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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of
+the Presidents, Volume IX., by Benjamin Harrison
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Volume IX.
+
+Author: Benjamin Harrison
+
+Release Date: October 5, 2004 [EBook #13617]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARRISON ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Garcia and The PG Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+
+
+A COMPILATION OF THE MESSAGES AND PAPERS OF THE PRESIDENTS
+
+BY JAMES D. RICHARDSON
+
+A REPRESENTATIVE FROM THE STATE OF TENNESSEE
+
+VOLUME IX
+
+PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF CONGRESS 1902
+
+
+
+
+Prefatory Note
+
+This volume comprises the papers of Benjamin Harrison and of Grover
+Cleveland (second term). The events of these two Administrations of
+eight years, though highly interesting, coming as they do down to March
+4, 1897, are so recent and fresh in the public mind that I need not
+comment on them.
+
+This volume is the last of the series, except the Appendix and Index
+volume. The work of compiling was begun by me in April, 1895, just after
+the expiration of the Fifty-third Congress. I then anticipated that
+I could complete the work easily within a year. Though I have given my
+entire time to the undertaking when not engaged in my official duties as
+a Representative, instead of completing it within the time mentioned it
+has occupied me for nearly four years. The labor has been far greater
+than the Joint Committee on Printing or I supposed it would be. I had
+no idea of the difficulties to overcome in obtaining the Presidential
+papers, especially the proclamations and Executive orders. In the
+Prefatory Note to Volume I, I said: "I have sought to bring together
+in the several volumes of the series all Presidential proclamations,
+addresses, messages, and communications to Congress excepting those
+nominating persons to office and those which simply transmit treaties,
+and reports of heads of Departments which contain no recommendation
+from the Executive." But after the appearance of Volume I, and while
+preparing the contents of Volume II, I became convinced that I had made
+a mistake and that the work to be exhaustive should comprise every
+message of the Presidents transmitting reports of heads of Departments
+and other communications, no matter how brief or unintelligible the
+papers were in themselves, and that to make them intelligible I should
+insert editorial footnotes explaining them. Having acted upon the other
+idea in making up Volume I and a portion of Volume II, quite a number of
+such brief papers were intentionally omitted. Being convinced that all
+the papers of the Executives should be inserted, the plan was modified
+accordingly, and the endeavor was thereafter made to publish all of
+them.
+
+In order, however, that the compilation may be "accurate and
+exhaustive," I have gone back and collected all the papers--those which
+should have appeared in Volumes I and II, as well as such as were
+unintentionally omitted from the succeeding volumes--excepting those
+simply making nominations, and shall publish them in an appendix in the
+last volume. While this may occasion some little annoyance to the reader
+who seeks such papers in chronological order, yet, inasmuch as they all
+appear at their proper places in the alphabetical Index, it is not
+believed that any serious inconvenience will result.
+
+The editor and compiler has resorted to every possible avenue and has
+spared no effort to procure all public Presidential papers from the
+beginning of the Government to March 4, 1897. He has looked out for
+every reference to the work in the public prints, has endeavored to read
+all the criticisms made because of omissions, and has availed himself of
+all the papers to which his attention has been called by anyone; has
+diligently and earnestly sought for same himself, and has, as stated
+above, inserted all omitted papers in the Appendix, so that he feels
+warranted in saying that if he has given to the country all he could
+find and all any critic or reviewer has been able to find he has done
+his whole duty and reasonable complaint can not be made if any paper is
+still omitted. In view of the inaccessibility of many of the messages by
+reason of their not having been entered on the journals of either House
+of Congress, and of the fact that the Government itself does not possess
+many of the proclamations and Executive orders, it may be that there
+yet can be found a few papers omitted from this work; but with much
+confidence, amounting to a positive conviction, I feel that assurance
+may be safely given that only a few, if any at all, have been
+overlooked.
+
+Congress in June, 1897, by law requested me to prepare an index to the
+entire compilation. I am now and have been for over two years engaged in
+this work. I hope to be able to give the last volume, which will include
+the Appendix and Index, as above stated, to Congress and the public in
+about two months. It would have been completed at this time but for the
+fact that in addition to making the Index simply an index to the various
+messages and other papers I have added to it the encyclopedic feature.
+There will therefore be found in the Index, in alphabetical order, a
+large number of encyclopedic definitions of words and phrases used by
+the Chief Executives, and of other politico-historical subjects. It
+is believed that this feature will not detract in any manner from the
+Index, but, on the other hand, will add largely to its value and to
+the value of the entire compilation.
+
+JAMES D. RICHARDSON.
+
+NOVEMBER 24, 1898.
+
+
+
+
+Benjamin Harrison
+
+March 4, 1889, to March 4, 1893
+
+
+
+
+Benjamin Harrison
+
+Benjamin Harrison, twenty-third President of the United States, was born
+at North Bend, Ohio, August 20, 1833. His father, John Scott Harrison,
+was the third son of General William Henry Harrison, ninth President
+of the United States, who was the third and youngest son of Benjamin
+Harrison, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. John
+Scott Harrison was twice married, his second wife being Elizabeth,
+daughter of Archibald Irwin, of Mercersburg, Pa. Benjamin was the second
+son of this marriage. His parents were resolutely determined upon the
+education of their children, and early in childhood Benjamin was placed
+under private instruction at home. In 1847 he and his elder brother were
+sent to a school on what was known as College Hill, a few miles from
+Cincinnati. After remaining there two years entered the junior class at
+Miami University, at Oxford, Ohio, where he was graduated in 1852. Was
+married October 20, 1853, to Caroline Scott, daughter of Dr. John W.
+Scott, who was then president of Oxford Female Seminary, from which Mrs.
+Harrison was graduated in 1852. After studying law under Storer & Gwynne
+in Cincinnati, Mr. Harrison was admitted to the bar in 1854, and began
+the practice of his profession at Indianapolis, Ind., which has since
+been his home. Was appointed crier of the Federal court, at a salary of
+$2.50 per day. This was the first money he had ever earned. Jonathan
+W. Gordon, one of the leaders of the Indianapolis bar, called young
+Harrison to his assistance in the prosecution of a criminal tried for
+burglary, and intrusted to him the plea for the State. He had taken
+ample notes of the evidence, but the case was closed at night, and the
+court-house being dimly lighted by tallow candles, he was unable to read
+them when he arose to address the court and jury, paying them aside,
+he depended entirely upon his memory and found it perfect. He made an
+eloquent plea, produced a marked impression, and won the case. Since
+then he has always been an impromptu speaker. Formed a partnership later
+with William Wallace, but in 1860 the latter became clerk of Marion
+County, and the firm was changed to Harrison & Fishback, which was
+terminated by the entry of the senior partner into the Army in 1862.
+Was chosen reporter of the supreme court of Indiana in 1860 on the
+Republican ticket. This was his first active appearance in the political
+field. When the Civil War began assisted in raising the Seventieth
+Indiana Regiment of Volunteers, taking a second lieutenant's commission
+and raising Company A of that regiment. Governor Morton tendered him
+the command of the regiment and he was commissioned its colonel. Mr.
+Harrison appointed a deputy reporter for the supreme court. In the
+ensuing autumn the Democratic State committee, considering his position
+as a civil officer vacated by this military appointment, nominated and
+elected a successor, although his term of office had not expired. Their
+view was sustained by the State supreme court; but in 1864, while
+Colonel Harrison was in the Army, the people of Indiana gave their
+judgment by reelecting him to the position of supreme-court reporter
+by an overwhelming majority. In 1862 the Seventieth Indiana went into
+the field with Harrison as its colonel, their objective point being
+Bowling Green, Ky. It was brigaded with the Seventy-ninth Ohio and the
+One hundred and second, One hundred and fifth, and One hundred and
+twenty-ninth Illinois regiments, under Brigadier-General Ward, of
+Kentucky, and this organization was kept unchanged until the close of
+the war. Colonel Harrison had the right of the brigade, and his command
+was occupied at first in guarding railroads and hunting guerrillas, his
+energies being largely spent in drilling his men. When General Rosecrans
+set out for Chattanooga General Ward was sent on duty to Nashville, and
+on January 2, 1864, his command was called to the front. Later this
+brigade became the First Brigade of the Third Division of the Twentieth
+Army Corps, under General Hooker, General Ward resuming its command.
+The campaign under General Sherman, upon which his regiment with its
+associate forces entered, was directed, as is now known, against the
+Confederate army of General Joseph E. Johnston, and not against any
+particular place. In the Federal advance one of the severest actions was
+fought at Resaca, Ga., May 14 and 15, 1864, and the Seventieth Indiana
+led the assault. His regiment participated in the fights at New Hope
+Church and at Golgotha Church, Kenesaw Mountain, and Peach Tree Creek.
+When Atlanta was taken by Sherman, September 2, 1864, Colonel Harrison
+received his first furlough to visit home, being assigned to special
+duty in a canvass of the State to recruit for the forces in the field.
+Returning to Chattanooga and then to Nashville, he was placed in command
+of a provisional brigade held in reserve at the battle at the latter
+place (December 15 and 16, 1864), and was but little engaged. When the
+fight was over he was sent in pursuit of the Confederate general Hood.
+Recalled from that pursuit, was next ordered to report to General
+Sherman at Savannah. While passing through New York he succumbed to an
+attack of scarlet fever, but in a few weeks was able to proceed on his
+way. Joining Sherman at Goldsboro, N.C., resumed command of his old
+brigade, and at the close of the war went with it to Washington to take
+part in the grand review of the armies. Was duly mustered out of the
+service June 8, 1865, not, however, until he had received a commission
+as brevet brigadier-general, dated January 23, 1865. Returning to
+Indianapolis after the war, resumed his office of reporter of the
+supreme court, but in 1867 declined a renomination, preferring to devote
+himself exclusively to the practice of law. Became a member of the
+firm of Porter, Harrison & Fishback, and, after subsequent changes,
+of that of Harrison, Miller & Elam. Took part in 1868 and 1872 in the
+Presidential campaigns in support of General Grant, traveling over
+Indiana and speaking to large audiences. In 1876 at first declined a
+nomination for governor on the Republican ticket, consenting to run only
+after the regular nominee had withdrawn. In this contest he received
+almost 2,000 more votes than his associates, but was defeated. Was a
+member of the Mississippi River Commission in 1879. In 1880, as chairman
+of the Indiana delegation in the Republican national convention, he cast
+nearly the entire vote of the State for James A. Garfield for President.
+President Garfield offered him a place in his Cabinet, but he declined
+it, preferring the United States Senatorship from Indiana, to which
+he had just been chosen, and which he held from 1881 to 1887. In the
+Senate he advocated the tariff views of his party, opposed President
+Cleveland's vetoes of pension bills, urged the reconstruction and
+upbuilding of the Navy, and labored and voted for civil-service reform.
+Was a delegate at large to the Republican national convention in 1884,
+and in 1888 at Chicago was nominated for the Presidency on the eighth
+ballot. The nomination was made unanimous, and in November he was
+elected, receiving 233 electoral votes to 168 for Grover Cleveland.
+Was inaugurated March 4, 1889. Was again nominated for the Presidency
+at the national Republican convention which met at Minneapolis in 1892,
+but was defeated at the November election, receiving 145 electoral
+votes, against 276 votes for Grover Cleveland. Upon his retiring from
+office located at Indianapolis, Ind., where he now resides.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
+
+FELLOW CITIZENS: There is no constitutional or legal requirement that
+the President shall take the oath of office in the presence of the
+people, but there is so manifest an appropriateness in the public
+induction to office of the chief executive officer of the nation that
+from the beginning of the Government the people, to whose service the
+official oath consecrates the officer, have been called to witness the
+solemn ceremonial. The oath taken in the presence of the people becomes
+a mutual covenant. The officer covenants to serve the whole body of the
+people by a faithful execution of the laws, so that they may be the
+unfailing defense and security of those who respect and observe them,
+and that neither wealth, station, nor the power of combinations shall be
+able to evade their just penalties or to wrest them from a beneficent
+public purpose to serve the ends of cruelty or selfishness.
+
+My promise is spoken; yours unspoken, but not the less real and solemn.
+The people of every State have here their representatives. Surely I do
+not misinterpret the spirit of the occasion when I assume that the
+whole body of the people covenant with me and with each other to-day
+to support and defend the Constitution and the Union of the States, to
+yield willing obedience to all the laws and each to every other citizen
+his equal civil and political rights. Entering thus solemnly into
+covenant with each other, we may reverently invoke and confidently
+expect the favor and help of Almighty God--that He will give to me
+wisdom, strength, and fidelity, and to our people a spirit of fraternity
+and a love of righteousness and peace.
+
+This occasion derives peculiar interest from the fact that the
+Presidential term which begins this day is the twenty-sixth under our
+Constitution. The first inauguration of President Washington took place
+in New York, where Congress was then sitting, on the 30th day of
+April, 1789, having been deferred by reason of delays attending the
+organization of the Congress and the canvass of the electoral vote. Our
+people have already worthily observed the centennials of the Declaration
+of Independence, of the battle of Yorktown, and of the adoption of the
+Constitution, and will shortly celebrate in New York the institution of
+the second great department of our constitutional scheme of government.
+When the centennial of the institution of the judicial department,
+by the organization of the Supreme Court, shall have been suitably
+observed, as I trust it will be, our nation will have fully entered
+its second century.
+
+I will not attempt to note the marvelous and in great part happy
+contrasts between our country as it steps over the threshold into its
+second century of organized existence under the Constitution and that
+weak but wisely ordered young nation that looked undauntedly down the
+first century, when all its years stretched out before it.
+
+Our people will not fail at this time to recall the incidents which
+accompanied the institution of government under the Constitution, or to
+find inspiration and guidance in the teachings and example of Washington
+and his great associates, and hope and courage in the contrast which
+thirty-eight populous and prosperous States offer to the thirteen
+States, weak in everything except courage and the love of liberty, that
+then fringed our Atlantic seaboard.
+
+The Territory of Dakota has now a population greater than any of the
+original States (except Virginia) and greater than the aggregate of
+five of the smaller States in 1790. The center of population when our
+national capital was located was east of Baltimore, and it was argued
+by many well-informed persons that it would move eastward rather than
+westward; yet in 1880 it was found to be near Cincinnati, and the new
+census about to be taken will show another stride to the westward. That
+which was the body has come to be only the rich fringe of the nation's
+robe. But our growth has not been limited to territory, population, and
+aggregate wealth, marvelous as it has been in each of those directions.
+The masses of our people are better fed, clothed, and housed than their
+fathers were. The facilities for popular education have been vastly
+enlarged and more generally diffused.
+
+The virtues of courage and patriotism have given recent proof of their
+continued presence and increasing power in the hearts and over the
+lives of our people. The influences of religion have been multiplied
+and strengthened. The sweet offices of charity have greatly increased.
+The virtue of temperance is held in higher estimation. We have not
+attained an ideal condition. Not all of our people are happy and
+prosperous; not all of them are virtuous and law-abiding. But on the
+whole the opportunities offered to the individual to secure the comforts
+of life are better than are found elsewhere and largely better than they
+were here one hundred years ago.
+
+The surrender of a large measure of sovereignty to the General
+Government, effected by the adoption of the Constitution, was not
+accomplished until the suggestions of reason were strongly reenforced
+by the more imperative voice of experience. The divergent interests
+of peace speedily demanded a "more perfect union," The merchant,
+the shipmaster, and the manufacturer discovered and disclosed to our
+statesmen and to the people that commercial emancipation must be added
+to the political freedom which had been so bravely won. The commercial
+policy of the mother country had not relaxed any of its hard and
+oppressive features. To hold in check the development of our commercial
+marine, to prevent or retard the establishment and growth of
+manufactures in the States, and so to secure the American market for
+their shops and the carrying trade for their ships, was the policy of
+European statesmen, and was pursued with the most selfish vigor.
+
+Petitions poured in upon Congress urging the imposition of
+discriminating duties that should encourage the production of needed
+things at home. The patriotism of the people, which no longer found a
+field of exercise in war, was energetically directed to the duty of
+equipping the young Republic for the defense of its independence by
+making its people self-dependent. Societies for the promotion of home
+manufactures and for encouraging the use of domestics in the dress of
+the people were organized in many of the States. The revival at the end
+of the century of the same patriotic interest in the preservation and
+development of domestic industries and the defense of our working
+people against injurious foreign competition is an incident worthy of
+attention. It is not a departure but a return that we have witnessed.
+The protective policy had then its opponents. The argument was made,
+as now, that its benefits inured to particular classes or sections.
+
+If the question became in any sense or at any time sectional, it was
+only because slavery existed in some of the States. But for this there
+was no reason why the cotton-producing States should not have led or
+walked abreast with the New England States in the production of cotton
+fabrics. There was this reason only why the States that divide with
+Pennsylvania the mineral treasures of the great southeastern and
+central mountain ranges should have been so tardy in bringing to the
+smelting furnace and to the mill the coal and iron from their near
+opposing hillsides. Mill fires were lighted at the funeral pile of
+slavery. The emancipation proclamation was heard in the depths of the
+earth as well as in the sky; men were made free, and material things
+became our better servants.
+
+The sectional element has happily been eliminated from the tariff
+discussion. We have no longer States that are necessarily only planting
+States. None are excluded from achieving that diversification of
+pursuits among the people which brings wealth and contentment. The
+cotton plantation will not be less valuable when the product is spun in
+the country town by operatives whose necessities call for diversified
+crops and create a home demand for garden and agricultural products.
+Every new mine, furnace, and factory is an extension of the productive
+capacity of the State more real and valuable than added territory.
+
+Shall the prejudices and paralysis of slavery continue to hang upon the
+skirts of progress? How long will those who rejoice that slavery no
+longer exists cherish or tolerate the incapacities it put upon their
+communities? I look hopefully to the continuance of our protective
+system and to the consequent development of manufacturing and mining
+enterprises in the States hitherto wholly given to agriculture as a
+potent influence in the perfect unification of our people. The men who
+have invested their capital in these enterprises, the farmers who have
+felt the benefit of their neighborhood, and the men who work in shop or
+field will not fail to find and to defend a community of interest.
+
+Is it not quite possible that the farmers and the promoters of the
+great mining and manufacturing enterprises which have recently been
+established in the South may yet find that the free ballot of the
+workingman, without distinction of race, is needed for their defense as
+well as for his own? I do not doubt that if those men in the South who
+now accept the tariff views of Clay and the constitutional expositions
+of Webster would courageously avow and defend their real convictions
+they would not find it difficult, by friendly instruction and
+cooperation, to make the black man their efficient and safe ally, not
+only in establishing correct principles in our national administration,
+but in preserving for their local communities the benefits of social
+order and economical and honest government. At least until the good
+offices of kindness and education have been fairly tried the contrary
+conclusion can not be plausibly urged.
+
+I have altogether rejected the suggestion of a special Executive policy
+for any section of our country. It is the duty of the Executive to
+administer and enforce in the methods and by the instrumentalities
+pointed out and provided by the Constitution all the laws enacted by
+Congress. These laws are general and their administration should be
+uniform and equal. As a citizen may not elect what laws he will obey,
+neither may the Executive elect which he will enforce. The duty to
+obey and to execute embraces the Constitution in its entirety and the
+whole code of laws enacted under it. The evil example of permitting
+individuals, corporations, or communities to nullify the laws because
+they cross some selfish or local interest or prejudices is full of
+danger, not only to the nation at large, but much more to those who use
+this pernicious expedient to escape their just obligations or to obtain
+an unjust advantage over others. They will presently themselves be
+compelled to appeal to the law for protection, and those who would use
+the law as a defense must not deny that use of it to others.
+
+If our great corporations would more scrupulously observe their legal
+limitations and duties, they would have less cause to complain of the
+unlawful limitations of their rights or of violent interference with
+their operations. The community that by concert, open or secret, among
+its citizens denies to a portion of its members their plain rights
+under the law has severed the only safe bond of social order and
+prosperity. The evil works from a bad center both ways. It demoralizes
+those who practice it and destroys the faith of those who suffer by
+it in the efficiency of the law as a safe protector. The man in whose
+breast that faith has been darkened is naturally the subject of
+dangerous and uncanny suggestions. Those who use unlawful methods, if
+moved by no higher motive than the selfishness that prompted them, may
+well stop and inquire what is to be the end of this.
+
+An unlawful expedient can not become a permanent condition of
+government. If the educated and influential classes in a community
+either practice or connive at the systematic violation of laws that
+seem to them to cross their convenience, what can they expect when the
+lesson that convenience or a supposed class interest is a sufficient
+cause for lawlessness has been well learned by the ignorant classes?
+A community where law is the rule of conduct and where courts, not
+mobs, execute its penalties is the only attractive field for business
+investments and honest labor.
+
+Our naturalization laws should be so amended as to make the inquiry
+into the character and good disposition of persons applying for
+citizenship more careful and searching. Our existing laws have been in
+their administration an unimpressive and often an unintelligible form.
+We accept the man as a citizen without any knowledge of his fitness,
+and he assumes the duties of citizenship without any knowledge as to
+what they are. The privileges of American citizenship are so great and
+its duties so grave that we may well insist upon a good knowledge of
+every person applying for citizenship and a good knowledge by him of
+our institutions. We should not cease to be hospitable to immigration,
+but we should cease to be careless as to the character of it. There are
+men of all races, even the best, whose coming is necessarily a burden
+upon our public revenues or a threat to social order. These should be
+identified and excluded.
+
+We have happily maintained a policy of avoiding all interference with
+European affairs. We have been only interested spectators of their
+contentions in diplomacy and in war, ready to use our friendly offices
+to promote peace, but never obtruding our advice and never attempting
+unfairly to coin the distresses of other powers into commercial
+advantage to ourselves. We have a just right to expect that our
+European policy will be the American policy of European courts.
+
+It is so manifestly incompatible with those precautions for our peace
+and safety which all the great powers habitually observe and enforce in
+matters affecting them that a shorter waterway between our eastern and
+western seaboards should be dominated by any European Government that
+we may confidently expect that such a purpose will not be entertained
+by any friendly power.
+
+We shall in the future, as in the past, use every endeavor to maintain
+and enlarge our friendly relations with all the great powers, but they
+will not expect us to look kindly upon any project that would leave
+us subject to the dangers of a hostile observation or environment. We
+have not sought to dominate or to absorb any of our weaker neighbors,
+but rather to aid and encourage them to establish free and stable
+governments resting upon the consent of their own people. We have a
+clear right to expect, therefore, that no European Government will
+seek to establish colonial dependencies upon the territory of these
+independent American States. That which a sense of justice restrains
+us from seeking they may be reasonably expected willingly to forego.
+
+It must not be assumed, however, that our interests are so exclusively
+American that our entire inattention to any events that may transpire
+elsewhere can be taken for granted. Our citizens domiciled for purposes
+of trade in all countries and in many of the islands of the sea demand
+and will have our adequate care in their personal and commercial
+rights. The necessities of our Navy require convenient coaling stations
+and dock and harbor privileges. These and other trading privileges
+we will feel free to obtain only by means that do not in any degree
+partake of coercion, however feeble the government from which we ask
+such concessions. But having fairly obtained them by methods and for
+purposes entirely consistent with the most friendly disposition toward
+all other powers, our consent will be necessary to any modification or
+impairment of the concession.
+
+We shall neither fail to respect the flag of any friendly nation or the
+just rights of its citizens, nor to exact the like treatment for our
+own. Calmness, justice, and consideration should characterize our
+diplomacy. The offices of an intelligent diplomacy or of friendly
+arbitration in proper cases should be adequate to the peaceful
+adjustment of all international difficulties. By such methods we will
+make our contribution to the world's peace, which no nation values more
+highly, and avoid the opprobrium which must fall upon the nation that
+ruthlessly breaks it.
+
+The duty devolved by law upon the President to nominate and, by and
+with the advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint all public
+officers whose appointment is not otherwise provided for in the
+Constitution or by act of Congress has become very burdensome and its
+wise and efficient discharge full of difficulty. The civil list is so
+large that a personal knowledge of any large number of the applicants
+is impossible. The President must rely upon the representations of
+others, and these are often made inconsiderately and without any just
+sense of responsibility. I have a right, I think, to insist that those
+who volunteer or are invited to give advice as to appointments shall
+exercise consideration and fidelity. A high sense of duty and an
+ambition to improve the service should characterize all public
+officers.
+
+There are many ways in which the convenience and comfort of those who
+have business with our public offices may be promoted by a thoughtful
+and obliging officer, and I shall expect those whom I may appoint to
+justify their selection by a conspicuous efficiency in the discharge of
+their duties. Honorable party service will certainly not be esteemed
+by me a disqualification for public office, but it will in no case be
+allowed to serve as a shield of official negligence, incompetency, or
+delinquency. It is entirely creditable to seek public office by proper
+methods and with proper motives, and all applicants will be treated
+with consideration; but I shall need, and the heads of Departments will
+need, time for inquiry and deliberation. Persistent importunity will
+not, therefore, be the best support of an application for office. Heads
+of Departments, bureaus, and all other public officers having any duty
+connected therewith will be expected to enforce the civil-service
+law fully and without evasion. Beyond this obvious duty I hope to do
+something more to advance the reform of the civil service. The ideal,
+or even my own ideal, I shall probably not attain. Retrospect will be
+a safer basis of judgment than promises. We shall not, however, I am
+sure, be able to put our civil service upon a nonpartisan basis until
+we have secured an incumbency that fair-minded men of the opposition
+will approve for impartiality and integrity. As the number of such in
+the civil list is increased removals from office will diminish.
+
+While a Treasury surplus is not the greatest evil, it is a serious
+evil. Our revenue should be ample to meet the ordinary annual demands
+upon our Treasury, with a sufficient margin for those extraordinary but
+scarcely less imperative demands which arise now and then. Expenditure
+should always be made with economy and only upon public necessity.
+Wastefulness, profligacy, or favoritism in public expenditures is
+criminal. But there is nothing in the condition of our country or of
+our people to suggest that anything presently necessary to the public
+prosperity, security, or honor should be unduly postponed.
+
+It will be the duty of Congress wisely to forecast and estimate
+these extraordinary demands, and, having added them to our ordinary
+expenditures, to so adjust our revenue laws that no considerable annual
+surplus will remain. We will fortunately be able to apply to the
+redemption of the public debt any small and unforeseen excess of
+revenue. This is better than to reduce our income below our necessary
+expenditures, with the resulting choice between another change of our
+revenue laws and an increase of the public debt. It is quite possible,
+I am sure, to effect the necessary reduction in our revenues without
+breaking down our protective tariff or seriously injuring any domestic
+industry.
+
+The construction of a sufficient number of modern war ships and of
+their necessary armament should progress as rapidly as is consistent
+with care and perfection in plans and workmanship. The spirit, courage,
+and skill of our naval officers and seamen have many times in our
+history given to weak ships and inefficient guns a rating greatly
+beyond that of the naval list. That they will again do so upon occasion
+I do not doubt; but they ought not, by premeditation or neglect, to
+be left to the risks and exigencies of an unequal combat. We should
+encourage the establishment of American steamship lines. The exchanges
+of commerce demand stated, reliable, and rapid means of communication,
+and until these are provided the development of our trade with the
+States lying south of us is impossible.
+
+Our pension laws should give more adequate and discriminating relief to
+the Union soldiers and sailors and to their widows and orphans. Such
+occasions as this should remind us that we owe everything to their
+valor and sacrifice.
+
+It is a subject of congratulation that there is a near prospect of the
+admission into the Union of the Dakotas and Montana and Washington
+Territories. This act of justice has been unreasonably delayed in the
+case of some of them. The people who have settled these Territories are
+intelligent, enterprising, and patriotic, and the accession of these
+new States will add strength to the nation. It is due to the settlers
+in the Territories who have availed themselves of the invitations of
+our land laws to make homes upon the public domain that their titles
+should be speedily adjusted and their honest entries confirmed by
+patent.
+
+It is very gratifying to observe the general interest now being
+manifested in the reform of our election laws. Those who have been for
+years calling attention to the pressing necessity of throwing about the
+ballot box and about the elector further safeguards, in order that our
+elections might not only be free and pure, but might clearly appear to
+be so, will welcome the accession of any who did not so soon discover
+the need of reform. The National Congress has not as yet taken control
+of elections in that case over which the Constitution gives it
+jurisdiction, but has accepted and adopted the election laws of the
+several States, provided penalties for their violation and a method
+of supervision. Only the inefficiency of the State laws or an unfair
+partisan administration of them could suggest a departure from this
+policy.
+
+It was clearly, however, in the contemplation of the framers of the
+Constitution that such an exigency might arise, and provision was
+wisely made for it. The freedom of the ballot is a condition of our
+national life, and no power vested in Congress or in the Executive to
+secure or perpetuate it should remain unused upon occasion. The people
+of all the Congressional districts have an equal interest that the
+election in each shall truly express the views and wishes of a majority
+of the qualified electors residing within it. The results of such
+elections are not local, and the insistence of electors residing in
+other districts that they shall be pure and free does not savor at all
+of impertinence.
+
+If in any of the States the public security is thought to be threatened
+by ignorance among the electors, the obvious remedy is education. The
+sympathy and help of our people will not be withheld from any community
+struggling with special embarrassments or difficulties connected with
+the suffrage if the remedies proposed proceed upon lawful lines and are
+promoted by just and honorable methods. How shall those who practice
+election frauds recover that respect for the sanctity of the ballot
+which is the first condition and obligation of good citizenship? The
+man who has come to regard the ballot box as a juggler's hat has
+renounced his allegiance.
+
+Let us exalt patriotism and moderate our party contentions. Let those
+who would die for the flag on the field of battle give a better proof
+of their patriotism and a higher glory to their country by promoting
+fraternity and justice. A party success that is achieved by unfair
+methods or by practices that partake of revolution is hurtful and
+evanescent even from a party standpoint. We should hold our differing
+opinions in mutual respect, and, having submitted them to the
+arbitrament of the ballot, should accept an adverse judgment with the
+same respect that we would have demanded of our opponents if the
+decision had been in our favor.
+
+No other people have a government more worthy of their respect and love
+or a land so magnificent in extent, so pleasant to look upon, and so
+full of generous suggestion to enterprise and labor. God has placed
+upon our head a diadem and has laid at our feet power and wealth beyond
+definition or calculation. But we must not forget that we take these
+gifts upon the condition that justice and mercy shall hold the reins
+of power and that the upward avenues of hope shall be free to all the
+people.
+
+I do not mistrust the future. Dangers have been in frequent
+ambush along our path, but we have uncovered and vanquished them all.
+Passion has swept some of our communities, but only to give us a new
+demonstration that the great body of our people are stable, patriotic,
+and law-abiding. No political party can long pursue advantage at the
+expense of public honor or by rude and indecent methods without protest
+and fatal disaffection in its own body. The peaceful agencies of
+commerce are more fully revealing the necessary unity of all our
+communities, and the increasing intercourse of our people is promoting
+mutual respect. We shall find unalloyed pleasure in the revelation
+which our next census will make of the swift development of the great
+resources of some of the States. Each State will bring its generous
+contribution to the great aggregate of the nation's increase. And when
+the harvests from the fields, the cattle from the hills, and the ores
+of the earth shall have been weighed, counted, and valued, we will turn
+from them all to crown with the highest honor the State that has most
+promoted education, virtue, justice, and patriotism among its people.
+
+MARCH 4, 1889.
+
+
+
+
+SPECIAL MESSAGE.
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _March 17, 1889_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+I transmit herewith, in answer to the Senate resolution of the 11th
+ultimo, a report of the Secretary of State, with accompanying papers,
+in regard to the case of Louis Riel, otherwise known as Louis David
+Riel.[1]
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+[Footnote 1: Tried and executed by the authorities of British North
+America for complicity in the rebellion in the Northwest Territory.]
+
+
+
+
+PROCLAMATIONS.
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+The following provisions of the laws of the United States are hereby
+published for the information of all concerned:
+
+Section 1956, Revised Statutes, chapter 3, Title XXIII, enacts that--
+
+  No person shall kill any otter, mink, marten, sable, or fur seal, or
+  other fur-bearing animal within the limits of Alaska Territory or in
+  the waters thereof; and every person guilty thereof shall for each
+  offense be fined not less than $200 nor more than $1,000, or imprisoned
+  not more than six months, or both; and all vessels, their tackle,
+  apparel, furniture, and cargo, found engaged in violation of this
+  section shall be forfeited; but the Secretary of the Treasury shall
+  have power to authorize the killing of any such mink, marten, sable, or
+  other fur-bearing animal, except fur seals, under such regulations as
+  he may prescribe; and it shall be the duty of the Secretary to prevent
+  the killing of any fur seal and to provide for the execution of the
+  provisions of this section until it is otherwise provided by law, nor
+  shall he grant any special privileges under this section.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Section 3 of the act entitled "An act to provide for the protection
+of the salmon fisheries of Alaska," approved March 2, 1889, provides
+that--
+
+  Sec. 3. That section 1956 of the Revised Statutes of the United
+  States is hereby declared to include and apply to all the dominion of
+  the United States in the waters of Bering Sea, and it shall be the
+  duty of the President at a timely season in each year to issue his
+  proclamation, and cause the same to be published for one month in at
+  least one newspaper (if any such there be) published at each United
+  States port of entry on the Pacific coast, warning all persons against
+  entering such waters for the purpose of violating the provisions of
+  said section, and he shall also cause one or more vessels of the United
+  States to diligently cruise said waters and arrest all persons and
+  seize all vessels found to be or to have been engaged in any violation
+  of the laws of the United States therein.
+
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+pursuant to the above-recited statutes, hereby warn all persons against
+entering the waters of Bering Sea within the dominion of the United
+States for the purpose of violating the provisions of said section
+1956, Revised Statutes; and I hereby proclaim that all persons found
+to be or have been engaged in any violation of the laws of the United
+States in said waters will be arrested and punished as above provided,
+and that all vessels so employed, their tackle, apparel, furniture,
+and cargoes, will be seized and forfeited.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 21st day of March, 1889, and of
+the Independence of the United States the one hundred and thirteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas, pursuant to section 8 of the act of Congress approved March 3,
+1885, entitled "An act making appropriations for the current and
+contingent expenses of the Indian Department and for fulfilling treaty
+stipulations with various Indian tribes for the year ending June 30,
+1886, and for other purposes," certain articles of cession and
+agreement were made and concluded at the city of Washington on the 19th
+day of January, A.D. 1889, by and between the United States of America
+and the Muscogee (or Creek) Nation of Indians, whereby the said
+Muscogee (or Creek) Nation of Indians, for the consideration therein
+mentioned, ceded and granted to the United States, without reservation
+or condition, full and complete title to the entire western half of the
+domain of the said Muscogee (or Creek) Nation in the Indian Territory,
+lying west of the division line surveyed and established under the
+treaty with said nation dated the 14th day of June, 1866, and also
+granted and released to the United States all and every claim, estate,
+right, or interest of any and every description in and to any and all
+land and territory whatever, except so much of the former domain of
+said Muscogee (or Creek) Nation as lies east of said line of division
+surveyed and established as aforesaid, and then used and occupied as
+the home of said nation, and which articles of cession and agreement
+were duly accepted, ratified, and confirmed by said Muscogee (or Creek)
+Nation of Indians by act of its council approved on the 31st day of
+January, 1889, and by the United States by act of Congress approved
+March 1, 1889; and
+
+Whereas by section 12 of the act entitled "An act making appropriations
+for the current and contingent expenses of the Indian Department and
+for fulfilling treaty stipulations with various Indian tribes for the
+year ending June 30, 1890, and for other purposes," approved March 2,
+1889, a sum of money was appropriated to pay in full the Seminole
+Nation of Indians for all the right, title, interest, and claim which
+said nation of Indians might have in and to certain lands ceded by
+article 3 of the treaty between the United States and said nation of
+Indians concluded June 14, 1866, and proclaimed August 16, 1866, said
+appropriation to become operative upon the execution by the duly
+appointed delegates of said nation specially empowered to do so of
+a release and conveyance to the United States of all right, title,
+interest, and claim of said nation of Indians in and to said lands in
+manner and form satisfactory to the President of the United States; and
+
+Whereas said release and conveyance, bearing date the 16th day of
+March, 1889, has been duly and fully executed, approved, and delivered;
+and
+
+Whereas section 13 of the act last aforesaid, relating to said lands,
+provides as follows:
+
+  SEC. 13. That the lands acquired by the United States under said
+  agreement shall be a part of the public domain, to be disposed of only
+  as herein provided; and sections 16 and 36 of each township, whether
+  surveyed or unsurveyed, are hereby reserved for the use and benefit of
+  the public schools to be established within the limits of said lands
+  under such conditions and regulations as may be hereafter enacted by
+  Congress.
+
+  That the lands acquired by conveyance from the Seminole Indians
+  hereunder, except the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections, shall be
+  disposed of to actual settlers under the homestead laws only, except
+  as herein otherwise provided (except that section 2301 of the Revised
+  Statutes shall not apply): _And provided further_, That any person
+  who, having attempted to but for any cause failed to secure a title
+  in fee to a homestead under existing law, or who made entry under
+  what is known as the commuted provision of the homestead law, shall
+  be qualified to make a homestead entry upon said lands: _And provided
+  further_, That the rights of honorably discharged Union soldiers and
+  sailors in the late Civil War as defined and described in sections 2304
+  and 2305 of the Revised Statutes shall not be abridged: _And provided
+  further_, That each entry shall be in square form as nearly as
+  practicable, and no person be permitted to enter more than one quarter
+  section thereof, but until said lands are opened for settlement by
+  proclamation of the President no person shall be permitted to enter
+  upon and occupy the same, and no person violating this provision shall
+  ever be permitted to enter any of said lands or acquire any right
+  thereto.
+
+  The Secretary of the Interior may, after said proclamation and not
+  before, permit entry of said lands for town sites, under sections 2387
+  and 2388 of the Revised Statutes, but no such entry shall embrace more
+  than one half section of land.
+
+  That all the foregoing provisions with reference to lands to be
+  acquired from the Seminole Indians, including the provisions pertaining
+  to forfeiture, shall apply to and regulate the disposal of the lands
+  acquired from the Muscogee (or Creek) Indians by articles of cession
+  and agreement made and concluded at the city of Washington on the 19th
+  day of January, A.D. 1889.
+
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+by virtue of the power in me vested by said act of Congress approved
+March 2, 1889, aforesaid, do hereby declare and make known that so much
+of the lands as aforesaid acquired from or conveyed by the Muscogee (or
+Creek) Nation of Indians and from or by the Seminole Nation of Indians,
+respectively, as is contained within the following-described
+boundaries, viz:
+
+Beginning at a point where the degree of longitude 98 west from
+Greenwich, as surveyed in the years 1858 and 1871, intersects the
+Canadian River; thence north along and with the said degree to a point
+where the same intersects the Cimarron River; thence up said river,
+along the right bank thereof, to a point where the same is intersected
+by the south line of what is known as the Cherokee lands lying west of
+the Arkansas River, or as the "Cherokee Outlet," said line being the
+north line of the lands ceded by the Muscogee (or Creek) Nation of
+Indians to the United States by the treaty of June 14, 1866; thence
+east along said line to a point where the same intersects the west line
+of the lands set apart as a reservation for the Pawnee Indians by act
+of Congress approved April 10, 1876, being the range line between
+ranges 4 and 5 east of the Indian meridian; thence south on said line
+to a point where the same intersects the middle of the main channel of
+the Cimarron River; thence up said river, along the middle of the main
+channel thereof, to a point where the same intersects the range line
+between range 1 east and range 1 west (being the Indian meridian),
+which line forms the western boundary of the reservations set apart,
+respectively, for the Iowa and Kickapoo Indians by Executive orders
+dated, respectively, August 15, 1883; thence south along said range
+line or meridian to a point where the same intersects the right bank
+of the North Fork of the Canadian River; thence up said river, along
+the right bank thereof, to a point where the same is intersected
+by the west line of the reservation occupied by the Citizen band of
+Pottawatomies and the Absentee Shawnee Indians, set apart under the
+provisions of the treaty of February 27, 1867, between the United
+States and the Pottawatomie tribe of Indians, and referred to in the
+act of Congress approved May 23, 1872; thence south along the said west
+line of the aforesaid reservation to a point where the same intersects
+the middle of the main channel of the Canadian River; thence up the
+said river, along the middle of the main channel thereof, to a point
+opposite to the place of beginning, and thence north to the place of
+beginning (saving and excepting 1 acre of land in square form in the
+northwest corner of section 9, in township 16 north, range 2 west of
+the Indian meridian in Indian Territory, and also 1 acre of land in the
+southeast corner of the northwest quarter of section 15, township 16
+north, range 7 west of the Indian meridian in the Indian Territory,
+which last-described 2 acres are hereby reserved for Government use and
+control), will, at and after the hour of 12 o'clock noon of the 22d day
+of April next, and not before, be open for settlement, under the terms
+of and subject to all the conditions, limitations, and restrictions
+contained in said act of Congress approved March 2, 1889, and the laws
+of the United States applicable thereto.
+
+And it is hereby expressly declared and made known that no other
+parts or portions of the lands embraced within the Indian Territory
+than those herein specifically described and declared to be open to
+settlement at the time above named and fixed are to be considered as
+open to settlement under this proclamation or the act of March 2, 1889,
+aforesaid.
+
+And warning is hereby again expressly given that no person entering
+upon and occupying said lands before said hour of 12 o'clock noon of
+the 22d day of April, A.D. 1889, hereinbefore fixed, will ever be
+permitted to enter any of said lands or acquire any rights thereto, and
+that the officers of the United States will be required to strictly
+enforce the provision of the act of Congress to the above effect.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 23d day of March, A.D. 1889, and
+of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and
+thirteenth.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+A hundred years have passed since the Government which our forefathers
+founded was formally organized. At noon on the 30th day of April, 1789,
+in the city of New York, and in the presence of an assemblage of the
+heroic men whose patriotic devotion had led the colonies to victory and
+independence, George Washington took the oath of office as Chief
+Magistrate of the new-born Republic. This impressive act was preceded
+at 9 o'clock in the morning in all the churches of the city by prayer
+for God's blessing on the Government and its first President.
+
+The centennial of this illustrious event in our history has been
+declared a general holiday by act of Congress, to the end that the
+people of the whole country may join in commemorative exercises
+appropriate to the day.
+
+In order that the joy of the occasion may be associated with a deep
+thankfulness in the minds of the people for all our blessings in the
+past and a devout supplication to God for their gracious continuance in
+the future, the representatives of the religious creeds, both Christian
+and Hebrew, have memorialized the Government to designate an hour for
+prayer and thanksgiving on that day.
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States of
+America, in response to this pious and reasonable request, do recommend
+that on Tuesday, April 30, at the hour of 9 o'clock in the morning,
+the people of the entire country repair to their respective places
+of divine worship to implore the favor of God that the blessings of
+liberty, prosperity, and peace may abide with us as a people, and that
+His hand may lead us in the paths of righteousness and good deeds.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States of America to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done in the city of Washington, this 4th day of April, A.D. 1889, and
+of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and
+thirteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+A highly favored people, mindful of their dependence on the bounty of
+Divine Providence, should seek fitting occasion to testify gratitude
+and ascribe praise to Him who is the author of their many blessings.
+It behooves us, then, to look back with thankful hearts over the past
+year and bless God for His infinite mercy in vouchsafing to our land
+enduring peace, to our people freedom from pestilence and famine, to
+our husbandmen abundant harvests, and to them that labor a recompense
+of their toil.
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States
+of America, do earnestly recommend that Thursday, the 28th day of
+this present month of November, be set apart as a day of national
+thanksgiving and prayer, and that the people of our country, ceasing
+from the cares and labors of their working day, shall assemble in their
+respective places of worship and give thanks to God, who has prospered
+us on our way and made our paths the paths of peace, beseeching Him to
+bless the day to our present and future good, making it truly one of
+thanksgiving for each reunited home circle as for the nation at large.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 1st day of November, A.D. 1889,
+and of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and
+fourteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas the Congress of the United States did by an act approved
+on the 22d day of February, 1889, provide that the inhabitants of the
+Territory of Dakota might upon the conditions prescribed in said act
+become the States of North Dakota and South Dakota; and
+
+Whereas it was provided by said act that the area comprising the
+Territory of Dakota should for the purposes of the act be divided on
+the line of the seventh standard parallel produced due west to the
+western boundary of said Territory, and that the delegates elected as
+therein provided to the constitutional convention in districts north of
+said parallel should assemble in convention at the time prescribed in
+the act at the city of Bismarck; and
+
+Whereas it was provided by the said act that the delegates elected as
+aforesaid should, after they had met and organized, declare on behalf
+of the people of North Dakota that they adopt the Constitution of the
+United States, whereupon the said convention should be authorized to
+form a constitution and State government for the proposed State of
+North Dakota; and
+
+Whereas it was provided by said act that the constitution so adopted
+should be republican in form and make no distinction in civil or
+political rights on account of race or color, except as to Indians not
+taxed, and not be repugnant to the Constitution of the United States
+and the principles of the Declaration of Independence, and that the
+convention should, by an ordinance irrevocable without the consent of
+the United States and the people of said States, make certain
+provisions prescribed in said act; and
+
+Whereas it was provided by said act that the constitutions of North
+Dakota and South Dakota should, respectively, incorporate an agreement,
+to be reached in accordance with the provision of the act, for an
+equitable division of all property belonging to the Territory of
+Dakota, the disposition of all public records, and also for the
+apportionment of the debts and liabilities of said Territory, and that
+each of said States should obligate itself to pay its proportion of
+such debts and liabilities the same as if they had been created by such
+States, respectively; and
+
+Whereas it was provided by said act that the constitution thus
+formed for the people of North Dakota should, by an ordinance of the
+convention forming the same, be submitted to the people of North Dakota
+at an election to be held therein on the first Tuesday in October,
+1889, for ratification or rejection by the qualified voters of said
+proposed State, and that the returns of said election should be made to
+the secretary of the Territory of Dakota, who, with the governor and
+chief justice thereof, or any two of them, should canvass the same, and
+if a majority of the legal votes cast should be for the constitution
+the governor should certify the result to the President of the United
+States, together with a statement of the votes cast thereon and upon
+separate articles or propositions, and a copy of said constitution,
+articles, propositions, and ordinances; and
+
+Whereas it has been certified to me by the governor of the Territory
+of Dakota that within the time prescribed by said act of Congress a
+constitution for the proposed State of North Dakota has been adopted
+and the same ratified by a majority of the qualified voters of said
+proposed State in accordance with the conditions prescribed in said
+act; and
+
+Whereas it is also certified to me by the said governor that at the
+same time that the body of said constitution was submitted to a vote of
+the people a separate article, numbered 20 and entitled "Prohibition,"
+was also submitted and received a majority of all the votes cast for
+and against said article, as well as a majority of all the votes cast
+for and against the constitution, and was adopted; and
+
+Whereas a duly authenticated copy of said constitution, article,
+ordinances, and propositions, as required by said act, has been
+received by me:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States of
+America, do, in accordance with the provisions of the act of Congress
+aforesaid, declare and proclaim the fact that the conditions imposed
+by Congress on the State of North Dakota to entitle that State to
+admission to the Union have been ratified and accepted and that the
+admission of the said State into the Union is now complete.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 2d day of November, A.D. 1889, and
+of the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and
+fourteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas the Congress of the United States did by an act approved
+on the 22d day of February, 1889, provide that the inhabitants of the
+Territory of Dakota might upon the conditions prescribed in the said
+act become the States of North Dakota and South Dakota; and
+
+Whereas it was provided by said act that the area comprising the
+Territory of Dakota should for the purposes of the act be divided on
+the line of the seventh standard parallel produced due west to the
+western boundary of said Territory, and that the delegates elected as
+therein provided to the constitutional convention in districts south of
+said parallel should at the time prescribed in the act assemble in
+convention at the city of Sioux Falls; and
+
+Whereas it was provided by the said act that the delegates elected as
+aforesaid should, after they had met and organized, declare on behalf
+of the people of South Dakota that they adopt the Constitution of the
+United States, whereupon the said convention should be authorized to
+form a constitution and State government for the proposed State of
+South Dakota; and
+
+Whereas it was provided by said act that the constitution so adopted
+should be republican in form and make no distinction in civil or
+political rights on account of race or color, except as to Indians not
+taxed, and not be repugnant to the Constitution of the United States
+and the principles of the Declaration of Independence, and that the
+convention should, by an ordinance irrevocable without the consent of
+the United States and the people of said States, make certain
+provisions prescribed in said act; and
+
+Whereas it was provided by said act that the constitutions of North
+Dakota and South Dakota should, respectively, incorporate an agreement,
+to be reached in accordance with the provisions of the act, for an
+equitable division of all property belonging to the Territory of
+Dakota, the disposition of all public records, and also for the
+apportionment of the debts and liabilities of said Territory, and that
+each of said States should obligate itself to pay its proportion of
+such debts and liabilities the same as if they had been created by such
+States respectively; and
+
+Whereas it was provided by said act that at the election for delegates
+to the constitutional convention in South Dakota, as therein provided,
+each elector might have written or printed on his ballot the words
+"For the Sioux Falls constitution" or the words "Against the Sioux
+Falls constitution;" that the votes on this question should be returned
+and canvassed in the same manner as the votes for the election of
+delegates, and if a majority of all votes cast on this question should
+be "For the Sioux Falls constitution" it should be the duty of the
+convention which might assemble at Sioux Falls, as provided in the
+act, to resubmit to the people of South Dakota, for ratification or
+rejection, at an election provided for in said act, the constitution
+framed at Sioux Falls and adopted November 3, 1885, and also the
+articles and propositions separately submitted at that election,
+including the question of locating the temporary seat of government,
+with such changes only as related to the name and boundary of the
+proposed State, to the reapportionment of the judicial and legislative
+districts, and such amendments as might be necessary in order to comply
+with the provisions of the act; and
+
+Whereas it was provided by said act that the constitution formed for
+the people of South Dakota should, by an ordinance of the convention
+forming the same, be submitted to the people of South Dakota at an
+election to be held therein on the first Tuesday in October, 1889, for
+ratification or rejection by the qualified voters of said proposed
+State, and that the returns of said election should be made to the
+secretary of the Territory of Dakota, who, with the governor and chief
+justice thereof, or any two of them, should canvass the same, and if
+a majority of the legal votes cast should be for the constitution the
+governor should certify the result to the President of the United
+States, together with a statement of the votes cast thereon and upon
+separate articles or propositions, and a copy of said constitution,
+articles, propositions, and ordinances; and
+
+Whereas it has been certified to me by the governor of the Territory of
+Dakota that at the aforesaid election for delegates the "Sioux Falls
+constitution" was submitted to the people of the proposed State of
+South Dakota, as provided in the said act; that a majority of all the
+votes cast on this question was "For the Sioux Falls constitution,"
+and that the said constitution was at the time prescribed in the act
+resubmitted to the people of South Dakota, with proper changes and
+amendments, and has been adopted and ratified by a majority of the
+qualified voters of said proposed State in accordance with the
+conditions prescribed in said act; and
+
+Whereas it is also certified to me by the said governor that at the
+same time that the body of said constitution was submitted to a vote
+of the people two additional articles were submitted separately, to
+wit, an article numbered 24, entitled "Prohibition," which received a
+majority of all the votes cast for and against said article, as well
+as a majority of all the votes cast for and against the constitution,
+and was adopted; and an article numbered 25, entitled "Minority
+representation," which did not receive a majority of the votes cast
+thereon or upon the constitution, and was rejected; and
+
+Whereas a duly authenticated copy of said constitution, additional
+articles, ordinances, and propositions, as required by said act, has
+been received by me:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States of
+America, do, in accordance with the act of Congress aforesaid, declare
+and proclaim the fact that the conditions imposed by Congress on the
+State of South Dakota to entitle that State to admission to the Union
+have been ratified and accepted and that the admission of the said
+State into the Union is now complete.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 2d day of November, A.D. 1889, and
+of the independence of the United States of America the one hundred and
+fourteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas the Congress of the United States did by an act approved
+on the 22d day of February, 1889, provide that the inhabitants of the
+Territory of Montana might upon the conditions prescribed in said act
+become the State of Montana; and
+
+Whereas it was provided by said act that delegates elected as therein
+provided to a constitutional convention in the Territory of Montana
+should meet at the seat of government of said Territory, and that after
+they had met and organized they should declare on behalf of the people
+of Montana that they adopt the Constitution of the United States,
+whereupon the said convention should be authorized to form a State
+government for the proposed State of Montana; and
+
+Whereas it was provided by said act that the constitution so adopted
+should be republican in form and make no distinction in civil or
+political rights on account of race or color, except as to Indians not
+taxed, and not be repugnant to the Constitution of the United States
+and the principles of the Declaration of Independence, and that the
+convention should, by an ordinance irrevocable without the consent of
+the United States and the people of said State, make certain provisions
+prescribed in said act; and
+
+Whereas it was provided by said act that the constitution thus formed
+for the people of Montana should, by an ordinance of the convention
+forming the same, be submitted to the people of Montana at an election
+to be held therein on the 1st Tuesday in October, 1889, for
+ratification or rejection by the qualified voters of said proposed
+State, and that the returns of said election should be made to the
+secretary of said Territory, who, with the governor and chief justice
+thereof, or any two of them, should canvass the same, and if a majority
+of the legal votes cast should be for the constitution the governor
+should certify the result to the President of the United States,
+together with a statement of the votes cast thereon and upon separate
+articles or propositions, and a copy of said constitution, articles,
+propositions, and ordinances; and
+
+Whereas it has been certified to me by the governor of said Territory
+that within the time prescribed by said act of Congress a constitution
+for the proposed State of Montana has been adopted, and that the same,
+together with two ordinances connected therewith, has been ratified by
+a majority of the qualified voters of said proposed State in accordance
+with the conditions prescribed in said act; and
+
+Whereas a duly authenticated copy of said constitution and ordinances,
+as required by said act, has been received by me:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States of
+America, do, in accordance with the provisions of the act of Congress
+aforesaid, declare and proclaim the fact that the conditions imposed by
+Congress on the State of Montana to entitle that State to admission to
+the Union have been ratified and accepted and that the admission of the
+said State into the Union is now complete.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 8th day of November, A.D. 1889,
+and of the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred
+and fourteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas the Congress of the United States did by an act approved
+on the 22d day of February, 1889, provide that the inhabitants of the
+Territory of Washington might upon the conditions prescribed in said
+act become the State of Washington; and
+
+Whereas it was provided by said act that delegates elected as therein
+provided to a constitutional convention in the Territory of Washington
+should meet at the seat of government of said Territory, and that after
+they had met and organized they should declare on behalf of the people
+of Washington that they adopt the Constitution of the United States,
+whereupon the said convention should be authorized to form a State
+government for the proposed State of Washington; and
+
+Whereas it was provided by said act that the constitution so adopted
+should be republican in form and make no distinction in civil or
+political rights on account of race or color, except as to Indians not
+taxed, and not be repugnant to the Constitution of the United States
+and the principles of the Declaration of Independence, and that the
+convention should, by an ordinance irrevocable without the consent of
+the United States and the people of said State, make certain provisions
+prescribed in said act; and
+
+Whereas it was provided by said act that the constitution thus formed
+for the people of Washington should, by an ordinance of the convention
+forming the same, be submitted to the people of Washington at an
+election to be held therein on the first Tuesday in October, 1889, for
+ratification or rejection by the qualified voters of said proposed
+State, and that the returns of said election should be made to the
+secretary of said Territory, who, with the governor and chief justice
+thereof, or any two of them, should canvass the same, and if a majority
+of the legal votes cast should be for the constitution the governor
+should certify the result to the President of the United States,
+together with a statement of the votes cast thereon and upon separate
+articles or propositions, and a copy of said constitution, articles,
+propositions, and ordinances; and
+
+Whereas it has been certified to me by the governor of said Territory
+that within the time prescribed by said act of Congress a constitution
+for the proposed State of Washington has been adopted, and that the
+same has been ratified by a majority of the qualified voters of said
+proposed State in accordance with the conditions prescribed in said
+act; and
+
+Whereas it is also certified to me by the said governor that at the
+same time the body of said constitution was submitted to a vote
+of the people two separate articles, entitled "Woman suffrage" and
+"Prohibition," were likewise submitted, which said separate articles
+did not receive a majority of the votes cast thereon or upon the
+constitution, and were rejected; also that at the same election the
+question of the location of a permanent seat of government was so
+submitted, and that no place received a majority of all the votes
+cast upon said question; and
+
+Whereas a duly authenticated copy of said constitution and articles,
+as required by said act, has been received by me:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States of
+America, do, in accordance with the provisions of the act of Congress
+aforesaid, declare and proclaim the fact that the conditions imposed by
+Congress on the State of Washington to entitle that State to admission
+to the Union have been ratified and accepted and that the admission of
+the said State into the Union is now complete.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 11th day of November, A.D. 1889,
+and of the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred
+and fourteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE ORDERS.
