marcuse has
+    presented such a case in elaborate detail (_Zeitschrift fuer die
+    Gesamte Neurologie_, 1912, ht. 3, fully summarized in
+    _Sexual-Probleme_, Nov., 1912, pp. 815-820). This is the case of
+    a Catholic priest of highly neurotic heredity, who spontaneously
+    began to whip himself at the age of 12, this self-flagellation
+    being continued and accompanied by masturbation after the age of
+    15. Other associated perversions were Narcissism and nates
+    fetichism, as well as homosexual phantasies. He experienced a
+    certain pleasure (with erection, not ejaculation) in punishing
+    his boy pupils. It is not uncommon for all forms of erotic
+    flagellation to be associated with a homosexual element. I have
+    elsewhere brought forward a case of this kind (the case of A.F.,
+    vol. ii of these _Studies_).
+
+    Significant is Rousseau's account of the origin of his own
+    masochistic pleasure in whipping at the age of 8: "Mademoiselle
+    Lambercier showed toward me a mother's affection and also a
+    mother's authority, which she sometimes carried so far as to
+    inflict on us the usual punishment of children when we had
+    deserved it. For a long time she was content with the threat, and
+    that threat of a chastisement which for me was quite new seemed
+    very terrible; but after it had been executed I found the
+    experience less terrible than the expectation had been; and,
+    strangely enough, this punishment increased my affection for her
+    who had inflicted it. It needed all my affection and all my
+    natural gentleness to prevent me from seeking a renewal of the
+    same treatment by deserving it, for I had found in the pain and
+    even in the shame of it an element of sensuality which left more
+    desire than fear of receiving the experience again from the same
+    hand. It is true that, as in all this a precocious sexual element
+    was doubtless mixed, the same chastisement if inflicted by her
+    brother would not have seemed so pleasant." He goes on to say
+    that the punishment was inflicted a second time, but that that
+    time was the last, Mademoiselle Lambercier having apparently
+    noted the effects it produced, and, henceforth, instead of
+    sleeping in her room, he was placed in another room and treated
+    by her as a big boy. "Who would have believed," he adds, "that
+    this childish punishment, received at the age of 8 from the hand
+    of a young woman of 30, would have determined my tastes, my
+    desires, my passions, for the rest of my life?" He remarks that
+    this strange taste drove him almost to madness, but maintained
+    the purity of his morals, and the joys of love existed for him
+    chiefly in imagination. (J.J. Rousseau, _Les Confessions_, partie
+    i, livre i.) It will be seen how all the favoring conditions of
+    fear, shame, and precocious sexuality were here present in an
+    extremely sensitive child destined to become the greatest
+    emotional force of his century, and receptive to influences which
+    would have had no permanent effect on any ordinary child. (When,
+    as occasionally happens, the first sexual feelings are
+    experienced under the stimulation of whipping in normal children,
+    no permanent perversion necessarily follows; Moll mentions that
+    he knows such cases, _Zeitschrift fuer Paedagogie, Psychiatrie, und
+    Pathologie_, 1901.) It may be added that it is, perhaps, not
+    fanciful to see a certain inevitableness in the fact that on
+    Rousseau's highly sensitive and receptive temperament it was a
+    masochistic germ that fell and fructified, while on Regis's
+    subject, with his more impulsive ancestral antecedents, a
+    sadistic germ found favorable soil.
+
+    It may be noted that in Regis's sadistic case the little girl who
+    was the boy's playmate found scarcely less pleasure in the
+    passive part of whipping than he found in the active. There is
+    ample evidence to show that this is very often the case, and that
+    the attractiveness of the idea of being whipped often even arises
+    spontaneously in children. Lombroso (_La Donna Delinquente_, p.
+    404) refers to a girl of 7 who had voluptuous pleasure in being
+    whipped, and Hammer (_Monatschrift fuer Harnkrankheiten_, 1906, p.
+    398) speaks of a young girl who similarly experienced pleasure in
+    punishment by whipping. Krafft-Ebing records the case of a girl
+    of between 6 and 8 years of age, never at that time having been
+    whipped or seen anyone else whipped, who spontaneously
+    acquired--how she did not know--the desire to be castigated in
+    this manner. It gave her very great pleasure to imagine a woman
+    friend doing this to her. She never desired to be whipped by a
+    man, though there was no trace of inversion, and she never
+    masturbated until the age of 24, when a marriage engagement was
+    broken off. At the age of 10 this longing passed away before it
+    was ever actually realized. (Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia
+    Sexualis_, eighth edition, p. 136.)
+
+    In the case of another young woman described by
+    Krafft-Ebing--where there was neurasthenia with other minor
+    morbid conditions in the family, but the girl herself appears to
+    have been sound--the desire to be whipped existed from a very
+    early age. She traced it to the fact that when she was 5 years
+    old a friend of her father's playfully placed her across his
+    knees and pretended to whip her. Since then she has always longed
+    to be caned, but to her great regret the wish has never been
+    realized. She longs to be the slave of a man whom she loves:
+    "Lying in fancy before him, he puts one foot on my neck while I
+    kiss the other. I revel in the idea of being whipped by him and
+    imagine different scenes in which he beats me. I take the blows
+    as so many tokens of love; he is at first extremely kind and
+    tender, but then in the excess of his love he beats me. I fancy
+    that to beat me for love's sake gives him the highest pleasure."
+    Sometimes she imagines that she is his slave, but not his female
+    slave, for every woman may be her husband's slave. She is of
+    proud and independent nature in all other matters, and to imagine
+    herself a man who consents to be a slave gives her a more
+    satisfying sense of humiliation. She does not understand that
+    these manifestations are of a sexual nature. (Krafft-Ebing,
+    _Psychopathia Sexualis_, English translation of tenth edition, p.
+    189.)
+
+    Sometimes a woman desires to take the active part in whipping.
+    Thus Marandon de Montyel records the case of a girl of 19,
+    hereditarily neuropathic (her father was alcoholic), but very
+    intelligent and good-hearted, who had never been whipped or seen
+    anyone whipped. At this age, however, she happened to visit a
+    married friend who was just about to punish her boy of 9 by
+    whipping him with a wet towel. The girl spectator was much
+    interested, and though the boy screamed and struggled she
+    experienced a new sensation she could not define. "At every
+    stroke," she said, "a strange shiver went through all my body
+    from my brain to my heels." She would like to have whipped him
+    herself and felt sorry when it was over. She could not forget the
+    scene and would dream of herself whipping a boy. At last the
+    desire became irresistible and she persuaded a boy of 12, whom
+    she was very fond of, and who was much attached to her, to let
+    her whip him on the naked nates. She did this so ferociously that
+    he at last fainted. She was overcome by grief and remorse.
+    (Marandon de Montyel, _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_,
+    Jan., 1906, p. 30.)
+
+    Although masochism in a pronounced degree may be said to be rare
+    in women, the love of active flagellation, and sadistic impulses
+    generally are not uncommon among them. Bloch believes they are
+    especially common among English women. Cases occur from time to
+    time of extreme harshness, cruelty, degrading punishment, and
+    semi-starvation inflicted upon children. The accused are most
+    usually women, and when a man and woman in conjunction are
+    accused it appears generally to have been the woman who played
+    the more active part. But it is rarely demonstrated in these
+    cases that the cruelty exercised had a definite sexual origin.
+    There is nothing, for instance, to indicate true sadism in the
+    famous English case in the eighteenth century of Mrs. Brownrigg
+    (Bloch, _Geschlechtsleben in England_, vol. ii, p. 425). It may
+    well be, however, in many of these cases that the real motive is
+    sexual, although latent and unconscious. The normal sexual
+    impulse in women is often obscured and disguised, and it would
+    not be surprising if the perverse instinct is so likewise.
+
+    It is noteworthy that a passion for whipping may be aroused by
+    contact with a person who desires to be whipped. This is
+    illustrated by the following case which has been communicated to
+    me: "K. is a Jew, about 40 years of age, apparently normal.
+    Nothing is known of his antecedents. He is a manufacturer with
+    several shops. S., an Englishwoman, aged 25, entered his service;
+    she is illegitimate, believed to have been reared in a brothel
+    kept by her mother, is prepossessing in appearance. On entering
+    K.'s service S. was continually negligent and careless. This so
+    provoked K. that on one occasion he struck her. She showed great
+    pleasure and confessed that her blunder had been deliberately
+    intended to arouse him to physical violence. At her suggestion K.
+    ultimately consented to thrash her. This operation took place in
+    K.'s office, S. stripping for the purpose, and the leather
+    driving band from a sewing-machine was used. S. manifested
+    unmistakable pleasure during the flagellation, and connection
+    occurred after it. These thrashings were repeated at frequent
+    intervals, and K. found a growing liking for the operation on his
+    own part. Once, at the suggestion of S., a girl of 13 employed by
+    K. was thrashed by both K. and S. alternately. The child
+    complained to her parents and K. made a money payment to them to
+    avoid scandal, the parents agreeing to keep silence. Other women
+    (Jewish tailoresses) employed by K. were subsequently thrashed by
+    him. He asserts that they enjoyed the experience. Mrs. K.,
+    discovering her husband's infatuation for S., commenced divorce
+    proceedings. S. consented to leave the country at K.'s request,
+    but returned almost immediately and was kept in hiding until the
+    decree was granted. The mutual infatuation of K. and S.
+    continues, though K. asserts that he cares less for her than
+    formerly. Flagellation has, however, now become a passion with
+    him, though he declares that the practice was unknown to him
+    before he met S. His great fear is that he will kill S. during
+    one of these operations. He is convinced that S. is not an
+    isolated case, and that all women enjoy flagellation. He claims
+    that the experiences of the numerous women whom he has now
+    thrashed bear out this opinion; one of them is a wealthy woman
+    separated from her husband, and is now infatuated with K."
+
+    Flagellation, more especially in its masochistic form, is
+    sometimes associated with true inversion. Moll presents the case
+    of a young inverted woman of 26, showing, indeed, many other
+    minor sexual anomalies, who is sexually excited when beaten with
+    a switch. A whip would not do, and the blows must only be on the
+    nates; she cannot imagine being beaten by a small woman. She has
+    often in this way been beaten by a friend, who should be naked at
+    the time, and must submit afterward to cunnilinctus. (Moll,
+    _Kontraere Sexualempfindung_ third edition, p. 568.)
+
+    In the preceding case there were no masochistic ideas; it is
+    likely that in such a case beating is desired largely on account
+    of that purely physical effect to which attention has already
+    been called. In the same way self-beating with a switch or whip
+    has sometimes been spontaneously discovered as a method of
+    self-excitement preliminary to masturbation. I am acquainted with
+    a lady of much intellectual ability, sexually normal, who made
+    this discovery at the age of 18, and practised it for a time.
+    Professor Reverdin, also, speaks of the case of a young girl
+    under his care who, after having exhausted all the resources of
+    her intelligence, finally discovered that the climax of enjoyment
+    was best reached by violently whipping her own buttocks and
+    thighs. She had invented for this purpose a whip composed of
+    twelve cords each of which terminated in a large chestnut-burr
+    provided with its spines. (A. Reverdin, _Revue Medicale de la
+    Suisse Romande_, January 20, 1888, p. 17.)
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[107] The discipline or scourge was classed with fasting as a method of
+mastering the flesh and of penance. See, e.g., Lea, _History of Auricular
+Confession_, vol. ii, p. 122. For many centuries bishops and priests used
+themselves to apply the discipline to their penitents. At first it was
+applied to the back; later, especially in the case of female penitents, it
+was frequently applied to the nates. Moreover, partial or complete nudity
+came to be frequently demanded, the humiliation thereby caused being
+pleasant in the sight of God.
+
+[108] Dulaure, _Des Divinites Generatrices_, ch. xv; Lea, _History of
+Sacerdotal Celibacy_, 3d ed., vol. ii, p. 278; Kiernan, "Asceticism as an
+Auto-erotism," _Alienist and Neurologist_, Aug., 1911.
+
+[109] This is the opinion of Loewenfeld, _Ueber die Sexuelle Konstitution_,
+p. 43.
+
+[110] Thus, Duehren (Iwan Bloch) remarks (_Der Marquis de Sade und Seine
+Zeit_, 1901, p. 211): "It is well known that England is today the classic
+land of sexual flagellation." See the same author's _Geschlechtsleben in
+England_, vol. ii, ch. vi. In America it appears also to be common, and
+Kiernan mentions that in advertisements of Chicago "massage shops" there
+often appears the announcement: "Flagellation a Specialty." The reports of
+police inspectors in eighteenth century France show how common
+flagellation then was in Paris. It may be added that various men of
+distinguished intellectual ability of recent times and earlier are
+reported as addicted to passive flagellation; this was the case with
+Helvetius.
+
+[111] A full bibliography of flagellation would include many hundred
+items. The more important works on this subject, in connection with the
+sexual impulse, are enumerated by Eulenburg, in his _Sadismus und
+Masochismus_. An elaborate history of flagellation generally is now being
+written by Georg Collas, _Geschichte des Flagellantismus_, vol. i, 1912.
+
+[112] Loewenfeld, _Ueber die Sexuelle Konstitution_, p. 43.
+
+[113] _Archiv fuer Kriminal-Anthropologie_, 1909, p. 361. He brings forward
+the evidence of a reliable and cultured man who at one time sought to
+obtain the pleasures of passive sexual flagellation. But in spite of his
+expectation and good will the only result was to disperse every trace of
+sexual desire.
+
+[114] E.g., Kiefer, _Zeitschrift fuer Sexualwissenschaft_, Aug., 1908.
+
+[115] Fere, _Revue de Medecine_, August, 1900. In this paper Fere brings
+together many interesting facts concerning flagellation in ancient times.
+
+[116] Schmidt-Heuert (_Monatschrift fuer Harnkrankheiten_, 1906, ht. 7)
+argues that it is not so much the actual use of the rod as playful,
+threatening and mysterious suggestions playing around it which nowadays
+gives it sexual fascination.
+
+[117] Moll (_Untersuchungen ueber die Libido Sexualis_, Bd. 1, p. 18)
+points out that these emotions frequently suffice to cause sexual
+emissions in schoolboys.
+
+[118] As Eulenburg truly points out, the circumstances attending the
+whipping of a woman may be sexually attractive, even in the absence of any
+morbid impulse. Such circumstances are "the sight of naked feminine charms
+and especially--in the usual mode of flagellation--of those parts which
+possess for the sexual epicure a peculiar esthetic attraction; the idea of
+treating a loved, or at all events desired, person as a child, of having
+her in complete subjection and being able to dispose of her despotically;
+and finally the immediate results of whipping: the changes in skin-color,
+the to and fro movements which simulate or anticipate the initial
+phenomena of coitus." (Eulenburg, _Sexuale Neuropathie_, p. 121.)
+
+[119] See the article on Udall in the _Dictionary of National Biography_.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+The Impulse to Strangle the Object of Sexual Desire--The Wish to be
+Strangled--Respiratory Disturbance the Essential Element in this Group of
+Phenomena--The Part Played by Respiratory Excitement in the Process of
+Courtship--Swinging and Suspension--The Attraction Exerted by the Idea of
+being Chained and Fettered.
+
+
+There is another impulse which it may be worth while to consider briefly
+here, for the sake of the light it throws on the relationship between love
+and pain. I allude to the impulse to strangle the object of sexual desire,
+and to the corresponding craving to be strangled. Cases have been recorded
+in which this impulse was so powerful that men have actually strangled
+women at the moment of coitus.[120] Such cases are rare; but, as a mere
+idea, the thought of strangling a woman appears to be not infrequently
+associated with sexual emotion. We must probably regard it as, in the
+main,--with whatever subsidiary elements,--an aspect of that physical
+seizure, domination, and forcible embrace of the female which is one of
+the primitive elements of courtship.[121]
+
+The corresponding idea--the pleasurable connection of the thought of being
+strangled with sexual emotion--appears to occur still more frequently,
+perhaps especially in women. Here we seem to have, as in the case of
+whipping, a combination of a physical with a psychic element. Not only is
+the idea attractive, but, as a matter of fact, strangulation, suffocation,
+or any arrest of respiration, even when carried to the extent of producing
+death, may actually provoke emission, as is observed after death by
+hanging.[122] It is noteworthy that, as Eulenburg remarks, the method of
+treating diseases of the spinal cord by suspension--a method much in vogue
+a few years ago--often produced sexual excitement.[123] In brothels, it is
+said, some of the clients desire to be suspended vertically by a cord
+furnished with pads.[124] A playful attempt to throttle her on the part of
+her lover is often felt by a woman as pleasurable, though it may not
+necessarily produce definite sexual excitement. Sometimes, however, this
+feeling becomes so strong that it must be regarded as an actual
+perversion, and I have been told of a woman who is indifferent to the
+ordinary sexual embrace; her chief longing is to be throttled, and she
+will do anything to have her neck squeezed by her lover till her eyeballs
+bulge.[125]
+
+    "I think if I could be left my present feelings," a lady writes,
+    "and be changed into a male imbecile,--that is, given a man's
+    strength, but deprived, to a large extent, of reasoning power,--I
+    might very likely act in the apparently cruel way they do. And
+    this partly because many of their actions appeal to me on the
+    passive side. The idea of being _strangled_ by a person I love
+    does. The great sensitiveness of one's throat and neck come in
+    here as well as the loss of breath. Once when I was about to be
+    separated from a man I cared for I put his hands on my throat and
+    implored him to kill me. It was a moment of madness, which helps
+    me to understand the feelings of a person always insane. Even now
+    that I am cool and collected I know that if I were deeply in love
+    with a man who I thought was going to kill me, especially in that
+    way, I would make no effort to save myself beforehand, though, of
+    course, in the final moments nature would assert herself without
+    my volition. What makes the horror of such cases in insanity is
+    the fact of the love being left out. But I think I find no
+    greater difficulty in picturing the mental attitude of a sadistic
+    lunatic than that of a normal man who gets pleasure out of women
+    for whom he has no love."
+
+The imagined pleasure of being strangled by a lover brings us to a group
+of feelings which would seem to be not unconnected with respiratory
+elements. I refer to the pleasurable excitement experienced by some in
+suspension, swinging, restraint, and fetters. Strangulation is the extreme
+and most decided type of this group of imagined or real situations, in all
+of which a respiratory disturbance seems to be an essential element.[126]
+
+In explaining these phenomena we have to remark that respiratory
+excitement has always been a conspicuous part of the whole process of
+tumescence and detumescence, of the struggles of courtship and of its
+climax, and that any restraint upon respiration, or, indeed, any restraint
+upon muscular and emotional activity generally, tends to heighten the
+state of sexual excitement associated with such activity.
+
+    I have elsewhere, when studying the spontaneous solitary
+    manifestation of the sexual instinct (_Auto-erotism_, in vol. i
+    of these _Studies_), referred to the pleasurably emotional, and
+    sometimes sexual, effects of swinging and similar kinds of
+    movement. It is possible that there is a certain significance in
+    the frequency with which the eighteenth-century French painters,
+    who lived at a time when the refinements of sexual emotion were
+    carefully sought out, have painted women in the act of swinging.
+    Fragonard mentions that in 1763 a gentleman invited him into the
+    country, with the request to paint his mistress, especially
+    stipulating that she should be depicted in a swing. The same
+    motive was common among the leading artists of that time. It may
+    be said that this attitude was merely a pretext to secure a
+    vision of ankles, but that result could easily have been attained
+    without the aid of the swing.
+
+    I may here quote, as bearing on this and allied questions, a
+    somewhat lengthy communication from a lady to whom I am indebted
+    for many subtle and suggestive remarks on the whole of this group
+    of manifestations:--
+
+    "With regard to the connection between swinging and suspension,
+    perhaps the physical basis of it is the loss of breath. Temporary
+    loss of breath with me produces excitement. Swinging at a height
+    or a fall from a height would cause loss of breath; in a state of
+    suspension the imagination would suggest the idea of falling and
+    the attendant loss of breath. People suffering from lung disease
+    are often erotically inclined, and anesthetics affect the
+    breathing. Men also seem to like the idea of suspension, but from
+    the active side. One man used to put his wife on a high swinging
+    shelf when she displeased him, and my husband told me once he
+    would like to suspend me to a crane we were watching at work,
+    though I have never mentioned my own feeling on this point to
+    him. Suspension is often mentioned in descriptions of torture.
+    Beatrice Cenci was hung up by her hair and the recently murdered
+    Queen of Korea was similarly treated. In Tolstoi's _My Husband
+    and I_ the girl says she would like her husband to hold her over
+    a precipice. That passage gave me great pleasure.[127]
+
+    "The idea of slipping off an inclined plane gives me the same
+    sensation. I always feel it on seeing Michael Angelo's 'Night,'
+    though the slipping look displeases me artistically. I remember
+    that when I saw the 'Night' first I did feel excited and was
+    annoyed, and it seemed to me it was the slipping-off look that
+    gave it; but I think I am now less affected by that idea. Certain
+    general ideas seem to excite one, but the particular forms under
+    which they are presented lose their effect and have to be varied.
+    The sentence mentioned in Tolstoi leaves me now quite cold, but
+    if I came across the same idea elsewhere, expressed differently,
+    then it would excite me. I am very capricious in the small
+    things, and I think women are so more than men. The idea of
+    slipping down a plank formerly produced excitement with me; now
+    it has a less vivid effect, though the idea of loss of breath
+    still produces excitement. The idea of the plank does not now
+    affect me unless there is a certain amount of drapery. I think,
+    therefore, that the feeling must come in part from the
+    possibility of the drapery catching on some roughness of the
+    surface of the slope, and so producing pressure on the sexual
+    organs. The effect is still produced, however, even without any
+    clothing, if the slope is supposed to end in a deep drop, so that
+    the idea of falling is strongly presented. I cannot recollect any
+    early associations that would tend to explain these feelings,
+    except that jumping from a height, which I used frequently to do
+    as a child, has a tendency to create excitement.
+
+    "With me, I may add, it is when I cannot express myself, or am
+    trying to understand what I feel is beyond my grasp, that the
+    first stage of sexual excitement results. For instance, I never
+    get excited in thinking over sexual questions, because my ideas,
+    correct or incorrect, are fairly clear and definite. But I often
+    feel sexually excited over that question of the inheritance of
+    acquired characteristics, not because I can't decide between the
+    two sets of evidence, but because I don't feel confident of
+    having fully grasped the true significance of either. This
+    feeling of want of power, mental or physical, always has the same
+    effect. I feel it if my eyes are blindfolded or my hands tied. I
+    don't like to see the Washington Post dance, in which the man
+    stands behind the woman and holds her hands, on that account. If
+    he held her wrists the feeling would be stronger, as her apparent
+    helplessness would be increased. The nervous irritability that is
+    caused by being under restraint seems to manifest itself in that
+    way, while in the case of mental disability the excitement, which
+    should flow down a mental channel, being checked, seems to take a
+    physical course instead.
+
+    "Possibly this would help to explain masochistic sexual feelings.
+    A physical cause working in the present would be preferable as an
+    explanation to a psychological cause to be traced back through
+    heredity to primitive conditions. I believe such feelings are
+    very common in men as well as in women, only people do not care
+    to admit them, as a rule."
+
+The idea of being chained and fettered appears to be not uncommonly
+associated with pleasurable sexual feelings, for I have met with numerous
+cases in both men and women, and it not infrequently coexists with a
+tendency to inversion. It often arises at a very early age, and it is of
+considerable interest because we cannot account for its frequency by any
+chance association nor by any actual experiences. It would appear to be a
+purely psychic fantasia founded on the elementary physical fact that
+restraint of emotion, like suspension, produces a heightening of emotion.
+In any case the spontaneous character of such ideas and emotions in
+children of both sexes suffices to show that they must possess a very
+definite organic basis.
+
+    In one of the histories (X) contained in Appendix B at the end of
+    the present volume a lady describes how, as a child, she reveled
+    in the idea of being chained and tortured, these ideas appearing
+    to rise spontaneously. In another case, that of A.N. (for the
+    most part reproduced in "Erotic Symbolism," in vol. v of these
+    _Studies_), whose ideals are inverted and who is also affected by
+    boot-fetichism, the idea of fetters is very attractive. In this
+    case self-excitement was produced at a very early age, without
+    the use of the hands, by strapping the legs together. We can,
+    however, scarcely explain away the idea of fetters in this case
+    as merely the result of an early association, for it may well be
+    argued that the idea led to this method of self-excitement. "The
+    mere idea of fetters," this subject writes, "produces the
+    greatest excitement, and the sight of pictures representing such
+    things is a temptation. The reading of books dealing with prison
+    life, etc., anywhere where physical restraint is treated of, is a
+    temptation. The temptation is aggravated when the picture
+    represents the person booted. I suppose all this will have been
+    intensified in my case by my practices as a child. But why should
+    a child of 6 do such things unless it were a natural instinct in
+    him? Nobody showed me; I have never mentioned such things to
+    anyone. I used to read historical romances for the pleasure of
+    reading of people being put in prison, in fetters, and tortured,
+    and always envied them. I feel now that I should like to undergo
+    the sensation. If I could get anyone to humor me without losing
+    their self-respect, I should jump at the opportunity. I have been
+    most powerfully excited by visiting an old Australian
+    convict-ship, where all the means of restraint are shown; I have
+    been attracted to it night after night, wanting, but not daring
+    to ask, to be allowed to have a practical experience."
+
+    Stcherbak, of Warsaw, has recorded a case which resembles that of
+    A.N., but there was no inversion and the attraction of fetters
+    was active rather than passive; the subject desired to fetter and
+    not to be fettered. It is possible that this difference is not
+    fundamental, though Stcherbak regards the case as one of
+    fetichism of sadistic origin ("Contribution a l'Etude des
+    Perversions Sexuelles," _Archives de Neurologie_, Oct., 1907).
+    The subject was a highly intelligent though neurasthenic youth,
+    who from the age of 5 had been deeply interested in criminals who
+    were fettered and sent to prison. The fate of Siberian prisoners
+    was a frequent source of prolonged meditations. It was the
+    fettering which alone interested him, and he spent much time in
+    trying to imagine the feelings of the fettered prisoners, and he
+    often imagined that he was himself a prisoner in fetters. (This
+    seems to indicate that the impulse was in its origin masochistic
+    as much as sadistic, and better described as algolagnia than as
+    sadism.) He delighted in stories and pictures of fettered
+    persons. At the age of 15 the sex of the fettered person became
+    important and he was interested chiefly in fettered women. A new
+    element also appeared; he was attracted to well-dressed women and
+    especially to those wearing elegant shoes, delighting to imagine
+    them fettered. He fastened his own feet together with chains,
+    attempting to walk about his room in this condition, but
+    experienced comparatively little pleasure in this way. At the age
+    of 15 he met a lady 10 years older than himself and of great
+    intelligence. As he began to know her more intimately she allowed
+    him to take liberties with her; he fastened her hands behind her
+    back, and this caused him a violent but delicious emotion which
+    he had never experienced before. Next time he fastened her feet
+    together as well as her hands; as he did so her shoes slightly
+    touched his sexual organs; this caused erection and ejaculation,
+    accompanied by the most acute sexual pleasure he had ever felt.
+    He had no wish to see her naked or to uncover himself, and as
+    long as this relationship lasted he had no abnormal thoughts at
+    other times, or in connection with other people. He never
+    masturbated, and his sexual dreams were of fettered men or women.
+    Stcherbak discusses the case at length and considers that it is
+    essentially an example of sadism, on the ground that the impulse
+    of fettering was prompted by the desire to humiliate. There is,
+    however, no evidence of any such desire, and, as a matter of
+    fact, no humiliation was effected. The primary and fundamental
+    element in this and similar cases is an almost abstract sexual
+    fascination in the idea of restraint, whether endured, inflicted,
+    or merely witnessed or imagined; the feet become the chief focus
+    of this fascination, and the basis on which a foot-fetichism or
+    shoe-fetichism tends to arise, because restraint of the feet
+    produces a more marked effect than restraint of the hands.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[120] An attenuated and symbolic form of this impulse is seen in the
+desire to strangle birds with the object of stimulating or even satisfying
+sexual desire. Prostitutes are sometimes acquainted with men who bring a
+live pigeon with them to be strangled just before intercourse. Lanphear,
+of St. Louis (_Alienist and Neurologist_, May, 1907, p. 204) knew a woman,
+having learned masturbation in a convent school, who was only excited and
+not satisfied by coitus with her husband, and had to rise from bed, catch
+and caress a chicken, and finally wring its neck, whereupon orgasm
+occurred.
+
+[121] Even young girls, however, may experience pleasure in the playful
+attempt to strangle. Thus a lady speaking of herself at the time of
+puberty, when she was in the habit of masturbating, writes
+(_Sexual-Probleme_, Aug., 1909, p. 636): "I acquired a desire to seize
+people, especially girls, by the throat, and I enjoyed their way of
+screaming out."
+
+[122] Godard observed that when animals are bled, or felled, as well as
+strangled, there is often abundant emission, rich in spermatozoa, but
+without erection, though accompanied by the same movements of the tail as
+during copulation. Robin (art. "Fecondation," _Dictionnaire Encyclopedique
+des Sciences Medicales_), who quotes this observation, has the following
+remarks on this subject: "Ejaculation occurring at the moment when the
+circulation, maintained artificially, stops is a fact of significance.
+It shows how congestive conditions--or inversely anemic
+conditions--constitute organic states sufficient to set in movement the
+activity of the nerve-centers, as is the case for muscular
+contractility.... Everything leads us to believe that at the moment when
+the motor nervous action takes place the corresponding sensitive centers
+also come into play." It must be added that Minovici, in his elaborate
+study of death by hanging ("Etude sur la Pendaison," _Archives
+d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, 1905, especially p. 791 et seq.), concludes
+that the turgescence of penis and flow of spermatic fluid (sometimes only
+prostatic secretion) usually observed in these cases is purely passive and
+generally, though not always, of post-mortem occurrence. There is,
+therefore, no sexual pleasure in death by hanging, and persons who have
+been rescued at the last moment have experienced no voluptuous sensations.
+This was so even in the case, referred to by Minovici, of a man who hanged
+himself solely with the object of producing sexual pleasure.
+
+[123] Eulenburg, _Sexuale Neuropathie_, p. 114.
+
+[124] Bernaldo de Quiros and Llanos Aguilaniedo (_La Mala Vida en Madrid_,
+p. 294) knew the case of a man who found pleasure in lying back on an
+inclined couch while a prostitute behind him pulled at a slipknot until he
+was nearly suffocated; it was the only way in which he could attain sexual
+gratification.
+
+[125] Arrest of respiration, it may be noted, may accompany strong sexual
+excitement, as it may some other emotional states; one recalls passages in
+the _Arabian Nights_ in which we are told of ladies who at the sight of a
+very beautiful youth "felt their reason leave them, yearned to embrace the
+marvelous youth, and _ceased breathing_." Inhibited respiration is indeed,
+as Stevens shows ("Study of Attention," _American Journal of Psychology_,
+Oct., 1905), a characteristic of all active attention.
+
+[126] The exact part played by the respiration and even the circulation in
+constituting emotional states is still not clear, although various
+experiments have been made; see, e.g., Angell and Thompson, "A Study of
+the Relations between Certain Organic Processes and Consciousness,"
+_Psychological Review_, January, 1899. A summary statement of the
+relations of the respiration and circulation to emotional states will be
+found in Kuelpe's _Outlines of Psychology_, part i, section 2, § 37.
+
+[127] The words alluded to by my correspondent are as follows: "I needed a
+struggle; what I needed was that feeling should guide life, and not that
+life should guide feeling. I wanted to go with him to the edge of an abyss
+and say: 'Here a step and I will throw myself over; and here a motion and
+I have gone to destruction'; and for him, turning pale, to seize me in his
+strong arms, hold me back over it till my heart grew cold within me, and
+then carry me away wherever he pleased." The whole of the passage in which
+these lines occur is of considerable psychological interest. In one
+English translation the story is entitled _Family Happiness_.
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+Pain, and Not Cruelty, the Essential Element in Sadism and Masochism--Pain
+Felt as Pleasure--Does the Sadist Identify Himself with the Feelings of
+his Victim?--The Sadist often a Masochist in Disguise--The Spectacle of
+Pain or Struggle as a Sexual Stimulant.
+
+
+In the foregoing rapid survey of the great group of manifestations in
+which the sexual emotions come into intimate relationship with pain, it
+has become fairly clear that the ordinary division between "sadism" and
+"masochism," convenient as these terms may be, has a very slight
+correspondence with facts. Sadism and masochism may be regarded as
+complementary emotional states; they cannot be regarded as opposed
+states.[128] Even De Sade himself, we have seen, can scarcely be regarded
+as a pure sadist. A passage in one of his works expressing regret that
+sadistic feeling is rare among women, as well as his definite recognition
+of the fact that the suffering of pain may call forth voluptuous emotions,
+shows that he was not insensitive to the charm of masochistic experience,
+and it is evident that a merely blood-thirsty vampire, sane or insane,
+could never have retained, as De Sade retained, the undying devotion of
+two women so superior in heart and intelligence as his wife and
+sister-in-law. Had De Sade possessed any wanton love of cruelty, it would
+have appeared during the days of the Revolution, when it was safer for a
+man to simulate blood-thirstiness, even if he did not feel it, than to
+show humanity. But De Sade distinguished himself at that time not merely
+by his general philanthropic activities, but by saving from the scaffold,
+at great risk to himself, those who had injured him. It is clear that,
+apart from the organically morbid twist by which he obtained sexual
+satisfaction in his partner's pain,--a craving which was, for the most
+part, only gratified in imaginary visions developed to an inhuman extent
+under the influence of solitude,--De Sade was simply, to those who knew
+him, "_un aimable mauvais sujet_" gifted with exceptional intellectual
+powers. Unless we realize this we run the risk of confounding De Sade and
+his like with men of whom Judge Jeffreys was the sinister type.
+
+It is necessary to emphasize this point because there can be no doubt that
+De Sade is really a typical instance of the group of perversions he
+represents, and when we understand that it is pain only, and not cruelty,
+that is the essential in this group of manifestations we begin to come
+nearer to their explanation. The masochist desires to experience pain, but
+he generally desires that it should be inflicted in love; the sadist
+desires to inflict pain, but in some cases, if not in most, he desires
+that it should be felt as love. How far De Sade consciously desired that
+the pain he sought to inflict should be felt as pleasure it may not now be
+possible to discover, except by indirect inference, but the confessions of
+sadists show that such a desire is quite commonly essential.
+
+    I am indebted to a lady for the following communication on the
+    foregoing aspect of this question: "I believe that, when a person
+    takes pleasure in inflicting pain, he or she imagines himself or
+    herself in the victim's place. This would account for the
+    transmutability of the two sets of feelings. This might be
+    particularly so in the case of men. A man may not care to lower
+    his dignity and vanity by putting himself in subjection to a
+    woman, and he might fear she would feel contempt for him. By
+    subduing her and subjecting her to passive restraint he would
+    preserve, even enhance, his own power and dignity, while at the
+    same time obtaining a reflected pleasure from what he imagined
+    she was feeling.
+
+    "I think that when I get pleasure out of the idea of subduing
+    another it is this reflected pleasure I get. And if this is so
+    one could thus feel more kindly to persons guilty of cruelty,
+    which has hitherto always seemed the one unpardonable sin. Even
+    criminals, if it is true that they are themselves often very
+    insensitive, may, in the excitement of the moment, imagine that
+    they are only inflicting trifling pain, as it would be to them,
+    and that their victim's feelings are really pleasurable. The men
+    I have known most given to inflicting pain are all particularly
+    tender-hearted when their passions are not in question. I cannot
+    understand how (as in a case mentioned by Krafft-Ebing) a man
+    could find any pleasure in binding a girl's hands except by
+    imagining what he supposed were her feelings, though he would
+    probably be unconscious that he put himself in her place.
+
+    "As a child I exercised a good deal of authority and influence
+    over my youngest sister. It used to give me considerable pleasure
+    to be somewhat arbitrary and severe with her, but, though I never
+    admitted it to myself or to her, I knew instinctively that she
+    took pleasure in my treatment. I used to give her childish
+    lessons, over which I was very strict. I invented catechisms and
+    chapters of the Bible in which elder sisters were exhorted to
+    keep their juniors under discipline, and younger sisters were
+    commanded to give implicit submission and obedience. Some parts
+    of the _Imitation_ lent themselves to this sort of parody, which
+    never struck me as in any way irreverent. I used to give her
+    arbitrary orders to 'exercise her in obedience,' as I told her,
+    and I used to punish her if she disobeyed me. In all this I was,
+    _though only half consciously_, guided through my own feelings as
+    to what I should have liked in her place. For instance, I would
+    make her put down her playthings and come and repeat a lesson;
+    but, though she was in appearance having her will subdued to
+    mine, I always chose a moment when I foresaw she would soon be
+    tired of play. There was sufficient resistance to make restraint
+    pleasurable, not enough to render it irksome. In my punishments I
+    acted on a similar principle. I used to tie her hands behind her
+    (like the man in Krafft-Ebing's case), but only for a few
+    moments; I once shut her in a sort of cupboard-room, also for a
+    very short time. On two or three occasions I completely undressed
+    her, made her lie down on the bed, tied her hands and feet to the
+    bedstead, and gave her a slight whipping. I did not wish to hurt
+    her, only to inflict just enough pain to produce the desire to
+    move or resist. _My pleasure, a very keen one, came from the
+    imagined excitement produced by the thwarting of this desire_.
+    (Are not your own words--that 'emotion' is 'motion in a more or
+    less arrested form'--an epigrammatic summary of all this, though
+    in a somewhat different connection?) I did not undress her from
+    any connection of nakedness with sexual feeling, but simply to
+    enhance her feeling of helplessness and defenselessness under my
+    hands. If I were a man and the woman I loved were refractory I
+    should undress her before finding fault with her. A woman's dress
+    symbolizes to her the protection civilization affords to the weak
+    and gives her a fictitious strength. Naked, she is face to face
+    with primitive conditions, her weakness opposed to the man's
+    power. Besides, the sense of shame at being naked under the eyes
+    of a man who regarded her with displeasure would extend itself to
+    her offense and give him a distinct, though perhaps unfair,
+    advantage. I used the bristle side of a brush to chastise her
+    with, as suggesting the greatest amount of severity with the
+    least possible pain. In fact, my idea was to produce the maximum
+    of emotion with the minimum of actual discomfort.
+
+    "You must not, however, suppose that at the time I reasoned about
+    it at all in this way. I was very fond of her, and honestly
+    believed I was doing it for her good. Had I realized then, as I
+    do now, that my sole aim and object was physical pleasure, I
+    believe my pleasure would have ceased; in any case I should not
+    have felt justified in so treating her. Do I at all persuade you
+    that my pleasure was a reflection of hers? That it was, I think,
+    is clear from the fact that I only obtained it when she was
+    willing to submit. Any _real_ resistance or signs that I was
+    overpassing the boundary of pleasure in her and urging on pain
+    without excitement caused me to desist and my own pleasure to
+    cease.
+
+    "I disclaim all altruism in my dealings with my sister. What
+    occurs appears to me to be this: A situation appeals to one in
+    imagination and one at once desires to transfer it to the realms
+    of fact, being one's self one of the principal actors. If it is
+    the passive side which appeals to one, one would prefer to be
+    passive; but if that is not obtainable then one takes the active
+    part as next best. In either case, however, it is _the
+    realization of the imagined situation_ that gives the pleasure,
+    not the other person's pleasure as such, although his or her
+    supposed pleasure creates the situation. If I were a man it would
+    afford me great delight to hold a woman over a precipice, even if
+    she disliked it. The idea appeals to me so strongly that I could
+    not help _imagining_ her pleasure, though I might _know_ she got
+    none, and even though she made every demonstration of fear and
+    dislike of it. The situation so often imagined would have become
+    a fact. It seems to me I have to say a thing is and is not in the
+    same breath, but the confusion is only in the words.
+
+    "Let me give you another example: I have a tame pigeon which has
+    a great affection for me. It sits on my shoulder and squats down
+    with its wings out as birds do when courting, pecking me to make
+    me take notice of it, and flickering its wings. I like to hold it
+    so that it can't move its wings, because I imagine this increases
+    its excitement. If it struggles, or seems to dislike my holding
+    it, I let it go.
+
+    "In an early engagement (afterward broken off) my _fiance_ used
+    to take an evident pleasure in telling me how he would punish me
+    if I disobeyed him when we were married. Though we had but little
+    in common mentally, I was frequently struck with the similarity
+    between his ideas and what my own had been in regard to my
+    sister. He used his authority over me most capriciously. On one
+    occasion he would not let me have any supper at a dance. On
+    another he objected to my drinking black coffee. No day passed
+    without a command or prohibition on some trifling point. Whenever
+    he saw, though, that I really disliked the interference or made
+    any decided resistance, which happened very seldom, he let me
+    have my own way at once. I cannot but think, when I recall the
+    various circumstances, that he got a certain pleasure, as I had
+    done with my sister, by an almost unconscious transference of my
+    feelings to himself.
+
+    "I find, too, that, when I want a man to say or do to me what
+    would cause me pleasure and he does not gratify me, I feel an
+    intense longing to change places, to be the man and make him, as
+    the woman, feel what I want to feel. Combined with this is a
+    sense of irritation at not being gratified and a desire to punish
+    him for my deprivation, for his stupidity in not saying or doing
+    the right thing. I don't feel any anger at a man not caring for
+    me, but only for not divining my feelings when he does care.
+
+    "Now let me take another case: that of the man who used to
+    experience pleasure when surprising a woman making water. (Cf.
+    _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, Nov. 15, 1900.) Here the
+    woman's embarrassment appears to be a factor; but it seems to me
+    there must be more than this, as confusion might be produced in
+    so many other ways, as if she were found bathing, or undressed,
+    though it might not be so acute. In reality, I fancy she would be
+    checked in what she was doing, and that the man, perhaps
+    unconsciously, imagined this check and a resulting excitement.
+    That such a check does sometimes produce excitement I know from
+    experience in traveling. If the bladder is not emptied before
+    connection the pleasure is often more intense. Long before I
+    understood these things at all I was struck by this quotation:
+    'Cette volupte que ressentent les bords de la mer, d'etre
+    toujours pleins sans jamais deborder?' What would be the effect
+    on a man of a sudden check at the supreme moment of sexual
+    pleasure? In reality, I suppose, pain, as the nerves would be at
+    their full tension and unable to respond to any further stimulus;
+    but, in imagination, one's nerves are _not_ at their highest
+    tension, and one imagines an increase or, at any rate, a
+    prolongation of the pleasurable sensations. Something of all
+    this, some vague _reflection_ of the woman's possible sensations,
+    seems to enter in the man's feelings in surprising the woman. In
+    any case his pleasure in her confusion seems to me a reflection
+    of her feelings, for the sense of shame and embarrassment before
+    a man is very exciting, and doubly so if one realizes that the
+    man enjoys it. Ouida speaks of the 'delicious shame' experienced
+    by 'Folle Farine.'
+
+    "It seems to me that whenever we are affected by another's
+    emotion we do practically, though unconsciously, put ourselves in
+    his place; but we are not always able to gauge accurately its
+    intensity or to allow for differences between ourselves and
+    another, and, in the case of pain, it is doubly difficult, as we
+    can never recall the pain itself, but only the mental effects
+    upon us of the pain. We cannot even recall the feeling of heat
+    when we are cold, or _vice versa_, with any degree of vividness.
+
+    "A woman tells me of a man who frequently asks her if she would
+    not like him to whip her. He is greatly disappointed when she
+    says she gets no pleasure from it, as it would give him so much
+    to do it. He cannot believe she experiences none, because he
+    would enjoy being whipped so keenly if he were a girl. In another
+    case the man thinks the woman _must_ enjoy suffering, _because_
+    he would get intense pleasure from inflicting it! Why is this,
+    unless he would like it if a woman, and confuses in his mind the
+    two personalities? All the men I know who are sadistically
+    inclined admit that if they were women they would like to be
+    harshly treated.
+
+    "Of course, I quite see there may be many complications; a man's
+    natural anger at resistance may come in, and also simple, not
+    sexual, pleasure in acts of crushing, etc. I always feel inclined
+    to crush anything very soft or a person with very pretty thick
+    hair, to rub together two shining surfaces, two bits of satin,
+    etc., apart from any feelings of excitement. My explanation only
+    refers to that part of sadism which is sexual enjoyment of
+    another's pain."
+
+    That the foregoing view holds good as regards the traces of
+    sadism found within the normal limits of sexual emotion has
+    already been stated. We may also believe that it is true in many
+    genuinely perverse cases. In this connection reference may be
+    made to an interesting case, reported by Moll, of a married lady
+    23 years of age, with pronounced sadistic feelings. She belongs
+    to a normal family and is herself apparently quite healthy, a
+    tall and strongly built person, of feminine aspect, fond of music
+    and dancing, of more than average intelligence. Her perverse
+    inclinations commenced obscurely about the age of 14, when she
+    began to be dominated by the thought of the pleasure it would be
+    to strike and torture a man, but were not clearly defined until
+    the age of 18, while at an early age she was fond of teasing and
+    contradicting men, though she never experienced the same impulse
+    toward women. She has never, except in a very slight degree,
+    actually carried her ideas into practice, either with her husband
+    or anyone else, being restrained, she says, by a feeling of
+    shame. Coitus, though frequently practised, gives her no
+    pleasure, seems, indeed, somewhat disgusting to her, and has
+    never produced orgasm. Her own ideas, also, though very
+    pleasurable to her, have not produced definite sexual excitement,
+    except on two or three occasions, when they had been combined
+    with the influence of alcohol. She frankly regrets that modern
+    social relationship makes it impossible for her to find sexual
+    satisfaction in the only way in which such satisfaction would be
+    possible to her.
+
+    Her chief delight would be to torture the man she was attached to
+    in every possible way; to inflict physical pain and mental pain
+    would give her equal pleasure. "I would bite him till the blood
+    came, as I have often done to my husband. At that moment all
+    sympathy for him would disappear." She frequently identifies her
+    imaginary lover with a real man to whom she feels that she could
+    be much more attracted than she is to her husband. She imagines
+    to herself that she makes appointments with this lover, and that
+    she reaches the rendezvous in her carriage, but only after her
+    lover has been waiting for her a very long time in the cold. Then
+    he must feel all her power, he must be her slave with no will of
+    his own, and she would torture him with various implements as
+    seemed good to her. She would use a rod, a riding-whip, bind him
+    and chain him, and so on. But it is to be noted that she declares
+    "_this could, in general, only give me enjoyment if the man
+    concerned endured such torture with a certain pleasure_. He must,
+    indeed, writhe with pain, but at the same time be in a state of
+    sexual ecstasy, followed by satisfaction." His pleasure must not,
+    however, be so great that it overwhelms his pain; if it did, her
+    own pleasure would vanish, and she has found witty her husband
+    that when in kissing him her bites have given him much pleasure
+    she has at once refrained.
+
+    It is further noteworthy that only the pain she herself had
+    inflicted would give her pleasure. If the lover suffered pain
+    from an accident or a wound she is convinced that she would be
+    full of sympathy for him. Outside her special sexual perversion
+    she is sympathetic and very generous. (Moll, _Kontraere
+    Sexualempfindung_, 1899, pp. 507-510.)
+
+    This case is interesting as an uncomplicated example of almost
+    purely ideal sadism. It is interesting to note the feelings of
+    the sadist subject toward her imaginary lover's feelings. It is
+    probably significant that, while his pleasure is regarded as
+    essential, his pain is regarded as even more essential, and the
+    resulting apparent confusion may well be of the very essence of
+    the whole phenomenon. The pleasure of the imaginary lover must be
+    secured or the manifestation passes out of the sexual sphere; but
+    his pleasure must, at all costs, be conciliated with his pain,
+    for in the sadist's eyes the victim's pain has become a vicarious
+    form of sexual emotion. That, at the same time, the sadist
+    desires to give pleasure rather than pain finds confirmation in
+    the fact that he often insists on pleasure being feigned even
+    though it is not felt. Some years ago a rich Jewish merchant
+    became notorious for torturing girls with whom he had
+    intercourse; his performances acquired for him the title of
+    "_l'homme qui pique_," and led to his prosecution. It was his
+    custom to spend some hours in sticking pins into various parts of
+    the girl's body, but it was essential that she should wear a
+    smiling face throughout the proceedings. (Hamon, _La France
+    Sociale et Politique_, 1891, p. 445 et seq.)
+
+We have thus to recognize that sadism by no means involves any love of
+inflicting pain outside the sphere of sexual emotion, and is even
+compatible with a high degree of general tender-heartedness. We have also
+to recognize that even within the sexual sphere the sadist by no means
+wishes to exclude the victim's pleasure, and may even regard that pleasure
+as essential to his own satisfaction. We have, further, to recognize that,
+in view of the close connection between sadism and masochism, it is highly
+probable that in some cases the sadist is really a disguised masochist and
+enjoys his victim's pain because he identifies himself with that pain.
+
+But there is a further group of cases, and a very important group, on
+account of the light it throws on the essential nature of these phenomena,
+and that is the group in which the thought or the spectacle of pain acts
+as a sexual stimulant, without the subject identifying himself clearly
+either with the inflicter or the sufferer of the pain. Such cases are
+sometimes classed as sadistic; but this is incorrect, for they might just
+as truly be called masochistic. The term algolagnia might properly be
+applied to them (and Eulenburg now classes them as "ideal algolagnia"),
+for they reveal an undifferentiated connection between sexual excitement
+and pain not developed into either active or passive participation. Such
+feelings may arise sporadically in persons in whom no sadistic or
+masochistic perversion can be said to exist, though they usually appear in
+individuals of neurotic temperament. Casanova describes an instance of
+this association which came immediately under his own eyes at the torture
+and execution of Damiens in 1757.[129] W.G. Stearns knew a man (having
+masturbated and had intercourse to excess) who desired to see his wife
+delivered of a child, and finally became impotent without this idea. He
+witnessed many deliveries and especially obtained voluptuous gratification
+at the delivery of a primipara when the suffering was greatest.[130] A
+very trifling episode may, however, suffice. In one case known to me a
+man, neither sadistic nor masochistic in his tendencies, when sitting
+looking out of his window saw a spider come out of its hole to capture and
+infold a fly which had just been caught in its web; as he watched the
+process he became conscious of a powerful erection, an occurrence which
+had never taken place under such circumstances before.[131] Under favoring
+conditions some incident of this kind at an early age may exert a decisive
+influence on the sexual life. Tambroni, of Ferrara, records the case of a
+boy of 11 who first felt voluptuous emotions on seeing in an illustrated
+journal the picture of a man trampling on his daughter; ever afterward he
+was obliged to evoke this image in masturbation or coitus.[132] An
+instructive case has been recorded by Fere. In this case a lady of
+neurotic heredity on one side, and herself liable to hysteria, experienced
+her first sexual crisis at the age of 13, not long after menstruation had
+become established, and when she had just recovered from an attack of
+chorea. Her old nurse, who had remained in the service of the family, had
+a ne'er-do-well son who had disappeared for some years and had just now
+suddenly returned and thrown himself, crying and sobbing, at the knees of
+his mother, who thrust him away. The young girl accidentally witnessed
+this scene. The cries and the sobs provoked in her a sexual excitement she
+had never experienced before. She rushed away in surprise to the next
+room, where, however, she could still hear the sobs, and soon she was
+overcome by a sexual orgasm. She was much troubled at this occurrence, and
+at the attraction which she now experienced for a man she had never seen
+before and whom she had always looked upon as a worthless vagabond.
+Shortly afterward she had an erotic dream concerning a man who sobbed at
+her knees. Later she again saw the nurse's son, but was agreeably
+surprised to find that, though a good-looking youth, he no longer caused
+her any emotion, and he disappeared from her mind, though the erotic
+dreams concerning an unknown sobbing man still occurred rather frequently.
+During the next ten years she suffered from various disorders of more or
+less hysterical character, and, although not disinclined to the idea of
+marriage, she refused all offers, for no man attracted her. At the age of
+23, when staying in the Pyrenees, she made an excursion into Spain, and
+was present at a bull-fight. She was greatly excited by the charges of the
+bull, especially when the charge was suddenly arrested.[133] She felt no
+interest in any of the men who took part in the performance or were
+present; no man was occupying her imagination. But she experienced sexual
+sensations and accompanying general exhilaration, which were highly
+agreeable. After one bull had charged successively several times the
+orgasm took place. She considered the whole performance barbarous, but
+could not resist the desire to be present at subsequent bull-fights, a
+desire several times gratified, always with the same results, which were
+often afterward repeated in dreams. From that time she began to take an
+interest in horse-races, which she now found produced the same effect,
+though not to the same degree, especially when there was a fall. She
+subsequently married, but never experienced sexual satisfaction except
+under these abnormal circumstances or in dreams.[134]
+
+As the foregoing case indicates, horses, and especially running or
+struggling horses, sometimes have the same effect in stimulating the
+sexual emotions, especially on persons predisposed by neurotic heredity,
+as we have found that the spectacle of pain possesses. A medical
+correspondent in New Zealand tells me of a patient of his own, a young
+carpenter of 26, not in good health, who had never masturbated or had
+connection with a woman. He lived in a room overlooking a livery-stable
+yard where was kept, among other animals, a large black horse. Nearly
+every night he had a dream in which he seemed to be pursuing this large
+black horse, and when he caught it, which he invariably did, there was a
+copious emission. A holiday in the country and tonic treatment dispelled
+the dreams and reduced the nocturnal emissions to normal frequency. Fere
+has recorded a case of a boy, of neuropathic heredity, who, when 14 years
+of age, was one day about to practise mutual masturbation with another boy
+of his own age. They were seated on a hillside overlooking a steep road,
+and at this moment a heavy wagon came up the road drawn by four horses,
+which struggled painfully up, encouraged by the cries and the whip of the
+driver. This sight increased the boy's sexual excitement, which reached
+its climax when one of the horses suddenly fell. He had never before
+experienced such intense excitement, and always afterward a similar
+spectacle of struggling horses produced a similar effect.[135]
+
+In this connection reference may be made to the frequency with which
+dreams of struggling horses occur in connection with disturbance or
+disease of the heart. In such cases it is clear that the struggling horses
+seem to dream-consciousness to embody and explain the panting struggles to
+which the heart is subjected. They become, as it were, a visual symbol of
+the cardiac oppression. In much the same way, it would appear, under the
+influence of sexual excitement, in which cardiac disturbance is one of the
+chief constituent elements, the struggling horses became a sexual symbol,
+and, having attained that position, they are henceforth alone adequate to
+produce sexual excitement.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[128] This opinion appears to be in harmony with the conclusions of
+Eulenburg, who has devoted special study to De Sade, and points out that
+the ordinary conception of "sadism" is much too narrow. (Eulenburg,
+_Sexuale Neuropathie_, 1895, p. 110 et seq.)
+
+[129] Casanova, _Memoires_, vol. viii, pp. 74-76. Goncourt in his
+_Journal_, under date of April, 1862 (vol. ii, p. 27), tells a story of an
+Englishman who engaged a room overlooking a scaffold where a murderer was
+to be hanged, proposing to take a woman with him and to avail himself of
+the excitement aroused by the scene. This scheme was frustrated by the
+remission of the death penalty.
+
+[130] _Alienist and Neurologist_, May, 1907, p. 204.
+
+[131] This spectacle of the spider and the fly seems indeed to be
+specially apt to exert a sexual influence. I have heard of a precisely
+similar case in a man of intellectual distinction, and another in a lady
+who acknowledged to a feeling of "exquisite pleasure," on one occasion, at
+the mere sound of the death agony of a fly in a spider's web.
+
+[132] Quoted by Obici and Marchesini, _Le Amicizie di Collegio_, p. 245.
+
+[133] It may be noted that we have already several times encountered this
+increase of excitement produced by arrest of movement. The effect is
+produced whether the arrest is witnessed or is actually experienced. "A
+man can increase a woman's excitement," a lady writes, "by forbidding her
+to respond in any way to his caresses. It is impossible to remain quite
+passive for more than a few seconds, but, during these few, excitement is
+considerably augmented." In a similar way I have been told of a man of
+brilliant intellectual ability who very seldom has connection with a woman
+without getting her to compress with her hand the base of the urethral
+canal to such an extent as to impede the passage of the semen. On
+withdrawal of the hand copious emission occurs, but it is the shock of the
+arrest caused by the constriction which gives him supreme pleasure. He has
+practised this method for years without evil results.
+
+[134] Fere, "Le Sadisme aux Courses de Taureaux," _Revue de medecine_,
+August, 1900.
+
+[135] Fere, _L'Instinct sexuel_, p. 255.
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+Why is Pain a Sexual Stimulant?--It is the Most Effective Method of
+Arousing Emotion--Anger and Fear the Most Powerful Emotions--Their
+Biological Significance in Courtship--Their General and Special Effects in
+Stimulating the Organism--Grief as a Sexual Stimulant--The Physiological
+Mechanism of Fatigue Renders Pain Pleasurable.
+
+
+We have seen that the distinction between "sadism" and "masochism" cannot
+be maintained; not only was even De Sade himself something of a masochist
+and Sacher-Masoch something of a sadist, but between these two extreme
+groups of phenomena there is a central group in which the algolagnia is
+neither active nor passive. "Sadism" and "masochism" are simply convenient
+clinical terms for classes of manifestations which quite commonly occur in
+the same person. We have further found that--as might have been
+anticipated in view of the foregoing result--it is scarcely correct to use
+the word "cruelty" in connection with the phenomena we have been
+considering. The persons who experience these impulses usually show no
+love of cruelty outside the sphere of sexual emotion; they may even be
+very intolerant of cruelty. Even when their sexual impulses come into play
+they may still desire to secure the pleasure of the persons who arouse
+their sexual emotions, even though it may not be often true that those who
+desire to inflict pain at these moments identify themselves with the
+feelings of those on whom they inflict it. We have thus seen that when we
+take a comprehensive survey of all these phenomena a somewhat general
+formula will alone cover them. Our conclusion so far must be that under
+certain abnormal circumstances pain, more especially the mental
+representation of pain, acts as a powerful sexual stimulant.
+
+The reader, however, who has followed the discussion to this point will be
+prepared to take the next and final step in our discussion and to reach a
+more definite conclusion. The question naturally arises: By what process
+does pain or its mental representation thus act as a sexual stimulant? The
+answer has over and over again been suggested by the facts brought forward
+in this study. Pain acts as a sexual stimulant because it is the most
+powerful of all methods for arousing emotion.
+
+The two emotions most intimately associated with pain are anger and fear.
+The more masculine and sthenic emotion of anger, the more passive and
+asthenic emotion of fear, are the fundamental animal emotions through
+which, on the psychic side, the process of natural selection largely
+works. Every animal in some degree owes its survival to the emotional
+reaction of anger against weaker rivals, to the emotional reaction of fear
+against stronger rivals. To this cause we owe it that these two emotions
+are so powerfully and deeply rooted in the whole zooelogical series to
+which we belong. But anger and fear are not less fundamental in the sexual
+life. Courtship on the male's part is largely a display of combativity,
+and even the very gestures by which the male seeks to appeal to the female
+are often those gestures of angry hostility by which he seeks to
+intimidate enemies. On the female's part courtship is a skillful
+manipulation of her own fears, and, as we have seen elsewhere, when
+studying the phenomena of modesty, that fundamental attitude of the female
+in courtship is nothing but an agglomeration of fears.
+
+    The biological significance of the emotions is now well
+    recognized. "In general," remarks one of the shrewdest writers on
+    animal psychology, "we may say that emotional states are, under
+    natural conditions, closely associated with behavior of
+    biological value--with tendencies that are beneficial in
+    self-preservation and race preservation--with actions that
+    promote survival, and especially with the behavior which clusters
+    round the pairing and parental instincts. The value of the
+    emotions in animals is that they are an indirect means of
+    furthering survival." (Lloyd Morgan, _Animal Behavior_, p. 293.)
+    Emotional aptitudes persist not only by virtue of the fact that
+    they are still beneficial, but because they once were; that is to
+    say, they may exist as survivals. In this connection I may quote
+    from a suggestive paper on "Teasing and Bullying," by F.L. Burk;
+    at the conclusion of this study, which is founded on a large
+    body of data concerning American children, the author asks:
+    "Accepting for the moment the theories of Spencer and Ribot upon
+    the transmission of rudimentary instincts, is it possible that
+    the movements which comprise the chief elements of bullying,
+    teasing, and the egotistic impulses in general of the classes
+    cited--pursuing, throwing down, punching, striking, throwing
+    missiles, etc.--are, from the standpoint of consciousness, broken
+    neurological fragments, which are parts of old chains of activity
+    involved in the pursuit, combat, capture, torture, and killing of
+    men and enemies?... Is not this hypothesis of transmitted
+    fragments of instincts in accord with the strangely anomalous
+    fact that children are at one moment seemingly cruel and at the
+    next affectionate and kind, vibrating, as it were, between two
+    worlds, egotistic and altruistic, without conscious sense of
+    incongruity?" (F.L. Burk, "Teasing and Bullying," _Pedagogical
+    Seminary_, April, 1897.)
+
+    The primitive connection of the special emotions of anger and
+    fear with the sexual impulse has been well expressed by Colin
+    Scott in his remarkable study of "Sex and Art": "If the higher
+    forms of courting are based on combat, among the males at least
+    anger must be intimately associated with love. And below both of
+    these lies the possibility of fear. In combat the animal is
+    defeated who is first afraid. Competitive exhibition of prowess
+    will inspire the less able birds with a deterring fear. Young
+    grouse and woodcock do not enter the lists with the older birds,
+    and sing very quietly. It is the same with the very oldest birds.
+    Audubon says that the old maids and bachelors of the Canada goose
+    move off by themselves during the courting of the younger birds.
+    In order to succeed in love, fear must be overcome in the male as
+    well as in the female. Courage is the essential male virtue, love
+    is its outcome and reward. The strutting, crowing, dancing, and
+    singing of male birds and the preliminary movements generally of
+    animals must gorge the neuromotor and muscular systems with blood
+    and put them in better fighting trim. The effects of this upon
+    the feelings of the animal himself must be very great. Hereditary
+    tendencies swell his heart. He has 'the joy that warriors feel.'
+    He becomes regardless of danger, and sometimes almost oblivious
+    of his surroundings. This intense passionateness must react
+    powerfully on the whole system, and more particularly on those
+    parts which are capable, such as the brain, of using up a great
+    surplus of blood, and on the naturally erethic functions of sex.
+    The flood of anger or fighting instinct is drained off by the
+    sexual desires, the antipathy of the female is overcome, and
+    sexual union successfully ensues.... Courting and combat shade
+    into one another, courting tending to take the place of the more
+    basal form of combat. The passions which thus come to be
+    associated with love are those of fear and anger, both of which,
+    by arousing the whole nature and stimulating the nutritive
+    sources from which they flow, come to increase the force of the
+    sexual passion to which they lead up and in which they culminate
+    and are absorbed," (Colin Scott, "Sex and Art," _American Journal
+    of Psychology_, vol. vii, No. 2, pp. 170 and 215.)
+
+    It must be remembered that fear is an element liable to arise in
+    all courtship on one side or the other. It is usually on the side
+    of the female, but not invariably. Among spiders, for instance,
+    it is usually the male who feels fear, and very reasonably, for
+    he is much weaker than the female. "Courtship by the male spider"
+    says T.H. Montgomery ("The Courtship of Araneads," _American
+    Naturalist_, March, 1910, p. 166), "results from a combination of
+    the state of desire for and fear of the female." It is by his
+    movements of fear that he advertises himself to the female as a
+    male, and it is by the same movements that he is unconsciously
+    impelled to display prominently his own ornamentation.
+
+We are thus brought to those essential facts of primitive courtship with
+which we started. But we are now able to understand more clearly how it is
+that alien emotional states became abnormally associated with the sexual
+life. Normally the sexual impulse is sufficiently reinforced by the
+ordinary active energies of the organism which courtship itself arouses,
+energies which, while they may be ultimately in part founded on anger and
+fear, rarely allow these emotions to be otherwise than latent. Motion, it
+may be said, is more prominent than emotion.
+
+Even normally a stimulant to emotional activities is pleasurable, just as
+motion itself is pleasurable. It may even be useful, as was noted long ago
+by Erasmus Darwin; he tells of a friend of his who, when painfully
+fatigued by riding, would call up ideas arousing indignation, and thus
+relieve the fatigue, the indignation, as Darwin pointed out, increasing
+muscular activity.[136]
+
+It is owing to this stimulating action that discomfort, even pain, may be
+welcomed on account of the emotional waves they call up, because they
+"lash into movement the dreary calm of the sea's soul," and produce that
+alternation of pain and enjoyment for which Faust longed. Groos, who
+recalls this passage in his very thorough and profound discussion of the
+region wherein tragedy has its psychological roots, points out that it is
+the overwhelming might of the storm itself, and not the peace of calm
+after the storm, which appeals to us. In the same way, he observes, even
+surprise and shock may also be pleasurable, and fear, though the most
+depressing of emotional states, by virtue of the joy produced by strong
+stimuli is felt as attractive; we not only experience an impulse of
+pleasure in dominating our environment, but also have pleasure in being
+dominated and rendered helpless by a higher power.[137] Hirn, again, in
+his work on the origins of art, has an interesting chapter on "The
+Enjoyment of Pain," a phenomenon which he explains by its resultant
+reactions in increase of outward activity, of motor excitement. Anger, he
+observes elsewhere, is "in its active stage a decidedly pleasurable
+emotion. Fear, which in its initial stage is paralyzing and depressing,
+often changes in time when the first shock has been relieved by motor
+reaction.... Anger, fear, sorrow, notwithstanding their distinctly painful
+initial stage, are often not only not avoided, but even deliberately
+sought."[138]
+
+In the ordinary healthy organism, however, although the stimulants of
+strong emotion may be vaguely pleasurable, they do not have more than a
+general action on the sexual sphere, nor are they required for the due
+action of the sexual mechanism. But in a slightly abnormal
+organism--whether the anomaly is due to a congenital neuropathic
+condition, or to a possibly acquired neurasthenic condition, or merely to
+the physiological inadequacy of childhood or old age--the balance of
+nervous energy is less favorable for the adequate play of the ordinary
+energies in courtship. The sexual impulse is itself usually weaker, even
+when, as often happens, its irritability assumes the fallacious appearance
+of strength. It has become unusually sensitive to unusual stimuli and
+also, it is possible,--perhaps as a result of those conditions,--more
+liable to atavistic manifestations. An organism in this state becomes
+peculiarly apt to seize on the automatic sources of energy generated by
+emotion. The parched sexual instinct greedily drinks up and absorbs the
+force it obtains by applying abnormal stimuli to its emotional apparatus.
+It becomes largely, if not solely, dependent on the energy thus secured.
+The abnormal organism in this respect may become as dependent on anger or
+fear, and for the same reason, as in other respects it may become
+dependent on alcohol.
+
+We see the process very well illustrated by the occasional action of the
+emotion of anger. In animals the connection between love and anger is so
+close that even normally, as Groos points out, in some birds the sight of
+an enemy may call out the gestures of courtship.[139] As Krafft-Ebing
+remarks, both love and anger "seek their object, try to possess themselves
+of it, and naturally exhaust themselves in a physical effect on it; both
+throw the psychomotor sphere into the most intense excitement, and by
+means of this excitement reach their normal expression."[140] Fere has
+well remarked that the impatience of desire may itself be regarded as a
+true state of anger, and Stanley Hall, in his admirable study of anger,
+notes that "erethism of the breasts or sexual parts" was among the
+physical manifestations of anger occurring in some of his cases, and in
+one case a seminal emission accompanied every violent outburst.[141] Thus
+it is that anger may be used to reinforce a weak sexual impulse, and
+cases have been recorded in which coitus could only be performed when the
+man had succeeded in working himself up into an artificial state of
+anger.[142] On the other hand, Fere has recorded a case in which the
+sexual excitement accompanying delayed orgasm was always transformed into
+anger, though without any true sadistic manifestations.[143]
+
+As a not unexpected complementary phenomenon to this connection of anger
+and sexual emotion in the male, it is sometimes found that the spectacle
+of masculine anger excites pleasurable emotion in women. The case has been
+recorded of a woman who delighted in arousing anger for the pleasure it
+gave her, and who advised another woman to follow her example and excite
+her husband's anger, as nothing was so enjoyable as to see a man in a fury
+of rage[144]; Lombroso mentions a woman who was mostly frigid, but
+experienced sexual feelings when she heard anyone swearing; and a medical
+friend tells me of a lady considerably past middle age who experienced
+sexual erethism after listening to a heated argument between her husband
+and a friend on religious topics. The case has also been recorded of a
+masochistic man who found sexual satisfaction in masturbating while a
+woman, by his instructions, addressed him in the lowest possible terms of
+abuse.[145] Such a feeling doubtless underlies that delight in teasing men
+which is so common among young women. Stanley Hall, referring to the
+almost morbid dread of witnessing manifestations of anger felt by many
+women, remarks: "In animals, females are often described as watching with
+complacency the conflict of rival males for their possession, and it seems
+probable that the intense horror of this state, which many females
+report, is associated more or less unconsciously with the sexual rage
+which has followed it."[146] The dread may well be felt at least as much
+as regards the emotional state in themselves as in the males.
+
+Even when the emotion aroused is disgust it may still act as a sexual
+stimulant. Stcherbak has narrated the instructive case of a very
+intelligent and elegant married lady of rather delicate constitution, an
+artist of some talent, who never experienced any pleasure in sexual
+intercourse, but ever since sexual feelings first began to be manifested
+at all (at the age of 18) has only experienced them in relation to
+disgusting things. Anything that is repulsive, like vomit, etc., causes
+vague but pleasurable feelings which she gradually came to recognize as
+sexual. The sight of a crushed frog will cause very definite sexual
+sensations. She has had many admirers and she has observed that a
+declaration of love by a disagreeable or even repulsive man sexually
+excites her, though she has no desire for sexual intercourse with
+him.[147]
+
+After all that has gone before it is easy to see how the emotion of fear
+may act in an analogous manner to anger. Just as anger may reinforce the
+active forms of the sexual impulse to which it is allied, so fear may
+reinforce the passive forms of that impulse. The following observations,
+written by a lady, very well show how we may thus explain the sexual
+attractiveness of whipping: "The fascination of whipping, which has always
+greatly puzzled me, seems to be a sort of hankering after the stimulus of
+fear. In a wild state animals live in constant fear. In civilized life one
+but rarely feels it. A woman's pleasure in being afraid of a husband or
+lover may be an equivalent of a man's love of adventure; and the fear of
+children for their parents may be the dawning of the love of adventure. In
+a woman this desire of adventure receives a serious check when she begins
+to realize what she might be subjected to by a man if she gratified it.
+Excessive fear is demoralizing, but it seems to me that the idea of being
+whipped gives a sense of fear which is not excessive. It is almost the
+only kind of pain (physical) which is inflicted on children or women by
+persons whom they can love and trust, and with a moral object. Any other
+kind of bodily ill treatment suggests malignity and may rouse resentment,
+and, in extreme cases, an excess of fear which goes beyond the limits of
+pleasurable excitement. Given a hereditary feeling of this sort, I think
+it is helped by the want of actual experience, as the association with
+excitement is freed from the idea of pain as such." In his very valuable
+and suggestive study of fears, Stanley Hall, while recognizing the evil of
+excessive fear, has emphasized the emotional and even the intellectual
+benefits of fear, and the great part played by fear in the evolution of
+the race as "the rudimentary organ on the full development and subsequent
+reduction of which many of the best things in the soul are dependent."
+"Fears that paralyze some brains," he remarks, "are a good tonic for
+others. In some form and degree all need it always. Without the fear
+apparatus in us, what a wealth of motive would be lost!"[148]
+
+It is on the basis of this tonic influence of fear that in some morbidly
+sensitive natures fear acts as a sexual stimulant. Cullerre has brought
+together a number of cases in both men and women, mostly neurasthenic, in
+which fits of extreme anxiety and dread, sometimes of a religious
+character and often in highly moral people, terminate in spontaneous
+orgasm or in masturbation.[149]
+
+Professor Gurlitt mentions that his first full sexual emission took place
+in class at school, when he was absorbed in writing out the life of
+Aristides and very anxious lest he should not be able to complete it
+within the set time.[150]
+
+Dread and anxiety not only excite sexual emotion, but in the more extreme
+morbid cases they may suppress and replace it. Terror, say Fliess, is
+transmuted coitus, and Freud believes that the neurosis of anxiety always
+has a sexual cause, while Ballet, Capgras, Loewenfeld, and others, though
+not regarding a sexual traumatism as the only cause, still regard it as
+frequent.
+
+It is worthy of note that not only fear, but even so depressing an emotion
+as grief, may act as a sexual stimulant, more especially in women. This
+fact is not sufficiently recognized, though probably everyone can recall
+instances from his personal knowledge, such cases being generally regarded
+as inexplicable. It is, however, not more surprising that grief should be
+transformed into sexual emotion than that (as in a case recorded by
+Stanley Hall) it should manifest itself as anger. In any case we have to
+bear in mind the frequency of this psychological transformation in the
+presence of cases which might otherwise seem to call for a cynical
+interpretation.
+
+    The case has been recorded of an English lady of good social
+    position who fell in love with an undertaker at her father's
+    funeral and insisted on marrying him. It is known that some men
+    have been so abnormally excited by the funeral trappings of death
+    that only in such surroundings have they been able to effect
+    coitus. A case has been recorded of a physician of unimpeachable
+    morality who was unable to attend funerals, even of his own
+    relatives, on account of the sexual excitement thus aroused.
+    Funerals, tragedies at the theater, pictures of martyrdom, scenes
+    of execution, and trials at the law-courts have been grouped
+    together as arousing pleasure in many people, especially women.
+    (C.F. von Schlichtegroll, _Sacher-Masoch und der Masochismus_,
+    pp. 30-31.) Wakes and similar festivals may here find their
+    psychological basis, and funerals are an unquestionable source of
+    enjoyment among some people, especially of so-called "Celtic"
+    race. The stimulating reaction after funerals is well known to
+    many, and Leigh Hunt refers to this (in his _Autobiography_) as
+    affecting the sincerely devoted friends who had just cremated
+    Shelley.
+
+    It may well be, as Kiernan has argued (_Alienist and
+    Neurologist_, 1891; ibid., 1902, p. 263), that in the disturbance
+    of emotional balance caused by grief the primitive instincts
+    become peculiarly apt to respond to stimulus, and that in the
+    aboulia of grief the mind is specially liable to become the prey
+    to obsessions.
+
+    "When my child died at the age of 6 months," a correspondent
+    writes, "I had a violent paroxysm of weeping and for some days I
+    could not eat. When I kissed the dead boy for the last time (I
+    had never seen a corpse before) I felt I had reached the depths
+    of misery and could never smile or have any deep emotions again.
+    Yet that night, though my thoughts had not strayed to sexual
+    subjects since the child's death, I had a violent erection. I
+    felt ashamed to desire carnal things when my dead child was still
+    in the house, and explained to my wife. She was sympathetic, for
+    her idea was that our common grief had intensified my love for
+    her. I feel convinced, however, that my desire was the result of
+    a stimulus propagated to the sexual centers from the centers
+    affected by my grief, the transference of my emotion from one set
+    of nerves to another. I do not perhaps express my meaning
+    clearly."
+
+    How far the emotional influence of grief entered into the
+    following episode it is impossible to say, for here it is
+    probable that we are mainly concerned with one of those almost
+    irresistible impulses by which adolescent girls are sometimes
+    overcome. The narrative is from the lips of a reliable witness, a
+    railway guard, who, some thirty years ago, when a youth of 18, in
+    Cornwall, lodged with a man and woman who had a daughter of his
+    own age. Some months later, when requiring a night's lodging, he
+    called at the house, and was greeted warmly by the woman, who
+    told him her husband had just died and that she and her daughter
+    were very nervous and would be glad if he would stay the night,
+    but that as the corpse occupied the other bedroom he would have
+    to share their bed ("We don't think very much of that among us,"
+    my informant added). He agreed, and went to bed, and when, a
+    little later, the two women also came to bed, the girl, at her
+    own suggestion, lay next to the youth. Nothing happened during
+    the night, but in the morning, when the mother went down to light
+    the fire, the daughter immediately threw off the bedclothes,
+    exposing her naked person, and before the youth had realized what
+    was happening she had drawn him over on to her. He was so utterly
+    surprised that nothing whatever happened, but the incident made a
+    life-long impression on him.
+
+    In this connection reference may be made to the story of the
+    Ephesian matron in Petronius; the story of the widow, overcome by
+    grief, who watches by her husband's tomb, and very speedily falls
+    into the arms of the soldier who is on guard. This story, in very
+    various forms, is found in China and India, and has occurred
+    repeatedly in European literature during the last two thousand
+    years. The history of the wanderings of this story has been told
+    by Grisebach (Eduard Grisebach, _Die Treulose Witwe_, third
+    edition, 1877). It is not probable, however, that all the stories
+    of this type are actually related; in any case it would seem that
+    their vitality is due to the fact that they have been found to
+    show a real correspondence to life; one may note, for instance,
+    the curious tone of personal emotion with which George Chapman
+    treated this theme in his play, _Widow's Tears_.
+
+It may be added that, in explaining the resort to pain as an emotional
+stimulus, we have to take into account not only the biological and
+psychological considerations here brought forward, but also the abnormal
+physiological conditions under which stimuli usually felt as painful come
+specially to possess a sexually exciting influence. The neurasthenic and
+neuropathic states may be regarded as conditions of more or less permanent
+fatigue. It is true that under the conditions we are considering there may
+be an extreme sensitiveness to stimuli not usually felt as of sexual
+character, a kind of hyperesthesia; but hyperesthesia, it has well been
+said, is nothing but the beginning of anesthesia.[151] Sergeant Bertrand,
+the classical example of necrophily,[152] began to masturbate at the age
+of 9, stimulating a sexual impulse which may have been congenitally feeble
+by accompanying thoughts of ill-treating women. It was not till
+subsequently that he began to imagine that the women were corpses. The
+sadistic thoughts were only incidents in the emotional evolution, and the
+real object throughout was to procure strong emotion and not to inflict
+cruelty. Some observations of Fere's as to the conditions which influence
+the amount of muscular work accomplished with the ergograph are
+instructive from the present point of view: "Although sensibility
+diminishes in the course of fatigue," Fere found that "there are periods
+during which the excitability increases before it disappears. As fatigue
+increases, the perception of the intercurrent excitation is retarded; an
+odor is perceived as exciting before it is perceived as a differentiated
+sensation; the most fetid odors arouse feelings of well-being before being
+perceived as odors, and their painful quality only appears afterward, or
+is not noticed at all." And after recording a series of results with the
+ergograph obtained under the stimulus of unpleasant odors he remarks: "We
+are thus struck by two facts: the diminution of work during painful
+excitation, and its increase when the excitation has ceased. When the
+effects following the excitation have disappeared the diminution is more
+rapid than in the ordinary state. When the fatigue is manifested by a
+notable diminution, if the same excitation is brought into action again,
+no diminution is produced, but a more or less durable increase, exactly as
+though there had been an agreeable excitation. Moreover, the stimulus
+which appears painful in a state of repose loses that painful character
+either partially or completely when acting on the same subject in a more
+and more fatigued state." Fere defines a painful stimulus as a strong
+excitation which causes displays of energy which the will cannot utilize;
+when, as a result of diminished sensibility, the excitants are attenuated,
+the will can utilize them, and so there is no pain.[153] These experiments
+had no reference to the sexual instinct, but it will be seen at once that
+they have an extremely significant bearing on the subject before us, for
+they show us the mechanism of the process by which in an abnormal organism
+pain becomes a sexual stimulant.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[136] Erasmus Darwin, _Zooenomia_, vol. i, p. 496.
+
+[137] K. Groos, _Spiele der Menschen_, pp. 200-210.
+
+[138] Hirn, _Origins of Art_, p. 54. Reference may here perhaps be made to
+the fact that unpleasant memories persist in women more than in men
+(_American Journal of Psychology_, 1899, p. 244). This had already been
+pointed out by Coleridge. "It is a remark that I have made many times," we
+find it said in one of his fragments (_Anima Poetae_, p. 89), "and many
+times, I guess, shall repeat, that women are infinitely fonder of clinging
+to and beating about, hanging upon and keeping up, and reluctantly letting
+fall any doleful or painful or unpleasant subject, than men of the same
+class and rank."
+
+[139] Groos, _Spiele der Thiere_, p. 251. Maeder (_Jahrbuch fuer
+Psychoanalytische Forschungen_, 1909, vol. i, p. 149) mentions an
+epileptic girl of 22 who masturbates when she is in a rage with anyone.
+
+[140] Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia Sexualis_, English translation of tenth
+edition, p. 78.
+
+[141] Stanley Hall, "A Study of Anger," _American Journal of Psychology_,
+July, 1899, p. 549.
+
+[142] Krafft-Ebing refers to such a case as recorded by Schulz,
+_Psychopathia Sexualis_, p. 78.
+
+[143] Fere, _L'Instinct sexuel_, p. 213.
+
+[144] C.F. von Schlichtegroll, _Sacher-Masoch und der Masochismus_, p. 31.
+
+[145] _Archivio di Psichiatria_, vol. xv, p. 120. Mention may also be made
+of the cases (described as hysterical mixoscopia by Kiernan, _Alienist and
+Neurologist_, May, 1903) in which young women address to themselves
+anonymous letters of an abusive and disgusting character, and show them to
+others.
+
+[146] Stanley Hall, loc. cit., p. 587.
+
+[147] _Archives de Neurologie_, Oct., 1907.
+
+[148] G. Stanley Hall, "A Study of Fears," _American Journal of
+Psychology_, vol. viii, No. 2.
+
+[149] A. Cullerre, "De l'Excitation Sexuelle dans les Psychopathies
+Anxieuses," _Archives de Neurologie_, Feb., 1905.
+
+[150] L. Gurlitt (_Die Neue Generation_, July, 1909). Moll (_Sexualleben
+des Kindes_, p. 84) also give examples of the connection between anxiety
+and sexual excitement. Freud (_Der Wahn und die Traueme in Jensen's
+Gradiva_, p. 52) considers that in dream-interpretation we may replace
+"terror" by "sexual excitement." In noting the general sexual effects of
+fear, we need not strictly separate the group of cases in which the sexual
+effects are physical only, and fail to be circuited through the brain.
+
+[151] See the article on "Neurasthenia" by Rudolf Arndt in Tuke's
+_Dictionary of Psychological Medicine_.
+
+[152] Lunier, _Annales Medico-psychologiques_, 1849, p. 153.
+
+[153] Fere, _Comptes-rendus de la Societe de Biologie_, December 15 and
+22, 1900; id., _Annee Psychologique_, seventh year, 1901, pp. 82-129; more
+especially the same author's _Travail et Plaisir_, 1904.
+
+
+
+
+VII.
+
+Summary of Results Reached--The Joy of Emotional Expansion--The
+Satisfaction of the Craving for Power--The Influence of Neurasthenic and
+Neuropathic Conditions--The Problem of Pain in Love Largely Constitutes a
+Special Case of Erotic Symbolism.
+
+
+It may seem to some that in our discussion of the relationships of love
+and pain we have covered a very wide field. This was inevitable. The
+subject is peculiarly difficult and complex, and if we are to gain a real
+insight into its nature we must not attempt to force the facts to fit into
+any narrow and artificial formulas of our own construction. Yet, as we
+have unraveled this seemingly confused mass of phenomena it will not have
+escaped the careful reader that the apparently diverse threads we have
+disentangled run in a parallel and uniform manner; they all have a like
+source and they all converge to a like result. We have seen that the
+starting-point of the whole group of manifestations must be found in the
+essential facts of courtship among animal and primitive human societies.
+Pain is seldom very far from some of the phases of primitive courtship;
+but it is not the pain which is the essential element in courtship, it is
+the state of intense emotion, of tumescence, with which at any moment, in
+some shape or another, pain may, in some way or another, be brought into
+connection. So that we have come to see that in the phrase "love and pain"
+we have to understand by "pain" a state of intense emotional excitement
+with which pain in the stricter sense may be associated, but is by no
+means necessarily associated. It is the strong emotion which exerts the
+irresistible fascination in the lover, in his partner, or in both. The
+pain is merely the means to that end. It is the lever which is employed to
+bring the emotional force to bear on the sexual impulse. The question of
+love and pain is mainly a question of emotional dynamics.
+
+In attaining this view of our subject we have learned that any impulse of
+true cruelty is almost outside the field altogether. The mistake was
+indeed obvious and inevitable. Let us suppose that every musical
+instrument is sensitive and that every musical performance involves the
+infliction of pain on the instrument. It would then be very difficult
+indeed to realize that the pleasure of music lies by no means in the
+infliction of pain. We should certainly find would-be scientific and
+analytical people ready to declare that the pleasure of music is the
+pleasure of giving pain, and that the emotional effects of music are due
+to the pain thus inflicted. In algolagnia, as in music, it is not cruelty
+that is sought; it is the joy of being plunged among the waves of that
+great primitive ocean of emotions which underlies the variegated world of
+our everyday lives, and pain--a pain which, as we have seen, is often
+deprived so far as possible of cruelty, though sometimes by very thin and
+feeble devices--is merely the channel by which that ocean is reached.
+
+If we try to carry our inquiry beyond the point we have been content to
+reach, and ask ourselves why this emotional intoxication exerts so
+irresistible a fascination, we might find a final reply in the explanation
+of Nietzsche--who regarded this kind of intoxication as of great
+significance both in life and in art--that it gives us the consciousness
+of energy and the satisfaction of our craving for power.[154] To carry the
+inquiry to this point would be, however, to take it into a somewhat
+speculative and metaphysical region, and we have perhaps done well not to
+attempt to analyze further the joy of emotional expansion. We must be
+content to regard the profound satisfaction of emotion as due to a
+widespread motor excitement, the elements of which we cannot yet
+completely analyze.[155]
+
+It is because the joy of emotional intoxication is the end really sought
+that we have to regard the supposed opposition between "sadism" and
+"masochism" as unimportant and indeed misleading. The emotional value of
+pain is equally great whether the pain is inflicted, suffered, witnessed,
+or merely exists as a mental imagination, and there is no reason why it
+should not coexist in all these forms in the same person, as, in fact, we
+frequently find it.
+
+The particular emotions which are invoked by pain to reinforce the sexual
+impulse are more especially anger and fear, and, as we have seen, these
+two very powerful and primitive emotions are--on the active and passive
+sides, respectively--the emotions most constantly brought into play in
+animal and early human courtship; so that they naturally constitute the
+emotional reservoirs from which the sexual impulse may still most easily
+draw. It is not difficult to show that the various forms in which
+"pain"--as we must here understand pain--is employed in the service of the
+sexual impulse are mainly manifestations or transformations of anger or
+fear, either in their simple or usually more complex forms, in some of
+which anger and fear may be mingled.
+
+We thus accept the biological origin of the psychological association
+between love and pain; it is traceable to the phenomena of animal
+courtship. We do not on this account exclude the more direct physiological
+factor. It may seem surprising that manifestations that have their origin
+in primeval forms of courtship should in many cases coincide with actual
+sensations of definite anatomical base today, and still more surprising
+that these traditional manifestations and actual sensations should so
+often be complementary to each other in their active and passive aspects:
+that is to say, that the pleasure of whipping should be matched by the
+pleasure of being whipped, the pleasure of mock strangling by the pleasure
+of being so strangled, that pain inflicted is not more desirable than pain
+suffered. But such coincidence is of the very essence of the whole group
+of phenomena. The manifestations of courtship were from the first
+conditioned by physiological facts; it is not strange that they should
+always tend to run _pari passu_ with physiological facts. The
+manifestations which failed to find anchorage in physiological
+relationships might well tend to die out. Even under the most normal
+circumstances, in healthy persons of healthy heredity, the manifestations
+we have been considering are liable to make themselves felt. Under such
+circumstances, however, they never become of the first importance in the
+sexual process; they are often little more than play. It is only under
+neurasthenic or neuropathic conditions--that is to say, in an organism
+which from acquired or congenital causes, and usually perhaps both, has
+become enfeebled, irritable, "fatigued"--that these manifestations are
+liable to flourish vigorously, to come to the forefront of sexual
+consciousness, and even to attain such seriously urgent importance that
+they may in themselves constitute the entire end and aim of sexual desire.
+Under these pathological conditions, pain, in the broad and special sense
+in which we have been obliged to define it, becomes a welcome tonic and a
+more or less indispensable stimulant to the sexual system.
+
+It will not have escaped the careful reader that in following out our
+subject we have sometimes been brought into contact with manifestations
+which scarcely seem to come within any definition of pain. This is
+undoubtedly so, and the references to these manifestations were not
+accidental, for they serve to indicate the real bearings of our subject.
+The relationships of love and pain constitute a subject at once of so
+much gravity and so much psychological significance that it was well to
+devote to them a special study. But pain, as we have here to understand
+it, largely constitutes a special case of what we shall later learn to
+know as erotic symbolism: that is to say, the psychic condition in which a
+part of the sexual process, a single idea or group of ideas, tends to
+assume unusual importance, or even to occupy the whole field of sexual
+consciousness, the part becoming a symbol that stands for the whole. When
+we come to the discussion of this great group of abnormal sexual
+manifestations it will frequently be necessary to refer to the results we
+have reached in studying the sexual significance of pain.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[154] See, for instance, the section "Zur Physiologie der Kunst" in
+Nietzsche's fragmentary work, _Der Wille zur Macht_, Werke, Bd. xv. Groos
+(_Spiele der Menschen_, p. 89) refers to the significance of the fact that
+nearly all races have special methods of procuring intoxication. Cf.
+Partridge's study of the psychology of alcohol (_American Journal of
+Psychology_, April, 1900). "It is hard to imagine," this writer remarks of
+intoxicants, "what the religious or social consciousness of primitive man
+would have been without them."
+
+[155] The muscular element is the most conspicuous in emotion, though it
+is not possible, as a careful student of the emotions (H.R. Marshall,
+_Pain, Pleasure, and AEsthetics_, p. 84) well points out, "to limit the
+physical activities involved with the emotions to such effects of
+voluntary innervation or alteration of size of blood-vessels or spasm of
+organic muscle, as Lange seems to think determines them; nor to increase
+or decrease of muscle-power, as Fere's results might suggest; nor to such
+changes, in relation of size of capillaries, in voluntary innervation, in
+respiratory and heart functioning, as Lehmann has observed. Emotions seem
+to me to be coincidents of reactions of the whole organism tending to
+certain results."
+
+
+
+
+THE SEXUAL IMPULSE IN WOMEN.
+
+
+A special and detailed study of the normal characters of the sexual
+impulse in men seems unnecessary. I have elsewhere discussed various
+aspects of the male sexual impulse, and others remain for later
+discussion. But to deal with it broadly as a whole seems unnecessary, if
+only because it is predominantly open and aggressive. Moreover, since the
+constitution of society has largely been in the hands of men, the nature
+of the sexual impulse in men has largely been expressed in the written and
+unwritten codes of social law. The sexual instinct in women is much more
+elusive. This, indeed, is involved at the outset in the organic
+psychological play of male and female, manifesting itself in the phenomena
+of modesty and courting. The same elusiveness, the same mocking mystery,
+meet us throughout when we seek to investigate the manifestations of the
+sexual impulse in women. Nor is it easy to find any full and authentic
+record of a social state clearly founded in sexual matters on the demands
+of woman's nature.
+
+    An illustration of our ignorance and bias in these matters is
+    furnished by the relationship of marriage, celibacy, and divorce
+    to suicide in the two sexes. There can be no doubt that the
+    sexual emotions of women have a profound influence in determining
+    suicide. This is indicated, among other facts, by a comparison of
+    the suicide-rate in the sexes according to age; while in men the
+    frequency of suicide increases progressively throughout life, in
+    women there is an arrest after the age of 30; that is to say,
+    when the period of most intense sexual emotion has been passed.
+    This phenomenon is witnessed among peoples so unlike as the
+    French, the Prussians, and the Italians. Now, how do marriage and
+    divorce affect the sexual liability to suicide? We are always
+    accustomed to say that marriage protects women, and it is even
+    asserted that men have self-sacrificingly maintained the
+    institution of marriage mainly for the benefit of women.
+    Professor Durkheim, however, who has studied suicide elaborately
+    from the sociological standpoint, so far as possible eliminating
+    fallacies, has in recent years thrown considerable doubt on the
+    current assumption. He shows that if we take the tendency to
+    suicide as a test, and eliminate the influence of children, who
+    are an undoubted protection to women, it is not women, but men,
+    who are protected by marriage, and that the protection of women
+    from suicide increases regularly as divorces increase. After
+    discussing these points exhaustively, "we reach a conclusion," he
+    states, "considerably removed from the current view of marriage
+    and the part it plays. It is regarded as having been instituted
+    for the sake of the wife and to protect her weakness against
+    masculine caprices. Monogamy, especially, is very often presented
+    as a sacrifice of man's polygamous instincts, made in order to
+    ameliorate the condition of woman in marriage. In reality,
+    whatever may have been the historical causes which determined
+    this restriction, it is man who has profited most. The liberty
+    which he has thus renounced could only have been a source of
+    torment to him. Woman had not the same reasons for abandoning
+    freedom, and from this point of view we may say that in
+    submitting to the same rule it is she who has made the
+    sacrifice." (E. Durkheim, _Le Suicide_, 1897, pp. 186-214,
+    289-311.)
+
+    There is possibly some significance in the varying incidence of
+    insanity in unmarried men and unmarried women as compared with
+    the married. At Erlangen, for example, Hagen found that among
+    insane women the preponderance of the single over the married is
+    not nearly so great as among insane men, marriage appearing to
+    exert a much more marked prophylactic influence in the case of
+    men than of women. (F.W. Hagen, _Statistische Untersuchungen ueber
+    Geisteskrankheiten_, 1876, p. 153.) The phenomena are here,
+    however, highly complex, and, as Hagen himself points out, the
+    prophylactic influence of marriage, while very probable, is not
+    the only or even the chief factor at work.
+
+    It is worth noting that exactly the same sexual difference may be
+    traced in England. It appears that, in ratio to similar groups in
+    the general population (taking the years 1876-1900, inclusive),
+    the number of admissions to asylums is the same for both sexes
+    among married people (i.e., 8.5), but for the single it is larger
+    among the men (4.8 to 4.5), as also it is among the widowed (17.9
+    to 13.9) (_Fifty-sixth Annual Report of the Commissioners in
+    Lunacy, England and Wales_, 1902, p. 141). This would seem to
+    indicate that when living apart from men the tendency to insanity
+    is less in women, but is raised to the male level when the sexes
+    live together in marriage.
+
+    Much the same seems to hold true of criminality. It was long
+    since noted by Horsley that in England marriage decidedly
+    increases the tendency to crime in women, though it decidedly
+    decreases it in men. Prinzing has shown (_Zeitschrift fuer
+    Sozialwissenschaft_, Bd. ii, 1899) that this is also the case in
+    Germany.
+
+    Similarly marriage decreases the tendency of men to become
+    habitual drunkards and increases that of women. Notwithstanding
+    the fact that the average age of the men is greater than that of
+    the women, the majority of the men admitted to the inebriate
+    reformatories under the English Inebriates Acts are single; the
+    majority of the women are married; of 865 women so admitted 32
+    per cent, were single, 50 per cent, married, and 18 per cent,
+    widows. (_British Medical Journal_, Sept. 2, 1911, p. 518.)
+
+It thus happens that even the elementary characters of the sexual impulse
+in women still arouse, even among the most competent physiological and
+medical authorities,--not least so when they are themselves women,--the
+most divergent opinions. Its very existence even may be said to be
+questioned. It would generally be agreed that among men the strength of
+the sexual impulse varies within a considerable range, but that it is very
+rarely altogether absent, such total absence being abnormal and probably
+more or less pathological. But if applied to women, this statement is by
+no means always accepted. By many, sexual anesthesia is considered natural
+in women, some even declaring that any other opinion would be degrading to
+women; even by those who do not hold this opinion it is believed that
+there is an unnatural prevalence of sexual frigidity among civilized
+women. On these grounds it is desirable to deal generally with this and
+other elementary questions of allied character.
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+The Primitive View of Women--As a Supernatural Element in Life--As
+Peculiarly Embodying the Sexual Instinct--The Modern Tendency to
+Underestimate the Sexual Impulse in Women--This Tendency Confined to
+Recent Times--Sexual Anaesthesia--Its Prevalence--Difficulties in
+Investigating the Subject--Some Attempts to Investigate it--Sexual
+Anesthesia must be Regarded as Abnormal--The Tendency to Spontaneous
+Manifestations of the Sexual Impulse in Young Girls at Puberty.
+
+
+From very early times it seems possible to trace two streams of opinion
+regarding women: on the one hand, a tendency to regard women as a
+supernatural element in life, more or less superior to men, and, on the
+other hand, a tendency to regard women as especially embodying the sexual
+instinct and as peculiarly prone to exhibit its manifestations.
+
+In the most primitive societies, indeed, the two views seem to be to some
+extent amalgamated; or, it should rather be said, they have not yet been
+differentiated; and, as in such societies it is usual to venerate the
+generative principle of nature and its embodiments in the human body and
+in human functions, such a co-ordination of ideas is entirely rational.
+But with the development of culture the tendency is for this homogeneous
+conception to be split up into two inharmonious tendencies. Even apart
+from Christianity and before its advent this may be noted. It was,
+however, to Christianity and the Christian ascetic spirit that we owe the
+complete differentiation and extreme development which these opposing
+views have reached. The condemnation of sexuality involved the
+glorification of the virgin; and indifference, even contempt, was felt for
+the woman who exercised sexual functions. It remained open to anyone,
+according to his own temperament, to identify the typical average woman
+with the one or with the other type; all the fund of latent sexual emotion
+which no ascetic rule can crush out of the human heart assured the
+picturesque idealization alike of the angelic and the diabolic types of
+woman. We may trace the same influence subtly lurking even in the most
+would-be scientific statements of anthropologists and physicians
+today.[156]
+
+    It may not be out of place to recall at this point, once more,
+    the fact, fairly obvious indeed, that the judgments of men
+    concerning women are very rarely matters of cold scientific
+    observation, but are colored both by their own sexual emotions
+    and by their own moral attitude toward the sexual impulse. The
+    ascetic who is unsuccessfully warring with his own carnal
+    impulses may (like the voluptuary) see nothing in women but
+    incarnations of sexual impulse; the ascetic who has subdued his
+    own carnal impulses may see no elements of sex in women at all.
+    Thus the opinions regarding this matter are not only tinged by
+    elements of primitive culture, but by elements of individual
+    disposition. Statements about the sexual impulses of women often
+    tell us less about women than about the persons who make them.
+
+    The curious manner in which for men women become incarnations of
+    the sexual impulse is shown by the tendency of both general and
+    personal names for women to become applicable to prostitutes
+    only. This is the case with the words "garce" and "fille" in
+    French, "Maedchen" and "Dirne" in German, as well as with the
+    French "catin" (Catherine) and the German "Metze" (Mathilde).
+    (See, e.g., R. Kleinpaul, _Die Raethsel der Sprache_, 1890, pp.
+    197-198.)
+
+    At the same time, though we have to recognize the presence of
+    elements which color and distort in various ways the judgments of
+    men regarding women, it must not be hastily assumed that these
+    elements render discussion of the question altogether
+    unprofitable. In most cases such prejudices lead chiefly to a
+    one-sided solution of facts, against which we can guard.
+
+While, however, these two opposing currents of opinion are of very ancient
+origin, it is only within quite recent times, and only in two or three
+countries, that they have led to any marked difference of opinion
+regarding the sexual aptitude of women. In ancient times men blamed women
+for concupiscence or praised them for chastity, but it seems to have been
+reserved for the nineteenth century to state that women are apt to be
+congenitally incapable of experiencing complete sexual satisfaction, and
+peculiarly liable to sexual anesthesia. This idea appears to have been
+almost unknown to the eighteenth century. During the last century,
+however, and more especially in England, Germany, and Italy, this opinion
+has been frequently set down, sometimes even as a matter of course, with a
+tincture of contempt or pity for any woman afflicted with sexual emotions.
+
+    In the treatise _On Generation_ (chapter v), which until recent
+    times was commonly ascribed to Hippocrates, it is stated that men
+    have greater pleasure in coitus than women, though the pleasure
+    of women lasts longer, and this opinion, though not usually
+    accepted, was treated with great respect by medical authors down
+    to the end of the seventeenth century. Thus A. Laurentius (Du
+    Laurens), after a long discussion, decides that men have stronger
+    sexual desire and greater pleasure in coitus than women.
+    (_Historia Anatomica Humani Corporis_, 1599, lib. viii, quest, ii
+    and vii.)
+
+    About half a century ago a book entitled _Functions and Disorders
+    of the Reproductive Organs_, by W. Acton, a surgeon, passed
+    through many editions and was popularly regarded as a standard
+    authority on the subjects with which it deals. This extraordinary
+    book is almost solely concerned with men; the author evidently
+    regards the function of reproduction as almost exclusively
+    appertaining to men. Women, if "well brought up," are, and should
+    be, he states, in England, absolutely ignorant of all matters
+    concerning it. "I should say," this author again remarks, "that
+    the majority of women (happily for society) are not very much
+    troubled with sexual feeling of any kind." The supposition that
+    women do possess sexual feelings he considers "a vile aspersion."
+
+    In the article "Generation," contained in another medical work
+    belonging to the middle of the nineteenth century,--Rees's
+    _Cyclopedia_,--we find the following statement: "That a mucous
+    fluid is sometimes found in coition from the internal organs and
+    vagina is undoubted; but this only happens in lascivious women,
+    or such as live luxuriously."
+
+    Gall had stated decisively that the sexual desires of men are
+    stronger and more imperious than those of women. (_Fonctions du
+    Cerveau_, 1825, vol. iii, pp. 241-271.)
+
+    Raciborski declared that three-fourths of women merely endure the
+    approaches of men. (_De la Puberte chez la Femme_, 1844, p. 486.)
+
+    "When the question is carefully inquired into and without
+    prejudice," said Lawson Tait, "it is found that women have their
+    sexual appetites far less developed than men." (Lawson Tait,
+    "Remote Effects of Removal of the Uterine Appendages,"
+    _Provincial Medical Journal_, May, 1891.) "The sexual instinct is
+    very powerful in man and comparatively weak in women," he stated
+    elsewhere (_Diseases of Women_, 1889, p. 60).
+
+    Hammond stated that, leaving prostitutes out of consideration, it
+    is doubtful if in one-tenth of the instances of intercourse they
+    [women] experience the slightest pleasurable sensation from first
+    to last (Hammond, _Sexual Impotence_, p. 300), and he considered
+    (p. 281) that this condition was sometimes congenital.
+
+    Lombroso and Ferrero consider that sexual sensibility, as well as
+    all other forms of sensibility, is less pronounced in women, and
+    they bring forward various facts and opinions which seem to them
+    to point in the same direction. "Woman is naturally and
+    organically frigid." At the same time they consider that, while
+    erethism is less, sexuality is greater than in men. (Lombroso and
+    Ferrero, _La Donna Delinquente, la Prostituta, e la Donna
+    Normale_, 1893, pp. 54-58.)
+
+    "It is an altogether false idea," Fehling declared, in his
+    rectorial address at the University of Basel in 1891, "that a
+    young woman has just as strong an impulse to the opposite sex as
+    a young man.... The appearance of the sexual side in the love of
+    a young girl is pathological." (H. Fehling, _Die Bestimmung der
+    Frau_, 1892, p. 18.) In his _Lehrbuch der Frauenkrankheiten_ the
+    same gynecological authority states his belief that half of all
+    women are not sexually excitable.
+
+    Krafft-Ebing was of opinion that women require less sexual
+    satisfaction than men, being less sensual. (Krafft-Ebing, "Ueber
+    Neurosen und Psychosen durch sexuelle Abstinenz," _Jahrbuecher fuer
+    Psychiatrie_, 1888, Bd. viii, ht. I and 2.)
+
+    "In the normal woman, especially of the higher social classes,"
+    states Windscheid, "the sexual instinct is acquired, not inborn;
+    when it is inborn, or awakes by itself, there is abnormality.
+    Since women do not know this instinct before marriage, they do
+    not miss it when they have no occasion in life to learn it." (F.
+    Windscheid, "Die Beziehungen zwischen Gynaekologie und
+    Neurologie," _Zentralblatt fuer Gynaekologie_, 1896, No. 22; quoted
+    by. Moll, _Libido Sexualis_, Bd. i, p. 271.)
+
+    "The sensuality of men," Moll states, "is in my opinion very much
+    greater than that of women." (A. Moll, _Die Kontraere
+    Sexualempfindung_, third edition, 1899, p. 592.)
+
+    "Women are, in general, less sensual than men," remarks Naecke,
+    "notwithstanding the alleged greater nervous supply of their
+    sexual organs." (P. Naecke, "Kritisches zum Kapitel der
+    Sexualitaet," _Archiv fuer Psychiatrie_, 1899, p. 341.)
+
+    Loewenfeld states that in normal young girls the specifically
+    sexual feelings are absolutely unknown; so that desire cannot
+    exist in them. Putting aside the not inconsiderable proportion of
+    women in whom this absence of desire may persist and be
+    permanent, even after sexual relationships have begun, thus
+    constituting absolute frigidity, in a still larger number desire
+    remains extremely moderate, constituting a state of relative
+    frigidity. He adds that he cannot unconditionally support the
+    view of Fuerbringer, who is inclined to ascribe sexual coldness to
+    the majority of German married women. (L. Loewenfeld, _Sexualleben
+    und Nervenleiden_, 1899, second edition, p. 11.)
+
+    Adler, who discusses the question at some length, decides that
+    the sexual needs of women are less than those of men, though in
+    some cases the orgasm in quantity and quality greatly exceeds
+    that of men. He believes, not only that the sexual impulse in
+    women is absolutely less than in men, and requires stronger
+    stimulation to arouse it, but that also it suffers from a latency
+    due to inhibition, which acts like a foreign body in the brain
+    (analogous to the psychic trauma of Breuer and Freud in
+    hysteria), and demands great skill in the man who is to awaken
+    the woman to love. (O. Adler, _Die Mangelhafte
+    Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes_, 1904, pp. 47, 126 et seq.;
+    also enlarged second edition, 1911; id., "Die Frigide Frau,"
+    _Sexual-Probleme_, Jan., 1912.)
+
+It must not, however, be supposed that this view of the natural tendency
+of women to frigidity has everywhere found acceptance. It is not only an
+opinion of very recent growth, but is confined, on the whole, to a few
+countries.
+
+    "Turn to history," wrote Brierre de Boismont, "and on every page
+    you will be able to recognize the predominance of erotic ideas in
+    women." It is the same today, he adds, and he attributes it to
+    the fact that men are more easily able to gratify their sexual
+    impulses. (_Des Hallucinations_, 1862, p. 431.)
+
+    The laws of Manu attribute to women concupiscence and anger, the
+    love of bed and of adornment.
+
+    The Jews attributed to women greater sexual desire than to men.
+    This is illustrated, according to Knobel (as quoted by Dillmann),
+    by _Genesis_, chapter iii, v. 16.
+
+    In Greek antiquity the romance and sentiment of love were mainly
+    felt toward persons of the same sex, and were divorced from the
+    more purely sexual feelings felt for persons of opposite sex.
+    Theognis compared marriage to cattle-breeding. In love between
+    men and women the latter were nearly always regarded as taking
+    the more active part. In all Greek love-stories of early date the
+    woman falls in love with the man, and never the reverse. AEschylus
+    makes even a father assume that his daughters will misbehave if
+    left to themselves. Euripides emphasized the importance of women;
+    "The Euripidean woman who 'falls in love' thinks first of all:
+    'How can I seduce the man I love?"' (E.F.M. Benecke, _Antimachus
+    of Colophon and the Position of Women in Greek Poetry_, 1896, pp.
+    34, 54.)
+
+    The most famous passage in Latin literature as to the question of
+    whether men or women obtain greater pleasure from sexual
+    intercourse is that in which Ovid narrates the legend of Tiresias
+    (_Metamorphoses_, iii, 317-333). Tiresias, having been both a man
+    and a woman, decided in favor of women. This passage was
+    frequently quoted down to the eighteenth century.
+
+    In a passage quoted from a lost work of Galen by the Arabian
+    biographer, Abu-l-Faraj, that great physician says of the
+    Christians "that they practice celibacy, that even many of their
+    women do so." So that in Galen's opinion it was more difficult
+    for a woman than for a man to be continent.
+
+    The same view is widely prevalent among Arabic authors, and there
+    is an Arabic saying that "The longing of the woman for the penis
+    is greater than that of the man for the vulva."
+
+    In China, remarks Dr. Coltman, "when an old gentleman of my
+    acquaintance was visiting me my little daughter, 5 years old, ran
+    into the room, and, climbing upon my knee, kissed me. My visitor
+    expressed his surprise, and remarked: 'We never kiss our
+    daughters when they are so large; we may when they are very
+    small, but not after they are 3 years old,' said he, 'because it
+    is apt to excite in them bad emotions.'" (Coltman, _The Chinese_,
+    1900, p. 99.)
+
+    The early Christian Fathers clearly show that they regard women
+    as more inclined to sexual enjoyment than men. That was, for
+    instance, the opinion of Tertullian (_De Virginibus Velandis_,
+    chapter x), and it is clearly implied in some of St. Jerome's
+    epistles.
+
+    Notwithstanding the influence of Christianity, among the vigorous
+    barbarian races of medieval Europe, the existence of sexual
+    appetite in women was not considered to be, as it later became, a
+    matter to be concealed or denied. Thus in 1068 the ecclesiastical
+    historian, Ordericus Vitalis (himself half Norman and half
+    English), narrates that the wives of the Norman knights who had
+    accompanied William the Conqueror to England two years earlier
+    sent over to their husbands to say that they were consumed by the
+    fierce names of desire ("saeva libidinis face urebantur"), and
+    that if their husbands failed to return very shortly they
+    proposed to take other husbands. It is added that this threat
+    brought a few husbands back to their wanton ladies ("lascivis
+    dominabus suis").
+
+    During the medieval period in Europe, largely in consequence, no
+    doubt, of the predominance of ascetic ideals set up by men who
+    naturally regarded woman as the symbol of sex, the doctrine of
+    the incontinence of woman became firmly fixed, and it is
+    unnecessary and unprofitable to quote examples. It is sufficient
+    to mention the very comprehensive statement of Jean de Meung (in
+    the _Roman de la Rose_, 9903):--
+
+        "Toutes estes, seres, ou futes
+        De fait ou de volunte putes."
+
+    The satirical Jean de Meung was, however, a somewhat extreme and
+    untypical representative of his age, and the fourteenth century
+    Johannes de Sancto Amando (Jean de St. Amand) gives a somewhat
+    more scientifically based opinion (quoted by Pagel, _Neue
+    litterarische Beitraege zur Mittelalterlichen Medicin_, 1896, p.
+    30) that sexual desire is stronger in women than in men.
+
+    Humanism and the spread of the Renaissance movement brought in a
+    spirit more sympathetic to women. Soon after, especially in Italy
+    and France, we begin to find attempts at analyzing the sexual
+    emotions, which are not always without a certain subtlety. In the
+    seventeenth century a book of this kind was written by Venette.
+    In matters of love, Venette declared, "men are but children
+    compared to women. In these matters women have a more lively
+    imagination, and they usually have more leisure to think of love.
+    Women are much more lascivious and amorous than men." This is the
+    conclusion reached in a chapter devoted to the question whether
+    men or women are the more amorous. In a subsequent chapter,
+    dealing with the question whether men or women receive more
+    pleasure from the sexual embrace, Venette concludes, after
+    admitting the great difficulty of the question, that man's
+    pleasure is greater, but woman's lasts longer. (N. Venette, _De
+    la Generation de l'Homme ou Tableau de l'Amour Conjugal_,
+    Amsterdam, 1688.)
+
+    At a much earlier date, however, Montaigne had discussed this
+    matter with his usual wisdom, and, while pointing out that men
+    have imposed their own rule of life on women and their own
+    ideals, and have demanded from them opposite and contradictory
+    virtues,--a statement not yet antiquated,--he argues that women
+    are incomparably more apt and more ardent in love than men are,
+    and that in this matter they always know far more than men can
+    teach them, for "it is a discipline that is born in their veins."
+    (Montaigne, _Essais_, book iii, chapter v.)
+
+    The old physiologists generally mentioned the appearance of
+    sexual desire in girls as one of the normal signs of puberty.
+    This may be seen in the numerous quotations brought together by
+    Schurig, in his _Parthenologia_, cap. ii.
+
+    A long succession of distinguished physicians throughout the
+    seventeenth century discussed at more or less length the relative
+    amount of sexual desire in men and women, and the relative degree
+    of their pleasure in coitus. It is remarkable that, although they
+    usually attach great weight to the supposed opinion of
+    Hippocrates in the opposite sense, most of them decide that both
+    desire and pleasure are greater in women.
+
+    Plazzonus decides that women have more sources of pleasure in
+    coitus than men because of the larger extent of surface excited;
+    and if it were not so, he adds, women would not be induced to
+    incur the pains and risks of pregnancy and childbirth.
+    (Plazzonus, _De Partibus Generationi Inservientibus_, 1621, lib.
+    ii, cap. xiii.)
+
+    "Without doubt," says Ferrand, "woman is more passionate than
+    man, and more often torn by the evils of love." (Ferrand, _De la
+    Maladie d'Amour_, 1623, chapter ii.)
+
+    Zacchia, mainly on _a priori_ grounds, concludes that women have
+    more pleasure in coitus than men. (Zacchia, _Quaestiones
+    Medico-legales_, 1630, lib. iii, quest, vii.)
+
+    Sinibaldus, discussing whether men or women have more salacity,
+    decides in favor of women. (J.B. Sinibaldus, _Geneanthropeia_,
+    1642, lib. ii, tract. ii, cap. v.)
+
+    Hornius believed that women have greater sexual pleasure than
+    men, though he mainly supported his opinion by the authority of
+    classical poets. (Hornius, _Historic Naturalis_, 1670, lib. iii,
+    cap. i.)
+
+    Nenter describes what we may now call women's affectability, and
+    considers that it makes them more prone than men to the sexual
+    emotions, as is shown by the fact that, notwithstanding their
+    modesty, they sometimes make sexual advances. This greater
+    proneness of women to the sexual impulse is, he remarks, entirely
+    natural and right, for the work of generation is mainly carried
+    on by women, and love is its basis: "generationis fundamentum est
+    amor." (G.P. Nenter, _Theoria Hominis Sani_, 1714, cap. v, memb.
+    ii.)
+
+    The above opinions of seventeenth-century physicians are quoted
+    from the original sources. Schurig, in his _Gynaecologia_, (pp.
+    46-50 and 71-81), quotes a number of passages on this subject
+    from medical authorities of the same period, on which I have not
+    drawn.