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, March 11, 1889_.
+
+Whereas civil-service rules for the railway mail service were approved
+January 4, 1889, to go into effect March 15, 1889; and
+
+Whereas it is represented to me by the Civil Service Commission in a
+communication of this date that it will be impossible to complete
+arrangements for putting said rules into full effect on said date, or
+sooner than May 1, 1889:
+
+_It is therefore ordered_, That said railway mail rules shall take
+effect May 1, 1889, instead of March 15, 1889: _Provided_, That such
+rules shall become operative and take effect in any State or Territory
+as soon as an eligible register for such State or Territory shall be
+prepared, if it shall be prior to the date above fixed.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _April 17, 1889_.
+
+Special Departmental Rule No. 1 is hereby amended by including among the
+places excepted from examination thereunder in section 2 the following:
+"and inspector of furniture."
+
+As amended so much of that section as relates to the office of Secretary
+of the Treasury will read as follows:
+
+  2. In the Department of the Treasury, in the office of the Secretary:
+  Government actuary and inspector of furniture.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+REGULATIONS FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF ARMS, ORDNANCE STORES,
+QUARTERMASTER'S STORES, AND CAMP EQUIPAGE TO THE TERRITORIES AND THE
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, PRESCRIBED BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
+IN CONFORMITY WITH THE SECOND SECTION OF THE ACT ENTITLED "AN ACT TO
+AMEND SECTION 1661, REVISED STATUTES, MAKING AN ANNUAL APPROPRIATION TO
+PROVIDE ARMS AND EQUIPMENTS FOR THE MILITIA."
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _April 23, 1889_.
+
+1. Arms, ordnance stores, quartermaster's stores, and camp equipage
+shall be issued to the Territories on requisitions of the governors
+thereof, and to the District of Columbia on requisitions approved by the
+senior general of the District militia present for duty. Returns shall
+be made annually by the senior general of the District militia in the
+manner as required by sections 3 and 4 of the act above referred to in
+the case of States and Territories.
+
+2. It is forbidden to make issues to States and Territories in excess of
+the amount to their credit under the provisions of section 1661, Revised
+Statutes, as amended by the above act.
+
+3. Any regulations established hitherto which in any way conflict with
+these are hereby revoked.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+MAY 4, 1889.
+
+Special Departmental Rule No. 1 is hereby amended by including among the
+places excepted from examination thereunder in section 2 the following:
+"custodian of dies, rolls, and plates at the Bureau of Engraving and
+Printing, two subcustodians, keeper of the vault, and distributer of
+stock."
+
+As amended so much of that section as relates to the office of the
+Secretary of the Treasury will read:
+
+2. In the Department of the Treasury, in the office of the Secretary:
+Government actuary, inspector of furniture, custodian of dies, rolls,
+and plates at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, two subcustodians,
+keeper of the vault, and distributer of stock.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENTS OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _May 27, 1889_.
+
+Departmental Rule VIII is hereby amended as follows:
+
+At the end of section 1 insert an additional clause, as follows:
+
+  (_d_) From the office of the President of the United States, after two
+  years' continuous service therein immediately preceding the transfer,
+  to any place in the classified service without examination, upon the
+  requisition of the head of the Department to which the transfer is to
+  be made and the certification of the Commission.
+
+In section 2, line 1, after the word "authorized," insert the following:
+"except as provided in section 1, clause (_d_)."
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
+
+EXECUTIVE ORDER.
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _May 29, 1889_.
+
+_It is hereby ordered_, That the several Executive Departments and the
+Government Printing Office be closed on Thursday, the 30th instant, to
+enable the employees to participate in the decoration of the graves of
+the soldiers who fell during the rebellion.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _June 7, 1889_.
+
+In November, 1862, President Lincoln quoted the words of Washington to
+sustain his own views, and announced in a general order that--
+
+  The President, Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, desires and
+  enjoins the orderly observance of the Sabbath by the officers and men
+  in the military and naval service. The importance for man and beast of
+  the prescribed weekly rest, the sacred rights of Christian soldiers
+  and sailors, a becoming deference to the best sentiment of a Christian
+  people, and a due regard for the divine will demand that Sunday labor
+  in the Army and Navy be reduced to the measure of strict necessity.
+
+
+The truth so concisely stated can not be too faithfully regarded, and
+the pressure to ignore it is far less now than in the midst of war. To
+recall the kindly and considerate spirit of the orders issued by these
+great men in the most trying times of our history, and to promote
+contentment and efficiency, the President directs that Sunday-morning
+inspection will be merely of the dress and general appearance, without
+arms; and the more complete inspection under arms, with all men present,
+as required in paragraph 950, Army Regulations, 1889, will take place on
+Saturday.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  REDFIELD PROCTOR,
+    _Secretary of War_.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENTS OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _June 10, 1889_.
+
+Special Departmental Rule No. 1 is hereby amended as follows:
+
+In section 2, at the end of paragraph 1, insert the following: "foremen
+of laborers, skilled laborers, elevator conductors, foreman of cabinet
+shop, and cabinetmakers."
+
+So that as amended so much of section 2 as relates to the office of the
+Secretary of the Treasury will read:
+
+  In the office of the Secretary: Government actuary, inspector of
+  furniture, custodian of dies, rolls, and plates at the Bureau of
+  Engraving and Printing, two subcustodians, keeper of the vault, and
+  distributer of stock, foremen of laborers, skilled laborers, elevator
+  conductors, foreman of cabinet shop, and cabinetmakers.
+
+In section 3 strike out the last paragraph and insert in lieu thereof
+the following:
+
+  In the Geological Survey: General assistant, executive officer, chief
+  photographer, editor, all scientific employees of the Geological Survey
+  officially designated as follows: Chief geologist, geologist, assistant
+  geologist, chief paleontologist, paleontologist, and assistant
+  paleontologist, chief chemist, chemist, assistant chemist, chief
+  physicist, physicist, assistant physicist, chief geographer, geographer,
+  assistant geographer, chief topographer, topographer, assistant
+  topographer, chief hydrographer, hydrographer, assistant hydrographer,
+  supervising engineer, engineer, assistant engineer, paleontological
+  draftsman, chief mechanician, mechanician, assistant mechanician.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _June 18, 1889_.
+
+Departmental Rule X, Customs Rule VII, Postal Rule VII, and Railway Mail
+Rule VI are hereby amended by adding to each of said rules, at the end
+thereof, the following:
+
+  _Provided_, That certification may be made, subject to the other
+  conditions of this rule, for the reinstatement of any person who served
+  in the military or naval service of the United States in the late War of
+  the Rebellion, and was honorably discharged therefrom, without regard to
+  the length of time he has been separated from the service.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+JULY 26, 1889.
+
+Clause (_h_) of section 2 of General Rule III is hereby amended by
+adding to that clause, at the end thereof, the following: "or for
+temporary appointment for not exceeding thirty days in any part of the
+classified service."
+
+Approved:
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+JULY 26, 1889.
+
+Section 5 of Railway Mail Rule II is hereby amended by adding an
+additional clause, as follows:
+
+  (_c_) Printers, employed as such.
+
+Approved:
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _August 17, 1889_.
+
+Clause 5 of Railway Mail Rule II is hereby amended by adding thereto the
+following clauses:
+
+  (_d_) Clerks employed exclusively as porters in handling mail matter in
+  bulk, in sacks, or pouches, and not otherwise.
+
+  (_e_) Clerks employed exclusively on steamboats.
+
+Approved:
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+AUGUST 20, 1889.
+
+Clause 2 of Special Departmental Rule No. 1 is hereby amended by
+including among the places excepted from examination in the office of
+the Supervising Architect the following: "engineers and draftsmen of
+classes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, not exceeding ten in all: _Provided_, That
+these ten places shall cease to be excepted places from and after June
+30, 1890."
+
+As thus amended so much of clause 2 as relates to the office of the
+Supervising Architect will read as follows:
+
+In the office of the Supervising Architect: Supervising Architect,
+assistant and chief clerk, confidential clerk to Supervising Architect,
+photographer, engineers and draftsmen of classes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, not
+exceeding ten in all: _Provided_, That these ten places shall cease to
+be excepted places from and after June 30, 1890.
+
+Approved:
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+OCTOBER 29, 1889.
+
+Section 2 of Special Departmental Rule No. 1 is hereby amended by adding
+to the places excepted from examination in the Bureau of Engraving and
+Printing the following: "plate cleaners, transferrers, hardeners,
+provers, pressmen, machinists, plumbers, carpenters, and blacksmiths."
+
+Approved:
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENTS OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+Section 2 of Railway Mail Rule IV is hereby amended by substituting for
+clause (_b_) of said section the following:
+
+  (_b_) The Commission shall certify from the register of the State or
+  Territory in which the vacancy exists the names of the three eligibles
+  thereon having the highest averages, resident in the counties of said
+  State or Territory through or on the borders of which the section of the
+  road passes on which the person to be appointed is to serve, who have
+  not been three times certified: _Provided_, That if there are not three
+  eligibles resident in said counties, then certification shall be made in
+  like manner from the counties of said State or Territory nearest to the
+  line of said road in which there are three eligibles; or if there are
+  not three eligibles upon the register of said State or Territory, then
+  certification may be made from the register of any adjoining State or
+  Territory: _Provided further_, That if upon the register of the State
+  or Territory in which vacancy exists there are the names of eligibles
+  having a claim of preference under section 1754, Revised Statutes, the
+  names of such eligibles shall be certified before the names of other
+  eligibles of higher grade.
+
+
+At the end of the rule add an additional section, as follows:
+
+  7. In case of public and pressing exigency demanding the immediate
+  employment of experienced railway mail clerks who can not be at once
+  supplied in the manner provided for in section 2 of this rule, or by
+  transfer under Rule V, or reappointment under Rule VI, there may be
+  employed, without examination or certification, under such regulations
+  as the Postmaster-General may prescribe, for a period not to exceed
+  thirty days, which, with the consent of the Commission, may be extended
+  to sixty days, any persons who have been in the railway mail service,
+  who have the requisite knowledge and experience, who may be available.
+  Every such employment and the reasons therefor shall be at once
+  reported to the Commission.
+
+
+Approved, November 1, 1889.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+Special Customs Rule No. 1 is hereby amended by adding to the places
+excepted from examination at the port of New York the following:
+
+  Office of the General Appraiser: Chief clerk and law clerk.
+
+Approved, November 18, 1889.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+
+FIRST ANNUAL MESSAGE.
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, December 3, 1889_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+There are few transactions in the administration of the Government
+that are even temporarily held in the confidence of those charged
+with the conduct of the public business. Every step taken is under the
+observation of an intelligent and watchful people. The state of the
+Union is known from day to day, and suggestions as to needed legislation
+find an earlier voice than that which speaks in these annual
+communications of the President to Congress.
+
+Good will and cordiality have characterized our relations and
+correspondence with other governments, and the year just closed leaves
+few international questions of importance remaining unadjusted. No
+obstacle is believed to exist that can long postpone the consideration
+and adjustment of the still pending questions upon satisfactory and
+honorable terms. The dealings of this Government with other states have
+been and should always be marked by frankness and sincerity, our
+purposes avowed, and our methods free from intrigue. This course has
+borne rich fruit in the past, and it is our duty as a nation to preserve
+the heritage of good repute which a century of right dealing with
+foreign governments has secured to us.
+
+It is a matter of high significance and no less of congratulation that
+the first year of the second century of our constitutional existence
+finds as honored guests within our borders the representatives of all
+the independent States of North and South America met together in
+earnest conference touching the best methods of perpetuating and
+expanding the relations of mutual interest and friendliness existing
+among them. That the opportunity thus afforded for promoting closer
+international relations and the increased prosperity of the States
+represented will be used for the mutual good of all I can not permit
+myself to doubt. Our people will await with interest and confidence the
+results to flow from so auspicious a meeting of allied and in large part
+identical interests.
+
+The recommendations of this international conference of enlightened
+statesmen will doubtless have the considerate attention of Congress and
+its cooperation in the removal of unnecessary barriers to beneficial
+intercourse between the nations of America. But while the commercial
+results which it is hoped will follow this conference are worthy of
+pursuit and of the great interests they have excited, it is believed
+that the crowning benefit will be found in the better securities which
+may be devised for the maintenance of peace among all American nations
+and the settlement of all contentions by methods that a Christian
+civilization can approve. While viewing with interest our national
+resources and products, the delegates will, I am sure, find a higher
+satisfaction in the evidences of unselfish friendship which everywhere
+attend their intercourse with our people.
+
+Another international conference having great possibilities for good has
+lately assembled and is now in session in this capital. An invitation
+was extended by the Government, under the act of Congress of July 9,
+1888, to all maritime nations to send delegates to confer touching the
+revision and amendment of the rules and regulations governing vessels
+at sea and to adopt a uniform system of marine signals. The response to
+this invitation has been very general and very cordial. Delegates from
+twenty-six nations are present in the conference, and they have entered
+upon their useful work with great zeal and with an evident appreciation
+of its importance. So far as the agreement to be reached may require
+legislation to give it effect, the cooperation of Congress is
+confidently relied upon.
+
+It is an interesting, if not, indeed, an unprecedented, fact that the
+two international conferences have brought together here the accredited
+representatives of thirty-three nations.
+
+Bolivia, Ecuador, and Honduras are now represented by resident envoys of
+the plenipotentiary grade. All the States of the American system now
+maintain diplomatic representation at this capital.
+
+In this connection it may be noted that all the nations of the Western
+Hemisphere, with one exception, send to Washington envoys extraordinary
+and ministers plenipotentiary, being the highest grade accredited to
+this Government. The United States, on the contrary, sends envoys of
+lower grades to some of our sister Republics. Our representative in
+Paraguay and Uruguay is a minister resident, while to Bolivia we send a
+minister resident and consul-general. In view of the importance of our
+relations with the States of the American system, our diplomatic agents
+in those countries should be of the uniform rank of envoy extraordinary
+and minister plenipotentiary. Certain missions were so elevated by the
+last Congress with happy effect, and I recommend the completion of the
+reform thus begun, with the inclusion also of Hawaii and Hayti, in view
+of their relations to the American system of states.
+
+I also recommend that timely provision be made for extending to Hawaii
+an invitation to be represented in the international conference now
+sitting at this capital.
+
+Our relations with China have the attentive consideration which their
+magnitude and interest demand. The failure of the treaty negotiated
+under the Administration of my predecessor for the further and more
+complete restriction of Chinese labor immigration, and with it the
+legislation of the last session of Congress dependent thereon, leaves
+some questions open which Congress should now approach in that wise and
+just spirit which should characterize the relations of two great and
+friendly powers. While our supreme interests demand the exclusion of
+a laboring element which experience has shown to be incompatible with
+our social life, all steps to compass this imperative need should be
+accompanied with a recognition of the claim of those strangers now
+lawfully among us to humane and just treatment.
+
+The accession of the young Emperor of China marks, we may hope, an era
+of progress and prosperity for the great country over which he is called
+to rule.
+
+The present state of affairs in respect to the Samoan Islands is
+encouraging. The conference which was held in this city in the summer
+of 1887 between the representatives of the United States, Germany, and
+Great Britain having been adjourned because of the persistent divergence
+of views which was developed in its deliberations, the subsequent course
+of events in the islands gave rise to questions of a serious character.
+On the 4th of February last the German minister at this capital, in
+behalf of his Government, proposed a resumption of the conference at
+Berlin. This proposition was accepted, as Congress in February last was
+informed.
+
+Pursuant to the understanding thus reached, commissioners were appointed
+by me, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, who proceeded
+to Berlin, where the conference was renewed. The deliberations extended
+through several weeks, and resulted in the conclusion of a treaty which
+will be submitted to the Senate for its approval. I trust that the
+efforts which have been made to effect an adjustment of this question
+will be productive of the permanent establishment of law and order in
+Samoa upon the basis of the maintenance of the rights and interests of
+the natives as well as of the treaty powers.
+
+The questions which have arisen during the past few years between Great
+Britain and the United States are in abeyance or in course of amicable
+adjustment.
+
+On the part of the government of the Dominion of Canada an effort has
+been apparent during the season just ended to administer the laws and
+regulations applicable to the fisheries with as little occasion for
+friction as was possible, and the temperate representations of this
+Government in respect of cases of undue hardship or of harsh
+interpretations have been in most cases met with measures of transitory
+relief. It is trusted that the attainment of our just rights under
+existing treaties and in virtue of the concurrent legislation of the two
+contiguous countries will not be long deferred and that all existing
+causes of difference may be equitably adjusted.
+
+I recommend that provision be made by an international agreement for
+visibly marking the water boundary between the United States and Canada
+in the narrow channels that join the Great Lakes. The conventional line
+therein traced by the northwestern boundary survey years ago is not in
+all cases readily ascertainable for the settlement of jurisdictional
+questions.
+
+A just and acceptable enlargement of the list of offenses for which
+extradition may be claimed and granted is most desirable between this
+country and Great Britain. The territory of neither should become a
+secure harbor for the evil doers of the other through any avoidable
+shortcoming in this regard. A new treaty on this subject between the two
+powers has been recently negotiated and will soon be laid before the
+Senate.
+
+The importance of the commerce of Cuba and Puerto Rico with the United
+States, their nearest and principal market, justifies the expectation
+that the existing relations may be beneficially expanded. The
+impediments resulting from varying dues on navigation and from the
+vexatious treatment of our vessels on merely technical grounds of
+complaint in West India ports should be removed.
+
+The progress toward an adjustment of pending claims between the United
+States and Spain is not as rapid as could be desired.
+
+Questions affecting American interests in connection with railways
+constructed and operated by our citizens in Peru have claimed the
+attention of this Government. It is urged that other governments in
+pressing Peru to the payment of their claims have disregarded the
+property rights of American citizens. The matter will be carefully
+investigated with a view to securing a proper and equitable adjustment.
+
+A similar issue is now pending with Portugal. The Delagoa Bay Railway,
+in Africa, was constructed under a concession by Portugal to an American
+citizen. When nearly completed the road was seized by the agents of the
+Portuguese Government. Formal protest has been made through our minister
+at Lisbon against this act, and no proper effort will be spared to
+secure proper relief.
+
+In pursuance of the charter granted by Congress and under the terms of
+its contract with the Government of Nicaragua the Interoceanic Canal
+Company has begun the construction of the important waterway between the
+two oceans which its organization contemplates. Grave complications for
+a time seemed imminent, in view of a supposed conflict of jurisdiction
+between Nicaragua and Costa Rica in regard to the accessory privileges
+to be conceded by the latter Republic toward the construction of works
+on the San Juan River, of which the right bank is Costa Rican territory.
+I am happy to learn that a friendly arrangement has been effected
+between the two nations. This Government has held itself ready to
+promote in every proper way the adjustment of all questions that might
+present obstacles to the completion of a work of such transcendent
+importance to the commerce of this country, and, indeed, to the
+commercial interests of the world.
+
+The traditional good feeling between this country and the French
+Republic has received additional testimony in the participation of
+our Government and people in the international exposition held at
+Paris during the past summer. The success of our exhibitors has been
+gratifying. The report of the commission will be laid before Congress
+in due season.
+
+This Government has accepted, under proper reserve as to its policy in
+foreign territories, the invitation of the Government of Belgium to take
+part in an international congress, which opened at Brussels on the 16th
+of November, for the purpose of devising measures to promote the
+abolition of the slave trade in Africa and to prevent the shipment of
+slaves by sea. Our interest in the extinction of this crime against
+humanity in the regions where it yet survives has been increased by the
+results of emancipation within our own borders.
+
+With Germany the most cordial relations continue. The questions arising
+from the return to the Empire of Germans naturalized in this country are
+considered and disposed of in a temperate spirit to the entire
+satisfaction of both Governments.
+
+It is a source of great satisfaction that the internal disturbances of
+the Republic of Hayti are at last happily ended, and that an apparently
+stable government has been constituted. It has been duly recognized by
+the United States.
+
+A mixed commission is now in session in this capital for the settlement
+of long-standing claims against the Republic of Venezuela, and it is
+hoped that a satisfactory conclusion will be speedily reached. This
+Government has not hesitated to express its earnest desire that the
+boundary dispute now pending between Great Britain and Venezuela may be
+adjusted amicably and in strict accordance with the historic title of
+the parties.
+
+The advancement of the Empire of Japan has been evidenced by the recent
+promulgation of a new constitution, containing valuable guaranties of
+liberty and providing for a responsible ministry to conduct the
+Government.
+
+It is earnestly recommended that our judicial rights and processes in
+Korea be established on a firm basis by providing the machinery
+necessary to carry out treaty stipulations in that regard.
+
+The friendliness of the Persian Government continues to be shown by its
+generous treatment of Americans engaged in missionary labors and by the
+cordial disposition of the Shah to encourage the enterprise of our
+citizens in the development of Persian resources.
+
+A discussion is in progress touching the jurisdictional treaty rights of
+the United States in Turkey. An earnest effort will be made to define
+those rights to the satisfaction of both Governments.
+
+Questions continue to arise in our relations with several countries in
+respect to the rights of naturalized citizens. Especially is this the
+case with France, Italy, Russia, and Turkey, and to a less extent with
+Switzerland. From time to time earnest efforts have been made to
+regulate this subject by conventions with those countries. An improper
+use of naturalization should not be permitted, but it is most important
+that those who have been duly naturalized should everywhere be accorded
+recognition of the rights pertaining to the citizenship of the country
+of their adoption. The appropriateness of special conventions for that
+purpose is recognized in treaties which this Government has concluded
+with a number of European States, and it is advisable that the
+difficulties which now arise in our relations with other countries on
+the same subject should be similarly adjusted.
+
+The recent revolution in Brazil in favor of the establishment of a
+republican form of government is an event of great interest to the
+United States. Our minister at Rio de Janeiro was at once instructed to
+maintain friendly diplomatic relations with the Provisional Government,
+and the Brazilian representatives at this capital were instructed by
+the Provisional Government to continue their functions. Our friendly
+intercourse with Brazil has therefore suffered no interruption.
+
+Our minister has been further instructed to extend on the part of this
+Government a formal and cordial recognition of the new Republic so soon
+as the majority of the people of Brazil shall have signified their
+assent to its establishment and maintenance.
+
+Within our own borders a general condition of prosperity prevails. The
+harvests of the last summer were exceptionally abundant, and the trade
+conditions now prevailing seem to promise a successful season to the
+merchant and the manufacturer and general employment to our working
+people.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Treasury for the fiscal year ending
+June 30, 1889, has been prepared and will be presented to Congress.
+It presents with clearness the fiscal operations of the Government, and
+I avail myself of it to obtain some facts for use here.
+
+The aggregate receipts from all sources for the year were
+$387,050,058.84, derived as follows:
+
+  From customs                                          $223,832,741.69
+  From internal revenue                                  130,881,513.92
+  From miscellaneous sources                              32,335,803.23
+
+
+The ordinary expenditures for the same period were $281,996,615.60,
+and the total expenditures, including the sinking fund, were
+$329,579,929.25. The excess of receipts over expenditures was, after
+providing for the sinking fund, $57,470,129.59.
+
+For the current fiscal year the total revenues, actual and estimated,
+are $385,000,000, and the ordinary expenditures, actual and estimated,
+are $293,000,000, making with the sinking fund a total expenditure of
+$341,321,116.99, leaving an estimated surplus of $43,678,883.01.
+
+During the fiscal year there was applied to the purchase of bonds, in
+addition to those for the sinking fund, $90,456,172.35, and during the
+first quarter of the current year the sum of $37,838,937.77, all of
+which were credited to the sinking fund. The revenues for the fiscal
+year ending June 30, 1891, are estimated by the Treasury Department at
+$385,000,000, and the expenditures for the same period, including the
+sinking fund, at $341,430,477.70. This shows an estimated surplus for
+that year of $43,569,522.30, which is more likely to be increased than
+reduced when the actual transactions are written up.
+
+The existence of so large an actual and anticipated surplus should
+have the immediate attention of Congress, with a view to reducing the
+receipts of the Treasury to the needs of the Government as closely as
+may be. The collection of moneys not needed for public uses imposes an
+unnecessary burden upon our people, and the presence of so large a
+surplus in the public vaults is a disturbing element in the conduct
+of private business. It has called into use expedients for putting
+it into circulation of very questionable propriety. We should not
+collect revenue for the purpose of anticipating our bonds beyond the
+requirements of the sinking fund, but any unappropriated surplus in the
+Treasury should be so used, as there is no other lawful way of returning
+the money to circulation, and the profit realized by the Government
+offers a substantial advantage.
+
+The loaning of public funds to the banks without interest upon the
+security of Government bonds I regard as an unauthorized and dangerous
+expedient. It results in a temporary and unnatural increase of the
+banking capital of favored localities and compels a cautious and gradual
+recall of the deposits to avoid injury to the commercial interests. It
+is not to be expected that the banks having these deposits will sell
+their bonds to the Treasury so long as the present highly beneficial
+arrangement is continued. They now practically get interest both upon
+the bonds and their proceeds. No further use should be made of this
+method of getting the surplus into circulation, and the deposits now
+outstanding should be gradually withdrawn and applied to the purchase of
+bonds. It is fortunate that such a use can be made of the existing
+surplus, and for some time to come of any casual surplus that may exist
+after Congress has taken the necessary steps for a reduction of the
+revenue. Such legislation should be promptly but very considerately
+enacted.
+
+I recommend a revision of our tariff law both in its administrative
+features and in the schedules. The need of the former is generally
+conceded, and an agreement upon the evils and inconveniences to be
+remedied and the best methods for their correction will probably not be
+difficult. Uniformity of valuation at all our ports is essential, and
+effective measures should be taken to secure it. It is equally desirable
+that questions affecting rates and classifications should be promptly
+decided.
+
+The preparation of a new schedule of customs duties is a matter of great
+delicacy because of its direct effect upon the business of the country,
+and of great difficulty by reason of the wide divergence of opinion as
+to the objects that may properly be promoted by such legislation. Some
+disturbance of business may perhaps result from the consideration of
+this subject by Congress, but this temporary ill effect will be reduced
+to the minimum by prompt action and by the assurance which the country
+already enjoys that any necessary changes will be so made as not to
+impair the just and reasonable protection of our home industries. The
+inequalities of the law should be adjusted, but the protective principle
+should be maintained and fairly applied to the products of our farms as
+well as of our shops. These duties necessarily have relation to other
+things besides the public revenues. We can not limit their effects by
+fixing our eyes on the public Treasury alone. They have a direct
+relation to home production, to work, to wages, and to the commercial
+independence of our country, and the wise and patriotic legislator
+should enlarge the field of his vision to include all of these. The
+necessary reduction in our public revenues can, I am sure, be made
+without making the smaller burden more onerous than the larger by reason
+of the disabilities and limitations which the process of reduction puts
+upon both capital and labor. The free list can very safely be extended
+by placing thereon articles that do not offer injurious competition to
+such domestic products as our home labor can supply. The removal of the
+internal tax upon tobacco would relieve an important agricultural
+product from a burden which was imposed only because our revenue from
+customs duties was insufficient for the public needs. If safe provision
+against fraud can be devised, the removal of the tax upon spirits used
+in the arts and in manufactures would also offer an unobjectionable
+method of reducing the surplus.
+
+A table presented by the Secretary of the Treasury showing the amount
+of money of all kinds in circulation each year from 1878 to the present
+time is of interest. It appears that the amount of national-bank notes
+in circulation has decreased during that period $114,109,729, of which
+$37,799,229 is chargeable to the last year. The withdrawal of bank
+circulation will necessarily continue under existing conditions. It is
+probable that the adoption of the suggestions made by the Comptroller
+of the Currency, namely, that the minimum deposit of bonds for the
+establishment of banks be reduced and that an issue of notes to the
+par value of the bonds be allowed, would help to maintain the bank
+circulation. But while this withdrawal of bank notes has been going on
+there has been a large increase in the amount of gold and silver coin in
+circulation and in the issues of gold and silver certificates.
+
+The total amount of money of all kinds in circulation on March 1,
+1878, was $805,793,807, while on October 1, 1889, the total was
+$1,405,018,000. There was an increase of $293,417,552 in gold coin,
+of $57,554,100 in standard silver dollars, of $72,311,249 in gold
+certificates, of $276,619,715 in silver certificates, and of $14,073,787
+in United States notes, making a total of $713,976,403. There was during
+the same period a decrease of $114,109,729 in bank circulation and of
+$642,481 in subsidiary silver. The net increase was $599,224,193. The
+circulation per capita has increased about $5 during the time covered by
+the table referred to.
+
+The total coinage of silver dollars was on November 1, 1889,
+$343,638,001, of which $283,539,521 were in the Treasury vaults and
+$60,098,480 were in circulation. Of the amount in the vaults
+$277,319,944 were represented by outstanding silver certificates,
+leaving $6,219,577 not in circulation and not represented by
+certificates.
+
+The law requiring the purchase by the Treasury of $2,000,000 worth of
+silver bullion each month, to be coined into silver dollars of 412-1/2
+grains, has been observed by the Department, but neither the present
+Secretary nor any of his predecessors has deemed it safe to exercise the
+discretion given by law to increase the monthly purchases to $4,000,000.
+When the law was enacted (February 28, 1878) the price of silver in the
+market was $1.204 Per ounce, making the bullion value of the dollar 93
+cents. Since that time the price has fallen as low as 91.2 cents per
+ounce, reducing the bullion value of the dollar to 70.6 cents. Within
+the last few months the market price has somewhat advanced, and on the
+1st day of November last the bullion value of the silver dollar was 72
+cents.
+
+The evil anticipations which have accompanied the coinage and use of the
+silver dollar have not been realized. As a coin it has not had general
+use, and the public Treasury has been compelled to store it. But this
+is manifestly owing to the fact that its paper representative is more
+convenient. The general acceptance and the use of the silver certificate
+show that silver has not been otherwise discredited. Some favorable
+conditions have contributed to maintain this practical equality in their
+commercial use between the gold and silver dollars; but some of these
+are trade conditions that statutory enactments do not control and of the
+continuance of which we can not be certain.
+
+I think it is clear that if we should make the coinage of silver at the
+present ratio free we must expect that the difference in the bullion
+values of the gold and silver dollars will be taken account of in
+commercial transactions; and I fear the same result would follow any
+considerable increase of the present rate of coinage. Such a result
+would be discreditable to our financial management and disastrous to all
+business interests. We should not tread the dangerous edge of such a
+peril. And, indeed, nothing more harmful could happen to the silver
+interests. Any safe legislation upon this subject must secure the
+equality of the two coins in their commercial uses.
+
+I have always been an advocate of the use of silver in our currency.
+We are large producers of that metal, and should not discredit it. To
+the plan which will be presented by the Secretary of the Treasury for
+the issuance of notes or certificates upon the deposit of silver bullion
+at its market value I have been able to give only a hasty examination,
+owing to the press of other matters and to the fact that it has been
+so recently formulated. The details of such a law require careful
+consideration, but the general plan suggested by him seems to satisfy
+the purpose--to continue the use of silver in connection with our
+currency and at the same time to obviate the danger of which I have
+spoken. At a later day I may communicate further with Congress upon this
+subject.
+
+The enforcement of the Chinese exclusion act has been found to be very
+difficult on the northwestern frontier. Chinamen landing at Victoria
+find it easy to pass our border, owing to the impossibility with the
+force at the command of the customs officers of guarding so long an
+inland line. The Secretary of the Treasury has authorized the employment
+of additional officers, who will be assigned to this duty, and every
+effort will be made to enforce the law. The Dominion exacts a head tax
+of $50 for each Chinaman landed, and when these persons, in fraud of our
+law, cross into our territory and are apprehended our officers do not
+know what to do with them, as the Dominion authorities will not suffer
+them to be sent back without a second payment of the tax. An effort will
+be made to reach an understanding that will remove this difficulty.
+
+The proclamation required by section 3 of the act of March 2, 1889,
+relating to the killing of seals and other fur-bearing animals, was
+issued by me on the 21st day of March,[2] and a revenue vessel was
+dispatched to enforce the laws and protect the interests of the United
+States. The establishment of a refuge station at Point Barrow, as
+directed by Congress, was successfully accomplished.
+
+Judged by modern standards, we are practically without coast defenses.
+Many of the structures we have would enhance rather than diminish the
+perils of their garrisons if subjected to the fire of improved guns, and
+very few are so located as to give full effect to the greater range of
+such guns as we are now making for coast-defense uses. This general
+subject has had consideration in Congress for some years, and the
+appropriation for the construction of large rifled guns made one year
+ago was, I am sure, the expression of a purpose to provide suitable
+works in which these guns might be mounted. An appropriation now made
+for that purpose would not advance the completion of the works beyond
+our ability to supply them with fairly effective guns.
+
+The security of our coast cities against foreign attacks should not rest
+altogether in the friendly disposition of other nations. There should be
+a second line wholly in our own keeping. I very urgently recommend an
+appropriation at this session for the construction of such works in our
+most exposed harbors.
+
+I approve the suggestion of the Secretary of War that provision be made
+for encamping companies of the National Guard in our coast works for
+a specified time each year and for their training in the use of heavy
+guns. His suggestion that an increase of the artillery force of the Army
+is desirable is also, in this connection, commended to the consideration
+of Congress.
+
+The improvement of our important rivers and harbors should be promoted
+by the necessary appropriations. Care should be taken that the
+Government is not committed to the prosecution of works not of public
+and general advantage and that the relative usefulness of works of that
+class is not overlooked. So far as this work can ever be said to be
+completed, I do not doubt that the end would be sooner and more
+economically reached if fewer separate works were undertaken at the same
+time, and those selected for their greater general interest were more
+rapidly pushed to completion. A work once considerably begun should not
+be subjected to the risks and deterioration which interrupted or
+insufficient appropriations necessarily occasion.
+
+The assault made by David S. Terry upon the person of Justice Field,
+of the Supreme Court of the United States, at Lathrop, Cal., in August
+last, and the killing of the assailant by a deputy United States marshal
+who had been deputed to accompany Justice Field and to protect him from
+anticipated violence at the hands of Terry, in connection with the legal
+proceedings which have followed, suggest questions which, in my
+judgment, are worthy of the attention of Congress.
+
+I recommend that more definite provision be made by law not only for the
+protection of Federal officers, but for a full trial of such cases in
+the United States courts. In recommending such legislation I do not at
+all impeach either the general adequacy of the provision made by the
+State laws for the protection of all citizens or the general good
+disposition of those charged with the execution of such laws to give
+protection to the officers of the United States. The duty of protecting
+its officers, as such, and of punishing those who assault them on
+account of their official acts should not be devolved expressly or by
+acquiescence upon the local authorities.
+
+Events which have been brought to my attention happening in other
+parts of the country have also suggested the propriety of extending by
+legislation fuller protection to those who may be called as witnesses in
+the courts of the United States. The law compels those who are supposed
+to have knowledge of public offenses to attend upon our courts and grand
+juries and to give evidence. There is a manifest resulting duty that
+these witnesses shall be protected from injury on account of their
+testimony. The investigations of criminal offenses are often rendered
+futile and the punishment of crime impossible by the intimidation of
+witnesses.
+
+The necessity of providing some more speedy method for disposing of the
+cases which now come for final adjudication to the Supreme Court becomes
+every year more apparent and urgent. The plan of providing some
+intermediate courts having final appellate jurisdiction of certain
+classes of questions and cases has, I think, received a more general
+approval from the bench and bar of the country than any other. Without
+attempting to discuss details, I recommend that provision be made for
+the establishment of such courts.
+
+The salaries of the judges of the district courts in many of the
+districts are, in my judgment, inadequate. I recommend that all such
+salaries now below $5,000 per annum be increased to that amount. It is
+quite true that the amount of labor performed by these judges is very
+unequal, but as they can not properly engage in other pursuits to
+supplement their incomes the salary should be such in all cases as to
+provide an independent and comfortable support.
+
+Earnest attention should be given by Congress to a consideration of the
+question how far the restraint of those combinations of capital commonly
+called "trusts" is matter of Federal jurisdiction. When organized, as
+they often are, to crush out all healthy competition and to monopolize
+the production or sale of an article of commerce and general necessity,
+they are dangerous conspiracies against the public good, and should be
+made the subject of prohibitory and even penal legislation.
+
+The subject of an international copyright has been frequently commended
+to the attention of Congress by my predecessors. The enactment of such a
+law would be eminently wise and just.
+
+Our naturalization laws should be so revised as to make the inquiry into
+the moral character and good disposition toward our Government of the
+persons applying for citizenship more thorough. This can only be done
+by taking fuller control of the examination, by fixing the times for
+hearing such applications, and by requiring the presence of some one who
+shall represent the Government in the inquiry. Those who are the avowed
+enemies of social order or who come to our shores to swell the injurious
+influence and to extend the evil practices of any association that
+defies our laws should not only be denied citizenship, but a domicile.
+
+The enactment of a national bankrupt law of a character to be a
+permanent part of our general legislation is desirable. It should be
+simple in its methods and inexpensive in its administration.
+
+The report of the Postmaster-General not only exhibits the operations
+of the Department for the last fiscal year, but contains many valuable
+suggestions for the improvement and extension of the service, which are
+commended to your attention. No other branch of the Government has so
+close a contact with the daily life of the people. Almost everyone uses
+the service it offers, and every hour gained in the transmission of the
+great commercial mails has an actual and possible value that only those
+engaged in trade can understand.
+
+The saving of one day in the transmission of the mails between New York
+and San Francisco, which has recently been accomplished, is an incident
+worthy of mention.
+
+The plan suggested of a supervision of the post-offices in separate
+districts that shall involve instruction and suggestion and a rating
+of the efficiency of the postmasters would, I have no doubt, greatly
+improve the service.
+
+A pressing necessity exists for the erection of a building for the joint
+use of the Department and of the city post-office. The Department was
+partially relieved by renting outside quarters for a part of its force,
+but it is again overcrowded. The building used by the city office never
+was fit for the purpose, and is now inadequate and unwholesome.
+
+The unsatisfactory condition of the law relating to the transmission
+through the mails of lottery advertisements and remittances is clearly
+stated by the Postmaster-General, and his suggestion as to amendments
+should have your favorable consideration.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Navy shows a reorganization of the
+bureaus of the Department that will, I do not doubt, promote the
+efficiency of each.
+
+In general, satisfactory progress has been made in the construction of
+the new ships of war authorized by Congress. The first vessel of the new
+Navy, the _Dolphin_, was subjected to very severe trial tests and to
+very much adverse criticism; but it is gratifying to be able to state
+that a cruise around the world, from which she has recently returned,
+has demonstrated that she is a first-class vessel of her rate.
+
+The report of the Secretary shows that while the effective force of the
+Navy is rapidly increasing by reason of the improved build and armament
+of the new ships, the number of our ships fit for sea duty grows very
+slowly. We had on the 4th of March last 37 serviceable ships, and though
+4 have since been added to the list, the total has not been increased,
+because in the meantime 4 have been lost or condemned. Twenty-six
+additional vessels have been authorized and appropriated for; but it is
+probable that when they are completed our list will only be increased to
+42--a gain of 5. The old wooden-ships are disappearing almost as fast as
+the new vessels are added. These facts carry their own argument. One of
+the new ships may in fighting strength be equal to two of the old, but
+it can not do the cruising duty of two. It is important, therefore, that
+we should have a more rapid increase in the number of serviceable ships.
+I concur in the recommendation of the Secretary that the construction of
+8 armored ships, 3 gunboats, and 5 torpedo boats be authorized.
+
+An appalling calamity befell three of our naval vessels on duty at the
+Samoan Islands, in the harbor of Apia, in March last, involving the
+loss of 4 officers and 47 seamen, of two vessels, the _Trenton_ and the
+_Vandalia_, and the disabling of a third, the _Nipsic_. Three vessels of
+the German navy, also in the harbor, shared with our ships the force of
+the hurricane and suffered even more heavily. While mourning the brave
+officers and men who died facing with high resolve perils greater than
+those of battle, it is most gratifying to state that the credit of the
+American Navy for seamanship, courage, and generosity was magnificently
+sustained in the storm-beaten harbor of Apia.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Interior exhibits the transactions
+of the Government with the Indian tribes. Substantial progress has been
+made in the education of the children of school age and in the allotment
+of lands to adult Indians. It is to be regretted that the policy of
+breaking up the tribal relation and of dealing with the Indian as an
+individual did not appear earlier in our legislation. Large reservations
+held in common and the maintenance of the authority of the chiefs and
+headmen have deprived the individual of every incentive to the exercise
+of thrift, and the annuity has contributed an affirmative impulse toward
+a state of confirmed pauperism.
+
+Our treaty stipulations should be observed with fidelity and our
+legislation should be highly considerate of the best interests of
+an ignorant and helpless people. The reservations are now generally
+surrounded by white settlements. We can no longer push the Indian back
+into the wilderness, and it remains only by every suitable agency to
+push him upward into the estate of a self-supporting and responsible
+citizen. For the adult the first step is to locate him upon a farm,
+and for the child to place him in a school.
+
+School attendance should be promoted by every moral agency, and those
+failing should be compelled. The national schools for Indians have been
+very successful and should be multiplied, and as far as possible should
+be so organized and conducted as to facilitate the transfer of the
+schools to the States or Territories in which they are located when the
+Indians in a neighborhood have accepted citizenship and have become
+otherwise fitted for such a transfer. This condition of things will be
+attained slowly, but it will be hastened by keeping it in mind; and in
+the meantime that cooperation between the Government and the mission
+schools which has wrought much good should be cordially and impartially
+maintained.
+
+The last Congress enacted two distinct laws relating to negotiations
+with the Sioux Indians of Dakota for a relinquishment of a portion of
+their lands to the United States and for dividing the remainder into
+separate reservations. Both were approved on the same day--March 2.
+The one submitted to the Indians a specific proposition; the other
+(section 3 of the Indian appropriation act) authorized the President
+to appoint three commissioners to negotiate with these Indians for
+the accomplishment of the same general purpose, and required that any
+agreements made should be submitted to Congress for ratification.
+
+On the 16th day of April last I appointed Hon. Charles Foster, of Ohio,
+Hon. William Warner, of Missouri, and Major-General George Crook, of the
+United States Army, commissioners under the last-named law. They were,
+however, authorized and directed first to submit to the Indians the
+definite proposition made to them by the act first mentioned, and only
+in the event of a failure to secure the assent of the requisite number
+to that proposition to open negotiations for modified terms under the
+other act. The work of the commission was prolonged and arduous, but the
+assent of the requisite number was, it is understood, finally obtained
+to the proposition made by Congress, though the report of the commission
+has not yet been submitted. In view of these facts, I shall not, as at
+present advised, deem it necessary to submit the agreement to Congress
+for ratification, but it will in due course be submitted for
+information. This agreement releases to the United States about
+9,000,000 acres of land.
+
+The commission provided for by section 14 of the Indian appropriation
+bill to negotiate with the Cherokee Indians and all other Indians owning
+or claiming lands lying west of the ninety-sixth degree of longitude for
+the cession to the United States of all such lands was constituted by
+the appointment of Hon. Lucius Fairchild, of Wisconsin, Hon. John F.
+Hartranft, of Pennsylvania, and Hon. Alfred M. Wilson, of Arkansas,
+and organized on June 29 last. Their first conference with the
+representatives of the Cherokees was held at Tahlequah July 29, with
+no definite results. General John F. Hartranft, of Pennsylvania, was
+prevented by ill health from taking part in the conference. His death,
+which occurred recently, is justly and generally lamented by a people he
+had served with conspicuous gallantry in war and with great fidelity in
+peace. The vacancy thus created was filled by the appointment of Hon.
+Warren G. Sayre, of Indiana.
+
+A second conference between the commission and the Cherokees was begun
+November 6, but no results have yet been obtained, nor is it believed
+that a conclusion can be immediately expected. The cattle syndicate now
+occupying the lands for grazing purposes is clearly one of the agencies
+responsible for the obstruction of our negotiations with the Cherokees.
+The large body of agricultural lands constituting what is known as the
+"Cherokee Outlet" ought not to be, and, indeed, can not long be, held
+for grazing and for the advantage of a few against the public interests
+and the best advantage of the Indians themselves. The United States
+has now under the treaties certain rights in these lands. These will
+not be used oppressively, but it can not be allowed that those who by
+sufferance occupy these lands shall interpose to defeat the wise and
+beneficent purposes of the Government. I can not but believe that the
+advantageous character of the offer made by the United States to the
+Cherokee Nation for a full release of these lands as compared with other
+suggestions now made to them will yet obtain for it a favorable
+consideration.
+
+Under the agreement made between the United States and the Muscogee (or
+Creek) Nation of Indians on the 19th day of January, 1889, an absolute
+title was secured by the United States to about 3,500,000 acres of land.
+Section 12 of the general Indian appropriation act approved March 2,
+1889, made provision for the purchase by the United States from the
+Seminole tribe of a certain portion of their lands. The delegates of the
+Seminole Nation, having first duly evidenced to me their power to act
+in that behalf, delivered a proper release or conveyance to the United
+States of all the lands mentioned in the act, which was accepted by
+me and certified to be in compliance with the statute.
+
+By the terms of both the acts referred to all the lands so purchased
+were declared to be a part of the public domain and open to settlement
+under the homestead law. But of the lands embraced in these purchases,
+being in the aggregate about 5,500,000 acres, 3,500,000 acres had
+already, under the terms of the treaty of 1866, been acquired by the
+United States for the purpose of settling other Indian tribes thereon
+and had been appropriated to that purpose. The land remaining and
+available for settlement consisted of 1,887,796 acres, surrounded on all
+sides by lands in the occupancy of Indian tribes. Congress had provided
+no civil government for the people who were to be invited by my
+proclamation to settle upon these lands, except as the new court which
+had been established at Muscogee or the United States courts in some of
+the adjoining States had power to enforce the general laws of the United
+States.
+
+In this condition of things I was quite reluctant to open the lands to
+settlement; but in view of the fact that several thousand persons, many
+of them with their families, had gathered upon the borders of the Indian
+Territory with a view to securing homesteads on the ceded lands, and
+that delay would involve them in much loss and suffering, I did on the
+23d day of March last issue a proclamation[3] declaring that the lands
+therein described would be open to settlement under the provisions of
+the law on the 22d day of April following at 12 o'clock noon. Two land
+districts had been established and the offices were opened for the
+transaction of business when the appointed time arrived.
+
+It is much to the credit of the settlers that they very generally
+observed the limitation as to the time when they might enter the
+Territory. Care will be taken that those who entered in violation of the
+law do not secure the advantage they unfairly sought. There was a good
+deal of apprehension that the strife for locations would result in much
+violence and bloodshed, but happily these anticipations were not
+realized. It is estimated that there are now in the Territory about
+60,000 people, and several considerable towns have sprung up, for which
+temporary municipal governments have been organized. Guthrie is said to
+have now a population of almost 8,000. Eleven schools and nine churches
+have been established, and three daily and five weekly newspapers are
+published in this city, whose charter and ordinances have only the
+sanction of the voluntary acquiescence of the people from day to day.
+
+Oklahoma City has a population of about 5,000, and is proportionately as
+well provided as Guthrie with churches, schools, and newspapers. Other
+towns and villages having populations of from 100 to 1,000 are scattered
+over the Territory.
+
+In order to secure the peace of this new community in the absence of
+civil government, I directed General Merritt, commanding the Department
+of the Missouri, to act in conjunction with the marshals of the United
+States to preserve the peace, and upon their requisition to use the
+troops to aid them in executing warrants and in quieting any riots or
+breaches of the peace that might occur. He was further directed to use
+his influence to promote good order and to avoid any conflicts between
+or with the settlers. Believing that the introduction and sale of
+liquors where no legal restraints or regulations existed would endanger
+the public peace, and in view of the fact that such liquors must first
+be introduced into the Indian reservations before reaching the white
+settlements, I further directed the general commanding to enforce the
+laws relating to the introduction of ardent spirits into the Indian
+country.
+
+The presence of the troops has given a sense of security to the
+well-disposed citizens and has tended to restrain the lawless. In one
+instance the officer in immediate command of the troops went further
+than I deemed justifiable in supporting the _de facto_ municipal
+government of Guthrie, and he was so informed, and directed to limit the
+interference of the military to the support of the marshals on the lines
+indicated in the original order. I very urgently recommend that Congress
+at once provide a Territorial government for these people. Serious
+questions, which may at any time lead to violent outbreaks, are awaiting
+the institution of courts for their peaceful adjustment. The American
+genius for self-government has been well illustrated in Oklahoma; but it
+is neither safe nor wise to leave these people longer to the expedients
+which have temporarily served them.
+
+Provision should be made for the acquisition of title to town lots in
+the towns now established in Alaska, for locating town sites, and for
+the establishment of municipal governments. Only the mining laws have
+been extended to that Territory, and no other form of title to lands can
+now be obtained. The general land laws were framed with reference to the
+disposition of agricultural lands, and it is doubtful if their operation
+in Alaska would be beneficial.
+
+We have fortunately not extended to Alaska the mistaken policy of
+establishing reservations for the Indian tribes, and can deal with them
+from the beginning as individuals with, I am sure, better results; but
+any disposition of the public lands and any regulations relating to
+timber and to the fisheries should have a kindly regard to their
+interests. Having no power to levy taxes, the people of Alaska are
+wholly dependent upon the General Government, to whose revenues the
+seal fisheries make a large annual contribution. An appropriation for
+education should neither be overlooked nor stinted.
+
+The smallness of the population and the great distances between the
+settlements offer serious obstacles to the establishment of the usual
+Territorial form of government. Perhaps the organization of several
+sub-districts with a small municipal council of limited powers for each
+would be safe and useful.
+
+Attention is called in this connection to the suggestions of the
+Secretary of the Treasury relating to the establishment of another port
+of entry in Alaska and of other needed customs facilities and
+regulations.
+
+In the administration of the land laws the policy of facilitating in
+every proper way the adjustment of the honest claims of individual
+settlers upon the public lands has been pursued. The number of pending
+cases had during the preceding Administration been greatly increased
+under the operation of orders for a time suspending final action in a
+large part of the cases originating in the West and Northwest, and by
+the subsequent use of unusual methods of examination. Only those who are
+familiar with the conditions under which our agricultural lands have
+been settled can appreciate the serious and often fatal consequences to
+the settler of a policy that puts his title under suspicion or delays
+the issuance of his patent. While care is taken to prevent and to expose
+fraud, it should not be imputed without reason.
+
+The manifest purpose of the homestead and preemption laws was to promote
+the settlement of the public domain by persons having a _bona fide_
+intent to make a home upon the selected lands. Where this intent is well
+established and the requirements of the law have been substantially
+complied with, the claimant is entitled to a prompt and friendly
+consideration of his case; but where there is reason to believe that
+the claimant is the mere agent of another who is seeking to evade a law
+intended to promote small holdings and to secure by fraudulent methods
+large tracts of timber and other lands, both principal and agent should
+not only be thwarted in their fraudulent purpose, but should be made to
+feel the full penalties of our criminal statutes. The laws should be so
+administered as not to confound these two classes and to visit penalties
+only upon the latter.
+
+The unsettled state of the titles to large bodies of lands in the
+Territories of New Mexico and Arizona has greatly retarded the
+development of those Territories. Provision should be made by law for
+the prompt trial and final adjustment before a judicial tribunal or
+commission of all claims based upon Mexican grants. It is not just to an
+intelligent and enterprising people that their peace should be disturbed
+and their prosperity retarded by these old contentions. I express the
+hope that differences of opinion as to methods may yield to the urgency
+of the case.
+
+The law now provides a pension for every soldier and sailor who was
+mustered into the service of the United States during the Civil War and
+is now suffering from wounds or disease having an origin in the service
+and in the line of duty. Two of the three necessary facts, viz, muster
+and disability, are usually susceptible of easy proof; but the third,
+origin in the service, is often difficult and in many deserving cases
+impossible to establish. That very many of those who endured the
+hardships of our most bloody and arduous campaigns are now disabled from
+diseases that had a real but not traceable origin in the service I do
+not doubt. Besides these there is another class composed of men many of
+whom served an enlistment of three full years and of reenlisted veterans
+who added a fourth year of service, who escaped the casualties of battle
+and the assaults of disease, who were always ready for any detail, who
+were in every battle line of their command, and were mustered out in
+sound health, and have since the close of the war, while fighting with
+the same indomitable and independent spirit the contests of civil life,
+been overcome by disease or casualty.
+
+I am not unaware that the pension roll already involves a very large
+annual expenditure; neither am I deterred by that fact from recommending
+that Congress grant a pension to such honorably discharged soldiers and
+sailors of the Civil War as, having rendered substantial service during
+the war, are now dependent upon their own labor for a maintenance and by
+disease or casualty are incapacitated from earning it. Many of the men
+who would be included in this form of relief are now dependent upon
+public aid, and it does not, in my judgment, consist with the national
+honor that they shall continue to subsist upon the local relief given
+indiscriminately to paupers instead of upon the special and generous
+provision of the nation they served so gallantly and unselfishly. Our
+people will, I am sure, very generally approve such legislation. And I
+am equally sure that the survivors of the Union Army and Navy will feel
+a grateful sense of relief when this worthy and suffering class of their
+comrades is fairly cared for.
+
+There are some manifest inequalities in the existing law that should be
+remedied. To some of these the Secretary of the Interior has called
+attention.
+
+It is gratifying to be able to state that by the adoption of new and
+better methods in the War Department the calls of the Pension Office for
+information as to the military and hospital records of pension claimants
+are now promptly answered and the injurious and vexatious delays that
+have heretofore occurred are entirely avoided. This will greatly
+facilitate the adjustment of all pending claims.
+
+The advent of four new States--South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, and
+Washington--into the Union under the Constitution in the same month,
+and the admission of their duly chosen representatives to our National
+Congress at the same session, is an event as unexampled as it is
+interesting.
+
+The certification of the votes cast and of the constitutions adopted in
+each of the States was filed with me, as required by the eighth section
+of the act of February 22, 1889, by the governors of said Territories,
+respectively. Having after a careful examination found that the several
+constitutions and governments were republican in form and not repugnant
+to the Constitution of the United States, that all the provisions of the
+act of Congress had been complied with, and that a majority of the votes
+cast in each of said proposed States was in favor of the adoption of
+the constitution submitted therein, I did so declare by a separate
+proclamation as to each--as to North Dakota and South Dakota on
+Saturday, November 2;[4] as to Montana on Friday, November 8,[5] and as
+to Washington on Monday, November 11.[6]
+
+Each of these States has within it resources the development of which
+will employ the energies of and yield a comfortable subsistence to a
+great population. The smallest of these new States, Washington, stands
+twelfth, and the largest, Montana, third, among the forty-two in area.