+
+    Senancour, in his fine and suggestive book on love, first
+    published in 1806, asks: "Has sexual pleasure the same power on
+    the sex which less loudly demands it? It has more, at all events
+    in some respects. The very vigor and laboriousness of men may
+    lead them to neglect love, but the constant cares of maternity
+    make women feel how important it must ever be to them. We must
+    remember also that in men the special emotions of love only have
+    a single focus, while in women the organs of lactation are united
+    to those of conception. Our feelings are all determined by these
+    material causes." (Senancour, _De l'Amour_, fourth edition, 1834,
+    vol. i, p. 68.) A later psychologist of love, this time a woman,
+    Ellen Key, states that woman's erotic demands, though more
+    silent than man's, are stronger. (Ellen Key, _Ueber Liebe und
+    Ehe_, p. 138.)
+
+    Michael Ryan considered that sexual enjoyment "is more delicious
+    and protracted" in women, and ascribed this to a more sensitive
+    nervous system, a finer and more delicate skin, more acute
+    feelings, and the fact that in women the mammae are the seat of a
+    vivid sensibility in sympathy with the uterus. (M. Ryan,
+    _Philosophy of Marriage_, 1837, p. 153.)
+
+    Busch was inclined to think women have greater sexual pleasure
+    than men. (D.W.H. Busch, _Das Geschlechtsleben des Weibes_, 1839,
+    vol. i, p. 69.) Kobelt held that the anatomical conformation of
+    the sexual organs in women led to the conclusion that this must
+    be the case.
+
+    Guttceit, speaking of his thirty years' medical experience in
+    Russia, says: "In Russia at all events, a girl, as very many have
+    acknowledged to me, cannot resist the ever stronger impulses of
+    sex beyond the twenty-second or twenty-third year. And if she
+    cannot do so in natural ways she adopts artificial ways. The
+    belief that the feminine sex feels the stimulus of sex less than
+    the male is quite false." (Guttceit, _Dreissig Jahre Praxis_,
+    1873, theil i, p. 313.)
+
+    In Scandinavia, according to Vedeler, the sexual emotions are at
+    least as strong in women as in men (Vedeler, "De Impotentia
+    Feminarum," _Norsk Magazin for Laegevidenskaben_, March, 1894).
+    In Sweden, Dr. Eklund, of Stockholm, remarking that from 25 to 33
+    per cent. of the births are illegitimate, adds: "We hardly ever
+    hear anyone talk of a woman having been seduced, simply because
+    the lust is at the worst in the woman, who, as a rule, is the
+    seducing party." (Eklund, _Transactions of the American
+    Association of Obstetricians_, Philadelphia, 1892, p. 307.)
+
+    On the opposite side of the Baltic, in the Koenigsberg district,
+    the same observation has been made. Intercourse before marriage
+    is the rule in most villages of this agricultural district, among
+    the working classes, with or without intention of subsequent
+    marriage; "the girls are often the seducing parties, or at least
+    very willing; they seek to bind their lovers to them and compel
+    them to marriage." In the Koeslin district of Pomerania, where
+    intercourse between the girls and youths is common, the girls
+    come to the youths' rooms even more frequently than the youths to
+    the girls'. In some of the Dantzig districts the girls give
+    themselves to the youths, and even seduce them, sometimes, but
+    not always, with a view of marriage. (Wittenberg, _Die
+    geschlechtsittlichen Verhalten der Landbewohner im Deutschen
+    Reiche_, 1895, Bd. i, pp. 47, 61, 83.)
+
+    Mantegazza devoted great attention to this point in several of
+    the works he published during fifty years, and was decidedly of
+    the opinion that the sexual emotions are much stronger in women
+    than in men, and that women have much more enjoyment in sexual
+    intercourse. In his _Fisiologia del Piacere_ he supports this
+    view, and refers to the greater complexity of the genital
+    apparatus in women (as well as its larger surface and more
+    protected position), to what he considers to be the keener
+    sensibility of women generally, to the passivity of women, etc.;
+    and he considers that sexual pleasure is rendered more seductive
+    to women by the mystery in which it is veiled for them by modesty
+    and our social habits. In a more recent work (_Fisiologia della
+    Donna_, cap. viii) Mantegazza returns to this subject, and
+    remarks that long experience, while confirming his early opinion,
+    has modified it to the extent that he now believes that, as
+    compared with men, the sexual emotions of women vary within far
+    wider limits. Among men few are quite insensitive to the physical
+    pleasures of love, while, on the other hand, few are thrown by
+    the violence of its emotional manifestations into a state of
+    syncope or convulsions. Among women, while some are absolutely
+    insensitive, others (as in cases with which he was acquainted)
+    are so violently excited by the paradise of physical love that,
+    after the sexual embrace, they faint or fall into a cataleptic
+    condition for several hours.
+
+    "Physical sex is a larger factor in the life of the woman.... If
+    this be true of the physical element, it is equally true of the
+    mental element." (Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, _The Human Element in
+    Sex_, fifth edition, 1894, p. 47.)
+
+    "In the female sex," remarks Clouston, "reproduction is a more
+    dominant function of the organism than in the male, and has far
+    larger, if not more intense, relationships to feeling, judgment,
+    and volition." (Clouston, _Neuroses of Development_, 1891.)
+
+    "It may be said," Marro states, "that in woman the visceral
+    system reacts, if not with greater intensity, certainly in a more
+    general manner, to all the impressions, having a sexual basis,
+    which dominate the life of woman, if not as sexual emotions
+    properly so called, as related emotions closely dependent on the
+    reproductive instinct." (A. Marro, _La Puberta_, 1898, p. 233.)
+
+    Forel also believed (_Die Sexuelle Frage_, p. 274) that women are
+    more erotic than men.
+
+    The gynecologist Kisch states his belief that "The sexual impulse
+    is so powerful in women that at certain periods of life its
+    primitive force dominates her whole nature, and there can be no
+    room left for reason to argue concerning reproduction; on the
+    contrary, union is desired even in the presence of the fear of
+    reproduction or when there can be no question of it." He regards
+    absence of sexual feeling in women as pathological. (Kisch,
+    _Sterilitaet des Weibes_, second edition, pp. 205-206.) In his
+    later work (_The Sexual Life of Woman_) Kisch again asserts that
+    sexual impulse always exists in mature women (in the absence of
+    organic sexual defect and cerebral disease), though it varies in
+    strength and may be repressed. In adolescent girls, however, it
+    is weaker than in youths of the same age. After she has had
+    sexual experiences, Kisch maintains, a woman's sexual emotions
+    are just as powerful as a man's, though she has more motives than
+    a man for controlling them.
+
+    Eulenburg is of the same opinion as Kisch, and sharply criticises
+    the loose assertion of some authorities who have expressed
+    themselves in an opposite sense. (A. Eulenburg, _Sexuale
+    Neuropathie_, pp. 88-90; the same author has dealt with the point
+    in the _Zukunft_, December 2, 1893.)
+
+    Kossmann states that the opinion as to the widespread existence
+    of frigidity among women is a fable. (Kossmann, _Allgemeine
+    Gynaecologie_, 1903, p. 362.)
+
+    Bloch concludes that "in most cases the sexual coldness of women
+    is in fact only apparent, either due to the concealment of
+    glowing sexuality beneath the veil of outward reticence
+    prescribed by conventional morality, or else to the husband who
+    has not succeeded in arousing erotic sensations which are
+    complicated and with difficulty awakened.... The sexual
+    sensibility of women is certainly different from that of men, but
+    in strength it is at least as great." (Iwan Bloch, _Das
+    Sexualleben unserer Zeit_ 1907, ch. v.)
+
+    Nystroem, also, after devoting a chapter to the discussion of the
+    causes of sexual coldness in women, concludes: "My conviction,
+    founded on experience, is, that only a small number of women
+    would be without sexual feeling if sound views and teaching
+    prevailed in respect to the sexual life, if due weight were given
+    to inner devotion and tender caresses as the preliminaries of
+    love in marriage, and if couples who wish to avoid pregnancy
+    would adopt sensible preventive methods instead of _coitus
+    interruptus_." (A. Nystroem, _Das Geschlichtsleben und seine
+    Gesetze_, eighth edition, 1907, p. 177.)
+
+We thus find two opinions widely current: one, of world-wide existence and
+almost universally accepted in those ages and centers in which life is
+lived most nakedly, according to which the sexual impulse is stronger in
+women than in men; another, now widely prevalent in many countries,
+according to which the sexual instinct is distinctly weaker in women, if,
+indeed, it may not be regarded as normally absent altogether. A third view
+is possible: it may be held that there is no difference at all. This
+view, formerly not very widely held, is that of the French physiologist,
+Beaunis, as it is of Winckel; while Rohleder, who formerly held that
+sexual feeling tends to be defective in women, now believes that men and
+women are equal in sexual impulse.
+
+    At an earlier period, however, Donatus (_De Medica Historia
+    Mirabili_, 1613, lib. iv, cap. xvii) held the same view, and
+    remarked that sometimes men and sometimes women are the more
+    salacious, varying with the individual. Roubaud (_De
+    l'Impuissance_, 1855, p. 38) stated that the question is so
+    difficult as to be insoluble.
+
+In dealing with the characteristics of the sexual impulse in women, it
+will be seen, we have to consider the prevalence in them of what is
+commonly termed (in its slightest forms) frigidity or hyphedonia, and (in
+more complete form) sexual anesthesia or anaphrodism, or erotic blindness,
+or anhedonia.[157]
+
+    Many modern writers have referred to the prevalence of frigidity
+    among women. Shufeldt believes (_Pacific Medical Journal_, Nov.,
+    1907) that 75 per cent, of married women in New York are
+    afflicted with sexual frigidity, and that it is on the increase;
+    it is rare, however, he adds, among Jewish women. Hegar gives 50
+    per cent, as the proportion of sexually anesthetic women;
+    Fuerbringer says the majority of women are so. Effertz (quoted by
+    Loewenfeld, _Sexualleben und Nervenleiden_, p. 11, apparently with
+    approval) regards 10 per cent, among women generally as sexually
+    anesthetic, but only 1 per cent, men. Moll states (Eulenburg's
+    _Encyclopaedie_, fourth edition, art. "Geschlechtstrieb") that the
+    prevalence of sexual anesthesia among German women varies,
+    according to different authorities, from 10 to 66 per cent.
+    Elsewhere Moll (_Kontraere Sexualempfindung_, third edition, 1890,
+    p. 510) emphasizes the statement that "sexual anesthesia in women
+    is much more frequent than is generally supposed." He explains
+    that he is referring to the physical element of pleasure and
+    satisfaction in intercourse, and of desire for intercourse. He
+    adds that the psychic side of love is often more conspicuous in
+    women than in men. He cannot agree with Sollier that this kind of
+    sexual frigidity is a symptom of hysteria. Fere (_L'Instinct
+    Sexuel_, second edition, p. 112), in referring to the greater
+    frequency of sexual anesthesia in women, remarks that it is often
+    associated with neuropathic states, as well as with anomalies of
+    the genital organs, or general troubles of nutrition, and is
+    usually acquired. Some authors attribute great importance to
+    amenorrhea in this connection; one investigator has found that in
+    4 out of 14 cases of absolute amenorrhea sexual feeling was
+    absent. Loewenfeld, again (_Sexualleben und Nervenleiden_),
+    referring to the common misconception that nervous disorder is
+    associated with increased sexual desire, points out that
+    nervously degenerate women far more often display frigidity than
+    increased sexual desire. Elsewhere (_Ueber die Sexuelle
+    Konstitution_) Loewenfeld says it is only among the upper classes
+    that sexual anesthesia is common. Campbell Clark, also, showed
+    some years ago that, in young women with a tendency to chlorosis
+    and a predisposition to insanity, defects of pelvic and mammary
+    development are very prevalent. (_Journal of Mental Science_,
+    October, 1888.)
+
+    As regards the older medical authors, Schurig (_Spermatologia_,
+    1720, p. 243, and _Gynaecologia_, 1730, p. 81) brought together
+    from the literature and from his own knowledge cases of women who
+    felt no pleasure in coitus, as well as of some men who had
+    erections without pleasure.
+
+There is, however, much uncertainty as to what precisely is meant by
+sexual frigidity or anesthesia. All the old medical authors carefully
+distinguish between the heat of sexual desire and the actual presence of
+pleasure in coitus; many modern writers also properly separate _libido_
+from _voluptas_, since it is quite possible to experience sexual desires
+and not to be able to obtain their gratification during sexual
+intercourse, and it is possible to hold, with Mantegazza, that women
+naturally have stronger sexual impulses than men, but are more liable than
+men to experience sexual anesthesia. But it is very much more difficult
+than most people seem to suppose, to obtain quite precise and definite
+data concerning the absence of either _voluptas_ or _libido_ in a woman.
+Even if we accept the statement of the woman who asserts that she has
+either or both, the statement of their absence is by no means equally
+conclusive and final. As even Adler--who discusses this question fully and
+has very pronounced opinions about it--admits, there are women who stoutly
+deny the existence of any sexual feelings until such feelings are
+actually discovered.[158] Some of the most marked characteristics of the
+sexual impulse in women, moreover,--its association with modesty, its
+comparatively late development, its seeming passivity, its need of
+stimulation,--all combine to render difficult the final pronouncement that
+a woman is sexually frigid. Most significant of all in this connection is
+the complexity of the sexual apparatus in women and the corresponding
+psychic difficulty--based on the fundamental principle of sexual
+selection--of finding a fitting mate. The fact that a woman is cold with
+one man or even with a succession of men by no means shows that she is not
+apt to experience sexual emotions; it merely shows that these men have not
+been able to arouse them. "I recall two very striking cases," a
+distinguished gynecologist, the late Dr. Engelmann, of Boston, wrote to
+me, "of very attractive young married women--one having had a child, the
+other a miscarriage--who were both absolutely cold to their husbands, as
+told me by both husband and wife. They could not understand desire or
+passion, and would not even believe that it existed. Yet, both these women
+with other men developed ardent passion, all the stronger perhaps because
+it had been so long latent." In such cases it is scarcely necessary to
+invoke Adler's theory of a morbid inhibition, or "foreign body in
+consciousness," which has to be overcome. We are simply in the presence of
+the natural fact that the female throughout nature not only requires much
+loving, but is usually fastidious in the choice of a lover. In the human
+species this natural fact is often disguised and perverted. Women are not
+always free to choose the man whom they would prefer as a lover, nor even
+free to find out whether the man they prefer sexually fits them; they are,
+moreover, very often extremely ignorant of the whole question of sex, and
+the victims of the prejudice and false conventions they have been taught.
+On the one hand, they are driven into an unnatural primness and austerity;
+on the other hand, they rebound to an equally unnatural facility or even
+promiscuity. Thus it happens that the men who find that a large number of
+women are not so facile as they themselves are, and as they have found a
+large number of women to be, rush to the conclusion that women tend to be
+"sexually anesthetic." If we wish to be accurate, it is very doubtful
+whether we can assert that a woman is ever absolutely without the aptitude
+for sexual satisfaction.[159] She may unquestionably be without any
+conscious desire for actual coitus. But if we realize to how large an
+extent woman is a sexual organism, and how diffused and even unconscious
+the sexual impulses may be, it becomes very difficult to assert that she
+has never shown any manifestation of the sexual impulse. All we can assert
+with some degree of positiveness in some cases is that she has not
+manifested sexual gratification, more particularly as shown by the
+occurrence of the orgasm, but that is very far indeed from warranting us
+to assert that she never will experience such gratification or still less
+that she is organically incapable of experiencing it.[160] It is therefore
+quite impossible to follow Adler when he asks us to accept the existence
+of a condition which he solemnly terms _anaesthesia sexualis completa
+idiopathica_, in which there is no mechanical difficulty in the way or
+psychic inhibition, but an "absolute" lack of sexual sensibility and a
+complete absence of sexual inclination.[161]
+
+It is instructive to observe that Adler himself knows no "pure" case of
+this condition. To find such a case he has to go back nearly two centuries
+to Madame de Warens, to whom he devotes a whole chapter. He has,
+moreover, had the courage in writing this chapter to rely entirely on
+Rousseau's _Confessions_, which were written nearly half a century later
+than the episodes they narrated, and are therefore full of inaccuracies,
+besides being founded on an imperfect and false knowledge of Madame de
+Warens's earlier life, and written by a man who was, there can be no
+doubt, not able to arouse women's passions. Adler shows himself completely
+ignorant of the historical investigations of De Montet, Mugnier, Ritter,
+and others which, during recent years, have thrown a flood of light on the
+life and character of Madame de Warens, and not even acquainted with the
+highly significant fact that she was hysterical.[162] This is the basis of
+"fact" on which we are asked to accept _anaesthesia sexualis completa
+idiopathica!_[163]
+
+    "In dealing with the alleged absence of the sexual impulse," a
+    well-informed medical correspondent writes from America, "much
+    caution has to be used in accepting statements as to its absence,
+    from the fact that most women fear by the admission to place
+    themselves in an impure category. I am also satisfied that influx
+    of women into universities, etc., is often due to the sexual
+    impulse causing restlessness, and that this factor finds
+    expression in the prurient prudishness so often presenting itself
+    in such women, which interferes with coeducation. This is
+    becoming especially noticeable at the University of Chicago,
+    where prudishness interferes with classical, biological,
+    sociological, and physiological discussion in the classroom.
+    There have been complaints by such women that a given professor
+    has not left out embryological facts not in themselves in any way
+    implying indelicacy. I have even been informed that the opinion
+    is often expressed in college dormitories that embryological
+    facts and discussions should be left out of a course intended for
+    both sexes." Such prudishness, it is scarcely necessary to
+    remark, whether found in women or men, indicates a mind that has
+    become morbidly sensitive to sexual impressions. For the healthy
+    mind embryological and allied facts have no emotionally sexual
+    significance, and there is, therefore, no need to shun them.
+
+    Kolischer, of Chicago ("Sexual Frigidity in Women," _American
+    Journal of Obstetrics_, Sept., 1905), points out that it is often
+    the failure of the husband to produce sexual excitement in the
+    wife which leads to voluntary repression of sexual sensation on
+    her part, or an acquired sexual anesthesia. "Sexual excitement,"
+    he remarks, "not brought to its natural climax, the reaction
+    leaves the woman in a very disagreeable condition, and repeated
+    occurrences of this kind may even lead to general nervous
+    disturbances. Some of these unfortunate women learn to suppress
+    their sexual sensation so as to avoid all these disagreeable
+    sequelae. Such a state of affairs is not only unfortunate, because
+    it deprives the female partner of her natural rights, but it is
+    also to be deplored because it practically brings down such a
+    married woman to the level of the prostitute."
+
+    In illustration of the prevalence of inhibitions of various
+    kinds, from without and from within, in suppressing or disguising
+    sexual feeling in women, I may quote the following observations
+    by an American lady concerning a series of women of her
+    acquaintance:--
+
+    "Mrs. A. This woman is handsome and healthy. She has never had
+    children, much to the grief of herself and her husband. The man
+    is also handsome and attractive. Mrs. A. once asked me if
+    love-making between me and my husband ever originated with me. I
+    replied it was as often so as not, and she said that in that
+    event she could not see how passion between husband and wife
+    could be regulated. When I seemed not to be ashamed of the
+    matter, but rather to be positive in my views that it should be
+    so, she at once tried to impress me with the fact that she did
+    not wish me to think she 'could not be aroused.' This woman
+    several times hinted that she had learned a great amount that was
+    not edifying at boarding school, and I always felt that, with
+    proper encouragement, she would have retailed suggestive stories.
+
+    "Mrs. B. This woman lives to please her husband, who is a spoiled
+    man. She gave birth to a child soon after marriage, but was left
+    an invalid for some years. She told me coition always hurt her,
+    and she said it made her sick to see her husband nude. I was
+    therefore surprised, years afterward, to hear her say, in reply
+    to a remark of another person, 'Yes; women are not only as
+    passionate as men, I am sure they are more so.' I therefore
+    questioned the lack of passion she had on former occasions
+    avowed, or else felt convinced her improvement in health had made
+    intercourse pleasant.
+
+    "Miss C. A teacher. She is emotional and easily becomes
+    hysterical. Her life has been one of self-sacrifice and her
+    rearing most Puritanical. She told me she thought women did not
+    crave sexual satisfaction unless it had been aroused in them. I
+    consider her one who physically is injured by not having it.
+
+    "Mrs. D. After being married a few years this person told me she
+    thought intercourse 'horrid.' Some years after this, however, she
+    fell in love with a man not her husband, which caused their
+    separation. She always fancied men in love with her, and she told
+    me that she and her husband tried to live without intercourse,
+    fearing more children, but they could not do it; she also told of
+    trying to refrain, for the same purpose, until safe parts of the
+    menstrual month, but that 'was just the time she cared least for
+    it.' These remarks made me doubt the sincerity of the first.
+
+    "Mrs. E. said she enjoyed intercourse as well as her husband, and
+    she 'didn't see why she should not say so.' This same woman,
+    whether using a current phrase or not, afterward said her husband
+    'did not bother her very often.'
+
+    "Mrs. F., the mother of several children, was married to a man
+    she neither loved nor respected, but she said that when a strange
+    man touched her it made her tremble all over.
+
+    "Mrs. G., the mother of many children, divorced on account of the
+    dissipation, drinking and otherwise, of her husband. She is of
+    the creole type, but large and almost repulsive. She is a
+    brilliant talker and she supports herself by writing. She has
+    fallen in love with a number of young men, 'wildly, madly,
+    passionately,' as one of them told me, and I am sure she suffers
+    greatly from the lack of satisfaction. She would no doubt procure
+    it if it were possible.
+
+    "I believe," the writer concludes, "women are as passionate as
+    men, but the enforced restraint of years possibly smothers it.
+    The fear of having children and the methods to prevent conception
+    are, I am sure, potent factors in the injury to the emotions of
+    married women. Perhaps the lack of intercourse acts less
+    disastrously upon a woman because of the renewed feeling which
+    comes after each menstrual period."
+
+    As bearing on the causes which have led to the disguise and
+    misinterpretation of the sexual impulse in women I may quote the
+    following communication from another lady:--
+
+    "I do think the coldness of women has been greatly exaggerated.
+    Men's theoretically ideal woman (though they don't care so much
+    about it in practice) is passionless, and women are afraid to
+    admit that they have any desire for sexual pleasure. Rousseau,
+    who was not very straight-laced, excuses the conduct of Madame de
+    Warens on the ground that it was not the result of passion: an
+    aggravation rather than a palliation of the offense, if society
+    viewed it from the point of view of any other fault. Even in the
+    modern novels written by the 'new woman' the longing for
+    maternity, always an honorable sentiment, is dragged in to veil
+    the so-called 'lower' desire. That some women, at any rate, have
+    very strong passions and that great suffering is entailed by
+    their repression is not, I am sure, sufficiently recognized, even
+    by women themselves.
+
+    "Besides the 'passionless ideal' which checks their sincerity,
+    there are many causes which serve to disguise a woman's feelings
+    to herself and make her seem to herself colder than she really
+    is. Briefly these are:--
+
+    "1. Unrecognized disease of the reproductive organs, especially
+    after the birth of children. A friend of mine lamented to me her
+    inability to feel pleasure, though she had done so before the
+    birth of her child, then 3 years old. With considerable
+    difficulty I persuaded her to see a doctor, who told her all the
+    reproductive organs were seriously congested; so that for three
+    years she had lived in ignorance and regret for her husband's
+    sake and her own.
+
+    "2. The dread of recommencing, once having suffered them, all the
+    pains and discomforts of child-bearing.
+
+    "3. Even when precautions are taken, much bother and anxiety is
+    involved, which has a very dampening effect on excitement.
+
+    "4. The fact that men will never take any trouble to find out
+    what specially excites a woman. A woman, as a rule, is at some
+    pains to find out the little things which particularly affect the
+    man she loves,--it may be a trick of speech, a rose in her hair,
+    or what not,--and she makes use of her knowledge. But do you know
+    one man who will take the same trouble? (It is difficult to
+    specify, as what pleases one person may not another. I find that
+    the things that affect me personally are the following: [_a_]
+    Admiration for a man's mental capacity will translate itself
+    sometimes into direct physical excitement. [_b_] Scents of white
+    flowers, like tuberose or syringa. [_c_] The sight of fireflies.
+    [_d_] The idea or the reality of suspension. [_e_] Occasionally
+    absolute passivity.)
+
+    "5. The fact that many women satisfy their husbands when
+    themselves disinclined. This is like eating jam when one does not
+    fancy it, and has a similar effect. It is a great mistake, in my
+    opinion, to do so, except very rarely. A man, though perhaps
+    cross at the time, prefers, I believe, to gratify himself a few
+    times, when the woman also enjoys it, to many times when she does
+    not.
+
+    "6. The masochistic tendency of women, or their desire for
+    subjection to the man they love. I believe no point in the whole
+    question is more misunderstood than this. Nearly every man
+    imagines that to secure a woman's love and respect he must give
+    her her own way in small things, and compel her obedience in
+    great ones. Every man who desires success with a woman should
+    exactly reverse that theory."
+
+When we are faced by these various and often conflicting statements of
+opinion it seems necessary to obtain, if possible, a definite basis of
+objective fact. It would be fairly obvious in any case, and it becomes
+unquestionable in view of the statements I have brought together, that the
+best-informed and most sagacious clinical observers, when giving an
+opinion on a very difficult and elusive subject which they have not
+studied with any attention and method, are liable to make unguarded
+assertions; sometimes, also, they become the victims of ethical or
+pseudoethical prejudices, so as to be most easily influenced by that class
+of cases which happens to fit in best with their prepossessions.[164] In
+order to reach any conclusions on a reasonable basis it is necessary to
+take a series of unselected individuals and to ascertain carefully the
+condition of the sexual impulse in each.
+
+At present, however, this is extremely difficult to do at all
+satisfactorily, and quite impossible, indeed, to do in a manner likely to
+yield absolutely unimpeachable results. Nevertheless, a few series of
+observations have been made. Thus, Dr. Harry Campbell[165] records the
+result of an investigation, carried on in his hospital practice, of 52
+married women of the poorer class; they were not patients, but ordinary,
+healthy working-class women, and the inquiry was not made directly, but of
+the husbands, who were patients. Sexual instinct was said to be present in
+12 cases before marriage, and absent in 40; in 13 of the 40 it never
+appeared at all; so that it altogether appeared in 39, or in the ratio of
+something over 75 per cent. Among the 12 in whom it existed before
+marriage it was said to have appeared in most with puberty; in 3, however,
+a few years before puberty, and in 2 a few years later. In 2 of those in
+whom it appeared before puberty, menstruation began late; in the third it
+rose almost to nymphomania on the day preceding the first menstruation.
+In nearly all the cases desire was said to be stronger in the husband than
+in the wife; when it was stronger in the wife, the husband was
+exceptionally indifferent. Of the 13 in whom desire was absent after
+marriage, 5 had been married for a period under two years, and Campbell
+remarks that it would be wrong to conclude that it would never develop in
+these cases, for in this group of cases the appearance of sexual instinct
+was sometimes a matter of days, sometimes of years, after the date of
+marriage. In two-thirds of the cases there was a diminution of desire,
+usually gradual, at the climacteric; in the remaining third there was
+either no change or exaltation of desire. The most important general
+result, Campbell concludes, is that "the sexual instinct is very much less
+intense in woman than in man," and to this he elsewhere adds a corollary
+that "the sexual instinct in the civilized woman is, I believe, tending to
+atrophy."
+
+An eminent gynecologist, the late Dr. Matthews Duncan, has (in his work on
+_Sterility in Women_) presented a table which, although foreign to this
+subject, has a certain bearing on the matter. Matthews Duncan, believing
+that the absence of sexual desire and of sexual pleasure in coitus are
+powerful influences working for sterility, noted their presence or absence
+in a number of cases, and found that, among 191 sterile women between the
+ages of 15 and 45, 152, or 79 per cent., acknowledged the presence of
+sexual desire; and among 196 sterile women (mostly the same cases), 134,
+or 68 per cent., acknowledged the presence of sexual pleasure in coitus.
+Omitting the cases over 35 years of age, which were comparatively few, the
+largest proportion of affirmative answers, both as regards sexual pleasure
+and sexual desire, was from between 30 and 34 years of age. Matthews
+Duncan assumes that the absence of sexual desire and sexual pleasure in
+women is thoroughly abnormal.[166]
+
+An English non-medical author, in the course of a thoughtful discussion of
+sexual phenomena, revealing considerable knowledge and observation,[167]
+has devoted a chapter to this subject in another of its aspects. Without
+attempting to ascertain the normal strength of the sexual instinct in
+women, he briefly describes 11 cases of "sexual anesthesia" in Women (in 2
+or 3 of which there appears, however, to be an element of latent
+homosexuality) from among the circle of his own friends. This author
+concludes that sexual coldness is very common among English women, and
+that it involves questions of great social and ethical importance.
+
+    I have not met with any series of observations made among
+    seemingly healthy and normal women in other countries; there are,
+    however, various series of somewhat abnormal cases in which the
+    point was noted, and the results are not uninstructive. Thus, in
+    Vienna at Krafft-Ebing's psychiatric clinic, Gattel (_Ueber die
+    sexuellen Ursachen der Neurasthenie und Angstneurose_, 1898)
+    carefully investigated the cases of 42 women, mostly at the
+    height of sexual life,--i.e., between 20 and 35,--who were
+    suffering from slight nervous disorders, especially neurasthenia
+    and mild hysteria, but none of them from grave nervous or other
+    disease. Of these 42, at least 17 had masturbated, at one time or
+    another, either before or after marriage, in order to obtain
+    relief of sexual feelings. In the case of 4 it is stated that
+    they do not obtain sexual satisfaction in marriage, but in these
+    cases only _coitus interruptus_ is practised, and the fact that
+    the absence of sexual satisfaction was complained of seems to
+    indicate an aptitude for experiencing it. These 4 cases can
+    therefore scarcely be regarded as exceptions. In all the other
+    cases sexual desire, sexual excitement, or sexual satisfaction is
+    always clearly indicated, and in a considerable proportion of
+    cases it is noted that the sexual impulse is very strongly
+    developed. This series is valuable, since the facts of the sexual
+    life are, as far as possible, recorded with much precision. The
+    significance of the facts varies, however, according to the view
+    taken as to the causation of neurasthenia and allied conditions
+    of slight nervous disorder. Gattel argues that sexual
+    irregularities are a peculiarly fruitful, if not invariable,
+    source of such disorders; according to the more commonly accepted
+    view this is not so. If we accept the more usual view, these
+    women fairly correspond to average women of lower class; if,
+    however, we accept Gattel's view, they may possess the sexual
+    instinct in a more marked degree than average women.
+
+    In a series of 116 German women in whom the operation of removing
+    the ovaries was performed, Pfister usually noted briefly in what
+    way the sexual impulse was affected by the operation ("Die
+    Wirkung der Castration auf den Weiblichen Organismus," _Archiv
+    fuer Gynaekologie_, 1898, p. 583). In 13 cases (all but 3
+    unmarried) the presence of sexual desire at any time was denied,
+    and 2 of these expressed disgust of sexual matters. In 12 cases
+    the point is left doubtful. In all the other cases sexual desire
+    had once been present, and in 2 or 3 cases it was acknowledged to
+    be so strong as to approach nymphomania. In about 30 of these
+    (not including any in which it was previously very strong) it was
+    extinguished by castration, in a few others it was diminished,
+    and in the rest unaffected. Thus, when we exclude the 12 cases in
+    which the point was not apparently investigated, and the 10
+    unmarried women, in whom it may have been latent or unavowed, we
+    find that, of 94 married women, 91 women acknowledged the
+    existence of sexual desire and only 3 denied it.
+
+    Schroeter, again in Germany, has investigated the manifestations
+    of the sexual impulse among 402 insane women in the asylum at
+    Eichberg in Rheingau. ("Wird bei jungen Unverheiratheten zur Zeit
+    der Menstruation staerkere sexuelle Erregheit beobaehtet?"
+    _Allgemeine Zeitschrift fuer Psychiatrie_, vol. lvi, 1899, pp.
+    321-333.) There is no reason to suppose that the insane represent
+    a class of the community specially liable to sexual emotion,
+    although its manifestations may become unrestrained and
+    conspicuous under the influence of insanity; and at the same
+    time, while the appearance of such manifestations is evidence of
+    the aptitude for sexual emotions, their absence may be only due
+    to disease, seclusion, or to an intact power of self-control.
+
+    Of the 402 women, 166 were married and 236 unmarried. Schroeter
+    divided them into four groups: (1) those below 20; (2) those
+    between 20 and 30; (3) those between 30 and 40; (4) those from 40
+    to the menopause. The patients included persons from the lowest
+    class of the population, and only about a quarter of them could
+    fairly be regarded as curable. Thus the manifestations of
+    sexuality were diminished, for with advance of mental disease
+    sexual manifestations cease to appear. Schroeter only counted
+    those cases in which the sexual manifestations were decided and
+    fairly constant at the menstrual epoch; if not visibly
+    manifested, sexual feeling was not taken into account. Sexual
+    phenomena accompanied the entry of the menstrual epoch in 141
+    cases: i.e., in 20 (or in the proportion of 72 per cent.) of the
+    first group, consisting entirely of unmarried women; in 33 (or 28
+    per cent.) of the second group; in 55 (or 35 per cent.) of the
+    third group; and in 33 (or 33 per cent.) of the fourth group. It
+    was found that 181 patients showed no sexual phenomena at any
+    time, while 80 showed sexual phenomena frequently between the
+    menstrual epochs, but only in a slight degree, and not at all
+    during the period. At all ages sexual manifestations were more
+    prevalent among the unmarried than among the married, though this
+    difference became regularly and progressively less with increase
+    in age.
+
+    Schroeter inclines to think that sexual excitement is commoner
+    among insane women belonging to the lower social classes than in
+    those belonging to the better classes. Among 184 women in a
+    private asylum, only 13 (6.13 per cent.) showed very marked and
+    constant excitement at menstrual periods. He points out, however,
+    that this may be due to a greater ability to restrain the
+    manifestations of feeling.
+
+    There is some interest in Schroeter's results, though they cannot
+    be put on a line with inquiries made among the sane; they only
+    represent the prevalence of the grossest and strongest sexual
+    manifestations when freed from the restraints of sanity.
+
+As a slight contribution toward the question, I have selected a series of
+12 cases of women of whose sexual development I possess precise
+information, with the following results: In 2 cases distinct sexual
+feeling was experienced spontaneously at the age of 7 and 8, but the
+complete orgasm only occurred some years after puberty; in 5 cases sexual
+feeling appeared spontaneously for a few months to a year after the
+appearance of menstruation, which began between 12 and 14 years of age,
+usually at 13; in another case sexual feeling first appeared shortly after
+menstruation began, but not spontaneously, being called out by a lover's
+advances; in the remaining 4 cases sexual emotion never became definite
+and conscious until adult life (the ages being 26, 27, 34, 35), in 2 cases
+through being made love to, and in 2 cases through self-manipulation out
+of accident or curiosity. It is noteworthy that the sexual feelings first
+developed in adult life were usually as strong as those arising at
+puberty. It may be added that, of these 12 women, 9 had at some time or
+another masturbated (4 shortly after puberty, 5 in adult life), but,
+except in 1 case, rarely and at intervals. All belong to the middle class,
+2 or 3 leading easy, though not idle, lives, while all the others are
+engaged in professional or other avocations often involving severe labor.
+They differ widely in character and mental ability; but, while 2 or 3
+might be regarded as slightly abnormal, they are all fairly healthy.
+
+I am inclined to believe that the experiences of the foregoing group are
+fairly typical of the social class to which they belong. I may, however,
+bring forward another series of 35 women, varying in age from 18 to 40
+(with 2 exceptions all over 25), and in every respect comparable with the
+smaller group, but concerning whom my knowledge, though reliable, is
+usually less precise and detailed. In this group 5 state that they have
+never experienced sexual emotion, these being all unmarried and leading
+strictly chaste lives; in 18 cases the sexual impulse may be described as
+strong, or is so considered by the subject herself; in 9 cases it is only
+moderate; in 3 it is very slight when evoked, and with difficulty evoked,
+in 1 of these only appearing two years after marriage, in another the
+exhaustion and worry of household cares being assigned for its comparative
+absence. It is noteworthy that all the more highly intelligent, energetic
+women in the series appear in the group of those with strong sexual
+emotions, and also that severe mental and physical labor, even when
+cultivated for this purpose, has usually had little or no influence in
+relieving sexual emotion.
+
+    An American physician in the State of Connecticut sends me the
+    following notes concerning a series of 13 married women, taken,
+    as they occurred, in obstetric practice. They are in every way
+    respectable and moral women:--
+
+    "Mrs. A. says that her husband does not give her sufficient
+    sexual attention, as he fears they will have more children than
+    he can properly care for. Mrs. B. always enjoys intercourse; so
+    does Mrs. C. Mrs. D. is easily excited and very fond of sexual
+    attention. Mrs. E. likes intercourse if her husband is careful
+    not to hurt her. Mrs. F. never had any sexual desire until after
+    second marriage, but it is now very urgent at times. Mrs. G. is
+    not easily excited, but has never objected to her husband's
+    attention. Mrs. H. would prefer to have her husband exhibit more
+    attention. Mrs. I. never refused her husband, but he does not
+    trouble her much. Mrs. J. thinks that three or four times a week
+    is satisfactory, but would not object to nightly intercourse.
+    Mrs. K. does not think that her husband could give her more than
+    she would like. Mrs. L. would prefer to live with a woman if it
+    were not for sexual intercourse. Mrs. M., aged 40, says that her
+    husband, aged 65, insists upon intercourse three times every
+    night, and that he keeps her tired and disgusted. She each time
+    has at least one orgasm, and would not object to reasonable
+    attention."
+
+It may be remarked that, while these results in English women of the
+middle class are in fair agreement with the German and Austrian
+observations I have quoted, they differ from Campbell's results among
+women of the working class in London. This discrepancy is, perhaps, not
+difficult to explain. While the conditions of upper-class life may
+possibly be peculiarly favorable to the development of the sexual
+emotions, among the working classes in London, where the stress of the
+struggle for existence under bad hygienic conditions is so severe, they
+may be peculiarly unfavorable. It is thus possible that there really are a
+smaller number of women experiencing sexual emotion among the class dealt
+with by Campbell than among the class to which my series belong.[168]
+
+A more serious consideration is the method of investigation. A working
+man, who is perhaps unintelligent outside his own work, and in many cases
+married to a woman who is superior in refinement, may possibly be able to
+arouse his wife's sexual emotions, and also able to ascertain what those
+emotions are, and be willing to answer questions truthfully on this point,
+to the best of his ability, but he is by no means a witness whose evidence
+is final. While, however, Campbell's facts may not be quite
+unquestionable, I am inclined to agree with his conclusion, and
+Mantegazza's, that there is a very great range of variation in this
+matter, and that there is no age at which the sexual impulse in women may
+not appear. A lady who has received the confidence of very many women
+tells me that she has never found a woman who was without sexual feeling.
+I should myself be inclined to say that it is extremely difficult to find
+a woman who is without the aptitude for sexual emotion, although a great
+variety of circumstances may hinder, temporarily or permanently, the
+development of this latent aptitude. In other words, while the latent
+sexual aptitude may always be present, the sexual impulse is liable to be
+defective and the aptitude to remain latent, with consequent deficiency of
+sexual emotion, and absence of sexual satisfaction.
+
+    This is not only indicated by the considerable proportion of my
+    cases in which there is only moderate or slight sexual feeling. I
+    have ample evidence that in many cases the element of pain, which
+    may almost be said to be normal in the establishment of the
+    sexual function, is never merged, as it normally is, in
+    pleasurable sensations on the full establishment of sexual
+    relationships. Sometimes, no doubt, this may be due to
+    dyspareunia. Sometimes there may be an absolute sexual
+    anesthesia, whether of congenital or hysterical origin. I have
+    been told of the case of a married lady who has never been able
+    to obtain sexual pleasure, although she has had relations with
+    several men, partly to try if she could obtain the experience,
+    and partly to please them; the very fact that the motives for
+    sexual relationships arose from no stronger impulse itself
+    indicates a congenital defect on the psychic as well as on the
+    physical side. But, as a rule, the sexual anesthesia involved is
+    not absolute, but lies in a disinclination to the sexual act due
+    to various causes, in a defect of strong sexual impulse, and an
+    inaptitude for the sexual orgasm.
+
+    I am indebted to a lady who has written largely on the woman
+    question, and is herself the mother of a numerous family, for
+    several letters in regard to the prevalence among women of sexual
+    coldness, a condition which she regards as by no means to be
+    regretted. She considers that in all her own children the sexual
+    impulse is very slightly developed, the boys being indifferent to
+    women, the girls cold toward men and with no desire to marry,
+    though all are intelligent and affectionate, the girls showing a
+    very delicate and refined kind of beauty. (A large selection of
+    photographs accompanied this communication.) Something of the
+    same tendency is said to mark the stocks from which this family
+    springs, and they are said to be notable for their longevity,
+    healthiness, and disinclination for excesses of all kinds. It is
+    scarcely necessary to remark that a mother, however highly
+    intelligent, is by no means an infallible judge as to the
+    presence or absence in her children of so shy, subtle, and
+    elusive an impulse as that of sex. At the same time I am by no
+    means disposed to question the existence in individuals, and even
+    in families or stocks, of a relatively weak sexual impulse,
+    which, while still enabling procreation to take place, is
+    accompanied by no strong attraction to the opposite sex and no
+    marked inclination for marriage. (Adler, op. cit., p. 168, found
+    such a condition transmitted from mother to daughter.) Such
+    persons often possess a delicate type of beauty. Even, however,
+    when the health is good there seems usually to be a certain lack
+    of vitality.
+
+It seems to me that a state of sexual anesthesia, relative or absolute,
+cannot be considered as anything but abnormal. To take even the lowest
+ground, the satisfaction of the reproductive function ought to be at least
+as gratifying as the evacuation of the bowels or bladder; while, if we
+take, as we certainly must, higher ground than this, an act which is at
+once the supreme fact and symbol of love and the supreme creative act
+cannot under normal conditions be other than the most pleasurable of all
+acts, or it would stand in violent opposition to all that we find in
+nature.
+
+How natural the sexual impulse is in women, whatever difficulties may
+arise in regard to its complete gratification, is clearly seen when we
+come to consider the frequency with which in young women we witness its
+more or less instinctive manifestations. Such manifestations are liable to
+occur in a specially marked manner in the years immediately following the
+establishment of puberty, and are the more impressive when we remember the
+comparatively passive part played by the female generally in the game of
+courtship, and the immense social force working on women to compel them to
+even an unnatural extension of that passive part. The manifestations to
+which I allude not only occur with most frequency in young girls, but,
+contrary to the common belief, they seem to occur chiefly in innocent and
+unperverted girls. The more vicious are skillful enough to avoid the
+necessity for any such open manifestations. We have to bear this in mind
+when confronted by flagrant sexual phenomena in young girls.
+
+    "A young girl," says Hammer ("Ueber die Sinnlichkeit gesunder
+    Jungfrauen," _Die Neue Generation_, Aug., 1911), "who has not
+    previously adopted any method of self-gratification experiences
+    at the beginning of puberty, about the time of the first
+    menstruation and the sprouting of the pubic hair, in the absence
+    of all stimulation by a man, spontaneous sexual tendencies of
+    both local and psychic nature. On the psychic side there is a
+    feeling of emptiness and dissatisfaction, a need of subjection
+    and of serving, and, if the opportunity has so far been absent,
+    the craving to see masculine nudity and to learn the facts of
+    procreation. Side by side with these wishes, there are at the
+    same time inhibitory desires, such as the wish to keep herself
+    pure, either for a man whom she represents to herself as the
+    'ideal,' or for her parents, who must not be worried, or as a
+    member of a chosen people in whose spirit she must live and die,
+    or out of love to Jesus or to some saint. On the physical side,
+    there is the feeling of fresh power and energy, of enterprise;
+    the agreeable tension of the genital regions, which easily become
+    moist. Then there is the feeling of overirritability and excess
+    of tension, and the need of relieving the tension through
+    pinches, blows, tight lacing, and so forth. If the girl remains
+    innocent of sex satisfaction, there takes place during sleep, at
+    regular intervals of about three days, more or less the relief
+    and emission of the tense glands, not corresponding to the
+    menstrual period, but to intercourse, and serving better than
+    sexual instruction to represent to her the phenomena of
+    intercourse. If at this period actual intercourse takes place, it
+    is, as a rule, free from pain, as also is the introduction of the
+    speculum. Without any seduction from without, the chaste girl now
+    frequently finds a way to relieve the excessive tension without
+    the aid of a man. It is self-abuse that leads gradually to the
+    production of pain in defloration. The menstrual phenomena
+    correspond to birth; self-gratification or relief during sleep to
+    intercourse." This statement of the matter is somewhat too
+    absolute and unqualified. Under the artificial conditions of
+    civilization the inhibitory influences of training speedily work
+    powerfully, and more or less successfully, in banishing sexual
+    phenomena into the subconscious, sometimes to work all the
+    mischief there which Freud attributes to them. It must also be
+    said (as I have pointed out in the discussion of Auto-erotism in
+    another volume) that sexual dreams seem to be the exception
+    rather than the rule in innocent girls. It remains true that
+    sexual phenomena in girls at puberty must not be regarded as
+    morbid or unnatural. There is also very good reason for believing
+    (even apart from the testimony of so experienced a gynecologist
+    as Hammer) that on the physical side sexual processes tend to be
+    accomplished with a facility that is often lost in later years
+    with prolonged chastity. This is true alike of intercourse and of
+    childbirth. (See vol. vi of these _Studies_, ch. xii.)
+
+Even, however, in the case of adults the active part played by women in
+real life in matters of love by no means corresponds to the conventional
+ideas on these subjects. No doubt nearly every woman receives her sexual
+initiation from an older and more experienced man. But, on the other hand,
+nearly every man receives his first initiation through the active and
+designed steps taken by an older and more experienced woman. It is too
+often forgotten by those who write on these subjects that the man who
+seduces a woman has usually himself in the first place been "seduced" by a
+woman.
+
+    A well-known physician in Chicago tells me that on making inquiry
+    of 25 middle-class married men in succession be found that 16 had
+    been first seduced by a woman. An officer in the Indian Medical
+    Service writes to me as follows: "Once at a club in Burma we were
+    some 25 at table and the subject of first intercourse came up.
+    All had been led astray by servants save 2, whom their sisters'
+    governesses had initiated. We were all men in the 'service,' so
+    the facts may be taken to be typical of what occurs in our
+    stratum of society. All had had sexual relations with respectable
+    unmarried girls, and most with the wives of men known to their
+    fathers, in some instances these being old enough to be their
+    lovers' mothers. Apparently up to the age of 17 none had dared to
+    make the first advances, yet from the age of 13 onward all had
+    had ample opportunity for gratifying their sexual instincts with
+    women. Though all had been to public schools where homosexuality
+    was known to occur, yet (as I can assert from intimate knowledge)
+    none had given signs of inversion or perversion in Burma."
+
+    In Russia, Tchlenoff, investigating the sexual life of over 2000
+    Moscow students of upper and middle class (_Archives
+    d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, Oct.-Nov., 1908), found that in half
+    of them the first coitus took place between 14 and 17 years of
+    age; in 41 per cent, with prostitutes, in 39 per cent, with
+    servants, and in 10 per cent, with married women. In 41 per cent,
+    the young man declared that he had taken the initiative, in 25
+    per cent, the women took it, and in 23 per cent, the incitement
+    came from a comrade.
+
+    The histories I have recorded in Appendix B (as well as in the
+    two following volumes of these _Studies_) very well illustrate
+    the tendency of young girls to manifest sexual impulses when
+    freed from the constraint which they feel in the presence of
+    adult men and from the fear of consequences. These histories show
+    especially how very frequently nurse-maids and servant-girls
+    effect the sexual initiation of the young boys intrusted to them.
+    How common this impulse is among adolescent girls of low social
+    class is indicated by the fact that certainly the majority of
+    middle-class men can recall instances from their own childhood.
+    (I here leave out of account the widespread practice among nurses
+    of soothing very young children in their charge by manipulating
+    the sexual organs.)
+
+    A medical correspondent, in emphasizing this point, writes that
+    "many boys will tell you that, if a nurse-girl is allowed to
+    sleep in the same room with them, she will attempt sexual
+    manipulations. Either the girl gets into bed with the boy and
+    pulling him on to her tickles the penis and inserts it into the
+    vulva, making the boy imitate sexual movements, or she simply
+    masturbates the child, to get him excited and interested, often
+    showing him the female sexual opening in herself or in his
+    sisters, teaching him to finger it. In fact, a nurse-girl may
+    ruin a boy, chiefly, I think, because she has been brought up to
+    regard the sexual organs as a mystery, and is in utter ignorance
+    about them. She thus takes the opportunity of investigating the
+    boy's penis to find out how it works, etc., in order to satisfy
+    her curiosity. I know of a case in which a nurse in a fashionable
+    London Square garden used to collect all the boys and girls
+    (gentlemen's children) in a summer-house when it grew dark, and,
+    turning up her petticoats, invite all the boys to look at and
+    feel her vulva, and also incite the older boys of 12 or 14 to
+    have coitus with her. Girls are afraid of pregnancy, so do not
+    allow an adult penis to operate. I think people should take on a
+    far higher class of nurses, than they do."
+
+    "Children ought never to be allowed, under any circumstances
+    whatever," wrote Lawson Tait (_Diseases of Women_, 1889, p. 62),
+    "to sleep with servants. In every instance where I have found a
+    number of children affected [by masturbation] the contagion has
+    been traced to a servant." Freud has found (_Neurologisches
+    Centralblatt_, No. 10, 1896) that in cases of severe youthful
+    hysteria the starting point may frequently be traced to sexual
+    manipulations by servants, nurse-girls, and governesses.
+
+    "When I was about 8 or 9," a friend writes, "a servant-maid of
+    our family, who used to carry the candle out of my bedroom, often
+    drew down the bedclothes and inspected my organs. One night she
+    put the penis in her mouth. When I asked her why she did it her
+    answer was that 'sucking a boy's little dangle' cured her of
+    pains in her stomach. She said that she had done it to other
+    little boys, and declared that she liked doing it. This girl was
+    about 16; she had lately been 'converted.' Another maid in our
+    family used to kiss me warmly on the naked abdomen when I was a
+    small boy. But she never did more than that. I have heard of
+    various instances of servant-girls tampering with boys before
+    puberty, exciting the penis to premature erection by
+    manipulation, suction, and contact with their own parts." Such
+    overstimulation must necessarily in some cases have an injurious
+    influence on the boy's immature nervous system. Thus, Hutchinson
+    (_Archives of Surgery_, vol. iv, p. 200) describes a case of
+    amblyopia in a boy, developing after he had been placed to sleep
+    in a servant-girl's room.
+
+    Moll (_Kontraere Sexualempfindung_, third edition, 1899, p. 325)
+    refers to the frequency with which servant-girls (between the
+    ages of 18 and 30) carry on sexual practices with young boys
+    (between 5 and 13) committed to their care. More than a century
+    earlier Tissot, in his famous work on onanism, referred to the
+    frequency with which servant-girls corrupt boys by teaching them
+    to masturbate; and still earlier, in England, the author of
+    _Onania_ gave many such cases. We may, indeed, go back to the
+    time of Rabelais, who (as Dr. Kiernan reminds me) represents the
+    governesses of Gargantua, when he was a child, as taking pleasure
+    in playing with his penis till it became wet, and joking with
+    each other about it. (_Gargantua_, book i, chapter ix.)
+
+    The prevalence of such manifestations among servant-girls
+    witnesses to their prevalence among lower-class girls generally.
+    In judging such acts, even when they seem to be very deliberate,
+    it is important to remember that at this age unreasoning instinct
+    plays a very large part in the manifestations of the sexual
+    impulse. This is clearly indicated by the phenomena observed in
+    the insane. Thus, as we have seen (page 214), Schroeter has found
+    that, among girls of low social class under 20 years of age,
+    spontaneous periodical sexual manifestations at menstrual epochs
+    occurred in as large a proportion as 72 per cent. Among girls of
+    better social position these impulses are inhibited, or at all
+    events modified, by good taste or good feeling, the influences of
+    tradition or education; it is only to the latter that children
+    should be intrusted.
+
+    Hoche mentions a case in which a man was accused of repeatedly
+    exhibiting his sexual organs to the servant-girl at a house; she
+    enjoyed the spectacle (_Neurologisches Centralblatt_, 1896, No.
+    2). It may well be that in some cases of self-exhibition the
+    offender has good reason, on the ground of previous experience,
+    for thinking that he is giving pleasure. "When we used to go to
+    bathe while I was at school," writes a correspondent, "girls from
+    a poor quarter of the lower town (some quite 16) often followed
+    us and stood to watch about a hundred yards from the river. They
+    used to 'giggle' and 'pass remarks.' I have seen girls of this
+    class peeping through chinks of a palisade around a bathing-place
+    on the Thames." A correspondent who has given special attention
+    to the point tells me of the great interest displayed by young
+    girls of the people in Italy in the sexual organs of men.
+
+    Curiosity--whether in the form of the desire for knowledge or the
+    desire for sensation--is, of course, not confined to young girls
+    and women of lower social strata, though in them it is less often
+    restrained by motives of self-respect and good feeling. "At the
+    age of 8," writes a correspondent, "I was one day playing in a
+    spare room with a girl of about 12 or 13. She gave me a
+    penholder, and, crouching upon her hands and knees, with her
+    posterior toward me, invited me to introduce the instrument into
+    the vulva. This was the first time I had seen the female parts,
+    and, as I appeared to be somewhat repelled, she coaxed me to
+    comply with her desire. I did as she directed, and she said that
+    it gave her pleasure. Several times after I repeated the same act
+    at her request. A friend tells me that when he was 10 a girl of
+    16 asked him to lace up her boots. While he was kneeling at her
+    feet his hand touched her ankle. She asked him to put his hand
+    higher, and repeated 'Higher, higher,' till he touched the
+    pudenda, and finally, at her request, put his finger into the
+    vestibule. This girl was very handsome and amiable, and a
+    favorite of the boy's mother. No one suspected this propensity."
+    Again, a correspondent (a man of science) tells me of a friend
+    who lately, when dining out, met a girl, the daughter of a
+    country vicar; he was not specially attracted to her and paid her
+    no special attention. "A few days afterward he was astonished to
+    receive a call from her one afternoon (though his address is not
+    discoverable from any recognized source). She sat down as near to
+    him as she could, and rested her hand on his thigh, etc., while
+    talking on different subjects and drinking tea. Then without any
+    verbal prelude she asked him to have connection with her. Though
+    not exactly a Puritan, he is not the man to jump at such an offer
+    from a woman he is not in love with, so, after ascertaining that
+    the girl was _virgo intacta_, he declined and she went away. A
+    fortnight or so later he received a letter from her in the
+    country, making no reference to what had passed, but giving an
+    account of her work with her Sunday-school class. He did not
+    reply, and then came a curt note asking him to return her letter.
+    My friend feels sure she was devoted to auto-erotic performances,
+    but, having become attracted to him, came to the conclusion she
+    would like to try normal intercourse."
+
+    Wolbarst, studying the prevalence of gonorrhea among boys in New
+    York (especially, it would appear, in quarters where the
+    foreign-born elements--mainly Russian Jew and south Italian--are
+    large), states: "In my study of this subject there have been
+    observed 3 cases of gonorrheal urethritis, in boys aged,
+    respectively, 4, 10, and 12 years, which were acquired in the
+    usual manner, from girls ranging between 10 and 12 years of age.
+    In each case, according to the story told by the victim, the girl
+    made the first advances, and in I case, that of the 4-year-old
+    boy, the act was consummated in the form of an assault, by a
+    girl 12 years old, in which the child was threatened with injury
+    unless he performed his part." (A.L. Wolbarst, _Journal of the
+    American Medical Association_, Sept. 28, 1901.) In a further
+    series of cases (_Medical Record_, Oct. 29, 1910) Wolbarst
+    obtained similar results, though he recognizes also the frequency
+    of precocious sexuality in the young boys themselves.
+
+    Gibb states, concerning assaults on children by women: "It is
+    undeniably true that they occur much more frequently than is
+    generally supposed, although but few of the cases are brought to
+    public notice, owing to the difficulty of proving the charge."
+    (W.T. Gibb, article "Indecent Assaults upon Children," in A.
+    McLane Hamilton's _System of Legal Medicine_, vol. i, p. 651.)
+    Gibb's opinion carries weight, since he is medical adviser for
+    the New York Society for the Protection of Children, and
+    compelled to sift the evidence carefully in such cases.
+
+    It should be mentioned that, while a sexual curiosity exercised
+    on younger children is, in girls about the age of puberty, an
+    ill-regulated, but scarcely morbid, manifestation, in older women
+    it may be of pathological origin. Thus, Kisch records the case of
+    a refined and educated lady of 30 who had been married for nine
+    years, but had never experienced sexual pleasure in coitus. For a
+    long time past, however, she had felt a strong desire to play
+    with the genital organs of children of either sex, a proceeding
+    which gave her sexual pleasure. She sought to resist this impulse
+    as much as possible, but during menstruation it was often
+    irresistible. Examination showed an enlarged and retroflexed
+    uterus and anesthesia of vagina. (Kisch, _Die Sterilitaet des
+    Weibes_, 1886, p. 103.) The psychological mechanism by which an
+    anesthetic vagina leads to a feeling of repulsion for normal
+    coitus and normal sexual organs, and directs the sexual feelings
+    toward more infantile forms of sexuality, is here not difficult
+    to trace.