+The people of these States are already well-trained, intelligent, and
+patriotic American citizens, having common interests and sympathies with
+those of the older States and a common purpose to defend the integrity
+and uphold the honor of the nation.
+
+The attention of the Interstate Commerce Commission has been called to
+the urgent need of Congressional legislation for the better protection
+of the lives and limbs of those engaged in operating the great
+interstate freight lines of the country, and especially of the yardmen
+and brakemen. A petition signed by nearly 10,000 railway brakemen was
+presented to the Commission asking that steps might be taken to bring
+about the use of automatic brakes and couplers on freight cars.
+
+At a meeting of State railroad commissioners and their accredited
+representatives held at Washington in March last upon the invitation of
+the Interstate Commerce Commission a resolution was unanimously adopted
+urging the Commission "to consider what can be done to prevent the loss
+of life and limb in coupling and uncoupling freight cars and in handling
+the brakes of such cars." During the year ending June 30, 1888, over
+2,000 railroad employees were killed in service and more than 20,000
+injured. It is competent, I think, for Congress to require uniformity
+in the construction of cars used in interstate commerce and the use of
+improved safety appliances upon such trains. Time will be necessary to
+make the needed changes, but an earnest and intelligent beginning should
+be made at once. It is a reproach to our civilization that any class
+of American workmen should in the pursuit of a necessary and useful
+vocation be subjected to a peril of life and limb as great as that of
+a soldier in time of war.
+
+The creation of an Executive Department to be known as the Department of
+Agriculture by the act of February 9 last was a wise and timely response
+to a request which had long been respectfully urged by the farmers of
+the country; but much remains to be done to perfect the organization of
+the Department so that it may fairly realize the expectations which
+its creation excited. In this connection attention is called to the
+suggestions contained in the report of the Secretary, which is herewith
+submitted. The need of a law officer for the Department such as is
+provided for the other Executive Departments is manifest. The failure of
+the last Congress to make the usual provision for the publication of the
+annual report should be promptly remedied. The public interest in the
+report and its value to the farming community, I am sure, will not be
+diminished under the new organization of the Department.
+
+I recommend that the weather service be separated from the War
+Department and established as a bureau in the Department of Agriculture.
+This will involve an entire reorganization both of the Weather Bureau
+and of the Signal Corps, making of the first a purely civil organization
+and of the other a purely military staff corps. The report of the Chief
+Signal Officer shows that the work of the corps on its military side has
+been deteriorating.
+
+The interests of the people of the District of Columbia should not be
+lost sight of in the pressure for consideration of measures affecting
+the whole country. Having no legislature of its own, either municipal
+or general, its people must look to Congress for the regulation of all
+those concerns that in the States are the subject of local control. Our
+whole people have an interest that the national capital should be made
+attractive and beautiful, and, above all, that its repute for social
+order should be well maintained. The laws regulating the sale of
+intoxicating drinks in the District should be revised with a view to
+bringing the traffic under stringent limitations and control.
+
+In execution of the power conferred upon me by the act making
+appropriations for the expenses of the District of Columbia for the
+year ending June 30, 1890, I did on the 17th day of August last appoint
+Rudolph Hering, of New York, Samuel M. Gray, of Rhode Island, and
+Frederick P. Stearns, of Massachusetts, three eminent sanitary
+engineers, to examine and report upon the system of sewerage existing in
+the District of Columbia. Their report, which is not yet completed, will
+be in due course submitted to Congress.
+
+The report of the Commissioners of the District is herewith transmitted,
+and the attention of Congress is called to the suggestions contained
+therein.
+
+The proposition to observe the four hundredth anniversary of the
+discovery of America by the opening of a world's fair or exposition in
+some one of our great cities will be presented for the consideration of
+Congress. The value and interest of such an exposition may well claim
+the promotion of the General Government.
+
+On the 4th of March last the Civil Service Commission had but a single
+member. The vacancies were filled on the 9th day of May, and since then
+the Commissioners have been industriously, though with an inadequate
+force, engaged in executing the law. They were assured by me that a
+cordial support would be given them in the faithful and impartial
+enforcement of the statute and of the rules and regulations adopted
+in aid of it.
+
+Heretofore the book of eligibles has been closed to everyone, except
+as certifications were made upon the requisition of the appointing
+officers. This secrecy was the source of much suspicion and of many
+charges of favoritism in the administration of the law. What is secret
+is always suspected; what is open can be judged. The Commission, with
+the full approval of all its members, has now opened the list of
+eligibles to the public. The eligible lists for the classified
+post-offices and custom-houses are now publicly posted in the respective
+offices, as are also the certifications for appointments. The purpose of
+the civil-service law was absolutely to exclude any other consideration
+in connection with appointments under it than that of merit as tested by
+the examinations. The business proceeds upon the theory that both the
+examining boards and the appointing officers are absolutely ignorant
+as to the political views and associations of all persons on the
+civil-service lists. It is not too much to say, however, that some
+recent Congressional investigations have somewhat shaken public
+confidence in the impartiality of the selections for appointment.
+
+The reform of the civil service will make no safe or satisfactory
+advance until the present law and its equal administration are well
+established in the confidence of the people. It will be my pleasure,
+as it is my duty, to see that the law is executed with firmness and
+impartiality. If some of its provisions have been fraudulently evaded
+by appointing officers, our resentment should not suggest the repeal of
+the law, but reform in its administration. We should have one view of
+the matter, and hold it with a sincerity that is not affected by the
+consideration that the party to which we belong is for the time in
+power.
+
+My predecessor, on the 4th day of January, 1889, by an Executive order
+to take effect March 15, brought the Railway Mail Service under the
+operation of the civil-service law.[7] Provision was made that the order
+should take effect sooner in any State where an eligible list was sooner
+obtained. On the 11th day of March Mr. Lyman, then the only member of
+the Commission, reported to me in writing that it would not be possible
+to have the list of eligibles ready before May 1, and requested that the
+taking effect of the order be postponed until that time, which was
+done,[8] subject to the same provision contained in the original order
+as to States in which an eligible list was sooner obtained.
+
+As a result of the revision of the rules, of the new classification, and
+of the inclusion of the Railway Mail Service, the work of the Commission
+has been greatly increased, and the present clerical force is found to
+be inadequate. I recommend that the additional clerks asked by the
+Commission be appropriated for.
+
+The duty of appointment is devolved by the Constitution or by the law,
+and the appointing officers are properly held to a high responsibility
+in its exercise. The growth of the country and the consequent increase
+of the civil list have magnified this function of the Executive
+disproportionally. It can not be denied, however, that the labor
+connected with this necessary work is increased, often to the point of
+actual distress, by the sudden and excessive demands that are made upon
+an incoming Administration for removals and appointments. But, on the
+other hand, it is not true that incumbency is a conclusive argument for
+continuance in office. Impartiality, moderation, fidelity to public
+duty, and a good attainment in the discharge of it must be added before
+the argument is complete. When those holding administrative offices so
+conduct themselves as to convince just political opponents that no party
+consideration or bias affects in any way the discharge of their public
+duties, we can more easily stay the demand for removals.
+
+I am satisfied that both in and out of the classified service great
+benefit would accrue from the adoption of some system by which the
+officer would receive the distinction and benefit that in all private
+employments comes from exceptional faithfulness and efficiency in the
+performance of duty.
+
+I have suggested to the heads of the Executive Departments that they
+consider whether a record might not be kept in each bureau of all those
+elements that are covered by the terms "faithfulness" and "efficiency,"
+and a rating made showing the relative merits of the clerks of each
+class, this rating to be regarded as a test of merit in making
+promotions.
+
+I have also suggested to the Postmaster-General that he adopt some plan
+by which he can, upon the basis of the reports to the Department and of
+frequent inspections, indicate the relative merit of postmasters of each
+class. They will be appropriately indicated in the Official Register and
+in the report of the Department. That a great stimulus would thus be
+given to the whole service I do not doubt, and such a record would be
+the best defense against inconsiderate removals from office.
+
+The interest of the General Government in the education of the
+people found an early expression, not only in the thoughtful and
+sometimes warning utterances of our ablest statesmen, but in liberal
+appropriations from the common resources for the support of education
+in the new States. No one will deny that it is of the gravest national
+concern that those who hold the ultimate control of all public affairs
+should have the necessary intelligence wisely to direct and determine
+them. National aid to education has heretofore taken the form of land
+grants, and in that form the constitutional power of Congress to promote
+the education of the people is not seriously questioned. I do not think
+it can be successfully questioned when the form is changed to that of a
+direct grant of money from the public Treasury.
+
+Such aid should be, as it always has been, suggested by some exceptional
+conditions. The sudden emancipation of the slaves of the South, the
+bestowal of the suffrage which soon followed, and the impairment of the
+ability of the States where these new citizens were chiefly found to
+adequately provide educational facilities presented not only exceptional
+but unexampled conditions. That the situation has been much ameliorated
+there is no doubt. The ability and interest of the States have happily
+increased.
+
+But a great work remains to be done, and I think the General
+Government should lend its aid. As the suggestion of a national grant
+in aid of education grows chiefly out of the condition and needs of
+the emancipated slave and his descendants, the relief should as far
+as possible, while necessarily proceeding upon some general lines, be
+applied to the need that suggested it. It is essential, if much good is
+to be accomplished, that the sympathy and active interest of the people
+of the States should be enlisted, and that the methods adopted should
+be such as to stimulate and not to supplant local taxation for school
+purposes.
+
+As one Congress can not bind a succeeding one in such a case and as
+the effort must in some degree be experimental, I recommend that any
+appropriation made for this purpose be so limited in annual amount and
+as to the time over which it is to extend as will on the one hand give
+the local school authorities opportunity to make the best use of the
+first year's allowance, and on the other deliver them from the
+temptation to unduly postpone the assumption of the whole burden
+themselves.
+
+The colored people did not intrude themselves upon us. They were brought
+here in chains and held in the communities where they are now chiefly
+found by a cruel slave code. Happily for both races, they are now free.
+They have from a standpoint of ignorance and poverty--which was our
+shame, not theirs--made remarkable advances in education and in the
+acquisition of property. They have as a people shown themselves to
+be friendly and faithful toward the white race under temptations of
+tremendous strength. They have their representatives in the national
+cemeteries, where a grateful Government has gathered the ashes of
+those who died in its defense. They have furnished to our Regular Army
+regiments that have won high praise from their commanding officers for
+courage and soldierly qualities and for fidelity to the enlistment oath.
+In civil life they are now the toilers of their communities, making
+their full contribution to the widening streams of prosperity which
+these communities are receiving. Their sudden withdrawal would stop
+production and bring disorder into the household as well as the shop.
+Generally they do not desire to quit their homes, and their employers
+resent the interference of the emigration agents who seek to stimulate
+such a desire.
+
+But notwithstanding all this, in many parts of our country where the
+colored population is large the people of that race are by various
+devices deprived of any effective exercise of their political rights and
+of many of their civil rights. The wrong does not expend itself upon
+those whose votes are suppressed. Every constituency in the Union is
+wronged.
+
+It has been the hope of every patriot that a sense of justice and of
+respect for the law would work a gradual cure of these flagrant evils.
+Surely no one supposes that the present can be accepted as a permanent
+condition. If it is said that these communities must work out this
+problem for themselves, we have a right to ask whether they are at work
+upon it. Do they suggest any solution? When and under what conditions is
+the black man to have a free ballot? When is he in fact to have those
+full civil rights which have so long been his in law? When is that
+equality of influence which our form of government was intended to
+secure to the electors to be restored? This generation should
+courageously face these grave questions, and not leave them as a
+heritage of woe to the next. The consultation should proceed with
+candor, calmness, and great patience, upon the lines of justice and
+humanity, not of prejudice and cruelty. No question in our country can
+be at rest except upon the firm base of justice and of the law.
+
+I earnestly invoke the attention of Congress to the consideration of
+such measures within its well-defined constitutional powers as will
+secure to all our people a free exercise of the right of suffrage and
+every other civil right under the Constitution and laws of the United
+States. No evil, however deplorable, can justify the assumption either
+on the part of the Executive or of Congress of powers not granted, but
+both will be highly blamable if all the powers granted are not wisely
+but firmly used to correct these evils. The power to take the whole
+direction and control of the election of members of the House of
+Representatives is clearly given to the General Government. A partial
+and qualified supervision of these elections is now provided for by law,
+and in my opinion this law may be so strengthened and extended as to
+secure on the whole better results than can be attained by a law taking
+all the processes of such election into Federal control. The colored man
+should be protected in all of his relations to the Federal Government,
+whether as litigant, juror, or witness in our courts, as an elector for
+members of Congress, or as a peaceful traveler upon our interstate
+railways.
+
+There is nothing more justly humiliating to the national pride and
+nothing more hurtful to the national prosperity than the inferiority of
+our merchant marine compared with that of other nations whose general
+resources, wealth, and seacoast lines do not suggest any reason for
+their supremacy on the sea. It was not always so, and our people are
+agreed, I think, that it shall not continue to be so. It is not possible
+in this communication to discuss the causes of the decay of our shipping
+interests or the differing methods by which it is proposed to restore
+them. The statement of a few well-authenticated facts and some general
+suggestions as to legislation is all that is practicable. That the great
+steamship lines sailing under the flags of England, France, Germany,
+Spain, and Italy, and engaged in foreign commerce, were promoted and
+have since been and now are liberally aided by grants of public money
+in one form or another is generally known. That the American lines of
+steamships have been abandoned by us to an unequal contest with the
+aided lines of other nations until they have been withdrawn, or in
+the few cases where they are still maintained are subject to serious
+disadvantages, is matter of common knowledge.
+
+The present situation is such that travelers and merchandise find
+Liverpool often a necessary intermediate port between New York and some
+of the South American capitals. The fact that some of the delegates from
+South American States to the conference of American nations now in
+session at Washington reached our shores by reversing that line of
+travel is very conclusive of the need of such a conference and very
+suggestive as to the first and most necessary step in the direction of
+fuller and more beneficial intercourse with nations that are now our
+neighbors upon the lines of latitude, but not upon the lines of
+established commercial intercourse.
+
+I recommend that such appropriations be made for ocean mail service in
+American steamships between our ports and those of Central and South
+America, China, Japan, and the important islands in both of the great
+oceans as will be liberally remunerative for the service rendered and
+as will encourage the establishment and in some fair degree equalize
+the chances of American steamship lines in the competitions which they
+must meet. That the American States lying south of us will cordially
+cooperate in establishing and maintaining such lines of steamships to
+their principal ports I do not doubt.
+
+We should also make provision for a naval reserve to consist of such
+merchant ships of American construction and of a specified tonnage and
+speed as the owners will consent to place at the use of the Government
+in case of need as armed cruisers. England has adopted this policy, and
+as a result can now upon necessity at once place upon her naval list
+some of the fastest steamships in the world. A proper supervision of the
+construction of such vessels would make their conversion into effective
+ships of war very easy.
+
+I am an advocate of economy in our national expenditures, but it is
+a misuse of terms to make this word describe a policy that withholds
+an expenditure for the purpose of extending our foreign commerce. The
+enlargement and improvement of our merchant marine, the development of
+a sufficient body of trained American seamen, the promotion of rapid and
+regular mail communication between the ports of other countries and our
+own, and the adaptation of large and swift American merchant steamships
+to naval uses in time of war are public purposes of the highest concern.
+The enlarged participation of our people in the carrying trade, the new
+and increased markets that will be opened for the products of our farms
+and factories, and the fuller and better employment of our mechanics
+which will result from a liberal promotion of our foreign commerce
+insure the widest possible diffusion of benefit to all the States
+and to all our people. Everything is most propitious for the present
+inauguration of a liberal and progressive policy upon this subject,
+and we should enter upon it with promptness and decision.
+
+The legislation which I have suggested, it is sincerely believed,
+will promote the peace and honor of our country and the prosperity and
+security of the people. I invoke the diligent and serious attention of
+Congress to the consideration of these and such other measures as may
+be presented having the same great end in view.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+[Footnote 2: See pp. 14-15.]
+
+[Footnote 3: See pp. 15-18.]
+
+[Footnote 4: See pp. 20-24.]
+
+[Footnote 5: See pp. 24-25.]
+
+[Footnote 6: See pp. 25-26.]
+
+[Footnote 7: See Vol. VIII, pp. 847-851.]
+
+[Footnote 8: See p. 27.]
+
+
+
+
+SPECIAL MESSAGES.
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _December 17, 1889_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+The act of Congress approved July 9, 1888, "for an international marine
+conference to secure greater safety for life and property at sea," and
+in virtue of which the present conference is now holding its sessions
+at Washington, provides by the third section that the labors of the
+conference shall terminate on the 1st day of January, 1890, or sooner,
+by direction of the President.
+
+I transmit herewith a report from the Acting Secretary of State,
+accompanied with a letter from Rear-Admiral S.R. Franklin, United States
+Navy, president of the conference, stating that in all probability the
+labors of the conference can not be brought to a close by the time fixed
+by the present law.
+
+In consideration of the many important questions now under discussion by
+the conference, which should if possible be satisfactorily determined
+before the final adjournment, I earnestly recommend that a further act
+be passed to enable the conference to continue its sessions for a period
+of two months from January 1, 1890.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _December 18, 1889_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a communication of 16th instant from the Secretary
+of the Interior, submitting the report, with accompanying papers, of the
+commission appointed under the provisions of the act of March 2, 1889
+(25 U.S. Statutes at Large, p. 1002), to conduct negotiations with the
+Coeur d'Alene tribe of Indians for the purchase and release by said
+tribe of such portions of its reservation not agricultural and valuable
+chiefly for minerals and timber as such tribe shall consent to sell,
+etc., together with the agreement entered into by said commission
+September 9, 1889, with said Indians.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _December 20, 1889_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a communication of the 16th instant from the
+Secretary of the Interior, submitting a draft of a bill "to provide for
+the reduction of the Round Valley Indian Reservation, in the State of
+California, and for other purposes." I invite your attention to the
+papers herein referred to, showing the necessity for the proposed
+legislation, and ask that the bill herewith receive careful and early
+consideration.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, January 7, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I herewith inclose a report from the Secretary of State, with
+accompanying papers, in relation to the death of George Pauls, a German
+subject, at Wilmington, N.C., May 8, 1886, and the claim of his widow
+for compensation on that account. In view of the statements made by the
+Secretary of State, I earnestly recommend that an appropriation of
+$5,000 be made in behalf of Mrs. Pauls.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, January 13, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a report of the Secretary of State of the 13th
+instant, recommending that the necessary means be provided to erect
+suitable buildings on the grounds so generously presented in the year
+1884 to this Government for the use of its legation at Bangkok by His
+Majesty the King of Siam.
+
+I commend the matter to the favorable consideration of Congress.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, January 16, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a report from the Secretary of State, in relation
+to the claim of the Government of Sweden and Norway, under the treaty
+between the United States and that Government of July 4, 1827, for the
+benefit of the lower rate of tonnage dues under the shipping acts of
+1884 and 1886.
+
+I recommend the immediate adoption by Congress of the necessary
+legislation to enable this Government to apply in the case of Sweden and
+Norway the same rule in respect to the levying of tonnage dues under the
+treaty of 1827 as was claimed and secured by this Government under the
+same instrument in 1828.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 20, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a letter of Professor T.C. Mendenhall, chairman of
+a committee of the American Association for the Advancement of Science,
+and president of that association, and also the memorial prepared by
+said committee, relating to the preservation of the forests upon the
+public domain.
+
+I very earnestly recommend that adequate legislation may be provided
+to the end that the rapid and needless destruction of our great forest
+areas may be prevented.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, January 20, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a letter from the Secretary of War, relating to the
+condition and needs of the band of Apache Indians now held at Mount
+Vernon Barracks and at Governors Island. The reports of General Crook
+and Lieutenant Howard, which accompany the letter of the Secretary, show
+that some of these Indians have rendered good service to the Government
+in the pursuit and capture of the murderous band that followed Natchez
+and Geronimo. It is a reproach that they should not in our treatment of
+them be distinguished from the cruel and bloody members of the tribe now
+confined with them.
+
+I earnestly recommend that provision be made by law for locating these
+Indians upon lands in the Indian Territory.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, January 27, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+I transmit, in reply to the resolution of the Senate of the 8th instant,
+a report from the Secretary of State, with accompanying documents, in
+relation to the execution of the acts of Congress approved May 6, 1882,
+and October 1, 1888, concerning Chinese.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 10, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+In pursuance of the power vested in me by the terms of the last clause
+of section 3 of the act of Congress approved March 2, 1889, entitled
+"An act making appropriations for the current and contingent expenses
+of the Indian Department and for fulfilling treaty stipulations with
+various Indian tribes for the year ending June 30, 1890, and for other
+purposes," a commission, as therein authorized, was appointed,
+consisting of Charles Foster, of Ohio, William Warner, of Missouri, and
+General George Crook, of the United States Army. This commission was
+specially instructed to present to the Sioux Indians occupying the Great
+Sioux Reservation, for their acceptance thereof and consent thereto in
+manner and form as therein provided, the act of Congress approved March
+2, 1889, entitled "An act to divide a portion of the reservation of the
+Sioux Nation of Indians in Dakota into separate reservations and to
+secure the relinquishment of the Indian title to the remainder, and for
+other purposes."
+
+The report of the commission was submitted to me on the 24th day of
+December, 1889, and is, with the accompanying documents and a letter of
+the Secretary of the Interior, herewith transmitted for the information
+of Congress. It appears from the report of the commission that the
+consent of more than three-fourths of the adult Indians to the terms of
+the act last named was secured, as required by section 12 of the treaty
+of 1868, and upon a careful examination of the papers submitted I find
+such to be the fact, and that such consent is properly evidenced by the
+signatures of more than three-fourths of such Indians.
+
+At the outset of the negotiations the commission was confronted by
+certain questions as to the interpretation and effect of the act of
+Congress which they were presenting for the acceptance of the Indians.
+Upon two or three points of some importance the commission gave in
+response to these inquiries an interpretation to the law, and it was
+the law thus explained to them that was accepted by the Indians. The
+commissioners had no power to bind Congress or the Executive by their
+construction of a statute, but they were the agents of the United
+States, first, to submit a definite proposition for the acceptance
+of the Indians, and, that failing, to agree upon modified terms to
+be submitted to Congress for ratification. They were dealing with an
+ignorant and suspicious people, and an explanation of the terms and
+effect of the offer submitted could not be avoided. Good faith demands
+that if the United States accepts the lands ceded the beneficial
+construction of the act given by our agents should be also admitted
+and observed.
+
+The chief difficulty in the construction of the act grows out of its
+relation to prior treaties, which were by section 19 continued in
+force so far as they are not in conflict with the terms of the act.
+The seventh article of the treaty of 1868, relating to schools and
+schoolhouses, is by section 17 of the act continued in force for twenty
+years, "subject to such modifications as Congress shall deem most
+effective to secure to said Indians equivalent benefits of such
+education."
+
+Section 7 of the treaty of 1868 provides only for instruction in the
+"elementary branches of an English education," while section 17 of the
+act, after continuing this section of the treaty in force, provides a
+fund which is to be applied "for the promotion of industrial and other
+suitable education among said Indians." Again, section 7 of the treaty
+provides for the erection of a schoolhouse for every thirty children who
+can be induced to attend, while section 20 of the act requires the
+erection of not less than thirty schoolhouses, and more if found
+necessary.
+
+The commissioners were asked by the Indians whether the cost of the
+English schools provided for in section 7 of the treaty and of the
+schoolhouses provided for in the same section and in section 20 of the
+act would be a charge against the proceeds of the lands they were now
+asked to cede to the United States. This question was answered in the
+negative, and I think the answer was correct. If the act, without
+reference to section 7 of the treaty, is to be construed to express
+the whole duty of the Government toward the Indians in the matter of
+schools, the extension for twenty years of the provisions of that
+section is without meaning.
+
+The assurance given by the commissioners that the money appropriated by
+section 27 of the act to pay certain bands for the ponies taken by the
+military authorities in 1876 would not be a charge against the proceeds
+of the ceded lands was obviously a correct interpretation of the law.
+
+The Indians were further assured by the commissioners that the amount
+appropriated for the expenses of the commission could not under the law
+be made a charge upon the proceeds of their lands. This, I think, is a
+correct exposition of the act.
+
+It seems from the report of the commission that some of the Indians at
+the Standing Rock Agency asked whether if they accepted the act they
+could have the election to take their allotments under section 6 of the
+treaty of 1868 and have the benefits of sections 8 and 10 of that
+treaty, and were told that they could.
+
+As the treaty is continued in force except where it contravenes the
+provisions of the act, I do not see any difficulty in admitting this
+interpretation.
+
+It will be found that the commission has submitted many recommendations,
+some of them involving legislation and others appealing to powers
+already possessed by the executive department. The consent of the
+Indians to the act was not made dependent upon the adoption of any of
+these recommendations, but many of them are obviously just and promotive
+of the true interests of the Indians. So far as these require
+legislation they are earnestly commended to the attention of Congress.
+
+The Secretary of the Interior has prepared and submits with his letter
+transmitting the report of the commission the draft of a bill embodying
+those recommendations of the commission requiring legislation.
+
+The appropriations necessary to carry into effect the provisions of the
+act should be promptly made and be immediately available.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, February 12, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a report from the Secretary of State, respecting the
+International Marine Conference which was held in the city of Washington
+in the year 1889, together with a copy of the proceedings of the
+conference, including the final act.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 17, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a communication of the 11th instant from the
+Secretary of the Interior, submitting a copy of a report from the
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs and accompanying draft of a bill to amend
+the first section of an act entitled "An act to provide for the
+allotment of lands in severalty to Indians on the various reservations,
+and to extend the protection of the laws of the United States and the
+Territories over the Indians, and for other purposes," approved February
+8, 1887.
+
+The matter is presented for the consideration and action of Congress.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 18, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a communication of the 8th instant from the
+Secretary of the Interior, submitting a report of the Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs and accompanying agreement, made with the Sisseton and
+Wahpeton bands of Dakota or Sioux Indians, for the purchase and release
+of the surplus lands in the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation, in the
+States of North and South Dakota, the negotiations for said purchase and
+release having been conducted under the authority contained in the fifth
+section of the general allotment act of February 8, 1887 (24 U.S.
+Statutes at Large, p. 388), which provides, among other things, that the
+"purchase shall not be complete until ratified by Congress, and the form
+and manner of executing such release shall also be prescribed by
+Congress."
+
+This agreement involves a departure from the terms of the general
+allotment act in at least one important particular. It gives to each
+member of the tribe 160 acres of land without regard to age or sex,
+while the general law gives this allotment only to heads of families.
+There are, I think, serious objections to the basis adopted in the
+general law, especially in its application to married women; but if the
+basis of the agreement herewith submitted is accepted, it would, I
+think, result in some cases, where there are large families of minor
+children, in excessive allotments to a single family. Whatever is done
+in this case will of course become in some sense a precedent in the
+cases yet to be dealt with.
+
+Perhaps the question of the payment by the United States of the
+annuities which were forfeited by the act of February 16, 1863
+(12 U.S. Statutes at Large, p. 652), should not have been considered in
+connection with this negotiation for the cession of these lands. But it
+appears that a refusal to consider this claim would have terminated the
+negotiation, and if the claim is just its allowance has already been
+too long delayed. The forfeiture declared by the act of 1863 unjustly
+included the annuities of certain Indians of these bands who were not
+only guilty of no fault, but who rendered meritorious services in the
+armies of the United States in the suppression of the Sioux outbreak
+and in the War of the Rebellion.
+
+The agreement submitted, as I understand, provides for the payment of
+the annuities justly due to these friendly Indians to all the members
+of the two bands per capita. This is said to be the unanimous wish of
+the Indians, and a distribution to the friendly Indians and their
+descendants only would now be very difficult, if not impossible.
+
+The agreement is respectfully submitted for the consideration of
+Congress.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 24, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a communication of 18th instant from the Secretary
+of the Interior, submitting copy of a report from the Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs, inclosing, with accompanying papers, a draft of a bill
+authorizing the removal of the Indians of the Papago or Gila Bend
+Reservation, in Maricopa County, Arizona Territory, to the Papago Indian
+Reservation, in Pima County, in said Territory, or to the Pima and
+Maricopa Indian reservations, commonly known as the Gila River and Salt
+River Indian reservations, respectively, in said Territory, and for
+other purposes.
+
+The matter is presented for the early consideration and action of
+Congress.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 24, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a communication of the 18th instant from the
+Secretary of the Interior, submitting a copy of a report of the
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs and accompanying item for insertion in
+the bill making appropriations for the current and contingent expenses
+of the Indian Department, which makes provision for further compensation
+of Henry B. Carrington, special agent appointed under the act of March
+2, 1889, "to provide for the sale of lands patented to certain members
+of the Flathead band of Indians in Montana Territory, and for other
+purposes," to secure the consent of the Indians thereto and appraise
+the lands and improvements thereof; for an appropriation to remove the
+Indians whose lands have been sold to the Jocko Reservation, and for
+additional legislation considered necessary to complete this matter,
+as suggested by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
+
+I also transmit a copy of the report of Special Agent Carrington and its
+inclosures.
+
+The matter is presented for the early consideration of Congress.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _March 4, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+In pursuance of the authority and direction contained in the act of
+Congress approved January 14, 1889, entitled "An act for the relief and
+civilization of the Chippewa Indians in the State of Minnesota," three
+commissioners were appointed by the President on February 26, 1889, as
+therein authorized and directed, namely, Henry M. Rice, of Minnesota,
+Martin Marty, of Dakota, and Joseph B. Whiting, of Wisconsin, to
+negotiate with said Indians.
+
+The commissioners have submitted their final report, with accompanying
+papers, showing the results of the negotiations conducted by them, and
+the same has been carefully reviewed by the Secretary of the Interior in
+his report to me thereon.
+
+Being satisfied from an examination of the papers submitted that the
+cession and relinquishment by said Chippewa Indians of their title and
+interest in the lands specified and described in the agreement with the
+different bands or tribes of Chippewa Indians in the State of Minnesota
+was obtained in the manner prescribed in the first section of said act,
+and that more than the requisite number have signed said agreement, I
+have, as provided by said act, approved the said instruments in writing
+constituting the agreement entered into by the commissioners with said
+Indians.
+
+The commissioners did not escape the embarrassment which unfortunately
+too often attends our negotiations with the Indians, namely, an
+indisposition to treat with the Government for further concessions while
+its obligations incurred under former agreements are unkept. I am sure
+it will be the disposition of Congress to consider promptly and in a
+just and friendly spirit the claims presented by these Indians through
+our commissioners, which have been formulated in the draft of a bill
+prepared by the Secretary of the Interior and submitted herewith.
+
+The act of January 14, 1889 (25 U.S. Statutes at Large, p. 642),
+evidently contemplated the voluntary removal of the body of all these
+bands of Indians to the White Earth and Red Lake reservations; but a
+proviso in section 3 of the act authorized any Indian to take his
+allotment upon the reservation where he now resides. The commissioners
+report that quite a general desire was expressed by the Indians to avail
+themselves of this option. The result of this is that the ceded land can
+not be ascertained and brought to sale under the act until all of the
+allotments are made.
+
+I recommend that the necessary appropriations to complete the surveys
+and allotments be made at once available, so that the work may be begun
+and completed at the earliest possible day.
+
+A copy of the report made by the commissioners, with copies of all the
+papers submitted therewith, except the census rolls, is herewith
+presented for the information of the Congress.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _March 24, 1890_.
+
+_To the House of Representatives_:
+
+In answer to the resolution of the House of Representatives of the 8th
+instant, in relation to the employment by the Regular Army of the United
+States of Indian scouts for the purpose of pursuing hostile Indians in
+their raids in the territory of the United States and Mexico, and in
+regard to the proposed transfer of the Apache Chiricahua Indians from
+Mount Vernon Barracks, Ala., to Fort Sill, Ind. T., I transmit herewith
+a communication from the Secretary of State on the subject, together
+with the accompanying papers.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _March 29, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+In compliance with the resolution of the Senate of the 28th instant,
+the House of Representatives concurring, I return herewith the bill
+(S. 1332) entitled "An act granting to the city of Colorado Springs,
+in the State of Colorado, certain lands therein described for water
+reservoirs."
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, March 31, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I herewith transmit a report from the Secretary of State, in relation
+to the discriminating duty now imposed upon foreign works of art,
+and recommend that action thereon looking to the removal of the
+discrimination be taken by Congress during its present session, if
+practicable.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, April 15, 1890_.
+
+_To the House of Representatives_:
+
+I herewith transmit, in reply to the resolution of the House of
+Representatives of the 3d instant, a report from the Secretary of State,
+accompanied by certain correspondence in regard to the seizure of the
+schooner _Rebecca_ by the Mexican customs authorities at Tampico in
+February, 1884.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, April 18, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith the fifth annual report of the Commissioner of Labor.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _April 18, 1890_.
+
+_To the House of Representatives_:
+
+In compliance with the resolution of the House of Representatives, the
+Senate concurring, I return herewith House bill No. 5179, entitled "An
+act fixing the rate of interest to be charged on arrearages of general
+and special taxes now due the District of Columbia if paid within a
+specified time."
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _April 21, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+In compliance with a resolution of the House of Representatives, the
+Senate concurring, I return herewith House bill No. 105, entitled
+"An act in relation to immediate transportation of dutiable goods,
+amendatory of the act of July 10, 1880."
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, April 21, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+In answer to the resolution of the Senate dated March 25 last, in
+relation to La Abra Silver Mining Company and the distribution or
+payment of moneys to that corporation on account of the award in its
+favor by the Mexican Government, I transmit herewith a report from the
+Secretary of State upon the subject, together with the accompanying
+papers.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _April 30, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+In compliance with a resolution of the Senate, the House of
+Representatives concurring, I return herewith Senate bill 895, entitled
+"An act to organize the Territory of Oklahoma, to establish courts in
+the Indian Territory, and for other purposes."
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _May 8, 1890_.
+
+_To the House of Representatives_:
+
+In answer to the resolution of the House of Representatives of March 31,
+1890, respecting the importation into foreign countries of breadstuffs
+and provisions from the United States and the rates of duty imposed upon
+such articles, I transmit herewith a report from the Secretary of State
+on the subject, together with the accompanying papers.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _May 13, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a communication of the 10th instant from the
+Secretary of the Interior, and the accompanying copies of
+correspondence, relative to the condition of the Northern Cheyenne
+Indians at the Pine Ridge Agency, S. Dak.
+
+The desire of these Indians to be united upon some common reservation
+with their brethren now occupying the Tongue River Reserve, in Montana,
+is quite natural, and such an arrangement would, I think, promote the
+best interests of both of these bands.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _May 17, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+In compliance with a resolution of the Senate of this date, I return
+herewith the bill (S. 903) entitled "An act for the erection of a public
+building in Cedar Rapids, Iowa."
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _May 19, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I inclose herewith a draft of a bill submitted by the Secretary of the
+Interior, providing for the survey and disposal of a tract of land
+situated in the city of Monterey, Cal., known as the "Cuartel" lot.
+
+The lot referred to is one of the tracts excluded from the survey of the
+Pueblo lands of Monterey, Cal., by the decision of Acting Secretary of
+the Interior Muldrow of October 4, 1887 (6 Land Decisions, p. 179), on
+the ground that it was in a state of reservation for national purposes.
+
+A communication from the Secretary of War to the Secretary of the
+Interior, copy herewith, states that this lot has been occupied at
+intervals by the War Department for military purposes, but as it is not
+within the limits of any declared military reservation the act of July
+5, 1884 (23 U.S. Statutes at Large, p. 103), providing for a transfer
+to the Interior Department of abandoned military reservations, does not
+apply.
+
+The lot is no longer required for military purposes, and a willingness
+is expressed by the War Department that the Department of the Interior
+should assume control of it. A copy of the tracing, with notes, is
+inclosed, showing an approximate survey and describing the situation
+of the lot.
+
+I also inclose a copy of a report of the Commissioner of the General
+Land Office to the Secretary of the Interior, setting forth that under
+the decision of Mr. Muldrow the tract of land known as the "Cuartel"
+lot belongs to the United States by conquest and by treaty, and is in a
+state of reservation for national purposes, and respectfully submitting
+that Congress may continue its status as fixed by said decision or enact
+appropriate laws providing for its disposition as public land.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _May 19, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a report of the International American Conference,
+recently in session at this capital, recommending the survey of a route
+for an intercontinental line of railroad to connect the systems of North
+America with those of the southern continent, and to be conducted under
+the direction of a board of commissioners representing the several
+American Republics.
+
+Public attention has chiefly been attracted to the subject of improved
+water communication between the ports of the United States and those of
+Central and South America. The creation of new and improved steamship
+lines undoubtedly furnishes the readiest means of developing an
+increased trade with the Latin-American nations. But it should not be
+forgotten that it is possible to travel by land from Washington to the
+southernmost capital of South America, and that the opening of railroad
+communication with these friendly States will give to them and to us
+facilities for intercourse and the exchanges of trade that are of
+special value.
+
+The work contemplated is vast, but entirely practicable. It will be
+interesting to all, and perhaps surprising to most of us, to notice how
+much has already been done in the way of railroad construction in Mexico
+and South America that can be utilized as part of an intercontinental
+line.
+
+I do not hesitate to recommend that Congress make the very moderate
+appropriation for surveys suggested by the conference and authorize the
+appointment of commissioners and the detail of engineer officers to
+direct and conduct the necessary preliminary surveys.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _May 21, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a communication of the 20th instant from the
+Secretary of the Interior and accompanying correspondence in the matter
+of the request of the Seminole Nation of Indians for negotiations with
+the Creek Nation of Indians for the purchase of an additional quantity
+of land, being about 25,000 acres, for the use of the Seminoles. The
+request is based upon the fact that former purchases do not embrace all
+of the lands upon which the Seminole Indians have made improvements, and
+which by the corrected survey were given to the Creeks. The money to be
+paid for these lands is to be reimbursed to the Government by the
+Seminoles.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _May 26, 1890_.
+
+_To the House of Representatives_:
+
+In compliance with the resolutions of the House of Representatives of
+the 23d instant, the Senate concurring, I return herewith the bills
+H.R. Nos. 380 and 2007, entitled, respectively, "An act to amend an act
+entitled 'An act to authorize the Cairo and Tennessee River Railroad
+Company to construct bridges across the Tennessee and Cumberland
+rivers,' approved January 8, 1889," and "An act granting a pension to
+the widow of Adam Shrake."
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _May 27, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a letter from the Secretary of State, inclosing
+a report adopted by the International American Conference, recently
+in session at this capital, recommending the establishment of an
+international American bank, with its principal offices in the city of
+New York and branches in the commercial centers of the several other
+American Republics.
+
+The advantages of such an institution to the merchants of the United
+States engaged in trade with Central and South America and the purposes
+intended to be accomplished are fully set forth in the letter of the
+Secretary of State and the accompanying report. It is not proposed to
+involve the United States in any financial responsibility, but only to
+give to the proposed bank a corporate franchise, and to promote public
+confidence by requiring that its condition and transactions shall be
+submitted to a scrutiny similar to that which is now exercised over our
+domestic banking system.
+
+The subject is submitted for the consideration of Congress in the belief
+that it will be found possible to promote the end desired by legislation
+so guarded as to avoid all just criticism.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _May 28, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a communication of the 26th instant from the
+Secretary of the Interior, and accompanying item of appropriation, to
+enable the President to continue the negotiations authorized by sections
+14 and 15 of the Indian appropriation act approved March 2, 1889, with
+the Cherokee Indians and with all other Indians owning or claiming lands
+west of the ninety-sixth degree of longitude in the Indian Territory,
+for the cession to the United States of all their title, claim, or
+interest of every kind or character in and to said lands, etc.
+
+The matter is presented for the favorable action of Congress.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _June 2, 1890_.
+
+_To the House of Representatives_:
+
+In compliance with a resolution of the House of Representatives of the
+29th ultimo, the Senate concurring, I return herewith the bill (H.R.
+7345) entitled "An act authorizing and directing the Secretary of War
+to establish new harbor lines in Portage Lake, Houghton County, Mich."
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _June 2, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+The International American Conference, recently in session at this
+capital, recommended for adoption by the several American Republics--
+
+1. A uniform system of customs regulations for the classification and
+valuation of imported merchandise;
+
+2. A uniform nomenclature for the description of articles of merchandise
+imported and exported; and
+
+3. The establishment at Washington of an international bureau of
+information.
+
+The conference also at its final session decided to establish
+in the city of Washington, as a fitting memorial of its meeting, a
+Latin-American library, to be formed by contributions from the several
+nations, of historical, geographical, and literary works, maps,
+manuscripts, and official documents relating to the history and
+civilization of America, and expressed a desire that the Government of
+the United States should provide a suitable building for the shelter
+of such a library, to be solemnly dedicated upon the four hundredth
+anniversary of the discovery of America.
+
+The importance of these suggestions is fully set forth in the letter
+of the Secretary of State and the accompanying documents, herewith
+transmitted, to which I invite your attention.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _June 6, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+In response to the resolution of the Senate of the 26th of May,
+requesting me to "communicate to the Senate such information as may
+be in possession of the executive department relating to the alleged
+landing of an armed force from the United States revenue cutter _McLane_
+at Cedar Keys, Fla., and the alleged entry of houses of citizens by
+force, and their alleged pursuit of citizens of the United States in
+the surrounding country, and the authority under which the commanding
+officer of the cutter acted in any such matter," I submit for the
+information of the Senate the accompanying correspondence, which
+contains all the information possessed by the executive department
+relating to the matters inquired about.
+
+It will be observed that the United States collector of customs at
+Cedar Keys had been driven from his office and from the town and the
+administration of the customs laws of the United States at that port
+suspended by the violent demonstrations and threats of one Cottrell, the
+mayor of the place, assisted by his town marshal, Mitchell. If it had
+been necessary, as I do not think it can be in any case, for a United
+States officer to appeal to the local authorities for immunity from
+violence in the exercise of his duties, the situation at Cedar Keys did
+not suggest or encourage such an appeal, for those to whom the appeal
+would have been addressed were themselves the lawless instruments of
+the threatened violence. It will always be agreeable to me if the local
+authorities, acting upon their own sense of duty, maintain the public
+order in such a way that the officers of the United States shall have
+no occasion to appeal for the intervention of the General Government;
+but when this is not done I shall deem it my duty to use the adequate
+powers vested in the Executive to make it safe and feasible to hold and
+exercise the offices established by the Federal Constitution and laws.
+
+The means used in this case were, in my opinion, lawful and necessary,
+and the officers do not seem to have intruded upon any private right in
+executing the warrants placed in their hands. The letter dated August 4
+last, which appears in the correspondence submitted, appealing to me
+to intervene for the protection of the citizens of Cedar Keys from the
+brutal violence of Cottrell, it will be noticed, was written before the
+appointment of the new collector. That the officers of the law should
+not have the full sympathy of every good citizen in their efforts to
+bring these men to merited punishment is matter of surprise and regret.
+It is a very grim commentary upon the condition of social order at Cedar
+Keys that only a woman, who had, as she says in her letter, no son or
+husband who could be made the victim of his malice, had the courage to
+file charges against this man, who was then holding a subordinate place
+in the customs service.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _June 6, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+In compliance with a resolution of the Senate of the 5th instant,
+the House of Representatives concurring, I return herewith the bill
+(S. 1293) entitled "An act for the relief of Charles F. Bowers."
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _June 16, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, for the information of Congress with a view to
+securing such legislation as may be appropriate, a communication from
+the Secretary of the Interior, relating to the destruction by fires,
+carelessly kindled or left, of the timber upon the public lands.
+
+If proper penalties were imposed by law and a few convictions thereunder
+secured, I do not doubt that much waste of our forests would be
+prevented.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _June 18, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+In response to the resolution of the Senate of the 16th instant,
+relating to the negotiations by the Cherokee Commission for the purchase
+of certain lands in the Indian Territory, I respectfully state that on
+the 20th day of May and the 12th day of June, respectively, agreements
+were Signed by the Iowa and the Sac and Fox tribes ceding to the United
+States certain of their lands. The contracts and accompanying papers
+were received at the Interior Department on the 2d and 17th days of
+June, respectively, and are now under examination by the proper officers
+of that Department. When these examinations are concluded, the papers
+will, if found to be complete and conformable to law, be submitted to
+Congress.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _June 19, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, for your information, a letter from the Secretary
+of State, inclosing a report of the International American Conference,
+which recommends that reciprocal commercial treaties be entered into
+between the United States and the several other Republics of this
+hemisphere.
+
+It has been so often and so persistently stated that our tariff laws
+offered an insurmountable barrier to a large exchange of products
+with the Latin-American nations that I deem it proper to call especial
+attention to the fact that more than 87 per cent of the products of
+those nations sent to our ports are now admitted free. If sugar is
+placed upon the free list, practically every important article exported
+from those States will be given untaxed access to our markets, except
+wool. The real difficulty in the way of negotiating profitable
+reciprocity treaties is that we have given freely so much that would
+have had value in the mutual concessions which such treaties imply.
+I can not doubt, however, that the present advantages which the products
+of these near and friendly States enjoy in our markets, though they are
+not by law exclusive, will, with other considerations, favorably dispose
+them to adopt such measures, by treaty or otherwise, as will tend to
+equalize and greatly enlarge our mutual exchanges.
+
+It will certainly be time enough for us to consider whether we must
+cheapen the cost of production by cheapening labor in order to gain
+access to the South American markets when we have fairly tried the
+effect of established and reliable steam communication and of convenient
+methods of money exchanges. There can be no doubt, I think, that with
+these facilities well established and with a rebate of duties upon
+imported raw materials used in the manufacture of goods for export our
+merchants will be able to compete in the ports of the Latin-American
+nations with those of any other country.
+
+If after the Congress shall have acted upon pending tariff legislation
+it shall appear that under the general treaty-making power, or under any
+special powers given by law, our trade with the States represented in
+the conference can be enlarged upon a basis of mutual advantage, it will
+be promptly done.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _June 24, 1890_.
+
+_To the House of Representatives_:
+
+In compliance with a resolution of the House of Representatives of
+the 23d instant, the Senate concurring, I return herewith the bill
+(H.R. 5702) "granting a pension to Ann Bryan."
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _June 25, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+In compliance with a resolution of the Senate of the 23d instant, the
+House of Representatives concurring, I return herewith the bill (S. 145)
+"for the relief of the legal representatives of Henry S. French."
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _July 1, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+In my annual message I called attention to the urgent need of
+legislation for the adjustment of the claims under Mexican grants to
+lands in Arizona and New Mexico.
+
+I now submit a correspondence which has passed between the Department
+of State and the Mexican Government concerning the rights of certain
+Mexican citizens to have their claims to lands ceded to the United
+States by the treaty adjusted and confirmed. I also submit a letter from
+the Secretary of the Interior, with accompanying papers, showing the
+number and extent of these claims and their present condition.
+
+The United States owes a duty to Mexico to confirm to her citizens those
+valid grants that were saved by the treaty, and the long delay which has
+attended the discharge of this duty has given just cause of complaint.
+
+The entire community where these large claims exist, and, indeed,
+all of our people, are interested in an early and final settlement of
+them. No greater incubus can rest upon the energies of a people in the
+development of a new country than that resulting from unsettled land
+titles.
+
+The necessity for legislation is so evident and so urgent that I venture
+to express the hope that relief will be given at the present session of
+Congress.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _July 2, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+In compliance with the provisions of section 14 of the act of March 2,
+1889, I transmit herewith, for the consideration of Congress, an
+agreement concluded between the commissioners appointed under that
+section on behalf of the United States, commonly known as the Cherokee
+Commission, and the Sac and Fox Nation of Indians in the Indian
+Territory on the 12th day of June last.
+
+The Sac and Fox Nation have a national council, and the negotiation was
+conducted with that body, which undoubtedly had competent authority to
+contract on behalf of the tribe for the sale of these lands. The letter
+of the Secretary of the Interior and the accompanying papers, which are
+submitted herewith, furnish all the information necessary to the
+consideration of the questions to be determined by Congress.
+
+The only serious question presented is as to that article of the
+agreement which limits the distribution of the funds to be paid by the
+United States under it to the Sac and Fox Indians now in the Indian
+Territory. I very gravely doubt whether the remnant or band of this
+tribe now living in Iowa has any interest in these lands in the Indian
+Territory. The reservation there was apparently given in consideration
+of improvements upon the lands of the tribe in Kansas. The band now
+resident in Iowa upon lands purchased by their own means, as I am
+advised, left the Kansas reservation many years before the date of this
+treaty, and it would seem could have had no equitable interest in the
+improvements on the Kansas lands, which must have been the result of the
+labors of that portion of the tribe living upon them. The right of the
+Iowa band to a participation in the proceeds of the sale of the Kansas
+reservation was explicitly reserved in the treaty; but it seems to me
+upon a somewhat hasty examination of the treaty that the reservation
+in the Indian Territory was intended only for the benefit of those who
+should go there to reside. The Secretary of the Interior has expressed a
+somewhat different view of the effect of this treaty; but if the facts
+are, as I understand, that the Iowa band did not contribute to the
+improvements which were the consideration for the reservation and did
+not accept the invitation to settle upon the reservation lands in the
+Indian Territory, I do not well see how they have either an equitable or
+legal claim to participate in the proceeds of the sale of those lands.
+
+The whole matter is submitted for the consideration of Congress.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, July 2, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a letter from the Secretary of State, inclosing
+the recommendations of the International American Conference for the
+establishment of improved facilities for postal and cable communication
+between the United States and the several countries of Central and South
+America.
+
+I can not too strongly urge upon Congress the necessity of giving this
+subject immediate and favorable consideration and of making adequate
+appropriations to carry the recommendations into effect; and in this
+connection I beg leave to call attention to what was said on the subject
+in my annual message.[9] The delegates of the seventeen neighboring
+Republics, which have so recently been assembled in Washington at the
+invitation of this Government, have expressed their wish and purpose to
+cooperate with the United States in the adoption of measures to improve
+the means of communication between the several Republics of America.
+They recognize the necessity of frequent, regular, and rapid steamship
+service, both for the purpose of maintaining friendly intercourse
+and for the convenience of commerce, and realize that without such
+facilities it is useless to attempt to extend the trade between their
+ports and ours.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+[Footnote 9: See pp. 56-57.]
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, July 2, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, for your information, a letter from the Secretary
+of State, inclosing a copy of a resolution passed by the International
+American Conference with reference to the celebration of the fourth
+centennial of the discovery of America.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _July 2, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, as required by section 14 of the act of March 2,
+1889, an agreement concluded on the 20th day of May last between the
+commissioners on behalf of the United States, commonly known as the
+Cherokee Commission, and the Iowa Indians residing in the Indian
+Territory.
+
+A letter of the Secretary of the Interior, which is accompanied by
+communications from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs and the Assistant
+Attorney-General, is also submitted.
+
+These papers present a full and clear statement of the matters of fact
+and questions of law which Congress will need to consider in passing
+upon the question of the ratification of the agreement, which is
+submitted for its consideration and such action as may be deemed proper.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, July 11, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a communication from the Secretary of State,
+including a report of the action of the International American
+Conference, lately in session in this city, concerning the protection of
+patents, trademarks, and copyrights in commerce between the American
+Republics, to which I invite your attention.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, July 11, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I invite your attention to the accompanying letter of the Secretary of
+State, submitting the recommendations of the International American
+Conference for the better protection of the public health against the
+spread of contagious diseases.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _July 12, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a letter from the Secretary of State, inclosing a
+copy of a report upon weights and measures adopted by the International
+American Conference, recently in session at this capital.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _July 12, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a letter from the Secretary of State, inclosing a
+copy of a report of the International American Conference, recently
+in session at this capital, recommending the establishment of an
+international American monetary union, and suggesting that the President
+be authorized to invite the several American nations to send delegates
+to its first meeting in Washington on the first Wednesday of January
+next; that authority also be granted for the appointment of three
+delegates on the part of the United States, and that an appropriation
+be made to meet the necessary expenses.
+
+I commend these suggestions and hope they will receive the prompt
+consideration of Congress.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, July 14, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a letter from the Secretary of State, inclosing the
+recommendation of the International American Conference with reference
+to the adoption by the American Republics of a uniform code of
+international law, to which your attention is respectfully directed.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, July 14, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a letter from the Secretary of State, inclosing the
+recommendations of the International American Conference, recently in
+session at this capital, concerning a uniform system of port dues and
+consular fees to be adopted by the several American Republics, to which
+I invite your attention.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _July 15, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a letter from the Secretary of State, inclosing
+a resolution adopted by the International American Conference for
+the erection of a memorial tablet in the diplomatic chamber of the
+Department of State to commemorate the meeting of that body.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _July 15, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, for your information, certain reports on the
+subject of extradition adopted by the International American Conference
+at its recent sessions in this city.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _July 15, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit two agreements concluded by the commission appointed under
+section 14 of the act of March 2, 1889, commonly known as the Cherokee
+Commission, with the Citizen band of Pottawatomie Indians and the band
+of Absentee Shawnees, respectively, for the cession of certain lands to
+the United States.
+
+Letters from the Secretary of the Interior, the Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs, and the Assistant Attorney-General for the Department of the
+Interior relating to the same matter are also submitted.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _July 17, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+The act making appropriations to provide for the expenses of the
+government of the District of Columbia for the fiscal year ending June
+30, 1890, provides, among other things, that the President shall appoint
+three competent sanitary engineers to examine and report upon the system
+of sewerage existing in the District of Columbia, together with such
+suggestions and recommendations as may to them seem necessary and
+desirable for the modification and extension of the same, which report
+was to be transmitted to Congress by the President at its next session.
+
+In pursuance of the authority thus conferred, on the 17th of August,
+1889, I appointed Rudolph Hering, of New York, Samuel M. Gray, of Rhode
+Island, and Frederick P. Stearns, of Massachusetts, to make this
+examination and report.
+
+The gentlemen named were believed to have such ability and experience as
+sanitary engineers as to guarantee an intelligent and exhaustive study
+of the problem submitted to them.
+
+I transmit herewith their report, which has just been submitted to me,
+for the consideration of Congress.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _July 23, 1890_.
+
+_To the House of Representatives_:
+
+In response to the resolution of the House of Representatives requesting
+me, if in my judgment not incompatible with the public interest, to
+furnish to the House the correspondence since March 4, 1889, between the
+Government of the United States and the Government of Great Britain
+touching the subjects in dispute in the Bering Sea, I transmit a letter
+from the Secretary of State, which is accompanied by the correspondence
+referred to in the resolution.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _July 29, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+The recent attempt to secure a charter from the State of North Dakota
+for a lottery company, the pending effort to obtain from the State of
+Louisiana a renewal of the charter of the Louisiana State Lottery, and
+the establishment of one or more lottery companies at Mexican towns near
+our border have served the good purpose of calling public attention to
+an evil of vast proportions. If the baneful effects of the lotteries
+were confined to the States that give the companies corporate powers
+and a license to conduct the business, the citizens of other States,
+being powerless to apply legal remedies, might clear themselves of
+responsibility by the use of such moral agencies as were within their
+reach. But the case is not so. The people of all the States are
+debauched and defrauded. The vast sums of money offered to the States
+for charters are drawn from the people of the United States, and the
+General Government through its mail system is made the effective and
+profitable medium of intercourse between the lottery company and its
+victims. The use of the mails is quite as essential to the companies
+as the State license. It would be practically impossible for these
+companies to exist if the public mails were once effectively closed
+against their advertisements and remittances. The use of the mails by
+these companies is a prostitution of an agency only intended to serve
+the purposes of a legitimate trade and a decent social intercourse.