+
+    It is not often that the sexual attempts of girls and young women
+    on boys--notwithstanding their undoubted frequency--become of
+    medico-legal interest. In France in the course of ten years (1874
+    to 1884) only 181 women, who were mostly between 20 and 30 years
+    of age, were actually convicted of sexual attempts on children
+    below 15. (Paul Bernard, "Viols et attentats a la Pudeur,"
+    _Archives de l'Anthropologie Criminelle_, 1887.) Lop ("Attentats
+    a la Pudeur commis par des Femmes sur des Petits Enfants," id.,
+    Aug., 1896) brings together a number of cases chiefly committed
+    by girls between the ages of 18 and 20. In England such
+    accusations against a young woman or girl may easily be
+    circumvented. If she is under 16 she is protected by the Criminal
+    Law Amendment Act and cannot be punished. In any case, when found
+    out, she can always easily bring the sympathy to her side by
+    declaring that she is not the aggressor, but the victim. Cases of
+    violent sexual assault upon girls, Lawson Tait remarks, while
+    they undoubtedly do occur, are very much rarer than the frequency
+    with which the charge is made would lead us to suspect. At one
+    time, by arrangement with the authority, 70 such charges at
+    Birmingham were consecutively brought before Lawson Tait. These
+    charges were all made under the Criminal Law Amendment Act. In
+    only 6 of these cases was he able to advise prosecution, in all
+    of which cases conviction was obtained. In 7 other cases in which
+    the police decided to prosecute there was either no conviction or
+    a very light sentence. In at least 26 cases the charge was
+    clearly trumped up. The average age of these girls was 12. "There
+    is not a piece of sexual argot that ever had before reached my
+    ears," remarks Mr. Tait, "but was used by these children in the
+    descriptions given by them of what had been done to them; and
+    they introduced, in addition, quite a new vocabulary on the
+    subject. The minute and detailed descriptions of the sexual act
+    given by chits of 10 and 11 would do credit to the pages of
+    Mirabeau. At first sight it is a puzzle to see how children so
+    young obtained their information." "About the use of the word
+    'seduced,'" the same writer remarks, "I wish to say that the
+    class of women from amongst whom the great bulk of these cases
+    are drawn seem to use it in a sense altogether different from
+    that generally employed. It is not with them a process in which
+    male villainy succeeds by various arts in overcoming female
+    virtue and reluctance, but simply a date at which an incident in
+    their lives occurs for the first time; and, according to their
+    use of the phrase, the ancient legend of the Sacred Scriptures,
+    had it ended in the more ordinary and usual way by the virtue of
+    Joseph yielding to the temptation offered, would have to read as
+    a record of the seduction of Mrs. Potiphar."
+
+    With reference to Lawson Tait's observation that violent assaults
+    on women, while they do occur, are very much rarer than the
+    frequency with which such charges are made would lead us to
+    believe, it may be remarked that many medico-legal authorities
+    are of the same opinion. (See, e.g., G. Vivian Poore's _Treatise
+    on Medical Jurisprudence_, 1901, p. 325. This writer also
+    remarks: "I hold very strongly that a woman may rape a man as
+    much as a man may rape a woman.") There can be little doubt that
+    the plea of force is very frequently seized on by women as the
+    easiest available weapon of defense when her connection with a
+    man has been revealed. She has been so permeated by the current
+    notion that no "respectable" woman can possibly have any sexual
+    impulses of her own to gratify that, in order to screen what she
+    feels to be regarded as an utterly shameful and wicked, as well
+    as foolish, act, she declares it never took place by her own will
+    at all. "Now, I ask you, gentlemen," I once heard an experienced
+    counsel address the jury in a criminal case, "as men of the
+    world, have you ever known or heard of a woman, a single woman,
+    confess that she had had sexual connection and not declare that
+    force had been used to compel her to such connection?" The
+    statement is a little sweeping, but in this matter there is some
+    element of truth in the "man of the world's" opinion. One may
+    refer to the story (told by Etienne de Bourbon, by Francisco de
+    Osuna in a religious work, and by Cervantes in _Don Quixote_,
+    part ii, ch. xlv) concerning a magistrate who, when a girl came
+    before him to complain of rape, ordered the accused young man
+    either to marry her or pay her a sum of money. The fine was paid,
+    and the magistrate then told the man to follow the girl and take
+    the money from her by force; the man obeyed, but the girl
+    defended herself so energetically that he could not secure the
+    money. Then the judge, calling the parties before him again,
+    ordered the fine to be returned: "Had you defended your chastity
+    as well as you have defended your money it could not have been
+    taken away from you." In most cases of "rape," in the case of
+    adults, there has probably been some degree of consent, though
+    that partial assent may have been basely secured by an appeal to
+    the lower nervous centers alone, with no participation of the
+    intelligence and will. Freud (_Zur Psychopathologie des
+    Alltagslebens_, p. 87) considers that on this ground the judge's
+    decision in _Don Quixote_ is "psychologically unjust," because in
+    such a case the woman's strength is paralyzed by the fact that an
+    unconscious instinct in herself takes her assailant's part
+    against her own conscious resistance. But it must be remembered
+    that the factor of instinct plays a large part even when no
+    violence is attempted.
+
+Such facts and considerations as these tend to show that the sexual
+impulse is by no means so weak in women as many would lead us to think. It
+would appear that, whereas in earlier ages there was generally a tendency
+to credit women with an unduly large share of the sexual impulse, there is
+now a tendency to unduly minimize the sexual impulse in women.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[156] I have had occasion to refer to the historic evolution of male
+opinion regarding women in previous volumes, as, e.g., _Man and Woman_,
+chapter i, and the appendix on "The Influence of Menstruation on the
+Position of Women" in the first volume of these _Studies_.
+
+[157] The terminology proposed by Ziehen ("Zur Lehre von den
+psychopathischen Konstitutionen," _Charite Annalen_, vol. xxxxiii, 1909)
+is as follows: For absence of sexual feeling, _anhedonia_; for diminution
+of the same, _hyphedonia_; for excess of sexual feeling, _hyperhedonia_;
+for qualitative sexual perversions, _parhedonia_. "Erotic blindness" was
+suggested by Nardelli.
+
+[158] O. Adler, _Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes_, 1904,
+p. 146.
+
+[159] A correspondent tells me that he knows a woman who has been a
+prostitute since the age of 15, but never experienced sexual pleasure and
+a real, non-simulated orgasm till she was 23; since then she has become
+very sensual. In other similar cases the hitherto indifferent prostitute,
+having found the man who suits her, abandons her profession, even though
+she is thereby compelled to live in extreme poverty. "An insensible
+woman," as La Bruyere long ago remarked in his chapter "Des Femmes," "is
+merely one who has not yet seen the man she must love."
+
+[160] Guttceit (_Dreissig Jahre Praxis_, vol. i, p. 416) pointed out that
+the presence or absence of the orgasm is the only factor in "sexual
+anesthesia" of which we can speak at all definitely; and he believed that
+anaphrodism, in the sense of absence of the sexual impulse, never occurs
+at all, many women having confided to him that they had sexual desires,
+although those desires were not gratified by coitus.
+
+[161] _Op. cit._, p. 164.
+
+[162] Havelock Ellis, "Madame de Warens," _The Venture_, 1903.
+
+[163] It is interesting to observe that finally even Adler admits (op.
+cit., p. 155) that there is no such thing as _congenital_ lack of aptitude
+for sexual sensibility.
+
+[164] "I am not entirely satisfied with the testimony as to the alleged
+sexual anesthesia," a medical correspondent writes. "The same principle
+which makes the young harlot an old saint makes the repentant rake a
+believer in sexual anesthesia. Most of the medical men who believe, or
+claim to believe, that sexual anesthesia is so prevalent do so either to
+flatter their hysterical patients or because they have the mentality of
+the Hyacinthe of Zola's _Paris_."
+
+[165] _Differences in the Nervous Organization of Man and Woman_, 1891;
+chapter xiii, "Sexual Instinct in Men and Women Compared."
+
+[166] Matthews Duncan considered that "the healthy performance of the
+functions of child-bearing is surely connected with a well-regulated
+condition of desire and pleasure." "Desire and pleasure," he adds, "may be
+excessive, furious, overpowering, without bringing the female into the
+class of maniacs; they may be temporary, healthy, and moderate; they may
+be absent or dull." (Matthews Duncan, _Goulstonian Lectures on Sterility
+in Woman_, pp. 91, 121.)
+
+[167] Geoffrey Mortimer, _Chapters on Human Love_, 1898, ch. xvi.
+
+[168] I do not, however, attach much weight to this possibility. The
+sexual instinct among the lower social classes everywhere is subject to
+comparatively weak inhibition, and Loewenfeld is probably right in
+believing the women of the lower class do not suffer from sexual
+anesthesia to anything like the same extent as upper-class women. In
+England most women of the working class appear to have had sexual
+intercourse at some time in their lives, notwithstanding the risks of
+pregnancy, and if pregnancy occurs they refer to it calmly as an
+"accident," for which they cannot be held responsible; "Well, I couldn't
+help that," I have heard a young widow remark when mildly reproached for
+the existence of her illegitimate child. Again, among American negresses
+there seems to be no defect of sexual passion, and it is said that the
+majority of negresses in the Southern States support not only their
+children, but their lovers and husbands.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+Special Characters of the Sexual Impulse in Women--The More Passive Part
+Played by Women in Courtship--This Passivity only Apparent--The Physical
+Mechanism of the Sexual Process in Women More Complex--The Slower
+Development of Orgasm in Women--The Sexual Impulse in Women More
+Frequently Needs to be Actively Aroused--The Climax of Sexual Energy Falls
+Later in Women's Lives than in Men's--Sexual Ardor in Women Increased
+After the Establishment of Sexual Relationships--Women bear Sexual
+Excesses better than Men--The Sexual Sphere Larger and More Diffused in
+Women--The Sexual Impulse in Women Shows a Greater Tendency to Periodicity
+and a Wider Range of Variation.
+
+
+So far I have been discussing the question of the sexual impulse in women
+on the ground upon which previous writers have usually placed it. The
+question, that is, has usually presented itself to them as one concerning
+the relative strength of the impulse in men and women. When so considered,
+not hastily and with prepossession, as is too often the case, but with a
+genuine desire to get at the real facts in all their aspects, there is no
+reason, as we have seen, to conclude that, on the whole, the sexual
+impulse in women is lacking in strength.
+
+But we have to push our investigation of the matter further. In reality,
+the question as to whether the sexual impulse is or is not stronger in one
+sex than in the other is a somewhat crude one. To put the question in that
+form is to reveal ignorance of the real facts of the matter. And in that
+form, moreover, no really definite and satisfactory answer can be given.
+
+It is necessary to put the matter on different ground. Instead of taking
+more or less insolvable questions as to the strength of the sexual impulse
+in the two sexes, it is more profitable to consider its differences. What
+are the special characters of the sexual impulse in women?
+
+There is certainly one purely natural sexual difference of a fundamental
+character, which lies at the basis of whatever truth may be in the
+assertion that women are not susceptible of sexual emotion. As may he
+seen when considering the phenomena of modesty, the part played by the
+female in courtship throughout nature is usually different from that
+played by the male, and is, in some respects, a more difficult and complex
+part. Except when the male fails to play his part properly, she is usually
+comparatively passive; in the proper playing of her part she has to appear
+to shun the male, to flee from his approaches--even actually to repel
+them.[169]
+
+Courtship resembles very closely, indeed, a drama or game; and the
+aggressiveness of the male, the coyness of the female, are alike
+unconsciously assumed in order to bring about in the most effectual manner
+the ultimate union of the sexes. The seeming reluctance of the female is
+not intended to inhibit sexual activity either in the male or in herself,
+but to increase it in both. The passivity of the female, therefore, is not
+a real, but only an apparent, passivity, and this holds true of our own
+species as much as of the lower animals. "Women are like delicately
+adjusted alembics," said a seventeenth-century author. "No fire can be
+seen outside, but if you look underneath the alembic, if you place your
+hand on the hearts of women, in both places you will find a great
+furnace."[170] Or, as Marro has finely put it, the passivity of women in
+love is the passivity of the magnet, which in its apparent immobility is
+drawing the iron toward it. An intense energy lies behind such passivity,
+an absorbed preoccupation in the end to be attained.
+
+Tarde, when exercising magistrate's functions, once had to inquire into a
+case in which a young man was accused of murder. In questioning a girl of
+18, a shepherdess, who appeared before him as a witness, she told him that
+on the morning following the crime she had seen the footmarks of the
+accused up to a certain point. He asked how she recognized them, and she
+replied, ingenuously but with assurance, that she could recognize the
+footprints of every young man in the neighborhood, even in a plowed
+field.[171] No better illustration could be given of the real significance
+of the sexual passivity of women, even at its most negative point.
+
+    "The women I have known," a correspondent writes, "do not express
+    their sensations and feelings as much as I do. Nor have I found
+    women usually anxious to practise 'luxuries.' They seldom care to
+    practice _fellatio_; I have only known one woman who offered to
+    do _fellatio_ because she liked it. Nor do they generally care to
+    masturbate a man; that is, they do not care greatly to enjoy the
+    contemplation of the other person's excitement. (To me, to see
+    the woman excited means almost more than my own pleasure.) They
+    usually resist _cunnilinctus_, although they enjoy it. They do
+    not seem to care to touch or look at a man's parts so much as he
+    does at theirs. And they seem to dislike the tongue-kiss unless
+    they feel very sexual or really love a man." My correspondent
+    admits that his relationships have been numerous and facile,
+    while his erotic demands tend also to deviate from the normal
+    path. Under such circumstances, which not uncommonly occur, the
+    woman's passions fail to be deeply stirred, and she retains her
+    normal attitude of relative passivity.
+
+    It is owing to the fact that the sexual passivity of women is
+    only an apparent, and not a real, passivity that women are apt to
+    suffer, as men are, from prolonged sexual abstinence. This,
+    indeed, has been denied, but can scarcely be said to admit of
+    doubt. The only question is as to the relative amount of such
+    suffering, necessarily a very difficult question. As far back as
+    the fourteenth century Johannes de Sancto Amando stated that
+    women are more injured than men by sexual abstinence. In modern
+    times Maudsley considers that women "suffer more than men do from
+    the entire deprivation of sexual intercourse" ("Relations between
+    Body and Mind," _Lancet_, May 28, 1870). By some it has been held
+    that this cause may produce actual disease. Thus, Tilt, an
+    eminent gynecologist of the middle of the nineteenth century, in
+    discussing this question, wrote: "When we consider how much of
+    the lifetime of woman is occupied by the various phases of the
+    generative process, and how terrible is often the conflict within
+    her between the impulse of passion and the dictates of duty, it
+    may be well understood how such a conflict reacts on the organs
+    of the sexual economy in the unimpregnated female, and
+    principally on the ovaria, causing an orgasm, which, if often
+    repeated, may _possibly_ be productive of subacute ovaritis."
+    (Tilt, _On Uterine and Ovarian Inflammation_, 1862, pp. 309-310.)
+    Long before Tilt, Haller, it seems, had said that women are
+    especially liable to suffer from privation of sexual intercourse
+    to which they have been accustomed, and referred to chlorosis,
+    hysteria, nymphomania, and simple mania curable by intercourse.
+    Hegar considers that in women an injurious result follows the
+    nonsatisfaction of the sexual impulse and of the "ideal
+    feelings," and that symptoms thus arise (pallor, loss of flesh,
+    cardialgia, malaise, sleeplessness, disturbances of menstruation)
+    which are diagnosed as "chlorosis." (Hegar, _Zusammenhang der
+    Geschlechtskrankheiten mit nervoesen Leiden_, 1885, p. 45.) Freud,
+    as well as Gattel, has found that states of anxiety
+    (_Angstzustaende_) are caused by sexual abstinence. Loewenfeld, on
+    careful examination of his own cases, is able to confirm this
+    connection in both sexes. He has specially noticed it in young
+    women who marry elderly husbands. Loewenfeld believes, however,
+    that, on the whole, healthy unmarried women bear sexual
+    abstinence better than men. If, however, they are of at all
+    neuropathic disposition, ungratified sexual emotions may easily
+    lead to various morbid conditions, especially of a
+    hysteroneurasthenic character. (Loewenfeld, _Sexualleben und
+    Nervenleiden_, second edition, 1899, pp. 44, 47, 54-60.)
+    Balls-Headley considers that unsatisfied sexual desires in women
+    may lead to the following conditions: general atrophy, anemia,
+    neuralgia and hysteria, irregular menstruation, leucorrhea,
+    atrophy of sexual organs. He also refers to the frequency of
+    myoma of the uterus among those who have not become pregnant or
+    who have long ceased to bear children. (Balls-Headley, art.
+    "Etiology of Diseases of Female Genital Organs," Allbutt and
+    Playfair, _System of Gynaecology_, 1896, p. 141.) It cannot,
+    however, be said that he brings forward substantial evidence in
+    favor of these beliefs. It may be added that in America, during
+    recent years, leading gynecologists have recorded a number of
+    cases in which widows on remarriage have shown marked improvement
+    in uterine and pelvic conditions.
+
+    The question as to whether men or women suffer most from sexual
+    abstinence, as well as the question whether definite morbid
+    conditions are produced by such abstinence, remains, however, an
+    obscure and debated problem. The available data do not enable us
+    to answer it decisively. It is one of those subtle and complex
+    questions which can only be investigated properly by a
+    gynecologist who is also a psychologist. Incidentally, however,
+    we have met and shall have occasion to meet with evidence bearing
+    on this question. It is sufficient to say here, briefly, that it
+    is impossible to believe, even if no evidence were forthcoming,
+    that the exercise or non-exercise of so vastly important a
+    function can make no difference to the organism generally. So
+    far as the evidence goes, it may be said to indicate that the
+    results of the abeyance of the sexual functions in healthy women
+    in whom the sexual emotions have never been definitely aroused
+    tend to be diffused and unconscious, as the sexual impulse itself
+    often is, but that, in women in whom the sexual emotions have
+    been definitely aroused and gratified, the results of sexual
+    abstinence tend to be acute and conscious.
+
+    These acute results are at the present day very often due to
+    premature ejaculation by nervous or neurasthenic husbands, the
+    rapidity with which detumescence is reached in the husband
+    allowing insufficient time for tumescence in the wife, who
+    consequently fails to reach the orgasm. This has of late been
+    frequently pointed out. Thus Kafemann (_Sexual-Probleme_, March,
+    1910, p. 194 et seq.) emphasizes the prevalence of sexual
+    incompetence in men. Ferenczi, of Budapest (_Zentralblatt fuer
+    Psychoanalyse_, 1910, ht. 1 and 2, p. 75), believes that the
+    combination of neurasthenic husbands with resultantly nervous
+    wives is extraordinarily common; even putting aside the
+    neurasthenic, he considers it may be said that the whole male sex
+    in relation to women suffer from precocious ejaculation. He adds
+    that it is often difficult to say whether the lack of harmony may
+    not be due to retarded orgasm in the woman. He regards the
+    influence of masturbation in early life as tending to quicken
+    orgasm in man, while when practised by the other sex it tends to
+    slow orgasm, and thus increases the disharmony. He holds,
+    however, that the chief cause lies in the education of women with
+    its emphasis on sexual repression; this works too well and the
+    result is that when the external impediments to the sexual
+    impulse are removed the impulse has become incapable of normal
+    action. Porosz (_British Medical Journal_, April 1, 1911) has
+    brought forward cases of serious nervous trouble in women which
+    have been dispersed when the sexual weakness and premature
+    ejaculation of the husband have been cured.
+
+The true nature of the passivity of the female is revealed by the ease
+with which it is thrown off, more especially when the male refuses to
+accept his cue. Or, if we prefer to accept the analogy of a game, we may
+say that in the play of courtship the first move belongs to the male, but
+that, if he fails to play, it is then the female's turn to play.
+
+    Among many birds the males at mating time fall into a state of
+    sexual frenzy, but not the females. "I cannot call to mind a
+    single case," states an authority on birds (H.E. Howard,
+    _Zooelogist_, 1902, p. 146), "where I have seen anything
+    approaching frenzy in the female of any species while mating."
+
+    Another great authority on birds, a very patient and skillful
+    observer, Mr. Edmund Selous, remarks, however, in describing the
+    courting habits of the ruffs and reeves (_Machetes pugnax_) that,
+    notwithstanding the passivity of the females beforehand, their
+    movements during and after coitus show that they derive at least
+    as much pleasure as the males. (E. Selous, "Selection in Birds,"
+    _Zooelogist_, Feb. and May, 1907.)
+
+    The same observer, after speaking of the great beauty of the male
+    eider duck, continues: "These glorified males--there were a dozen
+    of these, perhaps, to some six or seven females--swam closely
+    about the latter, but more in attendance upon them than as
+    actively pursuing them, for the females seemed themselves almost
+    as active agents in the sport of being wooed as were their lovers
+    in wooing them. The male bird first dipped down his head till his
+    beak just touched the water, then raised it again in a
+    constrained and tense manner,--the curious rigid action so
+    frequent in the nuptial antics of birds,--at the same time
+    uttering his strange haunting note. The air became filled with
+    it; every moment one or other of the birds--sometimes several
+    together--with upturned bill would softly laugh or exclaim, and
+    while the males did this, the females, turning excitedly, and
+    with little eager demonstrations from one to another of them,
+    kept lowering and extending forward the head and neck in the
+    direction of each in turn.... I noticed that a female would often
+    approach a male bird with her head and neck laid flat along the
+    water as though in a very 'coming on' disposition, and that the
+    male bird declined her advances. This, taken in conjunction with
+    the actions of the female when courted by the male, appears to me
+    to raise a doubt as to the universal application of the law that
+    throughout nature the male, in courtship, is eager, and the
+    female coy. Here, to all appearances, courtship was proceeding,
+    and the birds had not yet mated. The female eider ducks,
+    however,--at any rate, some of them,--appeared to be anything but
+    coy." (_Bird Watching_, pp. 144-146.)
+
+    Among moor-hens and great-crested grebes sometimes what Selous
+    terms "functional hermaphroditism" occurs and the females play
+    the part of the male toward their male companions, and then
+    repeat the sexual act with a reversion to the normal order, the
+    whole to the satisfaction of both parties. (E. Selous,
+    _Zooelogist_, 1902, p. 196.)
+
+    It is not only among birds that the female sometimes takes the
+    active part, but also among mammals. Among white rats, for
+    instance, the males are exceptionally eager. Steinach, who has
+    made many valuable experiments on these animals (_Archiv fuer die
+    Gesammte Physiologie_, Bd. lvi, 1894, p. 319), tells us that,
+    when a female white rat is introduced into the cage of a male, he
+    at once leaves off eating, or whatever else he may be doing,
+    becomes indifferent to noises or any other source of
+    distraction, and devotes himself entirely to her. If, however, he
+    is introduced into her cage the new environment renders him
+    nervous and suspicious, and then it is she who takes the active
+    part, trying to attract him in every way. The impetuosity during
+    heat of female animals of various species, when at length
+    admitted to the male, is indeed well known to all who are
+    familiar with animals.
+
+    I have referred to the frequency with which, in the human
+    species,--and very markedly in early adolescence, when the sexual
+    impulse is in a high degree unconscious and unrestrainedly
+    instinctive,--similar manifestations may often be noted. We have
+    to recognize that they are not necessarily abnormal and still
+    less pathological. They merely represent the unseasonable
+    apparition of a tendency which in due subordination is implied in
+    the phases of courtship throughout the animal world. Among some
+    peoples and in some stages of culture, tending to withdraw the
+    men from women and the thought of women, this phase of courtship
+    and this attitude assume a prominence which is absolutely normal.
+    The literature of the Middle Ages presents a state of society in
+    which men were devoted to war and to warlike sports, while the
+    women took the more active part in love-making. The medieval
+    poets represent women as actively encouraging backward lovers,
+    and as delighting to offer to great heroes the chastity they had
+    preserved, sometimes entering their bed-chambers at night.
+    Schultz (_Das Hoefische Leben_, Bd. i, pp. 594-598) considers that
+    these representations are not exaggerated. Cf. Krabbes, _Die Frau
+    im Altfranzoesischen Karls-Epos_, 1884, p. 20 et seq.; and M.A.
+    Potter, _Sohrab and Rustem_, 1902, pp. 152-163.
+
+    Among savages and barbarous races in various parts of the world
+    it is the recognized custom, reversing the more usual method, for
+    the girl to take the initiative in courtship. This is especially
+    so in New Guinea. Here the girls almost invariably take the
+    initiative, and in consequence hold a very independent position.
+    Women are always regarded as the seducers: "Women steal men." A
+    youth who proposed to a girl would be making himself ridiculous,
+    would be called a woman, and be laughed at by the girls. The
+    usual method by which a girl proposes is to send a present to the
+    youth by a third party, following this up by repeated gifts of
+    food; the young man sometimes waits a month or two, receiving
+    presents all the time, in order to assure himself of the girl's
+    constancy before decisively accepting her advances. (A.C. Haddon,
+    _Cambridge Expedition to Torres Straits_, vol. v, ch. viii; id.,
+    "Western Tribes of Torres Straits," _Journal of the
+    Anthropological Institute_, vol. xix, February, 1890, pp. 314,
+    356, 394, 395, 411, 413; id., _Head Hunters_, pp. 158-164; R.E.
+    Guise, "Tribes of the Wanigela River," _Journal of the
+    Anthropological Institute_, new series, vol. i, February-May,
+    1899, p. 209.) Westermarck gives instances of races among whom
+    the women take the initiative in courtship. (_History of
+    Marriage_, p. 158; so also Finck, _Primitive Love and
+    Love-stories_, 1899, p. 109 et seq.; and as regards Celtic women,
+    see Rhys and Brynmor Jones, _The Welsh People_.)
+
+There is another characteristic of great significance by which the sexual
+impulse in women differs from that in men: the widely unlike character of
+the physical mechanism involved in the process of coitus. Considering how
+obvious this difference is, it is strange that its fundamental importance
+should so often be underrated. In man the process of tumescence and
+detumescence is simple. In women it is complex. In man we have the more or
+less spontaneously erectile penis, which needs but very simple conditions
+to secure the ejaculation which brings relief. In women we have in the
+clitoris a corresponding apparatus on a small scale, but behind this has
+developed a much more extensive mechanism, which also demands
+satisfaction, and requires for that satisfaction the presence of various
+conditions that are almost antagonistic. Naturally the more complex
+mechanism is the more easily disturbed. It is the difference, roughly
+speaking, between a lock and a key. This analogy is far from indicating
+all the difficulties involved. We have to imagine a lock that not only
+requires a key to fit it, but should only be entered at the right moment,
+and, under the best conditions, may only become adjusted to the key by
+considerable use. The fact that the man takes the more active part in
+coitus has increased these difficulties; the woman is too often taught to
+believe that the whole function is low and impure, only to be submitted to
+at her husband's will and for his sake, and the man has no proper
+knowledge of the mechanism involved and the best way of dealing with it.
+The grossest brutality thus may be, and not infrequently is, exercised in
+all innocence by an ignorant husband who simply believes that he is
+performing his "marital duties." For a woman to exercise this physical
+brutality on a man is with difficulty possible; a man's pleasurable
+excitement is usually the necessary condition of the woman's sexual
+gratification. But the reverse is not the case, and, if the man is
+sufficiently ignorant or sufficiently coarse-grained to be satisfied with
+the woman's submission, he may easily become to her, in all innocence, a
+cause of torture.
+
+To the man coitus must be in some slight degree pleasurable or it cannot
+take place at all. To the woman the same act which, under some
+circumstances, in the desire it arouses and the satisfaction it imparts,
+will cause the whole universe to shrivel into nothingness, under other
+circumstances will be a source of anguish, physical and mental. This is so
+to some extent even in the presence of the right and fit man. There can be
+no doubt whatever that the mucus which is so profusely poured out over the
+external sexual organs in woman during the excitement of sexual desire has
+for its end the lubrication of the parts and the facilitation of the
+passage of the intromittent organ. The most casual inspection of the cold,
+contracted, dry vulva in its usual aspect and the same when distended,
+hot, and moist suffices to show which condition is and which is not that
+ready for intercourse, and until the proper condition is reached it is
+certain that coitus should not be attempted.
+
+The varying sensitiveness of the female parts again offers difficulties.
+Sexual relations in women are, at the onset, almost inevitably painful;
+and to some extent the same experience may be repeated at every act of
+coitus. Ordinary tactile sensibility in the female genitourinary region is
+notably obtuse, but at the beginning of the sexual act there is normally a
+hyperesthesia which may be painful or pleasurable as excitement
+culminates, passing into a seeming anesthesia, which even craves for rough
+contact; so that in sexual excitement a woman normally displays in quick
+succession that same quality of sensibility to superficial pressure and
+insensibility to deep pressure which the hysterical woman exhibits
+simultaneously.
+
+Thus we see that a highly important practical result follows from the
+greater complexity of the sexual apparatus in women and the greater
+difficulty with which it is aroused. In coitus the orgasm tends to occur
+more slowly in women than in men. It may easily happen that the whole
+process of detumescence is completed in the man before it has begun in
+his partner, who is left either cold or unsatisfied. This is one of the
+respects in which women remain nearer than men to the primitive stage of
+humanity.
+
+    In the Hippocratic treatise, _Of Generation_, it is stated that,
+    while woman has less pleasure in coitus than man, her pleasure
+    lasts longer. (_Oeuvres d'Hippocrate_, edition Littre, vol. vii,
+    p. 477.)
+
+    Beaunis considers that the slower development of the orgasm in
+    women is the only essential difference in the sexual process in
+    men and women. (Beaunis, _Les Sensations Internes_, 1889, p.
+    151.) This characteristic of the sexual impulse in women, though
+    recognized for so long a period, is still far too often ignored
+    or unknown. There is even a superstition that injurious results
+    may follow if the male orgasm is not effected as rapidly as
+    possible. That this is not so is shown by the experiences of the
+    Oneida community in America, who in their system of sexual
+    relationship carried prolonged intercourse without ejaculation to
+    an extreme degree. There can be no doubt whatever that very
+    prolonged intercourse gives the maximum amount of pleasure and
+    relief to the woman. Not only is this the very decided opinion of
+    women who have experienced it, but it is also indicated by the
+    well-recognized fact that a woman who repeats the sexual act
+    several times in succession often experiences more intense orgasm
+    and pleasure with each repetition.
+
+    This point is much better understood in the East than in the
+    West. The prolongation of the man's excitement, in order to give
+    the woman time for orgasm, is, remarks Sir Richard Burton
+    (_Arabian Nights_, vol. v, p. 76), much studied by Moslems, as
+    also by Hindoos, who, on this account, during the orgasm seek to
+    avoid overtension of muscles and to preoccupy the brain. During
+    coitus they will drink sherbet, chew betel-nut, and even smoke.
+    Europeans devote no care to this matter, and Hindoo women, who
+    require about twenty minutes to complete the act, contemptuously
+    call them "village cocks." I have received confirmation of
+    Burton's statements on this point from medical correspondents in
+    India.
+
+    While the European desires to perform as many acts of coitus in
+    one night as possible, Breitenstein remarks, the Malay, as still
+    more the Javanese, wishes, not to repeat the act many times, but
+    to prolong it. His aim is to remain in the vagina for about a
+    quarter of an hour. Unlike the European, also, he boasts of the
+    pleasure he has given his partner far more than of his own
+    pleasure. (Breitenstein, _21 Jahre in India_, theil i, "Borneo,"
+    p. 228.)
+
+    Jaeger (_Entdeckung der Seele_, second edition, vol. i, 1884, p.
+    203), as quoted by Moll, explains the preference of some women
+    for castrated men as due, not merely to the absence of risk of
+    impregnation, but to the prolonged erections that take place in
+    the castrated. Aly-Belfadel remarks (_Archivio di Psichiatria_,
+    1903, p. 117) that he knows women who prefer old men in coitus
+    simply because of their delay in ejaculation which allows more
+    time to the women to become excited.
+
+    A Russian correspondent living in Italy informs me that a
+    Neapolitan girl of 17, who had only recently ceased to be a
+    virgin, explained to him that she preferred _coitus in ore vulvae_
+    to real intercourse because the latter was over before she had
+    time to obtain the orgasm (or, as she put it, "the big bird has
+    fled from the cage and I am left in the lurch"), while in the
+    other way she was able to experience the orgasm twice before her
+    partner reached the climax. "This reminds me," my correspondent
+    continues, "that a Milanese cocotte once told me that she much
+    liked intercourse with Jews because, on account of the
+    circumcised penis being less sensitive to contact, they ejaculate
+    more slowly then Christians. 'With Christians,' she said, 'it
+    constantly happens that I am left unsatisfied because they
+    ejaculate before me, while in coitus with Jews I sometimes
+    ejaculate twice before the orgasm occurs in my partner, or,
+    rather, I hold back the second orgasm until he is ready.' This is
+    confirmed," my correspondent continues, "by what I was told by a
+    Russian Jew, a student at the Zuerich Polytechnic, who had a
+    Russian comrade living with a mistress, also a Russian student,
+    or pseudostudent. One day the Jew, going early to see his friend,
+    was told to enter by a woman's voice and found his friend's
+    mistress alone and in her chemise beside the bed. He was about to
+    retire, but the young woman bade him stay and in a few minutes he
+    was in bed with her. She told him that her lover had just gone
+    away and that she never had sexual relief with him because he
+    always ejaculated too soon. That morning he had left her so
+    excited and so unrelieved that she was just about to
+    masturbate--which she rarely did because it gave her
+    headache--when she heard the Jew's voice, and, knowing that Jews
+    are slower in coitus than Christians, she had suddenly resolved
+    to give herself to him."
+
+    I am informed that the sexual power of negroes and slower
+    ejaculation (see Appendix A) are the cause of the favor with
+    which they are viewed by some white women of strong sexual
+    passions in America, and by many prostitutes. At one time there
+    was a special house in New York City to which white women
+    resorted for these "buck lovers"; the women came heavily veiled
+    and would inspect the penises of the men before making their
+    selection.
+
+It is thus a result of the complexity of the sexual mechanism in women
+that the whole attitude of a woman toward the sexual relationship is
+liable to be affected disastrously by the husband's lack of skill or
+consideration in initiating her into this intimate mystery. Normally the
+stage of apparent repulsion and passivity, often associated with great
+sensitiveness, physical and moral, passes into one of active participation
+and aid in the consummation of the sexual act. But if, from whatever
+cause, there is partial arrest on the woman's side of this evolution in
+the process of courtship, if her submission is merely a mental and
+deliberate act of will, and not an instinctive and impulsive
+participation, there is a necessary failure of sexual relief and
+gratification. When we find that a woman displays a certain degree of
+indifference in sexual relationships, and a failure of complete
+gratification, we have to recognize that the fault may possibly lie, not
+in her, but in the defective skill of a lover who has not known how to
+play successfully the complex and subtle game of courtship. Sexual
+coldness due to the shock and suffering of the wedding-night is a
+phenomenon that is far too frequent.[172] Hence it is that many women may
+never experience sexual gratification and relief, through no defect on
+their part, but through the failure of the husband to understand the
+lover's part. We make a false analogy when we compare the courtship of
+animals exclusively with our own courtships before marriage. Courtship,
+properly understood, is the process whereby both the male and the female
+are brought into that state of sexual tumescence which is a more or less
+necessary condition for sexual intercourse. The play of courtship cannot,
+therefore, be considered to be definitely brought to an end by the
+ceremony of marriage; it may more properly be regarded as the natural
+preliminary to every act of coitus.
+
+    Tumescence is not merely a more or less essential condition for
+    proper sexual intercourse. It is probably of more fundamental
+    significance as one of the favoring conditions of impregnation.
+    This has, indeed, been long recognized. Van Swieten, when
+    consulted by the childless Maria Theresa, gave the opinion "Ego
+    vero censeo, vulvam Sacratissimae Majestatis ante coitum diutius
+    esse titillandam," and thereafter she had many children. "I think
+    it very nearly certain," Matthews Duncan wrote (_Goulstonian
+    Lectures on Sterility in Woman_, 1884, p. 96), "that desire and
+    pleasure in due or moderate degree are very important aids to, or
+    predisposing causes of, fecundity," as bringing into action the
+    complicated processes of fecundation. Hirst (_Text-book of
+    Obstetrics_, 1899, p. 67) mentions the case of a childless
+    married woman who for six years had had no orgasm during
+    intercourse; then it occurred at the same time as coitus, and
+    pregnancy resulted.
+
+    Kisch is very decidedly of the same opinion, and considers that
+    the popular belief on this point is fully justified. It is a
+    fact, he states, that an unfaithful wife is more likely to
+    conceive with her lover than with her husband, and he concludes
+    that, whatever the precise mechanism may be, "sexual excitement
+    on the woman's part is a necessary link in the chain of
+    conditions producing impregnation." (E.H. Kisch, _Die Sterilitaet
+    des Weibes_, 1886, p. 99.) Kisch believes (p. 103) that in the
+    majority of women sexual pleasure only appears gradually, after
+    the first cohabitation, and then develops progressively, and that
+    the first conception usually coincides with its complete
+    awakening. In 556 cases of his own the most frequent epoch of
+    first impregnation was found to be between ten and fifteen months
+    after marriage.
+
+    The removal of sexual frigidity thus becomes a matter of some
+    importance. This removal may in some cases be effected by
+    treatment through the husband, but that course is not always
+    practicable. Dr. Douglas Bryan, of Leicester, informs me that in
+    several cases he has succeeded in removing sexual coldness and
+    physical aversion in the wife by hypnotic suggestion. The
+    suggestions given to the patient are "that all her womanly
+    natural feelings would be quickly and satisfactorily developed
+    during coitus; that she would experience no feeling of disgust
+    and nausea, would have no fear of the orgasm not developing; that
+    there would be no involuntary resistance on her part." The fact
+    that such suggestions can be permanently effective tends to show
+    how superficial the sexual "anesthesia" of women usually is.
+
+Not only, therefore, is the apparatus of sexual excitement in women more
+complex than in men, but--in part, possibly as a result of this greater
+complexity--it much more frequently requires to be actively aroused. In
+men tumescence tends to occur almost spontaneously, or under the simple
+influence of accumulated semen. In women, also, especially in those who
+live a natural and healthy life, sexual excitement also tends to occur
+spontaneously, but by no means so frequently as in men. The comparative
+rarity of sexual dreams in women who have not had sexual relationships
+alone serves to indicate this sexual difference. In a very large number of
+women the sexual impulse remains latent until aroused by a lover's
+caresses. The youth spontaneously becomes a man; but the maiden--as it has
+been said--"must be kissed into a woman."
+
+One result of this characteristic is that, more especially when love is
+unduly delayed beyond the first youth, this complex apparatus has
+difficulty in responding to the unfamiliar demands of sexual excitement.
+Moreover, delayed normal sexual relations, when the sexual impulse is not
+absolutely latent, tend to induce all degrees of perverted or abnormal
+sexual gratification, and the physical mechanism when trained to respond
+in other ways often fails to respond normally when, at last, the normal
+conditions of response are presented. In all these ways passivity and even
+aversion may be produced in the conjugal relationship. The fact that it is
+almost normally the function of the male to arouse the female, and that
+the greater complexity of the sexual mechanism in women leads to more
+frequent disturbance of that mechanism, produces a simulation of organic
+sexual coldness which has deceived many.
+
+    An instructive study of cases in which the sexual impulse has
+    been thus perverted has been presented by Smith Baker ("The
+    Neuropsychical Element in Conjugal Aversion," _Journal of Nervous
+    and Mental Disease_, vol. xvii, September, 1892). Raymond and
+    Janet, who believes that sexual coldness is extremely frequent in
+    marriage, and that it plays an important part in the causation of
+    physical and moral troubles, find that it is most often due to
+    masturbation. (_Les Obsessions_, vol. ii, p. 307.) Adler, after
+    discussing the complexity of the feminine sexual mechanism, and
+    the difficulty which women find in obtaining sexual gratification
+    in normal coitus, concludes that "masturbation is a frequent,
+    perhaps the most frequent, cause of defective sexual sensibility
+    in women." (_Op. cit._, p. 119.) He remarks that in women
+    masturbation usually has less resemblance to normal coitus than
+    in men and involves very frequently the special excitation of
+    parts which are not the chief focus of excitement in coitus, so
+    that coitus fails to supply the excitation which has become
+    habitual (pp. 113-116). In the discussion of "Auto-erotism" in
+    the first volume of these _Studies_, I had already referred to
+    the divorce between the physical and the ideal sides of love
+    which may, especially in women, be induced by masturbation.
+
+    Another cause of inhibited sexual feeling has been brought
+    forward. A married lady with normal sexual impulse states
+    (_Sexual-Probleme_, April, 1912, p. 290) that she cannot
+    experience orgasm and sexual satisfaction when the intercourse is
+    not for conception. This is a psychic inhibition independent of
+    any disturbance due to the process of prevention. She knows other
+    women who are similarly affected. Such an inhibition must be
+    regarded as artificial and abnormal, since the final result of
+    sexual intercourse, under natural and normal conditions, forms no
+    essential constituent of the psychic process of intercourse.
+
+As a result of the fact that in women the sexual emotions tend not to
+develop great intensity until submitted to powerful stimulation, we find
+that the maximum climax of sexual emotion tends to fall somewhat later in
+a woman's life than in a man's. Among animals generally there appears to
+be frequently traceable a tendency for the sexual activities of the male
+to develop at a somewhat earlier age than those of the female. In the
+human, species we may certainly trace the same tendency. As the great
+physiologist, Burdach, pointed out, throughout nature, with the
+accomplishment of the sexual act the part of the male in the work of
+generation comes to an end; but that act represents only the beginning of
+a woman's generative activity.
+
+A youth of 20 may often display a passionate ardor in love which is very
+seldom indeed found in women who are under 25. It is rare for a woman,
+even though her sexual emotions may awaken at puberty or earlier, to
+experience the great passion of her life until after the age of 25 has
+been passed. In confirmation of this statement, which is supported by
+daily observation, it may be pointed out that nearly all the most
+passionate love-letters of women, as well as their most passionate
+devotions, have come from women who had passed, sometimes long passed,
+their first youth. When Heloise wrote to Abelard the first of the letters
+which have come down to us she was at least 32. Mademoiselle Aisse's
+relation with the Chevalier began when she was 32, and when she died, six
+years later, the passion of each was at its height. Mary Wollstonecraft
+was 34 when her love-letters to Imlay began, and her child was born in the
+following year. Mademoiselle de Lespinasse was 43 when she began to write
+her letters to M. de Guibert. In some cases the sexual impulse may not
+even appear until after the period of the menopause has been passed.[173]
+
+    In Roman times Ovid remarked (_Ars Amatoria_, lib. ii) that a
+    woman fails to understand the art of love until she has reached
+    the age of 35. "A girl of 18," said Stendhal (_De l'Amour_, ch.
+    viii), "has not the power to crystallize her emotions; she forms
+    desires that are too limited by her lack of experience in the
+    things of life, to be able to love with such passion as a woman
+    of 28." "Sexual needs," said Restif de la Bretonne (_Monsieur
+    Nicolas_, vol. xi, p. 221), "often only appears in young women
+    when they are between 26 and 27 years of age; at least, that is
+    what I have observed."
+
+    Erb states that it is about the middle of the twenties that women
+    begin to suffer physically, morally, and intellectually from
+    their sexual needs. Nystroem (_Das Geschlechtsleben_, p. 163)
+    considers that it is about the age of 30 that a woman first
+    begins to feel conscious of sex needs. In a case of Adler's (_op.
+    cit._, p. 141), sexual feelings first appeared after the birth of
+    the third child, at the age of 30. Forel (_Die Sexuelle Frage_,
+    1906, p. 219) considers that sexual desire in woman is often
+    strongest between the ages of 30 and 40. Leith Napier
+    (_Menopause_, p. 94) remarks that from 28 to 30 is often an
+    important age in woman who have retained their virginity, erotism
+    then appearing with the full maturity of the nervous system.
+    Yellowlees (art. "Masturbation," _Dictionary of Psychological
+    Medicine_), again, states that at about the age of 33 some women
+    experience great sexual irritability, often resulting in
+    masturbation. Audiffrent (_Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_,
+    Jan. 15, 1902, p. 3) considers that it is toward the age of 30
+    that a woman reaches her full moral and physical development, and
+    that at this period her emotional and idealizing impulses reach a
+    degree of intensity which is sometimes irresistible. It has
+    already been mentioned that Matthews Duncan's careful inquiries
+    showed that it is between the ages of 30 and 34 that the largest
+    proportion of women experience sexual desire and sexual pleasure.
+    It may be remarked, also, that while the typical English
+    novelists, who have generally sought to avoid touching the deeper
+    and more complex aspects of passion, often choose very youthful
+    heroines, French novelists, who have frequently had a
+    predilection for the problems of passion, often choose heroines
+    who are approaching the age of 30.
+
+    Hirschfeld (_Von Wesen der Liebe_, p. 26) was consulted by a lady
+    who, being without any sexual desires or feelings, married an
+    inverted man in order to live with him a life of simple
+    comradeship. Within six months, however, she fell violently in
+    love with her husband, with the full manifestation of sexual
+    feelings and accompanying emotions of jealousy. Under all the
+    circumstances, however, she would not enter into sexual
+    relationship with her husband, and the torture she endured became
+    so acute that she desired to be castrated. In this connection,
+    also, I may mention a case, which has been communicated to me
+    from Glasgow, of a girl--strong and healthy and menstruating
+    regularly since the age of 17--who was seduced at the age of 20
+    without any sexual desire on her part, giving birth to a child
+    nine months later. Subsequently she became a prostitute for three
+    years, and during this period had not the slightest sexual desire
+    or any pleasure in sexual connection. Thereafter she met a poor
+    lad with whom she has full sexual desire and sexual pleasure, the
+    result being that she refuses to go with any other man, and
+    consequently is almost without food for several days every week.
+
+    The late appearance of the great climax of sexual emotion in
+    women is indicated by a tendency to nervous and psychic
+    disturbances between the ages of 25 and about 33, which has been
+    independently noted by various alienists (though it may be noted
+    that 25 to 30 is not an unusual age for first attacks of insanity
+    in men also). Thus, Krafft-Ebing states that adult unmarried
+    women between the ages of 25 and 30 often show nervous symptoms
+    and peculiarities. (Krafft-Ebing, "Ueber Neurosen und Psychosen
+    durch Sexuelle Abstinenz," _Jahrbuecher fuer Psychiatrie_, Bd.
+    viii, ht. 1-4, 1888.) Pitres and Regis find also (_Comptes-rendus
+    XIIe Congres International de Medecine_, Moscow, 1897, vol. iv,
+    p. 45) that obsessions, which are commoner in women than in men
+    and are commonly connected in their causation with strong moral
+    emotion, occur in women chiefly between the ages of 26 and 30,
+    though in men much earlier. The average age at which in England
+    women inebriates begin drinking in excess is 26. (_British
+    Medical Journal_, Sept. 2, 1911, p. 518.)
+
+    A case recorded by Serieux is instructive as regards the
+    development of the sexual impulse, although it comes within the
+    sphere of mental disorder. A woman of 32 with bad heredity had in
+    childhood had weak health and become shy, silent, and fond of
+    solitude, teased by her companions and finding consolation in
+    hard work. Though very emotional, she never, even in the vaguest
+    form, experienced any of those feelings and aspirations which
+    reveal the presence of the sexual impulse. She had no love of
+    dancing and was indifferent to any embraces she might chance to
+    receive from young men. She never masturbated or showed inverted
+    feelings. At the age of 23 she married. She still, however,
+    experienced no sexual feelings; twice only she felt a faint
+    sensation of pleasure. A child was born, but her home was unhappy
+    on account of her husband's drunken habits. He died and she
+    worked hard for her own living and the support of her mother.
+    Then at the age of 31 a new phase occurs in her life: she falls
+    in love with the master of her workshop. It was at first a purely
+    psychic affection, without any mixture of physical elements; it
+    was enough to see him, and she trembled when she touched anything
+    that belonged to him. She was constantly thinking about him; she
+    loved him for his eyes, which seemed to her those of her own
+    child, and especially for his intelligence. Gradually, however,
+    the lower nervous centers began to take part in these emotions;
+    one day in passing her the master chanced to touch her shoulder;
+    this contact was sufficient to produce sexual turgescence. She
+    began to masturbate daily, thinking of her master, and for the
+    first time in her life she desired coitus. She evoked the image
+    of her master so constantly and vividly that at last
+    hallucinations of sight, touch, and hearing appeared, and it
+    seemed to her that he was present. These hallucinations were only
+    with difficulty dissipated. (P. Serieux, _Les Anomalies de
+    L'Instinct Sexuel_, 1888, p. 50.) This case presents in an insane
+    form a phenomenon which is certainly by no means uncommon and is
+    very significant. Up to the age of 31 we should certainly have
+    been forced to conclude that this woman was sexually anesthetic
+    to an almost absolute degree. In reality, we see this was by no
+    means the case. Weak health, hard work, and a brutal husband had
+    prolonged the latency of the sexual emotions; but they were
+    there, ready to explode with even insane intensity (this being
+    due to the unsound heredity) in the presence of a man who
+    appealed to these emotions.
+
+    In connection with the late evolution of the sexual emotions in
+    women reference may be made to what is usually termed "old maid's
+    insanity," a condition not met with in men. In these cases, which
+    are not, indeed, common, single women who have led severely
+    strict and virtuous lives, devoting themselves to religious or
+    intellectual work, and carefully repressing the animal side of
+    their natures, at last, just before the climacteric, experience
+    an awakening of the erotic impulse; they fall in love with some
+    unfortunate man, often a clergyman, persecute him with their
+    attentions, and frequently suffer from the delusion that he
+    reciprocates their affections.
+
+When once duly aroused, there cannot usually be any doubt concerning the
+strength of the sexual impulse in normal and healthy women. There would,
+however, appear to be a distinct difference between the sexes at this
+point also. Before sexual union the male tends to be more ardent; after
+sexual union it is the female who tends to be more ardent. The sexual
+energy of women, under these circumstances, would seem to be the greater
+on account of the long period during which it has been dormant.
+
+    Sinibaldus in the seventeenth century, in his _Geneanthropeia_,
+    argued that, though women are cold at first, and aroused with
+    more difficulty and greater slowness than men, the flame of
+    passion spreads in them the more afterward, just as iron is by
+    nature cold, but when heated gives a great degree of heat.
+    Similarly Mandeville said of women that "their passions are not
+    so easily raised nor so suddenly fixed upon any particular
+    object; but when this passion is once rooted in women it is much
+    stronger and more durable than in men, and rather increases than
+    diminishes by enjoying the person of the beloved." (_A Modest
+    Defence of Public Stews_, 1724, p. 34.) Burdach considered that
+    women only acquire the full enjoyment of their general strength
+    after marriage and pregnancy, while it is before marriage that
+    men have most vigor. Schopenhauer also said that a man's love
+    decreases with enjoyment, and a woman's increases. And Ellen Key
+    has remarked (_Love and Marriage_) that "where there is no
+    mixture of Southern blood it is a long time, sometimes indeed not
+    till years after marriage, that the senses of the Northern women
+    awake to consciousness."
+
+    Even among animals this tendency seems to be manifested. Edmund
+    Selous (_Bird Watching_, p. 112) remarks, concerning sea-gulls:
+    "Always, or almost always, one of the birds--and this I take to
+    be the female--is more eager, has a more soliciting manner and
+    tender begging look than the other. It is she who, as a rule,
+    draws the male bird on. She looks fondly up at him, and, raising
+    her bill to his, as though beseeching a kiss, just touches with
+    it, in raising, the feathers of the throat--an action light, but
+    full of endearment. And in every way she shows herself the most
+    desirous, and, in fact, so worries and pesters the poor male gull
+    that often, to avoid her importunities, he flies away. This may
+    seem odd, but I have seen other instances of it. No doubt, in
+    actual courting, before the sexes are paired, the male bird is
+    usually the most eager, but after marriage the female often
+    becomes the wooer. Of this I have seen some marked instances."
+    Selous mentions especially the plover, kestrel hawk, and rook.
+
+In association with the fact that women tend to show an increase of sexual
+ardor after sexual relationships have been set up may be noted the
+probably related fact that sexual intercourse is undoubtedly less
+injurious to women than to men. Other things being equal, that is to say,
+the threshold of excess is passed very much sooner by the man than by the
+woman. This was long ago pointed out by Montaigne. The ancient saying,
+"_Omne animal post coitum triste_," is of limited application at the best,
+but certainly has little reference to women.[174] Alacrity, rather than
+languor, as Robin has truly observed,[175] marks a woman after coitus, or,
+as a medical friend of my own has said, a woman then goes about the house
+singing.[176] It is, indeed, only after intercourse with a woman for whom,
+in reality, he feels contempt that a man experiences that revulsion of
+feeling described by Shakespeare (sonnet cxxix). Such a passage should not
+be quoted, as it sometimes has been quoted, as the representation of a
+normal phenomenon. But, with equal gratification on both sides, it remains
+true that, while after a single coitus the man may experience a not
+unpleasant lassitude and readiness for sleep, this is rarely the case with
+his partner, for whom a single coitus is often but a pleasant stimulus,
+the climax of satisfaction not being reached until a second or subsequent
+act of intercourse. "Excess in venery," which, rightly or wrongly, is set
+down as the cause of so many evils in men, seldom, indeed, appears in
+connection with women, although in every act of venery the woman has taken
+part.[177]
+
+    That women bear sexual excesses better than men was noted by
+    Cabanis and other early writers. Alienists frequently refer to
+    the fact that women are less liable to be affected by insanity
+    following such excesses. (See, e.g., Maudsley, "Relations between
+    Body and Mind," _Lancet_, May 28, 1870; and G. Savage, art.
+    "Marriage and Insanity" in _Dictionary of Psychological
+    Medicine_.) Trousseau remarked on the fact that women are not
+    exhausted by repeated acts of coitus within a short period,
+    notwithstanding that the nervous excitement in their case is as
+    great, if not greater, and he considered that this showed that
+    the loss of semen is a cause of exhaustion in men. Loewenfeld
+    (_Sexualleben und Nervenleiden_, pp. 74, 153) states that there
+    cannot be question that the nervous system in women is less
+    influenced by the after-effects of coitus than in men. Not only,
+    he remarks, are prostitutes very little liable to suffer from
+    nervous overstimulation, and neurasthenia and hysteria when
+    occurring in them be easily traceable to other causes, but
+    "healthy women who are not given to prostitution, when they
+    indulge in very frequent sexual intercourse, provided it is
+    practised normally, do not experience the slightest injurious
+    effect. I have seen many young married couples where the husband
+    had been reduced to a pitiable condition of nervous prostration
+    and general discomfort by the zeal with which he had exercised
+    his marital duties, while the wife had been benefited and was in
+    the uninterrupted enjoyment of the best health." This experience
+    is by no means uncommon.
+
+    A correspondent writes: "It is quite true that the threshold of
+    excess is less easily reached by women than by men. I have found
+    that women can reach the orgasm much more frequently than men.
+    Take an ordinary case. I spend two hours with ----. I have the
+    orgasm 3 times, with difficulty; she has it 6 or 8, or even 10 or
+    12, times. Women can also experience it a second or third time in
+    succession, with no interval between. Sometimes the mere fact of
+    realizing that the man is having the orgasm causes the woman to
+    have it also, though it is true that a woman usually requires as
+    many minutes to develop the orgasm as a man does seconds." I may
+    also refer to the case recorded in another part of this volume in
+    which a wife had the orgasm 26 times to her husband's twice.
+
+    Hutchinson, under the name of post-marital amblyopia (_Archives
+    of Surgery_, vol. iv, p. 200), has described a condition
+    occurring in men in good health who soon after marriage become
+    nearly blind, but recover as soon as the cause is removed. He
+    mentions no cases in women due to coitus, but finds that in
+    women some failure of sight may occur after parturition.
+
+    Naecke states that, in his experience, while masturbation is,
+    apparently, commoner in insane men than in insane women,
+    masturbation repeated several times a day is much commoner in the
+    women. (P. Naecke, "Die Sexuellen Perversitaeten in der
+    Irrenanstalt," _Psychiatrische Bladen_, 1899, No. 2.)
+
+    Great excesses in masturbation seem also to be commoner among
+    women who may be said to be sane than among men. Thus, Bloch
+    (_New Orleans Medical Journal_, 1896) records the case of a young
+    married woman of 25, of bad heredity, who had suffered from
+    almost life-long sexual hyperesthesia, and would masturbate
+    fourteen times daily during the menstrual periods.
+
+    With regard to excesses in coitus the case may be mentioned of a
+    country girl of 17, living in a rural district in North Carolina
+    where prostitution was unknown, who would cohabit with men almost
+    openly. On one Sunday she went to a secluded school-house and let
+    three or four men wear themselves out cohabiting with her. On
+    another occasion, at night, in a field, she allowed anyone who
+    would to perform the sexual act, and 25 men and boys then had
+    intercourse with her. When seen she was much prostrated and with
+    a tendency to spasm, but quite rational. Subsequently she married
+    and attacks of this nature became rare.
+
+    Mr. Lawson made an "attested statement" of what he had observed
+    among the Marquesan women. "He mentions one case in which he
+    heard a parcel of boys next morning count over and _name_ 103 men
+    who during the night had intercourse with _one_ woman."
+    (_Medico-Chirurgical Review_, 1871, vol. ii, p. 360, apparently
+    quoting Chevers.) This statement seems open to question, but, if
+    reliable, would furnish a case which must be unique.
+
+There is a further important difference, though intimately related to some
+of the differences already mentioned, between the sexual impulse in women
+and in men. In women it is at once larger and more diffused. As Sinibaldus
+long ago said, the sexual pleasure of men is intensive, of women
+extensive. In men the sexual impulse is, as it were, focused to a single
+point. This is necessarily so, for the whole of the essentially necessary
+part of the male in the process of human procreation is confined to the
+ejaculation of semen into the vagina. But in women, mainly owing to the
+fact that women are the child-bearers, in place of one primary sexual
+center and one primary erogenous region, there are at least three such
+sexual centers and erogenous regions: the clitoris (corresponding to the
+penis), the vaginal passage up to the womb, and the nipple. In both sexes
+there are other secondary and reflex centers, but there is good reason for
+believing that these are more numerous and more widespread in women than
+in men.[178] How numerous the secondary sexual centers in women may be is
+indicated by the case of a woman mentioned by Moraglia, who boasted that
+she knew fourteen different ways of masturbating herself.