+
+It is not necessary, I am sure, for me to attempt to portray the robbery
+of the poor and the widespread corruption of public and private morals
+which are the necessary incidents of these lottery schemes.
+
+The national capital has become a subheadquarters of the Louisiana
+Lottery Company, and its numerous agents and attorneys are conducting
+here a business involving probably a larger use of the mails than that
+of any legitimate business enterprise in the District of Columbia. There
+seems to be good reason to believe that the corrupting touch of these
+agents has been felt by the clerks in the postal service and by some of
+the police officers of the District.
+
+Severe and effective legislation should be promptly enacted to enable
+the Post-Office Department to purge the mails of all letters,
+newspapers, and circulars relating to the business.
+
+The letter of the Postmaster-General which I transmit herewith points
+out the inadequacy of the existing statutes and suggests legislation
+that would be effective.
+
+It may also be necessary to so regulate the carrying of letters by the
+express companies as to prevent the use of those agencies to maintain
+communication between the lottery companies and their agents or
+customers in other States.
+
+It does not seem possible that there can be any division of sentiment
+as to the propriety of closing the mails against these companies, and
+I therefore venture to express the hope that such proper powers as
+are necessary to that end will be at once given to the Post-Office
+Department.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, July 30, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+I transmit herewith a report from the Acting Secretary of State, in
+response to a resolution of the Senate of the 23d instant, calling for
+information touching the alleged arrest and imprisonment of A.J. Diaz
+by the Cuban authorities and the action which has been taken in respect
+thereto.
+
+It will be seen that Mr. Diaz has been released.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _August 8, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I have received, under date of July 29 ultimo, a communication from Hon.
+George W. Steele, governor of the Territory of Oklahoma, in which, among
+other things, he says:
+
+  A delegation from township 16, range 1, in this county, has just left
+  me, who came to represent that there are at this time twenty-eight
+  families in that township who are in actual need of the necessaries of
+  life, and they give it as their opinion that their township is not an
+  exception, and that in the very near future a large proportion of the
+  settlers of this Territory will have to have assistance.
+
+  This I have looked for, but have hoped to bridge over until after the
+  legislature meets, when I thought some arrangement might be made for
+  taking care of these needy people; but with little taxable property in
+  the Territory, and very many necessary demands to be made and met, I
+  doubt if the legislature will be able to make such provision until a
+  crop is raised next year as will be adequate to the demands. * * *
+
+  Now I know whereof I speak, and I say there are a great many people in
+  this Territory who have not the necessary means of providing meals for
+  a day to come and are being helped by their very poor neighbors. No one
+  regrets more than I do the necessity of making the foregoing statement,
+  and I have hoped to bridge the matter over, as I have said before,
+  until the legislature would meet and see if some provision could be
+  made.
+
+  I now see the utter hopelessness of such a course, and I beg of you to
+  call the attention of Congress to the condition of our people, with the
+  earnest hope that provision may be made whereby great suffering may be
+  relieved; and I assure you that so far as I am able to prevent it not
+  one ounce of provisions or a cent of money contributed to the above
+  need shall be improperly used.
+
+
+Information received by me from other sources leads me to believe that
+Governor Steele is altogether right in his impression that there will
+be, unless relief is afforded either by public appropriation or by
+organized individual effort, widespread suffering among the settlers
+in Oklahoma. Many of these people expended in travel and in providing
+shelter for their families all of their accumulated means. The crop
+prospects for this year are by reason of drought quite unfavorable, and
+the ability of the Territory itself to provide relief must be inadequate
+during this year.
+
+I am advised that there is an unexpended balance of about $45,000 of
+the fund appropriated for the relief of the sufferers by flood upon the
+Mississippi River and its tributaries, and I recommend that authority be
+given to use this fund to meet the most urgent necessities of the poorer
+people in Oklahoma. Steps have been taken to ascertain more particularly
+the condition of the people throughout the Territory, and if a larger
+relief should seem to be necessary the facts will be submitted to
+Congress. If the fund to which I have referred should be made available
+for relief in Oklahoma, care will be taken that so much of it as is
+necessary to be expended shall be judiciously applied to the most worthy
+and necessitous cases.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, August 15, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+In compliance with the resolution of the Senate of the 26th of July,
+1890, calling for all correspondence not already submitted to Congress
+and now on file in the Department of State touching the efforts made
+by this Government to secure the modification or repeal by the French
+Government of its decree of 1881, prohibiting the importation into
+France of American pork and kindred American products, I transmit
+herewith a report from the Acting Secretary on the subject, with the
+accompanying correspondence.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _September 3, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a letter from the Secretary of State, which is
+accompanied by three reports adopted by the conference of American
+nations recently in session at Washington, relating to the subject of
+international arbitration. The ratification of the treaties contemplated
+by these reports will constitute one of the happiest and most hopeful
+incidents in the history of the Western Hemisphere.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _October 1, 1890_.
+
+_To the House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, in answer to the resolution of the House of
+Representatives of August 20, 1890, concerning the enforcement of
+proscriptive edicts against the Jews in Russia, a report from the
+Secretary of State upon the subject.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, October 1, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+In response to the resolution of the Senate of September 17, 1890,
+I inclose a report from the Secretary of State, transmitting all the
+correspondence found among the files of his Department relating to the
+claim of Thomas T. Collins against the Government of Spain.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+
+VETO MESSAGES.
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _April 26, 1890_.
+
+_To the House of Representatives_:
+
+I return herewith without my approval the bill (H.R. 7170) "to authorize
+the city of Ogden, Utah, to assume an increased indebtedness,"
+
+The purpose and effect of this bill is to relieve the city of Ogden from
+the limitation imposed by the act of July 30, 1886, upon all municipal
+corporations in the Territories as to the indebtedness which they may
+lawfully contract. The general law fixes the limit of 4 per cent upon
+the last assessment for taxation; this bill extends the limit as to the
+city of Ogden to 8 per cent. The purposes for which this legislation is
+asked are not peculiar or exceptional. They relate to schools, street
+improvements, and to sewerage, and are common to every prosperous and
+growing town and city. If the argument by which this measure is
+supported is adopted, the conclusion should be a repeal or modification
+of the general law; but in my opinion the limitation imposed by the act
+of 1886 is wise and wholesome and should not be relaxed.
+
+The report of the governor of Utah for 1889 states the population of
+Ogden to be 15,000, the valuation for taxation $7,000,000, and the
+existing indebtedness $100,000. It will be noticed that under the
+existing limit the city has power to increase its indebtedness
+$180,000, which would seem to be enough to make a good beginning in the
+construction of sewers, while the cost of street improvements is usually
+met in large part by direct assessment upon the property benefited.
+
+It is assumed in the report of the House committee that any city in
+the States similarly situated "would have the making of the needed
+improvements within its own power," while the fact is that almost all of
+our States have either by their constitutions or statutes limited the
+power of municipal corporations to incur indebtedness, and the limit is
+generally lower than that fixed by the act regulating this matter in the
+Territories. A large city debt retards growth and in the end defeats
+the purpose of those who think by mortgaging the future to attract
+population and property. I do not doubt that the citizens of Ogden will
+ultimately realize that the creation of a municipal debt of over half a
+million dollars by a city of 15,000 population--being $37 per capita--is
+unwise.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _April 29, 1890_.
+
+_To the House of Representatives_:
+
+I return without my approval the bill (H.R. 848) "to authorize the
+construction of an addition to the public building in Dallas, Tex."
+
+The bill authorizes the construction of a wing or addition to the
+present public building at a cost of $200,000. I find that the bill
+as originally introduced by the member representing the Congressional
+district in which Dallas is situated fixed $100,000 as the limit of
+the proposed expenditure, and it was so reported from the Committee
+on Public Buildings and Grounds after conferring with the Supervising
+Architect of the Treasury. A bill of the same tenor was introduced in
+the Senate by one of the Senators from that State, fixing the same
+limit of expenditure.
+
+The public building at Dallas, for which a first appropriation of
+$75,000 was made in 1882, subsequently increased to $125,000, was only
+completed in 1889. It is probably inadequate now to the convenient
+transaction of business, chiefly in that part assigned to the
+Post-Office Department. The material and architectural style of any
+addition are fixed by the present building and its ground area by
+the available unoccupied space, as no provision is made for buying
+additional ground. The present building is 85 by 56 feet, and Mr. John
+S. Witwer, the postmaster and the custodian of the building, writing
+to the Supervising Architect, advises that to meet the present and
+prospective needs of the Government an addition at least two-thirds as
+large as the present building should be provided. It will be seen from
+the following extract from a letter of the Supervising Architect to the
+chairman of the Senate Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, dated
+February 17, 1890, that a building larger than that suggested can be
+erected within the limit of $100,000. He says:
+
+  From computations made in this office based upon data received it is
+  found that an extension or wing about 40 by 85 feet in dimensions, three
+  stories high, with basement, giving 3,400 square feet, in addition to
+  the 4,760 square feet of the first-floor area of the building, of
+  fireproof construction, can be erected on the present site within the
+  limit of cost proposed by said bill, namely, $100,000.
+
+
+It may be possible that an expenditure of $325,000 for a public building
+at Dallas, if the questions of site, material, and architecture were all
+undetermined, could be defended, but under existing conditions I do not
+see how an appropriation of $200,000 can be justified when one-half that
+sum is plainly adequate to such relief as the present site allows.
+
+The legislation for the erection of public buildings has not proceeded,
+so far as I can trace it, upon any general rules. Neither population nor
+the extent of the public business transacted has always indicated the
+points where public buildings should first be built or the cost of the
+structures. It can not be expected that, in the absence of some general
+law, the committees of Congress having charge of such matters will
+proceed in their recommendations upon strict or equal lines. The bills
+are individual, and if comparisons are attempted the necessary element
+of probable future growth is made to cover all apparent inequalities. It
+will be admitted, I am sure, that only a public need should suggest the
+expenditure of the public money, and that if all such needs can not be
+at once supplied the most general and urgent should have the preference.
+
+I am not unfriendly to a liberal annual expenditure for the erection of
+public buildings where the safe and convenient transaction of the public
+business demands it and the state of the revenues will permit. It would
+be wiser, in my opinion, to build more and less costly houses and to fix
+by general law the amount of the annual expenditure for this purpose and
+some order of preference between the cities asking for public buildings.
+
+But in view of the pending legislation looking to a very large reduction
+of our revenues and of the urgency and necessity of a large increase
+in our expenditures in certain directions, I am of the opinion that
+appropriations for the erection of public buildings and all kindred
+expenditures should be kept at the minimum until the effect of other
+probable legislation can be accurately measured.
+
+The erection of a public building is largely a matter of local interest
+and convenience, while expenditures for enlarged relief and recognition
+to the soldiers and sailors of the war for the preservation of the
+Union, for necessary coast defenses, and for the extension of our
+commerce with other American States are of universal interest and
+involve considerations, not of convenience, but of justice, honor,
+safety, and general prosperity.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _June 4, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+
+I return without my approval the bill (S. 1306) "for the erection of
+a public building at Hudson, N.Y." Hudson, from the best information
+attainable, is a city of only a little more than 10,000 population. If
+the postal receipts are a fair indication of the growth of the city, it
+has not been rapid, as they only increased about $4,000 in ten years.
+The gross postal receipts for the year 1888 were but $14,809, and the
+office force consists of three clerks and five carriers. There are no
+other Government officers at Hudson entitled under the law to offices or
+to an allowance for rent, unless it be a deputy collector of internal
+revenue.
+
+It appears from the bill and the correspondence with the Supervising
+Architect that it is proposed to erect a two-story building, with
+fireproof vaults, heating and ventilating apparatus, and elevators, 40
+by 80 feet in dimensions. The ground-floor area of 3,200 feet, to be
+devoted to the post-office, would give 400 square feet to each of the
+present employees. The second story and the basement, each having the
+same area, will be absolutely tenantless, unless authority is given by
+law to the custodian to rent the rooms to unofficial tenants. It seems
+to me to be very clear that the public needs do not suggest or justify
+such an expenditure as is contemplated by this bill.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _June 12, 1890_.
+
+_To the House of Representatives_:
+
+I return without my approval the bill (H.R. 7175) to provide for the
+purchase of a site and the erection of a public building thereon at
+Tuscaloosa, in the State of Alabama.
+
+Judged by its postal revenues and by the force employed in the
+office, the post-office at Tuscaloosa is not an important one. It has
+one clerk, at a salary of $450, and no carriers. The report of the
+Postmaster-General shows that the gross receipts for the year 1888 were
+$6,379 and the net revenue less than $4,000. The annual receipts have
+only increased about $3,000 in ten years. The rent now paid for a
+building affording 2,200 square feet of floor space is $275.
+
+A general proposition to erect public buildings at this scale of expense
+in cities of the size of Tuscaloosa would not, I am sure, receive the
+sanction of Congress. It would involve the expenditure for buildings of
+ten times the present net revenues of such offices, and in the case
+under consideration would involve an increased cost for fuel, lights,
+and care greater than the rent now paid for the use of a room of ample
+size. I would not insist that it must always be shown that a proposed
+public building would yield an interest upon the investment, but in
+the present uncertain state of the public revenues and expenditures,
+resulting from pending and probable legislation, there is, in my
+opinion, an absolute necessity that expenditures for public buildings
+should be limited to cases where the public needs are very evident and
+very imperative. It is clear that this is not such a case.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _June 17, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+I return without my approval the bill (S. 1762) "to change the
+boundaries of the Uncompahgre Reservation."
+
+This bill proposes to separate from the Ute Indian Reservation in
+Utah and restore to the public domain two ranges of townships along the
+east side of the reservation and bordering the Colorado State line.
+It is said that these lands are wholly worthless to the Indians for
+cultivation or for grazing purposes, and it must follow, I think, that
+they are equally worthless for such purposes to white men.
+
+The object, then, of this legislation is to be sought not in any
+public demand for these lands for the use of settlers--for if they
+are susceptible of that use the Indians have a clear equity to take
+allotments upon them--but in that part of the bill which confirms the
+mineral entries, or entries for mineral uses, which have been unlawfully
+made "or attempted to be made on said lands." It is evidently a private
+and not a public end that is to be promoted. It does not follow, of
+course, that this private end may not be wholly meritorious and the
+relief sought on behalf of these persons altogether just and proper.
+The facts, as I am advised, are that upon these lands there are veins
+or beds of asphaltum or gilsonite supposed to be of very great value.
+
+Entries have been made in that vicinity, but upon public lands, which
+lands have been resold for very large amounts. It is not important,
+perhaps, that the United States should in parting with these lands
+realize their value, but it is essential, I think, that favoritism
+should have no part in connection with the sales. The bill confirms all
+attempted entries of these mineral lands at the price of $20 per acre
+(a price that is suggestive of something unusual) without requiring
+evidence of the expenditure of any money upon the claim, or even proof
+that the claimant was the discoverer of the deposits.
+
+The bill requires "good faith," but it will be next to impossible for
+the officers of the Interior Department to show actual knowledge on the
+part of the claimant of the lines of the reservation. The case will
+practically be as to this matter in the hands of the claimant. But why
+should good faith at the moment of attempting the entry, without any
+requirement of expenditure, and followed, it may be, within twenty-four
+hours by actual notice that he was upon a reservation, give an advantage
+in the sale of these lands that may represent a very large sum of money?
+
+In the second place, I do not think it wise, without notice even to the
+Indians, to segregate these lands from their reservation. It is true, I
+think, that they hold these lands by an Executive order, with a contract
+right to take allotments upon them, and that the lands in question are
+not likely to be sought as an allotment by any Indian. But the Indians
+have been placed on this reservation and its boundaries explained to
+them, and to take these lands in this manner is calculated to excite
+their distrust and fears, and possibly to create serious trouble.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _June 20, 1890_.
+
+_To the House of Representatives_:
+
+I return without my approval the bill (H.R. 3934) "to authorize the
+board of supervisors of Maricopa County, Ariz., to issue certain bonds
+in aid of the construction of a certain railroad."
+
+This bill proposes to confer authority upon the supervisors of the
+county of Maricopa to issue county bonds at the rate of $4,000 per mile
+in aid of a railroad to be constructed from Phoenix northwardly to the
+county line, a distance estimated at 50 miles, but probably somewhat
+longer. The bill seems to have passed the House of Representatives under
+an entire misapprehension of its true scope and effect. In the brief
+report submitted by the Committee on Territories it is said that "by the
+terms of the bill the county receives _bonds_ in payment of the money
+proposed to be advanced," and in the course of the debate the Delegate
+from Arizona mistakenly stated in response to a request for information
+that the bill proposed a loan by the county, in exchange for which it
+was to receive the bonds of the railroad company. In fact, the bill does
+not provide for a loan to be secured by bonds, but for a subscription of
+stock. How far this mistake may have affected the passage of the bill
+can not of course be known.
+
+The bill does not submit the question of granting this aid to a vote
+of the people of the county, but confers direct authority upon the
+supervisors to issue the bonds. It is said, however, that in April,
+1889, an election was held to obtain the views of the people upon the
+question. It does not appear from any papers submitted to me who were
+the managers of this so-called election; what notice, if any, was given;
+what qualifications on the part of voters were insisted upon, if any, or
+in what form the question was presented. There was no law providing for
+such an election. Being wholly voluntary, the election was, of course,
+under the management of those who favored the subsidy, and was conducted
+without any legal restraints as to the voting or certification. I have
+asked for a statement of the vote by precincts, and have been given what
+purports to be the vote at twelve points. The total affirmative vote
+given was 1,975 and the negative 134. But of the affirmative vote 1,543
+were given at Phoenix and 188 at Tempe, a town very near to Phoenix. If
+there were no other objections to this bill, I should deem this alone
+sufficient, that no provision is made for submitting to a vote of the
+people at an election, after due notice and under the sanction of law,
+the question whether this subscription shall be made.
+
+But again, the bill proposes to suspend for this case two provisions
+of the act of Congress of July 30, 1886--first, that provision which
+forbids municipal corporations from subscribing to the stock of other
+corporations or loaning their credit to such corporations, and, second,
+that provision which forbids any municipal corporation from creating a
+debt in excess of 4 per cent of its taxable property as fixed by the
+last assessment. The condition of things then existing in Arizona had
+not a little to do with the enactment by Congress of this law, intended
+to give to the people of the Territories that protection against
+oppressive municipal debts which was secured to the people of most of
+the States by constitutional limitations. The wisdom of this legislation
+is not contested by the friends of this bill, but they claim that the
+circumstances here are so peculiar as to justify this exception. I do
+not think so. In the States the limitation upon municipal indebtedness
+is usually placed in the constitution, in order that it may be
+inflexible. If a showing of need, gain, or advantage is to overcome the
+barrier, then it is scarcely worth while to declare a limitation. Only
+a belief that the limit is inflexible will promote care and economy in
+administration. If this bill becomes a law, how can Congress refuse to
+any county in any of the Territories the right to subscribe to the stock
+of a railroad company, especially where the subscription would not
+exceed the debt limit, upon a showing of the advantages of better and
+cheaper communications?
+
+Maricopa County is one of great extent. Its northern boundary is 95
+miles long, its southern boundary 66, its eastern 45, and its western
+102. This great area is to be taxed to construct a road which can, in
+the nature of things, be of advantage to but a fraction of it. There is
+no unity of interest or equality of advantage. It may very well be that
+a section of these lands along the line of the road, and especially
+town lots in Phoenix, would have an added value much greater than the
+increased burden imposed, but it is equally clear that much property
+in the county will receive no appreciable benefit.
+
+The existing bonded indebtedness of Maricopa County is $272,000; the tax
+assessment of the county is about $5,000,000, and the population is
+estimated, by multiplying the vote cast in 1888 by 6, at about 12,000.
+It will be seen that the bonded debt, to say nothing of a floating debt,
+which is said to be small, is already largely in excess of the legal
+limit, and it is proposed to increase it by a subscription that will
+certainly involve $200,000, and possibly $250,000. If the bill becomes a
+law, the bonded indebtedness will very closely approximate 10 per cent
+of the assessed valuation of the property of the county.
+
+The condition of things in the county of Yavapai, lying immediately
+north of Maricopa, and through which this road is also to run, though
+not directly affected by this legislation, is very instructive in this
+connection.
+
+By an act of the legislature of Arizona passed the year before the act
+of Congress to which I have referred Yavapai County was authorized to
+subscribe $4,000 per mile to this line of road. The total length of the
+road in the county was 147 miles, and 74 miles, to Prescott, have been
+constructed. The secretary of the Territory, in response to an inquiry,
+states the debt of Yavapai County at $563,000 and the assessment for
+taxation at "between six and seven millions." There are 73 miles of road
+yet to be built from the present terminus, Prescott, to the south line
+of the county, for which Yavapai County must make a further issue of
+bonds of $292,000, making a total county debt of $855,000, or above 13
+per cent upon the taxable assessment (taking that at $6,500,000), and
+a per capita county debt of nearly $85, taking the population at about
+10,600, as stated in the report of the Senate committee. Surely no one
+will insist that the true and permanent prosperity of these communities
+will be promoted by loading their energies and their industries with
+these great debts. I feel the force of the suggestion that the freight
+charges now imposed upon the farm and orchard products of Maricopa
+County by the railroads now in operation are oppressive. But this bill
+does not afford much relief even in that direction. There would be but
+one competing point, viz, Phoenix. At all other points on the proposed
+road the people would be subject to the exaction of just such rates as
+are demanded by the other lines. If this bill contained some effective
+provision to secure reasonable freight rates to the people who are to be
+taxed to build the road, it would go far to secure my favorable
+consideration for it.
+
+I have carefully examined the reports of the committees and every
+argument that has been submitted to me by the friends of the bill, but
+I can not bring myself to believe that the permanent welfare of the
+communities affected by it will be promoted by its passage.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _July 9, 1890_.
+
+_To the House of Representatives_:
+
+
+I return herewith without my approval the bill (H.R. 5974) entitled "An
+act extending the time of payment to purchasers of land of the Omaha
+tribe of Indians in Nebraska, and for other purposes."
+
+The United States holds the legal title of these lands, which have been
+sold for the benefit of the Omaha Indians to secure the unpaid purchase
+money, the time of payment of which it is proposed by this act to
+extend. There is no objection that I know of, either on the part of
+the United States or of the Indians, to the extension of the unpaid
+installments due from purchasers. This relief is probably due to the
+purchasers. The bill, however, contains the following provision:
+
+  That all the lands the payment for which is hereby extended shall be
+  subject to taxation in all respects by and in the State of Nebraska
+  as if fully paid for and patents issued.
+
+
+Now, while it is entirely proper that the interest of the purchasers in
+these lands should share the burdens of the communities in which the
+lands are located, the title of the United States and the beneficial
+interest of the Indians in the lands should not be subjected to sale for
+the delinquency of the purchasers in paying tax assessments levied upon
+the lands. The effect of the provision which has been quoted would, in
+my opinion, give to the purchaser at a tax sale a title superior to
+the lien of the Government for purchase money. The bill should have
+contained a proviso that only the interest of the purchasers from the
+Government could be sold for taxes, and that the tax sale should be
+subject to the lien of the United States for unpaid purchase money.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _September 30, 1890_.
+
+_To the House of Representatives_:
+
+I return herewith without my approval the joint resolution (H. Res.
+No. 39) declaring the retirement of Captain Charles B. Stivers, of the
+United States Army, legal and valid, and that he is entitled as such
+officer to his pay.
+
+Captain Stivers was dismissed the service summarily by order of the
+President on July 15, 1863. A subsequent examination into the causes
+leading to this action seems to have satisfied the President that an
+injustice had been done to the officer, and on the 11th day of August,
+1863, an order was issued revoking the order of dismissal and restoring
+Captain Stivers to duty as an officer of the Army. On December 30, 1864,
+by a proper order from the War Department, after examination, Captain
+Stivers was placed upon the retired list of the Army.
+
+The Supreme Court has decided in the case of The United States _vs_.
+Corson (114 U.S. Reports, 619):
+
+First. That at the time of the issuance of the order of dismissal the
+President had authority under the law to summarily dismiss an officer,
+and that the effect of such an order was absolutely to separate the
+officer from the service.
+
+Second. That having been thus separated from the service he could not be
+restored except by nomination to the Senate and its advice and consent
+to the appointment.
+
+Mr. Garland, as Attorney-General, gave an opinion to the Secretary of
+War in the case of Captain Stivers, based upon the decision of the
+Supreme Court to which I have referred, holding that Captain Stivers
+was not an officer on the retired list of the Army. The present
+Attorney-General, with whom I have conferred, takes the same view
+of the law. Indeed, the decision of the Supreme Court to which I have
+referred is so exactly in point that there can be no doubt as to the law
+of the case. It is undoubtedly competent for Congress by act or joint
+resolution to authorize the President, by and with the advice of the
+Senate, to appoint Captain Stivers to be a captain in the Army of the
+United States and to place him upon the retired list. It is also
+perfectly competent by suitable legislation for Congress to give to this
+officer the pay of his grade during the interval of time when he was
+improperly carried upon the army lists. But the joint resolution which
+I herewith return does not attempt to deal with the case in that way.
+It undertakes to declare that the retirement of Captain Stivers was
+legal and valid and that he always has been and is entitled to his pay
+as such officer. I do not think this is a competent method of giving the
+relief intended. The retirement under the law as it then existed was not
+legal and valid, as the highest judicial tribunal under the Constitution
+has declared, for the reason that Captain Stivers was not then an
+officer on the active list. That being so, it follows, of course, that
+he was not entitled to draw the pay of an office he did not hold.
+
+The relief should have taken the form usual in such cases, which is to
+authorize the appointment of the officer to a place made for him on the
+retired list.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _October 1, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+I return to the Senate without my approval the bill (S. 473) "for the
+relief of the Portland Company, of Portland, Me."
+
+This bill confers upon the Court of Claims jurisdiction to inquire into
+and determine how much certain steam machinery built for the United
+States under contract, and to be used in the vessels _Agawam_ and
+_Pontoosuc_, cost the contractors over and above the contract price and
+any allowances for extra work which have been made, and requires the
+court to enter judgment in favor of the claimant for the excess of cost
+above such contract price and allowances.
+
+The bill differs from others which have been presented to me, and one of
+which I have approved, in that it does not make the further allowance to
+the contractors contingent upon the fact that the additional expense was
+the result of the acts of the Government through its officers' causing
+delays and increased cost in the construction of the work.
+
+The bill in effect directs the court to ignore the contract entirely,
+except as payments under it are to be treated as credits, and to allow
+the contractors the cost of the work, and that without reference to
+their own negligence or want of skill in executing the work. There would
+seem to be no object in the Government's making a contract for work if
+the contract is only to be binding upon the parties in the event that
+the contractor realizes a profit.
+
+I can not give my approval to the proposition applied here, which if
+allowed here should be given general application, that every contractor
+with the Government who during the early days of the war failed to
+realize, by reason of increase in the cost of labor and materials, a
+profit upon the contract shall now have access to the Court of Claims
+to recover upon the _quantum meruit_ the cost of the work.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _October 1, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+I return without my approval Senate bill No. 1857, "for the relief of
+Charles P. Chouteau, survivor of Chouteau, Harrison & Valle."
+
+This claim has been once presented to the Court of Claims and fully
+heard. This bill authorizes a rehearing. I find upon examination that
+every fact connected with the case necessary to the determination of the
+question whether the claim should be appropriated for has already been
+found and stated by the Court of Claims in a published opinion. Judgment
+was given against the claimant upon the ground that a settlement had
+been made and a receipt given in full. If in the opinion of Congress
+this receipt, given under the circumstances which accompanied it, should
+not be held a bar to such further appropriation as is equitable, all the
+facts have been found that can be necessary to determine the question
+what further payment should be made to the contractors. There can be no
+reason, as it seems to me, for a retrial of the case in the Court of
+Claims in the absence of any showing of newly discovered evidence. The
+result would only differ from the result already obtained in that under
+the bill which I return the court would enter a judgment instead of a
+finding, and the judgment could only be paid after Congressional action.
+
+The finding which has already been made, as I have said, is a complete
+basis for any such action as Congress may think should be taken in the
+premises.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _October 7, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+I return without my approval the bill (S. 3830) "to prohibit bookmaking
+of any kind and pool selling in the District of Columbia for the purpose
+of gaming."
+
+My objection to the bill is that it does not prohibit bookmaking and
+pool selling, but, on the contrary, expressly saves from the operation
+of its prohibitions and penalties the Washington Jockey Club "and any
+other regular organizations owning race tracks no less than 1 mile in
+length," etc.
+
+If this form of gambling is to be prohibited, as I think it should be,
+the penalties should include all persons and all places.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+
+PROCLAMATIONS.
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it is provided in the act of Congress approved March 2, 1889,
+entitled "An act to divide a portion of the reservation of the Sioux
+Nation of Indians in Dakota into separate reservations and to secure
+the relinquishment of the Indian title to the remainder, and for other
+purposes"--
+
+  That this act shall take effect only upon the acceptance thereof and
+  consent thereto by the different bands of the Sioux Nation of Indians,
+  in manner and form prescribed by the twelfth article of the treaty
+  between the United States and said Sioux Indians concluded April 29,
+  1868, which said acceptance and consent shall be made known by
+  proclamation by the President of the United States, upon satisfactory
+  proof presented to him that the same has been obtained in the manner and
+  form required by said twelfth article of said treaty, which proof shall
+  be presented to him within one year from the passage of this act; and
+  upon failure of such proof and proclamation this act becomes of no
+  effect and null and void.
+
+
+And whereas satisfactory proof has been presented to me that the
+acceptance of and consent to the provisions of the said act by the
+different bands of the Sioux Nation of Indians have been obtained in
+manner and form as therein required:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, by
+virtue of the power in me vested, do hereby make known and proclaim the
+acceptance of said act by the different bands of the Sioux Nation of
+Indians and the consent thereto by them as required by the act, and said
+act is hereby declared to be in full force and effect, subject to all
+the provisions, conditions, limitations, and restrictions therein
+contained.
+
+All persons will take notice of the provisions of said act and of the
+conditions, limitations, and restrictions therein contained, and be
+governed accordingly.
+
+I furthermore notify all persons to particularly observe that by said
+act certain tracts or portions of the Great Reservation of the Sioux
+Nation in the Territory of Dakota, as described by metes and bounds,
+are set apart as separate and permanent reservations for the Indians
+receiving rations and annuities at the respective agencies therein
+named.
+
+That any Indian receiving and entitled to rations and annuities at
+either of the agencies mentioned in this act at the time the same shall
+take effect, but residing upon any portion of said Great Reservation not
+included in either of the separate reservations herein established, may
+at his option, within one year from the time when this act shall take
+effect, and within one year after he has been notified of his said right
+of option, in such manner as the Secretary of the Interior shall direct,
+by recording his election with the proper agent at the agency to which
+he belongs, have the allotment to which he would be otherwise entitled
+on one of said separate reservations upon the land where such Indian may
+then reside.
+
+That each member or the Ponca tribe of Indians now occupying a part of
+the old Ponca Reservation, within the limits of the said Great Sioux
+Reservation, shall be entitled to allotments upon said old Ponca
+Reservation in quantities as therein set forth, and that when allotments
+to the Ponca tribe of Indians and to such other Indians as allotments
+are provided for by this act shall have been made upon that portion of
+said reservation which is described in the act entitled "An act to
+extend the northern boundary of the State of Nebraska," approved March
+28, 1882, the President shall, in pursuance of said act, declare that
+the Indian title is extinguished to all lands described in said act not
+so allotted hereunder, and thereupon all of said land not so allotted
+and included in said act of March 28, 1882, shall be open to settlement
+as provided in this act.
+
+That protection is guaranteed to such Indians as may have taken
+allotments either within or without the said separate reservations under
+the provisions of the treaty with the Great Sioux Nation concluded April
+29, 1868; and that provision is made in said act for the release of all
+title on the part of said Indians receiving rations and annuities on
+each separate reservation to the lands described in each of the other
+separate reservations, and to confirm in the Indians entitled to receive
+rations at each of said separate reservations, respectively, to their
+separate and exclusive use and benefit, all the title and interest of
+every name and nature secured to the different bands of the Sioux Nation
+by said treaty of April 29, 1868; and that said release shall not affect
+the title of any individual Indian to his separate allotment of land
+not included in any of said separate reservations, nor any agreement
+heretofore made with the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad
+Company or the Dakota Central Railroad Company respecting certain lands
+for right of way, station grounds, etc., regarding which certain prior
+rights and privileges are reserved to and for the use of said railroad
+companies, respectively, upon the terms and conditions set forth in said
+act.
+
+That it is therein provided that if any land in said Great Sioux
+Reservation is occupied and used by any religious society at the date
+of said act for the purpose of missionary or educational work among the
+Indians, whether situate outside of or within the limits of any of the
+separate reservations, the same, not exceeding 160 acres in any one
+tract, shall be granted to said society for the purposes and upon the
+terms and conditions therein named; and
+
+Subject to all the conditions and limitations in said act contained, it
+is therein provided that all the lands in the Great Sioux Reservation
+outside of the separate reservations described in said act, except
+American Island, Farm Island, and Niobrara Island, regarding which
+islands special provisions are therein made, and sections 16 and 36 in
+each township thereof (which are reserved for school purposes), shall
+be disposed of by the United States, upon the terms, at the price, and
+in the manner therein set forth, to actual settlers only, under the
+provisions of the homestead law (except section 2301 thereof) and under
+the law relating to town sites.
+
+That section 23 of said act provides--
+
+  That all persons who, between the 27th day of February, 1885, and the
+  17th day of April, 1885, in good faith entered upon or made settlements
+  with intent to enter the same under the homestead or preemption laws of
+  the United States upon any part of the Great Sioux Reservation lying
+  east of the Missouri River, and known as the Crow Creek and Winnebago
+  Reservation, which by the President's proclamation of date February 27,
+  1885, was declared to be open to settlement, and not included in the
+  new reservation established by section 6 of this act, and who, being
+  otherwise legally entitled to make such entries, located or attempted
+  to locate thereon homestead, preemption, or town-site claims by actual
+  settlement and improvement of any portion of such lands, shall for a
+  period of ninety days after the proclamation of the President required
+  to be made by this act have a right to reenter upon said claims and
+  procure title thereto under the homestead or preemption laws of the
+  United States and complete the same as required therein, and their said
+  claims shall for such time have a preference over later entries; and
+  when they shall have in other respects shown themselves entitled and
+  shall have complied with the law regulating such entries, and, as to
+  homesteads, with the special provisions of this act, they shall be
+  entitled to have said lands, and patents therefor shall be issued as in
+  like cases: _Provided_, That preemption claimants shall reside on their
+  lands the same length of time before procuring title as homestead
+  claimants under this act. The price to be paid for town-site entries
+  shall be such as is required by law in other cases, and shall be paid
+  into the general fund provided for by this act.
+
+
+It is furthermore hereby made known that there has been and is hereby
+reserved from entry or settlement that tract of land now occupied by the
+agency and school buildings at the Lower Brule Agency, to wit:
+
+The west half of the southwest quarter of section 24, the east half of
+the southeast quarter of section 23, the west half of the northwest
+quarter of section 25, the east half of the northeast quarter of section
+26, and the northwest fractional quarter of the southeast quarter of
+section 26, all in township 104 north of range 72 west of the fifth
+principal meridian.
+
+That there is also reserved as aforesaid the following-described tract
+within which the Cheyenne River Agency, school, and certain other
+buildings are located, to wit: Commencing at a point in the center of
+the main channel of the Missouri River opposite Deep Creek, about 3
+miles south of Cheyenne River; thence due west 5-1/2 miles; thence due
+north to the Cheyenne River; thence down said river to the center of the
+main channel thereof to a point in the center of the Missouri River due
+east or opposite the mouth of said Cheyenne River; thence down the
+center of the main channel of the Missouri River to the place of
+beginning.
+
+That in pursuance of the provisions contained in section 1 of said act
+the tract of land situate in the State of Nebraska and described in
+said act as follows, to wit: "Beginning at a point on the boundary
+line between the State of Nebraska and the Territory of Dakota where
+the range line between ranges 44 and 45 west of the sixth principal
+meridian, in the Territory of Dakota, intersects said boundary line;
+thence east along said boundary line 5 miles; thence due south 5 miles;
+thence due west 10 miles; thence due north to said boundary line; thence
+due east along said boundary line to the place of beginning," same is
+continued in a state of reservation so long as it may be needed for the
+use and protection of the Indians receiving rations and annuities at the
+Pine Ridge Agency.
+
+Warning is hereby also expressly given to all persons not to enter or
+make settlement upon any of the tracts of land specially reserved by the
+terms of said act or by this proclamation, or any portion of any tracts
+of land to which any individual member of either of the bands of the
+Great Sioux Nation or the Ponca tribe of Indians shall have a preference
+right under the provisions of said act; and further, to in no wise
+interfere with the occupancy of any of said tracts by any of said
+Indians, or in any manner to disturb, molest, or prevent the peaceful
+possession of said tracts by them.
+
+The surveys required to be made of the lands to be restored to the
+public domain under the provisions of the said act and as in this
+proclamation set forth will be commenced and executed as early as
+possible.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 10th day of February, A.D. 1890,
+and of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and
+fourteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas that portion of the Indian Territory commonly known as the
+Cherokee Strip or Outlet has been for some years in the occupancy of an
+association or associations of white persons under certain contracts
+said to have been made with the Cherokee Nation, in the nature of a
+lease or leases for grazing purposes; and
+
+Whereas an opinion has been given to me by the Attorney-General,
+concurring with the opinion given to my predecessor by the late
+Attorney-General, that whatever the right or title of said Cherokee
+Nation or of the United States to or in said lands may be, no right
+exists in said Cherokee Nation under the statutes of the United States
+to make such leases or grazing contracts, and that such contracts are
+wholly illegal and void; and
+
+Whereas the continued use of said lands thereunder for grazing purposes
+is prejudicial to the public interests:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, do
+hereby proclaim and give notice--
+
+First. That no cattle or live stock shall hereafter be brought upon said
+lands for herding or grazing thereon.
+
+Second. That all cattle and other live stock now on said outlet must be
+removed therefrom not later than October 1, 1890, and so much sooner as
+said lands or any of them may be or become lawfully open to settlement
+by citizens of the United States; and that all persons connected with
+said cattle companies or associations must, not later than the time
+above indicated, depart from said lands.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 17th day of February, A.D. 1890,
+and of the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred
+and fourteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+The following provisions of the laws of the United States are hereby
+published for the information of all concerned:
+
+Section 1956, Revised Statutes, chapter 3, Title XXIII, enacts that--
+
+  No person shall kill any otter, mink, marten, sable, or fur seal, or
+  other fur-bearing animal within the limits of Alaska Territory or in
+  the waters thereof; and every person guilty thereof shall for each
+  offense be fined not less than $200 nor more than $1,000, or imprisoned
+  not more than six months, or both; and all vessels, their tackle,
+  apparel, furniture, and cargo, found engaged in violation of this
+  section shall be forfeited; but the Secretary of the Treasury shall
+  have power to authorize the killing of any such mink, marten, sable, or
+  other fur-bearing animal, except fur seals, under such regulations as
+  he may prescribe; and it shall be the duty of the Secretary to prevent
+  the killing of any fur seal and to provide for the execution of the
+  provisions of this section until it is otherwise provided by law, nor
+  shall he grant any special privileges under this section.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Section 3 of the act entitled "An act to provide for the protection of
+the salmon fisheries of Alaska," approved March 2, 1889, provides that--
+
+  SEC. 3. That section 1956 of the Revised Statutes of the United States
+  is hereby declared to include and apply to all the dominion of the
+  United States in the waters of Bering Sea, and it shall be the duty of
+  the President at a timely season in each year to issue his proclamation,
+  and cause the same to be published for one month in at least one
+  newspaper (if any such there be) published at each United States port of
+  entry on the Pacific coast, warning all persons against entering such
+  waters for the purpose of violating the provisions of said section,
+  and he shall also cause one or more vessels of the United States to
+  diligently cruise said waters and arrest all persons and seize all
+  vessels found to be or to have been engaged in any violation of the
+  laws of the United States therein.
+
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+pursuant to the above-recited statutes, hereby warn all persons against
+entering the waters of Bering Sea within the dominion of the United
+States for the purpose of violating the provisions of said section 1956,
+Revised Statutes; and I hereby proclaim that all persons found to be or
+have been engaged in any violation of the laws of the United States in
+said waters will be arrested and punished as above provided, and that
+all vessels so employed, their tackle, apparel, furniture, and cargoes,
+will be seized and forfeited.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 15th day of March, 1890, and of the
+Independence of the United States the one hundred and fourteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+PROCLAMATION.
+
+SEPTEMBER 19, 1890.
+
+_To whom it may concern_:
+
+Whereas it has been represented to me that by reason of the drought
+which has prevailed in the Indian Territory and in the adjoining States
+the execution of my proclamation of February 17, 1890, requiring the
+removal of all live stock from the Cherokee Outlet on or before October
+1 would work great hardship and loss, not only to the owners of stock
+herded upon the strip, but to the owners of cattle in the adjoining
+States; and
+
+Whereas the owners of all cattle now herded upon the outlet have
+submitted to me a proposition in writing whereby they agree to remove
+one-half of their stock from the outlet on or before November 1 and
+the residue thereof and all their property and employees on or before
+December 1 next, and to abandon all claims in said outlet:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, do
+give notice and proclaim that the time heretofore fixed for the removal
+of the live stock herded upon said outlet is extended to November 1 as
+to one-half thereof and to December 1 next as to the residue thereof and
+as to all property and employees.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it is provided in the act of Congress entitled "An act to extend
+the northern boundary of the State of Nebraska," approved March 28, 1882--
+
+  That the northern boundary of the State of Nebraska shall be, and hereby
+  is, subject to the provisions hereinafter contained, extended so as to
+  include all that portion of the Territory of Dakota lying south of the
+  forty-third parallel of north latitude and east of the Keya Paha River
+  and west of the main channel of the Missouri River; and when the Indian
+  title to the lands thus described shall be extinguished the jurisdiction
+  over said lands shall be, and hereby is, ceded to the State of Nebraska,
+  and subject to all the conditions and limitations provided in the act of
+  Congress admitting Nebraska into the Union, and the northern boundary of
+  the State shall be extended to said forty-third parallel as fully and
+  effectually as if said lands had been included in the boundaries of said
+  State at the time of its admission to the Union; reserving to the United
+  States the original right of soil in said lands and of disposing of the
+  same: _Provided_, That this act, so far as jurisdiction is concerned,
+  shall not take effect until the President shall by proclamation declare
+  that the Indian title to said lands has been extinguished, nor shall
+  it take effect until the State of Nebraska shall have assented to the
+  provisions of this act; and if the State of Nebraska shall not by an
+  act of its legislature consent to the provisions of this act within two
+  years next after the passage hereof this act shall cease and be of no
+  effect.
+
+
+And whereas by section 13 of the act entitled "An act to divide a
+portion of the reservation of the Sioux Nation of Indians in Dakota into
+separate reservations and to secure the relinquishment of the Indian
+title to the remainder, and for other purposes," approved March 2, 1889,
+it is provided--
+
+  That when the allotments to the Ponca tribe of Indians and to such
+  other Indians as allotments are provided for by this act shall have
+  been made upon that portion of said reservation which is described in
+  the act entitled "An act to extend the northern boundary of the State
+  of Nebraska," approved March 28, 1882, the President shall, in pursuance
+  of said act, declare that the Indian title is extinguished to all lands
+  described in said act not so allotted hereunder, and thereupon all of
+  said land not so allotted and included in said act of March 28, 1882,
+  shall be open to settlement as provided in this act: _Provided_, That
+  the allotments to Ponca and other Indians authorized by this act to be
+  made upon the land described in the said act entitled "An act to extend
+  the northern boundary of the State of Nebraska" shall be made within
+  six months from the time this act shall take effect.
+
+
+And whereas the State of Nebraska, by an act of its legislature approved
+May 23, 1882, entitled "An act declaring the assent of the State of
+Nebraska to an act of Congress of the United States entitled 'An act to
+extend the northern boundary of the State of Nebraska,' approved March
+28, 1882," assented to and accepted the provisions of said act of
+Congress approved March 28, 1882; and
+
+Whereas allotments have been made to the Ponca tribe of Indians under
+and in accordance with the provisions of said section 13 of the act
+of March 2, 1889, and no other Indians having selected or applied for
+allotments upon that portion of the reservation of the Sioux Nation of
+Indians described in the act of March 28, 1882, aforesaid, and the six
+months' limit of time within which said allotments were authorized to
+be made having expired on the 10th day of August, 1890:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+by virtue of the power in me vested by the act (section 13) of March 2,
+1889, aforesaid, and in pursuance of the act of March 28, 1882,
+aforesaid, do hereby declare that the Indian title is extinguished to
+all lands described in said act of March 28, 1882, not allotted to
+the Ponca tribe of Indians as aforesaid and shown upon a schedule,
+in duplicate, of allotments made and certified jointly by George P.
+Litchfield, United States special agent, and James E. Helms, United
+States Indian agent, July 31, 1890, and approved by the Acting
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs October 14, 1890, and by the Acting
+Secretary of the Interior October 22, 1890, one copy of which schedule
+of allotments is now on file in the office of the Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs and the other in the office of the Commissioner of the General
+Land Office, Department of the Interior.
+
+Be it known, however, that there is hereby reserved from entry or
+settlement that tract of land now occupied by the agency and school
+buildings of the old Ponca Agency, to wit: The south half of the
+southeast quarter of section 26 and the south half of the southwest
+quarter of section 25, all in township 32 north, range 7 west of the
+sixth principal meridian.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 23d day of October, A.D. 1890, and
+of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and fifteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  ALVEY A. ADEE,
+    _Acting Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+By the grace and favor of Almighty God the people of this nation have
+been led to the closing days of the passing year, which has been full
+of the blessings of peace and the comforts of plenty. Bountiful
+compensation has come to us for the work of our minds and of our hands
+in every department of human industry.
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States of
+America, do hereby appoint Thursday, the 27th day of the present month
+of November, to be observed as a day of prayer and thanksgiving; and
+I do invite the people upon that day to cease from their labors, to
+meet in their accustomed houses of worship, and to join in rendering
+gratitude and praise to our beneficent Creator for the rich blessings
+He has granted to us as a nation and in invoking the continuance of His
+protection and grace for the future. I commend to my fellow-citizens the
+privilege of remembering the poor, the homeless, and the sorrowful. Let
+us endeavor to merit the promised recompense of charity and the gracious
+acceptance of our praise.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 8th day of November, A.D. 1890, and
+of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and fifteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas an act of Congress in regard to collision at sea was approved
+September 4, 1890, the said act being in the following words:
+
+  _Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+  States of America in Congress assembled_, That in every case of
+  collision between two vessels it shall be the duty of the master or
+  person in charge of each vessel, if and so far as he can do so without
+  serious danger to his own vessel, crew, and passengers (if any), to stay
+  by the other vessel until he has ascertained that she has no need of
+  further assistance, and to render to the other vessel, her master, crew,
+  and passengers (if any), such assistance as may be practicable and as
+  may be necessary in order to save them from any danger caused by the
+  collision, and also to give to the master or person in charge of the
+  other vessel the name of his own vessel and her port of registry, or the
+  port or place to which she belongs, and also the name of the ports and
+  places from which and to which she is bound. If he fails so to do, and
+  no reasonable cause for such failure is shown, the collision shall, in
+  the absence of proof to the contrary, be deemed to have been caused by
+  his wrongful act, neglect, or default.
+
+  SEC. 2. That every master or person in charge of a United States vessel
+  who fails, without reasonable cause, to render such assistance or give
+  such information as aforesaid shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor,
+  and shall be liable to a penalty of $1,000 or imprisonment for a term
+  not exceeding two years; and for the above sum the vessel shall be
+  liable and may be seized and proceeded against by process in any
+  district court of the United States by any person; one half such sum to
+  be payable to the informer and the other half to the United States.
+
+  SEC. 3. That this act shall take effect at a time to be fixed by the
+  President by proclamation issued for that purpose.
+
+
+And whereas it is provided by section 3 of the said act that it shall
+take effect at a time to be fixed by the President by proclamation
+issued for that purpose:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States of
+America, do hereby, in virtue of the authority vested in me by section 3
+of the said act, proclaim the 15th day of December, 1890, as the day on
+which the said act shall take effect.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States of America to be affixed.
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 18th day of November, A.D. 1890,
+and of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and
+fifteenth.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE ORDERS.
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+Special Departmental Rule No. 1 is hereby amended so as to include among
+the exceptions from examination in the Department of Agriculture the
+following:
+
+  Scientific or professional experts to be employed in investigations
+  specially authorized by Congress, but not to include any persons
+  regularly employed in that Department nor any persons whose duties
+  are not scientific or professional, and who are not experts in the
+  particular line of scientific or professional inquiry in which they
+  are to be employed.
+
+
+Approved, January 29, 1890.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENTS OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+Section 1 of Postal Rule II is hereby amended by adding to the subjects
+of the clerk examination the following: "Reading addresses and physical
+tests;" and to the subjects of carrier examination the following:
+"Reading addresses."
+
+Approved, January 29, 1890.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+Special Customs Rule No. 1 is hereby amended by adding thereto the
+following:
+
+  In the customs district of New York: Detectives employed exclusively
+  as such.
+
+
+Approved, March 10, 1890.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+That part of Special Departmental Rule No. 1 relating to the Coast and
+Geodetic Survey, as printed on page 66 of the Fifth Annual Report of the
+Commission, is hereby amended by striking out in line 3, after the word
+"to," the words "general office assistant," and inserting in lieu
+thereof the words "assistant in charge of office and topography;" so
+that as amended the clause will read: "confidential clerk to assistant
+in charge of office and topography."
+
+Approved, March 10, 1890.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENTS OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+MARCH 28, 1890.
+
+Departmental Rule VII is hereby amended by adding thereto the following
+section, to be numbered 7:
+
+  7. In case of temporary absence, from sickness or other unavoidable
+  cause, of clerks, copyists, or employees of other grades for which
+  examinations are held, there may be certified in the manner provided
+  for in this rule, and employed under such regulations as the heads of
+  the several Departments shall prescribe, substitutes for such clerks,
+  copyists, or other employees so absent; and such substitutes so employed
+  in any Department shall be appointed in the order of their employment
+  as substitutes to the regular grades of that Department without further
+  certification as vacancies to which they are eligible may occur therein
+  while so employed as substitutes, every such appointment to be at once
+  reported to the Commission: _Provided_, That no person while employed
+  as a substitute in one Department shall be certified as a substitute to
+  any other Department, and that no person employed as a substitute shall
+  by reason of such employment be deprived of any right of certification
+  for a regular place to which he maybe entitled under the rules: _And
+  provided further_, That service rendered as a substitute shall not be
+  ground for reinstatement under Departmental Rule X. The time during
+  which any substitute who shall be appointed to a regular place is
+  actually employed as such shall be counted as a part of his period of
+  probation. No substitute shall be employed in any Department otherwise
+  than as herein provided.
+
+
+Special Departmental Rule No. 2 is hereby revoked.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+[From McPherson's Hand Book of Politics for 1890.]
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _April 24, 1890_.
+
+_To the Attorney-General_:
+
+I have had frequent occasion during the last six months to confer
+with you in reference to the obstructions offered in the counties of
+Leon, Gadsden, Madison, and Jefferson, in the State of Florida, to
+the execution of the process of the courts of the United States. It is
+not necessary to say more of the situation than that the officers of
+the United States are not suffered freely to exercise their lawful
+functions. This condition of things can not be longer tolerated. You
+will therefore instruct United States Marshal Weeks as soon as he has
+qualified to proceed at once to execute such writs of arrest as may be
+placed in his hands. If he apprehends resistance, he will employ such
+civil posse as may seem adequate to discourage resistance or to overcome
+it. He should proceed with calmness and moderation, which should always
+attend a public officer in the execution of his duty, and at the same
+time with a firmness and courage that will impress the lawless with
+a wholesome sense of the dangers and futility of resistance. You will
+assure the officers of the law and those who have foolishly and wickedly
+thought to set the law at defiance that every resource lodged with the
+Executive by the Constitution and the laws will as the necessity arises
+be employed to make it safe and feasible to hold a Federal commission
+and to execute the duties it imposes.
+
+Very respectfully,
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
+
+EXECUTIVE ORDER.
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _May 27, 1890_.
+
+_It is hereby ordered_, That the several Executive Departments and the
+Government Printing Office be closed on Friday, the 30th instant, to
+enable the employees to participate in the decoration of the graves of
+the soldiers and sailors who fell in defense of the Union during the
+War of the Rebellion.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+UNITED STATES CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION,
+  _Washington, D.C., May 31, 1890_.
+
+The PRESIDENT.
+
+SIR: This Commission has the honor to recommend that Special
+Departmental Rule No. 1 be amended by adding to the exceptions from
+examination therein declared the following:
+
+"In the Department of the Treasury, in the life-saving service:
+Topographer and hydrographer."
+
+We have the honor to be, your obedient servants,
+
+CHAS. LYMAN,
+  THEODORE ROOSEVELT,
+    HUGH S. THOMPSON,
+      _United States Civil Service Commissioners_.
+
+Approved, June 3, 1890.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, July 14, 1890_.[10]
+
+The death of John C. Fremont, a major-general on the retired list of
+the Army of the United States, is an event calling for some appropriate
+expression of the national sorrow and of a grateful appreciation of his
+public services. His career was full of adventurous and useful discovery
+and of devoted and conspicuous service both in civil and military
+affairs. He opened the passes of the Rocky Mountains and gave value to
+his discoveries by aiding to create an American State on the Pacific
+Coast.
+
+_It is therefore ordered_, That the national flag be displayed at
+half-mast upon all the buildings of the Executive Departments in this
+city until after the funeral shall have taken place.
+
+By direction of the President:
+
+E.W. HALFORD,
+  _Private Secretary_.
+
+[Footnote 10: Addressed to the heads of the Executive Departments, etc.]
+
+
+
+AMENDMENTS OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+Departmental Rule VIII, section 1, clause (_b_), is hereby amended
+by inserting after the word "transacted" the following: "and from
+the office of the Solicitor of the Treasury;" and after the word
+"Department" where it last occurs the following: "or to said office;"
+so that as amended the clause will read:
+
+  (_b_) From a bureau of the Treasury Department in which business
+  relating to the customs is transacted and from the office of the
+  Solicitor of the Treasury to a classified customs district, and from
+  such a district to such a bureau of the Treasury Department or to said
+  office, upon requisition by the Secretary of the Treasury.
+
+
+Approved, July 23, 1890.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+JULY 30, 1890.
+
+Special Departmental Rule No. 1 is hereby amended by adding to the
+places excepted from examination in the Department of Agriculture the
+following:
+
+  Wood engravers.
+
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+SEPTEMBER 2, 1890.
+
+Special Departmental Rule No. 1 is hereby amended by adding to the
+places excepted from examination therein the following:
+
+  In the Post-Office Department, office of the Postmaster-General:
+  Stenographer as confidential clerk to the chief post-office
+  inspector.
+
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+OCTOBER 31, 1890.
+
+Section 7 of Railway Mail Rule IV is hereby amended by inserting in line
+7, after the word "days," the following: "or until the emergency ceases."
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+
+SECOND ANNUAL MESSAGE.
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _December 7, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+The reports of the several Executive Departments, which will be laid
+before Congress in the usual course, will exhibit in detail the
+operations of the Government for the last fiscal year. Only the more
+important incidents and results, and chiefly such as may be the
+foundation of the recommendations I shall submit, will be referred to
+in this annual message.
+
+The vast and increasing business of the Government has been transacted
+by the several Departments during the year with faithfulness, energy,
+and success.
+
+The revenues, amounting to above $450,000,000, have been collected and
+disbursed without revealing, so far as I can ascertain, a single case
+of defalcation or embezzlement. An earnest effort has been made to
+stimulate a sense of responsibility and public duty in all officers and
+employees of every grade, and the work done by them has almost wholly
+escaped unfavorable criticism. I speak of these matters with freedom
+because the credit of this good work is not mine, but is shared by
+the heads of the several Departments with the great body of faithful
+officers and employees who serve under them. The closest scrutiny of
+Congress is invited to all the methods of administration and to every
+item of expenditure.
+
+The friendly relations of our country with the nations of Europe and of
+the East have been undisturbed, while the ties of good will and common
+interest that bind us to the States of the Western Hemisphere have been
+notably strengthened by the conference held in this capital to consider
+measures for the general welfare. Pursuant to the invitation authorized
+by Congress, the representatives of every independent State of the
+American continent and of Hayti met in conference in this capital in
+October, 1889, and continued in session until the 19th of last April.
+This important convocation marks a most interesting and influential
+epoch in the history of the Western Hemisphere. It is noteworthy that
+Brazil, invited while under an imperial form of government, shared
+as a republic in the deliberations and results of the conference. The
+recommendations of this conference were all transmitted to Congress
+at the last session.
+
+The International Marine Conference, which sat at Washington last
+winter, reached a very gratifying result. The regulations suggested have
+been brought to the attention of all the Governments represented, and
+their general adoption is confidently expected. The legislation of
+Congress at the last session is in conformity with the propositions of
+the conference, and the proclamation therein provided for will be issued
+when the other powers have given notice of their adhesion.
+
+The Conference of Brussels, to devise means for suppressing the slave
+trade in Africa, afforded an opportunity for a new expression of the
+interest the American people feel in that great work. It soon became
+evident that the measure proposed would tax the resources of the Kongo
+Basin beyond the revenues available under the general act of Berlin of
+1884. The United States, not being a party to that act, could not share
+in its revision, but by a separate act the Independent State of the
+Kongo was freed from the restrictions upon a customs revenue. The
+demoralizing and destructive traffic in ardent spirits among the tribes
+also claimed the earnest attention of the conference, and the delegates
+of the United States were foremost in advocating measures for its
+repression. An accord was reached the influence of which will be very
+helpful and extend over a wide region. As soon as these measures shall
+receive the sanction of the Netherlands, for a time withheld, the
+general acts will be submitted for ratification by the Senate. Meanwhile
+negotiations have been opened for a new and completed treaty of
+friendship, commerce, and navigation between the United States and the
+Independent State of the Kongo.
+
+Toward the end of the past year the only independent monarchical
+government on the Western Continent, that of Brazil, ceased to exist,
+and was succeeded by a republic. Diplomatic relations were at once
+established with the new Government, but it was not completely
+recognized until an opportunity had been afforded to ascertain that it
+had popular approval and support. When the course of events had yielded
+assurance of this fact, no time was lost in extending to the new
+Government a full and cordial welcome into the family of American
+Commonwealths. It is confidently believed that the good relations of the
+two countries will be preserved and that the future will witness an
+increased intimacy of intercourse and an expansion of their mutual
+commerce.
+
+The peace of Central America has again been disturbed through a
+revolutionary change in Salvador, which was not recognized by other
+States, and hostilities broke out between Salvador and Guatemala,
+threatening to involve all Central America in conflict and to undo
+the progress which had been made toward a union of their interests.
+The efforts of this Government were promptly and zealously exerted
+to compose their differences and through the active efforts of the
+representative of the United States a provisional treaty of peace was
+signed August 26, whereby the right of the Republic of Salvador to
+choose its own rulers was recognized. General Ezeta, the chief of the
+Provisional Government, has since been confirmed in the Presidency by
+the Assembly, and diplomatic recognition duly followed.
+
+The killing of General Barrundia on board the Pacific mail steamer
+_Acapulco_, while anchored in transit in the port of San Jose de
+Guatemala, demanded careful inquiry. Having failed in a revolutionary
+attempt to invade Guatemala from Mexican territory, General Barrundia
+took passage at Acapulco for Panama. The consent of the representatives
+of the United States was sought to effect his seizure, first at
+Champerico, where the steamer touched, and afterwards at San Jose.
+The captain of the steamer refused to give up his passenger without a
+written order from the United States minister. The latter furnished the
+desired letter, stipulating as the condition of his action that General
+Barrundia's life should be spared and that he should be tried only for
+offenses growing out of his insurrectionary movements. This letter was
+produced to the captain of the _Acapulco_ by the military commander at
+San Jose as his warrant to take the passenger from the steamer. General
+Barrundia resisted capture and was killed. It being evident that the
+minister, Mr. Mizner, had exceeded the bounds of his authority in
+intervening, in compliance with the demands of the Guatemalan
+authorities, to authorize and effect, in violation of precedent, the
+seizure on a vessel of the United States of a passenger in transit
+charged with political offenses, in order that he might be tried for
+such offenses under what was described as martial law. I was constrained
+to disavow Mr. Mizner's act and recall him from his post.
+
+The Nicaragua Canal project, under the control of our citizens, is
+making most encouraging progress, all the preliminary conditions and
+initial operations having been accomplished within the prescribed time.
+
+During the past year negotiations have been renewed for the settlement
+of the claims of American citizens against the Government of Chile,
+principally growing out of the late war with Peru. The reports from our
+minister at Santiago warrant the expectation of an early and
+satisfactory adjustment.
+
+Our relations with China, which have for several years occupied so
+important a place in our diplomatic history, have called for careful
+consideration and have been the subject of much correspondence.
+
+The communications of the Chinese minister have brought into view the
+whole subject of our conventional relations with his country, and at the
+same time this Government, through its legation at Peking, has sought
+to arrange various matters and complaints touching the interests and
+protection of our citizens in China.
+
+In pursuance of the concurrent resolution of October 1, 1890, I have
+proposed to the Governments of Mexico and Great Britain to consider a
+conventional regulation of the passage of Chinese laborers across our
+southern and northern frontiers.
+
+On the 22d day of August last Sir Edmund Monson, the arbitrator selected
+under the treaty of December 6, 1888, rendered an award to the effect
+that no compensation was due from the Danish Government to the United
+States on account of what is commonly known as the Carlos Butterfield
+claim.
+
+Our relations with the French Republic continue to be cordial. Our
+representative at that court has very diligently urged the removal of
+the restrictions imposed upon our meat products, and it is believed that
+substantial progress has been made toward a just settlement.
+
+The Samoan treaty, signed last year at Berlin by the representatives of
+the United States, Germany, and Great Britain, after due ratification
+and exchange, has begun to produce salutary effects. The formation of
+the government agreed upon will soon replace the disorder of the past by
+a stable administration alike just to the natives and equitable to the
+three powers most concerned in trade and intercourse with the Samoan
+Islands. The chief justice has been chosen by the King of Sweden and
+Norway on the invitation of the three powers, and will soon be
+installed. The land commission and the municipal council are in process
+of organization. A rational and evenly distributed scheme of taxation,
+both municipal and upon imports, is in operation. Malietoa is respected
+as King.
+
+The new treaty of extradition with Great Britain, after due
+ratification, was proclaimed on the 25th of last March. Its beneficial
+working is already apparent.
+
+The difference between the two Governments touching the fur-seal
+question in the Bering Sea is not yet adjusted, as will be seen by the
+correspondence which will soon be laid before the Congress. The offer
+to submit the question to arbitration, as proposed by Her Majesty's
+Government, has not been accepted, for the reason that the form of
+submission proposed is not thought to be calculated to assure a
+conclusion satisfactory to either party. It is sincerely hoped that
+before the opening of another sealing season some arrangement may be
+effected which will assure to the United States a property right derived
+from Russia, which was not disregarded by any nation for more than
+eighty years preceding the outbreak of the existing trouble.
+
+In the tariff act a wrong was done to the Kingdom of Hawaii which I am
+bound to presume was wholly unintentional. Duties were levied on certain
+commodities which are included in the reciprocity treaty now existing
+between the United States and the Kingdom of Hawaii, without indicating
+the necessary exception in favor of that Kingdom. I hope Congress will
+repair what might otherwise seem to be a breach of faith on the part of
+this Government.
+
+An award in favor of the United States in the matter of the claim of
+Mr. Van Bokkelen against Hayti was rendered on the 4th of December,
+1888, but owing to disorders then and afterwards prevailing in Hayti
+the terms of payment were not observed. A new agreement as to the time
+of payment has been approved and is now in force. Other just claims of
+citizens of the United States for redress of wrongs suffered during the
+late political conflict in Hayti will, it is hoped, speedily yield to
+friendly treatment.
+
+Propositions for the amendment of the treaty of extradition between the
+United States and Italy are now under consideration.
+
+You will be asked to provide the means of accepting the invitation of
+the Italian Government to take part in an approaching conference to
+consider the adoption of a universal prime meridian from which to reckon
+longitude and time. As this proposal follows in the track of the reform
+sought to be initiated by the Meridian Conference of Washington, held on
+the invitation of this Government, the United States should manifest a
+friendly interest in the Italian proposal.
+
+In this connection I may refer with approval to the suggestion of my
+predecessors that standing provision be made for accepting, whenever
+deemed advisable, the frequent invitations of foreign governments to
+share in conferences looking to the advancement of international reforms
+in regard to science, sanitation, commercial laws and procedure, and
+other matters affecting the intercourse and progress of modern
+communities.
+
+In the summer of 1889 an incident occurred which for some time
+threatened to interrupt the cordiality of our relations with the
+Government of Portugal. That Government seized the Delagoa Bay Railway,
+which was constructed under a concession granted to an American citizen,
+and at the same time annulled the charter. The concessionary, who had
+embarked his fortune in the enterprise, having exhausted other means of
+redress, was compelled to invoke the protection of his Government. Our
+representations, made coincidently with those of the British Government,
+whose subjects were also largely interested, happily resulted in the
+recognition by Portugal of the propriety of submitting the claim for
+indemnity growing out of its action to arbitration. This plan of
+settlement having been agreed upon, the interested powers readily
+concurred in the proposal to submit the case to the judgment of three
+eminent jurists, to be designated by the President of the Swiss
+Republic, who, upon the joint invitation of the Governments of the
+United States, Great Britain, and Portugal, has selected persons well
+qualified for the task before them.
+
+The revision of our treaty relations with the Empire of Japan has
+continued to be the subject of consideration and of correspondence.
+The questions involved are both grave and delicate; and while it will be
+my duty to see that the interests of the United States are not by any
+changes exposed to undue discrimination, I sincerely hope that such
+revision as Will satisfy the legitimate expectations of the Japanese
+Government and maintain the present and long-existing friendly relations
+between Japan and the United States will be effected.
+
+The friendship between our country and Mexico, born of close
+neighborhood and strengthened by many considerations of intimate
+intercourse and reciprocal interest, has never been more conspicuous
+than now nor more hopeful of increased benefit to both nations. The
+intercourse of the two countries by rail, already great, is making
+constant growth. The established lines and those recently projected add
+to the intimacy of traffic and open new channels of access to fresh
+areas of demand and supply. The importance of the Mexican railway system
+will be further enhanced to a degree almost impossible to forecast if
+it should become a link in the projected intercontinental railway.
+I recommend that our mission in the City of Mexico be raised to the
+first class.
+
+The cordial character of our relations with Spain warrants the hope
+that by the continuance of methods of friendly negotiation much may be
+accomplished in the direction of an adjustment of pending questions and
+of the increase of our trade. The extent and development of our trade
+with the island of Cuba invest the commercial relations of the United
+States and Spain with a peculiar importance. It is not doubted that a
+special arrangement in regard to commerce, based upon the reciprocity
+provision of the recent tariff act, would operate most beneficially for
+both Governments. This subject is now receiving attention.
+
+The restoration of the remains of John Ericsson to Sweden afforded a
+gratifying occasion to honor the memory of the great inventor, to whose
+genius our country owes so much, and to bear witness to the unbroken
+friendship which has existed between the land which bore him and our
+own, which claimed him as a citizen.
+
+On the 2d of September last the commission appointed to revise the
+proceedings of the commission under the claims convention between the
+United States and Venezuela of 1866 brought its labors to a close
+within the period fixed for that purpose. The proceedings of the late
+commission were characterized by a spirit of impartiality and a high
+sense of justice, and an incident which was for many years the subject
+of discussion between the two Governments has been disposed of in
+a manner alike honorable and satisfactory to both parties. For the
+settlement of the claim of the Venezuela Steam Transportation Company,
+which was the subject of a joint resolution adopted at the last session
+of Congress, negotiations are still in progress, and their early
+conclusion is anticipated.
+
+The legislation of the past few years has evinced on the part of
+Congress a growing realization of the importance of the consular service
+in fostering our commercial relations abroad and in protecting the
+domestic revenues. As the scope of operations expands increased
+provision must be made to keep up the essential standard of efficiency.
+The necessity of some adequate measure of supervision and inspection
+has been so often presented that I need only commend the subject to
+your attention.
+
+The revenues of the Government from all sources for the fiscal year
+ending June 30, 1890, were $463,963,080.55 and the total expenditures
+for the same period were $358,618,584.52. The postal receipts have not
+heretofore been included in the statement of these aggregates, and for
+the purpose of comparison the sum of $60,882,097.92 should be deducted
+from both sides of the account. The surplus for the year, including the
+amount applied to the sinking fund, was $105,344,496.03. The receipts
+for 1890 were $16,030,923.79 and the expenditures $15,739,871 in excess
+of those of 1889. The customs receipts increased $5,835,842.88 and the
+receipts from internal revenue $11,725,191.89, while on the side of
+expenditures that for pensions was $19,312,075.96 in excess of the
+preceding year.
+
+The Treasury statement for the current fiscal year, partly actual
+and partly estimated, is as follows: Receipts from all sources,
+$406,000,000; total expenditures, $354,000,000, leaving a surplus of
+$52,000,000, not taking the postal receipts into the account on either
+side. The loss of revenue from customs for the last quarter is estimated
+at $25,000,000, but from this is deducted a gain of about $16,000,000
+realized during the first four months of the year.
+
+For the year 1892 the total estimated receipts are $373,000,000 and the
+estimated expenditures $357,852,209.42, leaving an estimated surplus
+of $15,147,790.58, which, with a cash balance of $52,000,000 at the
+beginning of the year, will give $67,147,790.58 as the sum available
+for the redemption of outstanding bonds or other uses. The estimates of
+receipts and expenditures for the Post-Office Department, being equal,
+are not included in this statement on either side.
+
+The act "directing the purchase of silver bullion and the issue of
+Treasury notes thereon," approved July 14, 1890, has been administered
+by the Secretary of the Treasury with an earnest purpose to get into
+circulation at the earliest possible dates the full monthly amounts of
+Treasury notes contemplated by its provisions and at the same time to
+give to the market for the silver bullion such support as the law
+contemplates. The recent depreciation in the price of silver has been
+observed with regret. The rapid rise in price which anticipated and
+followed the passage of the act was influenced in some degree by
+speculation, and the recent reaction is in part the result of the same
+cause and in part of the recent monetary disturbances. Some months of
+further trial will be necessary to determine the permanent effect of the
+recent legislation upon silver values, but it is gratifying to know that
+the increased circulation secured by the act has exerted, and will
+continue to exert, a most beneficial influence upon business and upon
+general values.
+
+While it has not been thought best to renew formally the suggestion of
+an international conference looking to an agreement touching the full
+use of silver for coinage at a uniform ratio, care has been taken to
+observe closely any change in the situation abroad, and no favorable
+opportunity will be lost to promote a result which it is confidently
+believed would confer very large benefits upon the commerce of the
+world.
+
+The recent monetary disturbances in England are not unlikely to suggest
+a reexamination of opinions upon this subject. Our very large supply of
+gold will, if not lost by impulsive legislation in the supposed interest
+of silver, give us a position of advantage in promoting a permanent and
+safe international agreement for the free use of silver as a coin metal.
+
+The efforts of the Secretary to increase the volume of money in
+circulation by keeping down the Treasury surplus to the lowest
+practicable limit have been unremitting and in a very high degree
+successful. The tables presented by him showing the increase of money
+in circulation during the last two decades, and especially the table
+showing the increase during the nineteen months he has administered the
+affairs of the Department, are interesting and instructive. The increase
+of money in circulation during the nineteen months has been in the
+aggregate $93,866,813, or about $1.50 per capita, and of this increase
+only $7,100,000 was due to the recent silver legislation. That this
+substantial and needed aid given to commerce resulted in an enormous
+reduction of the public debt and of the annual interest charge is matter
+of increased satisfaction. There have been purchased and redeemed since
+March 4, 1889, 4 and 4-1/2 per cent bonds to the amount of $211,832,450,
+at a cost of $246,620,741, resulting in the reduction of the annual
+interest charge of $8,967,609 and a total saving of interest of
+$51,576,706.
+
+I notice with great pleasure the statement of the Secretary that the
+receipts from internal revenue have increased during the last fiscal
+year nearly $12,000,000, and that the cost of collecting this larger
+revenue was less by $90,617 than for the same purpose in the preceding
+year. The percentage of cost of collecting the customs revenue was less
+for the last fiscal year than ever before.
+
+The Customs Administration Board, provided for by the act of June 10,
+1890, was selected with great care, and is composed in part of men whose
+previous experience in the administration of the old customs regulations
+had made them familiar with the evils to be remedied, and in part of men
+whose legal and judicial acquirements and experience seemed to fit them
+for the work of interpreting and applying the new statute. The chief aim
+of the law is to secure honest valuations of all dutiable merchandise
+and to make these valuations uniform at all our ports of entry. It had
+been made manifest by a Congressional investigation that a system of
+undervaluation had been long in use by certain classes of importers,
+resulting not only in a great loss of revenue, but in a most intolerable
+discrimination against honesty. It is not seen how this legislation,
+when it is understood, can be regarded by the citizens of any country
+having commercial dealings with us as unfriendly. If any duty is
+supposed to be excessive, let the complaint be lodged there. It will
+surely not be claimed by any well-disposed people that a remedy may be
+sought and allowed in a system of quasi smuggling.
+
+The report of the Secretary of War exhibits several gratifying results
+attained during the year by wise and unostentatious methods. The
+percentage of desertions from the Army (an evil for which both Congress
+and the Department have long been seeking a remedy) has been reduced
+during the past year 24 per cent, and for the months of August and
+September, during which time the favorable effects of the act of June 16
+were felt, 33 per cent, as compared with the same months of 1889.
+
+The results attained by a reorganization and consolidation of the
+divisions having charge of the hospital and service records of the
+volunteer soldiers are very remarkable. This change was effected in
+July, 1889, and at that time there were 40,654 cases awaiting attention,
+more than half of these being calls from the Pension Office for
+information necessary to the adjudication of pension claims. On the 30th
+day of June last, though over 300,000 new calls had come in, there was
+not a single case that had not been examined and answered.
+
+I concur in the recommendations of the Secretary that adequate and
+regular appropriations be continued for coast-defense works and
+ordnance. Plans have been practically agreed upon, and there can be no
+good reason for delaying the execution of them, while the defenseless
+state of our great seaports furnishes an urgent reason for wise
+expedition.
+
+The encouragement that has been extended to the militia of the States,
+generally and most appropriately designated the "National Guard," should
+be continued and enlarged. These military organizations constitute in a
+large sense the Army of the United States, while about five-sixths of
+the annual cost of their maintenance is defrayed by the States.
+
+The report of the Attorney-General is under the law submitted directly
+to Congress, but as the Department of Justice is one of the Executive
+Departments some reference to the work done is appropriate here.
+
+A vigorous and in the main an effective effort has been made to bring to
+trial and punishment all violators of the law, but at the same time care
+has been taken that frivolous and technical offenses should not be used
+to swell the fees of officers or to harass well-disposed citizens.
+Especial attention is called to the facts connected with the prosecution
+of violations of the election laws and of offenses against United States
+officers. The number of convictions secured, very many of them upon
+pleas of guilty, will, it is hoped, have a salutary restraining
+influence. There have been several cases where postmasters appointed by
+me have been subjected to violent interference in the discharge of their
+official duties and to persecutions and personal violence of the most
+extreme character. Some of these cases have been dealt with through the
+Department of Justice, and in some cases the post-offices have been
+abolished or suspended. I have directed the Postmaster-General to pursue
+this course in all cases where other efforts failed to secure for any
+postmaster not himself in fault an opportunity peacefully to exercise
+the duties of his office. But such action will not supplant the efforts
+of the Department of Justice to bring the particular offenders to
+punishment.
+
+The vacation by judicial decrees of fraudulent certificates of
+naturalization, upon bills in equity filed by the Attorney-General
+in the circuit court of the United States, is a new application of a
+familiar equity jurisdiction. Nearly one hundred such decrees have been
+taken during the year, the evidence disclosing that a very large number
+of fraudulent certificates of naturalization have been issued. And in
+this connection I beg to renew my recommendation that the laws be so
+amended as to require a more full and searching inquiry into all the
+facts necessary to naturalization before any certificates are granted.
+It certainly is not too much to require that an application for American
+citizenship shall be heard with as much care and recorded with as much
+formality as are given to cases involving the pettiest property right.
+
+At the last session I returned without my approval a bill entitled
+"An act to prohibit bookmaking and pool selling in the District of
+Columbia," and stated my objection to be that it did not prohibit but in
+fact licensed what it purported to prohibit.[11] An effort will be made
+under existing laws to suppress this evil, though it is not certain that
+they will be found adequate.
+
+The report of the Postmaster-General shows the most gratifying progress
+in the important work committed to his direction, The business methods
+have been greatly improved. A large economy in expenditures and an
+increase of four and three-quarters millions in receipts have been
+realized. The deficiency this year is $5,786,300, as against $6,350,183
+last year, notwithstanding the great enlargement of the service.
+Mail routes have been extended and quickened and greater accuracy and
+dispatch in distribution and delivery have been attained. The report
+will be found to be full of interest and suggestion, not only to
+Congress, but to those thoughtful citizens who may be interested
+to know what business methods can do for that department of public
+administration which most nearly touches all our people.
+
+The passage of the act to amend certain sections of the Revised Statutes
+relating to lotteries, approved September 19, 1890, has been received
+with great and deserved popular favor. The Post-Office Department and
+the Department of Justice at once entered upon the enforcement of the
+law with sympathetic vigor, and already the public mails have been
+largely freed from the fraudulent and demoralizing appeals and
+literature emanating from the lottery companies.
+
+The construction and equipment of the new ships for the Navy have made
+very satisfactory progress. Since March 4, 1889, nine new vessels have
+been put in commission, and during this winter four more, including one
+monitor, will be added. The construction of the other vessels authorized
+is being pushed both in the Government and private yards with energy and
+watched with the most scrupulous care.
+
+The experiments conducted during the year to test the relative
+resisting power of armor plates have been so valuable as to attract
+great attention in Europe. The only part of the work upon the new ships
+that is threatened by unusual delay is the armor plating, and every
+effort is being made to reduce that to the minimum. It is a source of
+congratulation that the anticipated influence of these modern vessels
+upon the _esprit de corps_ of the officers and seamen has been fully
+realized. Confidence and pride in the ship among the crew are equivalent
+to a secondary battery. Your favorable consideration is invited to the
+recommendations of the Secretary.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Interior exhibits with great fullness
+and clearness the vast work of that Department and the satisfactory
+results attained. The suggestions made by him are earnestly commended,
+to the consideration of Congress, though they can not all be given
+particular mention here.
+
+The several acts of Congress looking to the reduction of the larger
+Indian reservations, to the more rapid settlement of the Indians upon
+individual allotments, and the restoration to the public domain of lands
+in excess of their needs have been largely carried into effect so far as
+the work was confided to the Executive. Agreements have been concluded
+since March 4, 1889, involving the cession to the United States of about
+14,726,000 acres of land. These contracts have, as required by law,
+been submitted to Congress for ratification and for the appropriations
+necessary to carry them into effect. Those with the Sisseton and
+Wahpeton, Sac and Fox, Iowa, Pottawatomies and Absentee Shawnees, and
+Coeur d'Alene tribes have not yet received the sanction of Congress.
+Attention is also called to the fact that the appropriations made in the
+case of the Sioux Indians have not covered all the stipulated payments.
+This should be promptly corrected. If an agreement is confirmed, all of
+its terms should be complied with without delay and full appropriations
+should be made.
+
+The policy outlined in my last annual message in relation to the
+patenting of lands to settlers upon the public domain[12] has been
+carried out in the administration of the Land Office. No general
+suspicion or imputation of fraud has been allowed to delay the hearing
+and adjudication of individual cases upon their merits. The purpose has
+been to perfect the title of honest settlers with such promptness that
+the value of the entry might not be swallowed up by the expense and
+extortions to which delay subjected the claimant. The average monthly
+issue of agricultural patents has been increased about 6,000.
+
+The disability-pension act, which was approved on the 27th of June last,
+has been put into operation as rapidly as was practicable. The increased
+clerical force provided was selected and assigned to work, and a
+considerable part of the force engaged in examinations in the field was
+recalled and added to the working force of the office. The examination
+and adjudication of claims have by reason of improved methods been more
+rapid than ever before. There is no economy to the Government in delay,
+while there is much hardship and injustice to the soldier. The
+anticipated expenditure, while very large, will not, it is believed, be
+in excess of the estimates made before the enactment of the law. This
+liberal enlargement of the general law should suggest a more careful
+scrutiny of bills for special relief, both as to the cases where relief
+is granted and as to the amount allowed.
+
+The increasing numbers and influence of the non-Mormon population of
+Utah are observed with satisfaction. The recent letter of Wilford
+Woodruff, president of the Mormon Church, in which he advised his people
+"to refrain from contracting any marriage forbidden by the laws of the
+land," has attracted wide attention, and it is hoped that its influence
+will be highly beneficial in restraining infractions of the laws of the
+United States. But the fact should not be overlooked that the doctrine
+or belief of the church that polygamous marriages are rightful and
+supported by divine revelation remains unchanged. President Woodruff
+does not renounce the doctrine, but refrains from teaching it, and
+advises against the practice of it because the law is against it. Now,
+it is quite true that the law should not attempt to deal with the faith
+or belief of anyone; but it is quite another thing, and the only safe
+thing, so to deal with the Territory of Utah as that those who believe
+polygamy to be rightful shall not have the power to make it lawful.
+
+The admission of the States of Wyoming and Idaho to the Union are events
+full of interest and congratulation, not only to the people of those
+States now happily endowed with a full participation in our privileges
+and responsibilities, but to all our people. Another belt of States
+stretches from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
+
+The work of the Patent Office has won from all sources very high
+commendation. The amount accomplished has been very largely increased,
+and all the results have been such as to secure confidence and
+consideration for the suggestions of the Commissioner.
+
+The enumeration of the people of the United States under the provisions
+of the act of March 1, 1889, has been completed, and the result will
+be at once officially communicated to Congress. The completion of this
+decennial enumeration devolves upon Congress the duty of making a new
+apportionment of Representatives "among the several States according to
+their respective numbers."
+
+At the last session I had occasion to return with my objections several
+bills making provisions for the erection of public buildings for the
+reason that the expenditures contemplated were, in my opinion, greatly
+in excess of any public need. No class of legislation is more liable
+to abuse or to degenerate into an unseemly scramble about the public
+Treasury than this. There should be exercised in this matter a wise
+economy, based upon some responsible and impartial examination and
+report as to each case, under a general law.
+
+The report of the Secretary of Agriculture deserves especial attention
+in view of the fact that the year has been marked in a very unusual
+degree by agitation and organization among the farmers looking to an
+increase in the profits of their business. It will be found that the
+efforts of the Department have been intelligently and zealously devoted
+to the promotion of the interests intrusted to its care.
+
+A very substantial improvement in the market prices of the leading farm
+products during the year is noticed. The price of wheat advanced from
+81 cents in October, 1889, to $1.00-3/4 in October, 1890; corn from 31
+cents to 50-1/4 cents; oats from 19-1/4 cents to 43 cents, and barley
+from 63 cents to 78 cents. Meats showed a substantial but not so large
+an increase. The export trade in live animals and fowls shows a very
+large increase. The total value of such exports for the year ending June
+30, 1890, was $33,000,000, and the increase over the preceding year was
+over $15,000,000. Nearly 200,000 more cattle and over 45,000 more hogs
+were exported than in the preceding year. The export trade in beef and
+pork products and in dairy products was very largely increased, the
+increase in the article of butter alone being from 15,504,978 pounds to
+29,748,042 pounds, and the total increase in the value of meat and dairy
+products exported being $34,000,000. This trade, so directly helpful
+to the farmer, it is believed, will be yet further and very largely
+increased when the system of inspection and sanitary supervision now
+provided by law is brought fully into operation.
+
+The efforts of the Secretary to establish the healthfulness of our meats
+against the disparaging imputations that have been put upon them abroad
+have resulted in substantial progress. Veterinary surgeons sent out by
+the Department are now allowed to participate in the inspection of the
+live cattle from this country landed at the English docks, and during
+the several months they have been on duty no case of contagious
+pleuro-pneumonia has been reported. This inspection abroad and the
+domestic inspection of live animals and pork products provided for by
+the act of August 30, 1890, will afford as perfect a guaranty for the
+wholesomeness of our meats offered for foreign consumption as is
+anywhere given to any food product, and its nonacceptance will quite
+clearly reveal the real motive of any continued restriction of their
+use, and that having been made clear the duty of the Executive will be
+very plain.
+
+The information given by the Secretary of the progress and prospects of
+the beet-sugar industry is full of interest. It has already passed the
+experimental stage and is a commercial success. The area over which the
+sugar beet can be successfully cultivated is very large, and another
+field crop of great value is offered to the choice of the farmer.
+
+The Secretary of the Treasury concurs in the recommendation of the
+Secretary of Agriculture that the official supervision provided by the
+tariff law for sugar of domestic production shall be transferred to the
+Department of Agriculture.
+
+The law relating to the civil service has, so far as I can learn, been
+executed by those having the power of appointment in the classified
+service with fidelity and impartiality, and the service has been
+increasingly satisfactory. The report of the Commission shows a large
+amount of good work done during the year with very limited
+appropriations.
+
+I congratulate the Congress and the country upon the passage at the
+first session of the Fifty-first Congress of an unusual number of laws
+of very high importance. That the results of this legislation will be
+the quickening and enlargement of our manufacturing industries, larger
+and better markets for our breadstuffs and provisions both at home and
+abroad, more constant employment and better wages for our working
+people, and an increased supply of a safe currency for the transaction
+of business, I do not doubt. Some of these measures were enacted at so
+late a period that the beneficial effects upon commerce which were in
+the contemplation of Congress have as yet but partially manifested
+themselves.
+
+The general trade and industrial conditions throughout the country
+during the year have shown a marked improvement. For many years prior to
+1888 the merchandise balances of foreign trade had been largely in our
+favor, but during that year and the year following they turned against
+us. It is very gratifying to know that the last fiscal year again shows
+a balance in our favor of over $68,000,000. The bank clearings, which
+furnish a good test of the volume of business transacted, for the first
+ten months of the year 1890 show as compared with the same months of
+1889 an increase for the whole country of about 8.4 per cent, while the
+increase outside of the city of New York was over 13 per cent. During
+the month of October the clearings of the whole country showed an
+increase of 3.1 per cent over October, 1889, while outside of New York
+the increase was 11.5 per cent. These figures show that the increase in
+the volume of business was very general throughout the country. That
+this larger business was being conducted upon a safe and profitable
+basis is shown by the fact that there were 300 less failures reported
+in October, 1890, than in the same month of the preceding year, with
+liabilities diminished by about $5,000,000.
+
+The value of our exports of domestic merchandise during the last year
+was over $115,000,000 greater than the preceding year, and was only
+exceeded once in our history. About $100,000,000 of this excess was in
+agricultural products. The production of pig iron, always a good gauge
+of general prosperity, is shown by a recent census bulletin to have been
+153 per cent greater in 1890 than in 1880, and the production of steel
+290 per cent greater. Mining in coal has had no limitation except that
+resulting from deficient transportation. The general testimony is that
+labor is everywhere fully employed, and the reports for the last year
+show a smaller number of employees affected by strikes and lockouts than
+in any year since 1884. The depression in the prices of agricultural
+products had been greatly relieved and a buoyant and hopeful tone was
+beginning to be felt by all our people.
+
+These promising influences have been in some degree checked by the
+surprising and very unfavorable monetary events which have recently
+taken place in England. It is gratifying to know that these did not grow
+in any degree out of the financial relations of London with our people
+or out of any discredit attached to our securities held in that market.
+The return of our bonds and stocks was caused by a money stringency
+in England, not by any loss of value or credit in the securities
+themselves. We could not, however, wholly escape the ill effects of a
+foreign monetary agitation accompanied by such extraordinary incidents
+as characterized this. It is not believed, however, that these evil
+incidents, which have for the time unfavorably affected values in this
+country, can long withstand the strong, safe, and wholesome influences
+which are operating to give to our people profitable returns in all
+branches of legitimate trade and industry. The apprehension that our
+tariff may again and at once be subjected to important general changes
+would undoubtedly add a depressing influence of the most serious
+character.
+
+The general tariff act has only partially gone into operation, some of
+its important provisions being limited to take effect at dates yet in
+the future. The general provisions of the law have been in force less
+than sixty days. Its permanent effects upon trade and prices still
+largely stand in conjecture. It is curious to note that the advance in
+the prices of articles wholly unaffected by the tariff act was by many
+hastily ascribed to that act. Notice was not taken of the fact that the
+general tendency of the markets was upward, from influences wholly apart
+from the recent tariff legislation. The enlargement of our currency by
+the silver bill undoubtedly gave an upward tendency to trade and had
+a marked effect on prices; but this natural and desired effect of the
+silver legislation was by many erroneously attributed to the tariff act.
+
+There is neither wisdom nor justice in the suggestion that the subject
+of tariff revision shall be again opened before this law has had a
+fair trial. It is quite true that every tariff schedule is subject to
+objections. No bill was ever framed, I suppose, that in all of its rates
+and classifications had the full approval even of a party caucus. Such
+legislation is always and necessarily the product of compromise as to
+details, and the present law is no exception. But in its general scope
+and effect I think it will justify the support of those who believe that
+American legislation should conserve and defend American trade and the
+wages of American workmen.
+
+The misinformation as to the terms of the act which has been so widely
+disseminated at home and abroad will be corrected by experience, and the
+evil auguries as to its results confounded by the market reports, the
+savings banks, international trade balances, and the general prosperity
+of our people. Already we begin to hear from abroad and from our
+custom-houses that the prohibitory effect upon importations imputed to
+the act is not justified. The imports at the port of New York for the
+first three weeks of November were nearly 8 per cent greater than for
+the same period in 1889 and 29 per cent greater than in the same period
+of 1888. And so far from being an act to limit exports, I confidently
+believe that under it we shall secure a larger and more profitable
+participation in foreign trade than we have ever enjoyed, and that we
+shall recover a proportionate participation in the ocean carrying trade
+of the world.
+
+The criticisms of the bill that have come to us from foreign sources
+may well be rejected for repugnancy. If these critics really believe
+that the adoption by us of a free-trade policy, or of tariff rates
+having reference solely to revenue, would diminish the participation
+of their own countries in the commerce of the world, their advocacy
+and promotion, by speech and other forms of organized effort, of this
+movement among our people is a rare exhibition of unselfishness in
+trade. And, on the other hand, if they sincerely believe that the
+adoption of a protective-tariff policy by this country inures to their
+profit and our hurt, it is noticeably strange that they should lead the
+outcry against the authors of a policy so helpful to their countrymen
+and crown with their favor those who would snatch from them a
+substantial share of a trade with other lands already inadequate to
+their necessities.
+
+There is no disposition among any of our people to promote prohibitory
+or retaliatory legislation. Our policies are adopted not to the hurt of
+others, but to secure for ourselves those advantages that fairly grow
+out of our favored position as a nation. Our form of government, with
+its incident of universal suffrage, makes it imperative that we shall
+save our working people from the agitations and distresses which scant
+work and wages that have no margin for comfort always beget. But after
+all this is done it will be found that our markets are open to friendly
+commercial exchanges of enormous value to the other great powers.
+
+From the time of my induction into office the duty of using every
+power and influence given by law to the executive department for the
+development of larger markets for our products, especially our farm
+products, has been kept constantly in mind, and no effort has been or
+will be spared to promote that end. We are under no disadvantage in any
+foreign market, except that we pay our workmen and workwomen better
+wages than are paid elsewhere--better abstractly, better relatively to
+the cost of the necessaries of life. I do not doubt that a very largely
+increased foreign trade is accessible to us without bartering for it
+either our home market for such products of the farm and shop as our own
+people can supply or the wages of our working people.
+
+In many of the products of wood and iron and in meats and bread-stuffs
+we have advantages that only need better facilities of intercourse and
+transportation to secure for them large foreign markets. The reciprocity
+clause of the tariff act wisely and effectively opens the way to secure
+a large reciprocal trade in exchange for the free admission to our ports
+of certain products. The right of independent nations to make special
+reciprocal trade concessions is well established, and does not
+impair either the comity due to other powers or what is known as the
+"favored-nation clause," so generally found in commercial treaties. What
+is given to one for an adequate agreed consideration can not be claimed
+by another freely. The state of the revenues was such that we could
+dispense with any import duties upon coffee, tea, hides, and the lower
+grades of sugar and molasses. That the large advantage resulting to the
+countries producing and exporting these articles by placing them on the
+free list entitled us to expect a fair return in the way of customs
+concessions upon articles exported by us to them was so obvious that to
+have gratuitously abandoned this opportunity to enlarge our trade would
+have been an unpardonable error.
+
+There were but two methods of maintaining control of this question open
+to Congress--to place all of these articles upon the dutiable list,
+subject to such treaty agreements as could be secured, or to place them
+all presently upon the free list, but subject to the reimposition of
+specified duties if the countries from which we received them should
+refuse to give to us suitable reciprocal benefits. This latter method,
+I think, possesses great advantages. It expresses in advance the consent
+of Congress to reciprocity arrangements affecting these products, which
+must otherwise have been delayed and unascertained until each treaty
+was ratified by the Senate and the necessary legislation enacted by
+Congress. Experience has shown that some treaties looking to reciprocal
+trade have failed to secure a two-thirds vote in the Senate for
+ratification, and others having passed that stage have for years awaited
+the concurrence of the House and Senate in such modifications of our
+revenue laws as were necessary to give effect to their provisions. We
+now have the concurrence of both Houses in advance in a distinct and
+definite offer of free entry to our ports of specific articles. The
+Executive is not required to deal in conjecture as to what Congress will
+accept. Indeed, this reciprocity provision is more than an offer. Our
+part of the bargain is complete; delivery has been made; and when the
+countries from which we receive sugar, coffee, tea, and hides have
+placed on their free lists such of our products as shall be agreed
+upon as an equivalent for our concession, a proclamation of that fact
+completes the transaction; and in the meantime our own people have
+free sugar, tea, coffee, and hides.
+
+The indications thus far given are very hopeful of early and
+favorable action by the countries from which we receive our large
+imports of coffee and sugar, and it is confidently believed that if
+steam communication with these countries can be promptly improved and
+enlarged the next year will show a most gratifying increase in our
+exports of breadstuffs provisions, as well as of some important lines
+of manufactured goods.
+
+In addition to the important bills that became laws before the
+adjournment of the last session, some other bills of the highest
+importance were well advanced toward a final vote and now stand upon the
+calendars of the two Houses in favored positions. The present session
+has a fixed limit, and if these measures are not now brought to a final
+vote all the work that has been done upon them by this Congress is lost.
+The proper consideration of these, of an apportionment bill, and of the
+annual appropriation bills will require not only that no working day of
+the session shall be lost, but that measures of minor and local interest
+shall not be allowed to interrupt or retard the progress of those that
+are of universal interest. In view of these conditions, I refrain from
+bringing before you at this time some suggestions that would otherwise
+be made, and most earnestly invoke your attention to the duty of
+perfecting the important legislation now well advanced. To some of these
+measures, which seem to me most important, I now briefly call your
+attention.
+
+I desire to repeat with added urgency the recommendations contained
+in my last annual message in relation to the development of American
+steamship lines.[13] The reciprocity clause of the tariff bill will be
+largely limited and its benefits retarded and diminished if provision is
+not contemporaneously made to encourage the establishment of first-class
+steam communication between our ports and the ports of such nations as
+may meet our overtures for enlarged commercial exchanges. The steamship,
+carrying the mails statedly and frequently and offering to passengers a
+comfortable, safe, and speedy transit, is the first condition of foreign
+trade. It carries the order or the buyer, but not all that is ordered or
+bought. It gives to the sailing vessels such cargoes as are not urgent
+or perishable, and, indirectly at least, promotes that important adjunct
+of commerce. There is now both in this country and in the nations of
+Central and South America a state of expectation and confidence as to
+increased trade that will give a double value to your prompt action upon
+this question.
+
+The present situation of our mail communication with Australia
+illustrates the importance of early action by Congress. The Oceanic
+Steamship Company maintains a line of steamers between San Francisco,
+Sydney, and Auckland consisting of three vessels, two of which are of
+United States registry and one of foreign registry. For the service done
+by this line in carrying the mails we pay annually the sum of $46,000,
+being, as estimated, the full sea and United States inland postage,
+which is the limit fixed by law. The colonies of New South Wales and New
+Zealand have been paying annually to these lines L37,000 for carrying
+the mails from Sydney and Auckland to San Francisco. The contract under
+which this payment has been made is now about to expire, and those
+colonies have refused to renew the contract unless the United States
+shall pay a more equitable proportion of the whole sum necessary to
+maintain, the service.
+
+I am advised by the Postmaster-General that the United States receives
+for carrying the Australian mails, brought to San Francisco in these
+steamers, by rail to Vancouver, an estimated annual income of $75,000.
+while, as I have stated, we are paying out for the support of the
+steamship line that brings this mail to us only $46,000, leaving an
+annual surplus resulting from this service of $29,000. The trade of the
+United States with Australia, which is in a considerable part carried by
+these steamers, and the whole of which is practically dependent upon the
+mail communication which they maintain, is largely in our favor. Our
+total exports of merchandise to Australasian ports during the fiscal
+year ending June 30, 1890, were $11,266,484, while the total imports of
+merchandise from these ports were only $4,277,676. If we are not willing
+to see this important steamship line withdrawn, or continued with
+Vancouver substituted for San Francisco as the American terminal,
+Congress should put it in the power of the Postmaster-General to make a
+liberal increase in the amount now paid for the transportation of this
+important mail.
+
+The South Atlantic and Gulf ports occupy a very favored position toward
+the new and important commerce which the reciprocity clause of the
+tariff act and the postal shipping bill are designed to promote.
+Steamship lines from these ports to some northern port of South America
+will almost certainly effect a connection between the railroad systems
+of the continents long before any continuous line of railroads can be
+put into operation. The very large appropriation made at the last
+session for the harbor of Galveston was justified, as it seemed to me,
+by these considerations. The great Northwest will feel the advantage of
+trunk lines to the South as well as to the East and of the new markets
+opened for their surplus food products and for many of their
+manufactured products.
+
+I had occasion in May last to transmit to Congress a report adopted
+by the International American Conference upon the subject of the
+incorporation of an international American bank, with a view to
+facilitating money exchanges between the States represented in that
+conference.[14] Such an institution would greatly promote the trade we
+are seeking to develop. I renew the recommendation that a careful and
+well-guarded charter be granted. I do not think the powers granted
+should include those ordinarily exercised by trust, guaranty, and
+safe-deposit companies, or that more branches in the United States
+should be authorized than are strictly necessary to accomplish the
+object primarily in view, namely, convenient foreign exchanges. It is
+quite important that prompt action should be taken in this matter,
+in order that any appropriations for better communication with these
+countries and any agreements that may be made for reciprocal trade
+may not be hindered by the inconvenience of making exchanges through
+European money centers or burdened by the tribute which is an incident
+of that method of business.
+
+The bill for the relief of the Supreme Court has after many years of
+discussion reached a position where final action is easily attainable,
+and it is hoped that any differences of opinion may be so harmonized as
+to save the essential features of this very important measure. In this
+connection I earnestly renew my recommendation that the salaries of the
+judges of the United States district courts be so readjusted that none
+of them shall receive less than $5,000 per annum.
+
+The subject of the unadjusted Spanish and Mexican land grants and the
+urgent necessity for providing some commission or tribunal for the trial
+of questions of title growing out of them were twice brought by me to
+the attention of Congress at the last session. Bills have been reported
+from the proper committees in both Houses upon the subject, and I very
+earnestly hope that this Congress will put an end to the delay which
+has attended the settlement of the disputes as to the title between the
+settlers and the claimants under these grants. These disputes retard the
+prosperity and disturb the peace of large and important communities.
+The governor of New Mexico in his last report to the Secretary of the
+Interior suggests some modifications of the provisions of the pending
+bills relating to the small holdings of farm lands. I commend to your
+attention the suggestions of the Secretary of the Interior upon this
+subject.
+
+The enactment of a national bankrupt law I still regard as very
+desirable. The Constitution having given to Congress jurisdiction of
+this subject, it should be exercised and uniform rules provided for the
+administration of the affairs of insolvent debtors. The inconveniences
+resulting from the occasional and temporary exercise of this power by
+Congress and from the conflicting State codes of insolvency which come
+into force intermediately should be removed by the enactment of a
+simple, inexpensive, and permanent national bankrupt law.
+
+I also renew my recommendation in favor of legislation affording just
+copyright protection to foreign authors on a footing of reciprocal
+advantage for our authors abroad.
+
+It may still be possible for this Congress to inaugurate by suitable
+legislation a movement looking to uniformity and increased safety in the
+use of couplers and brakes upon freight trains engaged in interstate
+commerce. The chief difficulty in the way is to secure agreement
+as to the best appliances, simplicity, effectiveness, and cost being
+considered. This difficulty will only yield to legislation, which should
+be based upon full inquiry and impartial tests. The purpose should be to
+secure the cooperation of all well-disposed managers and owners; but the
+fearful fact that every year's delay involves the sacrifice of 2,000
+lives and the maiming of 20,000 young men should plead both with
+Congress and the managers against any needless delay.
+
+The subject of the conservation and equal distribution of the water
+supply of the arid regions has had much attention from Congress, but has
+not as yet been put upon a permanent and satisfactory basis. The urgency
+of the subject does not grow out of any large present demand for the use
+of these lands for agriculture, but out of the danger that the water
+supply and the sites for the necessary catch basins may fall into the
+hands of individuals or private corporations and be used to render
+subservient the large areas dependent upon such supply. The owner of
+the water is the owner of the lands, however the titles may run. All
+unappropriated natural water sources and all necessary reservoir sites
+should be held by the Government for the equal use at fair rates of the
+homestead settlers who will eventually take up these lands. The United
+States should not, in my opinion, undertake the construction of dams or
+canals, but should limit its work to such surveys and observations as
+will determine the water supply, both surface and subterranean, the
+areas capable of irrigation, and the location and storage capacity
+of reservoirs. This done, the use of the water and of the reservoir
+sites might be granted to the respective States or Territories or to
+individuals or associations upon the condition that the necessary
+works should be constructed and the water furnished at fair rates
+without discrimination, the rates to be subject to supervision by the
+legislatures or by boards of water commissioners duly constituted. The
+essential thing to be secured is the common and equal use at fair rates
+of the accumulated water supply. It were almost better that these lands
+should remain arid than that those who occupy them should become the
+slaves of unrestrained monopolies controlling the one essential element
+of land values and crop results.
+
+The use of the telegraph by the Post-Office Department as a means for
+the rapid transmission of written communications is, I believe, upon
+proper terms, quite desirable. The Government does not own or operate
+the railroads, and it should not, I think, own or operate the telegraph
+lines. It does, however, seem to be quite practicable for the Government
+to contract with the telegraph companies, as it does with railroad
+companies, to carry at specified rates such communications as the
+senders may designate for this method of transmission. I recommend that
+such legislation be enacted as will enable the Post-Office Department
+fairly to test by experiment the advantages of such a use of the
+telegraph.
+
+If any intelligent, and loyal company of American citizens were required
+to catalogue the essential human conditions of national life, I do not
+doubt that with absolute unanimity they would begin with "free and
+honest elections." And it is gratifying to know that generally there is
+a growing and nonpartisan demand for better election laws; but against
+this sign of hope and progress must be set the depressing and undeniable
+fact that election laws and methods are sometimes cunningly contrived to
+secure minority control, while violence completes the shortcomings of
+fraud.
+
+In my last annual message I suggested that the development of the
+existing law providing a Federal supervision of Congressional elections
+offered an effective method of reforming these abuses.[15] The need
+of such a law has manifested itself in many parts of the country, and
+its wholesome restraints and penalties will be useful in all. The
+constitutionality of such legislation has been affirmed by the Supreme
+Court. Its probable effectiveness is evidenced by the character of the
+opposition that is made to it. It has been denounced as if it were a
+new exercise of Federal power and an invasion of the rights of States.
+Nothing could be further from the truth. Congress has already fixed the
+time for the election of members of Congress. It has declared that votes
+for members of Congress must be by written or printed ballot; it has
+provided for the appointment by the circuit courts in certain cases,
+and upon the petition of a certain number of citizens, of election
+supervisors, and made it their duty to supervise the registration of
+voters conducted by the State officers; to challenge persons offering to
+register; to personally inspect and scrutinize the registry lists, and
+to affix their names to the lists for the purpose of identification and
+the prevention of frauds; to attend at elections and remain with the
+boxes till they are all cast and counted; to attach to the registry
+lists and election returns any statement touching the accuracy and
+fairness of the registry and election, and to take and transmit to
+the Clerk of the House of Representatives any evidence of fraudulent
+practices which may be presented to them. The same law provides for the
+appointment of deputy United States marshals to attend at the polls,
+support the supervisors in the discharge of their duties, and to arrest
+persons violating the election laws. The provisions of this familiar
+title of the Revised Statutes have been put into exercise by both the
+great political parties, and in the North as well as in the South,
+by the filing with the court of the petitions required by the law.
+
+It is not, therefore, a question whether we shall have a Federal
+election law, for we now have one and have had for nearly twenty years,
+but whether we shall have an effective law. The present law stops just
+short of effectiveness, for it surrenders to the local authorities all
+control over the certification which establishes the _prima facie_ right
+to a seat in the House of Representatives. This defect should be cured.
+Equality of representation and the parity of the electors must be
+maintained or everything that is valuable in our system of government is
+lost. The qualifications of an elector must be sought in the law, not
+in the opinions, prejudices, or fears of any class, however powerful.
+The path of the elector to the ballot box must be free from the ambush
+of fear and the enticements of fraud; the count so true and open that
+none shall gainsay it. Such a law should be absolutely nonpartisan and
+impartial. It should give the advantage to honesty and the control to
+majorities. Surely there is nothing sectional about this creed, and if
+it shall happen that the penalties of laws intended to enforce these
+rights fall here and not there it is not because the law is sectional,
+but because, happily, crime is local and not universal. Nor should it be
+forgotten that every law, whether relating to elections or to any other
+subject, whether enacted by the State or by the nation, has force behind
+it; the courts, the marshal or constable, the _posse comitatus_, the
+prison, are all and always behind the law.
+
+One can not be justly charged with unfriendliness to any section or
+class who seeks only to restrain violations of law and of personal
+right. No community will find lawlessness profitable. No community can
+afford to have it known that the officers who are charged with the
+preservation of the public peace and the restraint of the criminal
+classes are themselves the product of fraud or violence. The magistrate
+is then without respect and the law without sanction. The floods of
+lawlessness can not be leveed and made to run in one channel. The
+killing of a United States marshal carrying a writ of arrest for an
+election offense is full of prompting and suggestion to men who are
+pursued by a city marshal for a crime against life or property.
+
+But it is said that this legislation will revive race animosities, and
+some have even suggested that when the peaceful methods of fraud are
+made impossible they may be supplanted by intimidation and violence.
+If the proposed law gives to any qualified elector by a hair's weight
+more than his equal influence or detracts by so much from any other
+qualified elector, it is fatally impeached. But if the law is equal and
+the animosities it is to evoke grow out of the fact that some electors
+have been accustomed to exercise the franchise for others as well
+as for themselves, then these animosities ought not to be confessed
+without shame, and can not be given any weight in the discussion without
+dishonor. No choice is left to me but to enforce with vigor all laws
+intended to secure to the citizen his constitutional rights and to
+recommend that the inadequacies of such laws be promptly remedied. If to
+promote with zeal and ready interest every project for the development
+of its material interests, its rivers, harbors, mines, and factories,
+and the intelligence, peace, and security under the law of its
+communities and its homes is not accepted as sufficient evidence of
+friendliness to any State or section, I can not add connivance at
+election practices that not only disturb local results, but rob the
+electors of other States and sections of their most priceless political
+rights.
+
+The preparation of the general appropriation bills should be conducted
+with the greatest care and the closest scrutiny of expenditures.
+Appropriations should be adequate to the needs of the public service,
+but they should be absolutely free from prodigality.
+
+I venture again to remind you that the brief time remaining for the
+consideration of the important legislation now awaiting your attention
+offers no margin for waste. If the present duty is discharged with
+diligence, fidelity, and courage, the work of the Fifty-first Congress
+may be confidently submitted to the considerate judgment of the people.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+[Footnote 11: See pp. 93-94.]
+
+[Footnote 12: See p. 49].
+
+[Footnote 13: See pp. 56-58.]
+
+[Footnote 14: See pp. 70-71.]
+
+[Footnote 15: See p. 56.]
+
+
+
+
+SPECIAL MESSAGES.
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _December 4, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a communication of the 3d instant from the Secretary
+of the Interior, accompanied by an agreement concluded by the Cherokee
+Commission with the Cheyenne and Arapahoe tribes of Indians for the
+cession of certain lands and for other purposes.
+
+The agreement is submitted for the consideration of Congress, as
+required by law.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _December 5, 1890_.
+
+_To the House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, in response to the resolution of the House of
+Representatives of the 24th of September last, a report of the Secretary
+of State and accompanying correspondence, in relation to the killing of
+General J. Martine Barrundia by Guatemalan officers on board the Pacific
+mail steamer _Acapulco_ in the port of San Jose, Guatemala, on the 28th
+of August last.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _December 17, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I herewith transmit a communication from the Secretary of State, in
+relation to a report upon the subject of cholera made by Dr. E.O.
+Shakespeare pursuant to the act of Congress approved March 3, 1885.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _December 17, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a letter from the Secretary of the Navy, accompanied
+by a letter from the secretary of the American Society of Mechanical
+Engineers, who transmits a memorial, addressed to the Government of the
+United States, in relation to the late Captain John Ericsson.
+
+The matter is presented for such action as the Congress may deem proper.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _December 17, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a letter from the Secretary of War, accompanied by
+a copy of a preliminary report of the board on gun factories and steel
+forgings for high-power guns, appointed by me under the provisions of an
+act entitled "An act making appropriations for fortifications," etc.,
+approved August 18, 1890.