+
+This great diffusion of the sexual impulse and emotions in women is as
+visible on the psychic as on the physical side. A woman can find sexual
+satisfaction in a great number of ways that do not include the sexual act
+proper, and in a great number of ways that apparently are not physical at
+all, simply because their physical basis is diffused or is to be found in
+one of the outlying sexual zones.
+
+It is, moreover, owing to the diffused character of the sexual emotions in
+women that it so often happens that emotion really having a sexual origin
+is not recognized as such even by the woman herself. It is possible that
+the great prevalence in women of the religious emotional state of "storm
+and stress," noted by Professor Starbuck,[179] is largely due to
+unemployed sexual impulse. In this and similar ways it happens that the
+magnitude of the sexual sphere in woman is unrealized by the careless
+observer.
+
+    A number of converging facts tend to indicate that the sexual
+    sphere is larger, and more potent in its influence on the
+    organism, in women than in men. It would appear that among the
+    males and females of lower animals the same difference may be
+    found. It is stated that in birds there is a greater flow of
+    blood to the ovaries than to the testes.
+
+    In women the system generally is more affected by disturbances in
+    the sexual sphere than in men. This appears to be the case as
+    regards the eye. "The influence of the sexual system upon the eye
+    in man," Power states, "is far less potent, and the connection,
+    in consequence, far less easy to trace than in woman." (H. Power,
+    "Relation of Ophthalmic Disease to the Sexual Organs," _Lancet_,
+    November 26, 1887.)
+
+    The greater predominance of the sexual system in women on the
+    psychic side is clearly brought out in insane conditions. It is
+    well known that, while satyriasis is rare, nymphomania is
+    comparatively common. These conditions are probably often forms
+    of mania, and in mania, while sexual symptoms are common in men,
+    they are often stated to be the rule in women (see, e.g.,
+    Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia Sexualis_, tenth edition, English
+    translation, p. 465). Bouchereau, in noting this difference in
+    the prevalence of sexual manifestations during insanity, remarks
+    that it is partly due to the naturally greater dependence of
+    women on the organs of generation, and partly to the more active,
+    independent, and laborious lives of men; in his opinion,
+    satyriasis is specially apt to develop in men who lead lives
+    resembling those of women. (Bouchereau, art. "Satyriasis,"
+    _Dictionnaire Encyclopedique des Sciences Medicales_.) Again,
+    postconnubial insanity is very much commoner in women than in
+    men, a fact which may indicate the more predominant part played
+    by the sexual sphere in women. (Savage, art. "Marriage and
+    Insanity," _Dictionary of Psychological Medicine_.)
+
+    Insanity tends to remove the artificial inhibitory influences
+    that rule in ordinary life, and there is therefore significance
+    in such a fact as that the sexual appetite is often increased in
+    general paralysis and to a notable extent in women. (Pactet and
+    Colin, _Les Alienes devant la Justice_, 1902, p. 122.)
+
+    Naecke, from his experiences among the insane, makes an
+    interesting and possibly sound distinction regarding the
+    character of the sexual manifestations in the two sexes. Among
+    men he finds these manifestations to be more of a reflex and
+    purely spinal nature and chiefly manifested in masturbation; in
+    women he finds them to be of a more cerebral character, and
+    chiefly manifested in erotic gestures, lascivious conversation,
+    etc. The sexual impulse would thus tend to involve to a greater
+    extent the higher psychic region in women than in men.
+
+    Forel likewise (_Die Sexuelle Frage_, 1906, p. 276), remarking on
+    the much greater prevalence of erotic manifestations among insane
+    women than insane men (and pointing out that it is by no means
+    due merely to the presence of a male doctor, for it remains the
+    same when the doctor is a woman), considers that it proves that
+    in women the sexual impulse resides more prominently in the
+    higher nervous centers and in men in the lower centers. (As
+    regards the great prevalence of erotic manifestations among the
+    female insane, I may also refer to Claye Shaw's interesting
+    observations, "The Sexes in Lunacy," _St. Bartholomew's Hospital
+    Reports_, vol. xxiv, 1888; also quoted in Havelock Ellis, _Man
+    and Woman_, p. 370 et seq.) Whether or not we may accept Naecke's
+    and Forel's interpretation of the facts, which is at least
+    doubtful, there can be little doubt that the sexual impulse is
+    more fundamental in women. This is indicated by Naecke's
+    observation that among idiots sexual manifestations are commoner
+    in females than in males. Of 16 idiot girls, of the age of 16 and
+    under, 15 certainly masturbated, sometimes as often as fourteen
+    times a day, while the remaining girl probably masturbated; but
+    of 25 youthful male idiots only 1 played with his penis. (P.
+    Naecke, "Die Sexuellen Perversitaeten in der Irrenanstalt,"
+    _Psychiatrische Bladen_, 1899, No. 2, pp. 9, 12.) On the physical
+    side Bourneville and Sollier found (_Progres medical_, 1888) that
+    puberty is much retarded in idiot and imbecile boys, while J.
+    Voisin (_Annales d'Hygiene Publique_, June, 1894) found that in
+    idiot and imbecile girls, on the contrary, there is no lack of
+    full sexual development or retardation of puberty, while
+    masturbation is common. In women, it may be added, as Ball
+    pointed out (_Folie erotique_, p. 40), sexual hallucinations are
+    especially common, while under the influence of anesthetics
+    erotic manifestations and feelings are frequent in women, but
+    rare in men. (Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_, p. 256.)
+
+    The fact that the first coitus has a much more profound moral and
+    psychic influence on a woman than on a man would also seem to
+    indicate how much more fundamental the sexual region is in women.
+    The fact may be considered as undoubted. (It is referred to by
+    Marro, _La Puberta_, p. 460.) The mere physical fact that, while
+    in men coitus remains a merely exterior contact, in women it
+    involves penetration into the sensitive and virginal interior of
+    the body would alone indicate this difference.
+
+We are told that in the East there was once a woman named Moarbeda who was
+a philosopher and considered to be the wisest woman of her time. When
+Moarbeda was once asked: "In what part of a woman's body does her mind
+reside?" she replied: "Between her thighs." To many women,--perhaps,
+indeed, we might even say to most women,--to a certain extent may be
+applied--and in no offensive sense--the dictum of the wise woman of the
+East; in a certain sense their brains are in their wombs. Their mental
+activity may sometimes seem to be limited; they may appear to be passing
+through life always in a rather inert or dreamy state; but, when their
+sexual emotions are touched, then at once they spring into life; they
+become alert, resourceful, courageous, indefatigable. "But when I am not
+in love I am nothing!" exclaimed a woman when reproached by a French
+magistrate for living with a thief. There are many women who could truly
+make the same statement, not many men. That emotion, which, one is tempted
+to say, often unmans the man, makes the woman for the first time truly
+herself.
+
+    "Women are more occupied with love than men," wrote De Senancour
+    (_De l'Amour_, vol. ii, p. 59); "it shows itself in all their
+    movements, animates their looks, gives to their gestures a grace
+    that is always new, to their smiles and voices an inexpressible
+    charm; they live for love, while many men in obeying love feel
+    that they are forgetting themselves."
+
+    Restif de la Bretonne (_Monsieur Nicolas_, vol. vi, p. 223)
+    quotes a young girl who well describes the difference which love
+    makes to a woman: "Before I vegetated; now all my actions have a
+    motive, an end; they have become important. When I wake my first
+    thought is 'Someone is occupied with me and desires me.' I am no
+    longer alone, as I was before; another feels my existence and
+    cherishes it," etc.
+
+    "One is surprised to see in the south," remarks Bonstetten, in
+    his suggestive book, _L'Homme du Midi et l'Homme du Nord_
+    (1824),--and the remark by no means applies only to the
+    south,--"how love imparts intelligence even to those who are most
+    deficient in ideas. An Italian woman in love is inexhaustible in
+    the variety of her feelings, all subordinated to the supreme
+    emotion which dominates her. Her ideas follow one another with
+    prodigious rapidity, and produce a lambent play which is fed by
+    her heart alone. If she ceases to love, her mind becomes merely
+    the scoria of the lava which yesterday had been so bright."
+
+    Cabanis had already made some observations to much the same
+    effect. Referring to the years of nubility following puberty, he
+    remarks: "I have very often seen the greatest fecundity of ideas,
+    the most brilliant imagination, a singular aptitude for the arts,
+    suddenly develop in girls of this age, only to give place soon
+    afterward to the most absolute mental mediocrity." (Cabanis, "De
+    l'Influence des Sexes," etc., _Rapports du Physique et du Morale
+    de l'Homme_.)
+
+This phenomenon seems to be one of the indications of the immense organic
+significance of the sexual relations. Woman's part in the world is less
+obtrusively active than man's, but there is a moment when nature cannot
+dispense with energy and mental vigor in women, and that is during the
+reproductive period. The languidest woman must needs be alive when her
+sexual emotions are profoundly stirred. People often marvel at the
+infatuation which men display for women who, in the eyes of all the world,
+seem commonplace and dull. This is not, as we usually suppose, always
+entirely due to the proverbial blindness of love. For the man whom she
+loves, such a woman is often alive and transformed. He sees a woman who is
+hidden from all the world. He experiences something of that surprise and
+awe which Dostoieffsky felt when the seemingly dull and brutish criminals
+of Siberia suddenly exhibited gleams of exquisite sensibility.
+
+In women, it must further be said, the sexual impulse shows a much more
+marked tendency to periodicity than in men; not only is it less apt to
+appear spontaneously, but its spontaneous manifestations are in a very
+pronounced manner correlated with menstruation. A woman who may experience
+almost overmastering sexual desire just before, during, or after the
+monthly period may remain perfectly calm and self-possessed during the
+rest of the month. In men such irregularities of the sexual impulse are
+far less marked. Thus it is that a woman may often appear capricious,
+unaccountable, or cold, merely because her moments of strong emotion have
+been physiologically confined within a limited period. She may be one day
+capable of audacities of which on another the very memory might seem to
+have left her.
+
+Not only is the intensity of the sexual impulse in women, as compared to
+men, more liable to vary from day to day, or from week to week, but the
+same greater variability is marked when we compare the whole cycle of life
+in women to that of men. The stress of early womanhood, when the
+reproductive functions are in fullest activity, and of late womanhood,
+when they are ceasing, produces a profound organic fermentation, psychic
+as much as physical, which is not paralleled in the lives of men. This
+greater variability in the cycle of a woman's life as compared with a
+man's is indicated very delicately and precisely by the varying incidence
+of insanity, and is made clearly visible in a diagram prepared by Marro
+showing the relative liability to mental diseases in the two sexes
+according to age.[180] At the age of 20 the incidence of insanity in both
+sexes is equal; from that age onward the curve in men proceeds in a
+gradual and equable manner, with only the slightest oscillation, on to old
+age. But in women the curve is extremely irregular; it remains high during
+all the years from 20 to 30, instead of falling like the masculine curve;
+then it falls rapidly to considerably below the masculine curve, rising
+again considerably above the masculine level during the climacteric years
+from 40 to 50, after which age the two sexes remain fairly close together
+to the end of life. Thus, as measured by the test of insanity, the curve
+of woman's life, in the sudden rise and sudden fall of its sexual crisis,
+differs from the curve of man's life and closely resembles the minor curve
+of her menstrual cycle.
+
+The general tendency of this difference in sexual life and impulse is to
+show a greater range of variation in women than in men. Fairly uniform, on
+the whole, in men generally and in the same man throughout mature life,
+sexual impulse varies widely between woman and woman, and even in the same
+woman at different periods.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[169] Ovid remarks (_Ars Amatoria_, bk. i) that, if men were silent, women
+would take the active and suppliant part.
+
+[170] Ferrand, _De la Maladie d'Amour_, 1623, ch. ii.
+
+[171] Tarde, _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, May 15, 1897. Marro,
+who quotes this observation (_Puberta_, p. 467; in French edition, p. 61),
+remarks that his own evidence lends some support to Lombroso's conclusion
+that under ordinary circumstances woman's sensory acuteness is less than
+that of man. He is, however, inclined to impute this to defective
+attention; within the sexual sphere women's attention becomes
+concentrated, and their sensory perceptions then go far beyond those of
+men. There is probably considerable truth in this subtle observation.
+
+[172] A well-known gynecologist writes from America: "Abhorrence due to
+suffering on first nights I have repeatedly seen. One very marked case is
+that of a fine womanly young woman with splendid figure; she is a very
+good woman, and admires her husband, but, though she tries to develop
+desire and passion, she cannot succeed. I fear the man will some day
+appear who will be able to develop the latent feelings."
+
+[173] It is curious that, while the sexual impulse in women tends to
+develop at a late age more frequently than in men, it would also appear to
+develop more frequently at a very early age than in the other sex. The
+majority of cases of precocious sexual development seems to be in female
+children. W. Roger Williams ("Precocious Sexual Development," _British
+Gynaecological Journal_, May, 1902) finds that 80 such cases have been
+recorded in females and only 20 in males, and, while 13 is the earliest
+age at which boys have proved virile, girls have been known to conceive at
+8.
+
+[174] I find the same remark made by Plazzonus in the seventeenth century.
+
+[175] Art. "Fecondation," _Dictionnaire Encyclopedique des Sciences
+Medicales_.
+
+[176] This also is an ancient remark, for in the early treatise _De
+Secretis Mulierum_, once attributed to Michael Scot, it is stated,
+concerning the woman who finds pleasure in coitus, "cantat libenter."
+
+[177] It is scarcely necessary to add that prostitutes can furnish little
+evidence one way or the other. Not only may prostitutes refuse to
+participate in the sexual orgasm, but the evils of a prostitute's life are
+obviously connected with causes quite other than mere excess of sexual
+gratification.
+
+[178] This is, for instance, indicated by the experiments of Gualino
+concerning the sexual sensitiveness of the lips (_Archivio di
+Psichiatria_, 1904, fasc. 3). He found that mechanical irritation applied
+to the lips produced more or less sexual feeling in 12 out of 20 women,
+but in only 10 out of 25 men, i.e., in three-fifths of the women and
+two-fifths of the men.
+
+[179] "Adolescence is for women primarily a period of storm and stress,
+while for men it is in the highest sense a period of doubt," (Starbuck,
+_Psychology of Religion_, p. 241.) It is interesting to note that in the
+religious sphere, also, the emotions of women are more diffused than those
+of men; Starbuck confirms the conclusion of Professor Coe that, while
+women have at least as much religious emotion as men, in them it is more
+all pervasive, and they experience fewer struggles and acute crises.
+(Ibid., p. 80.)
+
+[180] Marro, _La Puberta_, p. 233. This table covers all those cases,
+nearly 3000, of patients entering the Turin asylum, from 1886 to 1895, in
+which the age of the first appearance of insanity was known.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+Summary of Conclusions.
+
+
+In conclusion it may be worth while to sum up the main points brought out
+in this brief discussion of a very large question. We have seen that there
+are two streams of opinion regarding the relative strength of the sexual
+impulse in men and women: one tending to regard it as greater in men, the
+other as greater in women. We have concluded that, since a large body of
+facts may be brought forward to support either view, we may fairly hold
+that, roughly speaking, the distribution of the sexual impulse between the
+two sexes is fairly balanced.
+
+We have, however, further seen that the phenomena are in reality too
+complex to be settled by the usual crude method of attempting to discover
+quantitative differences in the sexual impulse. We more nearly get to the
+bottom of the question by a more analytic method, breaking up our mass of
+facts into groups. In this way we find that there are certain well-marked
+characteristics by which the sexual impulse in women differs from the same
+impulse in men: 1. It shows greater apparent passivity. 2. It is more
+complex, less apt to appear spontaneously, and more often needing to be
+aroused, while the sexual orgasm develops more slowly than in men. 3. It
+tends to become stronger after sexual relationships are established. 4.
+The threshold of excess is less easily reached than in men. 5. The sexual
+sphere is larger and more diffused. 6. There is a more marked tendency to
+periodicity in the spontaneous manifestations of sexual desire. 7. Largely
+as a result of these characteristics, the sexual impulse shows a greater
+range of variation in women than in men, both as between woman and woman
+and in the same woman at different periods.
+
+It may be added that a proper understanding of these sexual differences in
+men and women is of great importance, both in the practical management of
+sexual hygiene and in the comprehension of those wider psychological
+characteristics by which women differ from men.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDICES.
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+THE SEXUAL INSTINCT IN SAVAGES.
+
+I.
+
+
+In the eighteenth century, when savage tribes in various parts of the
+world first began to be visited, extravagantly romantic views widely
+prevailed as to the simple and idyllic lives led by primitive peoples.
+During the greater part of the nineteenth century the tendency of opinion
+was to the opposite extreme, and it became usual to insist on the degraded
+and licentious morals of savages.[181]
+
+In reality, however, savage life is just as little a prolonged debauch as
+a prolonged idyll. The inquiries of such writers as Westermarck, Frazer,
+and Crawley are tending to introduce a sounder conception of the actual,
+often highly complex, conditions of primitive life in its relations to the
+sexual instinct.
+
+At the same time it is not difficult to account for the belief, widely
+spread during the nineteenth century, in the unbridled licentiousness of
+savages. In the first place, the doctrine of evolution inevitably created
+a prejudice in favor of such a view. It was assumed that modesty,
+chastity, and restraint were the finest and ultimate flowers of moral
+development; therefore at the beginnings of civilization we must needs
+expect to find the opposite of these things. Apart, however, from any mere
+prejudice of this kind, a superficial observation of the actual facts
+necessarily led to much misunderstanding. Just as the nakedness of many
+savage peoples led to the belief that they were lacking in modesty,
+although, as a matter of fact, modesty is more highly developed in savage
+life than in civilization,[182] so the absence of our European rules of
+sexual behavior among savages led to the conclusion that they were
+abandoned to debauchery. The widespread custom of lending the wife under
+certain circumstances was especially regarded as indicating gross
+licentiousness. Moreover, even when intercourse was found to be free
+before marriage, scarcely any investigator sought to ascertain what amount
+of sexual intercourse this freedom involved. It was not clearly understood
+that such freedom must by no means be necessarily assumed to involve very
+frequent intercourse. Again, it often happened that no clear distinction
+was made between peoples contaminated by association with civilization,
+and peoples not so contaminated. For instance, when prostitution is
+attributed to a savage people we must usually suppose either that a
+mistake has been made or that the people in question have been degraded by
+intercourse with white peoples, for among unspoilt savages customs that
+can properly be called prostitution rarely prevail. Nor, indeed, would
+they be in harmony with the conditions of primitive life.
+
+It has been seriously maintained that the chastity of savages, so far as
+it exists at all, is due to European civilization. It is doubtless true
+that this is the case with individual persons and tribes, but there is
+ample evidence from various parts of the world to show that this is by no
+means the rule. And, indeed, it may be said--with no disregard of the
+energy and sincerity of missionary efforts--that it could not be so. A new
+system of beliefs and practices, however excellent it may be in itself,
+can never possess the same stringent and unquestionable force as the
+system in which an individual and his ancestors have always lived, and
+which they have never doubted the validity of. That this is so we may have
+occasion to observe among ourselves. Christian teachers question the
+wisdom of bringing young people under free-thinking influence, because,
+although they do not deny the morals of free-thinkers, they believe that
+to unsettle the young may have a disastrous effect, not only on belief,
+but also on conduct. Yet this dangerously unsettling process has been
+applied by missionaries on a wholesale scale to races which in some
+respect are often little more than children. When, therefore, we are
+considering the chastity of savages we must not take into account those
+peoples which have been brought into close contact with Europeans.
+
+In order to understand the sexual habits of savages generally there are
+two points which always have to be borne in mind as of the first
+importance: (1) the checks restraining sexual intercourse among savages,
+especially as regards time and season, are so numerous, and the sanctions
+upholding those checks so stringent, that sexual excess cannot prevail to
+the same extent as in civilization; (2) even in the absence of such
+checks, that difficulty of obtaining sexual erethism which has been noted
+as so common among savages, when not overcome by the stimulating
+influences prevailing at special times and seasons, and which is probably
+in large measure dependent on hard condition of life as well as an
+insensitive quality of nervous texture, still remains an important factor,
+tending to produce a natural chastity. There is a third consideration
+which, though from the present point of view subsidiary, is not without
+bearing on our conception of chastity among savages: the importance, even
+sacredness, of procreation is much more generally recognized by savage
+than by civilized peoples, and also a certain symbolic significance is
+frequently attached to human procreation as related to natural
+fruitfulness generally; so that a primitive sexual orgy, instead of being
+a mere manifestation of licentiousness, may have a ritual significance, as
+a magical means of evoking the fruitfulness of fields and herds.[183]
+
+When a savage practises extraconjugal sexual intercourse, the act is
+frequently not, as it has come to be conventionally regarded in
+civilization, an immorality or at least an illegitimate indulgence; it is
+a useful and entirely justifiable act, producing definite benefits,
+conducing alike to cosmic order and social order, although these benefits
+are not always such as we in civilization believe to be caused by the act.
+Thus, speaking of the northern tribes of central Australia, Spencer and
+Gillen remark: "It is very usual amongst all of the tribes to allow
+considerable license during the performance of certain of their ceremonies
+when a large number of natives, some of them coming often from distant
+parts, are gathered together--in fact, on such occasions all of the
+ordinary marital rules seem to be more or less set aside for the time
+being. Each day, in some tribes, one or more women are told off whose duty
+it is to attend at the corrobboree grounds,--sometimes only during the
+day, sometimes at night,--and all of the men, except those who are
+fathers, elder and younger brothers, and sons, have access to them.... The
+idea is that the sexual intercourse assists in some way in the proper
+performance of the ceremony, causing everything to work smoothly and
+preventing the decorations from falling off."[184]
+
+It is largely this sacred character of sexual intercourse--the fact that
+it is among the things that are at once "divine" and "impure," these two
+conceptions not being differentiated in primitive thought--which leads to
+the frequency with which in savage life a taboo is put upon its exercise.
+Robertson Smith added an appendix to his _Religion of the Semites_ on
+"Taboo on the Intercourse of the Sexes."[185] Westermarck brought together
+evidence showing the frequency with which this and allied causes tended to
+the chastity of savages.[186] Frazer has very luminously expounded the
+whole primitive conception of sexual intercourse, and showed how it
+affected chastity.[187] Warriors must often be chaste; the men who go on
+any hunting or other expedition require to be chaste to be successful; the
+women left behind must be strictly chaste; sometimes even the whole of the
+people left behind, and for long periods, must be chaste in order to
+insure the success of the expedition. Hubert and Maus touched on the same
+point in their elaborate essay on sacrifice, pointing out how frequently
+sexual relationships are prohibited on the occasion of any ceremony
+whatever.[188] Crawley, in elaborating the primitive conception of taboo,
+has dealt fully with ritual and traditional influences making for chastity
+among savages. He brings forward, for instance, a number of cases, from
+various parts of the world, in which intercourse has to be delayed for
+days, weeks, even months, after marriage. He considers that the sexual
+continence prevalent among savages is largely due to a belief in the
+enervating effects of coitus; so dangerous are the sexes to each other
+that, as he points out, even now sexual separation of the sexes commonly
+occurs.[189]
+
+There are thus a great number of constantly recurring occasions in savage
+life when continence must be preserved, and when, it is firmly believed,
+terrible risks would be incurred by its violation--during war, after
+victory, after festivals, during mourning, on journeys, in hunting and
+fishing, in a vast number of agricultural and industrial occupations.
+
+It might fairly be argued that the facility with which the savage places
+these checks on sexual intercourse itself bears witness to the weakness of
+the sexual impulse. Evidence of another order which seems to point to the
+undeveloped state of the sexual impulse among savages may be found in the
+comparatively undeveloped condition of their sexual organs, a condition
+not, indeed, by any means constant, but very frequently noted. As regards
+women, it has in many parts of the world been observed to be the rule, and
+the data which Ploss and Bartels have accumulated seem to me, on the
+whole, to point clearly in this direction.[190]
+
+At another point, also, it may be remarked, the repulsion between the
+sexes and the restraints on intercourse may be associated with weak sexual
+impulse. It is not improbable that a certain horror of the sexual organs
+may be a natural feeling which is extinguished in the intoxication of
+desire, yet still has a physiological basis which renders the sexual
+organs--disguised and minimized by convention and by artistic
+representation--more or less disgusting in the absence of erotic
+emotion.[191] And this is probably more marked in cases in which the
+sexual instinct is constitutionally feeble. A lady who had no marked
+sexual desires, and who considered it well bred to be indifferent to such
+matters, on inspecting her sexual parts in a mirror for the first time in
+her life was shocked and disgusted at the sight. Certainly many women
+could record a similar experience on being first approached by a man,
+although artistic conventions present the male form with greater truth
+than the female. Moreover,--and here is the significant point,--this
+feeling is by no means restricted to the refined and cultured. "When
+working at Michelangelo," wrote a correspondent from Italy, "my upper
+gondolier used to see photographs and statuettes of all that man's works.
+Stopping one day before the Night and Dawn of S. Lorenzo, sprawling naked
+women, he exclaimed: 'How hideous they are!' I pressed him to explain
+himself. He went on: 'The ugliest man naked is handsomer than the finest
+woman naked. Women have crooked legs, and their sexual organs stink. I
+only once saw a naked woman. It was in a brothel, when I was 18. The sight
+of her "natura" made me go out and vomit into the canal. You know I have
+been twice married, but I never saw either of my wives without clothing.'
+Of very rank cheese he said one day: 'Puzza come la natura d'una donna.'"
+This man, my correspondent added, was entirely normal and robust, but
+seemed to regard sexual congress as a mere evacuation, the sexual instinct
+apparently not being strong.
+
+It seems possible that, if the sexual impulse had no existence, all men
+would regard women with this _horror feminae_. As things are, however, at
+all events in civilization, sexual emotions begin to develop even earlier,
+usually, than acquaintance with the organs of the other sex begins; so
+that this disgust is inhibited. If, however, among savages the sexual
+impulse is habitually weak, and only aroused to strength under the impetus
+of powerful stimuli, often acting periodically, then we should expect the
+_horror_ to be a factor of considerable importance.
+
+The weakness of the physical sexual impulse among savages is reflected in
+the psychic sphere. Many writers have pointed out that love plays but a
+small part in their lives. They practise few endearments; they often only
+kiss children (Westermarck notes that sexual love is far less strong than
+parental love); love-poems are among some primitive peoples few (mostly
+originating with the women), and their literature often gives little or no
+attention to passion.[192] Affection and devotion are, however, often
+strong, especially in savage women.
+
+It is not surprising that jealousy should often, though not by any means
+invariably, be absent, both among men and among women. Among savages this
+is doubtless a proof of the weakness of the sexual impulse. Spencer and
+Gillen note the comparative absence of jealousy in men among the Central
+Australian tribes they studied.[193] Negresses, it is said by a French
+army surgeon in his _Untrodden Fields of Anthropology_, do not know what
+jealousy is, and the first wife will even borrow money to buy the second
+wife. Among a much higher race, the women in a Korean household, it is
+said, live together happily, as an almost invariable rule, though it
+appears that this was not always the case among a polygamous people of
+European race, the Mormons.
+
+The tendency of the sexual instinct in savages to periodicity, to seasonal
+manifestations, I do not discuss here, as I have dealt with it in the
+first volume of these _Studies_.[194] It has, however, a very important
+bearing on this subject. Periodicity of sexual manifestations is, indeed,
+less absolute in primitive man than in most animals, but it is still very
+often quite clearly marked. It is largely the occurrence of these violent
+occasional outbursts of the sexual instinct--during which the organic
+impulse to tumescence becomes so powerful that external stimuli are no
+longer necessary--that has led to the belief in the peculiar strength of
+the impulse in savages.[195]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[181] Thus, Lubbock (Lord Avebury), in the _Origin of Civilization_, fifth
+edition, 1889, brings forward a number of references in evidence of this
+belief. More recently Finck, in his _Primitive Love and Love-stories_,
+1899, seeks to accumulate data in favor of the unbounded licentiousness of
+savages. He admits, however, that a view of the matter opposed to his own
+is now tending to prevail.
+
+[182] See "The Evolution of Modesty" in the first volume of these
+_Studies_.
+
+[183] The sacredness of sexual relations often applies also to individual
+marriage. Thus, Skeat, in his _Malay Magic_, shows that the bride and
+bridegroom are definitely recognized as sacred, in the same sense that the
+king is, and in Malay States the king is a very sacred person. See also,
+concerning the sacred character of coitus, whether individual or
+collective, A. Van Gennep, _Rites de Passage, passim_.
+
+[184] Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 136.
+
+[185] _Religion of the Semites_, second edition, 1894, p. 454 _et seq._
+
+[186] _History of Marriage_, pp. 66-70, 150-156, etc.
+
+[187] _Golden Bough_, third edition, part ii, _Taboo and the Perils of the
+Soul_. Frazer has discussed taboo generally. For a shorter account of
+taboo, see art. "Taboo" by Northcote Thomas in _Encyclopaedia Britannica_,
+eleventh edition, 1911. Freud has lately (_Imago_, 1912) made an attempt
+to explain the origin of taboo psychologically by comparing it to neurotic
+obsessions. Taboo, Freud believes, has its origin in a forbidden act to
+perform which there is a strong unconscious tendency; an ambivalent
+attitude, that is, combining the opposite tendencies, is thus established.
+In this way Freud would account for the fact that tabooed persons and
+things are both sacred and unclean.
+
+[188] "Essai sur le Sacrifice," _L'Annee Sociologique_, 1899, pp. 50-51.
+
+[189] _The Mystic Rose_, 1902, p. 187 et seq., 215 et seq., 342 et seq.
+
+[190] _Das Weib_, vol. i, section 6.
+
+[191] This statement has been questioned. It should, however, be fairly
+evident that the sexual organs in either sex, when closely examined, can
+scarcely be regarded as beautiful except in the eyes of a person of the
+opposite sex who is in a condition of sexual excitement, and they are not
+always attractive even then. Moreover, it must be remembered that the
+snake-like aptitude of the penis to enter into a state of erection apart
+from the control of the will puts it in a different category from any
+other organ of the body, and could not fail to attract the attention of
+primitive peoples so easily alarmed by unusual manifestations. We find
+even in the early ages of Christianity that St. Augustine attached immense
+importance to this alarming aptitude of the penis as a sign of man's
+sinful and degenerate state.
+
+[192] Lubbock, _Origin of Civilization_, fifth edition, pp. 69, 73;
+Westermarck, _History of Marriage_, p. 357; Grosse, _Anfaenge der Kunst_,
+p. 236; Herbert Spencer, "Origin of Music," _Mind_, Oct., 1890.
+
+[193] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 99; cf.
+Finck, _Primitive Love and Love-stories_, p. 89 et seq.
+
+[194] "The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity." The subject has also been
+more recently discussed by Walter Heape, "The 'Sexual Season' of Mammals,"
+_Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science_, vol. xliv, 1900. See also
+F.H.A. Marshall, _The Physiology of Reproduction_, 1910.
+
+[195] This view finds a belated supporter in Max Marcuse
+("Geschlechtstrieb des Urmenschens," _Sexual-Probleme_, Oct., 1909), who,
+on grounds which I cannot regard as sound, seeks to maintain the belief
+that the sexual instinct is more highly developed among savage than among
+civilized peoples.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+
+The facts thus seem to indicate that among primitive peoples, while the
+magical, ceremonial, and traditional restraints on sexual intercourse are
+very numerous, very widespread, and nearly always very stringent, there
+is, underlying this prevalence of restraints on intercourse, a fundamental
+weakness of the sexual instinct, which craves less, and craves less
+frequently, than is the case among civilized peoples, but is liable to be
+powerfully manifested at special seasons. It is perfectly true that among
+savages, as Sutherland states, "there is no ideal which makes chastity a
+thing beautiful in itself"; but when the same writer goes on to state that
+"it is untrue that in sexual license the savage has everything to learn,"
+we must demand greater precision of statement.[196] Travelers, and too
+often would-be scientific writers, have been so much impressed by the
+absence among savages of the civilized ideal of chastity, and by the
+frequent freedom of sexual intercourse, that they have not paused to
+inquire more carefully into the phenomena, or to put themselves at the
+primitive point of view, but have assumed that freedom here means all that
+it would mean in a European population.
+
+In order to illustrate the actual circumstances of savage life in this
+respect from the scanty evidence furnished by the most careful observers,
+I have brought together from scattered sources a few statements concerning
+primitive peoples in very various parts of the world.[197]
+
+Among the Andamanese, Portman, who knows them well, says that sexual
+desire is very moderate; in males it appears at the age of 18, but, as
+"their love for sport is greater than their passions, these are not
+gratified to any great extent till after marriage, which rarely takes
+place till a man is about 26."[198]
+
+Although chastity is not esteemed by the Fuegians, and virginity is lost
+at a very early age, yet both men and women are extremely moderate in
+sexual indulgence.[199]
+
+Among the Eskimo at the other end of the American continent, according to
+Dr. F. Cook, the sexual passions are suppressed during the long darkness
+of winter, as also is the menstrual function usually, and the majority of
+the children are born nine months after the appearance of the sun.[200]
+
+Among the Indians of North America it is the custom of many tribes to
+refrain from sexual intercourse during the whole period of lactation, as
+also D'Orbigny found to be the case among South American Indians, although
+suckling went on for over three years.[201] Many of the Indian tribes have
+now been rendered licentious by contact with civilization. In the
+primitive condition their customs were entirely different. Dr. Holder, who
+knows many tribes of North American Indians well, has dealt in some detail
+with this point. "Several of the virtues," he states, "and among them
+chastity, were more faithfully practised by the Indian race before the
+invasion from the East than these same virtues are practised by the white
+race of the present day.... The race is less salacious than either the
+negro or white race.... That the women of some tribes are now more careful
+of their virtue than the women of any other community whose history I
+know, I am fully convinced."[202] It is not only on the women that sexual
+abstinence is imposed. Among some branches of the Salish Indians of
+British Columbia a young widower must refrain from sexual intercourse for
+a year, and sometimes lives entirely apart during that period.[203]
+
+In many parts of Polynesia, although the sexual impulse seems often to
+have been highly developed before the arrival of Europeans, it is very
+doubtful whether license, in the European sense, at all generally
+prevailed. The Marquesans, who have sometimes been regarded as peculiarly
+licentious, are especially mentioned by Foley as illustrating his
+statement that sexual erethism is with difficulty attained by primitive
+peoples except during sexual seasons.[204] Herman Melville's detailed
+account in _Typee_ of the Marquesans (somewhat idealized, no doubt)
+reveals nothing that can fairly be called licentiousness. At Rotuma, J.
+Stanley Gardiner remarks, before the missionaries came sexual intercourse
+before marriage was free, but gross immorality and prostitution and
+adultery were unknown. Matters are much worse now.[205] The Maoris of New
+Zealand, in the old days, according to one who had lived among them, were
+more chaste than the English, and, though a chief might lend his wife to a
+friend as an honor, it would be very difficult to take her (_private
+communication_).[206] Captain Cook also represented these people as modest
+and virtuous.
+
+Among the Papuans of New Guinea and Torres Straits, although intercourse
+before marriage is free, it is by no means unbridled, nor is it carried to
+excess. There are many circumstances restraining intercourse. Thus,
+unmarried men must not indulge in it during October and November at Torres
+Straits. It is the general rule also that there should be no sexual
+intercourse during pregnancy, while a child is being suckled (which goes
+on for three or four years), or even until it can speak or walk.[207] In
+Astrolabe Bay, New Guinea, according to Vahness, a young couple must
+abstain from intercourse for several weeks after marriage, and to break
+this rule would be disgraceful.[208]
+
+As regards Australia, Brough Smyth wrote: "Promiscuous intercourse between
+the sexes is not practised by the aborigines, and their laws on the
+subject, particularly those of New South Wales, are very strict. When at
+camp all the young unmarried men are stationed by themselves at the
+extreme end, while the married men, each with his family, occupy the
+center. No conversation is allowed between the single men and the girls or
+the married women. Infractions of these laws were visited by punishment;
+... five or six warriors threw from a comparatively short distance several
+spears at him [the offender]. The man was often severely wounded and
+sometimes killed."[209] This author mentions that a black woman has been
+known to kill a white man who attempted to have intercourse with her by
+force. Yet both sexes have occasional sexual intercourse from an early
+age. After marriage, in various parts of Australia, there are numerous
+restraints on intercourse, which is forbidden not merely during
+menstruation, but during the latter part of pregnancy and for one moon
+after childbirth.[210]
+
+Concerning the people of the Malay Peninsula, Hrolf Vaughan Stevens
+states: "The sexual impulse among the Belendas is only developed to a
+slight extent; they are not sensual, and the husband has intercourse with
+his wife not oftener than three times a month. The women also are not
+ardent.... The Orang Laut are more sensual than the Dyaks, who are,
+however, more given to obscene jokes than their neighbors.... With the
+Belendas there is little or no love-play in sexual relations".[211] Skeat
+tells us also that among Malays in war-time strict chastity must be
+observed in a stockade, or the bullets of the garrison will lose their
+power.[212]
+
+It is a common notion that the negro and negroid races of Africa are
+peculiarly prone to sexual indulgence. This notion is not supported by
+those who have had the most intimate knowledge of these peoples. It
+probably gained currency in part owing to the open and expansive
+temperament of the negro, and in part owing to the extremely sexual
+character of many African orgies and festivals, though those might quite
+as legitimately be taken as evidence of difficulty in attaining sexual
+erethism.
+
+A French army surgeon, speaking from knowledge of the black races in
+various French colonies, states in his _Untrodden Fields of Anthropology_
+that it is a mistake to imagine that the negress is very amorous. She is
+rather cold, and indifferent to the refinements of love, in which respects
+she is very unlike the mulatto. The white man is usually powerless to
+excite her, partly from his small penis, partly from his rapidity of
+emission; the black man, on account of his blunter nervous system, takes
+three times as long to reach emission as the white man. Among the
+Mohammedan peoples of West Africa, Daniell remarks, as well as in central
+and northern Africa, it is usual to suckle a child for two or more years.
+From the time when pregnancy becomes apparent to the end of weaning no
+intercourse takes place. It is believed that this would greatly endanger
+the infant, if not destroy it. This means that for every child the woman,
+at all events, must remain continent for about three years.[213] Sir H.H.
+Johnston, writing concerning the peoples of central Africa, remarks that
+the man also must remain chaste during these periods. Thus, among the
+Atonga the wife leaves her husband at the sixth month of pregnancy, and
+does not resume relations with him until five or six months after the
+birth of the child. If, in the interval, he has relations with any other
+woman, it is believed his wife will certainly die. "The negro is very
+rarely vicious," Johnston says, "after he has attained to the age of
+puberty. He is only more or less uxorious. The children are vicious, as
+they are among most races of mankind, the boys outrageously so. As regards
+the little girls over nearly the whole of British Central Africa, chastity
+before puberty is an unknown condition, except perhaps among the A-nyanja.
+Before a girl is become a woman it is a matter of absolute indifference
+what she does, and scarcely any girl remains a virgin after about 5 years
+of age."[214] Among the Bangala of the upper Congo a woman suckles her
+child for six to eighteen months and during all this period the husband
+has no intercourse with his wife, for that, it is believed, would kill the
+child.[215]
+
+Among the Yoruba-speaking people of West Africa A.B. Ellis mentions that
+suckling lasts for three years, during the whole of which period the wife
+must not cohabit with her husband.[216]
+
+Although chastity before marriage appears to be, as a rule, little
+regarded in Africa, this is not always so. In some parts of West Africa, a
+girl, at all events if of high birth, when found guilty of unchastity may
+be punished by the insertion into her vagina of bird pepper, a kind of
+capsicum, beaten into a mass; this produces intense pain and such acute
+inflammation that the canal may even be obliterated.[217]
+
+Among the Dahomey women there is no coitus during pregnancy nor during
+suckling, which lasts for nearly three years. The same is true among the
+Jekris and other tribes on the Niger, where it is believed that the milk
+would suffer if intercourse took place during lactation.[218]
+
+In another part of Africa, among the Suaheli, even after marriage only
+incomplete coitus is at first allowed and there is no intercourse for a
+year after the child's birth.[219]
+
+Farther south, among the Ba Wenda of north Transvaal, says the Rev. R.
+Wessmann, although the young men are permitted to "play" with the young
+girls before marriage, no sexual intercourse is allowed. If it is seen
+that a girl's labia are apart when she sits down on a stone, she is
+scolded, or even punished, as guilty of having had intercourse.[220]
+
+Among the higher races in India the sexual instinct is very developed, and
+sexual intercourse has been cultivated as an art, perhaps more elaborately
+than anywhere else. Here, however, we are far removed from primitive
+conditions and among a people closely allied to the Europeans. Farther to
+the east, as among the Cambodians, strict chastity seems to prevail, and
+if we cross the Himalayas to the north we find ourselves among wild people
+to whom sexual license is unknown. Thus, among the Turcomans, even a few
+days after the marriage has been celebrated, the young couple are
+separated for an entire year.[221]
+
+All the great organized religions have seized on this value of sexual
+abstinence, already consecrated by primitive magic and religion, and
+embodied it in their system. It was so in ancient Egypt. Thus, according
+to Diodorus, on the death of a king, the entire population of Egypt
+abstained from sexual intercourse for seventy-two days. The Persians,
+again, attached great value to sexual as to all other kinds of purity.
+Even involuntary seminal emissions were severely punishable. To lie with a
+menstruating woman, according to the _Vendidad_, was as serious a matter
+as to pollute holy fire, and to lie with a pregnant woman was to incur a
+penalty of 2000 strokes. Among the modern Parsees a man must not lie with
+his wife after she is four months and ten days pregnant. Mohammedanism
+cannot be described as an ascetic religion, yet long and frequent periods
+of sexual abstinence are enjoined. There must be no sexual intercourse
+during the whole of pregnancy, during suckling, during menstruation (and
+for eight days before and after), nor during the thirty days of the
+Ramedan fast. Other times of sexual abstinence are also prescribed; thus
+among the Mohammedan Yezidis of Mardin in northern Mesopotamia there must
+be no sexual intercourse on Wednesdays or Fridays.[222]
+
+In the early Christian Church many rules of sexual abstinence still
+prevailed, similar to those usual among savages, though not for such
+prolonged periods. In Egbert's Penitential, belonging to the ninth
+century, it is stated that a woman must abstain from intercourse with her
+husband three months after conception and for forty days after birth.
+There were a number of other occasions, including Lent, when a husband
+must not know his wife.[223] "Some canonists say," remarks Jeremy Taylor,
+"that the Church forbids a mutual congression of married pairs upon
+festival days.... The Council of Eliberis commanded abstinence from
+conjugal rights for three or four or seven days before the communion. Pope
+Liberius commanded the same during the whole time of Lent, supposing the
+fast is polluted by such congressions."[224]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[196] A. Sutherland, _Origin and Growth of the Moral Instinct_, vol. i,
+pp. 8, 187. As has been shown by, for instance, Dr. Iwan Bloch (_Beitraege
+zur AEtiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Erster Theil, 1902), every
+perverse sexual practice may be found, somewhere or other, among savages
+or barbarians; but, as the same writer acutely points out (p. 58), these
+devices bear witness to the need of overcoming frigidity rather than to
+the strength of the sexual impulse.
+
+[197] Ploss and Bartels have brought together in _Das Weib_ a large number
+of facts in the same sense, more especially under the headings of
+_Abstinenz-Vorschriften_ and _Die Fernhaltung der Schwangeren_. I have not
+drawn upon their collection.
+
+[198] _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, May, 1896, p. 369.
+
+[199] Hyades and Deniker, _Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn_, vol. vii, p.
+188.
+
+[200] F. Cook, _New York Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics_, 1894.
+
+[201] A. d'Orbigny, _L'Homme Americain_, 1839, vol. i, p. 47.
+
+[202] A.B. Holder, "Gynecic Notes Among the American Indians," _American
+Journal of Obstetrics_, 1892, vol. xxvi, No. 1.
+
+[203] _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, 1905, p. 139.
+
+[204] Foley, _Bulletin de la Societe d' Anthropologie_, Paris, November 6,
+1879.
+
+[205] J.S. Gardiner, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, February,
+1898, p. 409.
+
+[206] As regards the modern Maoris, a medical correspondent in New Zealand
+writes: "It is nothing for members of both sexes to live in the same room,
+and for promiscuous intercourse to take place between father and daughter
+or brother and sister. Maori women, who will display a great deal of
+modesty when in the presence of male Maoris, will openly ask strange
+Europeans to have sexual intercourse with them, and without any desire for
+reward. The men, however, seem to prefer their own women, and even when
+staying in towns, where they can obtain prostitutes, they will remain
+continent until they return home again, a period of perhaps a month."
+
+[207] Schellong, _Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie_, 1889, i, pp. 17, 19;
+Haddon, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, February, 1890, pp.
+316, 397; Guise, ib., February and May, 1899, p. 207; Seligmann, ib.,
+1902, pp. 298, 301-302; _Reports Cambridge Expedition_, vol. v, pp.
+199-200, 275.
+
+[208] _Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie_, 1900, ht. v, p. 414.
+
+[209] R. Brough Smyth, _The Aborigines of Victoria_, vol. ii, p. 318.
+
+[210] _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, 1894, pp. 170, 177, 187.
+
+[211] _Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie_, 1896, iv, pp. 180-181.
+
+[212] W.W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, p. 524.
+
+[213] W.F. Daniell, _Medical Topography of Gulf of Guinea_, 1849, p. 55.
+
+[214] Sir H.H. Johnston, _British Central Africa_, 1899, pp. 409, 414.
+
+[215] Rev. J.H. Weeks, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, 1910,
+p. 418.
+
+[216] Sir A.B. Ellis, _Yoruba-Speaking Peoples_, p. 185.
+
+[217] W.F. Daniell, op. cit., p. 36.
+
+[218] _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, August and November,
+1898, p. 106.
+
+[219] _Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie_, 1899, ii and iii, p. 84; Velten,
+_Sitten und Gebraueche der Suaheli_, p. 12.
+
+[220] _Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie_, 1896, p. 364.
+
+[221] Vambery, _Travels in Central Asia_, 1864, p. 323.
+
+[222] Heard, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, Jan.-June, 1911,
+p. 210. The same rule is also observed by the Christians of this district.
+
+[223] Haddon and Stubbs, _Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents_, vol.
+iii, p. 423.
+
+[224] Jeremy Taylor, _The Rule of Conscience_, bk. iii, ch. iv, rule xx.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+
+Thus it would seem probable that, contrary to a belief once widely
+prevalent, the sexual instinct has increased rather than diminished with
+the growth of civilization. This fact was clear to the insight of
+Lucretius, though it has often been lost sight of since.[225] Yet even
+observation of animals might have suggested the real bearing of the facts.
+The higher breeds of cattle, it is said, require the male more often than
+the inferior breeds.[226] Thorough-bred horses soon reach sexual maturity,
+and I understand that since pains have been taken to improve cart-horses
+the sexual instincts of the mares have become less trustworthy. There is
+certainly no doubt that in our domestic animals generally, which live
+under what may be called civilized conditions, the sexual system and the
+sexual needs are more developed than in the wild species most closely
+related to them.[227] All observers seem to agree on this point, and it is
+sufficient to refer to the excellent summary of the question furnished by
+Heape in the study of "The 'Sexual Season' of Mammals," to which reference
+has already been made. He remarks, moreover, that, "while the sexual
+activity of domestic animals and of wild animals in captivity may be more
+frequently exhibited, it is not so violent as is shown by animals in the
+wild state."[228] So that, it would seem, the greater periodicity of the
+instinct in the wild state, alike in animals and in man, is associated
+with greater violence of the manifestations when they do appear. Certain
+rodents, such as the rat and the mouse, are well known to possess both
+great reproductive power and marked sexual proclivities. Heape suggests
+that this also is "due to the advantages derived from their intimate
+relations with the luxuries of civilization." Heape recognizes that, as
+regards reproductive power, the same development may be traced in man: "It
+would seem highly probable that the reproductive power of man has
+increased with civilization, precisely as it may be increased in the lower
+animals by domestication; that the effect of a regular supply of good
+food, together with all the other stimulating factors available and
+exercised in modern civilized communities, has resulted in such great
+activity of the generative organs, and so great an increase in the supply
+of the reproductive elements, that conception in the healthy human female
+may be said to be possible almost at any time during the reproductive
+period."
+
+"People of sense and reflection are most apt to have violent and constant
+passions," wrote Mary Wollstonecraft, "and to be preyed on by them."[229]
+It is that fact which leads to the greater importance of sexual phenomena
+among the civilized as compared to savages. The conditions of civilization
+increase the sexual instinct, which consequently tends to be more
+intimately connected with moral feelings. Morality is bound up with the
+development of the sexual instinct. The more casual and periodic character
+of the impulse in animals, since it involves greater sexual indifference,
+tends to favor a loose tie between the sexes, and hence is not favorable
+to the development of morals as we understand morals. In man the
+ever-present impulse of sex, idealizing each sex to the other sex, draws
+men and women together and holds them together. Foolish and ignorant
+persons may deplore the full development which the sexual instinct has
+reached in civilized man; to a finer insight that development is seen to
+be indissolubly linked with all that is most poignant and most difficult,
+indeed, but also all that is best, in human life as we know it.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[225] _De Rerum Natura_, v, 1016.
+
+[226] Raciborski (_Traite de la Menstruation_, p. 43) quotes the
+observation of an experienced breeder of choice cattle to this effect.
+
+[227] "The organs which in the feral state," as Adlerz remarks
+(_Biologisches Centralblatt_, No. 4, 1902; quoted in _Science_, May 16,
+1902), "are continually exercised in a severe struggle for existence, do
+not under domestication compete so closely with one another for the less
+needed nutriment. Hence, organs like the reproductive glands, which are
+not so directly implicated in self-preservation, are able to avail
+themselves of more food."
+
+[228] _Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science_, vol. xliv, 1900, p.
+12, 31, 39.
+
+[229] "Love," in _Thoughts on the Education of Daughters_.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEXUAL INSTINCT.
+
+
+It is a very remarkable fact that, although for many years past serious
+attempts have been made to elucidate the psychology of sexual perversions,
+little or no endeavor has been made to study the development of the normal
+sexual emotions. Nearly every writer seems either to take for granted that
+he and his readers are so familiar with all the facts of normal sex
+psychology that any detailed statement is altogether uncalled for, or else
+he is content to write a few fragmentary remarks, mostly made up of
+miscellaneous extracts from anatomical, philosophical, and historical
+works.
+
+Yet it is as unreasonable to take normal phenomena for granted here as in
+any other region of science. A knowledge of such phenomena is as necessary
+here as physiology is to pathology or anatomy to surgery. So far from the
+facts of normal sex development, sex emotions, and sex needs being uniform
+and constant, as is assumed by those who consider their discussion
+unnecessary, the range of variation within fairly normal limits is
+immense, and it is impossible to meet with two individuals whose records
+are nearly identical.
+
+There are two fundamental reasons why the endeavor should be made to
+obtain a broad basis of clear information on the subject. In the first
+place, the normal phenomena give the key to the abnormal phenomena, and
+the majority of sexual perversions, including even those that are most
+repulsive, are but exaggerations of instincts and emotions that are
+germinal in normal human beings. In the second place, we cannot even know
+what is normal until we are acquainted with the sexual life of a large
+number of healthy individuals. And until we know the limits of normal
+sexuality we are not in position to lay down any reasonable rules of
+sexual hygiene.
+
+On these grounds I have for some time sought to obtain the sexual
+histories, and more especially the early histories, of men and women who,
+on _prima facie_ grounds, may fairly be considered, or are at all events
+by themselves and others considered, ordinarily healthy and normal.
+
+There are many difficulties about such a task, difficulties which are
+sufficiently obvious. There is, first of all, the natural reticence to
+reveal facts of so intimately personal a character. There is the
+prevailing ignorance and unintelligence which leads to the phenomena being
+obscure to the subject himself. When the first difficulty has been
+overcome, and the second is non-existent, there is still a lack of
+sufficiently strong motive to undertake the record, as well as a failure
+to realize the value of such records. I have, however, received a large
+number of such histories, for the most part offered spontaneously with
+permission to make such further inquiries as I thought desirable. Some of
+these histories are extremely interesting and instructive. In the present
+Appendix, and in a corresponding Appendix to the two following volumes of
+these _Studies_, I bring forward a varied selection of these narratives.
+In a few cases, it will be seen, the subjects are, to say the least, on
+the borderland of the abnormal, but they do not come before us as patients
+desiring treatment. They are playing their, usually active, sometimes even
+distinguished, part in the world, which knows nothing of their intimate
+histories.
+
+    HISTORY I.--E.T. (I reproduce this history, written in the third
+    person, as it reached my hands.) T.'s earliest recollections of
+    ideas of a sexual character are vaguely associated with thoughts
+    upon whipping inflicted on companions by their parents, and
+    sometimes upon his own person. About the age of 7 T. occasionally
+    depicted to himself the appearance of the bare nates and
+    genitalia of boys during flagellation. Reflection upon whipping
+    gave rise to slight curious sensations at the base of the abdomen
+    and in the nerves of the sexual system. The sight of a boy being
+    whipped upon the bare nates caused erection before the age of 9.
+    He cannot account for these excitations, as at the time he had
+    not learned the most rudimentary facts of sex. The spectacle of
+    the boy's nudity had no attraction for him, while the beating
+    aroused his indignation against the person who administered it.
+    T. knew a boy and girl of about his own age whose imaginations
+    dwelt somewhat morbidly upon whipping. The three used to talk
+    together about such chastisement, and the little girl liked to
+    read "stories that had whippings in them." None of these children
+    delighted in cruelty; the fascination in the theme of castigation
+    seemed to be in imagining the spectacle of the exposed nates,
+    though actual witnessing of the whipping made them angry at the
+    time.
+
+    Accustomed to watch a young sister being bathed, T. had no
+    distinct curiosity concerning the differences in sex until the
+    age of 9. About this time he asked his father where babies came
+    from, and was told to be quiet. When he persisted in the inquiry
+    his father threatened to box his ears. His mother told him
+    subsequently that doctors brought babies to mothers. He credited
+    the story so far as to carefully watch the doctor who came when
+    his mother "was going to have a new baby," in the hope of seeing
+    a bundle in his arm. T. was 9 when he interrogated a servant-girl
+    of 16 about babies and their origin. She laughed and said that
+    one day she would tell him how children came. One Sunday this
+    servant took T. for a country walk and initiated him in sexual
+    intercourse, telling him he was too young to be a father, but
+    that was the way babies were made. The girl took him into a
+    field, saying she would show him how to do something which would
+    make him "feel as though he was in heaven," informing him that
+    she had often done this with young men. She then succeeded in
+    causing erection and instructed him how to act. His feeling at
+    the time was one of disgust; the appearance and odor of the
+    female genitalia repelled him. Afterward, however, he wished to
+    repeat the experience with girls of his own age. Finding the boy
+    unresponsive, the girl took the masculine position and embraced
+    him with great passion. T. can recall the expression of the
+    girl's face, the perspiration on her forehead, and the whispered
+    query whether it pleased him. The embrace lasted for about ten
+    minutes, when the girl said it had "done her good." Later the
+    same day they met a girl cousin of this servant about 10 or 12
+    years old. The three went to a lonely part of the seashore. The
+    servant there suggested that T. should repeat the act with the
+    little girl. T. was too shy, though the girl seemed quite willing
+    and experienced. The older girl told the younger to keep watch a
+    few yards away, while she again brought about intercourse in the
+    same way. The servant told T. not to tell anyone. Intercourse
+    with the servant was never repeated after that day; from shame he
+    kept the promise for many years.
+
+    After this episode T. began to speculate about sexual matters and
+    to observe the coupling of dogs with newly acquired interest. At
+    10 years he often lay awake, listening to a woman of 25 singing
+    to a piano accompaniment. The woman's voice seemed very
+    beautiful, and so strongly impressed him that he fell in love
+    with her and longed to embrace her sexually. This secret
+    attachment was much more romantic than sensual, though the idea
+    of embracing the woman seemed to T. a natural part of the
+    romance. He was beginning to invest the sex with angelic
+    qualities. The thought of his adventure with the servant no
+    longer caused repulsion, but rather pleasure. He reflected that
+    if he could meet the girl now he could be very fond of her and
+    understand things better. At this time he had not masturbated,
+    nor even heard of the practice. One day, while playing with a
+    girl of his own age, he succeeded in overcoming her shyness and
+    induced her to expose herself, at the same time uncovering his
+    own sexual parts. On this occasion and once afterward he
+    succeeded in penetrating the vulva. Both he and the girl
+    experienced imperfect enjoyment.
+
+    At boarding-school, where he was sent at 10, T. learned the
+    vulgar phrases for sexual organs and sexual acts, and acquired
+    the habit of moderate masturbation. Coarse talk and indecent
+    jests about the opposite sex were common amusements of the
+    playroom and dormitories. At first the obscene conversation was
+    very distasteful; later he became more used to it, but thought it
+    strange that sex intimacy should be a subject for ridicule and
+    jest.
+
+    He began to read love-stories and think much about girls. At the
+    same time he learned the nature of "the sin of fornication," and
+    wondered why it should be considered so heinous. Parts of the
+    Bible condemning intercourse between the unmarried alarmed him.