+
+The report and accompanying papers are submitted for the information and
+early attention of Congress.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _December 22, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a letter of the 18th instant from the Secretary
+of the Interior, in relation to the disposition of timber on certain
+Chippewa reservations in Wisconsin, together with copies of papers
+relating thereto. The matter is presented for the action of Congress.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _December 23, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+The Territorial legislature of Oklahoma, now in session, will adjourn by
+limitation of law on to-morrow, the 24th instant. The act organizing the
+Territory provided (section II) that certain chapters of the revised
+statutes of Nebraska should be in force until after the adjournment of
+the first session of the Territorial legislature.
+
+The question of the location of the Territorial capital has so occupied
+the time of the legislature and so distracted and divided its members
+that no criminal code has been provided. It is urgently necessary that
+Congress should at once, by joint resolution or otherwise, continue
+the laws of Nebraska in force, and save pending criminal arrests and
+prosecutions at least. The reconvening of the legislature does not
+under the existing circumstances promise any relief.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _December 23, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a letter of the Secretary of the Navy, accompanied
+by the report of the commission appointed by me by virtue of a provision
+in the naval appropriation bill approved June 30, 1890, for the purpose
+of selecting a suitable site "for a dry dock at some point on the shores
+of the Pacific Ocean, or the waters connected therewith, north of the
+parallel of latitude marking the northern boundary of California,
+including the waters of Puget Sound and also Lakes Union and Washington,
+in the State of Washington."
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 5, 1891_.
+
+_To the House of Representatives_:
+
+In further response to the resolution of the House of Representatives
+requesting me, if in my judgment not incompatible with the public
+interest, to furnish to the House the correspondence since March 4,
+1889, between the Government of the United States and the Government
+of Great Britain touching the subjects in dispute in the Bering Sea,
+I transmit herewith a letter from the Secretary of State, which is
+accompanied by the correspondence which has taken place since my
+message of July 23, 1890.[16]
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+[Footnote 16: See p. 80.]
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 10, 1891_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a memorial of the legislative assembly of the
+Territory of Oklahoma, asking an appropriation for the relief of the
+destitute people of that Territory.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 16, 1891_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith the report of the World's Columbian Commission, with
+the accompanying papers.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 19, 1891_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a communication of the 17th instant from the
+Secretary of the Interior, submitting the agreement entered into between
+the Crow Indians and the commission appointed to negotiate with them
+for the sale to the United States of the western portion of their
+reservation in Montana under the provisions of the act of September 25,
+1890.
+
+It is thought important by the Department that this matter receive the
+consideration of Congress during the present session.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 26, 1891_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a letter of the Secretary of War, accompanied by
+the final report of the board on gun factories and steel forgings for
+high-power guns, and appendixes thereto.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 26, 1891_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a letter of the Secretary of the Interior,
+accompanied by a letter from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, who
+transmits a draft of a bill for compensating the Indians of the Crow
+Creek Reservation for the loss sustained by them by reason of their
+receiving less land per capita in their diminished reservations than is
+to be received by Indians occupying other diminished reservations.
+
+The matter is presented for the early consideration of the Congress.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 31, 1891_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+The sudden death of the Hon. William Windom, Secretary of the Treasury,
+in New York, on the evening of the 29th instant, has directed my
+attention to the present state of the law as to the filling of a vacancy
+occasioned by the death of the head of a Department.
+
+I transmit herewith an opinion of the Attorney-General, from which
+it will be seen that under the statutes in force no officer in the
+Treasury Department or other person designated by me can exercise the
+duties of Secretary of the Treasury for a longer period than ten days.
+This limitation is, I am sure, unwise, and necessarily involves in
+such a case as that now presented undue haste and even indelicacy.
+The President should not be required to take up the question of the
+selection of a successor before the last offices of affection and
+respect have been paid to the dead. If the proprieties of an occasion as
+sad as that which now overshadows us are observed, possibly one-half of
+the brief time allowed is gone before, with due regard to the decencies
+of life, the President and those with whom he should advise can take up
+the consideration of the grave duty of selecting a head for one of the
+greatest Departments of the Government.
+
+Hasty action by the Senate is also necessarily involved, and
+geographical limitations are practically imposed by the necessity of
+selecting some one who can reach the capital and take the necessary oath
+of office before the expiration of the ten days.
+
+It may be a very proper restriction of the power of the President in
+this connection that he shall not designate for any great length of time
+a person to discharge these important duties who has not been confirmed
+by the Senate, but there would seem to be no reason why one of the
+assistant secretaries of the Department wherein the vacancy exists might
+not discharge the duties of Secretary until a successor is selected,
+confirmed, and qualified. The inconvenience of this limitation was made
+apparent at the time of the death of Secretary Folger. President Arthur
+in that case allowed one of the assistant secretaries, who had been
+designated to act in the absence of the Secretary, to continue in the
+discharge of such duties for ten days, then designated the same person
+to discharge the duties for a further term of ten days, and then made a
+temporary appointment as Secretary, in order to secure the consideration
+that he needed in filling this important place.
+
+I recommend such a modification of the existing law as will permit the
+first or sole assistant, or, in the case of the Treasury Department,
+where the assistants are not graded, that one who may be designated by
+the President, to discharge the duties of the head of the Department
+until a successor is appointed and qualified.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 10, 1891_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+I transmit herewith the correspondence called for by the resolution of
+the Senate of the 6th instant, relating to the conduct of Commander
+Reiter in connection with the arrest and killing of General Barrundia.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 13, 1891_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+The Admiral of the Navy, David Dixon Porter, died at his residence
+in the city of Washington this morning at 8.15 o'clock, in the
+seventy-eighth year of his age. He entered the naval service as a
+midshipman February 2, 1829, and had been since continuously in service,
+having been made Admiral August 15, 1870. He was the son of Commodore
+David Porter, one of the greatest of our naval commanders. His service
+during the Civil War was conspicuously brilliant and successful, and
+his death ends a very high and honorable career. His countrymen will
+sincerely mourn his loss while they cherish with grateful pride the
+memory of his deeds. To officers of the Navy his life will continue
+to yield inspiration and encouragement.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, D.C., February 14, 1891_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith the sixth annual report of the Commissioner of
+Labor. This report relates to the cost of producing iron and steel and
+the materials of which iron is made in the United States and in Europe,
+and the earnings, the efficiency, and the cost of living of the men
+employed in such production.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 14, 1891_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+The death of William Tecumseh Sherman, which took place to-day at his
+residence in the city of New York, at 1 o'clock and 50 minutes p.m., is
+an event that will bring sorrow to the heart of every patriotic citizen.
+No living American was so loved and venerated as he. To look upon his
+face, to hear his name, was to have one's love of country intensified.
+He served his country, not for fame, not out of a sense of professional
+duty, but for love of the flag and of the beneficent civil institutions
+of which it was the emblem. He was an ideal soldier, and shared to the
+fullest the _esprit de corps_ of the Army; but he cherished the civil
+institutions organized under the Constitution, and was a soldier only
+that these might be perpetuated in undiminished usefulness and honor.
+He was in nothing an imitator.
+
+A profound student of military science and precedent, he drew from them
+principles and suggestions, and so adapted them to novel conditions that
+his campaigns will continue to be the profitable study of the military
+profession throughout the world. His genial nature made him comrade to
+every soldier of the great Union Army. No presence was so welcome and
+inspiring at the camp fire or commandery as his. His career was
+complete; his honors were full. He had received from the Government the
+highest rank known to our military establishment and from the people
+unstinted gratitude and love. No word of mine can add to his fame. His
+death has followed in startling quickness that of the Admiral of the
+Navy; and it is a sad and notable incident that when the Department
+under which he served shall have put on the usual emblems of mourning
+four of the eight Executive Departments will be simultaneously draped
+in black, and one other has but today removed the crape from its walls.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 26, 1891_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a report of the Secretary of State and accompanying
+documents, in relation to the execution of letters rogatory in foreign
+countries.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 26, 1891_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+I transmit herewith, in reply to the resolution of the Senate of the 9th
+instant, a report from the Secretary of State, accompanied by the papers
+relating to the commercial arrangement recently entered into with
+Brazil.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _March 3, 1891_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+In accordance with the resolution of the Senate of this date, I return
+herewith Senate bill 1453, to provide for the purchase of a site and the
+erection of a public building thereon at Saginaw, in the State of
+Michigan.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+
+VETO MESSAGES.
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _December 24, 1890_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+I return to the Senate, in which it originated, with my objections, the
+bill (No. 544) "to provide for the purchase of a site and the erection
+of a public building thereon at Bar Harbor, in the State of Maine." The
+statement of a few facts will show, I think, that the public needs do
+not justify the contemplated expenditure of $75,000 for the erection
+of a public building at Bar Harbor. Only one public office, the
+post-office, is to be accommodated. It appears from a report of the
+Postmaster-General that the rent paid by the United States for a room
+containing 875 square feet of floor space was in 1888 $300 and the
+expenditure for fuel and lights $60. One clerk was employed in the
+office and no carriers. The gross postal receipts for that year were
+$7,000. Bar Harbor is almost wholly a summer resort. The population of
+the town of Eden, of which Bar Harbor forms a part, as taken by the
+census enumerators, was less than 2,000. During one quarter of the year
+this population is largely increased by summer residents and visitors,
+but for the other three quarters is not much above the census
+enumeration. The postal receipts for 1890 by quarters show that for more
+than half the year the gross receipts of the post-office are about $8
+per day. The salary of a janitor for the new building would be more than
+twice the present cost to the Government of rent, fuel, and lights.
+I can not believe that upon reconsideration the Congress will approve
+the contemplated expenditure.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 26, 1891_.
+
+_To the House of Representatives_:
+
+I return herewith without my approval the bill (H.R. 12365) entitled
+"An act to authorize Oklahoma City, in Oklahoma Territory, to issue
+bonds to provide a right of way for the Choctaw Coal and Railway Company
+through said city." This bill authorizes the corporation of Oklahoma
+City to issue corporate bonds to the amount of $40,000 for the purpose
+of providing the right of way for a railroad company through the city,
+if the proposition shall receive the assent of a majority of the legal
+voters at an election to be called for that purpose.
+
+It is attempted to distinguish this case from the ordinary case of
+a municipal grant to a railway company by the fact that this railway
+company had located its line through the lands afterwards settled upon
+under the town-site law before such settlement, and that the route thus
+located cuts the plat of the city diagonally and in a way to be very
+injurious to property interests.
+
+Upon an examination of the facts it appears to me to be clear that no
+legal location was made by the railway company prior to the acquisition
+of the lands by the occupying settlers. Some preliminary surveys had
+been made, but no map of location had been filed with the Secretary of
+the Interior. If the rights of this company at this point of its road
+as to right of way are derived from the general statute of the United
+States upon that subject (U. S. Revised Statutes, Supplement, p. 87),
+then section 4 distinctly saves the right of any settler who had located
+prior to the filing of a profile of the road and the approval by the
+Secretary of the Interior thereof. And if, on the other hand, the rights
+of the company at the point indicated are derived from the act of
+Congress of February 18, 1888, "to authorize the Choctaw Coal and
+Railway Company to construct and operate a railway through the Indian
+Territory, and for other purposes," section 6 of that act also plainly
+protects the right of any occupying claimant. The latter statute, it
+seems to me, was intended to grant a right of way only through Indian
+lands, and if these lands were not such the general statute to which
+I have referred would apply; but in either event the conclusion is the
+same.
+
+It appears from the report of the committee that its favorable action,
+and, I must assume, the favorable action of Congress, proceeded upon the
+theory that there was a real controversy, doubtful as to its issue, as
+to the right of the railroad company to hold the line of its survey
+through the city.
+
+Stripped, then, of this claim the proposition is nakedly one to
+authorize Oklahoma City to donate $40,000 to the Choctaw Coal and
+Railway Company. The general statute of the United States prohibits
+such grants, and this must stand until repealed as a continuing
+expression of legislative opinion. If a departure from this rule is to
+be allowed at all, certainly it should only be where the circumstances
+are exceptional. Such circumstances, in my opinion, do not exist in
+this case. Already I have received from other cities in the Territory
+protests against special legislation of this sort, accompanied by the
+suggestion that if this policy is admitted other cities shall also be
+allowed to encourage the building of roads by donation.
+
+Oklahoma City, according to the report of the Census Office, has a
+population of about 4,100, and this donation would be equivalent to
+nearly $10 per capita. Very little real estate, whether town-site or
+country property, in this Territory is yet subject to assessment for
+taxation. The people have not yet had time to accumulate, and Congress
+has received appeals for aid to relieve a prevailing distress which the
+Territorial authorities have found themselves unable to deal with. It
+does not seem to me, in view of all these facts, that the wholesome rule
+prescribed by the general statute should be departed from.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 26, 1891_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+I return to the Senate without my approval the bill (S. 4620) "to
+establish the Record and Pension Office of the War Department, and for
+other purposes."
+
+This bill proposes to change the designation of one of the divisions of
+the War Department. It is now the "Record and Pension Division," and it
+is proposed that it shall hereafter be the "Record and Pension Office"
+of the War Department. The scope of the work assigned to this division
+or office is not changed, but the organization now existing under
+a classification made by the Secretary of War is by the bill made
+permanent and put beyond the control of the Secretary. The change of
+designation seems to have been intended to add dignity to the position,
+and the effect of the bill is probably to require that the chief of this
+office shall hereafter be appointed only by and with the advice and
+consent of the Senate, though it is not clear that any provision is made
+for a chief after the particular person designated in the bill has been
+separated from the place or in case he is not appointed.
+
+The real object of the bill is disclosed in the following clause:
+
+  The President is hereby authorized to nominate and, by and with the
+  advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint the officer now in charge
+  of said Record and Pension Division to be a colonel in the Army and
+  chief of said office.
+
+
+It is fairly to be implied from the bill that in the opinion of Congress
+the public interests would be promoted by making the contemplated change
+in the grade of this office and by giving the rank and pay of a colonel
+in the Army to the chief. A new and rather anomalous office is therefore
+created--that of "colonel in the Army and chief of the Record and
+Pension Office of the War Department"--but upon the condition that the
+President shall nominate a particular person to fill it. I do not think
+it is competent for Congress to designate the person who shall fill an
+office created by law, and practically nothing remains of the bill under
+consideration if this person is not to be appointed. The office is an
+important one, connected with the active civil administration of the War
+Department. I can not agree that the selection of the officer shall be
+taken out of the discretion of the Executive, where the responsibility
+for good administration necessarily rests. It is probably true that the
+officer intended to be benefited is peculiarly deserving and has had
+remarkable success in the discharge of the duties of the office; but
+these are considerations for the appointing power, and might safely have
+been left there.
+
+If this particular appointment was backed by reasons so obvious as
+to secure the support of both Houses of Congress, it should have been
+assumed that these reasons could have been made obvious to the Executive
+by the ordinary methods. In connection with the Army and Navy retired
+lists, legislation akin to this has become quite frequent, too frequent
+in my opinion; but these laws have been regarded as grants of pensions
+rather than of offices.
+
+If it is to be allowed that active places connected with the Executive
+Departments can be created upon condition that particular persons are or
+are not to be designated to fill them, the power of appointment might be
+wholly diverted from the Executive to the Congress.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _March 2, 1891_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+I return herewith without my approval the bill (S. 3270) "for the relief
+of the administratrix of the estate of George W. Lawrence."
+
+If I rightly construe this bill, it authorizes the Court of Claims to
+give judgment in favor of the contractor with the United States for
+the construction of the vessels named (_Agawam_ and _Pontoosuc_) for
+the difference between the contract price and the actual cost to the
+contractor of building the vessels, subject only to the condition that
+nothing shall be allowed for any advance in the price of labor or
+material unless such advance occurred during the prolonged term for
+completing the work rendered necessary by delay resulting from the
+action of the Government. The bill is somewhat obscure, but I have,
+I think, correctly stated the legal effect of it.
+
+Undoubtedly in contracts made for army and navy supplies and
+construction during the early days of the war there was not infrequently
+loss to the contractor by reason of the advance in the cost of labor
+resulting from the withdrawal of so large a body of men for service in
+the field and the indirect result of this upon the cost of material; but
+I can not believe that it is the purpose of Congress to reopen such
+contracts at this late day and to pay to the contractors the cost of the
+work or material which they stipulated to do or deliver at fixed prices.
+In the matter of another vessel constructed by this same claimant and
+in the case of one other similar claim I approved bills at the last
+session, but they carefully limited any finding by the Court of Claims
+to such losses as necessarily resulted from the interference by the
+Government with the progress of the work, thus creating delays and
+enhanced cost.
+
+In those cases the Government only undertook to make good losses
+resulting directly and unavoidably from its own acts. If the principle
+which seems to me to be embodied in the bill under consideration is
+adopted, I do not see how the Congress can refuse in all cases of all
+sorts of contracts to make good the losses resulting from appreciation
+in the cost of labor and material. The expenditure that such a policy
+would entail is incalculable, and the policy itself is, in my judgment,
+indefensible. The bill at the last session for the relief of this
+claimant in the case of another vessel constructed by him was, as I have
+said, carefully put upon the lines I have indicated, and if this claim
+could have been maintained upon, those lines I assume that the bill
+would have been similar in its provisions.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+
+PROCLAMATIONS.
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas satisfactory proof has been presented to me that provision has
+been made for adequate grounds and buildings for the uses of the World's
+Columbian Exposition, and that a sum not less than $10,000,000, to be
+used and expended for the purposes of said exposition, has been provided
+in accordance with the conditions and requirements of section 10 of
+an act entitled "An act to provide for celebrating the four hundredth
+anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus by
+holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures,
+and the products of the soil, mine, and sea, in the city of Chicago,
+in the State of Illinois," approved April 25, 1890:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, by
+virtue of the authority vested in me by said act, do hereby declare and
+proclaim that such international exhibition will be opened on the 1st
+day of May, in the year 1893, in the city of Chicago, in the State of
+Illinois, and will not be closed before the last Thursday in October of
+the same year. And in the name of the Government and of the people of
+the United States I do hereby invite all the nations of the earth to
+take part in the commemoration of an event that is preeminent in human
+history and of lasting interest to mankind by appointing representatives
+thereto and sending such exhibits to the World's Columbian Exposition as
+will most fitly and fully illustrate their resources, their industries,
+and their progress in civilization.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 24th day of December, 1890, and of
+the Independence of the United States the one hundred and fifteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas, pursuant to section 3 of the act of Congress approved October
+1, 1890, entitled "An act to reduce the revenue and equalize duties on
+imports, and for other purposes," the Secretary of State of the United
+States of America communicated to the Government of the United States of
+Brazil the action of the Congress of the United States of America, with
+a view to secure reciprocal trade, in declaring the articles enumerated
+in said section 3, to wit, sugars, molasses, coffee, and hides, to be
+exempt from duty upon their importation into the United States of
+America; and
+
+Whereas the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Brazil
+at Washington has communicated to the Secretary of State the fact that,
+in due reciprocity for and in consideration of the admission into the
+United States of America free of all duty of the articles enumerated in
+section 3 of said act, the Government of Brazil has by legal enactment
+authorized the admission, from and after April 1, 1891, into all the
+established ports of entry of Brazil, free of all duty, whether
+national, state, or municipal, of the articles or merchandise named in
+the following schedule, provided that the same be the product and
+manufacture of the United States of America:
+
+
+  1.--SCHEDULE OF ARTICLES TO BE ADMITTED FREE INTO BRAZIL.
+
+  Wheat.
+  Wheat flour.
+  Corn or maize and the manufactures thereof, including corn meal and
+    starch.
+  Rye, rye flour, buckwheat, buckwheat flour, and barley.
+  Potatoes, beans, and pease.
+  Hay and oats.
+  Pork, salted, including pickled pork and bacon, except hams.
+  Fish, salted, dried, or pickled.
+  Cotton-seed oil.
+  Coal, anthracite and bituminous.
+  Rosin, tar, pitch, and turpentine.
+  Agricultural tools, implements, and machinery.
+  Mining and mechanical tools, implements, and machinery, including
+    stationary and portable engines and all machinery for manufacturing
+  and industrial purposes, except sewing machines.
+  Instruments and books for the arts and sciences.
+  Railway construction material and equipment.
+
+
+And that the Government of Brazil has by legal enactment further
+authorized the admission into all the established ports of entry of
+Brazil, with a reduction of 25 per cent of the duty designated on the
+respective article in the tariff now in force or which may hereafter
+be adopted in the United States of Brazil, whether national, state,
+or municipal, of the articles or merchandise named in the following
+schedule, provided that the same be the product or manufacture of the
+United States of America:
+
+  2.--SCHEDULE OF ARTICLES TO BE ADMITTED INTO BRAZIL, WITH A REDUCTION
+  OF DUTY OF 25 PER CENT.
+
+  Lard and substitutes therefor.
+  Bacon hams.
+  Butter and cheese.
+  Canned and preserved meats, fish, fruits, and vegetables.
+  Manufactures of cotton, including cotton clothing.
+  Manufactures of iron and steel, single or mixed, not included in the
+    foregoing free schedule.
+  Leather and the manufactures thereof, except boots and shoes.
+  Lumber, timber, and the manufactures of wood, including cooperage,
+    furniture of all kinds, wagons, carts, and carriages.
+  Manufactures of rubber.
+
+
+And that the Government of Brazil has further provided that the laws
+and regulations adopted to protect its revenue and prevent fraud in the
+declarations and proof that the articles named in the foregoing schedules
+are the product or manufacture of the United States of America shall
+place no undue restrictions on the importer nor impose any additional
+charges or fees therefor on the articles imported;
+
+And whereas the Secretary of State has, by my direction, given assurance
+to the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Brazil at
+Washington that this action of the Government of Brazil in granting
+exemption of duties to the products and manufactures of the United
+States of America is accepted as a due reciprocity for the action of
+Congress as set forth in section 3 of said act:
+
+Now, therefore, be it known that I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the
+United States of America, have caused the above-stated modifications of
+the tariff law of Brazil to be made public for the information of the
+citizens of the United States of America.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 5th day of February, 1891, and of
+the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and
+fifteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it is provided by section 24 of an act approved March 3, 1891,
+entitled "An act to repeal timber-culture laws, and for other
+purposes"--
+
+  That the President of the United States may from time to time set apart
+  and reserve in any State or Territory having public land bearing
+  forests, in any part of the public lands wholly or in part covered with
+  timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not, as public
+  reservations; and the President shall by public proclamation declare
+  the establishment of such reservations and limits thereof.
+
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, by
+virtue of the power in me vested, do hereby make known and proclaim that
+there has been and is hereby reserved from entry or settlement and set
+apart for a public forest reservation all that tract of land situate in
+the State of Wyoming contained within the following-described
+boundaries:
+
+Beginning at a point on the parallel of 44 deg. 50' where said parallel is
+intersected by the meridian of 110 deg. west longitude; thence due east
+along said parallel to the meridian of 109 deg. 30' west longitude; thence
+due south along said meridian to the forty-fourth parallel of north
+latitude; thence due west along said parallel to its point of
+intersection with the west boundary of the State of Wyoming; thence due
+north along said boundary line to its intersection with the south
+boundary of the Yellowstone National Park.
+
+Warning is hereby expressly given to all persons not to enter or make
+settlement upon the tract of land reserved by this proclamation.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 30th day of March, A.D.1891, and of
+the Independence of the United States the one hundred and fifteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+The following provisions of the laws of the United States are hereby
+published for the information of all concerned:
+
+Section 1956, Revised Statutes, chapter 3, Title XXIII, enacts that--
+
+  No person shall kill any otter, mink, marten, sable, or fur seal, or
+  other fur-bearing animal within the limits of Alaska Territory or in
+  the waters thereof; and every person guilty thereof shall for each
+  offense be fined not less than $200 nor more than $1,000, or imprisoned
+  not more than six months, or both; and all vessels, their tackle,
+  apparel, furniture, and cargo, found engaged in violation of this
+  section shall be forfeited; but the Secretary of the Treasury shall
+  have power to authorize the killing of any such mink, marten, sable, or
+  other fur-bearing animal, except fur seals, under such regulations as
+  he may prescribe; and it shall be the duty of the Secretary to prevent
+  the killing of any fur seal and to provide for the execution of the
+  provisions of this section until it is otherwise provided by law, nor
+  shall he grant any special privileges under this section.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Section 3 of the act entitled "An act to provide for the protection of
+the salmon fisheries of Alaska," approved March 2, 1889, provides that--
+
+  SEC. 3. That section 1956 of the Revised Statutes of the United States
+  is hereby declared to include and apply to all the dominion of the
+  United States in the waters of Bering Sea, and it shall be the duty
+  of the President at a timely season in each year to issue his
+  proclamation, and cause the same to be published for one month in at
+  least one newspaper (if any such there be) published at each United
+  States port of entry on the Pacific coast, warning all persons against
+  entering such waters for the purpose of violating the provisions of
+  said section, and he shall also cause one or more vessels of the United
+  States to diligently cruise said waters and arrest all persons and
+  seize all vessels found to be or to have been engaged in any violation
+  of the laws of the United States therein.
+
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+pursuant to the above-recited statutes, hereby warn all persons against
+entering the waters of Bering Sea within the dominion of the United
+States for the purpose of violating the provisions of said section 1956,
+Revised Statutes; and I hereby proclaim that all persons found to be or
+to have been engaged in any violation of the laws of the United States
+in said waters will be arrested and punished as above provided, and that
+all vessels so employed, their tackle, apparel, furniture, and cargoes,
+will be seized and forfeited.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 4th day of April, 1891, and of the
+Independence of the United States the one hundred and fifteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas, pursuant to an act of Congress approved May 15, 1886, entitled
+"An act making appropriations for the current and contingent expenses
+of the Indian Department and for fulfilling treaty stipulations with
+various tribes for the year ending June 30, 1887, and for other
+purposes," an agreement was entered into on the 14th day of December,
+1886, by John V. Wright, Jared W. Daniels, and Charles F. Larrabee,
+commissioners on the part of the United States, and the Arickaree, Gros
+Ventre, and Mandan tribes of Indians, residing on the Fort Berthold
+Reservation, in the then Territory of Dakota, now State of North Dakota,
+embracing a majority of all the male adult members of said tribes; and
+
+Whereas by an act of Congress approved March 3, 1891, entitled "An act
+making appropriations for the current and contingent expenses of the
+Indian Department and for fulfilling treaty stipulations with various
+Indian tribes for the year ending June 30, 1892, and for other
+purposes," the aforesaid agreement of December 14, 1886, was accepted,
+ratified, and confirmed, except as to article 6 thereof, which was
+modified and changed on the part of the United States so as to read
+as follows:
+
+  That the residue of lands within said diminished reservation, after all
+  allotments have been made as provided in article 3 of this agreement,
+  shall be held by the said tribes of Indians as a reservation.
+
+
+And whereas it is provided in said last above-mentioned act--
+
+  That this act shall take effect only upon the acceptance of the
+  modification and changes made by the United States as to article 6 of
+  the said agreement by the said tribes of Indians in manner and form as
+  said agreement was assented to, which said acceptance and consent shall
+  be made known by proclamation by the President of the United States,
+  upon satisfactory proof presented to him that the said acceptance and
+  consent have been obtained in such manner and form.
+
+
+And whereas satisfactory proof has been presented to me that the
+acceptance of and consent to the provisions of the act last named by
+the different bands of Indians residing on said reservation have been
+obtained in manner and form as said agreement of December 14, 1886,
+was assented to:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, by
+virtue of the power in me vested, do hereby make known and proclaim the
+acceptance of and consent to the modification and changes made by the
+United States as to article 6 of said agreement by said tribe of Indians
+as required by the act, and said act is hereby declared to be in full
+force and effect, subject to all provisions, conditions, limitations,
+and restrictions therein contained.
+
+All persons will take notice of the provisions of said act and of the
+conditions and restrictions therein contained, and be governed
+accordingly.
+
+I furthermore notify all persons to particularly observe that
+a certain portion of the said Fort Berthold Reservation not ceded and
+relinquished by said agreement is reserved for allotment to, and also
+as a reservation for, the said tribes of Indians; and all persons are
+therefore hereby warned not to go upon any of the lands so reserved for
+any purpose or with any intent whatsoever, as no settlement or other
+rights can be secured upon said lands, and all persons found unlawfully
+thereon will be dealt with as trespassers and intruders; and I hereby
+declare all the lands sold, ceded, and relinquished to the United States
+under said agreement, namely, "all that portion of the Fort Berthold
+Reservation, as laid down upon the official map of the" (then)
+"Territory of Dakota published by the General Land Office in the year
+1885, lying north of the forty-eighth parallel of north latitude, and
+also all that portion lying west of a north and south line 6 miles west
+of the most westerly point of the big bend of the Missouri River, south
+of the forty-eighth parallel of north latitude," open to settlement and
+subject to disposal as provided in section 25 of the act of March 3,
+1891, aforesaid (26 U.S. Statutes at Large, p. 1035).
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 20th day of May, A.D. 1891, and of
+the Independence of the United States the one hundred and fifteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  WILLIAM F. WHARTON,
+    _Acting Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas an agreement for a _modus vivendi_ between the Government of the
+United States and the Government of Her Britannic Majesty in relation to
+the fur-seal fisheries in Bering Sea was concluded on the 15th day of
+June, A.D. 1891, word for word as follows:
+
+
+  AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE GOVERNMENT
+  OF HER BRITANNIC MAJESTY FOR A MODUS VIVENDI IN RELATION TO THE FUR-SEAL
+  FISHERIES IN BERING SEA.
+
+  For the purpose of avoiding irritating differences and with a view to
+  promote the friendly settlement of the questions pending between the two
+  Governments touching their respective rights in Bering Sea, and for the
+  preservation of the seal species, the following agreement is made
+  without prejudice to the rights or claims of either party:
+
+  (1) Her Majesty's Government will prohibit until May next seal killing
+  in that part of Bering Sea lying eastward of the line of demarcation
+  described in article No. 1 of the treaty of 1867 between the United
+  States and Russia, and will promptly use its best efforts to insure the
+  observance of this prohibition by British subjects and vessels.
+
+  (2) The United States Government will prohibit seal killing for the same
+  period in the same part of Bering Sea and on the shores and islands
+  thereof the property of the United States (in excess of 7,500 to be
+  taken on the islands for the subsistence and care of the natives), and
+  will promptly use its best efforts to insure the observance of this
+  prohibition by United States citizens and vessels.
+
+  (3) Every vessel or person offending against this prohibition in the
+  said waters of Bering Sea outside of the ordinary territorial limits of
+  the United States may be seized and detained by the naval or other duly
+  commissioned officers of either of the high contracting parties, but
+  they shall be handed over as soon as practicable to the authorities of
+  the nation to which they respectively belong, who shall alone have
+  jurisdiction to try the offense and impose the penalties for the same.
+  The witnesses and proofs necessary to establish the offense shall also
+  be sent with them.
+
+  (4) In order to facilitate such proper inquiries as Her Majesty's
+  Government may desire to make with a view to the presentation of the
+  case of that Government before arbitrators, and in expectation that an
+  agreement for arbitration may be arrived at, it is agreed that suitable
+  persons designated by Great Britain will be permitted at any time, upon
+  application, to visit or to remain upon the seal islands during the
+  present sealing season for that purpose.
+
+  Signed and sealed in duplicate at Washington, this 15th day of June,
+  1891, on behalf of their respective Governments, by William F. Wharton,
+  Acting Secretary of State of the United States, and Sir Julian
+  Pauncefote, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., H.B.M. envoy extraordinary and minister
+  plenipotentiary.
+
+  WILLIAM F. WHARTON. [SEAL.]
+
+  JULIAN PAUNCEFOTE. [SEAL.]
+
+
+Now, therefore, be it known that I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the
+United States of America, have caused the said agreement to be made
+public, to the end that the same and every part thereof may be observed
+and fulfilled with good faith by the United States of America and the
+citizens thereof.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 15th day of June, A.D. 1891, and of
+the Independence of the United States the one hundred and fifteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  WILLIAM F. WHARTON,
+    _Acting Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it is provided by section 13 of the act of Congress of March 3,
+1891, entitled "An act to amend Title LX, chapter 3, of the Revised
+Statutes of the United States, relating to copyrights," that said act
+"shall only apply to a citizen or a subject of a foreign state or nation
+when such foreign state or nation permits to citizens of the United
+States of America the benefit of copyright on substantially the same
+basis as its own citizens, or when such foreign state or nation is a
+party to an international agreement which provides for reciprocity in
+the granting of copyright, by the terms of which agreement the United
+States of America may at its pleasure become a party to such agreement;"
+and
+
+Whereas it is also provided by said section that "the existence of
+either of the conditions aforesaid shall be determined by the President
+of the United States by proclamation made from time to time as the
+purposes of this act may require;" and
+
+Whereas satisfactory official assurances have been given that in
+Belgium, France, Great Britain and the British possessions, and
+Switzerland the law permits to citizens of the United States the benefit
+of copyright on substantially the same basis as to the citizens of those
+countries:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States
+of America, do declare and proclaim that the first of the conditions
+specified in section 13 of the act of March 3, 1891, is now fulfilled in
+respect to the citizens or subjects of Belgium, France, Great Britain,
+and Switzerland.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 1st day of July, 1891, and of the
+Independence of the United States the one hundred and fifteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  WILLIAM F. WHARTON,
+    _Acting Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas, pursuant to section 3 of the act of Congress approved October
+1, 1890, entitled "An act to reduce the revenue and equalize duties on
+imports, and for other purposes," the Secretary of State of the United
+States of America communicated to the Government of Spain the action
+of the Congress of the United States of America, with a view to secure
+reciprocal trade, in declaring the articles enumerated in said section
+3, to wit, sugars, molasses, coffee, and hides, to be exempt from duty
+upon their importation into the United States of America; and
+
+Whereas the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Spain at
+Washington has communicated to the Secretary of State the fact that, in
+reciprocity and compensation for the admission into the United States of
+America free of all duty of the articles enumerated in section 3 of said
+act, the Government of Spain will by due legal enactment and as a
+provisional measure admit, from and after September 1, 1891, into all
+the established ports of entry of the Spanish islands of Cuba and Puerto
+Rico the articles or merchandise named in the following transitory
+schedule, on the terms stated therein, provided that the same be the
+product or manufacture of the United States and proceed directly from
+the ports of said States:
+
+
+  TRANSITORY SCHEDULE.
+
+  Products or manufactures of the United States to be admitted into Cuba
+  and Puerto Rico free of duties:
+
+   1. Meats, in brine, salted or smoked, bacon, hams, and meats preserved
+      in cans, in lard or by extraction of air, jerked beef excepted.
+
+   2. Lard.
+
+   3. Tallow and other animal greases, melted or crude, unmanufactured.
+
+   4. Fish and shellfish, live, fresh, dried, in brine, smoked, pickled,
+      oysters and salmon in cans.
+
+   5. Oats, barley, rye, and buckwheat, and flour of these cereals.
+
+   6. Starch, maizena, and other alimentary products of corn, except corn
+      meal.
+
+   7. Cotton seed, oil and meal cake of said seed for cattle.
+
+   8. Hay, straw for forage, and bran.
+
+   9. Fruits, fresh, dried, and preserved, except raisins.
+
+  10. Vegetables and garden products, fresh and dried.
+
+  11. Resin of pine, tar, pitch, and turpentine.
+
+  12. Woods of all kinds, in trunks or logs, joists, rafters, planks,
+      beams, boards, round or cylindric masts, although cut, planed, and
+      tongued and grooved, including flooring.
+
+  13. Woods for cooperage, including staves, headings, and wooden hoops.
+
+  14. Wooden boxes, mounted or unmounted, except of cedar.
+
+  15. Woods, ordinary, manufactured into doors, frames, windows, and
+      shutters, without paint or varnish, and wooden houses, unmounted,
+      without paint or varnish.
+
+  16. Wagons and carts for ordinary roads and agriculture.
+
+  17. Sewing machines.
+
+  18. Petroleum, raw or unrefined, according to the classification fixed
+      in the existing orders for the importation of this article in said
+      islands.
+
+  19. Coal, mineral.
+
+  20. Ice.
+
+  Products or manufactures of the United States to be admitted into Cuba
+  and Puerto Rico on payment of the duties stated:
+
+  21. Corn or maize, 25 cents per 100 kilograms.
+
+  22. Corn meal, 25 cents per 100 kilograms.
+
+  23. Wheat, from January 1, 1892, 30 cents per 100 kilograms.
+
+  24. Wheat flour, from January 1, 1892, $1 per 100 kilograms.
+
+  Products or manufactures of the United States to be admitted into Cuba
+  and Puerto Rico at a reduction of duty of 25 per cent:
+
+  25. Butter and cheese.
+
+  26. Petroleum, refined.
+
+  27. Boots and shoes in whole or in part of leather or skins.
+
+
+And whereas the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of
+Spain in Washington has further communicated to the Secretary of State
+that the Government of Spain will in like manner and as a definitive
+arrangement admit, from and after July 1, 1892, into all the established
+ports of, entry of the Spanish islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico the
+articles or merchandise named in the following schedules A, B, C, and D,
+on the terms stated therein, provided that the same be the product or
+manufacture of the United States and proceed directly from the ports of
+said States:
+
+
+  SCHEDULE A.
+
+  Products or manufactures of the United States to be admitted into Cuba
+  and Puerto Rico free of duties:
+
+   1. Marble, jasper, and alabaster, natural or artificial, in rough or
+      in pieces, dressed, squared, and prepared for taking shape.
+
+   2. Other stones and earthy matters, including cement, employed in
+      building, the arts and industries.
+
+   3. Waters, mineral or medicinal.
+
+   4. Ice.
+
+   5. Coal, mineral.
+
+   6. Resin, tar, pitch, turpentine, asphalt, schist, and bitumen.
+
+   7. Petroleum, raw or crude, in accordance with the classification
+      fixed in the tariff of said islands.
+
+   8. Clay, ordinary, in paving tiles, large and small, bricks, and roof
+      tiles unglazed, for the construction of buildings, ovens, and other
+      similar purposes.
+
+   9. Gold and silver coin.
+
+  10. Iron, cast, in pigs, and old iron and steel.
+
+  11. Iron, cast, in pipes, beams, rafters, and similar articles for
+      the construction of buildings and in ordinary manufactures.
+      (See repertory.)
+
+  12. Iron, wrought, and steel, in bars, rails and bars of all kinds,
+      plates, beams, rafters, and other similar articles for construction
+      of buildings.
+
+  13. Iron, wrought, and steel, in wire, nails, screws, nuts, and pipes.
+
+  14. Iron, wrought, and steel, in ordinary manufactures, and wire cloth
+      unmanufactured. (See repertory.)
+
+  15. Cotton, raw, with or without seed.
+
+  16. Cotton seed, oil and meal cake of same for cattle.
+
+  17. Tallow and all other animal greases, melted or crude,
+      unmanufactured.
+
+  18. Books and pamphlets, printed, bound and unbound.
+
+  19. Woods of all kinds, in trunks or logs, joists, rafters, planks,
+      beams, boards, and round or cylindric masts, although cut, planed,
+      tongued and grooved, including flooring.
+
+  20. Wooden cooperage, including staves, headings, and wooden hoops.
+
+  21. Wooden boxes, mounted or unmounted, except of cedar.
+
+  22. Woods, ordinary, manufactured into doors, frames, windows, and
+      shutters, without paint or varnish, and wooden houses, unmounted,
+      without paint or varnish.
+
+  23. Woods, ordinary, manufactured into all kinds of articles, turned or
+      unturned, painted or varnished, except furniture. (See repertory.)
+
+  24. Manures, natural or artificial.
+
+  25. Implements, utensils, and tools for agriculture, the arts, and
+      mechanical trades.
+
+  26. Machines and apparatus, agricultural, motive, industrial, and
+      scientific, of all classes and materials, and loose pieces for the
+      same, including wagons, carts, and handcarts for ordinary roads
+      and agriculture.
+
+  27. Material and articles for public works, such as railroads,
+      tramways, roads, canals for irrigation and navigation, use of
+      waters, ports, light-houses, and civil construction of general
+      utility, when introduced by authorization of the Government or if
+      free admission is obtained in accordance with local laws.
+
+  28. Materials of all classes for the construction, repair in whole or
+      in part of vessels, subject to specific regulations to avoid abuse
+      in the importation.
+
+  29. Meats, in brine, salted and smoked, including bacon, hams, and
+      meats preserved in cans, in lard or by extraction of air, jerked
+      beef excepted.
+
+  30. Lard and butter.
+
+  31. Cheese.
+
+  32. Fish and shellfish, live, fresh, dried, in brine, salted, smoked,
+      and pickled, oysters and salmon in cans.
+
+  33. Oats, barley, rye, and buckwheat, and flour of these cereals.
+
+  34. Starch, maizena, and other alimentary products of corn, except corn
+      meal.
+
+  35. Fruits, fresh, dried, and preserved, except raisins.
+
+  36. Vegetables and garden products, fresh and dried.
+
+  37. Hay, straw for forage, and bran.
+
+  38. Trees, plants, shrubs, and garden seeds.
+
+  39. Tan bark.
+
+
+  SCHEDULE B.
+
+  Products or manufactures of the United States to be admitted into Cuba
+  and Puerto Rico on payment of the duties stated:
+
+  40. Corn or maize, 25 cents per 100 kilograms.
+
+  41. Corn meal, 25 cents per 100 kilograms.
+
+  42. Wheat, 30 cents per 100 kilograms.
+
+  43. Wheat flour, $1 per 100 kilograms.
+
+  44. Carriages, cars and other vehicles for railroads or tramways,
+      where authorization of the Government for free admission has not
+      been obtained, 1 per cent _ad valorem_.
+
+
+  SCHEDULE C.
+
+  Products or manufactures of the United States to be admitted into Cuba
+  and Puerto Rico at a reduction of duty of 50 per cent:
+
+  45. Marble, jasper, and alabaster of all kinds, cut into flags, slabs,
+      or steps, and the same worked or carved in all kinds of articles,
+      polished or not.
+
+  46. Glass and crystal ware, plate and window glass, and the same
+      silvered, quicksilvered, and platinized.
+
+  47. Clay in tiles, large and small, and mosaic for pavement, colored
+      tiles, roof tiles glazed, and pipes.
+
+  48. Stoneware and fine earthenware, and porcelain.
+
+  49. Iron, cast, in fine manufactures or those polished, with coating of
+      porcelain or part of other metals. (See repertory.)
+
+  50. Iron, wrought, and steel, in axles, tires, springs, and wheels for
+      carriages, rivets and their washers.
+
+  51. Iron, wrought, and steel, in fine manufactures or those polished,
+      with coating of porcelain or part of other metals, not expressly
+      comprised in other numbers of these schedules, and platform scales
+      for weighing. (See repertory.)
+
+  52. Needles, pens, knives (table and carving), razors, penknives,
+      scissors, pieces for watches, and other similar articles of iron
+      and steel.
+
+  53. Tin plate in sheets or manufactured.
+
+  54. Copper, bronze, brass, and nickel, and alloys of same with common
+      metals, in lump or bars, and all manufactures of the same.
+
+  55. All other common metals and alloys of the same, in lump or bars,
+      and all manufactures of the same, plain, varnished, gilt, silvered,
+      or nickeled.
+
+  56. Furniture of all kinds, of wood or metal, including school
+      furniture, blackboards, and other materials for schools, and all
+      kinds of articles of fine woods not expressly comprised in other
+      numbers of these schedules. (See repertory.)
+
+  57. Rushes, esparto, vegetable hair, broom corn, willow, straw, palm,
+      and other similar materials, manufactured into articles of all
+      kinds.
+
+  58. Pastes for soups, rice flour, bread and crackers, and alimentary
+      farinas not comprised in other numbers of these schedules.
+
+  59. Preserved alimentary substances and canned goods not comprised in
+      other numbers of these schedules, including sausages, stuffed
+      meats, mustards, sauces, pickles, jams, and jellies.
+
+  60. Rubber and gutta-percha and manufactures thereof, alone or mixed
+      with other substances (except silk), and oilcloths and tarpaulin.
+
+  61. Rice, hulled or unhulled.
+
+
+  SCHEDULE D.
+
+  Products or manufactures of the United States to be admitted into Cuba
+  and Puerto Rico at a reduction of duty of 25 per cent:
+
+  62. Petroleum, refined, and benzine.
+
+  63. Cotton, manufactured, spun or twisted, and in goods of all kinds,
+      woven or knit, and the same mixed with other vegetable or animal
+      fibers in which cotton is an equal or greater component part, and
+      clothing exclusively of cotton.
+
+  64. Rope, cordage, and twine of all kinds.
+
+  65. Colors, crude and prepared, with or without oil, inks of all kinds,
+      shoe blacking, and varnishes.
+
+  66. Soap, toilet, and perfumery.
+
+  67. Medicines, proprietary or patent and all others, and drugs.
+
+  68. Stearine and tallow manufactured in candles.
+
+  69. Paper for printing, for decorating rooms, of wood or straw, for
+      wrapping and packing, and bags and boxes of same, sandpaper and
+      pasteboard.
+
+  70. Leather and skins, tanned, dressed, varnished, or japanned, of all
+      kinds, including sole leather or belting.
+
+  71. Boots and shoes in whole or in part of leather or skins.
+
+  72. Trunks, valises, traveling bags, portfolios, and other similar
+      articles in whole or in part of leather.
+
+  73. Harness and saddlery of all kinds.
+
+  74. Watches and clocks of gold, silver, or other metals, with cases of
+      stone, wood, or other material, plain or ornamented.
+
+  75. Carriages of two or four wheels and pieces of the same.
+
+
+It is understood that flour which on its exportation from the United
+States has been favored with drawbacks shall not share in the foregoing
+reduction of duty.
+
+The provisional arrangement as set forth in the transitory schedule
+shall come to an end on July 1, 1892, and on that date be substituted by
+the definitive arrangement as set forth in schedules A, B, C, and D.
+
+And that the Government of Spain has further provided that the laws
+and regulations adopted to protect its revenue and prevent fraud in
+the declarations and proof that the articles named in the foregoing
+schedules are the product or manufacture of the United States of America
+shall place no undue restrictions on the importer nor impose any
+additional charges or fees therefor on the articles imported; and
+
+Whereas the Secretary of State has, by my direction, given assurance
+to the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Spain at
+Washington that this action of the Government of Spain in granting
+exemption of duties to the products and manufactures of the United
+States of America on their importation into Cuba and Puerto Rico is
+accepted for those islands as a due reciprocity for the action of
+Congress as set forth in section 3 of said act:
+
+Now, therefore, be it known that I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the
+United States of America, have caused the above-stated modifications of
+the tariff laws of Cuba and Puerto Rico to be made public for the
+information of the citizens of the United States of America.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal
+of the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 31st day of July, 1891, and of the
+Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and
+sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  WILLIAM F. WHARTON,
+    _Acting Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas, pursuant to section 3 of the act of Congress approved October
+1, 1890, entitled "An act to reduce the revenue and equalize duties on
+imports, and for other purposes," the Secretary of State of the United
+States of America communicated to the Government of the Dominican
+Republic the action of the Congress of the United States of America,
+with a view to secure reciprocal trade, in declaring the articles
+enumerated in said section 3, to wit, sugars, molasses, coffee, and
+hides, to be exempt from duty upon their importation into the United
+States of America; and
+
+Whereas the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the
+Dominican Republic at Washington has communicated to the special
+plenipotentiary of the United States the fact that, in reciprocity and
+compensation for the admission into the United States of America free
+of all duty of the articles enumerated in section 3 of said act, the
+Government of the Dominican Republic will by due legal enactment admit,
+from and after September 1, 1891, into all the established ports of
+entry of the Dominican Republic the articles or merchandise named in the
+following schedules, on the terms stated therein, provided that the same
+be the product or manufacture of the United States and proceed directly
+from the ports of said States:
+
+
+  SCHEDULE A.
+
+  Articles to be admitted free of duty into the Dominican Republic:
+
+   1. Animals, live.
+
+   2. Meats of all kinds, salted or in brine, but not smoked.
+
+   3. Corn or maize, corn meal, and starch.
+
+   4. Oats, barley, rye, and buckwheat, and flour of these cereals.
+
+   5. Hay, bran, and straw for forage.
+
+   6. Trees, plants, vines, and seeds, and grains of all kinds for
+      propagation.
+
+   7. Cotton-seed oil and meal cake of same.
+
+   8. Tallow, in cake or melted, and oil for machinery, subject to
+      examination and proof respecting the use of said oil.
+
+   9. Resin, tar, pitch, and turpentine.
+
+  10. Manures, natural and artificial.
+
+  11. Coal, mineral.
+
+  12. Mineral waters, natural and artificial.
+
+  13. Ice.
+
+  14. Machines, including steam engines and those of all other kinds,
+      and parts of the same, implements and tools for agricultural,
+      mining, manufacturing, industrial, and scientific purposes,
+      including carts, wagons, handcarts, and wheelbarrows, and parts
+      of the same.
+
+  15. Material for the construction and equipment of railways.
+
+  16. Iron, cast and wrought, and steel, in pigs, bars, rods, plates,
+      beams, rafters, and other similar articles for the construction
+      of buildings, and in wire, nails, screws, and pipes.
+
+  17. Zinc, galvanized and corrugated iron, tin and lead in sheets,
+      asbestus, tar paper, tiles, slate, and other material for roofing.
+
+  18. Copper in bars, plates, nails, and screws.
+
+  19. Copper and lead pipe.
+
+  20. Bricks, fire bricks, cement, lime, artificial stone, paving tiles,
+      marble and other stones in rough, dressed or polished, and other
+      earthy materials used in building.
+
+  21. Windmills.
+
+  22. Wire, plain or barbed, for fences, with hooks, staples, nails, and
+      similar articles used in the construction of fences.
+
+  23. Telegraph wire and telegraphic, telephonic, and electrical
+      apparatus of all kinds for communication and illumination.
+
+
+  24. Wood and lumber of all kinds for building, in logs or pieces,
+      beams, rafters, planks, boards, shingles, flooring, joists,
+      wooden houses, mounted or unmounted, and accessory parts of
+      buildings.
+
+  25. Cooperage of all kinds, including staves, headings, and hoops,
+      barrels and boxes, mounted or unmounted.
+
+  26. Materials for shipbuilding.
+
+  27. Boats and lighters.
+
+  28. School furniture, blackboards, and other articles exclusively for
+      the use of schools.
+
+  29. Books, bound or unbound, pamphlets, newspapers and printed matter,
+      and paper for printing newspapers.
+
+  30. Printers' inks of all colors, type, leads, and all accessories for
+      printing.
+
+  31. Sacks, empty, for packing sugar.
+
+  32. Gold and silver coin and bullion.
+
+
+  SCHEDULE B.
+
+  Articles to be admitted into the Dominican Republic at a reduction of
+  duty of 25 per cent:
+
+  33. Meats not included in Schedule A and meat products of all kinds
+      except lard.
+
+  34. Butter, cheese, and condensed or canned milk.
+
+  35. Fish and shellfish, salted, dried, smoked, pickled, or preserved
+      in cans.
+
+  36. Fruits and vegetables, fresh, canned, dried, pickled, or preserved.
+
+  37. Manufactures of iron and steel, single or mixed, not included in
+      Schedule A.
+
+  38. Cotton, manufactured, spun or twisted, and in fabrics of all kinds,
+      woven or knit, and the same fabrics mixed with other vegetable or
+      animal fibers in which cotton is the equal or greater component
+      part.
+
+  39. Boots and shoes in whole or in part of leather or skins.
+
+  40. Paper for writing, in envelopes, ruled or blank books, wall paper,
+      paper for wrapping and packing, for cigarettes, in cardboard,
+      boxes, and bags, sandpaper and pasteboard.
+
+  41. Tin plate and tinware for arts, industries, and domestic uses.
+
+  42. Cordage, rope, and twine of all kinds.
+
+  43. Manufactures of wood of all kinds not embraced in Schedule A,
+      including wooden ware, implements for household use, and
+      furniture in whole or in part of wood.
+
+
+And that the Government of the Dominican Republic has further provided
+that the laws and regulations adopted to protect its revenue and prevent
+fraud in the declarations and proof that the articles named in the
+foregoing schedules are the product or manufacture of the United States
+of America shall place no undue restrictions on the importer nor impose
+any additional charges or fees therefor on the articles imported; and
+
+Whereas the special plenipotentiary of the United States has, by my
+direction, given assurance to the envoy extraordinary and minister
+plenipotentiary of the Dominican Republic at Washington that this action
+of the Government of the Dominican Republic in granting exemption of
+duties to the products and manufactures of the United States of America
+on their importation into the Dominican Republic is accepted as a due
+reciprocity for the action of Congress as set forth in section 3 of said
+act:
+
+Now, therefore, be it known that I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the
+United States of America, have caused the above-stated modifications of
+the tariff laws of the Dominican Republic to be made public for the
+information of the citizens of the United States of America.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 1st day of August, 1891, and of the
+Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and
+sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  WILLIAM F. WHARTON,
+    _Acting Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it is provided by section 24 of an act approved March 3, 1891,
+entitled "An act to repeal timber-culture laws, and for other
+purposes"--
+
+  That the President of the United States may from time to time set
+  apart and reserve in any State or Territory having public land bearing
+  forests, in any part of the public lands wholly or in part covered with
+  timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not, as public
+  reservations; and the President shall by public proclamation declare
+  the establishment of such reservations and limits thereof.
+
+
+And whereas the lands hereinafter described are public and forest
+bearing, and on the 30th of March last I issued a proclamation[17]
+intended to reserve the same as authorized in said act, but as some
+question has arisen as to the boundaries proclaimed being sufficiently
+definite to cover the forests intended to be reserved:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+for the purpose of removing any doubt and making the boundaries of said
+reservation more definite, by virtue of the power in me vested by said
+act, do hereby issue this my second proclamation and hereby set apart,
+reserve, and establish as a public reservation all that tract of land
+situate in the State of Wyoming embraced within the following boundary:
+
+  Beginning at a point on the parallel of 44 deg. 50' north latitude where
+  said parallel is intersected by the east boundary of the Yellowstone
+  National Park; thence due east along said parallel 24-1/2 miles; thence
+  due south to the parallel of 44 deg. north latitude; thence due west along
+  said parallel to its point of intersection with the west boundary of
+  the State of Wyoming; thence due north along said boundary to its
+  intersection with the south boundary of the Yellowstone National Park;
+  thence due east along the south boundary of said park to the southeast
+  corner thereof; thence due north along the east boundary of said park
+  to the place of beginning.
+
+
+And warning is hereby expressly given to all persons not to enter or
+make settlement upon the tract of land reserved by this proclamation.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 10th day of September, A.D. 1891,
+and of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and
+fifteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  WILLIAM F. WHARTON,
+    _Acting Secretary of State_.
+
+[Footnote 17: See pp. 142-143.]