+    Being of a serious as well as emotional and amorous nature, he
+    became converted to evangelic belief. His mother warned him to
+    beware of unclean companions at school. He tried to act as a
+    Christian and think only pure thoughts about women. The talk,
+    however, was always of girls and of being in love. His mind was
+    often engrossed with amatory ideas of a poetic, sensuous nature,
+    his sexual experiences having a firm hold on his imagination,
+    while they gave him gratifying assurance of actual knowledge
+    concerning things merely imagined by most of his companions.
+
+    His health was vigorous and he keenly enjoyed all outdoor games
+    and excelled in daring and schoolboy mischief.
+
+    At 12 he fell deeply in love with a girl of corresponding age. He
+    never felt any powerful sexual desire for his sweetheart, and
+    never attempted anything but kissing and decorous caresses. He
+    liked to walk and sit with the girl, to hold her hand, and stroke
+    her soft hair. He felt real grief when separated from her. His
+    thoughts of her were seldom sensual. A year or so afterward he
+    had a temporary passion for a woman of 30, who used to flirt with
+    him and allow kissing. T. thought her queen-like and very lovely,
+    and wished to be her knight.
+
+    One day he saw, for a moment, in a friend's house, a dark,
+    earnest-looking girl of 13, who made a very deep impression upon
+    him, and, though he did not exchange a word with her, he often
+    thought about her afterward. Five years later he met the dark
+    girl again, and the pair were mutually drawn to one another. He
+    proposed marriage and avowed a most desperate passion. A refusal
+    on the plea of youth caused him the deepest misery. About eight
+    years thereafter T. married the girl, and the marriage proved a
+    very happy one for both.
+
+    When he was 15 T. made the acquaintance of a pretty blonde of the
+    same age. She was a high-spirited hoiden. They were soon close
+    friends and later lovers. They wrote a number of letters to each
+    other and exchanged locks of hair and presents. Their talk about
+    love was unreserved. One day she told T. that she had been
+    sexually embraced by a former lover, a boy of 16, hinting very
+    plainly that she would like T. to embrace her. This amour lasted
+    for about six months. The lovers had many opportunities for
+    clandestine intercourse. They used to consummate their passion in
+    a part of a wood they called "the bower." Now and then one or the
+    other would experience a pricking of conscience, but they were
+    too passionately attached to each other to sever the intimacy. At
+    length the girl began to dread the risk of conception and the
+    intercourse ceased. Looking back upon this episode T. avers that
+    the attachment and its physical expression seemed quite natural,
+    poetic, and beautiful, though at times his religious principles
+    condemned his conduct. He now thinks that the experience is by no
+    means to be regretted either by the girl or himself. It was a
+    wholesome youthful passion, as innocent as the mating of birds,
+    and the insight which it gave to both of the hidden emotions of
+    human nature was morally advantageous in after-life.
+
+    T. believes that his amative precocity was due to the early
+    awakening of sex feeling by the servant-girl. But he also
+    believes that the love passion would have asserted itself early
+    in any case, since he inherits a warm temperament, had erectile
+    power long before puberty, and has considerable seminal capacity.
+    Having closely watched the effects of suppressed normal emotions
+    and desires in youth at the time of pubescence, he maintains that
+    such suppression is disastrous, causing unhealthy thoughts and
+    leading to the formation of a habit of masturbation which may
+    persist throughout life. He believes that temporary sexual
+    intimacies between boys and girls under 20 from the period of
+    puberty would be far less harmful than separation of the sexes
+    until marriage, with its resultants: masturbation, hysteria,
+    repressed and disordered functions in young women, seduction,
+    prostitution, venereal affections, and many other evils.
+
+
+    HISTORY II.--The following narrative was written by a married
+    lady: "My mother (herself a very passionate and attractive woman)
+    recognized the difficulty for English girls of getting
+    satisfactorily married, and determined, if possible, to shield us
+    from disappointment by turning our thoughts in a different
+    direction. Theoretically the idea was perhaps good, but in
+    practice it proved useless. The natural desires were there.
+    Disappointment and disillusion followed their repression none the
+    less surely for having altered their natural shape. I think the
+    love I had for my mother was almost sexual, as to be with her was
+    a keen pleasure, and to be long away from her an almost
+    unendurable pain. She used to talk to us a good deal on all sorts
+    of subjects, but she never troubled about education in the
+    ordinary sense. When 9 years old I had been taught nothing except
+    to read and write. She never forbade us to read anything, but if
+    by accident we got hold of a book of which she did not approve
+    she used to say: 'I think that is rather a silly story, don't
+    you?' We were so eager to come up to her standard of taste that
+    we at once imagined we thought it silly, too. In the same way she
+    discouraged ideas about love or marriage, not by suggesting there
+    was anything wrong or improper about them, but by implying great
+    contempt for girls who thought about lovers, etc. Up to the age
+    of about 20 I had a vague general impression that love was very
+    well for ordinary women, but far beneath the dignity of a
+    somewhat superior person like myself. To show how little it
+    entered my thoughts I may add that, up to 17, I fancied a woman
+    got a child by being kissed on the lips by a man. Hence all the
+    fuss in novels about the kiss on the mouth.
+
+    "When I was 9 years old I began to feel a great craving for
+    scientific knowledge. _A Child's Guide to Science_, which I
+    discovered at a second-hand book-stall (and which, by the way,
+    informed me that heat is due to a substance called caloric),
+    became a constant companion. In order to learn about light and
+    gravitation, I saved up my money and ordered (of all books)
+    Newton's _Principia_, shedding bitter tears when I found I could
+    not understand a word of it. At the same time I was horribly
+    ashamed of this desire for knowledge. I got such books as I could
+    surreptitiously and hid them in odd corners. Why, I cannot
+    imagine, as no one would have objected, but, on the contrary, I
+    should have been helped to suitable books.
+
+    "My sisters and I were all violently argumentative, but our
+    quarrels were all on abstract subjects. We saw little of other
+    children and made no friendships, preferring each other's society
+    to that of outsiders. When I was about 10 a girl of the same age
+    came to stay with us for a few days. When we went to bed the
+    first night she asked me if I ever played with myself, whereupon
+    I took a great dislike to her. No sexual ideas or feelings were
+    excited. When still quite a child, however, I had feelings of
+    excitement which I now recognize as sexual. Such feelings always
+    came to me in bed (at least I cannot remember them at any other
+    time) and were generally accompanied by a gradually increasing
+    desire to make water. For a long time I would not dare to get out
+    of bed for fear of being scolded for staying awake, and only did
+    so at last when actually compelled. In the mean time the sexual
+    excitement increased also, and I believe I thought the latter was
+    the result of the former, or, perhaps, rather, that both were the
+    same thing. (This was when I was about 7 or 8 years old.) So far
+    as I can recollect, the excitement did not recur when the desire
+    to make water had been gratified. I seemed to remember wondering
+    why thinking of certain things (I can't remember what these were)
+    should make one want to urinate. (In later life I have found
+    that, if the bladder is not emptied before coitus, pleasure is
+    often more intense.) There were also feelings, which I now
+    recognize as sexual, in connection with ideas of whipping.
+
+    "As a child and girl I had very strong religious feelings (I
+    should have now if I could believe in the reality of religion),
+    which were absent in my sisters. These feelings were much the
+    same as I experienced later sexually; I felt toward God what I
+    imagined I should like to feel to my husband if I married. This,
+    I fancy, is what usually occurs. At 14 I went to a
+    boarding-school where there were seventy girls between 7 and 19.
+    I think it goes to show that there is but very little sexual
+    precocity among English girls that during the three years I
+    stayed there I never heard a word the strictest mother would have
+    objected to. One or two of the older girls were occasionally a
+    little sentimental, but on no occasion did I hear the physical
+    side of things touched upon. I think this is partly due to the
+    amount of exercise we took. When picturing my childhood I always
+    see myself racing about, jumping walls, climbing trees. In France
+    and Italy I have been struck by the greater sedateness of
+    Continental children. Our idea of naughtiness consisted chiefly
+    in having suppers in our bedrooms and sliding down the banisters
+    after being sent to bed. The first gratified our natural
+    appetite, while the second supplied the necessary thrill in the
+    fear of being caught.
+
+    "I made no violent friendships with the other girls, but I became
+    much attached to the French governess. She was 30, and a born
+    teacher, very strict with all of us, and doubly so with me for
+    fear of showing favoritism. But she was never unjust, and I was
+    rather proud of her severity and took a certain pleasure in being
+    punished by her, the punishment always taking the form of
+    learning by heart, which I rather liked doing. So I had my
+    thrill, excitement, I don't quite know what to call it, without
+    any very great inconvenience to myself. Just before we left
+    school the sexual instinct began to show itself in enthusiasm for
+    art with a capital A, Ouida's novels being mainly responsible. My
+    sister and I agreed that we would spend our lives traveling about
+    France, Italy, and the Continent, generally _a la Tricotrin_,
+    with a violin in one pocket and an Atravante Dante in the other.
+    To do this satisfactorily to ourselves we must be artists, and I
+    resolved to go in for music and become a second Liszt. When my
+    father offered to take us to Italy, the artist's Mecca, for a
+    couple of years, we were wild with delight. We went, and
+    disillusionment began. It may perhaps seem absurd, but we
+    suffered acutely that first summer. Our villa was quite on the
+    beach, the lowest of its flight of steps being washed by the
+    Mediterranean. At the back were grounds which seemed a paradise.
+    Long alleys covered over with vines and carpeted with long grass
+    and poppies, grassy slopes dotted with olives and ilex, roses
+    everywhere, and almost every flower in profusion, with, at night,
+    the fireflies and the heavy scents of syringa and orange
+    blossoms. In the midst of every possible excitement to the senses
+    there was one thing wanting, and we did not know what that was.
+
+    "We attributed our restlessness and dissatisfaction to the slow
+    progress in our artistic education, and consoled ourselves by
+    thinking when once we had mastered the technical difficulties we
+    should feel all right. And of course we did derive a very real
+    pleasure from all the beauties of art and nature with which Italy
+    abounds.
+
+    "It seems to me, however, that the art craze is one of the modern
+    phases of woman's sexual life. When we were in Italy the great
+    centers of the country were simply overrun with girls studying
+    art, most of whom had very little talent, but who had mistaken
+    the restlessness due to the first awakening of the sexual
+    instinct for the divine flame of genius. In our case it did not
+    matter, as we were not dependent upon our own exertions. But it
+    must have been terribly hard for girls who had burned their boats
+    and chosen art as a career, to have added to the repression of
+    their natural desires the bitterness of knowing that in their
+    chosen walk of life they were failures. The results as far as
+    work goes might not be so bad if the passions, as in men, were
+    occasionally gratified. It is the constant drudgery combined with
+    the disappointment and finding that art alone does not satisfy
+    which is so paralyzing. Besides, sexual gratification is always
+    followed by exaltation of the mental faculties, with, in my
+    experience, no depressing reaction such as follows pleasure
+    excited by mental causes alone.
+
+    "At one time when living at the villa I met a man about 45, who
+    took rather a fancy to me. I mention this because it woke me up;
+    no emotion was excited, but I realized for the first time (I must
+    have been nearly 20) that I was no longer a child, and that a
+    man could think of me in connection with love. It was only after
+    this, and not immediately after, either, that men's society began
+    to have an interest for me, and that I began to think a man's
+    love would be a pleasant thing to possess, after all.
+
+    "The sexual instinct, at any rate as regards consciousness, thus
+    developed slowly and in what I believe to be a very usual
+    sequence: religion, admiration for an older woman, and art. I am
+    not sure that I have made quite enough of the first, yet I do not
+    know that there is any more to say. There were very strong
+    physical feelings connected with all these which were identical
+    with those now connected with passion, but they were completely
+    satisfied by the mental idea which excited them.
+
+    "The first time I can remember feeling keen physical pleasure was
+    when I was between 7 and 8 years old. I can't recollect the
+    cause, but I remember lying quite still in my little cot clasping
+    the iron rails at the top. It may be said that this is hardly
+    slow development, but I mean slow as regards (1) any connection
+    of the idea with a man or (2) any physical means of excitation.
+
+    "I have laid stress on my desire for knowledge, as I think my
+    sexual feelings were affected by it. A great part of my feeling
+    for my mother was due to the stores of information she appeared
+    to possess. The omniscience of God was to me his most striking
+    attribute. My French teacher's capacity was her chief attraction.
+    When, as a girl, I thought of marriage, I desired a man who
+    'could explain things to me.' One learns later to live one's
+    mental and sexual life separately to a great extent. But at 20 I
+    could not have done so; given the opportunity, I should have made
+    the mistake of Dorothea in _Middlemarch_.
+
+    "I have spoken of the depressing after-effects of pleasure
+    brought about by a purely mental cause, but I do not think this
+    is the case in childhood and early youth. (Perhaps some women
+    feel no such depression afterward, and this may account for their
+    coldness in regard to men.) This may perhaps be accounted for by
+    the fact that it occurs much more rarely, and also it is perhaps
+    a natural process before the sexual organs fully develop, and so
+    not harmful.
+
+    "I always find it difficult in expressing the different degrees
+    of physical excitement even to myself, though I know exactly what
+    I felt. As a child, from the time of the early experience already
+    mentioned (about the age of 7 or 8), and as a young girl, the
+    second stage (secretion of mucus) was always reached. The amount
+    of secretion has always been excessive, but at first secretion
+    only lasted a short time; later it began to last for several
+    hours, or even sometimes the whole night, if the natural
+    gratification has been withheld for a long time (say, three
+    months). I do not remember ever feeling the third stage (complete
+    orgasm) until I saw the first man I fancied I cared for. I do not
+    think that mental causes alone have ever produced more than the
+    first two stages (general diffuse excitement and secretion). I
+    have sometimes wondered whether I could produce the third
+    mechanically, but I have a curious unreasonable repugnance to
+    trying the experiment; it would seem to materialize it too much.
+    As a child and a girl I was contented to arrive at the second
+    stage, possibly because I did not realize that there was any
+    other, and perhaps this is why I have experienced no evil
+    results.
+
+    "In dreams the third stage seems to come suddenly without any
+    leading up to it, either mental or physical, of which I am
+    conscious. I do not, however, remember having any such dreams
+    before I was engaged. They came at a later period; even then,
+    when great pleasure was experienced, it came, as a rule, suddenly
+    and sharply, with no dreams leading up to it. The dreams
+    generally take a sad form (an Evangeline and Gabriel business),
+    where one vainly seeks the person who eludes one. I have,
+    however, sometimes had pleasurable dreams of men who were quite
+    indifferent to me and of whom I never thought when awake. The
+    impression on waking is so strong one could almost fancy one's
+    self really in love with them. I can quite understand falling in
+    love with a person by dreaming of him in this way.
+
+    "The first time I remember experiencing the third stage in waking
+    moments was at a picnic, when the man, to whom I have before
+    referred as the first that I fancied I cared for, leaned against
+    me accidentally in passing a plate or dish; but I was already in
+    a violent state of excitement at being with him. There was no
+    possibility of anything between us, as he was married. If he
+    guessed my feelings, they were never admitted, as I did my best
+    to hide them. I never experienced this, except at the touch of
+    some one I loved. (I think the saying about the woman 'desiring
+    the desire of the man' is just about as true as most epigrams. It
+    is the man's personality alone which affects me. His feelings
+    toward me are of--I was going to say--indifference, but at any
+    rate quite secondary importance, and the gratification of my own
+    vanity counts as nothing in such relations.)
+
+    "As a rule, to reach even the second stage the exciting ideas
+    must be associated with some particular person, except in the
+    case of a story, where one identifies one's self with one of the
+    characters. In childhood and early youth it was, in the case of
+    religion, the idea of God and the presence and the personality of
+    God which aroused my feelings and always seemed very vivid to me.
+    In the case of my governess, my feelings were aroused in exactly
+    the same way as later they would be by one's lover. In the art
+    craze I am rather vague as to how it came about, but I think, as
+    a rule, there was rather a craving for pleasure than pleasure
+    itself. I do not remember ever thinking much about the physical
+    feeling. It seemed as natural that a pleasant emotion should
+    produce pleasant physical effects as that a painful one should
+    cause tears. As a child, one takes so much for granted, and later
+    on my mind was so much occupied with worrying about the truth of
+    religion that I hardly thought enough about anything else to
+    analyze it carefully.
+
+    "I may summarize my own feelings thus: First, exciting ideas
+    alone produce, as a rule, merely the first stage of sexual
+    excitement. Second, the same ideas connected with a particular
+    person will produce the second stage. Third, the same may be said
+    of the presence of the beloved person. Fourth, actual contact
+    appears necessary for the third stage. If the first stage only be
+    reached, the sensation is not pleasurable in reality, or would
+    not be but for its association. If produced, as I have sometimes
+    found it to be, by a sense of mental incapacity, it is distinctly
+    disagreeable, especially if one feels that the energy which might
+    have been used in coping with the difficulty is being thus
+    dissipated. If it be produced, as it may be, as the result of
+    physical or mental restraint, it is also unpleasant unless the
+    restraint were put upon one by a person one loves. Then, however,
+    the second stage would probably be reached, but this would depend
+    a good deal on one's mood. If the first stage only were reached,
+    I think it would be disagreeable; it would mean a conflict
+    between one's will and sexual feeling. Perhaps women who feel
+    actual repugnance to the sexual act with a man they love have
+    never gone beyond the first stage, when their dislike to it would
+    be quite intelligible to me.
+
+    "Some time after the life in Italy had come to an end I became
+    engaged. There was considerable difficulty in the way of
+    marriage, but we saw a good deal of each other. My _fiance_ often
+    dined with us, and we met every day. The result of seeing him so
+    frequently was that I was kept in a constant state of strong, but
+    suppressed, sexual excitement. This was particularly the case
+    when we met in the evening and wandered about the moonlit garden
+    together. When this had gone on about three months I began to
+    experience a sense of discomfort after each of his visits. The
+    abdomen seemed to swell with a feeling of fullness and
+    congestion; but, though these sensations were closely connected
+    with the physical excitement, they were not sufficiently painful
+    to cause me any alarm or make me endeavor to avoid their
+    pleasurable cause. The symptoms got worse, however, and no longer
+    passed off quickly as at first. The swelling increased;
+    considerable pain and a dragged-down sensation resulted the
+    moment I tried to walk even a short distance. I was troubled
+    with constant indigestion, weight in the chest, pain in the head
+    and eyes, and continual slight diarrhea. This went on for about
+    nine months, and then my _fiance_ was called away from the
+    neighborhood. After his departure I got a trifle better, but the
+    symptoms remained, though in less acute form. A few months later
+    the engagement was broken off, and for some weeks I was severely
+    ill with influenza and was on my back for several weeks. When I
+    could get about a little, though very weak, all the swelling was
+    gone, but pain returned whenever I tried to walk or stand for
+    long. The indigestion and diarrhea were also very troublesome. I
+    was treated for both by a physician, but without success. Next
+    year I became engaged to my husband and was shortly after
+    married. The indigestion and diarrhea disappeared soon after. The
+    pain and dragging feeling in the abdomen bothered me much in
+    walking or any kind of exercise. One day I came across a medical
+    work, _The Elements of Social Science_, in which I found
+    descriptions of symptoms like those I suffered from ascribed to
+    uterine disease. I again applied to a doctor, telling him I
+    thought there was displacement and possibly congestion. He
+    confirmed my opinion and told me to wear a pessary. He ascribed
+    the displacement to the relaxing climate, and said he did not
+    think I should ever get quite right again. After the pessary had
+    been placed in position every trace of pain, etc., left me. A
+    year later I thought I would try and do without the pessary, and
+    to my great satisfaction none of the old trials came back after
+    its removal, in spite of much trouble, anxiety, sick nursing, and
+    fatigue. I attribute the disorder entirely to violent sexual
+    excitement which was not permitted its natural gratification and
+    relief.
+
+    "I have reason to believe that suppression acts very injuriously
+    on a woman's mental capacity. When excitement is naturally
+    relieved the mind turns of its own accord to another subject, but
+    when suppressed it is unable to do this. Personally, in the
+    latter event, I find the greatest difficulty in concentrating my
+    thoughts, and mental effort becomes painful. Other women have
+    complained to me of the same difficulty. I have tried mechanical
+    mental work, such as solving arithmetical or algebraic problems,
+    but it does no good; in fact, it seems only to increase the
+    excitement. (I may remark here that my feelings are always very
+    strong not only before and after the monthly period, but also
+    during the time itself; very unfortunately, as, of course, they
+    cannot then be gratified. This only applies to desire from
+    within, as I am strongly susceptible to influences from without
+    at any time.) There seems nothing to be done but to bow to the
+    storm till it passes over. Anything I do during the time it
+    lasts, even household work, is badly done. The brain seems to
+    become addled for the time being, while after gratification of
+    desire it seems to attain an additional quickness and cleverness.
+    Perhaps this cause contributes to the small amount of
+    intellectual and artistic work done by women, admitting their
+    natural inferiority to men in artistic impulse. A woman whose
+    passions are satisfied generally has her strength sapped by
+    maternity, while her attention is drawn from abstract ideas to
+    her children."
+
+
+    HISTORY III.--B. states that his first sexual thoughts and acts
+    were curiously connected with whipping. At 12 he and another boy
+    used to beat each other with a cricket bat upon the bare nates,
+    and afterward indulge in mutual masturbation. He cannot remember
+    the beginning of his sexual speculation as a child, nor how he
+    learned masturbation. When he was 13 he used to discuss erotic
+    matters with a schoolfellow who was in the habit of engaging in
+    vulvar intercourse with a girl of his own age. The intercourse
+    was practised on the way home from school, and in a standing
+    posture. B. embraced the girl in the same way. He is not
+    interested in the psychological aspects of the sexual emotion.
+    Although his sex passion was early kindled, he never had commerce
+    with prostitutes. He thinks that his youthful experiences had no
+    ill effect upon him morally, mentally, or physically. He
+    practised masturbation in moderation till he married, at the age
+    of 31.
+
+
+    HISTORY IV.--"I can remember" (writes the subject) "trotting away
+    as a youngster about 5 with another boy to 'see a girl's legs';
+    the idea emanated from the other boy, but I was vaguely
+    interested. How or where we were going to see the object in
+    question I do not remember nor anything further than the
+    intention. When 6 or 7 I remember being put to bed with the nurse
+    girl and feeling her bare arm with undoubted sexual excitement; I
+    remember, too, gradually feeling along the arm very cautiously,
+    fearing the girl would wake and being bitterly disappointed to
+    find it was merely the arm. I am almost certain I had then no
+    idea of sex, but the disappointment was actual.
+
+    "These are the only early experiences of the sort I can remember.
+    When about 9 I had others. On the coast of the north of England,
+    which had then very few visitors and seemed to me very remote, I
+    lived in a farm-house and used to assist the girls of the farm in
+    looking after young cattle. These girls certainly instilled
+    sexual ideas, though I did not realize them with precision. They
+    used to talk about things a good many of which, I can now see, I
+    did not then understand as they did. I liked to see these girls
+    wading with their dresses tucked up. About this time I fell
+    passionately in love with a girl cousin, but do not remember
+    having any sensual ideas in regard to her. I cannot say that
+    these early experiences had any influence on my later sexual
+    development so far as I am consciously aware. I have always
+    remembered them vaguely, never with sexual excitement.
+
+    "Sexual dreams took place first at about the age of 13; there was
+    then emission and sensation in sleep. These were, however, not
+    much associated with distinctly sexual dreams. All that I recall
+    after them was the sensation, which, however, I did not even then
+    absolutely localize. Masturbation was undoubtedly the direct
+    result of these dreams. It was tried at first tentatively, out of
+    curiosity to determine if the sensation of the dream could be so
+    reproduced. Sexual dreams, such as I have described, occurred
+    frequently, although I cannot say at what interval. I have never
+    experienced the slightest attraction for the same sex."
+
+
+    HISTORY V.--"My maternal grandfather" (writes the subject of this
+    history) "was a small farmer who kept a few beagles and
+    greyhounds for hare-hunting. He had three daughters, one of whom
+    became my mother. One of his sporting companions, a doctor of
+    profligate habits and a drunkard, seduced my mother at the age of
+    20. When her condition was discovered she had to flee from the
+    violence of her father, and I was born some distance from her
+    home. After my grandfather's death I was reared by my
+    grandmother, and saw nothing of my mother until I was nearly 16;
+    she had left the country in shame and disgrace.
+
+    "I believe that in my heredity the transmission comes chiefly
+    from my mother, who is now 58 years old. Although her life has
+    been blameless in every particular since her youthful
+    indiscretion, she has never got over it. I feel in my character a
+    reflection of her overstrung condition during pregnancy.
+
+    "I can distinctly remember from the age of 9 years, and am sure
+    that I had no sexual feelings before the age of 13, though always
+    in the company of girls. I had many boyish passions for girls,
+    always older than myself, but these were never accompanied by
+    sexual desires. I deified all my sweethearts, and was satisfied
+    if I got a flower, a handkerchief, or even a shred of clothing of
+    my inamorata for the time being. These things gave me a strange
+    idealistic emotion, but caused no sexual desire or erection.
+
+    "At 13 a 26-year-old sister of a boy companion once sat down on a
+    sheaf of corn so as to expose the mons veneris and enticed me to
+    copulate. There was slight erection, and after the act had been
+    continued some time a pleasurable sensation of ejaculation, but
+    without true emission. I had frequent relations with this woman
+    after that.
+
+    "About this time the farm servant of a neighbor taught me
+    masturbation. The mistress of the farm, a thin, willowy, dark
+    woman, the mother of several children, treated me with such
+    familiarity as once to urinate in my presence, so that I saw her
+    very hirsute mons veneris. From that moment I conceived a great
+    passion for her, and used to tremble as soon as I saw her. I had
+    become well developed and virile, but, though I think she was a
+    lustful woman, I never ventured to touch her. I found an extreme
+    ecstasy in masturbating while gazing upon some article of her
+    clothing. This gave me much greater sexual pleasure than actual
+    connection with the ever-willing sister of my schoolfellow. I
+    think I loved the married woman best because the mons veneris was
+    more covered with hair.
+
+    "This has always had a peculiar attraction for me. Later, when
+    accosted by prostitutes, I never would go with them unless I was
+    assured the mons veneris was very hirsute. Never much addicted to
+    masturbation, I derived no great enjoyment therefrom unless I had
+    hair or part of the clothing of the woman with whom I was
+    indulging in psychic coitus.
+
+    "At 16 I left school and went to a large city to learn a
+    business. At this time the sexual appetite was very strong. I
+    frequently had intercourse with three women in one evening.
+
+    "I have had but few lascivious dreams. In these the phantom
+    partner was almost invariably a dead woman. (When about 8 I had
+    seen the dead body of an aunt who died at 24.)
+
+    "When 20 I went to London and took all the pleasure which came my
+    way. I cared only for normal coitus. Offers of another type
+    created disgust. I once allowed a woman to exhaust me sexually
+    orally, but felt degraded thereby. Women with whom I had become
+    very intimate often urged me to _cunnilingus_, but I could not do
+    it. I have practised intermammary coitus a very few times.
+
+    "At 26 I married a pure, gentle woman, after having for ten
+    months before marriage led a life of celibacy. My wife died when
+    I was 30, and for about eight months I lived a celibate life.
+    Lascivious dreams sometimes occurred, but I invariably awoke
+    before ejaculation. Eventually I gave way to the cravings of my
+    strong sexual nature, but never wished for anything out of the
+    usual except intercourse from behind. A woman with marked
+    development of the nates has great attraction for me. Solitary
+    masturbation has for some time ceased, but a nude woman in the
+    act of masturbation with her back to me gives me great pleasure.
+    I am as strong sexually at 38 as I was at 20, only I never want
+    women unless I am brought into actual contact with them and they
+    are hairy and have large pelvic development. I am in excellent
+    health. Genitals are well developed, and I am clothed with hair
+    from the chin to the genitals. My skull is dolichocephalic. I am
+    violent and tenacious in temper, high-strung, and rapid in
+    thought and action. My digestion is good, but I have a tendency
+    to constipation. Occasionally I have a twinge of pain below the
+    occipital region.
+
+    "My early views of women have changed; I no longer deify them,
+    though I study them. I have known very sensual women living at
+    home in respectable middle-class society. One, in particular, a
+    girl of 18, after coitus used to excite me lingually. I have had
+    a sweetheart who remained _virgo intacta_. Had I seduced her, as
+    I could have done, I should have lost all interest in her. I
+    could never bear the presence of naked men, and would never go to
+    a public swimming bath for that reason. I regard myself as a man
+    of abnormally strong, but, on the whole, healthy and wholesome,
+    sexual feelings. As a rule, I have coitus twice or oftener in one
+    week and I practise withdrawal. I am a total abstainer, and never
+    could embrace a woman who smelled of drink."
+
+    HISTORY VI.--The writer of the following is a man of letters,
+    married. "Quite early I remember a strange and romantic interest
+    in the feminine. Certainly before I was 9 I had a strong
+    affection for a little girl playmate; our family lost sight of
+    hers, and I saw and heard nothing of her for sixteen years; then,
+    hearing she was coming to town, I experienced quite a flutter of
+    heart, so strong had been the impression caused at even the early
+    age of our acquaintance. Not that I mean to say I never wavered
+    in between! Through the whole of my boyhood I remember persistent
+    romantic interests in girls and women, whose smooth, fair faces
+    and sweet voices exercised ever a subtle attraction over me.
+    Before I was 12 I had picked out my 'future wife' a dozen times
+    at least! (A different one each time of course!) Curiosity as to
+    the physical detail of sex and birth was singularly absent.
+    Possibly this was partly due to the fact that the only younger
+    member of our family was born when I was but 4 years old. Grave,
+    shy, and reserved, I was never taken into the counsels of
+    prurient schoolmates. I was unaware that there was such
+    discussion between them--though it is, I suppose, not probable
+    that our school was exempt. I was a great reader, and when about
+    12 or 13 I came across a reference to an illegitimate child which
+    puzzled me. Ere long, however, in my random and extensive reading
+    I hit on a book that touched on phallicism, and I learned that
+    there were male and female organs of generation. I had neither
+    shame nor curiosity; I jumped to the conclusion that during close
+    caresses somehow a subtle aroma arose from the man to fertilize
+    the woman; I left the subject at this, satisfied, and had no
+    inkling of the real intimacy of the embrace.
+
+    "About 14, much interested in Bradlaugh, I bought both the
+    Knowlton pamphlet and Mrs. Besant's population book. I found the
+    physical details in scientific language so dull that I could not
+    peruse them. By reading the argumentative passages I learned that
+    _somehow_ (I knew not how) children could be produced or not
+    produced as desired; and in this stage of the matter it seemed
+    to me so admirable that it should be so that I wondered why there
+    should be cavil.
+
+    "About this age my elder brother believed it to be his duty to
+    tell me the secrets of sex; I remember his talking to me, while
+    I, bored and uninterested, thought of something else. When he
+    finished I had heard nothing. Remember, I felt no shame on the
+    matter--none at all. I was simply bored. This I attribute to two
+    things: first, my preponderating interest in the romantic side of
+    things; secondly (and this bears with it a strong moral), _the
+    feeling that the knowledge lay always within my grasp kept me
+    from that curiosity which so oft consumes those who think it is
+    hidden away from them_.
+
+    "The changes of puberty came naturally and without startling me.
+    Even the fact of emissions--which took place during sleep at
+    intervals, unaccompanied by dreams or by any physical prostration
+    afterward--has left on my memory no recollection of surprise; I
+    knew it to be somehow connected with generation, but I had no
+    physical trouble, and I am quite sure I did not bother further
+    about it. The best possible proof of this lies in the fact that
+    my memory is a blank on the matter. At the age of 21 (I take this
+    from a diary, so I know it is correct) I was still ignorant as to
+    intrinsic fact. Then I pulled myself together and felt it was
+    really time I learned the actual details of the matter. I went to
+    a clever friend of mine and asked him to tell me all about it. He
+    expressed himself astounded at my not knowing; and he had very
+    great shyness about telling me. In fact, I had to drag facts out
+    of him by a real cross-examination, during which he persistently
+    marveled at my ignorance. Though he had a great deal of false
+    shame about the matter, I had none at all. His revelations
+    considerably surprised me, because I had no idea that there was
+    actual intromission. When I came to reflect on what I had learned
+    the fact of this close physical intimacy appealed to me as being
+    quite poetic and beautiful between two lovers; and I have had no
+    reason since to change my opinion.
+
+    "_Summary._--1. Romantic interest in girls and women commencing
+    early and remaining persistently.
+
+    "2. Knowledge before puberty of the fact that this interest was
+    based on the all-important process of reproduction.
+
+    "3. Absence of further physical curiosity even at puberty itself.
+
+    "4. Knowledge ultimately acquired without shock.
+
+    "The physical in sex has never been any bother to me, neither
+    have I bothered about it. I have recognized it, frankly, and
+    don't see why I shouldn't, but my unashamed recognition has
+    probably been because the merely physical is less absorbing to me
+    than to most. Mental and emotional interest in passion has
+    absorbed me greatly, but the merely physical has sunk into what
+    I call its natural place of subordination. Nature is kind. It is
+    our 'conspiracy of silence' which tends to emphasize physical
+    detail."
+
+
+    HISTORY VII.--G.D., who is a doctor and a man of science, writes:
+    "There is a strong history of gout on the paternal side. No
+    history of alcohol, tubercle, brain trouble, or of the
+    arthropathies. There is some reason to believe that two of my
+    maternal aunts were sexually frigid, and perhaps this was true to
+    a less extent of my mother, who had a contracted pelvis,
+    necessitating the induction of labor at the eighth month of
+    pregnancy.
+
+    "About the age of 7 a German nursery governess, B., took charge
+    of me, and I soon became devoted to her. I was then a delicate
+    child, and used to suffer frequently from nightmare, waking up
+    screaming and covered with sweat. When this happened, B. would
+    sometimes take me into her bed and soothe me with kisses, etc.
+    These I returned, and can remember that I was particularly fond
+    of kissing her breasts.
+
+    "About this time a girl cousin, A., about a year older than
+    myself, was one of my most frequent playmates. I endeavored to
+    monopolize her company and attention, and on this account often
+    came to blows with C., a cousin rather younger than myself, who
+    has since told me that he was then 'in love' with A. and
+    'jealous' of me. I believe I was really jealous and in love at
+    the time, but cannot remember that anything in the nature of
+    caresses took place between A. and myself.
+
+    "Some time later, probably when I was about 9, something led up
+    to B. saying that she was not built like I was, that she had no
+    penis, etc. (I cannot remember my nursery term for penis.) I was
+    incredulous, and demanded to be allowed to see if it was true;
+    this was refused, and I made many plans to gratify my curiosity,
+    such as slipping into her room when she was dressing, tipping up
+    the chair she was sitting in, and trying to suddenly thrust my
+    hand up under her skirts. I did not succeed in finding out, but
+    have since thought that, although she did not allow me to attain
+    the object of my efforts, the later game caused her pleasurable
+    sensations. I regard these efforts as being prompted purely by
+    curiosity; I had no feelings of warmth or irritations of the
+    genitals, and I certainly never manipulated them, nor was I, as
+    far as I can judge, an unusually prurient small boy. B. left when
+    I was about 10, when I went to a preparatory school.
+
+    "At 121/2 I was sent to a public school, and was then told by my
+    father the chief facts of sex and warned to avoid masturbation.
+    My first wet dream took place when I was 14. Rather before this I
+    had begun to suffer with severe intermittent testicular neuralgia
+    which practically defied all treatment and continued on and off
+    for four or five years, the attacks gradually becoming fewer and
+    less severe.
+
+    "When 15, circumstances compelled me to leave school and to live
+    for two years at the seaside with no companions of my own age. I
+    had, however, the run of a well-stocked library, and fished and
+    collected insects energetically.
+
+    "At 16 I made love to the trained nurse attending my mother, but,
+    owing more, I think, to my timidity than to the austerity of her
+    virtue, got no further than kissing. About this time wet dreams
+    became inconveniently frequent; they would occur three or four
+    times weekly, and resisted the stock remedies. At 17 I was
+    advised to try connection. This I did, and found but little
+    pleasure in the act, there being a strong esthetic objection to
+    the 'love that keeps awake for lure.'
+
+    "About this time I found in the United States Pharmacopoeia a
+    remedy for my emissions, which have, however, always remained
+    rather more frequent than those of the average individual,
+    judging from the experience of my friends. Emissions are
+    generally accompanied by lascivious dreams, but at times take
+    place when I dream that I am hurrying to catch a train, or to
+    micturate against time.
+
+    "I have of late years (not noticed till after 20) observed that
+    the dream accompanying emission is shorter; so that, whereas up
+    to, say, 21 I generally performed the whole physiological act
+    with my dream-charmer, I now almost invariably emit and awake
+    before intromission has taken place. There has been no
+    alternation comparable to this in the performance of the act
+    while I am awake.
+
+    "As regards my physique I should mention that all my reflexes are
+    very brisk, though I am only slightly ticklish in the ordinary
+    sense of the term. I sweat easily and am very shy, not only with
+    women, but with any strangers. I have, however, trained myself
+    not to show this. About averagely passionate, I should say, and
+    extremely critical where women are concerned, the latter quality
+    often keeping me chaste for months at a time."
+
+
+    HISTORY VIII.--"When I was about 8 years old" (states the lady
+    who is the subject of the present observation) "I remember that,
+    with several other children, we used to play in an old garden at
+    being father and mother, unfastening our drawers and bringing the
+    sexual parts together, as we imagined married people to do, but
+    no sexual feelings were aroused, nor did the boys have
+    erections." When about 10 years old she became conscious of a
+    pleasurable sensation associated with the smell of leather, which
+    has ever since persisted. At that age she was sometimes left to
+    wait in the office of a wholesale business house full of
+    leather-bound ledgers. She did not then notice the sensation
+    particularly, and was certainly not conscious of any connection
+    with sexual emotion. Menstruation was established at 131/2 years.
+    Distinct sexual feelings were first observed a few months later.
+    "The first feelings of love which I ever felt were at the age of
+    14 for a nice, manly boy of my own age, who often came to our
+    house. He liked me, but was not in love with me. It was very
+    seldom that he would sit by me and hold my hand, as I wished him.
+    This went on till I was about 17, when he went to the university.
+    After his first term he came back and was then attracted to me;
+    but, though I loved him very much, I was too proud to show it.
+    When he tried to kiss me, I resisted, though I longed for it.
+    Thinking I was greatly offended, he apologized, which only made
+    me angry. All these years I was worshiping at his shrine and
+    mixed him up with all my ideas of life." Whenever she was near
+    him she experienced physical sensations, with moistening of the
+    vulva. This continued till she was about 20, but the object of
+    these emotions never again attempted any advances.
+
+    At 19 she became engaged to someone else. At the beginning she
+    was physically indifferent to her lover, but when he first kissed
+    her she became greatly excited. The engagement, however, was soon
+    broken off from absence of strong affection on either side and
+    chiefly, it would seem, from the cooling of the lover's ardor.
+    She thinks he would have been more strongly attached to her if
+    she had been colder to him, or pretended to be, instead of
+    responding with simplicity and frankness.
+
+    During the next few years little occurred. She was working hard,
+    and her amusements would mostly, she says, be regarded as rather
+    childish. She was extremely fond of dancing, and she was always
+    pleased when anyone paid her attention. She was frequently
+    conscious of sexual feelings, sometimes tormented by them, and
+    she regarded this as something to be ashamed of. The constant
+    longing for love was affected little or not at all by hard work.
+    "At about this time I was very fond of abandoning myself to
+    day-dreams. I was very glad if I could get everyone out of the
+    house and lie on an easy chair or the bed. I liked especially to
+    read poetry, all the more if I did not quite understand it. This
+    would lead me on to all sorts of dreams of love, which, however,
+    never went beyond the preliminaries of actual love--as that was
+    all I then knew of love." The only climax to her dream of love
+    was founded on a piece of information volunteered by a married
+    woman many years earlier, when she was about 12. This
+    lady--evidently agreeing with Rousseau (who in _Emile_ commended
+    the mother's reply to the child's query whence babies come, "Les
+    femmes les pissent, mon enfant, avec des grands douleurs") that
+    the unknown should first be explained to the young in terms of
+    the known--told her that the husband micturated into the wife.
+    She therefore used to imagine a lover who would bear her away
+    into a forest and do this on her as she lay at the foot of a
+    tree. (At a later date she accidentally discovered that a full
+    bladder tended to enhance sexual feelings, and occasionally
+    resorted to this physical measure of heightening excitement.) All
+    the physical sensations of sexual desire were called out by these
+    day-dreams, with abundant secretion, but never the orgasm. Her
+    reveries never led to masturbation or to allied manifestations,
+    which have never taken place. Such a method of relief has,
+    indeed, never offered any temptation to her and she doubts even
+    its possibility in her case. (At a later period of life, however,
+    at the age of 31, masturbation began and was practised at
+    intervals.) At the same time she remarks that, while no orgasm
+    (of which, indeed, she was then ignorant) ever occurred, the
+    sexual excitement produced by the day-dreams was sufficiently
+    great to cause a feeling of relief afterward. These day-dreams
+    were the only way in which the sexual erethism was discharged.
+    She cannot recall having erotic dreams or any sexual
+    manifestations during sleep.
+
+    Spontaneous sexual excitement was present a few days before
+    menstruation, and fairly marked during and immediately after the
+    period. It also tended to recur in the middle of the
+    intermenstrual period.
+
+    The pleasurable sensation connected with the smell of leather
+    became more marked as she approached adult age. It was especially
+    pronounced about the age of 24, and the sexual emotion it
+    produced (with moisture of the vulva) was then clearly conscious.
+    No other odor produced this effect in such a marked degree. It
+    was often associated with leather bags, but not with boots,
+    though on rubbing the leather of shoes she found that this odor
+    was given out. She cannot account for its origin, and does not
+    connect any association with it. It never affected her conduct or
+    led to fetichistic habits.
+
+    Some other odors affect her in the same way, though not to the
+    same degree as leather. This is more especially the case with
+    some flowers, especially white flowers with heavy odors, like
+    gardenias. Many flowers, on the other hand, like primroses, seem
+    rather opposed to sex effect, too fresh, though stimulating to
+    the mind. Some artificial scents tend to produce sexual effects
+    also. Personal odors have no influence of this kind. (At a later
+    period the sexual influence of personal odors was occasionally
+    experienced, but the present history deals only with the period
+    before marriage.)
+
+    She believes that most beautiful things, however unconnected with
+    sex, have a tendency to produce distinctively sexual feelings in
+    a faint degree, although sometimes more marked, with secretion.
+    She has, however, never experienced homosexual feeling, and, on
+    first consideration, was inclined to believe that the sight of a
+    beautiful woman had no sexual effect on her, though she could
+    quite understand such an effect. Subsequently, on recalling as
+    well as observing her experiences more carefully, she found that
+    a lovely woman's face and figure (especially on one occasion the
+    very graceful figure of a beautiful fairy in a ballet) produced
+    distinct sexual sensations (with mucous emission). Music,
+    however, has strongly emotional effects upon her, and she cannot
+    recall that she ever felt any equally powerful influence of this
+    kind in the absence of music.
+
+    Looking back on the development of her feelings she finds that,
+    though in some respects they may have been slow, they were
+    simple, natural, spontaneous, and correspond to "the dawning and
+    progress which go on in the development of every girl. While it
+    is going on in actual fact, the girl does not know or bother
+    herself about trying to understand it. Afterward it seems quite
+    clear and simple. Full occupation of the brain, and hands too,
+    while it does not do away with desire, is a great help and
+    safeguard to a growing girl, when combined with proper
+    information about herself and her relation to man the animal, so
+    that she may realize where she is and how to choose the right
+    man--though under the best conditions failure may occur."
+
+    HISTORY IX.--The subject belongs to a large family having some
+    neurotic members; she spent her early life on a large farm. She
+    is vigorous and energetic, has intellectual tastes, and is
+    accustomed to think for herself, from unconventional standpoints,
+    on many subjects. Her parents were very religious, and not, she
+    thinks, of sensual temperament. Her own early life was free from
+    associations of a sexual character, and she can recall little
+    that now seems to be significant in this respect. She remembers
+    that in childhood and for some time later she believed that
+    children were born through the navel. Her activities went chiefly
+    into humanitarian and utopian directions, and she cherished ideas
+    of a large, healthy, free life, untrammeled by civilization. She
+    regards herself as very passionate, but her sexual emotions
+    appear to have developed very slowly and have been somewhat
+    intellectualized. After reaching adult life she has formed
+    several successive relationships with men to whom she has been
+    attracted by affinity in temperament, in intellectual views, and
+    in tastes. These relationships have usually been followed by some
+    degree of disillusion, and so have been dissolved. She does not
+    believe in legal marriage, though under fitting circumstances she
+    would much like to have a child.
+
+    She never masturbated until the age of 27. At that time a married
+    friend told her that such a thing could be done. She found it
+    gave her decided pleasure, indeed, more than coitus had ever
+    given her except with one man. She has never practised it to
+    excess, only at rare intervals, and is of the opinion that it is
+    decidedly beneficial when thus moderately indulged in. She has
+    sometimes found, for instance, that, after the mental excitement
+    produced by delivering a lecture, sleep would be impossible if
+    masturbation were not resorted to as a sedative to relieve the
+    tension.
+
+    Spontaneous sexual excitement is strongest just before the
+    monthly period.
+
+    Definite sexual dreams and sexual excitement during sleep have
+    not occurred except possibly on one or two occasions.
+
+    She has from girlhood experienced erotic day-dreams, imagining
+    love-stories of which she herself was the heroine; the climax of
+    these stories has developed with her own developing knowledge of
+    sexual matters.
+
+    She is not inverted, and has never been in love with a woman. She
+    finds, however, that a beautiful woman is distinctly a sexual
+    excitation, calling out definite physical manifestations of
+    sexual emotion. She explains this by saying that she thinks she
+    instinctively puts herself in the place of a man and feels as it
+    seems to her a man would feel.
+
+    She finds that music excites the sexual emotions, as well as many
+    scents, whether of flowers, the personal odor of the beloved
+    person, or artificial perfumes.
+
+    HISTORY X.--The subject is of German extraction on both sides.
+    The father is of marked intellectual tastes, as also is she
+    herself. There is no unhealthy strain in the family so far as she
+    is aware, though they all have very strong passions. She is well
+    developed, healthy, vigorous, and athletic, any trouble to which
+    she is subject being mainly due to overwork.
+
+    Looking back on her childhood, she can now see various sexual
+    manifestations occurring at a period when she was quite ignorant
+    of sex matters. "The very first," she writes, "was at the age of
+    6. I remember once sitting astride a banister while my parents
+    were waiting for me outside. I distinctly remember a pleasurable
+    sensation--probably in part due to a physical feeling--in the
+    thought of staying there when I knew I ought to have run out to
+    them. From that year till the age of 10 I simply reveled in the
+    idea of being tortured. I went gladly to bed every night to
+    imagine myself a slave, chained, beaten, made to carry loads and
+    do ignominious work. One of my imaginings, I remember, was that I
+    was chained to a moldering skeleton." As she grew older these
+    fancies were discontinued. At the same time there was a trace of
+    sadistic tendency: "I used to frighten and tease a young child,
+    driven to it by an irresistible impulse, and experiencing a
+    certain pleasurable feeling in so doing. But this, I am glad to
+    say, was rare, as I hate all cruelty."
+
+    One of her favorite imaginings as a child was that she was a boy,
+    and especially that she was a knight rescuing damsels in
+    distress. She was not fond of girls' occupations, and has always
+    had a sort of chivalrous feeling toward women.
+
+    "When I first heard of the sexual act," she writes, "it appeared
+    to me so absurd that I took little notice. About the age of 10 I
+    discussed it a good deal with other girls, and we used to play
+    childishly indecent games--out of pure mischief and not from any
+    definite physical feeling."
+
+    About a year after menstruation was established she accidentally
+    discovered the act of masturbation by leaning over a table. "I
+    discovered it naturally; no one taught me; and the very
+    naturalness of the impulse that led me to it often made me in
+    later years question the harmfulness." Both her sisters
+    masturbated from a very early age, but not, to her knowledge, her
+    brother. The practice of masturbation was continued. "For many
+    years, imbued with the old ideas of morality, I struggled against
+    it in vain. The sight of animals copulating, the perusal of
+    various books (Shakespeare, Rabelais, Gautier's _Mademoiselle de
+    Maupin_, etc.), the sight of the nude in some Bacchanalian
+    pictures (such as Rubens's), all aroused passion. Coexistent with
+    this--perhaps (though I doubt it) due to it--arose a disgust for
+    normal intercourse. I fell in love and enjoyed kisses, etc., but
+    the mere thought of anything beyond disgusted me. Had my lover
+    suggested such a thing I would have lost all love for him. But
+    all this time I went on masturbating, though as seldom as
+    possible and without thought of my lover. Love was to me a thing
+    ideal and quite apart from lust, and I still think that it is
+    false to try to connect the two. I fear that even now, if I fell
+    in love, sexual intercourse would break the charm. At the age of
+    18 I came across Tolstoy's _Kreutzer Sonata_ and was overjoyed to
+    find all I had thought written down there. Gradually, through
+    seeing a friend happily married, I have grown to a more normal
+    view of things. I am very critical of men and have never met one
+    liberal-minded and just enough to please me. Perhaps if I did I
+    might take a perfectly healthy view of things."
+
+    In course of time various devices had been adopted to heighten
+    sexual excitement when indulging in masturbation. Thus, for
+    instance, she found that the effects of sexual excitement are
+    increased by keeping the bladder full. But the chief method which
+    she had devised for heightening and prolonging the preliminary
+    excitement consisted in wearing tight stays (as a rule, she wears
+    loose stays) and in painting her face. She cannot herself explain
+    this. Self-excitement is completed by friction, or sometimes by
+    the introduction of a piece of wood into the vagina. She finds
+    that, the more frequently she masturbates, the more easily she is
+    excited. Spontaneous sexual feeling is strongest before and after
+    the menstrual period; not so much so during the periods.
+
+    There are various faint traces of homosexuality, it may be
+    gathered, in the history of this subject's sexual development.
+    Recently these have come to a climax in the formation of a
+    homosexual relationship with a girl friend. This relationship has
+    given her great pleasure and satisfaction. She does not, however,
+    regard herself as being a really inverted person.
+
+    There have been vivid sexual dreams from about 17 (apparently
+    about the period of the relationship with the lover). These
+    dreams have not, however, had special reference to persons of
+    either sex.
+
+    Apart from the influence of books and pictures already mentioned,
+    she remarks that she is sexually affected by the personal odor of
+    a beloved person, but is not consciously affected by any other
+    odors.
+
+
+    HISTORY XI.--Widower, aged 40 years. Surgeon. "My experience of
+    sexual matters began early. When I was about 10 years of age a
+    boy friend who was staying with us told me that his sister made
+    him uncover his person, with which she played and encouraged him
+    to do the same for her. He said it was great fun, and suggested
+    that we should take two of my sisters into an old barn and repeat
+    his experience on them. This we did, and tried all we could to
+    have connection with them; they were nothing loath and did all
+    they could to help us, but nothing was effected and I experienced
+    no pleasure in it.
+
+    "When I went back to school I attracted the attention of one of
+    the big boys who slept in the same room with me; he came into my
+    bed and began to play with my member, saying that it was the
+    usual thing to do and would give me pleasure. I did not feel any
+    pleasure, but I liked the attention, and rather enjoyed playing
+    with his member, which was of large size, and surrounded by thick
+    pubic hair. After I had played with him for some time I was
+    surprised at his having an emission of sticky matter. Afterward
+    he rubbed me again, saying that if I let him do it long enough he
+    would produce the same substance from me. This he failed to do,
+    however, though he rubbed me long and frequently, on that and
+    many other occasions. I was very disappointed at not being able
+    to have an emission, and on every occasion that offered I
+    endeavored to excite myself to the extent of compassing this. I
+    used to ask to go out of school two or three times a day, and
+    retired to the closet, where I practised on myself most
+    diligently, but to no purpose, at that time, though I began to
+    have pleasurable emotions in the act.
+
+    "When I went home for the holidays I took a great interest in one
+    of my father's maids, whose legs I felt as she ran upstairs one
+    day. I was in great fear that she would complain of what I had
+    done, but I was delighted to find that she did nothing of the
+    sort; on the contrary, she took to kissing and fondling me,
+    calling me her sweetheart and saying that I was a forward boy.
+    This encouraged me greatly, and I was not long in getting to
+    more intimate relations with her. She called me into her room one
+    day when we were alone in the house, she being in a half-dressed
+    condition, and put me on the bed and laid herself on me, kissing
+    me passionately on the mouth. She next unbuttoned my trousers and
+    fondled and kissed my member, and directed my hand to her
+    privates. I became very much excited and trembled violently, but
+    was able to do for her what she wanted in the way of masturbation
+    until she became wet. After this we had many meetings in which we
+    embraced and she let me introduce my member until she had
+    satisfied herself, though I was too young to have an emission.
+
+    "On return to school I practised mutual masturbation with several
+    of my schoolfellows, and finally, at the age of 14 years, had my
+    first real emission. I was greatly pleased thereat, and, with
+    this and the growth of hair which began to show on my pubis,
+    began to feel myself quite a man. I loved lying in the arms of
+    another boy, pressing against his body, and fondling his person
+    and being fondled by him in return. We always finished up with
+    mutual masturbation. We never indulged in any unnatural
+    connections.
+
+    "After leaving school I had no opportunity of indulging in
+    relations with my own sex, and, indeed, did not wish for such, as
+    I became a slave to the charms of the other sex, and passed most
+    of my time in either enjoying, or planning to enjoy, love
+    passages with them.
+
+    "The sight of a woman's limbs or bust, especially if partly
+    hidden by pretty underclothing, and the more so if seen by
+    stealth, was sufficient to give a lustful feeling and a violent
+    erection, accompanied by palpitation of the heart and throbbing
+    in the head.
+
+    "I had frequent coitus at the age of 17, as well as masturbating
+    regularly. I liked to perform masturbation on a girl, even more
+    than I liked having connection with her; and this was especially
+    so in the case of girls who had never had masturbation practised
+    on them before; I loved to see the look of surprised pleasure
+    appear on their faces as they felt the delightful and novel
+    sensation.
+
+    "To gratify this desire I persuaded dozens of girls to allow me
+    to take liberties with them, and it would surprise you to learn
+    what a number of girls, many of them in good social position,
+    permitted me the liberty I desired, though the supply was never
+    equal to my demand.
+
+    "With a view to enlarging my opportunities I took up the study of
+    medicine as a profession, and reveled in the chances it gave of
+    being on intimate sexual terms with many who would have been,
+    otherwise, out of my reach.
+
+    "At the age of 25 I married the daughter of an officer, a
+    beautiful girl with a fully developed figure and an amorous
+    disposition. While engaged, we used to pass hours wrapped in each
+    other's arms, practising mutual masturbation, or I would kiss
+    her passionately on the mouth, introducing my tongue into her
+    mouth at intervals, with the invariable result that I had an
+    emission and she went off into sighs and shivers. After marriage
+    we practised all sorts of fancy coitus, _coitus reservatus_,
+    etc., and rarely passed twenty-four hours without two
+    conjunctions, until she got far on in the family way, and our
+    play had to cease for a while.
+
+    "During this interval I went to stay at the house of an old
+    schoolfellow, who had been one of my lovers of days gone by. It
+    happened that on account of the number of guests staying in the
+    house the bed accommodation was somewhat scanty, and I agreed to
+    share my friend's bedroom. The sight of his naked body as he
+    undressed gave rise to lustful feelings in me; and when he had
+    turned out the light I stole across to his bed and got in beside
+    him. He made no objection, and we passed the night in mutual
+    masturbation and embraces, _coitus inter femora_, etc. I was
+    surprised to find how much I preferred this state of affairs to
+    coitus with my wife, and determined to enjoy the occasion to the
+    full. We passed a fortnight together in the above fashion, and,
+    though I afterward went back and did my duty by my wife, I never
+    took the same pleasure in her again, and when she died, five
+    years later, I felt no inclination to contract another marriage,
+    but devoted myself heart and soul to my old school-friend, with
+    whom I continued tender relations until his death by accident
+    last year. Since then I have lost all interest in life."
+
+    "The patient," writes the well-known alienist to whom I am
+    indebted for the above history, "consulted me lately. I found him
+    a fairly healthy man to look at, suffering from some neurasthenia
+    and a tendency to melancholia. Generative organs large, one
+    testicle shows some wasting, pubic hair abundant, form of body
+    distinctly masculine; temperament neurotic. He improved under
+    treatment, and, after seeing me three times and writing out the
+    above history, came no more."
+
+
+    HISTORY XII.--Mrs. B., aged 32. Father's family normal; mother's
+    family clever, eccentric, somewhat neuropathic. She is herself
+    normal, good-looking, usually healthy, highly intelligent, and
+    with much practical ability, though at some periods of life, and
+    especially in childhood, she has shared to some extent in the
+    high-strung and supersensitive temperament of her mother's
+    family. As a child she was sometimes spoiled and sometimes
+    cuffed, and suffered tortures from nervousness. She has, however,
+    acquired a large measure of self-control.
+
+    The first sensations which she now recognizes as sexual were
+    experienced at the age of 3, when her mother gave her an
+    injection; afterward she declared herself unable to relieve her
+    bowels naturally in order to obtain a repetition of this
+    experience, which was several times repeated. At the age of 7 a
+    man pursued her with attentions and attempted to take liberties,
+    but she rejected his advances in terror; four years later another
+    man attempted to assault her, but she resisted vigorously, struck
+    him, and escaped by running. Neither of these sexual attempts
+    appears to have left any serious permanent impression on the
+    child's mind.
+
+    At the age of 11, when her mother was giving her a bath, the
+    sensation of her mother's fingers touching her private parts gave
+    her what she now knows to be sexual feelings, and a year later
+    when taking her bath she would pour hot water on to the sexual
+    region in order to cause these sensations; this did not lead to
+    masturbation, but she had a vague idea that it was "wrong."
+
+    At the age of 12 menstruation began; she suffered very severely
+    from dysmenorrhea, the period sometimes lasting for ten days, and
+    the pain being often extreme. She was not treated for this
+    condition, her mother being of opinion that she would outgrow it.
+    From the age of 14 or 15 until 23, or about the period of her
+    marriage, she suffered from anemia.
+
+    She had little curiosity about sexual matters; her mother wished
+    that she should always come to her for information about things
+    she became acquainted with as to the general facts of sex; she
+    did not, however, know definitely the facts of copulation until
+    her marriage. She knew nothing of erection or semen, and thought
+    that when a man and woman placed their organs together a child
+    resulted. She hated talking about these subjects indecently, and
+    would not listen to the sexual conversation of her schoolfellows.
+    She never felt any homosexual attraction. Once another girl was
+    much in love with her, but she despised and disliked her
+    attentions; again, when a girl much older than herself, a friend
+    of her mother's, slept with her and made advances, she repelled
+    her and refused to sleep with her again.
+
+    She always got on well with men, and men were attracted to her.
+    She was direct and sincere, without undue modesty. But she never
+    allowed men to touch her or kiss her. She was a good dancer, and
+    fond of dancing, but denies that it ever led to sexual feelings.
+    She never felt any sexual attraction for a man until, at the age
+    of 20, she fell in love with her future husband five years or
+    more before marriage.
+
+    At this period she began to feel vague discomfort, which she knew
+    to be localized near her sexual organs. She was aware, in a dim
+    way, that it was connected with her love, and was of a sexual
+    nature. But there was no definite idea of sexual intercourse. She
+    felt nervous and depressed. If she had been asked to state what
+    would relieve her, she could only have said B.'s presence and
+    tenderness. A few days before he declared his love she
+    experienced the nearest approach to sexual feeling she had ever
+    had. It was summer and, with B. and some of her family, she had
+    gone on a little expedition. One evening, in the train after a
+    day's excursion, B. took her hand (unperceived by the others) and
+    held it for some time. This aroused the strongest emotions in
+    her; she closed her eyes, and, though she was not at the time
+    aware that her sensations were localized in her sexual organs,
+    she thinks, in the light of subsequent knowledge, that she then
+    experienced the orgasm.
+
+    During the engagement, which lasted between two and three years,
+    circumstances prevented frequent meetings. B. would kiss her,
+    suck her nipples, which became erect, and lie on her. She allowed
+    him to take these liberties, feeling that if she refused him all
+    satisfaction he might have relations with other women. She still
+    felt no definite desire for contact of the sexual organs. She
+    longed rather to be embraced and kissed, and to lie in her
+    lover's arms all night. A few months before marriage, however,
+    she masturbated occasionally, just before or just after
+    menstruation, imagining, while doing it, that she was in her
+    lover's arms. The act was usually followed by a sick feeling.
+    Just before marriage she underwent an operation for the relief of
+    the dysmenorrhea. She was somewhat shocked and sickened by the
+    experiences of the wedding night. It seemed to her that her
+    husband approached her with the violence of an animal, and there
+    was some difficulty in effecting entrance. Coitus, though
+    incomplete, took place some seven times on this first night. The
+    bleeding from rupture of the hymen continued, so that for two
+    days she had to wear a towel. For two months subsequently there
+    was great pain during intercourse, although she suppressed the
+    indications of this.
+
+    There were several children born of the marriage and for some
+    years she lived happily, on the whole, with her husband,
+    notwithstanding various hardships and difficulties and some
+    incompatibility of temper.
+
+    As regards her sexual feelings she considers, from what other
+    women have told her, that her feelings are, if anything, stronger
+    than the average. The orgasm, however, was not fully developed
+    until about five years after marriage. Sexual feeling is most
+    pronounced before, during, and after the menstrual period, more
+    especially before and about the third day (the period usually
+    lasts from five to seven days). There is more sexual desire
+    during pregnancy, especially toward the end, than at any other
+    time. She never refused normal intercourse to her husband, but
+    any abnormal or perverted method of sexual gratification is
+    repellent. She was awakened one night about the third month of
+    pregnancy by her husband inserting his penis _in ore_; the child
+    was born with palate defect and she is herself inclined to
+    believe that this incident was the cause of the defect. Though
+    she desires normal intercourse, she has seldom obtained complete
+    gratification. For a long time she disliked seeing or touching
+    the penis, and the feel, and especially the smell, of the semen
+    produced nausea and even vomiting. (She has a very delicate sense
+    of smell as well as of taste; though fond of the scent of
+    flowers, no sexual feelings are thus aroused.) Withdrawal and the
+    use of condoms are unsatisfactory to her, and mutual masturbation
+    gives no relief and produces headache. Feelings of friendship for
+    her husband have been most potent in arousing the sexual
+    emotions, and she has had most pleasure in intercourse after a
+    day spent in bicycling together. She has been for many months at
+    a time without sexual intercourse, and during such periods has
+    suffered much from pain in the head; this, however, she has now
+    completely surmounted. She eventually discovered that her
+    husband's abstinence from marital intercourse was due to
+    infidelity. This led to a definite separation. She still
+    occasionally experiences sexual desire, but has no inclination to
+    masturbate. Her life is full and busy, affording ample scope for
+    her energies and intelligence; moreover, she has her children to
+    train and educate. She herself believes that her sexual life is
+    at an end.
+
+
+    HISTORY XIII.--G.R., army officer. "I am 35 years of age. My
+    parents married at the ages of 38 and 25, and my father is now 84
+    and my mother 71; both are particularly strong and healthy in
+    body and mind. I am of old lineage on both sides, and know of no
+    disease, defect, or abnormality among any of my ancestors or
+    relations, except that my mother's family has a slight tendency
+    to drink and excess, the present members of it all being
+    considered eccentric. I have one brother and one sister living
+    (brother unmarried, sister with several children) and am the
+    youngest of a family of five. My brother is abnormal, but I don't
+    know exactly in what way or from what cause. I have a strong
+    suspicion that he masturbates to excess. My father is artistic
+    and my mother musical. I have no aptitude for either, but
+    appreciate both enormously, though not until about ten years ago.
+    My principal reading is religion, science, and philosophy, with
+    an occasional standard novel, or a modern novel of the 'improper'
+    type by way of relaxation. I became a convinced and militant
+    rationalist about five years ago, but have been an unbeliever
+    since I left school. I was anemic and threatened with bowel
+    complaint at the age of 7, and was in consequence taken abroad
+    for my health. I am now strong and vigorous, with great powers of
+    endurance, and enjoy all forms of sport and exercise,
+    particularly hunting, pig-sticking, and polo. I drink a lot, and
+    am never fitter than when eating, drinking, and taking exercise
+    in what most people would call excess. It takes more alcohol than
+    I can hold to make me drunk when in England; but not so in the
+    East. I have been told that I am very good-looking.
+
+    "When I was about 4 or 5 I was constantly chaffed by my older
+    companions about putting my hand down my trousers and playing
+    with my privates. I don't remember getting an erection, nor at
+    what age this first occurred with me. At one time my brother and
+    I used to play about with my sister's underclothing, and took
+    great pleasure in it, but we never saw her genitals. She told us
+    that on carefully examining herself one day she was glad to find
+    that she had a small penis like boys had--doubtless the clitoris.
+    When in France, at the age of 8 to 10, I began to notice the
+    sexual parts of animals, and was very keen to know what mares
+    kept between their hind legs. Later on I took great pleasure with
+    another boy in feeling the teats of a she-ass, and, by myself,
+    the penis of a donkey, as I had seen the French grooms do; but I
+    took no interest in my own penis. I used to put my finger as far
+    up the anus as it would go, and got a vague satisfaction from it.
+    I went to a small private school at the age of 11, having been
+    previously told by my mother of the manner of birth of men and
+    animals, of which I was quite ignorant till then. She made no
+    mention of the part taken by the father, and I never thought
+    about it. Even then I was left with the impression that one was
+    born through the navel. I was initiated at school, and used to
+    handle the penis of the boy who told me. On several occasions I
+    did _fellatio_ for him, and liked it, but he never offered to do
+    the same for me, and I don't think he got much satisfaction out
+    of it. Soon after this I became conscious of pleasurable
+    sensations when lying on my stomach with an erection, and used
+    occasionally to gratify myself that way, caring little for the
+    school tradition that it was 'wicked' and bad for one. On one
+    occasion, when talking at night with another boy, we compared our
+    organs, both in erection, and I then for the first time thought
+    of trying what I had heard vaguely mentioned, viz., two boys
+    playing at man and woman. I lay on him with my penis on his
+    stomach and almost at once had an orgasm with emission, and
+    experienced acute pleasure, though both he and I supposed that I
+    had involuntarily micturated. I was 13 when this happened. I did
+    it once more with him before I left, this time the other way up,
+    so as to spare him the unpleasantness. I used to like kissing and
+    hugging the smaller boys, and had a great eye for good looks. On
+    going home for the holidays I masturbated with my hand out of
+    curiosity to see what happened when the orgasm occurred, and then
+    only did I fully understand the nature of the act. After this the
+    rush and strangeness of a large public school distracted my
+    attention, but I heard about wet dreams, masturbation, and
+    homosexuality from the other boys, and soon became thoroughly
+    initiated. I believe the tone of my house, if not of the whole
+    school, was exceptionally bad; though it may only be that I saw
+    more of it because I was attracted by it, and that other schools
+    are the same really. Things involving certain expulsion if found
+    out were done more or less in public, and I have myself openly
+    got into bed with or masturbated other boys, and on more than one
+    occasion have helped forcibly to masturbate small boys or to hold
+    them while others had connection with them, the idea of the last
+    two acts being that the boy would thereby be seduced and become
+    available for, and willing to perform, homosexuality. Before I
+    became big enough to have boys myself I masturbated frequently
+    (on one occasion three times in the day), and invariably by lying
+    on my stomach without the use of the hands. In having connection
+    with other boys I used to do it between the thighs or on the
+    stomach, and I never heard of any other way at that school.
+    _Paedicatio_ would disgust me, and, moreover, would deprive me of
+    the principal pleasure of intercourse, viz., the feeling of lying
+    face to face and stomach to stomach. Of course, the satisfaction
+    used to be mutual, but, though good-looking, I was never the
+    passive party only, like some small boys who might be called
+    professionals and whom I used to pay for their services. I went
+    back after I had left and had a boy in the dark whom I had never
+    seen before, having been told that he was all right. I used to
+    have a very genuine affection for any party to my pleasure,
+    though I took delight in torturing one in particular, but for
+    what reason I cannot say. For one boy I developed a deep love,
+    which lasted long after we had left school and had ceased all
+    sexual connection. This love was as strong as anything I have
+    ever felt since.
+
+    "I don't remember whether it was while I was at school or later
+    that I first began again to take a sexual interest in animals. I
+    used to masturbate a good deal and was always trying to find new
+    ways of doing it and new substances to lie on. It was while
+    feeling the vulva of a young mare that the brilliant thought
+    struck me of trying to copulate with her, and thus getting the
+    advantage of the soft vagina. It afforded me great satisfaction
+    and I had an emission, though I did not then, nor at any other
+    time with any other animal, succeed in penetrating properly. I
+    afterward did the same with other mares and with a certain cow
+    whenever I got a safe opportunity, which was not as often as I
+    could have wished. I have not had connection with an animal for
+    about ten years, but would have no objection to doing so, and
+    feel sure I could perform the act properly now. After I left
+    school at 17, I occasionally had longings for boys, but it was
+    the exception and not the rule. I continued to masturbate, but
+    not to excess, and used to make ineffectual efforts to stop it,
+    but never succeeded for very long. When I was confirmed, at the
+    age of 15, I became intensely religious, and was so remorseful at
+    my first lapse from virtue that I burnt my leg with a red-hot
+    poker, and I bear the scar still. On leaving school I went to
+    Germany and there had my first coitus with a woman, a fat old
+    German who gave me very little satisfaction. My next, a Jewess,
+    gave me more than I asked for, in the shape of a soft chancre. In
+    my ignorance I never had it treated, but it must have been very
+    mild, for it disappeared of its own accord. When cramming in
+    England I occasionally went home with a prostitute, but did not
+    care much about them and could not afford good ones. On one
+    occasion I was impotent. It may have been through drink, but it
+    disgusted me with myself. I liked seeing the women naked, and
+    always insisted that they should strip, especially the breasts,
+    which I liked large and full. I had not learned to kiss on the
+    lips, and had no desire to kiss the body, except the breasts,
+    which I was generally too shy to do. But as I nearly always wore
+    a condom and found penetration difficult I did not much enjoy the
+    actual coitus. I am fully convinced that if women had been more
+    accessible, if I had not thought myself bound to use preventives
+    in self-defense, and if the act had not been looked upon with
+    such disfavor by those in authority over me, I should have
+    masturbated less or not at all, and would not have been tempted
+    to bestiality. When I was 22 I had coitus with a girl who was not
+    a prostitute for the first time. I was violently excited and
+    enjoyed it more than anything I had yet experienced, in spite of
+    the facts that she would not undress and insisted on withdrawal
+    before emission. On one other occasion only have I had coitus
+    with a non-professional unmarried woman. Shortly after this I
+    caught syphilis from a girl of the streets. I was circumcised and
+    stayed in a private hospital for six weeks. It never went beyond
+    the primary stage, and I have felt no ill effects from it, except
+    that I have got a hydrocele in the right testicle. Of course,
+    this incident necessitated the use of a condom on every occasion,
+    and it greatly spoiled my pleasure. About this time a
+    brother-officer older than myself made advances to me. He
+    compared me to a Greek statue, and wanted to kiss me. I would
+    have nothing to do with him, but was glad to have his confessions
+    of homosexuality and somewhat surprised to learn that he was not
+    alone in the regiment. I afterward fell in love with his sister,
+    and he married and had children. He was bisexual in his
+    inclinations, but was really in love with me for a short time.
+
+    "I had little to do with professionals until I went to South
+    Africa, and though I was fond of ladies' society, and liked by
+    ladies, I looked upon them as something apart, especially married
+    women, and never attempted to take liberties with them; though I
+    used to with shopgirls, etc., in my cramming days, and had often
+    been in love. In South Africa I first began really to enjoy
+    coitus, and on going to India continued to do so; in fact, I
+    thought sexually of nothing else and rarely masturbated,--perhaps
+    once in three weeks. I would go to brothels wherever they were
+    available, Durban, Cape Town, Colombo, Calcutta, Bombay, and at
+    one time preferred black women to white. I used to have horrible
+    orgies with my brother-officers, and on one occasion I ordered
+    six women to my bungalow in order to celebrate my birthday, and
+    made a present of them to five of my friends after dinner. During
+    this period, and until I went home, I rarely spoke to a lady, the
+    chief exception being No. 1, a brother-officer's wife, with whom
+    I began to be in love.
+
+    "Shortly after the South African War I fell violently in love
+    with a young brother-officer, 'Z.' It amounted to a passion and I
+    was forced to make overtures to him. He did not understand, being
+    ignorant of homosexuality and quite virile, and would have
+    nothing to do with me, though he was very nice about it. This
+    lasted for about a year, and then, thinking no doubt that he had
+    better stop it, as I was really making myself very ridiculous and
+    was mad with love, he threw me up altogether. I was intensely
+    miserable for some time, and then I recovered and we made it up,
+    and are now firm friends. I still want to kiss and stroke him
+    when I see him naked, but would do nothing more. I went home by
+    way of Japan after several years' absence from home, taking the
+    women of the Eastern ports as I went, until I contracted
+    gonorrhea in the Tokio Yoshiwara. I could not get rid of it, and
+    arrived home in that state, having been deprived of the pleasure
+    of trying several new races on the way in consequence. In England
+    I rushed into a society which I had quit on such different terms,
+    and it received me with open arms. I very soon began a flirtation
+    with a married woman, and she completed my education in kissing
+    which had been begun by the Japanese harlots. I was just coming
+    to the point with this woman when I met No. 1 again, and my love
+    for her was at once renewed. I told her so, but I knew that she
+    did not return it. I then became attracted to No. 2, a girl older
+    than myself, whom I had known all my life. I kissed her and
+    fondled her breasts; but she would not allow anything else, until
+    one night, when in the train with her, I got my hand down farther
+    than she intended. It ended in my performing _cunnilingus_ on her
+    first, and then obtaining satisfaction between her thighs--a
+    large step to take after the former limitations. Previous to this
+    I had on several occasions obtained an emission, without meaning
+    to, by lying on her fully dressed. She was aware of my disease,
+    which by that time had become a gleet and did not inconvenience
+    me in any way. From that time until I went back to India we went
+    through the same performance whenever possible, I masturbating
+    her sometimes with the finger, sometimes with the tongue, and
+    having connection with various parts of her body, including the
+    breasts, but always with a condom on account of my disease. She
+    used to strip for my edification, and we frequently spent the
+    night in the same bed. I was attracted to her mentally, but not
+    very much physically; that is to say, that if circumstances had
+    not thrown us together I should never have picked her out from
+    other girls as being sexually attractive to me. I returned to
+    India, and to No. 1, though I kept faithful to No. 2 in word and
+    deed for five months, but gradually the overmastering influence
+    of No. 1 reasserted itself over me. And then I met No. 3. We were
+    attracted to each other at first acquaintance, and the attraction
+    was mental and sexual. She was married and in love with another
+    man, but that did not prevent her from kissing me. I felt her
+    breasts, masturbated her, and had emissions by lying on her, but
+    she drew the line at one thing, viz., kissing on the lips; and I
+    drew it at coitus. We arranged a trip together during which I
+    went to bed with her, but never had coitus, though we both had
+    frequent orgasms in other ways. Before starting on this trip I
+    had thought that I should not see No. 1 again, and she let me
+    kiss her, to my unspeakable joy. Circumstances, however,
+    intervened, and I went straight to No. 1 after parting with No.
+    3, told her all I had done, and then kissed her again, leaving
+    her just before her real lover, with whom she was then living,
+    arrived. Later I returned again to No. 1, now in child to her
+    lover. We lived together for three nights in spite of this. She
+    then went home, and I had no connection with any woman for two
+    years, except one black woman, being consumed with love and
+    worship for No. 1. I was much in society, but never had any luck.
+    At the end of this time I was traveling one night with a young
+    officer ('X'), slight and effeminate and preferring men to women,
+    with whom I had been until then on friendly but not intimate
+    terms. I watched him undress and go to bed, and then, having
+    myself undressed, went over to his bunk and put my hand under his
+    clothes. He at once responded, and I got into his bed, both of us
+    being in a frenzy of passion and surprise. But I was fairly sure
+    of my ground or I would not have dared to take the risk. I used
+    often to go to his bed after this, and on one occasion had coitus
+    with a girl on a chair at a ball and the next night with my young
+    officer. I scarcely knew the girl, and don't know her name now,
+    but I took her measure, made her excited by manipulation and
+    kissing, and then got her consent. I did not harm her, even if I
+    had been the first, for orgasm occurred before I had penetrated
+    beyond the lips. X surprised me by telling me that he had had
+    connection with three other officers in my regiment, as well as
+    with several others in the same station. He would not tell me
+    their names, but I guessed easily enough. He used to drink
+    heavily, and once I got into his bed when he was in a drunken
+    stupor and he was quite unaware that I was there for some time. I
+    myself was drinking too much at this time, and was frequently
+    drunk before dinner. In the hot weather that followed I had one
+    orgy in Bombay which lasted three nights. I started on a Greek
+    and a Pole and finished up with a Japanese, two brother-officers
+    accompanying me. Afterward I was much alone during the day in my
+    bungalow, and used to become possessed by intense desire. I
+    masturbated occasionally, but by this time took but little
+    pleasure in it, always craving for the moist human vagina. I had
+    often heard, and myself quoted, the Pathan proverb 'Women for
+    breeding; boys for pleasure; melons for delight,' and one day
+    when seeking for some novelty with which to masturbate, and my
+    eye being caught by a melon put ready for me to eat, it flashed
+    across me to try whether the proverb was in any way true. I found
+    it most satisfactory, and practised it several times after that,
+    the pepita (papaye or pawpaw) being the nearest approach to the
+    human vagina. The opportune arrival of a fairly good-looking
+    punkah woman, however, put an end to this form of enjoyment by
+    providing me with what I wanted. Soon afterward I went home
+    again, taking the Japanese at Bombay on my way.
+
+    "I had kept up a correspondence with No. 1 all this time, but we
+    had made a compact that whatever each did until we met again was
+    not to count, and I knew that she had had at least one liaison
+    since our parting, and was in entire ignorance of the state of
+    her feelings toward me. Therefore, while trying to arrange a
+    meeting with her, I took the first thing that chance threw in my
+    way, thinking a bird in the hand better than the off chance of a
+    better one in the bush. This was No. 4, with whom I spent three
+    days at the seaside after having first had coitus with her in my
+    own home while she was in the monthly state. Immediately on
+    parting from her I came home to receive No. 1. The first time we
+    were alone she kissed me, and this was followed by mutual
+    confessions and coitus, though at first she said my affair was
+    too recent. I agreed not to have connection again with No. 4, and
+    kept to this until when staying in the same house again with her
+    I was tempted beyond my powers; and I may add that she gave me no
+    assistance in keeping this promise, of which she was fully
+    cognizant. I at once wrote and confessed to No. 1, and she very
+    naturally would have nothing more to do with me. But I managed to
+    reconcile her, and we afterward lived together for three days in
+    the country, as well as in London and in her own house. Meanwhile
+    No. 5 had been making advances to me which I could not well
+    refuse, being a very old friend. Nos. 4 and 5 were on one
+    occasion staying together at my house, just after I had been
+    faithless to No. 1 with No. 4. I could not very well sleep with
+    them both, so at the earnest entreaty of No. 4 I went to her room
+    first, told her my reasons for not having connection with her,
+    left her in tears, and then went and slept with No. 5. This is
+    the only transaction I have ever concealed from No. 1; but No. 5
+    knows my whole story and accepts the situation of being only
+    second so long as I give her satisfaction whenever possible.
+    About this time I again met No. 3 and kissed and masturbated her
+    in a cab, but she would not allow me to go home with her. At the
+    bidding of No. 1 I now broke entirely with No. 4, to the great
+    grief and astonishment of my sister, whose friend she was.
+    Shortly after this I again returned to India, where I quarreled
+    hopelessly with No. 1, and I don't know to this day what my fault
+    was, except that she had got tired of me. Her influence over me
+    is, however, too great to be so easily broken, and I would return
+    to her tomorrow if she moved a finger in reconciliation. During
+    the following hot weather I slowly but surely, albeit quite
+    unconsciously, obtained an influence over No. 6, and it ended by
+    her falling desperately in love with me and allowing me to do
+    what I liked. I did not love her, and told her about No. 1, whose
+    image always remained in the back of my vision, whatever I was
+    doing. She also accepted the situation, and I don't think has any
+    grievance against me. For my part I have nothing but thanks and
+    gratitude and as much love as I am capable of to give her, and
+    all the other women with whom I have had any sexual relations.
+    The following is a short account of the above women:--
+
+    "No. 1. Had coitus before marriage, for love and with full
+    knowledge of the nature of the act. Agreement with her husband
+    not to have coitus rigidly adhered to by both. Has had connection
+    with five other men since marriage. Very passionate, but faddy
+    and particular. Slow at producing orgasm. Likes being in bed
+    naked, and liked me once for having kissed her mons veneris.
+    Thin, with undeveloped breasts. Brilliant, good-looking. Artistic
+    and highly intellectual. Never masturbated, and did not know of
+    homosexuality among women; very sensitive to touch on the
+    pudenda.
+
+    "No. 2. Has had sexual relations, but never coitus, with many
+    men. Mutually masturbated with one man. Masturbated herself
+    frequently, and took a long time to produce orgasm, even with
+    _cunnilingus_, which delighted her immensely. After having it
+    performed, she would stoop down and passionately kiss my lips.
+    Fond of prolonged kisses, during which the tongue played a
+    prominent part. Tall and fully developed, but no looks. Clever,
+    masculine brain, and strong physically. Skillfully concealed her
+    passionate nature, which, however, was long in developing and was
+    long kept in check by maidenly modesty.
+
+    "No. 3. Innocent before marriage, and hated her _fiance_ even to
+    touch her, which feeling still persists. Has had liaisons with
+    many men, and several miscarriages, one legitimate, others
+    illegitimate, and one illegitimate child. Does not masturbate
+    herself, but readily yields to its seduction when performed by
+    others. The most passionate woman I have ever met. Good, typical,
+    womanly figure, but thin and weak. Not much looks, but very
+    fascinating to men. Clever and intellectual.
+
+    "No. 4. Coitus only with her husband before myself. Not very
+    passionate. I know nothing about masturbation or homosexuality in
+    her case. Very broad hips, large breasts, and well-developed
+    nates. Deserted by her husband. No children. Rather foolish and
+    weak-minded. Penetration difficult owing to long labia majora.
+
+    "No. 5. Knows all about homosexuality of both sexes and wants to
+    know more about everything. Probably masturbates. Several
+    children. In love with her husband at first, but now tired of him
+    and took to other men for variety and because her husband had
+    ceased to give her sexual pleasure. Very passionate; has slow
+    orgasm; likes nakedness and contact of body. Very large vagina.
+    Broad hips and full breasts. Intellectual, but not so by nature.
+    Artistic and very musical.
+
+    "No. 6. Absolutely innocent before marriage. Was practically
+    raped by her husband on her marriage night. This disgusted her
+    with the whole performance, and she could not bear her husband's
+    caresses. During pregnancy she was frightened because she did not
+    know what was going to happen, i.e., how the child was going to
+    be born; and no one enlightened her,--doctor, nurse, or mother.
+    Did not know the meaning of the words sexual feeling, and never
+    thought about sexual matters at all until marriage. I roused her
+    passion, put things in their true light, made her have an orgasm,
+    and told her what it meant. The orgasms at first made her cry and
+    nearly faint, and she thereafter became intensely passionate.
+    Very excited at cunnilingus, which I practised on her more than
+    once. She confessed that the orgasm was stronger and more
+    complete during coitus than during masturbation, which relieved
+    my mind. She volunteered to strip naked and has but little
+    shyness with me. Cannot bear her husband yet. She admits that she
+    was only half a woman before she knew me, but now regrets her
+    marriage. Short, thin, and slight, with narrow hips and no
+    breasts. Quick woman's wit, but not intellectual.
+
+    "Of the prostitutes I have known, perhaps 60 in number, the
+    Japanese easily take the palm. They are scrupulously clean, have
+    charming manners and beautiful bodies, and take an intelligent
+    interest in the proceedings. Also they are not always thinking
+    about the money. Perhaps the Kashmiris come next, though the
+    Chinese run them very close. Some of the more expensive London
+    women are bearable, but they are such harlots! The white women in
+    the East are insupportable, and small wonder, for they consist of
+    the dregs of the European and American markets. My list comprises
+    English, French, German, Italian, Spanish-American, American,
+    Bengali, Punjabi, Kashmiri, Kaffir, Singhalese, Tamil, Burmese,
+    Malay, Japanese, Chinese, Greek, and Pole.
+
+    "I naturally prefer to satisfy myself with a woman, a friend and
+    a lady of my own class; but in the absence of the best I gladly
+    take the next best available, down the scale from a lady for
+    whom I do not care to prostitutes of all classes and colors, men,
+    boys, animals, melons, and masturbation. I would as cheerfully
+    have connection with my sister, or any other female relative. I
+    have frequent erotic dreams about the most extraordinary
+    subjects--male and female relations, casual acquaintances of both
+    sexes, and animals. When I have got an intrigue in hand with a
+    woman, I have no wish to masturbate, and often restrain myself
+    when I know that I am going to have access before long to
+    prostitutes. After coitus it takes a long time before I am ready
+    for the next, sometimes two hours; and the first is always very
+    quick, nearly always too quick for the woman. With a strange
+    woman I have difficulty in maintaining erection at the instant of
+    penetration, and this has often given me trouble.
+
+    "I know that most women like, and few dislike, being touched by
+    me. My favorite colors are green and red, and I can whistle quite
+    well.
+
+    "I would be very glad to know whether I may be considered
+    sexually normal or not, but I do not desire any opinion on the
+    morality of my acts, for the simple reason that without knowing
+    all the circumstances it would be impossible to judge. But I
+    cannot help saying that I do not consider anything I have done is
+    wrong in itself, and I am quite certain that I have never harmed
+    in any way any of the ladies with whom I have had relations. I am
+    certain, if I had made promises which I knew I could not keep, I
+    might have married one of them. But the result would have been
+    great unhappiness to both, quarrels, and ultimate separation or
+    divorce--and she realized that as well as I did. I may seem
+    egotistical in my attitude and assurance toward ladies, but I
+    only speak the honest truth; and I know that No. 6, for instance,
+    has only gratitude and worship to give me for having opened her
+    eyes. I have made her promise to have intercourse with her
+    husband as soon as she can bear it, and I have satisfied myself
+    that I have not started her on the road to sexual perversion. So
+    much in self-explanation. I may add that I do not deliberately
+    seek 'affaires de coeur,' and that, when they come my way, I do
+    my utmost to use all consideration for the lady, thinking, as I
+    do, that I owe them a far bigger debt than I shall ever be able
+    to pay."
+
+
+    HISTORY XIV.--J.E., professional man, aged 32. Public school and
+    university education, in which he did well. From age of 6 or 7
+    had strong sexual emotions, and from 9 sexually pleasurable
+    dreams, though no emission till 12 or 13. He remembers the
+    association of sexual excitement with whipping, either at sight
+    or imagination of it, and this feeling was certainly shared by
+    boys aged 9 to 12 at his private boarding-school and others at
+    the public school later on. His nurse-maid used to invent excuses
+    for beating his nates with a long lead-pencil when he was aged
+    about 7, and he saw occasional whippings with clothes removed in
+    the family nursery.
+
+    When nearly 16 he was initiated into masturbation, which at once
+    coincided with rapid mental development and success at school. He
+    has practised it ever since under same conditions and
+    restrictions as marital intercourse. Religion has never acted as
+    any restraint, and the best restraint to all young people, in his
+    opinion, is to warn them on hygienic grounds. (He became a
+    freethinker at 17, partly on observing the inconsistency of
+    religious persons in this connection. He was twice set upon by
+    Catholics when 16, who attempted mutual masturbation.) He can
+    vaguely remember some such warning when very young from his
+    mother.
+
+    No intercourse with women till age of 19, though strong
+    homosexual feelings from 10 upward, associated with feminine
+    youths. These feelings were quite distinct from feelings of
+    affection and friendship for more virile youths. An attack of
+    gonorrhea at 21 was followed by an operation for circumcision,
+    which had beneficial effects, but did not prevent an attack of
+    syphilis at age of 23, caught at a guaranteed state establishment
+    in France. Intercourse almost always with prostitutes, on
+    prudential and worldly grounds, though what he approves would be
+    greater laxity between boys and girls, with proper safeguards
+    against undesired offspring. He is now happily married. He only
+    indulges in masturbation at times when intercourse is impossible
+    (e.g., childbirth). It is then practised once or twice a week in
+    the early morning; overnight it causes troubled sleep, brain
+    activity, and constipation. This seems ethically more desirable
+    unless the wife were to condone physical infidelity, which she
+    would not, and even then there might be risks of venereal
+    disease. His general health and working power are in all respects
+    excellent, as the venereal diseases were speedily and thoroughly
+    cured. Homosexual feeling has entirely disappeared since
+    marriage.
+
+    HISTORY XV.--G.D., English; aged 60. "My earliest essays in
+    juvenile vice were due not so much to unguarded as to unguided
+    ignorance. I slipped where my natural protectors suspected no
+    danger, and I fell because I had never been warned of the
+    treacherous nature of the ground. Before or soon after I was 7
+    years old, the example of an elder brother, who had lately begun
+    to go to school as a day-boy, initiated me into the mysteries of
+    masturbation, which seemed to me then as harmless as it was
+    fascinating; and the novel pleasure was almost daily indulged in,
+    after I had acquired sufficient dexterity to accomplish the act
+    within a reasonable time, without a twinge of conscience, either
+    in that brother's company or when alone. Decency demanded secrecy
+    in the gratification of what soon became an imperious desire,
+    and the preliminary operations included, almost from the first,
+    mutual _fellatio_ and approximation of the excited organs; but
+    similar privacy was very properly sought during the performance
+    of other bodily acts associated with those 'less honorable
+    members,' and it appeared to me quite as natural and right for us
+    to amuse ourselves together in that way as for a married couple
+    to hide their most intimate embraces from the observation of
+    others. Indeed, I went farther than that, and even came to regard
+    the absence of all shame between us as akin to the primeval
+    innocence which Adam and Eve exhibited before the Fall. I
+    believed for long that we two were specially privileged and
+    possessed a peculiar sense denied to other boys, for I had never
+    heard of masturbation till I learnt, not the word indeed, but the
+    thing itself.
+
+    "My curiosity about the real nature of sexual union in the case
+    of human beings set my intelligence to work at the interesting
+    problem, and by carefully studying certain parts of the Bible,
+    Lempriere's classical and other dictionaries, as well as by
+    persistently watching when I could the amorous proceedings of
+    domestic animals, I learnt enough to make its most prominent
+    features pretty clear before I was 11 years of age. I was then
+    all eagerness to have the opportunity of inspecting at close
+    quarters the genitals of women or young girls, and a stay at the
+    seaside when I was 12 made the latter at least feasible. When the
+    shore was nearly deserted, between 1 and 2 P.M., the daughters of
+    the fisherfolk used to besiege the bathing machines and disport
+    themselves in the water, bathing and paddling in various stages
+    of nudity. I would pretend that my whole attention was being
+    given to the making of miniature tunnels in the sand, while all
+    the time I slyly peeped at what I most desired to see, whether in
+    front or from behind, as the dancing damsels stood upright or
+    stooped till their haunches were higher than their heads. I had
+    already read something somewhere about the _clitoris_, and wanted
+    especially to see it, but indistinct glimpses were all that I
+    could obtain; nor was it until I visited an anatomical museum,
+    which then existed at the top of the Haymarket in London, that I
+    learned, a good many years later, from several life-sized models
+    there displayed, the characteristic features of that part, as
+    well as the abnormal modifications to which it is subject, either
+    congenitally or in consequence of profligate habits. I was 15, I
+    think, when I first came to know that girls can masturbate as
+    well as boys.
+
+    "Long after I had realized why the terms male and female are so
+    distinguished, my imagination was occupied with the possible
+    postures in which the act of copulation may be accomplished by a
+    man and woman; from Horace, Lucretius, Martial, Aristophanes,
+    and, above all, from Ovid's _Ars Amatoria_ I obtained much, but
+    not always very clear, information while still a schoolboy. This
+    was supplemented later by photographic pictures from Pompeiian
+    brothels and photographs from life, purchased at Florence and
+    gloated over one night, with twice-repeated masturbation, and
+    afterward destroyed in a revulsion of shame.
+
+    "But while continuing to practise self-abuse (with a certain
+    degree of restraint indeed, but seldom less often than once or
+    even twice a week), after I had been made fully aware of its
+    perils by Dr. Adam Clarke's alarming comments on Genesis xxxviii,
+    9, when I was about 12 or 13, I never had connection with a woman
+    until I married somewhat late in life. This abstinence was not
+    due to any frigidity of disposition, but from prudential and
+    religious motives, and, to some extent perhaps, from the
+    imperfect but genuine satisfaction afforded by solitary
+    indulgence. My imagination, like that of young J.J. Rousseau, as
+    set forth in his _Confessions_, was allowed free scope for its
+    exercise, but in practice I confined myself to what seemed to me
+    comparatively innocent as compared with fornication. I was never
+    an unreserved 'exhibitionist' like Rousseau, but I have on more
+    than one occasion turned toward a hedge and pretended to make
+    water, when a girl had just passed me on the road, showing a
+    _turgens cauda_ if she should chance out of curiosity to look
+    back, as once, at any rate, happened.
+
+    "I watched with interest the first indications of puberty in my
+    own person. I had, of course, seen the pubic hair on many of my
+    own sex, but I was 17 when I first saw a naked woman. She was
+    standing at the door of her machine, wringing out her
+    bathing-dress, as I swam past, and her face was hidden by the
+    awning then used, so that she could not see me. A slight effusion
+    of limpid mucus began to characterize the orgasm, at the age of
+    12 or 13 (before any ejaculation of semen was experienced), such
+    as exuded later from the _urethra_ when salacious excitement
+    reached a certain pitch, even though the final climax might be
+    postponed or prevented altogether. I found it a refinement of
+    luxury to prolong the period of tumescence as far as possible, by
+    frequently checking a too rapid progress toward the goal. By this
+    practice of repeated arrest when the orgasm was imminent, and the
+    mental debauchery which was its habitual accompaniment, I believe
+    I did my nervous system more damage than by anything else--even
+    the early age at which the dangerous indulgence became
+    established. Nocturnal emissions (the sequel of lascivious
+    dreams) commenced when I was about 15, at which age I had my
+    first experience of an involuntary discharge when awake, under
+    the influence of purely mental emotion; but this latter mode of
+    escape did not often happen, and later on ceased altogether. My
+    muscular strength was not impaired by too frequent indulgence,
+    and I acquired some athletic prowess on the football field and on
+    the running path, both as a boy and as a young man. Walking tours
+    were for long my favorite recreation, even after the bicycle
+    became an increasing attraction. My health, however, suffered in
+    other ways from too constant absorption in lustful thoughts,
+    which found vent in erotic verses and tales, generally destroyed
+    soon after they were written. I have been subject since I was a
+    boy to more or less prolonged fits of mental depression. How far
+    I have inherited this tendency (my father and his father both
+    married first cousins, and a neurotic diathesis has been
+    characteristic of our family), or how far it has been aggravated
+    by pernicious habits, I cannot say; cause and effect have no
+    doubt acted and reacted on each other.
+
+    "As I grew toward adolescence I endeavored to make self-abuse as
+    close an imitation as possible of sexual intercourse by such
+    methods as may be easily imagined. My biological studies (I won a
+    scholarship and took honors at my university) were directed with
+    most intent predilection toward the reproductive system,
+    particularly the modifications of the copulatory organs in
+    different animals and the diverse manner of their employment. The
+    sexual instinct, whether in its normal or abnormal
+    manifestations, is a subject which has always had a strong
+    attraction for me, nor has it lost its fascination with the
+    growth of years (I am now 60) nor the competition of other
+    interests.
+
+    "My very limited experience of the sexual system in women would
+    lead me to believe that the _clitoris_ is the only peculiarly
+    sensitive part of the female _genitalia_, coition giving no
+    pleasure unless 'the trigger of love' is simultaneously
+    manipulated, as can be done when intromission is effected _a
+    tergo_; that the mind of a normally healthy maiden is altogether
+    free from sexual excitement of a physical kind, and that little
+    curiosity is felt about the precise _modus operandi_ of conjugal
+    intercourse; but, nevertheless, I have good reason to believe
+    that this, if not an unusual type, is by no means the only one
+    that exists.
+
+    "As to sexual inversion my personal experience has been confined
+    to two or three _grandes passions_ for boys, the first of which
+    possessed me when between the ages of 16 and 18, and involved,
+    when I was 17, the most intense mental emotion, of a romantic
+    kind, tinged with poignant jealousy and vexation at comparative
+    coldness toward myself. These love passages never led me into
+    indelicate behavior (I was once threatened with such treatment
+    myself by a stranger whose acquaintance I made one day at the
+    British Museum, when a lad of 15. He took me to his bedroom at an
+    inn, locked the door, and showed me a collection of coins, giving
+    me some, and, while doing so, attempted to take indecent
+    liberties; but I pretended that I must catch a certain train,
+    unlocked the door, and made a hasty escape), nor was any
+    gratification sought beyond occasional kisses and other innocent
+    endearments, though such caresses would sometimes excite an
+    erection, which I carefully concealed. These amours were,
+    however, no outcome of perverted instinct, nor were they any bar
+    to fancies for the opposite sex which affected my imagination
+    rather than my heart."
+
+
+    HISTORY XVI.--This history is given in the subject's own words:
+    A.N., 34 years of age, a university graduate, devoted to learning
+    and interested in philosophy and theology. He is happily married
+    and the father of an only daughter. Since puberty he has enjoyed
+    excellent health.
+
+    "Looking back he finds the beginnings of sexual feeling obscure.
+    This feeling is by no means identical in its progress with the
+    knowledge of the phenomena of sex generally. The latter he
+    acquired thus: His mother told him at a very early age the
+    outlines of the phenomena of birth and explained to him (perhaps
+    at that time unnecessarily) that the genital organs of little
+    girls were different from his own. This piece of knowledge led to
+    his asking, when 9 years old, a little girl cousin who came to
+    live with the family (he was an only child) and who shared his
+    bed to let him see her genitalia. This she readily did and also
+    invited him to coitus, which she described as a 'nice game.' He
+    complied, but without, of course, any feeling of pleasure or any
+    understanding of the nature of what he was doing. Shortly after
+    this he went to a day school, where, amid the extraordinarily
+    coarse conversation of the boys, he was initiated into all the
+    more obvious phenomena of sex. But still it was only a matter of
+    intellectual curiosity. As such it had a strange fascination for
+    him, and to this day he remembers many of the obscene words and
+    phrases, as, for example, a set of indecent verses beginning
+    'William, the milkman, sat under a tree,' describing coitus,
+    though some of the details were yet misunderstood by him. That up
+    to his tenth or eleventh year no real sexual desire was awakened
+    is plain from the fact that there was no desire for any
+    repetition of attempts at coitus with his cousin, though he did
+    indeed, again out of curiosity, finger her genitals sometimes, a
+    thing which she, grown evidently more fastidious, reported to his
+    mother, who gravely reprimanded him, telling him that it was the
+    'beginning of all evil.'
+
+    "Desire was awakened gradually and, as I have said, obscurely.
+    Not only at school, but among his own cousins, especially two
+    girls (other than the one above mentioned) and a boy, the
+    conversation was lascivious in the extreme, though words never
+    proceeded to deeds as between the boys and the girls. He was
+    soon, however, about his fifteenth year, so far as he can
+    remember, initiated into the practice of masturbation, first,
+    sleeping with his boy cousin, the two used to play at 'husband
+    and wife,' and then, more directly, a neighbor, a heavy, sensual
+    type of boy, took him aside one day and drawing out his own penis
+    asked him 'if he knew how to make some buttermilk.' Out of
+    curiosity at first, and to obtain the new and voluptuous
+    sensation afterward, he began assiduously to practise this vice,
+    which, as he afterward found out, was very common, if not
+    universal about him. That it was morally reprehensible he had not
+    at that time the ghost of a notion; he considered that it
+    belonged to the category of the 'dirty' only. His father quite
+    neglected this development, believing, I suppose, in the
+    superstition of the 'innocence of childhood.'
+
+    "This practice of masturbation went on assiduously to his
+    sixteenth year, when its true nature and danger were revealed to
+    him by a good clergyman who prepared him for confirmation. He had
+    at this time gone far, in both solitary vice and vice 'a deux,'
+    with his male cousin, with whom he practised even 'fellatio' and
+    'intromissio in anum.' But now he began to struggle against it
+    and made some headway, but never entirely shook it off before his
+    marriage at 26, so deeply rooted was the hold it had on him.
+    Especially at the time between sleeping and waking, or while
+    lying sleepless at night--when the monks prayed 'ne polluantur
+    corpora'--did its attacks come insidiously upon him. He would
+    struggle for weeks and then would come a relapse. On one occasion
+    he slept with a young uncle who amused himself, thinking he was
+    asleep, by playing with his penis until he had an emission. A.N.
+    hailed the occasion with keen joy--he caustically argued that he
+    experienced the pleasure without being culpable in its
+    production! Then on 'coming to himself' he would agonize over his
+    vice, remembering, for example, that, while _he_ had rejoiced in
+    what had been done, the very cousin who some time before used to
+    share his sin was genuinely annoyed at the same uncle's
+    attentions when it was he who suffered them.
+
+    "Looking back over the whole period of his youth and adolescence,
+    he can trace the psychological effect of what was going on
+    secretly, in his relations to girls and women. In a word, these
+    relations were sentimental only. He often imagined himself in
+    love; but it was imagination only. He was in love with a wraith,
+    not a girl of flesh and blood. He hesitated to regard in any
+    sexual way any girl of whom he had a high opinion; sexual desire
+    and 'love' seemed for him to inhabit different worlds and that it
+    would be a pollution to bring them together. In hours of
+    relaxation from the very hard intellectual work which he was at
+    this time engaged on at school and at the university, he was
+    quite content with the society of quite young girls or even
+    children when most of his friends would have sought out females
+    of their own age. Nothing could have been farther from his
+    desires or intention than any lascivious or, indeed, unseemly act
+    toward any female in whose company he might be: no mother need
+    have hesitated to trust her daughter in his company. I firmly
+    believe that the discipline of the same bed which Gibbon
+    (_Decline and Fall_, ed. Bury, vol. ii, p. 37) makes so merry
+    over could have been endured by him without difficulty. His
+    outward conduct was in all these respects most seemly and
+    decorous, yet night after night he could masturbate, his
+    imagination glowing with visions of female nakedness.
+
+    "Curiously the one and only actual female for whom he felt any
+    desire at the earlier period (aged 14 to 16) began to be the
+    cousin who lived in the house. On one occasion he touched her
+    breasts, on another her naked thighs--and that was all! As she
+    grew to puberty, she would have allowed far more liberties, but
+    he contented himself with a sly glance now and again, when he
+    could procure it, at her swelling bosom. The fear of putting her
+    with child was ample to keep him away from her bed. Later on even
+    so much as the foregoing occurred no more, and, as I have said,
+    his outward life became absolutely decorous.
+
+    "Consequently he was in no danger of having dealings with
+    prostitutes. The preliminaries, the conversation of such women,
+    especially their drinking habits, would have been disgusting and
+    repugnant to him in the extreme. He would have shunned the
+    possibility of acquiring venereal disease like the plague. But he
+    was never free from solitary vice; he secretly envied those who
+    had occasions for coitus in what I may call a seemly and cleanly
+    manner, friends in the country with farm girls, etc., of whom he
+    had heard. He indulged also in lascivious reading, the obscene
+    when he could procure it, rather than the merely suggestive,
+    which has never been to his taste. He was familiar with quite a
+    large number of Latin and Greek indecent passages, knew the
+    broader farces of the _Canterbury Tales_ and of the _Decameron_,
+    and, later, the 'contes' of La Fontaine and the _Facetiae_ of
+    Poggio. As Ste.-Beuve says of Gibbon, I think, he acquired an
+    'erudite and cold' sort of obscenity in this way.
+
+    "All this, of course, is only one half, and by no means always
+    the dominant half, of his nature. He was often repentant for
+    these delinquencies, and he was sincerely religious. He was also
+    fond of serious learning and contrived to take a first-class
+    university degree. Yet, ever and anon, the deeply sensual side of
+    his nature made itself felt. Scotched for a time it could be, but
+    killed never.
+
+    "Yet, I do not think it could be said that he had the sexual
+    instinct in any really high degree. It was more like a small fly
+    that makes a large buzz than any considerable factor in his
+    constitution. He had a companion about this time of whom such a
+    remark is even more true. This man's mind was replete with all
+    manner of risky stories, all sorts of sexual details. He would
+    take long walks with girls of loose character, talk with
+    prostitutes at home and abroad, and yet, I believe, he never
+    proceeded to coitus.
+
+    "Such then, was the subject of this notice up to the time of his
+    marriage. Two men, one might say, in one skin. One learned, one
+    merely obscene; one a pattern of decorousness, the other a
+    self-polluter.
+
+    "On the sexual side he was as one knowing everything there is to
+    know--yet knowing nothing. Like the boy-hero in Wedekind's
+    _Fruehling's Erwachen_, he had been long in Egypt, yet he had
+    never seen the pyramids. He began to distress himself with
+    questions as to whether he was yet capable; whether his recurring
+    vice had not permanently injured him; whether he had made himself
+    unfit for marriage. So shy and reserved was he about his secret
+    that he could never have brought himself to mention it to a
+    medical man. 'What! he! the good, the religious! the wholly moral
+    and decorous!' (such was, indeed, the reputation he had among his
+    friends); 'he, the victim of a vice so black!' No, no! '_Secretum
+    meum mihi_,' he cried.
+
+    "Fortune, however, was kind to him. He was at an early age free
+    from financial worries, which had almost crushed him earlier in
+    his career, and he met in course of time the family from which he
+    selected his excellent wife.
+
+    "The society in which he lived was of all English classes, I
+    should suppose, the most reticent in matters of sex--the
+    respectable, lower middle class; shopkeepers and the like, with a
+    tradition of homely religion and virtue. The classes a little
+    higher in the scale (to which, by the way, his mother had
+    belonged) could far better sympathize with one in his position.
+    Well, the family of his future wife was of a higher class and,
+    what is far more, of foreign origin, for whom a large number of
+    our English 'convenances' do not exist. To them sex was frankly
+    recognized as a factor in life, and the mother of this household,
+    as he grew more intimate, broached subjects which he had never,
+    in such a manner, discussed before. It is unnecessary to give
+    here any general history of his relationships with this
+    household, as they have nothing to do with the matter in hand.
+    After some time he became engaged to the youngest daughter, two
+    years his senior, a woman of remarkable beauty and splendid
+    development, one who attracted him as none other had done, both
+    on account of her intellectual and social qualities and her
+    physical beauty (he had hitherto despaired of finding the two
+    combined in one person), for she is certainly the most beautiful
+    woman with whom he has ever been acquainted.
+
+    "He now began to make the practical acquaintance of a woman--and
+    one who, in impulses, temper, manner, and habit of thought,
+    differed _toto caelo_ from the girls he had known in his old home.
+    Her sexual nature was ripe and developed, and it is lucky that
+    the engagement was of short duration, or the strain and
+    anticipation of that time might have been injurious to the health
+    of both. As usual, in his outward relations toward women, so
+    toward his _fiancee_, he was prepared for chaste caresses only.
+    This, however, did not suffice for her hot and passionate nature.
+    They went as far as possible short of actual coitus.
+
+    "After a few months, however, the marriage took place, and, at
+    first, this brought him bitter disappointment and seemed to
+    confirm his worst fears. He found himself quite unable to have
+    pleasure or satisfactory coitus; quite incapable, with any
+    erection that he could command, of introducing his well-developed
+    penis into his wife's extremely narrow and contracted vagina.
+    About a fortnight after the marriage, however, on his return from
+    their short wedding tour, he felt much stronger and copulated
+    with her, especially in the early mornings, so satisfactorily
+    that she soon found herself with child. Coitus now began to be
+    much more pleasurable for him, but to his wife still attended
+    with pain.
+
+    "After nine months of married life, the child, the only offspring
+    of the marriage, a healthy girl, was born. The stress of this
+    time, the upsetting of his wife's health, her nervous breakdown
+    and consequently uncertain temper, seemed for a period of nearly
+    two years effectually to repress any sexual desire in the
+    husband, and this period is perhaps the chastest of his life.
+    Desire seemed to be the one thing absent. The revulsion of
+    feeling in his wife was remarkable. The erstwhile amorous
+    _fiancee_, who could hardly wait until marriage to test her
+    lover, became now the wife and mother who hardly wished to be
+    touched by her husband.
+
+    "Her health, however, gradually improved and a more normal state
+    of affairs was brought about, which has continued to the present
+    day, broken only by periods of abstention, chiefly caused by the
+    attacks of anemia and menstrual irregularities from which his
+    wife suffers from time to time. Ordinarily, he enjoys coitus once
+    or twice in the month, hardly oftener, taking one month with
+    another. At one time he exemplified in his own person the saying
+    _omne animal post coitum triste_, but now happily this depression
+    of spirits is rarely felt. Sometimes he has felt a depression of
+    spirits, a general discontentedness, before experiencing a strong
+    erection; in these cases coitus has cleared his spirits. He would
+    naturally look upon coitus as an evacuation, although he
+    recognizes the imperfectness of that view. For one thing he is
+    constantly sorry, viz., that the act gives no pleasure to his
+    wife, and that he has never been able to induce a crisis with her
+    by normal means. In this state of affairs, knowing that 'apres
+    coup' she was still unsatisfied, he slipped into the practice of
+    rubbing the clitoris with his fingers until the emission takes
+    place. To do this, they assume the position 'ille sub, illa
+    super.' From his own limited marital experience, he has never
+    been able to understand the stories of women who masturbate
+    several times a day, as his wife would be physically incapable
+    (so he believes) of anything of the kind, and only easily reaches
+    the crisis in any circumstances during the first few days after
+    the menstrual flow has ceased. In fine, while agreeing
+    theoretically with Sir Richard Burton and others that the eastern
+    style of coitus (directed with a view to the pleasure of your
+    partner) is the right one, it is one of his standing regrets that
+    he is unable to practise it. In the place of the twenty minutes
+    required by the women of India (according to Burton) he is happy
+    if he can give two or three at the most, much as he would wish to
+    prolong a pleasure as keen to himself as he could desire it to be
+    to his dear and excellent spouse."
+
+    HISTORY XVII.--R.L., American; aged 43; height, 5 ft. 7 in.;
+    weight, about 145 lbs.; occupation, teacher; somewhat neurotic; a
+    slight myopia associated with acute astigmatism and muscular
+    weakness of the eyes, producing a tendency to migraine. Uric acid
+    diathesis, producing occasionally severe neuralgia, particularly
+    in the intestines. These symptoms have been more or less constant
+    since very early childhood. General health very good. Not
+    inclined to indulge in athletic sports, but prefers sedentary
+    occupations and recreations.
+
+    "My early ideas of sexual things are not very clear in
+    recollection. I think that when 7 or 8 years of age I had a
+    knowledge of the common or vulgar terms for intercourse and for
+    the genital organs. Boys of my own age and slightly older would
+    discuss sex relations, and I had a general knowledge that, in
+    some way connected with the sexual act, 'babies were made.' We
+    would tell, occasionally, lewd stories, and a few times attempted
+    sexual practices with one another. Not till after puberty did I
+    ever attempt masturbation. I must have been 9 or 10 years old
+    before I learned that there was a difference in the sex organs of
+    boys and girls. Up to this time I had supposed that intercourse
+    was _per anum._ I attended a public school with both sexes. Talk
+    among my boy associates was often nasty and concerned the sexual
+    act with girls. At about 12 years I began to have erotic day
+    dreams. I always had a sentimental attachment for some girl
+    acquaintance whom I would idealize and with whom I would imagine
+    myself having sex relations. As a matter of fact, there was no
+    real sexual feeling about this. As I was very shy and timid
+    naturally, I never made any kind of advances toward any of them,
+    and they were entirely ignorant of any sentiments of affection in
+    me.
+
+    "Pubertal changes commenced, I presume, about the age of 131/2
+    years. I place it at this period from the following
+    circumstances, which are fixed very strongly in my memory: I had,
+    as a child, a soprano voice that was praised considerably by
+    older friends, and about which I was inordinately conceited, I
+    enjoyed greatly taking part in operettas, cantatas, etc. The
+    dramatic instinct, if so it may be called, has always been marked
+    with me, and amateur dramatics are still my chief diversion. When
+    I was about the age mentioned above my voice changed quite
+    rapidly, greatly to my distress of mind, as I was obliged to give
+    up taking a part for which I had been cast in a school
+    entertainment. The memory of that disappointment is still
+    poignant. Other changes, such as the appearance of the pubertal
+    hair, must have made no impression on my mind, as I cannot
+    recollect anything in connection therewith. No involuntary
+    emissions occurred. Indeed, during periods of continence in later
+    life, when the sexual tension has been very strong, I have had
+    very few such emissions.