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas by a written agreement made on the 12th day of June, 1890, the
+Sac and Fox Nation of Indians, in the Territory of Oklahoma, ceded and
+conveyed to the United States of America all title or interest of said
+Indians in and to the lands particularly described in Article I of the
+agreement, except the quarter section of land on which the Sac and Fox
+Agency is located, and provided that the section of land now designated
+and set apart near the Sac and Fox Agency for a school and farm shall
+not be subject either to allotment or to homestead entry; that every
+citizen of said nation shall have an allotment of land in quantity as
+therein stated, to be selected within the tract of country so ceded,
+except in sections 16 and 36 in each Congressional township, and except
+the agency quarter section and section set apart for school and farm,
+as above mentioned, or other lands selected in lieu thereof; that when
+the allotments to the citizens of the Sac and Fox Nation are made the
+Secretary of the Interior shall cause trust patents to issue therefor in
+the name of the allottees, and that as soon as such allotments are so
+made and approved by the Department of the Interior, and the patents
+provided for are issued, then the residue of said tract of country
+shall, as far as said Sac and Fox Nation is concerned, become public
+lands of the United States, and, under such restrictions as may be
+imposed by law, be subject to white settlement; and
+
+Whereas by a certain other agreement with the Iowa tribe of Indians
+residing on the Iowa Reservation, in said Territory, made on the 20th
+day of May, 1890, said tribe surrendered and relinquished to the United
+States all their title and interest in and to the lands of said Indians
+in said Territory, and particularly described in Article I of said
+agreement, and provided that each and every member of said tribe shall
+have an allotment of 80 acres of land upon said reservation, and upon
+the approval of such allotments by the Secretary of the Interior that
+trust patents shall be issued therefor, and that there shall be excepted
+from the operation of said agreement a tract of land not exceeding
+10 acres, in a square form, including the church and schoolhouse and
+graveyard at or near the Iowa village, which shall belong to said Iowa
+tribe of Indians in common, subject to the conditions and limitations
+in said agreement expressed; that the chief of the Iowas may select an
+additional 10 acres, in a square form, for the use of said tribe in said
+reservation, conforming in boundaries to the legal subdivisions of land
+therein, which shall be held by said tribe in common, subject to the
+conditions and limitations as expressed in relation thereto; and
+
+Whereas it is provided-in the act of Congress approved February 13,
+1891 (26 U.S. Statutes at Large, pp. 758, 759), section 7, accepting,
+ratifying, and confirming said agreements with the Sac and Fox Nation
+of Indians and the Iowa tribe of Indians--
+
+  That whenever any of the lands acquired by the agreements in this act
+  ratified and confirmed shall by operation of law or proclamation of
+  the President of the United States be open to settlement they shall
+  be disposed of to actual settlers only, under the provisions of the
+  homestead laws, except section 2301, which shall not apply: _Provided,
+  however_, That each settler under and in accordance with the provisions
+  of said homestead laws shall before receiving a patent for his homestead
+  pay to the United States for the land so taken by him, in addition to
+  the fees provided by law, the sum of $1.25 for each acre thereof; and
+  such person, having complied with all the laws relating to such
+  homestead settlement, may at his option receive a patent therefor at the
+  expiration of twelve months from date of settlement upon said homestead;
+  and any person otherwise qualified who has attempted to but for any
+  cause failed to secure a title in fee to a homestead under existing law,
+  or who made entry under what is known as the commuted provision of the
+  homestead law, shall be qualified to make a homestead entry upon any of
+  said lands.
+
+
+And whereas by a certain other agreement with the Citizen band of
+Pottawatomie Indians, in said Territory, made on the 25th day of June,
+1890, the said band of Indians ceded and absolutely surrendered to the
+United States all their title and interest in and to the lands in said
+Territory, and particularly described in Article I of said agreement,
+and provided that all allotments of land theretofore made, or then being
+made, or to be made, to members of said Citizen band of Pottawatomie
+Indians under the provisions of the general allotment act approved
+February 8, 1887, shall be confirmed; that in all allotments to be
+thereafter made no person shall have the right to select his or her
+allotment in sections 16 and 36 in any Congressional township, nor upon
+any land heretofore set apart in said tract of country for any use by
+the United States, or for schools, school-farm, or religious purposes;
+nor shall said sections 16 and 36 be subject to homestead entry, but
+shall be kept and used for school purposes; nor shall any lands set
+apart for any use of the United States, or for school, school-farm, or
+religious purposes, be subject to homestead entry, but shall be held by
+the United States for such purposes so long as the United States shall
+see fit to use them; and further, that the south half of section 7
+and the north half of section 18, in township 6 north, range 5 east,
+theretofore set apart by a written agreement between said band of
+Indians and certain Catholic fathers for religious, school, and farm
+purposes, shall not be subject to allotment or homestead entry, but
+shall be held by the United States for the Sacred Heart Mission, the
+name under which said association of fathers are conducting the church,
+school, and farm on said lands; and
+
+Whereas by a certain agreement with the Absentee Shawnee Indians, in
+said Territory, made on the 26th day of June, 1890, said last-named
+Indians ceded, relinquished, and surrendered to the United States all
+their title and interest in and to the lands in said Territory, and
+particularly described in Article I of said agreement, provided that all
+allotments of lands theretofore made, or then being made, or to be made,
+to said Absentee Shawnees under the provisions of the general allotment
+act approved February 8, 1887, shall be confirmed; that in all
+allotments to be thereafter made no person shall have the right to
+select his or her allotment in sections 16 and 36 in any Congressional
+township, nor in any land heretofore set apart in said tract of country
+for any use by the United States, or for school, school-farm, or
+religious purposes; nor shall said sections 16 and 36 be subject to
+homestead entry, but shall be held by the United States for such
+purposes so long as the United States shall see fit to use them; and
+
+Whereas it is provided in the act of Congress accepting, ratifying, and
+confirming said agreements with the Citizen band of Pottawatomie Indians
+and the Absentee Shawnee Indians, approved March 3, 1891 (26 U.S.
+Statutes at Large, pp. 989-1044), section 16--
+
+  That whenever any of the lands acquired by either of the * * * foregoing
+  agreements respecting lands in the Indian or Oklahoma Territory shall by
+  operation of law or proclamation of the President of the United States
+  be open to settlement they shall be disposed of to actual settlers only,
+  under the provisions of the homestead and town-site laws, except section
+  2301 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, which-shall not
+  apply: _Provided, however_, That each settler on said lands shall before
+  making a final proof and receiving a certificate of entry pay to the
+  United States for the land so taken by him, in addition to the fees
+  provided by law, and within five years from the date of the first
+  original entry, the sum of $1.50 per acre, one-half of which shall be
+  paid within two years; but the rights of honorably discharged Union
+  soldiers and sailors as defined and described in sections 2304 and 2305
+  of the Revised Statutes of the United States shall not be abridged
+  except as to the sum to be paid as aforesaid; and all the lands in
+  Oklahoma are hereby declared to be agricultural lands, and proof of
+  their nonmineral character shall not be required as a condition
+  precedent to final entry.
+
+
+And whereas allotments of land in severalty to said Sac and Fox Nation,
+said Iowa tribe, said Citizen band of Pottawatomies, and said Absentee
+Shawnee Indians have been made and approved, and provisional patents
+issued therefor, in accordance with law and the provisions of the
+before-mentioned agreements with them respectively, and an additional
+10 acres of land has been selected for the use of said Iowa tribe, to
+be held by said tribe in common, in accordance with the provisions of
+supplemental Article XII of the agreement with them; and
+
+Whereas the lands acquired by the four several agreements hereinbefore
+mentioned have been divided into counties by the Secretary of the
+Interior, as required by said last-mentioned act of Congress before the
+same shall be open to settlement, and lands have been reserved for
+county-seat purposes, as therein required; and
+
+Whereas it is provided by act of Congress for temporary government of
+Oklahoma, approved May 2, 1890, that there shall be reserved public
+highways 4 rods wide between each section of land in said Territory, the
+section lines being the centers of said highways, but no deduction shall
+be made from cash payments from each quarter section by reason thereof;
+and
+
+Whereas all the terms, conditions, and considerations required by said
+several agreements made respectively with said tribes of Indians
+hereinbefore mentioned, and of the laws relating thereto, precedent
+to opening said several tracts of land to settlement, have been, as
+I hereby declare, provided for, paid, and complied with:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, by
+virtue of the power in me vested by the statutes hereinbefore mentioned,
+also an act of Congress entitled "An act making appropriations for the
+current and contingent expenses of the Indian Department and fulfilling
+treaty stipulations with various Indian tribes for the year ending June
+30, 1890, and for other purposes," approved March 2, 1889, and by other
+the laws of the United States, and by said several agreements, do hereby
+declare and make known that all of the lands acquired from the Sac and
+Fox Nation of Indians, the Iowa tribe of Indians, the Citizen band of
+Pottawatomie Indians, and the Absentee Shawnee Indians by the four
+several agreements aforesaid, saving and excepting the lands allotted
+to the Indians as in said agreements provided, or otherwise reserved
+in pursuance of the provisions of said agreements and the said acts of
+Congress ratifying the same and other the laws relating thereto, will,
+at and after the hour of 12 o'clock noon (central standard time),
+Tuesday, the 22d day of this the present month of September, and not
+before, be opened to settlement, under the terms of and subject to all
+the conditions, limitations, reservations, and restrictions contained
+in said agreements, the statutes above specified, and the laws of the
+United States applicable thereto.
+
+The lands to be so opened to settlement are for greater convenience
+particularly described in the accompanying schedule, entitled "Schedule
+of lands within the Sac and Fox, Iowa, Pottawatomie (and Absentee
+Shawnee) reservations, in Oklahoma Territory, opened to settlement by
+proclamation of the President dated September 18, 1891," and which
+schedule is made a part hereof.
+
+Each entry shall be in square form as nearly as practicable; and no
+other lands in the Territory of Oklahoma are opened to settlement under
+this proclamation or the agreements ratifying the same.
+
+Notice, moreover, is hereby given that it is by law enacted that until
+said lands are opened to settlement by proclamation no person shall be
+permitted to enter upon and occupy the same, and no person violating
+this provision shall be permitted to enter any of said lands or acquire
+any right thereto. The officers of the United States will be required to
+enforce this provision.
+
+And further notice is hereby given that it has been duly ordered that
+the lands in the Territory of Oklahoma mentioned and included in this
+proclamation be, and the same are, attached to the Eastern and Oklahoma
+land districts in said Territory, severally, as follows:
+
+
+  1. All that portion of the Territory of Oklahoma commencing at the
+  southwest corner of township 14 north, range 1 east; thence east on
+  town line between townships 13 and 14 to the west boundary of the
+  Creek country; thence north on said boundary line to the middle of main
+  channel of the Cimarron River; thence up the Cimarron River, following
+  the main channel thereof, to the Indian meridian; thence south on said
+  meridian line to the place of beginning, is attached to the Eastern
+  land district in Oklahoma Territory, the office of which is now located
+  at Guthrie.
+
+  2. All that portion of said Territory commencing at the northwest
+  corner of township 13 north, range 1 east; thence south on Indian
+  meridian to the North Fork of the Canadian River; thence west up said
+  river to the west boundary of the Pottawatomie Indian Reservation,
+  according to Merrill's survey; thence south, following the line as run
+  by O.T. Morrill under his contract of September 3, 1872, to the middle
+  of the main channel of the Canadian River; thence east down the main
+  channel of said river to the west boundary of the Seminole Indian
+  Reservation; thence north with said west boundary to the North Fork
+  of the Canadian River; thence east down said North Fork to the west
+  boundary of the Creek Nation; thence north with said west boundary to
+  its intersection with the line between townships 13 and 14 north of the
+  Indian base; thence west on town line between townships 13 and 14 north
+  to the place of beginning, is attached to the Oklahoma land district in
+  said Territory, the office of which is now located at Oklahoma City.
+
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 18th day of September, A.D. 1891,
+and of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and
+sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  WILLIAM F. WHARTON,
+    _Acting Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it is provided by section 24 of the act of Congress approved
+March 3, 1891, entitled "An act to repeal the timber-culture laws, and
+for other purposes"--
+
+  That the President of the United States may from time to time set apart
+  and reserve in any State or Territory having public lands bearing
+  forests, in any part of the public lands wholly or in part covered with
+  timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not, as public
+  reservations; and the President shall by public proclamation declare
+  the establishment of such reservation and the limits thereof.
+
+
+And whereas the public lands in the State of Colorado within the limits
+hereinafter described are in part covered with timber, and it appears
+that the public good would be promoted by setting apart and reserving
+said lands as a public reservation:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+by virtue of the power in me vested by section 24 of the aforesaid act
+of Congress, do hereby make known and proclaim that there is hereby
+reserved from entry or settlement and set apart as a public reservation
+all those certain tracts, pieces, or parcels of land lying and being
+situate in the State of Colorado and particularly described as follows,
+to wit:
+
+Beginning at a point between sections three (3) and four (4) on the
+north boundary of township five (5) south, range eighty-seven (87) west
+of the sixth principal meridian in Colorado; thence north 12 miles;
+thence east to the southeast corner of township two (2) south, range
+eighty-six (86) west; thence north between ranges numbered eighty-five
+(85) and eighty-six (86) west to the base line; thence west along the
+base line to the southwest corner of township one (1) north, range
+eighty-five (85) west; thence north between ranges numbered eighty-five
+(85) and eighty-six (86) west to a point between sections thirteen (13)
+and twenty-four (24) on the east boundary of township five (5) north,
+range eighty-six (86) west; thence west through the middle of township
+five (5) north to the center of township five (5) north, range
+ninety-one (91) west; thence south to a point between sections three
+(3) and four (4) on the north boundary of township two (2) north, range
+ninety-one (91) west; thence west six (6) miles to a point between
+sections three (3) and four (4) on the north boundary of township two
+(2) north, range ninety-two (92) west; thence south to a point on the
+base line between sections thirty-three (33) and thirty-four (34) of
+township one (1) north, range ninety-two (92) west; thence west along
+the base line to a point between sections three (3) and four (4) on the
+north boundary of township one (1) south, range ninety-two (92) west;
+thence south to a point between sections three (3) and four (4) on the
+north boundary of township two (2) south, range ninety-two (92) west;
+thence west to the northwest corner of township two (2) south, range
+ninety-three (93) west; thence south to the southwest corner of township
+three (3) south, range ninety-three (93) west; thence east to the
+northeast corner of township four (4) south, range ninety-two (92) west;
+thence south to the southeast corner of township four (4) south, range
+ninety-two (92) west; thence east to the place of beginning.
+
+Excepting from the force and effect of this proclamation all land which
+may have been prior to the date hereof embraced in any valid entry or
+covered by a lawful filing duly made in the proper United States land
+office, and all mining claims duly located and held according to the
+laws of the United States and local rules and regulations not in
+conflict therewith.
+
+_Provided_, That this exception shall not continue to apply to any
+particular tract of land unless the entryman or claimant continues to
+comply with the law under which the entry, filing, or location was made.
+
+Warning is hereby expressly given to all persons not to enter or make
+settlement upon the tract of land reserved by this proclamation.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 16th day of October, A.D. 1891, and
+of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  WILLIAM F. WHARTON,
+    _Acting Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+It is a very glad incident of the marvelous prosperity which has crowned
+the year now drawing to a close that its helpful and reassuring touch
+has been felt by all our people. It has been as wide as our country, and
+so special that every home has felt its comforting influence. It is too
+great to be the work of man's power and too particular to be the device
+of his mind. To God, the beneficent and the all-wise, who makes the
+labors of men to be fruitful, redeems their losses by His grace, and the
+measure of whose giving is as much beyond the thoughts of man as it is
+beyond his deserts, the praise and gratitude of the people of this
+favored nation are justly due.
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States of
+America, do hereby appoint Thursday, the 26th day of November present,
+to be a day of joyful thanksgiving to God for the bounties of His
+providence, for the peace in which we are permitted to enjoy them, and
+for the preservation of those institutions of civil and religious
+liberty which He gave our fathers the wisdom to devise and establish and
+us the courage to preserve. Among the appropriate observances of the day
+are rest from toil, worship in the public congregation, the renewal of
+family ties about our American firesides, and thoughtful helpfulness
+toward those who suffer lack of the body or of the spirit.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 13th day of November, A.D. 1891,
+and of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and
+sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas satisfactory proof has been given to me that no tonnage or
+light-house dues, or other equivalent tax or taxes, are imposed upon
+vessels of the United States in the ports of the island of Tobago, one
+of the British West India Islands:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States of
+America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by section 11 of the
+act of Congress entitled "An act to abolish certain fees for official
+services to American vessels, and to amend the laws relating to shipping
+commissioners, seamen, and owners of vessels, and for other purposes,"
+approved June 19, 1886, do hereby declare and proclaim that from and
+after the date of this my proclamation shall be suspended the collection
+of the whole of the tonnage duty which is imposed by said section of
+said act upon vessels entered in the ports of the United States from any
+of the ports of the island of Tobago.
+
+_Provided_, That there shall be excluded from the benefits of the
+suspension hereby declared and proclaimed the vessels of any foreign
+country in whose ports the fees or dues of any kind or nature imposed on
+vessels of the United States, or the import or export duties on their
+cargoes, are in excess of the fees, dues, or duties imposed on the
+vessels of such country or on the cargoes of such vessels; but this
+proviso shall not be held to be inconsistent with the special regulation
+by foreign countries of duties and other charges on their own vessels,
+and the cargoes thereof, engaged in their coasting trade, or with the
+existence between such countries and other states of reciprocal
+stipulations founded on special conditions and equivalents, and thus not
+within the treatment of American vessels under the most-favored-nation
+clause in treaties between the United States and such countries.
+
+And the suspension hereby declared and proclaimed shall continue so long
+as the reciprocal exemption of vessels belonging to citizens of the
+United States and their cargoes shall be continued in the said ports of
+the island of Tobago and no longer.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 2d day of December, A.D. 1891, and
+of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE ORDERS.
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, D.C., January 19, 1891_.
+
+The death of George Bancroft, which occurred in the city of Washington
+on Saturday, January 17, at 3.40 o'clock p.m., removes from among the
+living one of the most distinguished Americans. As an expression of the
+public loss and sorrow the flags of all the Executive Departments at
+Washington and the public buildings in the cities through which the
+funeral party is to pass will be placed at half-mast on to-morrow and
+until the body of this eminent statesman, scholar, and historian shall
+rest in the State that gave him to his country and to the world.
+
+By direction of the President:
+
+ELIJAH W. HALFORD, _Private Secretary_.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+JANUARY 26, 1891.
+
+Special Departmental Rule No. 1 is hereby amended by adding to the
+exceptions from examination therein declared the following:
+
+
+  In the Department of Agriculture, in the office of the Secretary,
+  division of illustration and engraving: One artist.
+
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+DEPARTMENT OF STATE, _Washington, January 30, 1891_.
+
+
+SIR:[18] The Hon. William Windom, Secretary of the Treasury of the
+United States, died suddenly last night, in the city of New York, at the
+hour of eleven minutes past 10 o'clock, in the sixty-fourth year of his
+age. Thus has passed away a man of pure life, an official of stainless
+integrity, distinguished by long and eminent service in both branches of
+Congress and by being twice called to administer the national finances.
+His death has caused deep regret throughout the country, while to the
+President and those associated with him in the administration of the
+Government it comes as a personal sorrow.
+
+The President directs that all the Departments of the executive brand of
+the Government and the officers subordinate thereto shall manifest due
+respect to the memory of this eminent citizen in a manner consonant with
+the dignity of the office which he has honored by his devotion to public
+duty.
+
+The President further directs that the Treasury Department in all its
+branches in this capital be draped in mourning for the period of thirty
+days, that on the day of the funeral the several Executive Departments
+shall be closed, and that on all public buildings throughout the United
+States the national flag shall be displayed at half-mast.
+
+Very respectfully,
+
+JAMES G. BLAINE.
+
+[Footnote 18: Addressed to the heads of the Executive Departments, etc.]
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 13, 1891_.
+
+_To the Heads of the Executive Departments_:
+
+In token of respect to the memory of Admiral David D. Porter, who died
+this morning, the President directs that the national flag be displayed
+at half-mast upon all public buildings throughout the United States
+until after his funeral shall have taken place, and that on the day of
+the funeral public business in the Departments at Washington be
+suspended.
+
+E.W. HALFORD, _Private Secretary_.
+
+
+
+GENERAL ORDERS NO. 16.
+
+HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY,
+  ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S OFFICE,
+    _Washington, February 14, 1891_.
+
+I. The following order of the War Department is published to the Army:
+
+  WAR DEPARTMENT, _Washington, February 14, 1891_.
+
+  The death of General Sherman is hereby announced in the fitting words
+  of the President in his message to Congress:
+
+  [For message see p. 135.]
+
+
+The following Executive order will be published to the Army:
+
+
+  EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, D.C., February 14, 1891_.
+
+  It is my painful duty to announce to the country that General William
+  Tecumseh Sherman died this day at 1 o'clock and 50 minutes p.m., at his
+  residence in the city of New York. The Secretary of War will cause the
+  highest military honors to be paid to the memory of this distinguished
+  officer. The national flag will be floated at half-mast over all public
+  buildings until after the burial, and the public business will be
+  suspended in the Executive Departments at the city of Washington and in
+  the city where the interment takes place on the day of the funeral and
+  in all places where public expression is given to the national sorrow
+  during such hours as will enable every officer and employee to
+  participate therein with their fellow-citizens.
+
+  BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+The Major-General Commanding will issue the necessary orders to the
+Army.
+
+_It is ordered_, That the War Department be draped in mourning for the
+period of thirty days, and that all business be suspended therein on the
+day of the funeral.
+
+L.A. GRANT, _Acting Secretary of War_.
+
+
+II. On the day of the funeral the troops at every military post will be
+paraded and this order read to them, after which all labors for the day
+will cease. The national flag will be displayed at half-staff from the
+time of the receipt of this order until the close of the funeral. On the
+day of the funeral a salute of seventeen guns will be fired at half-hour
+intervals, commencing at 8 o'clock a.m. The officers of the Army will
+wear the usual badges of mourning, and the colors of the several
+regiments and battalions will be draped in mourning for a period of six
+months.
+
+The day and hour of the funeral will be communicated to department
+commanders by telegraph, and by them to their subordinate commanders.
+Other necessary orders will be issued hereafter relative to the
+appropriate funeral ceremonies.
+
+By command of Major-General Schofield:
+
+J.C. KELTON, _Adjutant-General_.
+
+
+
+GENERAL ORDER.
+
+NAVY DEPARTMENT, _February 16, 1891_.
+
+
+The following Executive order, announcing the death of General William
+Tecumseh Sherman, is published for the information of the Navy and the
+Marine Corps:
+
+[For Executive order see preceding page.]
+
+In accordance with the order of the President, the Navy Department will
+be closed and all business suspended therein on the day of the funeral,
+and the flag at all yards and stations will be displayed at half-mast
+until after the burial of General Sherman, and in all places where
+public expression is given to the national sorrow business will be
+suspended at navy-yards or stations during such hours as will enable
+officers and employees of the Navy to participate therein with their
+fellow-citizens.
+
+B.F. TRACY, _Secretary of the Navy_.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+FEBRUARY 18, 1891.
+
+Special Departmental Rule No. 1 is hereby amended so as to include among
+the places excepted from examination therein the following:
+
+  In the Department of Agriculture, in the office of the Secretary:
+  Private secretary to the chief of the division of statistics.
+
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+FEBRUARY 21, 1891.
+
+Special Departmental Rule No. 1 is hereby amended so as to include among
+the places excepted from examination therein the following:
+
+  In the Department of the Treasury, in the Coast and Geodetic Survey:
+  Clerk to act as confidential clerk and cashier to the disbursing
+  officer.
+
+  In the Post-Office Department, office of Assistant Attorney-General:
+  Confidential clerk to the Assistant Attorney-General.
+
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, D.C., February 26, 1891_.
+
+In accordance with an act of Congress approved September 27, 1890, the
+following limits to the punishment of enlisted men, together with the
+accompanying regulations, are established for the government in time of
+peace of all courts-martial, and will take effect thirty days after the
+date of this order:
+
+I. Subject to the modifications authorized in subdivision 3 of this
+section, the punishment for desertion shall not exceed the following:
+
+1. In the case of a soldier who surrenders--
+
+(_a_) When such surrender is made within thirty days after desertion,
+confinement at hard labor, with forfeiture of pay and allowances, for
+three months.
+
+(_b_) When such surrender is made after an absence of more than thirty
+days and not more than ninety days, confinement at hard labor, with
+forfeiture of pay and allowances, for six months.
+
+(_c_) When such surrender is made after an absence of more than ninety
+days, dishonorable discharge, with forfeiture of all pay and allowances,
+and confinement at hard labor for eighteen months: _Provided_, That in
+the case of a deserter who had not been more than three months in the
+service the confinement shall not exceed ten months.
+
+2. In the case of a soldier who does not surrender--
+
+(_a_) When at the time of desertion he shall have been less than three
+months in the service, dishonorable discharge, with forfeiture of all
+pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor for one year.
+
+(_b_) When at the time of desertion he shall have been three months or
+more, but less than six months, in the service, dishonorable discharge,
+with forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor
+for eighteen months.
+
+(_c_) When at the time of desertion he shall have been six months or
+more in the service, dishonorable discharge, with forfeiture of all pay
+and allowances, and confinement at hard labor for two years and six
+months.
+
+3. The foregoing limitations will be subject to modification under the
+following conditions:
+
+(_a_) The punishment of a deserter may be increased by one year of
+confinement at hard labor in consideration of each previous conviction
+of desertion, and also by dishonorable discharge and forfeiture of all
+pay and allowances when not already authorized.
+
+(_b_) The punishment for desertion when joined in by two or more
+soldiers in the execution of a conspiracy, or for desertion in the
+presence of an outbreak of Indians or of any unlawful assemblage which
+the troops may be opposing, shall not exceed dishonorable discharge,
+forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement at hard labor
+for five years.
+
+II. Except as herein otherwise indicated, punishments shall not exceed
+the limits prescribed in the following table:
+
+
+  Offenses.                          Limit of punishment.
+
+  _Under seventeenth
+   article of war_.
+
+  Selling horse or arms,             Three years' confinement at hard
+    either or both                   labor; for noncommissioned officer,
+                                     reduction in addition thereto.[19]
+
+  Selling accouterments              Four months confinement at hard
+                                     labor; for noncommissioned officer,
+                                     reduction in addition thereto.[19]
+
+  Selling clothing                   Two months' confinement at hard
+                                     labor; for noncommissioned officer,
+                                     reduction in addition thereto.[19]
+
+  Losing or spoiling horse           Four months' confinement at hard
+    or arms through neglect          labor; for noncommissioned officer,
+                                     reduction in addition thereto.[19]
+
+  Losing or spoiling                 One month's confinement at hard
+    accouterments or clothing        labor; for noncommissioned officer,
+    through neglect                  reduction in addition thereto.[19]
+
+
+  _Under twentieth article of war_.
+
+  Behaving himself with              Six months' confinement at hard labor
+    disrespect toward his            and forfeiture of $10 per month for
+    commanding officer               the same period; for noncommissioned
+                                     officer, reduction in addition
+                                     thereto.
+
+
+  _Under twenty-fourth article of war_.
+
+  Refusal to obey or using           Dishonorable discharge, with
+    violence to officer or           forfeiture of all pay and allowances,
+    noncommissioned officer          and imprisonment for 2 years.
+    while quelling quarrels
+    or disorders
+
+
+  _Under thirty-first article of war_.
+
+  Lying out of quarters              Forfeiture of $2; corporal, $3;
+                                     sergeant, $4.
+
+
+  _Under thirty-second article of war_.
+
+  Absence without leave--
+
+    Less than 1 hour (not            Forfeiture of 50 cents; corporal, $1;
+      including absence from         sergeant, $2.
+      a roll call)
+
+    Less than 1 hour                 Forfeiture of $1; corporal, $2;
+      (including absence from        sergeant, $3; first sergeant or
+      a roll call)                   noncommissioned officer of higher
+                                     grade, $4.
+
+    From 1 to 6 hours                Forfeiture of $2; corporal, $3;
+                                     sergeant, $4; first sergeant or
+                                     noncommissioned officer of higher
+                                     grade, $5.
+
+    From 6 to 12 hours               Forfeiture of $3; corporal, $4;
+                                     sergeant, $6; first sergeant or
+                                     noncommissioned officer of higher
+                                     grade, $7.
+
+    From 12 to 24 hours              Forfeiture of $5; corporal, $6;
+                                     sergeant, $7; first sergeant or
+                                     noncommissioned officer of higher
+                                     grade, $10.
+
+    From 24 to 48 hours              Forfeiture of $6 and 5 days'
+                                     confinement at hard labor. For
+                                     corporal, forfeiture of $8; sergeant,
+                                     $10; first sergeant or noncommissioned
+                                     officer of higher grade, $12; or
+                                     for all noncommissioned officers,
+                                     reduction.
+
+    From 2 to 9 days                 Forfeiture of $10 and 10 days'
+                                     confinement at hard labor; for
+                                     noncommissioned officer, reduction
+                                     in addition thereto.
+
+    From 10 to 29 days               Forfeiture of $20 and 1 month's
+                                     confinement at hard labor; for
+                                     noncommissioned officer, reduction
+                                     in addition thereto.
+
+    From 30 to 90 days               Three months' confinement at hard
+                                     labor and forfeiture of $10 per month
+                                     for same period; for noncommissioned
+                                     officer, reduction in addition
+                                     thereto.
+
+    For more than 90 days            Dishonorable discharge and forfeiture
+                                     of all pay and allowances and 3
+                                     months' confinement at hard labor.
+
+
+  _Under thirty-third article of war_.
+
+  Failure to repair at the time
+    fixed, etc., to the place of
+    parade for--
+
+  Reveille or retreat roll call      Forfeiture of 50 cents; corporal, $1;
+                                     sergeant, $2; first sergeant, $3.
+
+  Guard detail                       Forfeiture of $5; corporal, $8;
+                                     sergeant, $10.
+
+  Fatigue detail                     }
+  Dress parade                       }
+  The weekly inspection              }
+  Target practice                    } Forfeiture of $2; corporal, $3;
+  Drill                              } sergeant, $5.
+  Guard mounting (by musician)       }
+  Stable duty                        }
+
+
+  _Under thirty-eighth article of war_.
+
+  Drunkenness on--
+
+  Guard                              Six months' confinement at hard labor
+                                     and forfeiture of $10 per month for
+                                     the same period; for noncommissioned
+                                     officer, reduction in addition
+                                     thereto.
+
+  Duty as company cook               Forfeiture of $10.
+
+  Extra or special duty              }
+  At drill                           }
+  At target practice                 }
+  At parade                          } Forfeiture of $6; for
+  At inspection                      } noncommissioned officer, reduction
+  At inspection of company guard     } and forfeiture of $10.
+    detail                           }
+  At stable duty                     }
+
+
+  _Under fortieth article of war_.
+
+  Quitting guard                     Six months' confinement at hard labor
+                                     and forfeiture of $10 per month for
+                                     the same period; for noncommissioned
+                                     officer, reduction in addition
+                                     thereto.
+
+
+  _Under fifty-first article of war_.
+
+  Persuading soldiers to desert      Six months' confinement at hard labor
+                                     and forfeiture of $10 per month for
+                                     the same period; for noncommissioned
+                                     officer, reduction in addition
+                                     thereto.
+
+
+  _Under sixtieth article of war_    Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture
+                                     of all pay and allowances, and 4
+                                     years' imprisonment.
+
+
+  _Under sixty-second article of war_.
+
+  Manslaughter                       Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture
+                                     of all pay and allowances, and 10
+                                     years' imprisonment.
+
+  Assault with intent to kill        Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture
+                                     of all pay and allowances, and 10
+                                     years' imprisonment.
+
+  Burglary                           Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture
+                                     of all pay and allowances, and 5
+                                     years' imprisonment.
+
+  Forgery                            Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture
+                                     of all pay and allowances, and 4
+                                     years' imprisonment.
+
+  Perjury                            Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture
+                                     of all pay and allowances, and 4
+                                     years' imprisonment.
+
+  False swearing                     Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture
+                                     of all pay and allowances, and 2
+                                     years' imprisonment.
+
+  Robbery                            Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture
+                                     of all pay and allowances, and 6
+                                     years' imprisonment.
+
+  Larceny or embezzlement of
+  property of the value of--[20]
+
+    More than $100                   Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture
+                                     of all pay and allowances, and 4
+                                     years' imprisonment.
+
+    $100 or less and more than $50   Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture
+                                     of all pay and allowances, and 3
+                                     years' imprisonment.
+
+    $50 or less and more than $20    Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture
+                                     of all pay and allowances, and 2
+                                     years' imprisonment.
+
+    $20 or less                      Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture
+                                     of all pay and allowances, and 1
+                                     year's imprisonment.
+
+  Disobedience of orders,            Six months' confinement at hard
+  involving willful defiance         labor and forfeiture of $10 per
+  of the authority of a              month for the same period; for
+  noncommissioned officer in         noncommissioned officer, reduction
+  charge of a guard or party         in addition thereto.
+
+  Using threatening or insulting     One month's confinement at hard
+  language or behaving in an         labor and forfeiture of $10; for
+  insubordinate manner to a          noncommissioned officer, reduction
+  noncommissioned officer while      in addition thereto.
+  in the execution of his office
+
+  Absence from fatigue duty          Forfeiture of $4; corporal, $5;
+                                     sergeant, $6.
+
+  Absence from extra or special      Forfeiture of $4; corporal, $5;
+  duty                               sergeant, $6.
+
+  Absence from duty as company       Forfeiture of $10.
+  or hospital cook
+
+  Introducing liquor into post or    Forfeiture of $3; for noncommissioned
+  camp in violation of standing      officer, reduction and forfeiture
+  orders                             of $5.
+
+  Drunkenness at post or             Forfeiture of $3; for noncommissioned
+  in quarters                        officer, reduction and forfeiture
+                                     of $5.
+
+  Drunkenness and disorderly         Forfeiture of $10 and 7 days'
+  conduct, causing the offender's    confinement at hard labor; for
+  arrest and conviction by civil     noncommissioned officer, reduction
+  authorities at a place within      and forfeiture of $12.
+  10 miles of his station
+
+  Noisy or disorderly conduct in     Forfeiture of $4; corporal, $7;
+  quarters                           sergeant, $10.
+
+  Abuse by noncommissioned           Reduction, 3 months' confinement at
+  officer of his authority over      hard labor, and forfeiture of $10 per
+  an inferior                        month for the same period.
+
+  Noncommissioned officer            Reduction and forfeiture of $5.
+  encouraging gambling
+
+  Noncommissioned officer making     Reduction, forfeiture of $8, and 10
+  false report                       days' confinement at hard labor.
+
+  Sentinel allowing a prisoner       Six months' confinement at hard labor
+  under his charge to escape         and forfeiture of $10 per month for
+  through neglect                    the same period.
+
+  Sentinel willfully suffering       Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of
+  prisoner under his charge to       all pay and allowances, and 1 year's
+  escape                             imprisonment.
+
+  Sentinel allowing a prisoner       Two months' confinement at hard labor
+  under his charge to obtain         and forfeiture of $10 per month for
+  liquor                             the same period.
+
+  Sentinel or member of guard        Two months' confinement at hard labor
+  drinking liquor with prisoners     and forfeiture of $10 per month for
+                                     the same period.
+
+  Disrespect or affront to           Two month's confinement at hard labor
+  a sentinel                         and forfeiture of $10 per month for
+                                     the same period; for noncommissioned
+                                     officer, reduction in addition
+                                     thereto.
+
+  Resisting or disobeying sentinel   Six months' confinement at hard labor
+  in lawful execution of his duty    and forfeiture of $10 per month for
+                                     the same period; for noncommissioned
+                                     officer, reduction in addition
+                                     thereto.
+
+  Lewd or indecent exposure of       Three month's confinement at hard
+  person                             labor and forfeiture of $10 per
+                                     month for the same period; for
+                                     noncommissioned officer, reduction
+                                     in addition thereto.
+
+
+[Footnote 19: In addition to the stoppages "sufficient for repairing the
+loss or damage," which the law requires the court-martial to adjudge.
+The court's action under this requirement in the case of sale or loss
+through neglect of clothing shall be limited to a confirmation of the
+charge made against the offender on his clothing account.]
+
+[Footnote 20: In specifications to charges of larceny or embezzlement
+the value of the property shall be stated.]
+
+
+III. (1) When a soldier shall be found guilty of an offense cognizable
+when committed for the first time by an inferior court-martial, his
+punishment therefor may exceed the prescribed limit by one-half if it
+shall appear that during his current enlistment and within two years
+preceding his trial he has been once convicted of one offense or more;
+it may be doubled if he has been twice so convicted, and it may be
+increased by one-half of the prescribed limit for every such previous
+conviction: _Provided_, That upon proof of five or more previous
+convictions the punishment may be that authorized for a fifth
+conviction, or dishonorable discharge with forfeiture of all pay and
+allowances. When found guilty of an offense cognizable only by a general
+court-martial, and on proof of five or more previous convictions within
+the two years, dishonorable discharge with forfeiture of all pay and
+allowances may be added to any confinement at hard labor. And when
+a noncommissioned officer shall be found guilty of an offense not
+punishable by reduction, reduction may be added to the punishment if it
+shall appear that he has been convicted of a military offense within one
+year and during his current enlistment.
+
+(2) After arriving at the findings a court-martial may be opened to
+receive evidence of previous convictions. These convictions must be
+proved by the records of previous trials or by duly authenticated orders
+promulgating the same, showing the actual offenses of which the soldier
+was convicted, except in the cases of convictions by summary court, when
+a duly authenticated copy of the record of said court shall be deemed
+sufficient proof. Charges forwarded to the authority ordering a general
+court-martial or submitted to a summary garrison or regimental court
+must be accompanied by the proper evidence of such previous convictions
+as may have to be considered in determining upon a sentence. Paragraphs
+1017 and 1018 of the Regulations are superseded by this order.
+
+IV. This order prescribes the _maximum_ limit of punishment for the
+offenses named, and this limit is intended for those cases where the
+severest punishment should be awarded. In other cases the punishment
+must be graded down according to the extenuating circumstances. Offenses
+not herein provided for remain punishable as authorized by the Articles
+of War and the custom of the service.
+
+V. Summary courts are subject to the restrictions named in the
+eighty-third article of war. Soldiers against whom charges may be
+preferred for trial by summary court shall not be confined in the
+guardhouse, but shall be placed in arrest in quarters before and during
+trial and while awaiting sentence, unless in particular cases restraint
+may be deemed necessary.
+
+VI. The following substitutions for punishments named in Section II of
+this order are authorized, at the discretion of the court:
+
+Detention of pay to the extent of four times the amount of the
+forfeiture; two days' confinement at hard labor for $1 of forfeited pay;
+one day's solitary confinement on bread and water diet for two days'
+confinement at hard labor or for $1 of forfeited pay: _Provided_, That a
+noncommissioned officer not sentenced to reduction shall not be subject
+to confinement: _And provided_, That solitary confinement shall not
+exceed fourteen days at one time nor be repeated until fourteen days
+have elapsed, and shall not exceed eighty-four days in one year.
+Wherever the limit herein prescribed for an offense or offenses may
+be brought within the punishing power of inferior courts-martial,
+as defined by the eighty-third article of war, by substitution of
+punishment under the provisions of this section, the aforesaid courts
+shall be deemed to have jurisdiction of such offense or offenses.
+
+VII. Sergeants shall not if they object thereto be brought to trial
+before regimental, garrison, or summary courts-martial without the
+authority of the officer competent to order their trial by general
+court-martial; nor shall sergeants of the post noncommissioned staff
+be reduced, but they may be dishonorably discharged whenever reduction
+is included in the limit of punishment. Paragraphs 105 and 254 of the
+Regulations, the latter as amended by General Orders, No. 67, series
+of 1890, Adjutant-General's Office, are modified accordingly.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  REDFIELD PROCTOR,
+    _Secretary of War_.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+MARCH 4, 1891.
+
+Special Departmental Rule No. 1 is hereby amended so as to include
+among the places excepted from examination therein the following:
+
+  In the Department of Agriculture, in the office of the Secretary: Clerk
+  to act as appointment clerk.
+
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+MARCH 16, 1891.
+
+Special Departmental Rule No. 1 is hereby amended so as to include among
+the places excepted from examination therein the following:
+
+  In the Post-Office Department, office of the First Assistant
+  Postmaster-General: Assistant superintendent of free delivery.
+
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+APRIL 3, 1891.
+
+Special Departmental Rule No. 1 is hereby amended so as to include among
+the places excepted from examination therein the following:
+
+  In the Treasury Department, office of the Secretary: One clerk in the
+  office of the disbursing clerk.
+
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+CIVIL SERVICE--CLASSIFICATION OF INDIAN SERVICE.
+
+DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, _Washington, April 13, 1891_.
+
+By direction of the President of the United States and in accordance
+with the third clause of section 6 of an act entitled "An act to
+regulate and improve the civil service of the United States," approved
+January 16, 1883--
+
+_It is ordered_, That all physicians, school superintendents and
+assistant superintendents, school-teachers, and matrons in the Indian
+service be, and they are hereby, arranged in the following classes,
+without regard to salary or compensation:
+
+Class 1. Physicians.
+
+Class 2. School superintendents and assistant superintendents.
+
+Class 3. School-teachers.
+
+Class 4. Matrons.
+
+_Provided_, That no person who may be required by law to be appointed
+to an office by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and
+that no person who may be employed merely as a laborer or workman or in
+connection with any contract schools, shall be considered as within this
+classification, and no person so employed shall be assigned to the
+duties of a classified place.
+
+_It is further ordered_, That no person shall be admitted to any place
+not excepted from examination by the civil-service rules in any of
+the classes above designated until he or she shall have passed an
+appropriate examination under the United States Civil Service Commission
+and his or her eligibility has been certified to by said Commission or
+the appropriate board of examiners.
+
+JOHN W. NOBLE, _Secretary_.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _April 13, 1891_.
+
+The Secretary of the Interior:
+
+I approve of the within classification, and if you see no reason to
+suggest any further modification you will please put it in force.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENTS OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+APRIL 13, 1891.
+
+Clause (_c_) of section 2 of General Rule III is hereby revoked, and
+clauses (_d_), (_e_), (_f_), (_g_) and (_h_) are lettered, respectively,
+(_c_), (_d_), (_e_), (_f_), and (_g_).
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
+
+EXECUTIVE ORDER.
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _May 25, 1891_.
+
+_It is hereby ordered_, That the several Executive Departments and the
+Government Printing Office be closed on Saturday, the 30th instant, to
+enable the employees to participate in the decoration of the graves of
+the soldiers and sailors who fell in defense of the Union during the War
+of the Rebellion.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, D.C., July 6, 1891_.
+
+_To the People of the United States_:
+
+The President, with a profound feeling of sorrow, announces the death of
+Hannibal Hamlin, at one time Vice-President of the United States, who
+died at Bangor, Me., on the evening of Saturday, July 4.
+
+Few men in this country have filled more important and more
+distinguished public positions than Mr. Hamlin, and in recognition of
+his many eminent and varied services and as an expression of the great
+respect and reverence which are felt for his memory it is ordered that
+the national flag be displayed at half-mast upon the public buildings of
+the United States on the day of his funeral.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  WILLIAM F. WHARTON,
+    _Acting Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENTS OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _August 6, 1891_.
+
+The civil-service rules are hereby amended as follows:
+
+GENERAL RULE II.
+
+In line 1 strike out the word "four" and insert in lieu thereof the word
+"five." Add at the end of the rule the following:
+
+  5. The classified Indian service.
+
+
+GENERAL RULE III.
+
+Strike out paragraphs 1 and 2 of section 6 of General Rule III and
+insert in lieu thereof the following:
+
+  So far as practicable and useful, competitive examinations shall be
+  established in the classified civil service to test fitness for
+  promotion, under such regulations as the Commission may make. Until
+  such regulations have been applied to any part of the classified
+  service promotions therein shall be made in the manner prescribed
+  by the rule applicable thereto.
+
+
+DEPARTMENTAL RULE VI.
+
+Strike out the first sentence of section 6 and transfer the remaining
+sentence to section 5. Change the numbers of sections 7, 8, 9, and 10
+to 6, 7, 8, and 9, respectively.
+
+CUSTOMS RULE III.
+
+Strike out the first sentence of section 5 and transfer the remaining
+sentence to section 4. Change the numbers of sections 6, 7, 8, and 9
+to 5, 6, 7, and 8, respectively.
+
+POSTAL RULE III.
+
+Strike out the first sentence of section 5 and transfer the remaining
+sentence to section 4. Change the numbers of sections 6, 7, 8, and 9
+to 5, 6, 7, and 8, respectively.
+
+RAILWAY MAIL RULE III.
+
+Strike out the first sentence of section 7 and transfer the remaining
+sentence to section 4. Change the numbers of sections 8, 9, 10, 11, and
+12 to 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11, respectively.
+
+RAILWAY MAIL RULE II.
+
+Insert an additional clause to section 5, as follows:
+
+  (_f_) Transfer clerks at junction points or stations where not more
+  than two such clerks are employed.
+
+
+RAILWAY MAIL RULE IV.
+
+Insert an additional proviso at the end of clause (_b_) of section 2, as
+follows:
+
+  _Provided further_, That on a line on which the service does not
+  require the full time of a clerk, and one can be employed jointly with
+  the railroad company, the appointment may be made without examination
+  and certification, with the consent of the Commission, upon a statement
+  of the facts by the General Superintendent; but no clerk so appointed
+  shall be eligible for transfer or appointment to any other place in the
+  service.
+
+
+In section 6, line 3, strike out the word "twenty" and insert in lieu
+thereof the word "ten."
+
+In section 7, line 6, strike out the word "thirty" and insert in lieu
+thereof the word "sixty;" in the same line strike out the word "to" and
+insert in lieu thereof the words "in periods of;" in line 7 strike out
+the words "who have been in the railway mail service."
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+CIVIL SERVICE--INDIAN RULES.
+
+INDIAN RULE I.
+
+The classified Indian service shall include all the physicians, school
+superintendents, assistant superintendents, school-teachers, and matrons
+in that service, classified under the provisions of section 6 of the act
+to regulate and improve the civil service of the United States, approved
+January 16, 1883.
+
+INDIAN RULE II.
+
+1. To test fitness for admission to the classified Indian service
+examinations of a practical character shall be provided on such subjects
+as the Commission may direct for physician, superintendent, assistant
+superintendent, teachers, and matrons.
+
+2. The following age limitations shall apply to applicants for
+examination for the classified Indian service: For physician, not under
+25 years of age nor over 45; for superintendent, not under 25 nor over
+50; for assistant superintendent and for teacher, not under 20 nor over
+50; for matron, not under 25 nor over 55: _Provided_, That these
+limitations shall not apply to the wives of superintendents of Indian
+schools who apply for the position of matron, nor shall the maximum
+limitations apply to persons allowed preference under section 1754,
+Revised Statutes, by the Commission.
+
+3. Blank forms of application shall be furnished by the Commission, and
+the date of reception and also of approval by the Commission of each
+application shall be noted on the application paper.
+
+INDIAN RULE III.
+
+1. The papers of every examination shall be marked under regulations
+made by the Commission. Bach competitor shall be graded on a scale of
+100, according to the general average determined by the markings.
+
+2. Immediately after the general average shall have been ascertained
+each competitor shall be notified that he has passed or has failed to
+pass.
+
+3. A competitor who has failed to pass an examination may, with the
+consent of the Commission, be allowed reexamination at any time within
+six months from the date of failure without filing a new application;
+but if he be not allowed reexamination within six months he shall be
+required to file a new application before being again examined.
+
+4. No eligible shall be allowed reexamination during the period of his
+eligibility unless he shall furnish satisfactory evidence to the
+Commission that at the time of his examination, because of illness or
+other good cause, he was incapable of doing himself justice; and his
+rating on such reexamination shall cancel and be a substitute for his
+rating on his former examination.
+
+5. All competitors whose claim to preference under section 1754 of the
+Revised Statutes have been allowed by the Commission who attain a
+general average of 65 per cent or over, and all other competitors who
+attain a general average of 70 per cent or over, shall be eligible for
+appointment to the place for which they were examined. The names of all
+the competitors thus rendered eligible shall be entered in the order of
+grade on the proper register of eligibles.
+
+6. When two or more eligibles are of the same grade, preference in
+certification shall be determined by the order in which the application
+papers are filed.
+
+7. For the Indian service there shall be four districts and a separate
+register of eligibles for each grade of examination for each district,
+the names of males and females being listed separately on each register.
+The districts shall be comprised as follows: No. 1, of the States of
+Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, North Dakota, South
+Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming; No. 2, of the States of Idaho, Washington,
+Oregon, Nevada, and that part of California lying north of the
+thirty-seventh parallel of latitude, and the Territory of Utah; No. 3,
+of that part of California lying south of the thirty-seventh parallel of
+latitude, the Territories of Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, the Indian
+Territory, and the States of Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas,
+Louisiana, and Texas; No. 4, of all the States of the United States not
+embraced in any of the foregoing districts, together with the District
+of Columbia. Upon the written request of any eligible his name shall be
+entered upon the register of any one or more of the districts other than
+that in which he resides: _Provided_, That he shall state in writing his
+willingness to accept service wherever assigned in any such district.
+
+8. The period of eligibility to appointment shall be one year from the
+date on which the name of the eligible is entered on the register unless
+otherwise determined by regulation of the Commission.
+
+INDIAN RULE IV.
+
+1. All vacancies, unless filled by promotion, transfer, or
+reappointment, shall be filled in the following manner:
+
+(_a_) The Commissioner of Indian Affairs, through the Secretary of the
+Interior, shall, in form and manner to be prescribed by the Commission,
+request the certification to him of male or female eligibles from the
+district in which the vacancy exists.
+
+(_b_) If fitness for the vacant place is tested by competitive
+examination, the Commission shall certify from the proper register of
+the district in which the vacancy exists the names of the three
+eligibles thereon of the sex called for having the highest averages:
+_Provided_, That the eligibles upon any register who have been allowed
+preference under section 1754 of the Revised Statutes shall be certified
+according to their grade before all other eligibles thereon: _And
+provided further_, That if the vacancy is in the grade of matron or
+teacher, and the wife of the superintendent of the school in which the
+vacancy exists is an eligible, she may be given preference in
+certification if the appointing officer so requests.
+
+2. Of the three names certified to him the appointing officer shall
+select one, and if at the time of making this selection there are more
+vacancies than one he may select more than one: _Provided_, That if the
+appointing officer to whom certification has been made shall object in
+writing to any eligible named in the certificate, stating that because
+of physical incapacity or for other good cause particularly specified
+such eligible is not capable of properly performing the duties of the
+vacant place, the Commission may, upon investigation and ascertainment
+of the fact that the objection made is good and well founded, direct the
+certification of another eligible in place of the one objected to.
+
+3. Each person thus designated for appointment shall be notified,
+and upon indicating acceptance shall be appointed for a probationary
+period--if a physician, for six months, and if a school employee, to
+expire at the end of the then current school year--at the end of which
+period, if his conduct and capacity be satisfactory to the appointing
+officer, he shall receive absolute appointment; but if his conduct and
+capacity be not satisfactory to said officer he shall be so notified,
+and this notification shall be his discharge from the service:
+_Provided_, That any probationer may be discharged during probation for
+misconduct or evident unfitness or incapacity.
+
+4. The Commissioner of Indian Affairs shall require the officer
+under whom a probationer may be serving to carefully observe and
+report in writing upon the services rendered by and the character and
+qualifications of such probationer as to punctuality, industry, habits,
+ability, and adaptability. These reports shall be preserved on file, and
+the Commission may prescribe the form and manner in which they shall be
+made.
+
+5. In case of the sudden occurrence of a vacancy in any school during a
+school term which the public interest requires to be immediately filled,
+the Commissioner of Indian Affairs is authorized, in his discretion,
+to provide for the temporary filling of the same until a regular
+appointment can be made under the provisions of sections 1, 2, and 3
+of this rule, and when such regular appointment is made the temporary
+appointment shall terminate. All temporary appointments made under this
+authority and their termination shall at once be reported to the
+Commission.
+
+INDIAN RULE V.
+
+Until promotion regulations shall have been applied to the classified
+Indian service promotions therein may be made upon any test of fitness
+determined upon by the promoting officer if not disapproved by the
+Commission: _Provided_, That preference in promotion in any school shall
+be given to those longest in the service unless there are good reasons
+to the contrary; and when such reasons prevail they shall, through the
+proper channels, be reported to the Commission: _And provided further_,
+That no one shall be promoted to any grade he could not enter by
+original appointment under the minimum age limitation applied thereto
+by Indian Rule II, section 2, and that no one shall be promoted to the
+grade of physician from any other grade.
+
+INDIAN RULE VI.
+
+Subject to the conditions stated in Rule IV, transfers may be made after
+absolute appointment from one school to another and from one district to
+another under such regulations as the Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, may prescribe.
+
+INDIAN RULE VII.
+
+Upon the requisition of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, through
+the Secretary of the Interior, the Commission shall certify for
+reinstatement in a grade or class no higher than that in which he was
+formerly employed any person who within one year next preceding the
+date of the requisition has through no delinquency or misconduct
+been separated from the classified Indian service: _Provided_, That
+certification may be made, subject to the other conditions of this rule,
+for the reinstatement of any person who served in the military or naval
+service of the United States in the late War of the Rebellion and was
+honorably discharged therefrom, without regard to the length of time
+he has been separated from the service.
+
+INDIAN RULE VIII.
+
+The Commissioner of Indian Affairs shall report to the Commission--
+
+(_a_) Every probational and every absolute appointment in the classified
+Indian service.
+
+(_b_) Every refusal to make an absolute appointment and the reason
+therefor, and every refusal to accept an appointment.
+
+(_c_) Every separation from the classified Indian service and the cause
+of such separation, whether death, resignation, or dismissal.
+
+(_d_) Every restoration to the classified Indian service.
+
+These rules shall take effect October 1, 1891.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL SERVICE RULES.
+
+OCTOBER 9, 1891.
+
+General Rule III, clause 6, is hereby amended by striking out the words
+"under such regulations as the Commission may make" and substituting
+therefor the following: "under regulations to be approved by the
+President;" so that as amended the clause will read as follows:
+
+  So far as practicable and useful competitive examinations shall be
+  established in the classified civil service to test fitness for
+  promotion under regulations to be approved by the President.
+
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+Whereas civil-service rules for the Indian service were approved to take
+effect October 1, 1891; and
+
+Whereas it is represented to me by the Civil Service Commission in a
+communication of this date that no persons have as yet been examined for
+appointment to that service, and that it seems probable that complete
+arrangements for putting said rules into full effect will not be made
+sooner than March 1, 1892:
+
+_It is therefore ordered_, That said Indian rules shall take effect
+March 1, 1892, instead of October 1, 1891: _Provided_, That said rules
+shall become operative and take effect in any district of the Indian
+service as soon as an eligible register for such district shall be
+provided, if it shall be prior to the date above fixed.
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _October 13, 1891_.
+
+Upon the recommendation of the Commission the foregoing order is
+approved.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+NOVEMBER 24, 1891.
+
+Special Departmental Rule No. 1 is hereby amended so as to include among
+the places excepted from examination the following:
+
+  In the Department of the Treasury, in the Bureau of Statistics: One
+  confidential clerk to the Chief of the Bureau.
+
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, December 4, 1891_.
+
+SIR:[21] In my message to the first session of the Fifty-first Congress
+I said:
+
+  I have suggested to the heads of the Executive Departments that they
+  consider whether a record might not be kept in each bureau of all those
+  elements that are covered by the terms "faithfulness" and "efficiency,"
+  and a rating made showing the relative merits of the clerks of each
+  class, this rating to be regarded as a test of merit in making
+  promotions.
+
+
+In some of the Departments this suggestion has been acted upon in part
+at least, and I now direct that in your Department a plan be at once
+devised and put in operation for keeping an efficiency record of all
+persons within the classified service, with a view to placing promotions
+wholly upon the basis of merit.
+
+It is intended to make provision for carrying into effect the
+stipulations of the civil-service law in relation to promotions in
+the classified service. To that end the rule requiring compulsory
+examination has been rescinded. In my opinion the examination for
+promotion of those who present themselves should be chiefly, if not
+wholly, upon their knowledge of the work of the bureau or Department to
+which they belong and the record of efficiency made by them during their
+previous service. I think the records of efficiency kept from day to day
+should be open to the inspection of the clerks.