+
+    "As a lad of 11 or 12, I had heard frequent allusions to
+    masturbation by other boys who were older, but always in a way
+    that indicated contempt. Yet there is no doubt now in my mind
+    that the practice was very general. I think that I was probably
+    about 15 when I decided to try the act. I think that there was
+    little sex impulse in this decision. The animating purpose was
+    rather curiosity. I succeeded in producing the complete orgasm
+    and found it pleasurable, though there was a considerable shock
+    of surprise at the ejaculation of semen. As nearly as I can
+    estimate in my memory of an event as far back as this was, this
+    was the beginning of definite sexual sensibility in me. I cannot
+    but believe, however, that it would have been aroused sooner or
+    later in some other way. Thereafter I would imagine myself
+    embracing some of the girl friends to whom I have referred above,
+    and, when excited, would masturbate. The act was in every
+    instance a psychic intercourse. For some time I did not know that
+    the practice was considered harmful. I indulged whenever I felt
+    the inclination. This at times was rather frequent; again only at
+    considerable intervals. I did know that it was looked upon as
+    being unmanly, and never admitted, except to perhaps two or three
+    boy friends, that I ever indulged. With these boys I practised
+    mutual masturbation a few times. There was no homosexual feeling
+    connected with these acts in any of us. It was only that the
+    normal method of gratifying our desires was not available. I know
+    the subsequent history of each of these boys, and there has been
+    nothing to indicate any perverted instinct in any of them. About
+    the age of 16 I heard a talk on sexual matters by a traveling
+    evangelist, who portrayed the effects of masturbation in fearful
+    colors. I now realize that he was an ignorant though
+    well-intentioned man; but the general effect of his talk upon me
+    was a bad one. One of the results of the habit, according to his
+    statements, was insanity. Therefore I expected at any moment to
+    lose my mind. I felt that I must stop the practice at once, but
+    the matter became so great an obsession that again and again I
+    broke my resolutions for reform. I undertook exercise, dieting,
+    the reading of serious literature: all of which I had seen
+    referred to in books as methods of lessening sexual desire. The
+    object of these disciplinary practices was always the thing most
+    prominently in mind, and so they were of no avail. Fortunately I
+    entered college a little later, and the affairs of school life
+    gradually took a commanding place in my thoughts, and the
+    practice was not so much in mind. I did not, however, completely
+    break away from it until almost the time of my marriage. If the
+    present attitude of the scientific medical world toward the
+    subject had been known to me, I do not believe that any evil
+    would have come to me from the practice. At a later period of my
+    life, say between 21 and 24, I would not indulge the habit for a
+    considerable interval. At times I did not notice the presence or
+    lack of desire. But then there would come periods when I would be
+    under a severe sexual tension. This would be marked by intense
+    nervousness, an inability to fix my attention upon any one thing,
+    and a great desire to have intercourse. An act of masturbation at
+    such a time would generally give relief. However, when I yielded
+    to this form of relief, there would always follow feelings of
+    profound self-reproach and of self-repugnance. Had I had
+    nocturnal emissions they might have relieved me; but, as I have
+    said before, they very rarely occurred. When, rarely, one did
+    occur I would be greatly frightened, for I had the old, erroneous
+    idea that they meant serious weakness and always ascribed them to
+    my bad habit. That my habit of masturbation had any relation to
+    the rarity of the involuntary emissions would, of course, be a
+    matter of pure conjecture. In passing from the discussion of
+    personal masturbation, I wish to say that my associations with
+    boys as a pupil and as a teacher lead me to believe that the
+    practice is practically universal. When discussing the hygienic
+    evils of prostitution with boy pupils I have noted that, whereas
+    not infrequently a boy will voluntarily protest that he has never
+    had intercourse, there has always been a significant silence when
+    masturbation is mentioned. I have never heard a boy make a
+    denial, direct or indirect, that he had indulged in the practice.
+    But it has seldom been a perversion. It has rather been, as in my
+    own case, an available means of relieving a sexual impulse.
+
+    "During my college life I associated with many boys who had more
+    or less regular sexual relations with prostitutes or with girls
+    who were not virtuous. Their attitude toward the practice was an
+    immoral one. The ethical aspect of irregular sexual relations
+    never concerned them. It certainly did not concern me. What I
+    have learned through my conversations on the subject with my
+    pupils makes it evident to me that this is the common feeling of
+    most boys of the adolescent period. I think of two things which
+    operated strongly to prevent my entering into sexual relations
+    with girls during this period of my life. One was an esthetic
+    repugnance to the average prostitute. These are the women most
+    easily available to the youth whose sexual desires are developed.
+    I do not remember ever having seen an avowed prostitute who did
+    not seem repulsive to me. I confess to an inclination to
+    priggishness. I preferred to associate with people whom I called
+    'nice people.' It was fortunate for me that I was thrown into the
+    society of a rather rough crowd of youths, who knocked a great
+    deal of this snobbishness out of me. But it did act to prevent my
+    having recourse to prostitution. A second preventive was my
+    natural timidity in making advances to people. This has been a
+    trait that I have never completely overcome. In my professional
+    life this has been some detriment to my advancement. In the
+    matter of sex relationship it tended to prevent my taking
+    advantage of association with and even of advances from girls
+    who, not prostitutes, were nevertheless not virtuous. There were
+    a number of such in the town and neighborhood in which I lived,
+    and I undoubtedly could have had sexual relations with them if I
+    had only been able to overcome my shyness. The desire was not
+    wanting. I really craved intercourse with them. It was simply a
+    matter of cowardice. There was one girl whom I knew very well,
+    with whom I was on friendly terms, who I knew had had sexual
+    relations with other boys. She showed, at times, a marked
+    preference for me, and I am sure would have welcomed any advances
+    that I should have made. A number of times I sought her company
+    with the intention of suggesting intercourse, but my resolution
+    always failed.
+
+    "All through my college course I was much in the society of
+    girls. We were in class together, associated very freely in
+    society, frequently studied together. This is the most usual
+    state of things in the western part of our country. But they were
+    simply comrades: sex thoughts never arose in connection with such
+    association. And I am quite certain that this was the general
+    attitude of the other boys. Although the talk among the boy
+    students was at times, very frankly and crudely, about sexual
+    relations, no breath of scandal ever touched one of the college
+    girls. Again my experience as teacher and student brings a
+    conclusion that coeducation of the sexes does not affect, in one
+    way or the other, the strictly sexual life of the male student. A
+    very intimate friend who has had a varied experience in school
+    work has told me recently that his conclusions are the same.
+
+    "When I was about 20 years old I became acquainted with a very
+    beautiful girl, four years my junior. Our acquaintance very
+    rapidly developed into deeper affection, and about five years
+    later we were married. During all this time very little of the
+    physical aspects of love entered into our attachment. My
+    sweetheart had much of the same shyness as was so pronounced in
+    my own character. For several years I think that the thought of
+    marriage was never distinctly present in our minds. A formal
+    betrothal between us did not take place until within a year and a
+    half of our marriage. Yet each of us had a very distinct
+    understanding of the feelings of the other. But until our
+    betrothal there were none of even those very innocent expressions
+    of endearment common, I imagine, to all lovers. I am sure that
+    during this period of our attachment no thought of any physical
+    relations between us was ever in my mind; or, at any rate, was
+    promptly banished if it occurred. Yet all this time my sex
+    desires were very strong and at times became an obsession. Never,
+    though, were they directed toward my sweetheart. The first time
+    that we engaged in the endearments and caresses allowed to lovers
+    I became conscious, after a time, of a state of sexual
+    excitement. I experienced an erection. It was absolutely reflex;
+    no thought had entered into it. I was at once overwhelmed with a
+    feeling of shame. I felt that I had been guilty of unthinkable
+    indecency toward my betrothed. Then there arose a fear that it
+    might be noticed. (Men at that time wore abominably tight
+    clothing.) As a matter of fact, I now know that there was no real
+    danger of this, for she was absolutely ignorant of the nature of
+    the male sexual organs. But I made a pretext for withdrawing from
+    the room and tried to adjust my clothing so that no exposure
+    could occur. I was fearful of coming into close proximity to her
+    again, lest there should be a recurrence of the feeling. As a
+    matter of fact it did occur a number of times, but my good sense
+    finally suggested the explanation and after a time it ceased to
+    trouble me. The thought was latent in my mind that sexual
+    excitement was necessarily more or less indecent at all times,
+    and I could not reconcile its manifestation with a pure love.
+
+    "I have said that my sexual desire was strong. Up to the time of
+    marriage it was never gratified in the normal manner. My esthetic
+    abhorrence of prostitutes continued to prevent its gratification
+    in that manner. No other opportunity offered. I am positive that
+    moral considerations did not enter into the matter at all. I
+    think now that it was strange that the thought that it would be
+    disloyal to my promised wife to have connection with other women
+    did not affect me. But I am sure that it did not. I am inclined
+    to think that conscientious scruples very rarely enter into the
+    average young man's considerations of contemplated sexual
+    relations.
+
+    "As the time of my marriage drew near, thoughts of the physical
+    relationship of husband and wife became, of course, more
+    insistent. The idea of establishing sexual relations was not at
+    all a pleasant one. I dreaded it as an ordeal. I wondered if it
+    would be possible for us to retain the same love and affection
+    for one another after such intimate relations were established.
+    This was a recurrence of the fallacious notion that there was
+    something inherently indecent in sexual things. I am in hopes
+    that other ideas are replacing this wrong one, in the minds of
+    the younger generation, as the result of the saner and franker
+    discussion of sex. By a great effort, I had practically stopped
+    masturbating. At times I felt almost maddened by desire. But
+    never did the prospect of marriage seem desirable from this point
+    of view. Up to the very day of our wedding my affection for my
+    betrothed seemed free from sexual desire. But my physical being
+    was craving sexual companionship.
+
+    "Theoretically I knew a great deal of the nature of intercourse.
+    Practically I was absolutely ignorant. In some ways I was better
+    informed, on matters that a new husband should know, than the
+    average man entering the married life. A physician's library had
+    been at my disposal, and I had read somewhat extensively on
+    physiology and hygiene. My chosen lines of study had given me a
+    theoretical knowledge of the anatomy of the female genital organs
+    that was fairly thorough. I knew a little about the physiology of
+    reproduction and rather less of intercourse. Fortunately, I
+    learned in the course of my reading that the first sexual
+    approaches were likely to be quite painful to a woman, and that
+    great care should be exercised at this time. I tried to put into
+    practice what little I had learned in theory and I imagine that
+    we got through the introductory attempts with less than the
+    average difficulties. Our first efforts were not satisfactory to
+    either of us. My wife was absolutely unprepared so far as any
+    definite knowledge of the act was concerned. I sincerely hope
+    that the prudish notions of the past generations will give way to
+    more sensible views in the future, and that the girl becoming a
+    wife will be just as chaste, but wiser in matters of such
+    importance to her happiness. I presume that my timidity was a
+    valuable asset at this time; for I was afraid to force matters in
+    any way, and time and repeated attempts finally overcame our
+    difficulties. And when our sexual relations were once
+    established, the whole tenor of my life was changed. All the
+    former sexual unrest disappeared. My former feeling toward sexual
+    relations was altered. They no longer seemed that which, though
+    very desirable, was yet necessarily indecent. Fortunately, after
+    the first few weeks, they have been quite pleasurable to my wife.
+    I am sure that our sexual life since marriage has been a large
+    factor in deepening the love that has made our married life an
+    ideal one. As I look back at the first year of marriage, I wonder
+    that we got through it so well. My knowledge of sexual hygiene
+    was a strange mixture of fact and nonsense. If the frequency of
+    acts of intercourse advocated by some of the authorities I have
+    lately read is correct, then we must have passed the bounds of
+    moderation. But it is certain that our general health has been
+    very good: better in both cases than before marriage.
+
+    "In reviewing these phases of the development of my sexual life,
+    one or two conclusions seem to me to be strongly emphasized. It
+    was unfortunate that the real sexual desire was aroused as early
+    and in the manner that it was. Whether this would have been
+    prevented by more definite education in the hygiene and the
+    purpose of the function, I can only conjecture. I believe that
+    mine was and is the common experience of boys. I am decidedly of
+    the opinion that there should be instruction given of the anatomy
+    of the genital organs and of the hygiene of intercourse, and this
+    shortly after the youth has reached puberty. How this is to be
+    done is a grave question. It will require tact and knowledge not
+    possessed by the average teacher and parent. However it is done,
+    it should be honest, frank, and free from piosity.
+
+    "I am certain that, in my own case, rather frequent intercourse
+    is decidedly beneficial. Any prolonged abstinence always brings
+    about the same nervous disturbances that I have referred to
+    above. It is fortunate for me that this repetition of the act is
+    satisfactory to both concerned."
+
+
+    HISTORY XVIII.--E.W., dentist, aged 32, of New England Puritan
+    stock. Height, 5 ft. 101/2 in.; weight, 144 lbs. Spare and active,
+    of nervobilious temperament.
+
+    "My earliest recollection is being punished for 'playing with
+    myself' when I could not have been more than 3 or 4 years of age.
+    I distinctly remember my exultation on discovering that I could
+    excite myself (while my hands were tied behind my back for
+    punishment) by rubbing my small but erect penis against the
+    carpet while lying on my stomach. At this time, of course, I knew
+    nothing of sex or of what I was doing. I did what my desires and
+    instincts at that time prompted me to do. However, punishments
+    and lectures failed utterly to break up this habit, and, though I
+    always wished and tried faithfully to obey my parents, I soon
+    grew to indulge quietly in bed when I was thought to be asleep.
+    The matter apparently passed out of the minds of my parents as
+    soon as they ceased to detect me further in the act, and they
+    regarded it as abandoned. I now feel reasonably certain that this
+    precocity was due to an adherent foreskin which covered the glans
+    tightly almost to the meatus, and so kept up a continual
+    irritation.
+
+    "I have no recollection that anyone ever taught me the habit, and
+    I know beyond a doubt that no one ever learned of the habit or
+    even a word as to the possibility of autoexcitement through word
+    or deed of mine. My recollection of the sensations is that there
+    was a short period of excitation, usually by rubbing, which was
+    not particularly, often not at all, pleasurable, and this was
+    followed by a single thrill of pleasure that extended all over
+    my little body. The curious thing was, however, that there seemed
+    to be no limit to the number of times I could consecutively
+    produce this sensation. My recollection is perfectly clear of how
+    I would lie in bed of a morning and thus excite myself time after
+    time. As I grew older this condition, of course, changed.
+    Masturbation was not a consuming passion with me at this or any
+    other time. I enjoyed it and felt that in it I had a means of
+    entertainment when other sources of enjoyment were not at hand.
+
+    "By the time I was 6 or 7 I had figured out the difference in sex
+    in animals and suspected that 'all was not as it should be' in
+    some portions of a girl's anatomy. This suspicion was suddenly
+    confirmed one never-to-be-forgotten morning, when I induced my
+    dearest playmate, a little girl, to urinate in my presence. I was
+    more thunderstruck than excited over this discovery, and it led
+    to no results in any other way, nor did we ever again unveil
+    ourselves to each other. At this time I began to learn from the
+    older boys the pitiful, childish vulgarities and common terms of
+    sex, and to invent and exchange rhymes and stories that were
+    pathetic in their attempts at vulgarity.
+
+    "At the age of 11 a buxom servant-girl threw out some vague hints
+    to me,--I was very tall for my age,--and tried to induce me to
+    take liberties with her, at least to the extent of telling her
+    vulgar stories, but I would not rise to the lure. I believe that
+    the thing which held me in check was fear of discovery by my
+    parents and the consequent humiliation. A short time previous to
+    this my father had enlightened me as to the means and manner of
+    reproduction and had encouraged me to talk to him and to my
+    mother on such subjects rather than with anyone else. I think
+    this had a great influence for good, as it made me feel that I
+    had some authoritative knowledge and that I was trusted by my
+    parents. My determination not to prove entirely unworthy of their
+    trust has been the anchor that has held through all the storms
+    and temptations of youth and young manhood.
+
+    "About the age of puberty I began to long for more realistic
+    experiences and tried through a period of a year or so the
+    disgusting experiments of intercourse with animals, using hens
+    and a cow for this purpose. Details are of no importance, and I
+    spare myself their repetition. My better nature or general mental
+    development soon overcame my desires in this direction, and the
+    practice was abandoned.
+
+    "With the dawning of the power of emission I noticed that the
+    adherent foreskin before alluded to, which had never been
+    examined during all these years (as I had discovered that I was
+    different from other boys and so was shy about exposing myself),
+    began to trouble me by being painful during erections.
+    Accordingly I took a buttonhook and tore all the adhesions loose.
+    A very painful though ultimately entirely satisfactory
+    operation!
+
+    "(I may mention in this connection that my two sons were
+    afflicted with adherent foreskins to such an extent as to render
+    circumcision necessary a few days after birth, in order that the
+    function of urination might become fully established.)
+
+    "As my powers developed I had my first wet dream at about the age
+    of 15, and was much surprised thereat. My father, however, told
+    me not to be alarmed and soothed my anxious fears, which were
+    easily aroused by my guilty feelings on account of my habit of
+    masturbation, in which I still indulged from one to three times a
+    week.
+
+    "Between the ages of 12 and 17 my father had the good judgment to
+    require a large amount of active outdoor labor from me, as well
+    as sending me to excellent schools. Certain kinds of study had a
+    distinct effect upon the sexual organs, namely, difficult Latin
+    and German translations and problems in fractions. I considered
+    at the time that it was because my mind wandered from the subject
+    I was studying. Now I am perfectly sure it was because my mind
+    focused on the subject I was studying. At any rate the fact
+    existed, and when alone in my room, wrestling with a knotty
+    problem, I used almost as a rule to keep myself in the most
+    violent state of erection for long periods--an hour or
+    so--sometimes ending with an emission, but more often I forced
+    myself to forego this climax through fear of overindulgence.
+    During these years my curiosity as to the exact nature of the
+    female organs was something terrible, and I wasted many hours and
+    much ingenuity in the attempt to surreptitiously gratify it. My
+    perseverance in the face of failure along this line was surely
+    worthy of a nobler cause.
+
+    "I was much in the society of girls of my own age or older during
+    these years and until I was 19. I found with them a keen and
+    entirely pure and wholesome enjoyment utterly separate and apart
+    from the desires and indulgences which I have been describing. I
+    never cared for any girl who was 'forward' or in any way
+    unladylike, and the idea of taking any undue liberties with any
+    of my youthful sweethearts was as remote from my thoughts as a
+    trip to the moon. Perhaps I can say this better and more
+    distinctly by stating that I would be perfectly willing to have
+    my wife know of, or my boys repeat, any action that I ever took
+    with any woman.
+
+    "I spent my spare time in their society and lavished upon my girl
+    companions every cent I could spare, but had no thought of
+    immediate sex desire or gratification. At the age of 17 I went as
+    an apprentice in my present profession of dentistry. Whenever it
+    became necessary for me, in assisting at the operating chair, to
+    touch a lady's hair or face, I would be seized with the utmost
+    confusion and could with difficulty control my hands so that they
+    did not tremble. This soon wore off as I came to a realization of
+    the true professional spirit and attitude toward all patients,
+    and, needless to say, has now become a matter of the utmost
+    indifference to me.
+
+    "From 19 to 22 I attended a professional school in a large city,
+    remote from my home, where I was an utter stranger. During these
+    years I devoted myself to my professional studies and to music
+    with much diligence. I took an active part in all student life
+    and problems save only that of the 'eternal feminine.'
+
+    "Frequently I have been out with a crowd of 'the boys' when they
+    headed for a brothel, and have been the only one to turn back or
+    to remain on the sidewalk as the door closed behind my last
+    companion. I say this not in self-praise, but in the same spirit
+    of accuracy which has prompted me to put down everything
+    concerning this greatest mystery of our natures as I have
+    experienced it and worked it out.
+
+    "It was during these three years at school that I placed upon
+    myself the most stringent and effective curbs to my sex nature. I
+    somehow never could 'get my own consent' to go to a brothel or
+    stay with a 'soiled dove,' for I had by this time firmly resolved
+    that I would bring to my wife, whoever she might turn out to be,
+    a clean body at least. I limited myself in my autoexcitement to
+    one emission a week and on one or two occasions went two weeks
+    without inducing an emission. Spontaneous nocturnal emissions
+    were quite common during these years. I cannot state just how
+    frequent they were, but perhaps one a week would be a fair
+    average.
+
+    "Shortly after graduation at the age of 22 I became engaged to
+    the woman who is now my wife. (She was 17 at the time of our
+    engagement, brunette, well developed, and with a wisdom and charm
+    that have held me a willing captive for ten years and no prospect
+    of escape!)
+
+    "With our engagement began for each of us that divine and
+    mysterious unfolding of the nature of one to the nature of the
+    other. Our engagement lasted two years and a half and, ignorant
+    as we both were, I am sure that it was none too long. Never shall
+    I forget the surprise I felt--to say nothing of the delight--when
+    I discovered that my sweetheart was as anxious to find out the
+    uttermost facts about me as I was to explore the divine mystery
+    of her sweet body.
+
+    "We lived in different towns and I used to spend Sundays at her
+    home. I slept in a room adjoining that occupied by my betrothed
+    and a friend. There was a transom with clear glass over the door
+    which connected these two rooms, and to have stood upon the foot
+    of the bed and looked through this transom would have been the
+    easiest thing in the world, and was such an opportunity as I
+    would have given years of my life to have obtained in my
+    adolescence; but now that the chance was afforded me to freely
+    spy upon the chamber of my future bride my soul revolted, for the
+    feeling was upon me that not until it was revealed to me because
+    she could no longer bear to keep it concealed from me would I
+    look upon the blessed vision of her maiden loveliness. Nor was I
+    disappointed, for gradually we became acquainted with each
+    other's bodies, and this gradual unveiling of each to the other
+    led, during the last months of our engagement, to mutual manual
+    manipulations, excitement and gratification. Intercourse did not
+    take place until the second night after our marriage, and our
+    first baby was born nine months and three days after our
+    marriage, though my wife was ten days past the cessation of her
+    period at the time of my first entering.
+
+    "Since marriage I have made it my first duty to study my wife's
+    inclinations and desires with regard to our sexual relations, and
+    can say that now, after seven years of married life, and after
+    she has borne me two sons, we are enjoying a fullness of
+    happiness that neither of us would have believed possible during
+    the first year of our married life.
+
+    "I have found that the woman must have the entire charge of the
+    time and number of approaches in a week or month, and that when
+    she is for any reason disinclined to the sexual act the husband
+    must keep away, no matter how he feels about the matter. Also the
+    man must be sure that his wife reaches the orgasm or is at the
+    point of it before he allows himself to 'let go.'
+
+    "Our meetings have averaged eight or nine a month. During the
+    latter months of pregnancy they were _nil_, and in the month
+    following an enforced separation of several weeks they were
+    fourteen. We have never tried nor had the slightest curiosity to
+    know how far we could indulge ourselves.
+
+    "For myself I seem to demand a gratification of the sexual desire
+    rather oftener than my wife, and when I feel I cannot get a good
+    night's rest without first being relieved of my seminal burden,
+    while at the same time my wife is disinclined to the sexual act,
+    I have her perform manual manipulation until relief is effected.
+    Mind, I say _relief_, for the emission gives me very little
+    pleasure under these circumstances, but it does give _relief_. In
+    my present health I find I cannot sleep well if I go over more
+    than two nights without an emission. My wife understands my
+    condition, and is entirely willing to assist me in this way when
+    she feels she cannot give me the gratification which I crave. We
+    have come to see sex matters as they are, and respect and
+    reverence have taken the place of ignorance and fear.
+
+    "To sum up, owing to lack of circumcision the sex instinct
+    developed too soon and out of all proportion during my early
+    youth. I cannot see that masturbation has ever had the slightest
+    bad effect upon my health or mental state (except as I was
+    constantly loathing myself more or less for being unable to stop
+    it).
+
+    "The husband must subordinate himself to the wife in order to
+    obtain the highest good and pleasure of both.
+
+    "I have always been successful in my undertakings. Stood at the
+    head of my class at school, and in my professional work graduated
+    with highest honors. I have a memory for prose or verse that is
+    the cause of envy to many of my friends. The facts here set down
+    are recorded in the interest of advancing study along this most
+    important but neglected and ignored line. That they have been
+    truthfully recorded without favor to the black or light on the
+    white is my sincere belief."
+
+
+    HISTORY XIX.--E.B. Parents sound; strong constitution in mother,
+    moderately so in father; vigorous and healthy, but of refined
+    nature. Breast-milk for six months.
+
+    "_Age 4-5_. Took great delight in the little waterworks. Severely
+    punished for this. Interest in the parts morbidly increased
+    thereby.
+
+    "_Age 5_. Earliest recollection of 'counter-erection'--the penis
+    shrinking tensely into itself, producing local and general
+    discomfort. This resulted from certain kinds of
+    _mauvaise-honte_,--having to kiss aged persons, having officious
+    help at micturition, bathing, dressing, etc., which caused a sort
+    of physical disgust. Toward puberty the experience grew rare. One
+    such occasion was at about eighteen, when solicited on the street
+    by a prostitute. The very _idea_ of homosexual relations produces
+    it. It would appear to be a powerful safeguard against
+    promiscuous sex relations. I have met two men subject to the same
+    thing, and have heard of one woman subject to something
+    analogous. It might be called a nausea of the 'nether heart' in
+    Georg Hirth's phrase.
+
+    "_Age 6-7_. Earliest recollection of erection. Unprovoked at
+    first. A disposition to _punish_ the organ and satisfaction in
+    doing so. From this time erection took place whenever it was
+    thought about.
+
+    "_Age 10_. Present at a discussion in the playground about the
+    best way of intercourse, which I heard of for the first time.
+    This was followed by enlightenment on the source of children.
+    Concluded it must be very painful to both parties. 'Just the
+    other way,' I was told. But the idea of pain to the genitals was
+    'interesting' to me. Pain felt by the other sex was
+    'interesting.' Pained looks captivated me--I liked to imagine
+    some mysterious trouble; and, as I learned more, 'female
+    complaints' interested me greatly in their subjects. I got a
+    'grateful pang' at the pit of the stomach at the thought, but
+    neither erection nor the opposite. This hypogastric feeling has
+    continued to associate itself with certain sexual impressions.
+    The thought of a _woman mortifying herself_ later on excited me
+    sexually. Once, pulling a stay-string for fun (my wife never
+    laced) gave me a powerful and quite unexpected erection.
+
+    "_Age 12_. A girl visitor of the same age got me talking about
+    the genitals, and at bedtime came and proposed coitus. We failed
+    to manage it. The vulva stripped back the foreskin, which was a
+    voluptuous feeling; then we were alarmed by something and
+    separated. I never saw her again. She too liked to 'punish' her
+    vulva. She put whole pepper in it, and advised me to use the
+    same. I continued greatly excited when she had gone; the hand
+    flew to the phallus and worried it, and orgasm came on at
+    once--the childish orgasm consisting of well-spaced spasms of the
+    ejaculators, without the poignant preliminary nisus of the adult
+    orgasm. There was no reaction or depression, except that the
+    phallus--which did not subside at once--was painful to touch. A
+    week or so later I tried again, but failed. A month later, being
+    more excited, I succeeded. I found that I could only compass it
+    about once in three weeks. There were no emissions. I used to
+    have a spontaneous mental image of a small Grecian temple in a
+    sunny park, which charmed me, and I had no scruples.
+
+    "_Age 12-13_. Masturbated once or twice a month.
+
+    "_Age 13-14_. Was sent to a small public school, where it
+    happened that a very good tone prevailed. I learned that
+    masturbation was bad form and unmanly. The proper thing was to
+    save one's self up for women--at about 18. I dropped the practice
+    easily, in spite of indulging my imagination about coitus. I
+    thought of the initiation with prostitutes at 18, with the mixed
+    feelings that even the most combative soldier must regard the
+    fray. The hypogastric feeling above referred to would come
+    on--which I liked and disliked at the same time. The first
+    occasion on which I remember this feeling was when I got my first
+    braces. Anything that harped on my sex produced it. Every time I
+    received the sacrament, which I was forced to do very young, I
+    repented of my intention of whoring at 18--as a man 'must'
+    do--and afterward I relapsed to the expectation. Religion was a
+    great reality to me, but it did not produce the radical effect
+    that the development of the romantic sentiment did later on.
+    (Both my wife and I became free-thinkers at about 30.)
+
+    "_Age 15-17_. Read poetry and romance. Conceived a high ideal of
+    faithfulness and constancy. What a mockery all this loyalty is, I
+    said to myself, if a man has stultified it beforehand. That was
+    no mere castle-building. I had not understood what I was about in
+    expecting to whore. The critical feelings were now awakening, and
+    what they produced was revulsion against the abuse of sex, which
+    got stronger every year. It became plain that there would be no
+    whoring or the like for me; I was far too proud and fastidious. I
+    neglected my tasks, which were uncongenial, and read a great deal
+    of anatomy and physiology, which stood me in good stead later. As
+    I rose in the school I was surprised to find the tone worse, but
+    quite at the top it was better again, and with my latest
+    companions sex was never even mentioned. At 14 I had a friend who
+    importuned me to come into his bed, but I never would get under
+    his bedclothes, for the male sex repels me powerfully in personal
+    contact; he began to talk of masturbation, and now I can
+    understand what he was aiming at. But my day-dreams of nymphs and
+    dryads kept me in a state of perpetual tension, and erection was
+    very frequent. The early morbid admiration of delicate women
+    became replaced by admiration of health and strength combined
+    with grace.
+
+    "_Age 17-18_. I was given a cubicle in which my neighbor on the
+    right masturbated noisily two or three times a week, and the one
+    on the left every night, using intermittent friction to drag it
+    out longer. One night, kneeling at my bedside, saying prayers, my
+    attention was divided between these and the occupation of my
+    neighbor, when, after not having masturbated for four years,--the
+    critical years of development,--the hand flew to the phallus and
+
+        "'pulses pounding through palms and trembling
+         encircling fingers'
+
+    "procured, in Walt Whitman's language,
+
+        "'the wholesome relief,--repose, content.'
+
+    "I slept well and had a sense of elation at the proof of manhood,
+    for we boys were anxious about whether we secreted semen or not.
+    The sexual obsession was tempered, and about three weeks later I
+    had my first 'pollution'--the 'angel of the night,' as Mantegazza
+    with better sense calls it. From that time on I had pollutions
+    every two or three weeks, with dreams sometimes of masturbation
+    or of nymphs, or quite irrelevant matters. For a time these gave
+    me perfect relief; then my 'dilectatio morosa' began to grow
+    again, and the phallus would become so sensitive that working
+    about on the belly would liberate the orgasm.
+
+    "_Age 18-19_. I had kept on persuading myself I was not
+    masturbating--avoiding the use of the hand--but now I dropped
+    this pretense, and frankly conceded the need to myself. I got
+    done with it in a peremptory way and thought no more of it. I had
+    no evil effects, moral or physical, and my mother would often
+    compliment me on my bright appearance the morning after. At that
+    time the appetite matured every seven to ten days, and, though I
+    dreaded the idea of slavery to it, it would have been very hard
+    to forego it. Headaches, which had begun to plague me from
+    puberty on, grew rarer. Pollutions occurred in between, but were
+    less effectual. I had up to this point accepted the incidental
+    pleasure under a sort of protest; but now I got over that too and
+    I allowed what I would prefer to call an idio-erotism (rather
+    than an auto-erotism) its way, always picturing beautiful nymphs
+    to myself. Surroundings of natural beauty moved me to this kind
+    of reverie, partly perhaps because I had once secretly observed a
+    lad basking naked on the sandy beach and toying with himself.
+    The recollection is wholly unsullied to me. Happening on one
+    occasion to check the stimulation about two-thirds way to orgasm,
+    I experienced a miniature orgasm like the childish one, but with
+    no declension of the tumescence, and I was able to repeat this
+    maneuver several times before the full orgasm. This I later
+    practised in _Coitus prolongatus_--giving the partner time to
+    come up. I had already got into the way of poising the feeling on
+    its climax. The ejaculator reflex, being habituated to this,
+    seems to set in with its throbs when the maneuver is simulated,
+    though no semen has yet been poured into the bulbous portion for
+    the ejaculators to act upon. If this play be broken off before
+    the critical spasm--as in the American 'Karezza,' etc.--there is
+    no perceptible reaction, though an unsatisfied feeling remains.
+    But when the act proceeds to emission and the poignant
+    _undercurrent_ of feeling sets in that ushers the ejaculation and
+    may only last two to five seconds, it makes all the difference,
+    and constitutional signs appear--perspiration, etc. This leads to
+    the question whether the critical sensation specially involves
+    the sympathetic nervous system? Up to that point the process is
+    under control, but then automatic.
+
+    "An observation of practical importance to me at that time was
+    this: I awoke in the morning after a pollution at night, with an
+    acute headache of a specific kind, and erection. This had
+    happened before, after pollution, and the erection suggested to
+    me whether 'a hair of the dog that bit me' might not prove
+    beneficial. As the excitation proceeded, the pain in the head was
+    directly drained away, as if I were drawing it out. Other pain is
+    also relieved for the moment, such as neuralgia, but to return
+    soon with interest. This, however, was specific and pure benefit.
+    The next time I got a bad headache of this character, without
+    preceding pollution, I tried the remedy, at about 10 A.M. The
+    semen was copious and watery, and the relief was marked, but in
+    an hour's time the headache returned. I had never repeated the
+    act at short interval, i.e., while the organs were under the
+    influence of a previous act, and now I tried the effect of that.
+    The second emission was also profuse, but much thicker, and the
+    relief much greater. In about three hours the headache was,
+    however, again intolerable, and, the connection being now clear,
+    I ventured on a third act, which proved to be the most voluptuous
+    I had so far experienced, the nisus being far more intense. The
+    semen was copious, but thick and ropy, with lumps as large as
+    small peas that could scarcely be crushed with the finger, and
+    yellow in color and rank in odor. After that I was perfectly well
+    and kept so. (The urethra was blocked so that I could with
+    difficulty stroke the masses out.) Later I have examined such
+    semen microscopically and found the spermatozoa dead and
+    disintegrating. My period in my best years--21 to 48--was twice
+    a week, the odd number being an inconvenience, and I have since
+    endeavored to avoid accumulations, emptying the receptacles on
+    the fourth day, when I remembered the interval, even if the
+    organs did not remind me. On the fifth day headache would
+    otherwise appear and perhaps two acts be needful, or, if I forgot
+    about it for a week, three acts running. That I did not abuse the
+    function the fact proves that every year I would forget about it
+    two to three times and have to resort to this drastic mode.[230]
+    But there is quite a different headache that follows on
+    indulgence during convalescence or when the system is otherwise
+    much lowered. Railway traveling greatly accentuates the need with
+    me; also riding. Girls aroused no physical desire, though I
+    chiefly sought their society, and even after the genital tension
+    was so pronounced, up to 20, I was troubled by the fact that
+    women did not affect me sexually. About this time a buxom girl I
+    liked and who liked me vehemently laid her hand on my arm, in
+    trying to persuade me to give up shooting. The phallus leaped
+    simultaneously. That was my first _sexual_ experience--the proof
+    that the _nexus_ was established between the genital mechanism
+    and the complex of feeling we call sexual.
+
+    "_Age 24_. At this age I went to stay at a house where there were
+    two very pretty girls. I at once lost my heart to the elder,
+    L.B., as she did to me (strong constitution, but refined nature;
+    parents sound; brought up in the country; eleven months'
+    breast-milk). 'What a mother she will make,' I said to myself.
+    Now began a time of the spiritual and physical communion that I
+    had pictured to myself....
+
+    "I am 60 now; she is 57. We are still like lovers. No; not _like_
+    lovers; we _are_ lovers. Of course, I do not mean to imply that
+    sexual impressions have preponderated in our life, as they do in
+    this account. Quite the contrary. We are both strong and,
+    according to all accounts, unusually well preserved. We are very
+    temperate. Since 48 I notice a gradual decline of the erotic
+    propensity. It is now once in five or seven days. Since the
+    menopause her propensity has declined markedly, but it is not
+    extinct, and she delights as much as ever in my delight. She
+    began to menstruate at 12, was regular till 17; then got
+    chlorotic for a few months, soon recovered, though menstruation
+    was often irregular, but never painful. Sexual experience began
+    at 25. I have often wondered if a moderate self-gymnastic of the
+    faculty, in Venturi's sense, would not have educated her genital
+    sphere, and made her a still better comrade--excluded the periods
+    of irregularity and frigidity. The stage of latency was too
+    protracted. We often noticed that, when menstruation was due or
+    nearly so, prolonged love-sports at bedtime would be followed by
+    menstruation in the morning. We never were separated for longer
+    than three months, and on that occasion, menstruation being
+    delayed, she tried what masturbation would do to determine it,
+    and with a positive result. My need, though less, is as
+    imperative as ever. Seminal headaches--as I would call them--have
+    ceased since 50; the accumulation only produces muddleheadedness.
+    But I have not suffered accumulation over ten to at most twelve
+    days. The quantity of semen is also less. The sensibility of the
+    corpora has declined much; that of the glans is unimpaired.
+    Erection is good. Orgasm takes two to four minutes to provoke,
+    against forty to fifty seconds when young; it is in some respects
+    even more enjoyable--perhaps less intense, but much more
+    prolonged. I have no reaction from indulgence. But I never press
+    it; it always presses me. For overaccumulation, with headache or
+    muddleheadedness, the wifely hand is more efficacious than the
+    vulva. Even the most vivid dream of coitus fails to compass the
+    orgasm now. The peripheral stimulus is essential.
+
+    "In our case physical and psychical intensity of emotion have
+    gone hand in hand. I have become specialized to one woman,
+    despite an erotic endowment certainly not meager. The pervasive
+    fragrance makes one adore the whole sex, but my wife does not
+    interpret this homage in a sexually promiscuous sense. We both
+    agree in the principle that if one cannot hold the affection of
+    the other there is no title to it. Tarde says that constancy in
+    love is rarely anything but a voyage of discovery round the
+    beloved object. I am perpetually making fresh discoveries. But
+    her constancy, I mean the high level of her passion, is
+    independent of discoveries."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[230] "A practical question arising out of the foregoing is whether such
+semen should be committed to the vagina? Its presence is known to me by
+constitutional symptoms (toxic). It is the last to be expelled, and its
+degenerate germ-cells have no chance against those of the normal fluid
+deposited in preceding acts, supposing that to be retained. But it may
+well happen that the prior emissions only reach the pouch, whereas the
+last is injected into the womb itself. I have frequently had the sense of
+the orifices of meatus and cervix matching directly, especially when she
+had powerful orgasm (including two conceptions), and of the semen being
+sucked from me rather than occluded in its exit, as also happens,
+requiring me to relax the urge a little. At 18 to 19 the semen of a
+'pollution' has left tender red patches where it dried on the neighboring
+skin, and deep straw-colored stains in the linen."
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF AUTHORS.
+
+Abu-l-Faraj
+Acton, W.
+Adler, O.
+Adlerz
+Aguilaniedo
+Aldrich
+Allen, G.W.
+Alonzi
+Aly-Belfadel
+Amand, St.
+Andrews, W.
+Angell
+Arndt, R.
+Avebury, Lord
+
+Bach, G.
+Baker, Smith
+Ballet
+Balls-Headley
+Bancroft, H.H.
+Bantock
+Baretti
+Barrus, Clara
+Bartels, Max
+Beaunis
+Bechterew
+Bell, Sanford
+Benecke, E.F.M.
+Bernard, P.
+Bernelle
+Blackwell, E.
+Bladon, J.
+Blagden
+Bloch
+Bloch, Iwan
+Bloom
+Blumroeder
+Boerhaave
+Bohn, G.
+Bonstetten
+Booth, D.S.
+Bos, C.
+Bossard
+Bouchereau
+Bourneville
+Brantome
+Bray
+Brehm
+Breitenstein
+Bridgman, W.G.
+Brierre de Boismont
+Browne, W.A.F.
+Brunfels
+Bryan, D.
+Buechner
+Burckhardt, J.L.
+Burdach
+Burk, F.L.
+Burton, Robert
+Burton, Si: R.
+Buscalioni
+Busch, D.W.H.
+Butler, A.G.
+
+Cabanes
+Cabanis
+Calmann
+Campbell, Harry
+Cannon, W.
+Capgras
+Casanova
+Catullus
+Cellini
+Ceni
+Cervantes
+Chapman, G.
+Christian
+Clark, Campbell
+Clarke, E.D.
+Cleland
+Clement of Alexandria
+Clerambault
+Clevenger
+Clouston
+Coelius Aurelianus
+Coleridge
+Colin
+Collas
+Colman, W.A.
+Coltman
+Congreve
+Cook, F.
+Cook, J.
+Cooke, Kev. L.H.
+Cornevin
+Cotterill, J.M.
+Coutagne
+Crawley, E.
+Crofton
+Crooke, W.
+Cullerre
+
+Daniell, W.F.
+Darwin, C.
+Darwin, E.
+D'Aulnoy, Countess
+Daumas
+Davenport, Isabel
+Debreyne
+Dillmann
+Diodorus
+Disselhorst
+D'Orbigny
+Duchenne
+Duehren, E. _See_ Bloch, Iwan.
+Dulaure
+Dumas, G.
+Duncan, Matthews
+Dunlop, W.
+Dupre
+Durkheim
+
+Earle, A.
+Effertz
+Eklund
+Ellis, Havelock
+Ellis, Sir A.B.
+Engelmann
+Epaulow
+Erb
+Espinas
+Eulenburg
+Eysseric
+Eyre, E.J.
+
+Fabre, J.H.
+Fehling
+Fere
+Ferenczi
+Ferrand
+Ferrero
+Ferriani
+Finck
+Fliess
+Foley
+Forbes, H.O.
+Forel
+Forman, S.
+Franklin, Miles
+Frazer, J.G.
+French-Sheldon, Mrs.
+Freud
+Friedenthal
+Fuerbringer
+Fustel de Coulanges
+
+Galen
+Gall
+Gardiner, J.S.
+Garnier, P.
+Gason, S.
+Gattel
+Gaupp
+Gennep, A. Van
+Gibb
+Gillen
+Ginisty
+Glaeveke
+Glynn
+Godard
+Goltz
+Goncourt, J. de
+Gosse, P.H.
+Gourmont, Remy de
+Gowers, Sir W.
+Grisebach, E.
+Groos, K.
+Grosse, E.
+Gualino
+Guinard
+Guise
+Guyon
+Gurlitt
+Guttceit
+
+Haecker
+Haddon, A.C.
+Haeckel
+Hagen
+Halban
+Hall, G. Stanley
+Haller
+Hamerling
+Hammer
+Hammond
+Hamon
+Hartmann, E. von
+Hawkesworth
+Hayes, J.J.
+Heape, W.
+Heard
+Hegar
+Heine
+Henz
+Herodotus
+Hicks, Braxton
+Hippocrates
+Hirn
+Hirschfeld
+Hoche
+Holden, W.C.
+Holder, A.B.
+Holt, R.B.
+Horace
+Hornius
+Horsley
+Howard
+Howard, H.E.
+Howarth, O.H.
+Hubert
+Hudson, W.H.
+Hutchinson, Sir J.
+Huysmans
+Hyades
+
+Jaeger
+Janet
+Janin
+Jayle
+Jerome, St.
+Joest, W.
+Johnston, Sir H.
+Jones, Brynmor
+Jones, Ernest
+
+Kafemann
+Keppler
+Key, Ellen
+Kiefer
+Kiernan, J.G.
+Kisch, E.H.
+Kleinpaul
+Kline
+Kolischer
+Kossmann
+Kowalevsky
+Krabbes
+Krafft-Ebing
+Krauss
+Kubary
+Kulischer
+Kuelpe
+
+Lacassagne
+Lacroix, P.
+Lagrange
+Lancaster
+Landor, A.H., Savage
+Lanphear
+Laserre
+Laurentius
+Lawson
+Lea
+Lecaillon
+Lehmann-Nitsche
+Leppmann
+Lipa Bey
+Loeb
+Lombroso
+Long, S.H.
+Lop
+Low, Brooke
+Loti, P.
+Loewenfeld
+Lubbock (Lord Avebury)
+Lucian
+Lucretius
+Lunier
+Luther
+
+Macdonald, Rev. J.
+Mace
+MacGillicuddy
+MacLennan
+Macnaughton-Jones
+Maeder
+Maeterlinck
+Manaceine, Marie de
+Mandeville
+Mantegazza
+Marandon de Montyel
+Marchesini
+Marcuse, Max
+Mardrus
+Marie, A.
+Marie, P.
+Marie de France
+Mariner
+Marlowe
+Marot, Clement
+Marro
+Marsden, W.
+Marshall, F.H.A.
+Marshall, H.R.
+Martial
+Martins
+Matignon
+Maudsley
+Mauriac
+Maus
+Maxwell
+Mayer, A.
+McIlroy, A.L.
+Meibomius
+Melville, Herman
+Meung, Jean de
+Meyer, A.B.
+Middleton, T.
+Miklucho-Macleay
+Millais, J.G.
+Millant
+Minovici
+Mirandola, Pico della
+Moebius
+Modigliani, E.
+Moll
+Montaigne
+Montet
+Montgomery, T.H.
+Moraglia
+More, Sir Thomas
+Morgan, C. Lloyd
+Mortimer, G.
+Moule
+Moyer
+Mugnier
+Mueller, R.
+Munde, P.
+Munzer
+
+Naecke
+Napier, Leith
+Nardelli
+Nenter
+Nesterus
+Nicefero
+Nietzsche
+Nussbaum
+Nystroem
+
+Obici
+Ordericus, Vitalis
+Otway
+Ovid
+Owen, Sir R.
+
+Pactet
+Papillon
+Parent-Duchatelet
+Partridge
+Paullinus
+Peckham, G.W.
+Pelikan
+Penta
+Petronius
+Pfister
+Pflueger
+Pieron
+Pilet, R.
+Pitre
+Pitres
+Pittard
+Platen
+Plautus
+Plazzonus
+Ploss
+Plutarch
+Poore, G.V.
+Porosz
+Portman
+Potter, M.A.
+Poulton, E.B.
+Power, H.
+Prinzing
+Propertius
+Purnell, C.W.
+
+Quiros, B. de
+
+Rabelais
+Raciborski
+Racovitza, E.G.
+Raymond
+Rees
+Regis
+Regoyos
+Restif de la Bretonne
+Reverdin
+Rhodiginus
+Rhys
+Ribot
+Riedel
+Ritter
+Robin
+Rohleder
+Roubaud
+Rousseau, J.J.
+Rousset
+Roux, J.
+Russo
+Ryan, M.
+
+Sacher-Masoch
+Sacher-Masoch, Wanda von
+Sade, De
+Sadger
+Sajous
+Salillas
+Sand, George
+Sanitchenko
+Savage, Sir G.
+Schaefer
+Schaller
+Schellong
+Schlichtegroll, C.F. von
+Schmidt-Heuert
+Schopenhauer
+Schreiner, S.C. Cronwright
+Schrenck-Notzing
+Schroeter
+Schultz
+Schultze-Malkowsky
+Schurig
+Scott, Colin
+Seligmann
+Selous, Edmund
+Senancour
+Serieux
+Sergi
+Shakespeare
+Shattock
+Shaw, Claye
+Shufeldt
+Sinibaldus
+Skeat
+Smith, Lapthorn
+Smith, W. Robertson
+Smyth, Brough
+Sollier
+Spallanzani
+Spencer, Baldwin
+Spencer, Herbert
+Spitzka
+Spix
+Starbuck
+Stcherbak
+Stearns
+Stefanowsky
+Steinach, E.
+Stendhal, De
+Stevens
+Stevens, H.V.
+Struempell
+Stubbs
+Sully
+Sutherland, A.
+Swieten, Van
+
+Tait, Lawson
+Tambroni
+Tarchanoff
+Tarde
+Tate, H.R.
+Tautain
+Taylor, Jeremy
+Tchlenoff
+Tertullian
+Thoinot
+Thomas, N.
+Thomas, P.
+Thompson
+Tillier
+Tilt
+Tolstoy
+Townsend, J.
+Treves, Marco
+Trousseau
+Tschisch
+Turley
+Turnbull, J.
+Tylor
+
+Vahness
+Vambery
+Vatsyayana
+Vedeler
+Velten
+Venette
+Vespucci, Amerigo
+Vincent, Swale
+Voisin
+
+Wallace, A.R.
+Wallaschek
+Waller, E.
+Walsingham
+Weismann
+Weissenberg
+Wesche, W.
+Wessmann, Rev. R.
+Westermarck
+Wiedemann
+Weysse
+Williams, Montagu
+Williams, W. Roger
+Winckel
+Windscheid
+Wittenberg
+Wolbarst
+Wollstonecraft, Mary
+
+Yellowlees
+
+Zacchia
+Zambaco
+Ziegler, H.E.
+Ziehen
+Zmigrodski
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
+
+Abduction of women in Great Britain
+Abstinence in women,
+  effects of sexual
+Adolescence,
+  criminality and
+Adolescent girls,
+  sexual manifestations in
+Adrenal glands
+Africa,
+  marriage by capture in
+  sexual instinct in
+_Agelena labyrinthica_
+Ainu,
+  love-bite among
+Algolagnia
+  ideal
+Algophily
+Amblyopia,
+  post-marital
+American Indians,
+  courtship among
+  sexual instinct in
+Ampallang
+Anaesthesia in women,
+  sexual
+  a cause of sterility
+  causes of
+Anger and sexual emotion
+Anhedonia
+Anxiety as a sexual stimulant
+Ardisson
+Argus pheasant, courtship of
+Aristotle as a masochist
+Arrest of movement producing sexual excitement
+Ascetic attitude toward women, the
+Assaults on children by women,
+  sexual
+Australians,
+  courtship among
+  sexual instinct in
+Auto-intoxication by muscular movement
+Auto-sadism
+
+Bambula dance
+Bathory, Countess
+Bedouins,
+  marriage by capture among
+Bertrand, Sergeant
+Birds,
+  sexual impulse in
+Bismarck,
+  traces of masochism in
+Biting in relationship to sexual instinct
+Bladder and sexual organs,
+  relationship between
+Blood,
+  the fascination of
+Borneo,
+  use of ampallang in
+Brazil,
+  courtship in
+Bullying
+
+Capture,
+  marriage by
+Castration
+Cerebellum as a sexual center
+Cerebral sexual centers,
+  alleged
+Chained,
+  the idea of being
+Chastity among savages
+China,
+  marriage ceremony in
+Chinese eunuchs
+Chinese hedgehog
+Christianity and women
+Church and flagellation, the
+Coitus,
+  mechanism of
+  compared to epilepsy
+  often sacred among savages
+Combat and courtship
+Contrectation
+Courtship
+Cow-birds,
+  courtship of
+Crime as a manifestation of adolescence
+Criminality in relation to marriage
+Cruelty among animals
+  in human beings
+Cymri,
+  marriage customs of
+
+Dancing in relation to sexual impulse
+Dancing among Australians
+  the most usual method of attaining tumescence
+  why it acts so powerfully on the organism
+Day-dreams, erotic
+Degenerative conditions on sexual desire,
+  influence of
+_Dendryphantes elegans_
+Detumescence,
+  impulse of
+Diffusion of sexual impulse in women
+Discipline, the
+Disgust as a sexual stimulant
+Divorce in relation to sexual difference in the suicide-rate
+Doraphobia
+Dreams of struggling horses
+  erotic
+Drunkenness in relation to marriage
+Ducks,
+  courtship among
+Ductless glands
+
+Eider-ducks,
+  courtship of
+Ejaculation,
+  premature
+Emotion aroused by pain
+Ephesian matron, the
+Epilepsy and micturition
+  analogy between coitus
+Erotic symbolism
+Erotisation
+Eskimos,
+  marriage by capture among
+  sexual instinct in
+Esthetic sense of animals,
+  alleged
+Estrus
+Eunuchs,
+  sexual impulse in
+Evacuation theory of sexual impulse
+Excess in intercourse not injurious to women
+Exercise, the intoxication of muscular
+Exhibitionism, a cause of
+
+Faroe Islanders,
+  courtship among.
+Fatigue
+Fear as a sexual stimulant
+Fetichism
+Fetters,
+  the fascination of
+Flagellation
+Frigidity,
+  in women, sexual
+  a cause of sterility
+Frog,
+  sexual instinct of
+Fuegians,
+  sexual instinct in
+Funerals as a sexual stimulant
+Fur,
+  fascination of
+
+Gelding,
+  sexual impulse in
+Genital sphere larger in women
+Geskel
+_Glandulae vesiculares_
+Goethe's masochism
+Gonorrhoea in young boys
+Greek antiquity, love in
+Grief as a sexual stimulant
+Griselda
+Gurus,
+  courtship among
+
+Hanging and sexual excitement
+Head hunting
+_Helix aspersa_
+Hemothymia
+Hormones
+_Horror feminae_ normal in absence of sexual impulse
+Horses,
+  sexual perversion in
+  sexual excitement produced by spectacle of
+Hungary,
+  masochism in
+Hunger,
+  analogy between sexual impulse and
+Hyperhedonia
+Hyphedonia
+Hypnotic suggestions and frigidity
+
+Impregnation in relation to tumescence
+Impulse,
+  definition of sexual
+India,
+  courtship in
+  sexual instinct in
+Indians,
+  courtship among American
+  sexual instinct among American
+Indonesian peoples,
+  use of ampallang, etc., among
+Insanity,
+  in relation to marriage
+  in relation to sexual instinct
+Instinct,
+  definition of
+Internal secretions
+Intoxication,
+  the fascination of
+  of muscular movement
+Inversion,
+  associated with masochism
+
+Jealousy among savages
+Jew,
+  sexual impulse in
+
+Kaffirs,
+  courtship among
+Kambion
+Kirghiz,
+  marriage by capture among
+Kiss,
+  origin of
+
+Lactation,
+  no intercourse among some savages during
+Laughter and the sexual sphere
+_Leistes superciliaris_
+Love-bite, the
+Love-songs rare among savages
+Lycanthropy
+
+Malays,
+  coitus among
+  courtship among
+  sexual instinct in
+_Mantis religiosa_
+Maoris,
+  marriage by capture among
+  sexual instinct in
+Marquesans,
+  courtship among
+  sexual instinct in
+Marriage by capture
+  in relation to suicide
+  in relation to insanity and criminality
+Marsh-bird,
+  courtship of
+Masochism among Slav women
+  definition of
+  its psychological mechanism
+Masturbation in women
+Menopause, sexual impulse after
+Menstruation and sexual impulse
+Micturition and sexual impulse
+Mixoscopia,
+  hysterical
+Modesty among savages
+  object of
+  obsessions of
+_Molothrus bonariensis_
+Moluccas,
+  courtship in
+Monogamy,
+  its advantages for men
+Mortality connected with the development of the sexual instinct
+Moslems,
+  coitus among
+Moths,
+  courtship of
+Motion,
+  the pleasure of
+  arrest of
+Muscular movement,
+  auto-intoxication by
+Music,
+  sexual influence of
+
+Necrophilism
+Necrosadism
+Negresses not jealous
+Negro eunuchs
+Negroes,
+  sexual instinct in
+Neurasthenia, sexual
+New Caledonia,
+  courtship in
+New Guinea,
+  courtship in
+New Hebrides,
+  courtship in
+New Mexico,
+  courtship in
+New Zealand,
+  marriage by capture in
+Nubia,
+  eunuchs in
+
+Obsessions,
+  sexual
+Octopus,
+  courtship of
+Odour,
+  excitation by
+Oneida community
+Ooephorectomy and sexual impulse
+Orgasm lasts longer in women
+Ostrich,
+  courtship of
+Ovariotomy and sexual impulse
+Ovary,
+  secretions of
+Ox,
+  sexual impulse in
+
+Pain the essential element in algolagnia
+Palang
+Papuans,
+  courtship among
+  sexual instinct in
+Parturition sometimes painless
+Passivism
+Passivity of women only apparent
+Penis in lower animals,
+  peculiarities of
+Periodicity of sexual impulse among savages
+  greater in women
+_Pitangus Bolivianus_
+Pleasure,
+  in what sense pain may be felt as
+  its manifestations resemble those of pain
+Plover,
+  dances of great
+Power in sexual sphere,
+  love of
+Precocity of women,
+  sexual
+Pregnancy,
+  savages often avoid intercourse during
+_Probenaechte_
+Procreation among savages,
+  sacredness of
+Pro-estrum
+Prostitutes' love of _souteneur_
+Prostitution not found under primitive conditions
+Puberty in girls,
+  sexual manifestations at
+
+Rais, Gilles de
+_Rana temporaria_
+Rape and sadism
+Rat,
+  sexual instinct of white
+Reeves and ruffs
+Reflex action,
+  instinct and
+Reidal
+Religious flagellation
+Religious storm and stress in women
+Reproductive impulse,
+  alleged
+Respiration in connection with sexual emotion
+Responsibility of Sadists
+Rome,
+  eunuchs in ancient
+Rosseau's masochism
+Russia,
+  masochism in
+
+Sacher-Masoch
+Sacredness of procreation among savages
+Sade, De
+Sadism
+  definition of
+  its psychological mechanism
+  responsibility in
+  often combined with masochism
+  ideal
+_Saitis pulex_
+Savages,
+  sexual erethism in
+  dancing among
+  sexual impulse weak in
+Sea-gulls,
+  courtship among
+Secondary sexual characters
+Seminal receptacles of frogs
+Seminal vesicles
+  functions of
+Senegal,
+  courtship in
+Sensibility of genital sphere in women
+Sensory acuteness in women
+Sexual cerebral centers,
+  hypothetical
+Sexual impulse,
+  definition of
+Sexual incompetence,
+  prevalence of
+Sexual selection,
+  psychological aspects of
+Sexual season
+Shaftesbury's supposed masochism
+Shoe-fetichism
+Sicily, courtship in
+  love-bite in
+Slavery, erotic
+Slavs,
+  courtship customs of
+  masochism among
+Slug,
+  courtship of
+Smell,
+  stimulation of
+Snails,
+  sexual process in
+Social class and sexual feeling
+Soleilland
+Song of birds,
+  sexual significance of
+_Spadones_
+Spain,
+  flagellation in
+Spiders,
+  courtship of
+Sprit-sail yard
+Stabbers
+Sterility,
+  absence of sexual desire in women as a cause of
+Stone-curlew,
+  dances of
+Storm and stress in women,
+  religious
+Strangle,
+  the impulse to
+Subjection in women,
+  sexual
+Suckling,
+  compared to sexual act
+  no intercourse among some savages during
+Suicide,
+  divorce and
+Sumatra,
+  courtship in
+Suspension and sexual excitement
+Swinging and sexual excitement
+Symbolism,
+  erotic
+
+Taboo,
+  sexual
+Tahitians,
+  courtship among
+Teasing
+_Telum veneris_
+_Thlasiae_
+_Thlibiae_
+Torture,
+  the attraction of
+Tumescence
+Turcomans,
+  marriage by capture among
+Tyrant-bird,
+  courtship of
+
+Urination in relation to sexual excitement
+
+Vacher
+Vampirism
+Variation in sexual impulse greater in women
+Venereal disease in the young
+Vesicles,
+  function of seminal
+
+Waltz,
+  origin of the
+Warens, Mme. de
+Werwolf
+Whipping in relation to the sexual emotions
+Women-stabbers
+Wrestling combats
+
+Zooesadism
+Zulus,
+  courtship among
+
+
+
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