+
+Very respectfully, yours,
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+[Footnote 21: Addressed to the heads of the Executive Departments.]
+
+
+
+
+THIRD ANNUAL MESSAGE.
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _December 9, 1891_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+The reports of the heads of the several Executive Departments, required
+by law to be submitted to me, which are herewith transmitted, and the
+reports of the Secretary of the Treasury and the Attorney-General, made
+directly to Congress, furnish a comprehensive view of the administrative
+work of the last fiscal year relating to internal affairs. It would be
+of great advantage if these reports could have an attentive perusal by
+every member of Congress and by all who take an interest in public
+affairs. Such a perusal could not fail to excite a higher appreciation
+of the vast labor and conscientious effort which are given to the
+conduct of our civil administration.
+
+The reports will, I believe, show that every question has been
+approached, considered, and decided from the standpoint of public duty
+and upon considerations affecting the public interests alone. Again I
+invite to every branch of the service the attention and scrutiny of
+Congress.
+
+The work of the State Department during the last year has been
+characterized by an unusual number of important negotiations and by
+diplomatic results of a notable and highly beneficial character. Among
+these are the reciprocal trade arrangements which have been concluded,
+in the exercise of the powers conferred by section 3 of the tariff law,
+with the Republic of Brazil, with Spain for its West India possessions,
+and with Santo Domingo. Like negotiations with other countries have been
+much advanced, and it is hoped that before the close of the year further
+definitive trade arrangements of great value will be concluded.
+
+In view of the reports which had been received as to the diminution of
+the seal herds in the Bering Sea, I deemed it wise to propose to Her
+Majesty's Government in February last that an agreement for a closed
+season should be made pending the negotiations for arbitration, which
+then seemed to be approaching a favorable conclusion. After much
+correspondence and delays, for which this Government was not
+responsible, an agreement was reached and signed on the 15th of June, by
+which Great Britain undertook from that date and until May 1, 1892, to
+prohibit the killing by her subjects of seals in the Bering Sea, and the
+Government of the United States during the same period to enforce its
+existing prohibition against pelagic sealing and to limit the catch by
+the fur-seal company upon the islands to 7,500 skins. If this agreement
+could have been reached earlier in response to the strenuous endeavors
+of this Government, it would have been more effective; but coming even
+as late as it did it unquestionably resulted in greatly diminishing the
+destruction of the seals by the Canadian sealers.
+
+In my last annual message I stated that the basis of arbitration
+proposed by Her Majesty's Government for the adjustment of the
+long-pending controversy as to the seal fisheries was not acceptable.
+I am glad now to be able to announce that terms satisfactory to this
+Government have been agreed upon and that an agreement as to the
+arbitrators is all that is necessary to the completion of the
+convention. In view of the advanced position which this Government has
+taken upon the subject of international arbitration, this renewed
+expression of our adherence to this method for the settlement of
+disputes such as have arisen in the Bering Sea will, I doubt not, meet
+with the concurrence of Congress.
+
+Provision should be made for a joint demarcation of the frontier line
+between Canada and the United States wherever required by the increasing
+border settlements, and especially for the exact location of the water
+boundary in the straits and rivers.
+
+I should have been glad to announce some favorable disposition of the
+boundary dispute between Great Britain and Venezuela touching the
+western frontier of British Guiana, but the friendly efforts of the
+United States in that direction have thus far been unavailing. This
+Government will continue to express its concern at any appearance of
+foreign encroachment on territories long under the administrative
+control of American States. The determination of a disputed boundary
+is easily attainable by amicable arbitration where the rights of the
+respective parties rest, as here, on historic facts readily
+ascertainable.
+
+The law of the last Congress providing a system of inspection for our
+meats intended for export, and clothing the President with power to
+exclude foreign products from our market in case the country sending
+them should perpetuate unjust discriminations against any product of the
+United States, placed this Government in a position to effectively urge
+the removal of such discriminations against our meats. It is gratifying
+to be able to state that Germany, Denmark, Italy, Austria, and France,
+in the order named, have opened their ports to inspected American pork
+products. The removal of these restrictions in every instance was asked
+for and given solely upon the ground that we have now provided a meat
+inspection that should be accepted as adequate to the complete removal
+of the dangers, real or fancied, which had been previously urged. The
+State Department, our ministers abroad, and the Secretary of Agriculture
+have cooperated with unflagging and intelligent zeal for the
+accomplishment of this great result. The outlines of an agreement have
+been reached with Germany looking to equitable trade concessions in
+consideration of the continued free importation of her sugars, but the
+time has not yet arrived when this correspondence can be submitted to
+Congress.
+
+The recent political disturbances in the Republic of Brazil have
+excited regret and solicitude. The information we possessed was too
+meager to enable us to form a satisfactory judgment of the causes
+leading to the temporary assumption of supreme power by President
+Fonseca; but this Government did not fail to express to him its anxious
+solicitude for the peace of Brazil and for the maintenance of the free
+political institutions which had recently been established there, nor to
+offer our advice that great moderation should be observed in the clash
+of parties and the contest for leadership. These counsels were received
+in the most friendly spirit, and the latest information is that
+constitutional government has been reestablished without bloodshed.
+
+The lynching at New Orleans in March last of eleven men of Italian
+nativity by a mob of citizens was a most deplorable and discreditable
+incident. It did not, however, have its origin in any general animosity
+to the Italian people, nor in any disrespect to the Government of Italy,
+with which our relations were of the most friendly character. The fury
+of the mob was directed against these men as the supposed participants
+or accessories in the murder of a city officer. I do not allude to this
+as mitigating in any degree this offense against law and humanity, but
+only as affecting the international questions which grew out of it. It
+was at once represented by the Italian minister that several of those
+whose lives had been taken by the mob were Italian subjects, and a
+demand was made for the punishment of the participants and for an
+indemnity to the families of those who were killed. It is to be
+regretted that the manner in which these claims were presented was not
+such as to promote a calm discussion of the questions involved; but this
+may well be attributed to the excitement and indignation which the crime
+naturally evoked. The views of this Government as to its obligations to
+foreigners domiciled here were fully stated in the correspondence, as
+well as its purpose to make an investigation of the affair with a view
+to determine whether there were present any circumstances that could
+under such rules of duty as we had indicated create an obligation upon
+the United States. The temporary absence of a minister plenipotentiary
+of Italy at this capital has retarded the further correspondence, but
+it is not doubted that a friendly conclusion is attainable.
+
+Some suggestions growing out of this unhappy incident are worthy the
+attention of Congress. It would, I believe, be entirely competent for
+Congress to make offenses against the treaty rights of foreigners
+domiciled in the United States cognizable in the Federal courts. This
+has not, however, been done, and the Federal officers and courts have no
+power in such cases to intervene, either for the protection of a foreign
+citizen or for the punishment of his slayers. It seems to me to follow,
+in this state of the law, that the officers of the State charged with
+police and judicial powers in such cases must in the consideration of
+international questions growing out of such incidents be regarded in
+such sense as Federal agents as to make this Government answerable for
+their acts in cases where it would be answerable if the United States
+had used its constitutional power to define and punish crime against
+treaty rights.
+
+The civil war in Chile, which began in January last, was continued, but
+fortunately with infrequent and not important armed collisions, until
+August 28, when the Congressional forces landed near Valparaiso and
+after a bloody engagement captured that city. President Balmaceda at
+once recognized that his cause was lost, and a Provisional Government
+was speedily established by the victorious party. Our minister was
+promptly directed to recognize and put himself in communication with
+this Government so soon as it should have established its _de facto_
+character, which was done. During the pendency of this civil contest
+frequent indirect appeals were made to this Government to extend
+belligerent rights to the insurgents and to give audience to their
+representatives. This was declined, and that policy was pursued
+throughout which this Government when wrenched by civil war so
+strenuously insisted upon on the part of European nations. The _Itata_,
+an armed vessel commanded by a naval officer of the insurgent fleet,
+manned by its sailors and with soldiers on board, was seized under
+process of the United States court at San Diego, Cal., for a violation
+of our neutrality laws. While in the custody of an officer of the court
+the vessel was forcibly wrested from his control and put to sea. It
+would have been inconsistent with the dignity and self-respect of this
+Government not to have insisted that the _Itata_ should be returned to
+San Diego to abide the judgment of the court. This was so clear to the
+junta of the Congressional party, established at Iquique, that before
+the arrival of the _Itata_ at that port the secretary of foreign
+relations of the Provisional Government addressed to Rear-Admiral Brown,
+commanding the United States naval forces, a communication, from which
+the following is an extract:
+
+  The Provisional Government has learned by the cablegrams of the
+  Associated Press that the transport _Itata_, detained in San Diego by
+  order of the United States for taking on board munitions of war, and
+  in possession of the marshal, left the port, carrying on board this
+  official, who was landed at a point near the coast, and then continued
+  her voyage. * * * If this news be correct this Government would deplore
+  the conduct of the _Itata_, and as an evidence that it is not disposed
+  to support or agree to the infraction of the laws of the United States
+  the undersigned takes advantage of the personal relations you have been
+  good enough to maintain with him since your arrival in this port to
+  declare to you that as soon as she is within reach of our orders his
+  Government will put the _Itata_, with the arms and munitions she took
+  on board in San Diego, at the disposition of the United States.
+
+
+A trial in the district court of the United States for the southern
+district of California has recently resulted in a decision holding,
+among other things, that inasmuch as the Congressional party had not
+been recognized as a belligerent the acts done in its interest could not
+be a violation of our neutrality laws. From this judgment the United
+States has appealed, not that the condemnation of the vessel is a matter
+of importance, but that we may know what the present state of our law
+is; for if this construction of the statute is correct there is obvious
+necessity for revision and amendment.
+
+During the progress of the war in Chile this Government tendered its
+good offices to bring about a peaceful adjustment, and it was at one
+time hoped that a good result might be reached; but in this we were
+disappointed.
+
+The instructions to our naval officers and to our minister at Santiago
+from the first to the last of this struggle enjoined upon them the most
+impartial treatment and absolute noninterference. I am satisfied that
+these instructions were observed and that our representatives were
+always watchful to use their influence impartially in the interest of
+humanity, and on more than one occasion did so effectively. We could not
+forget, however, that this Government was in diplomatic relations with
+the then established Government of Chile, as it is now in such relations
+with the successor of that Government. I am quite sure that President
+Montt, who has, under circumstances of promise for the peace of Chile,
+been installed as President of that Republic, will not desire that in
+the unfortunate event of any revolt against his authority the policy
+of this Government should be other than that which we have recently
+observed. No official complaint of the conduct of our minister or
+of our naval officers during the struggle has been presented to this
+Government, and it is a matter of regret that so many of our own
+people should have given ear to unofficial charges and complaints that
+manifestly had their origin in rival interests and in a wish to pervert
+the relations of the United States with Chile.
+
+The collapse of the Government of Balmaceda brought about a condition
+which is unfortunately too familiar in the history of the Central and
+South American States. With the overthrow of the Balmaceda Government
+he and many of his councilors and officers became at once fugitives for
+their lives, and appealed to the commanding officers of the foreign
+naval vessels in the harbor of Valparaiso and to the resident foreign
+ministers at Santiago for asylum. This asylum was freely given,
+according to my information, by the naval vessels of several foreign
+powers and by several of the legations at Santiago. The American
+minister as well as his colleagues, acting upon the impulse of humanity,
+extended asylum to political refugees whose lives were in peril. I have
+not been willing to direct the surrender of such of these persons as are
+still in the American legation without suitable conditions.
+
+It is believed that the Government of Chile is not in a position, in
+view of the precedents with which it has been connected, to broadly deny
+the right of asylum, and the correspondence has not thus far presented
+any such denial. The treatment of our minister for a time was such as to
+call for a decided protest, and it was very gratifying to observe that
+unfriendly measures, which were undoubtedly the result of the prevailing
+excitement, were at once rescinded or suitably relaxed.
+
+On the 16th of October an event occurred in Valparaiso so serious and
+tragic in its circumstances and results as to very justly excite the
+indignation of our people and to call for prompt and decided action on
+the part of this Government. A considerable number of the sailors of the
+United States steamship _Baltimore_, then in the harbor at Valparaiso,
+being upon shore leave and unarmed, were assaulted by armed men nearly
+simultaneously in different localities in the city. One petty officer
+was killed outright and seven or eight seamen were seriously wounded,
+one of whom has since died. So savage and brutal was the assault that
+several of our sailors received more than two and one as many as
+eighteen stab wounds. An investigation of the affair was promptly made
+by a board of officers of the _Baltimore_, and their report shows that
+these assaults were unprovoked, that our men were conducting themselves
+in a peaceable and orderly manner, and that some of the police of the
+city took part in the assault and used their weapons with fatal effect,
+while a few others, with some well-disposed citizens, endeavored to
+protect our men. Thirty-six of our sailors were arrested, and some of
+them while being taken to prison were cruelly beaten and maltreated.
+The fact that they were all discharged, no criminal charge being lodged
+against any one of them, shows very clearly that they were innocent of
+any breach of the peace.
+
+So far as I have yet been able to learn no other explanation of this
+bloody work has been suggested than that it had its origin in hostility
+to those men as sailors of the United States, wearing the uniform of
+their Government, and not in any individual act or personal animosity.
+The attention of the Chilean Government was at once called to this
+affair, and a statement of the facts obtained by the investigation we
+had conducted was submitted, accompanied by a request to be advised of
+any other or qualifying facts in the possession of the Chilean
+Government that might tend to relieve this affair of the appearance of
+an insult to this Government. The Chilean Government was also advised
+that if such qualifying facts did not exist this Government would
+confidently expect full and prompt reparation.
+
+It is to be regretted that the reply of the secretary for foreign
+affairs of the Provisional Government was couched in an offensive tone.
+To this no response has been made. This Government is now awaiting the
+result of an investigation which has been conducted by the criminal
+court at Valparaiso. It is reported unofficially that the investigation
+is about completed, and it is expected that the result will soon be
+communicated to this Government, together with some adequate and
+satisfactory response to the note by which the attention of Chile
+was called to this incident. If these just expectations should be
+disappointed or further needless delay intervene, I will by a special
+message bring this matter again to the attention of Congress for
+such action as may be necessary. The entire correspondence with the
+Government of Chile will at an early day be submitted to Congress.
+
+I renew the recommendation of my special message dated January 16,
+1890,[22] for the adoption of the necessary legislation to enable this
+Government to apply in the case of Sweden and Norway the same rule in
+respect to the levying of tonnage dues as was claimed and secured to the
+shipping of the United States in 1828 under Article VIII of the treaty
+of 1827.
+
+The adjournment of the Senate without action on the pending acts for
+the suppression of the slave traffic in Africa and for the reform of
+the revenue tariff of the Independent State of the Kongo left this
+Government unable to exchange those acts on the date fixed, July 2,
+1891. A _modus vivendi_ has been concluded by which the power of the
+Kongo State to levy duties on imports is left unimpaired, and by
+agreement of all the signatories to the general slave trade act the time
+for the exchange of ratifications on the part of the United States has
+been extended to February 2, 1892.
+
+The late outbreak against foreigners in various parts of the
+Chinese Empire has been a cause of deep concern in view of the numerous
+establishments of our citizens in the interior of that country. This
+Government can do no less than insist upon a continuance of the
+protective and punitory measures which the Chinese Government has
+heretofore applied. No effort will be omitted to protect our citizens
+peaceably sojourning in China, but recent unofficial information
+indicates that what was at first regarded as an outbreak of mob violence
+against foreigners has assumed the larger form of an insurrection
+against public order.
+
+The Chinese Government has declined to receive Mr. Blair as the minister
+of the United States on the ground that as a participant while a Senator
+in the enactment of the existing legislation against the introduction of
+Chinese laborers he has become unfriendly and objectionable to China.
+I have felt constrained to point out to the Chinese Government the
+untenableness of this position, which seems to rest as much on the
+unacceptability of our legislation as on that of the person chosen,
+and which if admitted would practically debar the selection of any
+representative so long as the existing laws remain in force.
+
+You will be called upon to consider the expediency of making special
+provision by law for the temporary admission of some Chinese artisans
+and laborers in connection with the exhibit of Chinese industries at the
+approaching Columbian Exposition. I regard it as desirable that the
+Chinese exhibit be facilitated in every proper way.
+
+A question has arisen with the Government of Spain touching the rights
+of American citizens in the Caroline Islands. Our citizens there long
+prior to the confirmation of Spain's claim to the islands had secured
+by settlement and purchase certain rights to the recognition and
+maintenance of which the faith of Spain was pledged. I have had reason
+within the past year very strongly to protest against the failure to
+carry out this pledge on the part of His Majesty's ministers, which has
+resulted in great injustice and injury to the American residents.
+
+The Government and people of Spain propose to celebrate the four
+hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by holding an
+exposition at Madrid, which will open on the 12th of September and
+continue until the 31st of December, 1892. A cordial invitation has
+been extended to the United States to take part in this commemoration,
+and as Spain was one of the first nations to express the intention to
+participate in the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, it would
+be very appropriate for this Government to give this invitation its
+friendly promotion.
+
+Surveys for the connecting links of the projected intercontinental
+railway are in progress, not only in Mexico, but at various points along
+the course mapped out. Three surveying parties are now in the field
+under the direction of the commission. Nearly 1,000 miles of the
+proposed road have been surveyed, including the most difficult part,
+that through Ecuador and the southern part of Colombia. The reports of
+the engineers are very satisfactory, and show that no insurmountable
+obstacles have been met with.
+
+On November 12, 1884, a treaty was concluded with Mexico reaffirming
+the boundary between the two countries as described in the treaties of
+February 2, 1848, and December 30, 1853. March 1, 1889, a further treaty
+was negotiated to facilitate the carrying out of the principles of the
+treaty of 1884 and to avoid the difficulties occasioned by reason of the
+changes and alterations that take place from natural causes in the Rio
+Grande and Colorado rivers in the portions thereof constituting the
+boundary line between the two Republics. The International Boundary
+Commission provided for by the treaty of 1889 to have exclusive
+jurisdiction of any question that may arise has been named by the
+Mexican Government. An appropriation is necessary to enable the United
+States to fulfill its treaty obligations in this respect.
+
+The death of King Kalakaua in the United States afforded occasion to
+testify our friendship for Hawaii by conveying the King's body to his
+own land in a naval vessel with all due honors. The Government of his
+successor, Queen Liliuokolani, is seeking to promote closer commercial
+relations with the United States. Surveys for the much-needed submarine
+cable from our Pacific coast to Honolulu are in progress, and this
+enterprise should have the suitable promotion of the two Governments.
+I strongly recommend that provision be made for improving the harbor
+of Pearl River and equipping it as a naval station.
+
+The arbitration treaty formulated by the International American
+Conference lapsed by reason of the failure to exchange ratifications
+fully within the limit of time provided; but several of the Governments
+concerned have expressed a desire to save this important result of
+the conference by an extension of the period. It is, in my judgment,
+incumbent upon the United States to conserve the influential initiative
+it has taken in this measure by ratifying the instrument and by
+advocating the proposed extension of the time for exchange. These views
+have been made known to the other signatories.
+
+This Government has found occasion to express in a friendly spirit, but
+with much earnestness, to the Government of the Czar its serious concern
+because of the harsh measures now being enforced against the Hebrews in
+Russia. By the revival of antisemitic laws, long in abeyance, great
+numbers of those unfortunate people have been constrained to abandon
+their homes and leave the Empire by reason of the impossibility of
+finding subsistence within the pale to which it is sought to confine
+them. The immigration of these people to the United States--many other
+countries being closed to them--is largely increasing and is likely
+to assume proportions which may make it difficult to find homes and
+employment for them here and to seriously affect the labor market. It is
+estimated that over 1,000,000 will be forced from Russia within a few
+years. The Hebrew is never a beggar; he has always kept the law--life by
+toil--often under severe and oppressive civil restrictions. It is also
+true that no race, sect, or class has more fully cared for its own than
+the Hebrew race. But the sudden transfer of such a multitude under
+conditions that tend to strip them of their small accumulations and to
+depress their energies and courage is neither good for them nor for us.
+
+The banishment, whether by direct decree or by not less certain indirect
+methods, of so large a number of men and women is not a local question.
+A decree to leave one country is in the nature of things an order to
+enter another--some other. This consideration, as well as the suggestion
+of humanity, furnishes ample ground for the remonstrances which we have
+presented to Russia, while our historic friendship for that Government
+can not fail to give the assurance that our representations are those of
+a sincere wellwisher.
+
+The annual report of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua shows that
+much costly and necessary preparatory work has been done during the year
+in the construction of shops, railroad tracks, and harbor piers and
+breakwaters, and that the work of canal construction has made some
+progress.
+
+I deem it to be a matter of the highest concern to the United States
+that this canal, connecting the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific
+oceans and giving to us a short water communication between our ports
+upon those two great seas, should be speedily constructed and at the
+smallest practicable limit of cost. The gain in freights to the people
+and the direct saving to the Government of the United States in the use
+of its naval vessels would pay the entire cost of this work within a
+short series of years. The report of the Secretary of the Navy shows the
+saving in our naval expenditures which would result.
+
+The Senator from Alabama (Mr. Morgan) in his argument upon this subject
+before the Senate at the last session did not overestimate the
+importance of this work when he said that "the canal is the most
+important subject now connected with the commercial growth and progress
+of the United States."
+
+If this work is to be promoted by the usual financial methods
+and without the aid of this Government, the expenditures in its
+interest-bearing securities and stock will probably be twice the actual
+cost. This will necessitate higher tolls and constitute a heavy and
+altogether needless burden upon our commerce and that of the world.
+Every dollar of the bonds and stock of the company should represent a
+dollar expended in the legitimate and economical prosecution of the
+work. This is only possible by giving to the bonds the guaranty of the
+United States Government. Such a guaranty would secure the ready sale at
+par of a 3 per cent bond from time to time as the money was needed. I do
+not doubt that built upon these business methods the canal would when
+fully inaugurated earn its fixed charges and operating expenses. But if
+its bonds are to be marketed at heavy discounts and every bond sold is
+to be accompanied by a gift of stock, as has come to be expected by
+investors in such enterprises, the traffic will be seriously burdened to
+pay interest and dividends. I am quite willing to recommend Government
+promotion in the prosecution of a work which, if no other means offered
+for securing its completion, is of such transcendent interest that the
+Government should, in my opinion, secure it by direct appropriations
+from its Treasury.
+
+A guaranty of the bonds of the canal company to an amount necessary
+to the completion of the canal could, I think, be so given as not to
+involve any serious risk of ultimate loss. The things to be carefully
+guarded are the completion of the work within the limits of the
+guaranty, the subrogation of the United States to the rights of the
+first-mortgage bondholders for any amounts it may have to pay, and in
+the meantime a control of the stock of the company as a security against
+mismanagement and loss. I most sincerely hope that neither party nor
+sectional lines will be drawn upon this great American project, so full
+of interest to the people of all our States and so influential in its
+effects upon the prestige and prosperity of our common country.
+
+The island of Navassa, in the West Indian group, has, under the
+provisions of Title VII of the Revised Statutes, been recognized by
+the President as appertaining to the United States. It contains guano
+deposits, is owned by the Navassa Phosphate Company, and is occupied
+solely by its employees. In September, 1889, a revolt took place among
+these laborers, resulting in the killing of some of the agents of the
+company, caused, as the laborers claimed, by cruel treatment. These men
+were arrested and tried in the United States court at Baltimore, under
+section 5576 of the statute referred to, as if the offenses had been
+committed on board a merchant vessel of the United States on the high
+seas. There appeared on the trial and otherwise came to me such
+evidences of the bad treatment of the men that in consideration of this
+and of the fact that the men had no access to any public officer or
+tribunal for protection or the redress of their wrongs I commuted the
+death sentences that had been passed by the court upon three of them.
+In April last my attention was again called to this island and to the
+unregulated condition of things there by a letter from a colored
+laborer, who complained that he was wrongfully detained upon the island
+by the phosphate company after the expiration of his contract of
+service. A naval vessel was sent to examine into the case of this man
+and generally into the condition of things on the island. It was found
+that the laborer referred to had been detained beyond the contract limit
+and that a condition of revolt again existed among the laborers. A board
+of naval officers reported, among other things, as follows:
+
+  We would desire to state further that the discipline maintained on the
+  island seems to be that of a convict establishment without its comforts
+  and cleanliness, and that until more attention is paid to the shipping
+  of laborers by placing it under Government supervision to prevent
+  misunderstanding and misrepresentation, and until some amelioration is
+  shown in the treatment of the laborers, these disorders will be of
+  constant occurrence.
+
+
+I recommend legislation that shall place labor contracts upon this and
+other islands having the relation that Navassa has to the United States
+under the supervision of a court commissioner, and that shall provide
+at the expense of the owners an officer to reside upon the island, with
+power to judge and adjust disputes and to enforce a just and humane
+treatment of the employees. It is inexcusable that American laborers
+should be left within our own jurisdiction without access to any
+Government officer or tribunal for their protection and the redress of
+their wrongs.
+
+International copyright has been secured, in accordance with the
+conditions of the act of March 3, 1891, with Belgium, France, Great
+Britain and the British possessions, and Switzerland, the laws of those
+countries permitting to our citizens the benefit of copyright on
+substantially the same basis as to their own citizens or subjects.
+
+With Germany a special convention has been negotiated upon this subject
+which will bring that country within the reciprocal benefits of our
+legislation.
+
+The general interest in the operations of the Treasury Department has
+been much augmented during the last year by reason of the conflicting
+predictions, which accompanied and followed the tariff and other
+legislation of the last Congress affecting the revenues, as to the
+results of this legislation upon the Treasury and upon the country. On
+the one hand it was contended that imports would so fall off as to leave
+the Treasury bankrupt and that the prices of articles entering into the
+living of the people would be so enhanced as to disastrously affect
+their comfort and happiness, while on the other it was argued that the
+loss to the revenue, largely the result of placing sugar on the free
+list, would be a direct gain to the people; that the prices of the
+necessaries of life, including those most highly protected, would not be
+enhanced; that labor would have a larger market and the products of the
+farm advanced prices, while the Treasury surplus and receipts would be
+adequate to meet the appropriations, including the large exceptional
+expenditures for the refunding to the States of the direct tax and the
+redemption of the 4-1/2 per cent bonds.
+
+It is not my purpose to enter at any length into a discussion of
+the effects of the legislation to which I have referred; but a brief
+examination of the statistics of the Treasury and a general glance at
+the state of business throughout the country will, I think, satisfy
+any impartial inquirer that its results have disappointed the evil
+prophecies of its opponents and in a large measure realized the hopeful
+predictions of its friends. Rarely, if ever before, in the history of
+the country has there been a time when the proceeds of one day's labor
+or the product of one farmed acre would purchase so large an amount of
+those things that enter into the living of the masses of the people.
+I believe that a full test will develop the fact that the tariff act of
+the Fifty-first Congress is very favorable in its average effect upon
+the prices of articles entering into common use.
+
+During the twelve months from October 1, 1890, to September 30, 1891,
+the total value of our foreign commerce (imports and exports combined)
+was $1,747,806,406, which was the largest of any year in the history of
+the United States. The largest in any previous year was in 1890, when
+our commerce amounted to $1,647,139,093, and the last year exceeds this
+enormous aggregate by over one hundred millions. It is interesting,
+and to some will be surprising, to know that during the year ending
+September 30, 1891, our imports of merchandise amounted to $824,715,270.
+which was an increase of more than $11,000,000 over the value of the
+imports of the corresponding months of the preceding year, when the
+imports of merchandise were unusually large in anticipation of the
+tariff legislation then pending. The average annual value of the imports
+of merchandise for the ten years from 1881 to 1890 was $692,186,522, and
+during the year ending September 30, 1891, this annual average was
+exceeded by $132,528,469.
+
+The value of free imports during the twelve months ending September 30,
+1891, was $118,092,387 more than the value of free imports during the
+corresponding twelve months of the preceding year, and there was during
+the same period a decrease of $106,846,508 in the value of imports of
+dutiable merchandise. The percentage of merchandise admitted free of
+duty during the year to which I have referred, the first under the new
+tariff, was 48.18, while during the preceding twelve months, under the
+old tariff, the percentage was 34.27, an increase of 13.91 per cent.
+If we take the six months ending September 30 last, which covers the
+time during which sugars have been admitted free of duty, the per cent
+of value of merchandise imported free of duty is found to be 55.37,
+which is a larger percentage of free imports than during any prior
+fiscal year in the history of the Government.
+
+If we turn to exports of merchandise, the statistics are full of
+gratification. The value of such exports of merchandise for the twelve
+months ending September 30, 1891, was $923,091,136, while for the
+corresponding previous twelve months it was $860,177,115, an increase
+of $62,914,021, which is nearly three times the average annual increase
+of exports of merchandise for the preceding twenty years. This exceeds
+in amount and value the exports of merchandise during any year in the
+history of the Government. The increase in the value of exports of
+agricultural products during the year referred to over the corresponding
+twelve months of the prior year was $45,846,197, while the increase in
+the value of exports of manufactured products was $16,838,240.
+
+There is certainly nothing in the condition of trade, foreign or
+domestic, there is certainly nothing in the condition of our people of
+any class, to suggest that the existing tariff and revenue legislation
+bears oppressively upon the people or retards the commercial development
+of the nation. It may be argued that our condition would be better if
+tariff legislation were upon a free-trade basis; but it can not be
+denied that all the conditions of prosperity and of general contentment
+are present in a larger degree than ever before in our history, and
+that, too, just when it was prophesied they would be in the worst state.
+Agitation for radical changes in tariff and financial legislation can
+not help but may seriously impede business, to the prosperity of which
+some degree of stability in legislation is essential.
+
+I think there are conclusive evidences that the new tariff has created
+several great industries, which will within a few years give employment
+to several hundred thousand American working men and women. In view of
+the somewhat overcrowded condition of the labor market of the United
+States, every patriotic citizen should rejoice at such a result.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Treasury shows that the total
+receipts of the Government from all sources for the fiscal year ending
+June 30, 1891, were $458,544,233.03, while the expenditures for the same
+period were $421,304,470.46, leaving a surplus of $37,239,762.57.
+
+The receipts of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1892, actual and
+estimated, are $433,000,000 and the expenditures $409,000,000. For the
+fiscal year ending June 30, 1893, the estimated receipts are
+$455,336,350 and the expenditures $441,300,093.
+
+Under the law of July 14, 1890, the Secretary of the Treasury has
+purchased (since August 13) during the fiscal year 48,393,113 ounces of
+silver bullion at an average cost of $1.045 per ounce. The highest price
+paid during the year was $1.2025 and the lowest $O.9636. In exchange for
+this silver bullion there have been issued $50,577,498 of the Treasury
+notes authorized by the act. The lowest price of silver reached during
+the fiscal year was $O.9636 on April 22, 1891; but on November 1 the
+market price was only $O.96, which would give to the silver dollar a
+bullion value of 74-1/4 cents.
+
+Before the influence of the prospective silver legislation was felt
+in the market silver was worth in New York about $O.955 per ounce.
+The ablest advocates of free coinage in the last Congress were most
+confident in their predictions that the purchases by the Government
+required by the law would at once bring the price of silver to $1.2929
+per ounce, which would make the bullion value of a dollar 100 cents and
+hold it there. The prophecies of the antisilver men of disasters to
+result from the coinage of $2,000,000 per month were not wider of the
+mark. The friends of free silver are not agreed, I think, as to the
+causes that brought their hopeful predictions to naught. Some facts are
+known. The exports of silver from London to India during the first nine
+months of this calendar year fell off over 50 per cent, or $17,202,730,
+compared with the same months of the preceding year. The exports of
+domestic silver bullion from this country, which had averaged for the
+last ten years over $17,000,000, fell in the last fiscal year to
+$13,797,391, while for the first time in recent years the imports of
+silver into this country exceeded the exports by the sum of $2,745,365.
+In the previous year the net exports of silver from the United States
+amounted to $8,545,455. The production of the United States increased
+from 50,000,000 ounces in 1889 to 54,500,000 in 1890. The Government is
+now buying and putting aside annually 54,000,000 ounces, which, allowing
+for 7,140,000 ounces of new bullion used in the arts, is 6,640,000 more
+than our domestic products available for coinage.
+
+I hope the depression in the price of silver is temporary and that a
+further trial of this legislation will more favorably affect it. That
+the increased volume of currency thus supplied for the use of the people
+was needed and that beneficial results upon trade and prices have
+followed this legislation I think must be very clear to everyone. Nor
+should it be forgotten that for every dollar of these notes issued a
+full dollar's worth of silver bullion is at the time deposited in the
+Treasury as a security for its redemption. Upon this subject, as upon
+the tariff, my recommendation is that the existing laws be given a full
+trial and that our business interests be spared the distressing
+influence which threats of radical changes always impart. Under existing
+legislation it is in the power of the Treasury Department to maintain
+that essential condition of national finance as well as of commercial
+prosperity--the parity in use of the coined dollars and their paper
+representatives. The assurance that these powers would be freely and
+unhesitatingly used has done much to produce and sustain the present
+favorable business conditions.
+
+I am still of the opinion that the free coinage of silver under existing
+conditions would disastrously affect our business interests at home and
+abroad. We could not hope to maintain an equality in the purchasing
+power of the gold and silver dollar in our own markets, and in foreign
+trade the stamp gives no added value to the bullion contained in coins.
+The producers of the country, its farmers and laborers, have the highest
+interest that every dollar, paper or coin, issued by the Government
+shall be as good as any other. If there is one less valuable than
+another, its sure and constant errand will be to pay them for their
+toil and for their crops. The money lender will protect himself by
+stipulating for payment in gold, but the laborer has never been able to
+do that. To place business upon a silver basis would mean a sudden and
+severe contraction of the currency by the withdrawal of gold and gold
+notes and such an unsettling of all values as would produce a commercial
+panic. I can not believe that a people so strong and prosperous as ours
+will promote such a policy.
+
+The producers of silver are entitled to just consideration, but they
+should not forget that the Government is now buying and putting out of
+the market what is the equivalent of the entire product of our silver
+mines. This is more than they themselves thought of asking two years
+ago. I believe it is the earnest desire of a great majority of the
+people, as it is mine, that a full coin use shall be made of silver
+just as soon as the cooperation of other nations can be secured and a
+ratio fixed that will give circulation equally to gold and silver. The
+business of the world requires the use of both metals; but I do not see
+any prospect of gain, but much of loss, by giving up the present system,
+in which a full use is made of gold and a large use of silver, for one
+in which silver alone will circulate. Such an event would be at once
+fatal to the further progress of the silver movement. Bimetallism is
+the desired end, and the true friends of silver will be careful not to
+overrun the goal and bring in silver monometallism with its necessary
+attendants--the loss of our gold to Europe and the relief of the
+pressure there for a larger currency. I have endeavored by the use of
+official and unofficial agencies to keep a close observation of the
+state of public sentiment in Europe upon this question and have not
+found it to be such as to justify me in proposing an international
+conference. There is, however, I am sure, a growing sentiment in Europe
+in favor of a larger use of silver, and I know of no more effectual way
+of promoting this sentiment than by accumulating gold here. A scarcity
+of gold in the European reserves will be the most persuasive argument
+for the use of silver.
+
+The exports of gold to Europe, which began in February last and
+continued until the close of July, aggregated over $70,000,000. The net
+loss of gold during the fiscal year was nearly $68,000,000. That no
+serious monetary disturbance resulted was most gratifying and gave to
+Europe fresh evidence of the strength and stability of our financial
+institutions. With the movement of crops the outflow of gold was
+speedily stopped and a return set in. Up to December 1 we had recovered
+of our gold lost at the port of New York $27,854,000, and it is
+confidently believed that during the winter and spring this aggregate
+will be steadily and largely increased.
+
+The presence of a large cash surplus in the Treasury has for many years
+been the subject of much unfavorable criticism, and has furnished an
+argument to those who have desired to place the tariff upon a purely
+revenue basis. It was agreed by all that the withdrawal from circulation
+of so large an amount of money was an embarrassment to the business of
+the country and made necessary the intervention of the Department at
+frequent intervals to relieve threatened monetary panics. The surplus on
+March 1, 1889, was $183,827,190.29. The policy of applying this surplus
+to the redemption of the interest-bearing securities of the United
+States was thought to be preferable to that of depositing it without
+interest in selected national banks. There have been redeemed since
+the date last mentioned of interest-bearing securities $259,079,350,
+resulting in a reduction of the annual interest charge of $11,684,675.
+The money which had been deposited in banks without interest has been
+gradually withdrawn and used in the redemption of bonds.
+
+The result of this policy, of the silver legislation, and of the
+refunding of the 4-1/2 per cent bonds has been a large increase of
+the money in circulation. At the date last named the circulation was
+$1,404,205,896, or $23.03 per capita, while on the 1st day of December,
+1891, it had increased to $1,577,262,070, or $24.38 per capita. The
+offer of the Secretary of the Treasury to the holders of the 4-1/2 per
+cent bonds to extend the time of redemption, at the option of the
+Government, at an interest of 2 per cent, was accepted by the holders of
+about one-half the amount, and the unextended bonds are being redeemed
+on presentation.
+
+The report of the Secretary of War exhibits the results of an
+intelligent, progressive, and businesslike administration of a
+Department which has been too much regarded as one of mere routine. The
+separation of Secretary Proctor from the Department by reason of his
+appointment as a Senator from the State of Vermont is a source of great
+regret to me and to his colleagues in the Cabinet, as I am sure it will
+be to all those who have had business with the Department while under
+his charge.
+
+In the administration of army affairs some especially good work has
+been accomplished. The efforts of the Secretary to reduce the percentage
+of desertions by removing the causes that promoted it have been so
+successful as to enable him to report for the last year a lower
+percentage of desertion than has been before reached in the history
+of the Army. The resulting money saving is considerable, but the
+improvement in the morale of the enlisted men is the most valuable
+incident of the reforms which have brought about this result.
+
+The work of securing sites for shore batteries for harbor defense and
+the manufacture of mortars and guns of high power to equip them have
+made good progress during the year. The preliminary work of tests and
+plans which so long delayed a start is now out of the way. Some guns
+have been completed, and with an enlarged shop and a more complete
+equipment at Watervliet the Army will soon be abreast of the Navy in gun
+construction. Whatever unavoidable causes of delay may arise, there
+should be none from delayed or insufficient appropriations. We shall be
+greatly embarrassed in the proper distribution and use of naval vessels
+until adequate shore defenses are provided for our harbors.
+
+I concur in the recommendation of the Secretary that the three-battalion
+organization be adopted for the infantry. The adoption of a smokeless
+powder and of a modern rifle equal in range, precision, and rapidity of
+fire to the best now in use will, I hope, not be longer delayed.
+
+The project of enlisting Indians and organizing them into separate
+companies upon the same basis as other soldiers was made the subject
+of very careful study by the Secretary and received my approval. Seven
+companies have been completely organized and seven more are in process
+of organization. The results of six months' training have more than
+realized the highest anticipations. The men are readily brought under
+discipline, acquire the drill with facility, and show great pride in the
+right discharge of their duty and perfect loyalty to their officers,
+who declare that they would take them into action with confidence. The
+discipline, order, and cleanliness of the military posts will have a
+wholesome and elevating influence upon the men enlisted, and through
+them upon their tribes, while a friendly feeling for the whites and
+a greater respect for the Government will certainly be promoted.
+
+The great work done in the Record and Pension Division of the War
+Department by Major Ainsworth, of the Medical Corps, and the clerks
+under him is entitled to honorable mention. Taking up the work with
+nearly 41,000 cases behind, he closed the last fiscal year without a
+single case left over, though the new cases had increased 52 per cent
+in number over the previous year by reason of the pension legislation
+of the last Congress.
+
+I concur in the recommendation of the Attorney-General that the right in
+felony cases to a review by the Supreme Court be limited. It would seem
+that personal liberty would have a safe guaranty if the right of review
+in cases involving only fine and imprisonment were limited to the
+circuit court of appeals, unless a constitutional question should in
+some way be involved.
+
+The judges of the Court of Private Land Claims, provided for by the act
+of March 3, 1891, have been appointed and the court organized. It is now
+possible to give early relief to communities long repressed in their
+development by unsettled land titles and to establish the possession and
+right of settlers whose lands have been rendered valueless by adverse
+and unfounded claims.
+
+The act of July 9, 1888, provided for the incorporation and management
+of a reform school for girls in the District of Columbia; but it has
+remained inoperative for the reason that no appropriation has been made
+for construction or maintenance. The need of such an institution is very
+urgent. Many girls could be saved from depraved lives by the wholesome
+influences and restraints of such a school. I recommend that the
+necessary appropriation be made for a site and for construction.
+
+The enforcement by the Treasury Department of the law prohibiting the
+coming of Chinese to the United States has been effective as to such as
+seek to land from vessels entering our ports. The result has been to
+divert the travel to vessels entering the ports of British Columbia,
+whence passage into the United States at obscure points along the
+Dominion boundary is easy. A very considerable number of Chinese
+laborers have during the past year entered the United States from
+Canada and Mexico.
+
+The officers of the Treasury Department and of the Department of Justice
+have used every means at their command to intercept this immigration;
+but the impossibility of perfectly guarding our extended frontier is
+apparent. The Dominion government collects a head tax of $50 from every
+Chinaman entering Canada, and thus derives a considerable revenue from
+those who only use its ports to reach a position of advantage to evade
+our exclusion laws. There seems to be satisfactory evidence that the
+business of passing Chinamen through Canada to the United States is
+organized and quite active. The Department of Justice has construed the
+laws to require the return of any Chinaman found to be unlawfully in
+this country to China as the country from which he came, notwithstanding
+the fact that he came by way of Canada; but several of the district
+courts have in cases brought before them overruled this view of the
+law and decided that such persons must be returned to Canada. This
+construction robs the law of all effectiveness, even if the decrees
+could be executed, for the men returned can the next day recross our
+border. But the only appropriation made is for sending them back to
+China, and the Canadian officials refuse to allow them to reenter
+Canada without the payment of the fifty-dollar head tax. I recommend
+such legislation as will remedy these defects in the law.
+
+In previous messages I have called the attention of Congress to the
+necessity of so extending the jurisdiction of the United States courts
+as to make triable therein any felony committed while in the act of
+violating a law of the United States. These courts can not have that
+independence and effectiveness which the Constitution contemplates so
+long as the felonious killing of court officers, jurors, and witnesses
+in the discharge of their duties or by reason of their acts as
+such is only cognizable in the State courts. The work done by the
+Attorney-General and the officers of his Department, even under the
+present inadequate legislation, has produced some notable results in
+the interest of law and order.
+
+The Attorney-General and also the Commissioners of the District of
+Columbia call attention to the defectiveness and inadequacy of the
+laws relating to crimes against chastity in the District of Columbia.
+A stringent code upon this subject has been provided by Congress for
+Utah, and it is a matter of surprise that the needs of this District
+should have been so long overlooked.
+
+In the report of the Postmaster-General some very gratifying results are
+exhibited and many betterments of the service suggested. A perusal of
+the report gives abundant evidence that the supervision and direction
+of the postal system have been characterized by an intelligent and
+conscientious desire to improve the service. The revenues of the
+Department show an increase of over $5,000,000, with a deficiency for
+the year 1892 of less than $4,000,000, while the estimate for the year
+1893 shows a surplus of receipts over expenditures.
+
+Ocean mail post offices have been established upon the steamers of the
+North German Lloyd and Hamburg lines, saving by the distribution on
+shipboard from two to fourteen hours' time in the delivery of mail at
+the port of entry and often much more than this in the delivery at
+interior places. So thoroughly has this system, initiated by Germany and
+the United States, evidenced its usefulness that it can not be long
+before it is installed upon all the great ocean mail-carrying
+steamships.
+
+Eight thousand miles of new postal service has been established upon
+railroads, the car distribution to substations in the great cities has
+been increased about 12 per cent, while the percentage of errors in
+distribution has during the past year been reduced over one-half. An
+appropriation was given by the last Congress for the purpose of making
+some experiments in free delivery in the smaller cities and towns.
+The results of these experiments have been so satisfactory that the
+Postmaster-General recommends, and I concur in the recommendation,
+that the free-delivery system be at once extended to towns of 5,000
+population. His discussion of the inadequate facilities extended under
+our present system to rural communities and his suggestions with a view
+to give these communities a fuller participation in the benefits of the
+postal service are worthy of your careful consideration. It is not just
+that the farmer, who receives his mail at a neighboring town, should
+not only be compelled to send to the post-office for it, but to pay a
+considerable rent for a box in which to place it or to wait his turn at
+a general-delivery window, while the city resident has his mail brought
+to his door. It is stated that over 54,000 neighborhoods are under the
+present system receiving mail at post-offices where money orders and
+postal notes are not issued. The extension of this system to these
+communities is especially desirable, as the patrons of such offices
+are not possessed of the other facilities offered in more populous
+communities for the transmission of small sums of money.
+
+I have in a message to the preceding Congress expressed my views
+as to a modified use of the telegraph in connection with the postal
+service.[23] In pursuance of the ocean mail law of March 3, 1891, and
+after a most careful study of the whole subject and frequent conferences
+with shipowners, boards of trade, and others, advertisements were issued
+by the Postmaster-General for 53 lines of ocean mail service--10 to
+Great Britain and the Continent, 27 to South America, 3 to China and
+Japan, 4 to Australia and the Pacific islands, 7 to the West Indies,
+and 2 to Mexico. It was not, of course, expected that bids for all
+these lines would be received or that service upon them all would be
+contracted for. It was intended, in furtherance of the act, to secure as
+many new lines as possible, while including in the list most or all of
+the foreign lines now occupied by American ships. It was hoped that a
+line to England and perhaps one to the Continent would be secured; but
+the outlay required to equip such lines wholly with new ships of the
+first class and the difficulty of establishing new lines in competition
+with those already established deterred bidders whose interest had been
+enlisted. It is hoped that a way may yet be found of overcoming these
+difficulties.
+
+The Brazil Steamship Company, by reason of a miscalculation as to
+the speed of its vessels, was not able to bid under the terms of the
+advertisement. The policy of the Department was to secure from the
+established lines an improved service as a condition of giving to them
+the benefits of the law. This in all instances has been attained. The
+Postmaster-General estimates that an expenditure in American shipyards
+of about $10,000,000 will be necessary to enable the bidders to
+construct the ships called for by the service which they have accepted.
+I do not think there is any reason for discouragement or for any turning
+back from the policy of this legislation. Indeed, a good beginning has
+been made, and as the subject is further considered and understood by
+capitalists and shipping people new lines will be ready to meet future
+proposals, and we may date from the passage of this law the revival of
+American shipping interests and the recovery of a fair share of the
+carrying trade of the world. We were receiving for foreign postage
+nearly $2,000,000 under the old system, and the outlay for ocean mail
+service did not exceed $600,000 per annum. It is estimated by the
+Postmaster-General that if all the contracts proposed are completed it
+will require $247,354 for this year in addition to the appropriation for
+sea and inland postage already in the estimates, and that for the next
+fiscal year, ending June 30, 1893, there would probably be needed about
+$560,000.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Navy shows a gratifying increase of
+new naval vessels in commission. The _Newark, Concord, Bennington_, and
+_Miantonomoh_ have been added during the year, with an aggregate of
+something more than 11,000 tons. Twenty-four warships of all classes are
+now under construction in the navy-yards and private shops; but while
+the work upon them is going forward satisfactorily, the completion of
+the more important vessels will yet require about a year's time. Some
+of the vessels now under construction, it is believed, will be triumphs
+of naval engineering. When it is recollected that the work of building
+a modern navy was only initiated in the year 1883, that our naval
+constructors and shipbuilders were practically without experience in the
+construction of large iron or steel ships, that our engine shops were
+unfamiliar with great marine engines, and that the manufacture of steel
+forgings for guns and plates was almost wholly a foreign industry,
+the progress that has been made is not only highly satisfactory, but
+furnishes the assurance that the United States will before long attain
+in the construction of such vessels, with their engines and armaments,
+the same preeminence which it attained when the best instrument of ocean
+commerce was the clipper ship and the most impressive exhibit of naval
+power the old wooden three-decker man-of-war. The officers of the Navy
+and the proprietors and engineers of our great private shops have
+responded with wonderful intelligence and professional zeal to the
+confidence expressed by Congress in its liberal legislation. We have now
+at Washington a gun shop, organized and conducted by naval officers,
+that in its system, economy, and product is unexcelled. Experiments with
+armor plate have been conducted during the year with most important
+results. It is now believed that a plate of higher resisting power than
+any in use has been found and that the tests have demonstrated that
+cheaper methods of manufacture than those heretofore thought necessary
+can be used.
+
+I commend to your favorable consideration the recommendations of the
+Secretary, who has, I am sure, given to them the most conscientious
+study. There should be no hesitation in promptly completing a navy of
+the best modern type large enough to enable this country to display its
+flag in all seas for the protection of its citizens and of its extending
+commerce. The world needs no assurance of the peaceful purposes of the
+United States, but we shall probably be in the future more largely a
+competitor in the commerce of the world, and it is essential to the
+dignity of this nation and to that peaceful influence which it should
+exercise on this hemisphere that its Navy should be adequate both upon
+the shores of the Atlantic and of the Pacific.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Interior shows that a very gratifying
+progress has been made in all of the bureaus which make up that complex
+and difficult Department.
+
+The work in the Bureau of Indian Affairs was perhaps never so large as
+now, by reason of the numerous negotiations which have been proceeding
+with the tribes for a reduction of the reservations, with the incident
+labor of making allotments, and was never more carefully conducted.
+The provision of adequate school facilities for Indian children and the
+locating of adult Indians upon farms involve the solution of the "Indian
+question." Everything else--rations, annuities, and tribal negotiations,
+with the agents, inspectors, and commissioners who distribute and
+conduct them--must pass away when the Indian has become a citizen,
+secure in the individual ownership of a farm from which he derives his
+subsistence by his own labor, protected by and subordinate to the laws
+which govern the white man, and provided by the General Government or
+by the local communities in which he lives with the means of educating
+his children. When an Indian becomes a citizen in an organized State
+or Territory, his relation to the General Government ceases in great
+measure to be that of a ward; but the General Government ought not at
+once to put upon the State or Territory the burden of the education of
+his children.
+
+It has been my thought that the Government schools and school buildings
+upon the reservations would be absorbed by the school systems of the
+States and Territories; but as it has been found necessary to protect
+the Indian against the compulsory alienation of his land by exempting
+him from taxation for a period of twenty-five years, it would seem to
+be right that the General Government, certainly where there are tribal
+funds in its possession, should pay to the school fund of the State what
+would be equivalent to the local school tax upon the property of the
+Indian. It will be noticed from the report of the Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs that already some contracts have been made with district schools
+for the education of Indian children. There is great advantage, I think,
+in bringing the Indian children into mixed schools. This process will
+be gradual, and in the meantime the present educational provisions and
+arrangements, the result of the best experience of those who have been
+charged with this work, should be continued. This will enable those
+religious bodies that have undertaken the work of Indian education with
+so much zeal and with results so restraining and beneficent to place
+their institutions in new and useful relations to the Indian and to his
+white neighbors.
+
+The outbreak among the Sioux which occurred in December last is as to
+its causes and incidents fully reported upon by the War Department
+and the Department of the Interior. That these Indians had some
+just complaints, especially in the matter of the reduction of the
+appropriation for rations and in the delays attending the enactment of
+laws to enable the Department to perform the engagements entered into
+with them, is probably true; but the Sioux tribes are naturally warlike
+and turbulent, and their warriors were excited by their medicine men
+and chiefs, who preached the coming of an Indian messiah who was to
+give them power to destroy their enemies. In view of the alarm that
+prevailed among the white settlers near the reservation and of the fatal
+consequences that would have resulted from an Indian incursion, I placed
+at the disposal of General Miles, commanding the Division of the
+Missouri, all such forces as were thought by him to be required. He
+is entitled to the credit of having given thorough protection to the
+settlers and of bringing the hostiles into subjection with the least
+possible loss of life.
+
+The appropriation of $2,991,450 for the Choctaws and Chickasaws
+contained in the general Indian appropriation bill of March 3, 1891, has
+not been expended, for the reason that I have not yet approved a release
+(to the Government) of the Indian claim to the lands mentioned. This
+matter will be made the subject of a special message, placing before
+Congress all the facts which have come to my knowledge.
+
+The relation of the Five Civilized Tribes now occupying the Indian
+Territory to the United States is not, I believe, that best calculated
+to promote the highest advancement of these Indians. That there should
+be within our borders five independent states having no relations,
+except those growing out of treaties, with the Government of the United
+States, no representation in the National Legislature, its people not
+citizens, is a startling anomaly.
+
+It seems to me to be inevitable that there shall be before long some
+organic changes in the relation of these people to the United States.
+What form these changes should take I do not think it desirable now to
+suggest, even if they were well defined in my own mind. They should
+certainly involve the acceptance of citizenship by the Indians and a
+representation in Congress. These Indians should have opportunity to
+present their claims and grievances upon the floor rather than, as now,
+in the lobby. If a commission could be appointed to visit these tribes
+to confer with them in a friendly spirit upon this whole subject, even
+if no agreement were presently reached the feeling of the tribes upon
+this question would be developed, and discussion would prepare the way
+for changes which must come sooner or later.
+
+The good work of reducing the larger Indian reservations by allotments
+in severalty to the Indians and the cession of the remaining lands to
+the United States for disposition under the homestead law has been
+prosecuted during the year with energy and success. In September last I
+was enabled to open to settlement in the Territory of Oklahoma 900,000
+acres of land, all of which was taken up by settlers in a single day.
+The rush for these lands was accompanied by a great deal of excitement,
+but was happily free from incidents of violence.
+
+It was a source of great regret that I was not able to open at the
+same time the surplus lands of the Cheyenne and Arapahoe Reservation,
+amounting to about 3,000,000 acres, by reason of the insufficiency of
+the appropriation for making the allotments. Deserving and impatient
+settlers are waiting to occupy these lands, and I urgently recommend
+that a special deficiency appropriation be promptly made of the small
+amount needed, so that the allotments may be completed and the surplus
+lands opened in time to permit the settlers to get upon their homesteads
+in the early spring.
+
+During the past summer the Cherokee Commission have completed
+arrangements with the Wichita, Kickapoo, and Tonkawa tribes whereby, if
+the agreements are ratified by Congress, over 800,000 additional acres
+will be opened to settlement in Oklahoma.
+
+The negotiations for the release by the Cherokees of their claim to
+the Cherokee Strip have made no substantial progress so far as the
+Department is officially advised, but it is still hoped that the cession
+of this large and valuable tract may be secured. The price which the
+commission was authorized to offer--$1.25 per acre--is, in my judgment,
+when all the circumstances as to title and the character of the lands
+are considered, a fair and adequate one, and should have been accepted
+by the Indians.
+
+Since March 4, 1889, about 23,000,000 acres have been separated from
+Indian reservations and added to the public domain for the use of those
+who desired to secure free homes under our beneficent laws. It is
+difficult to estimate the increase of wealth which will result from the
+conversion of these waste lands into farms, but it is more difficult
+to estimate the betterment which will result to the families that have
+found renewed hope and courage in the ownership of a home and the
+assurance of a comfortable subsistence under free and healthful
+conditions. It is also gratifying to be able to feel, as we may, that
+this work has proceeded upon lines of justice toward the Indian, and
+that he may now, if he will, secure to himself the good influences of
+a settled habitation, the fruits of industry, and the security of
+citizenship.
+
+Early in this Administration a special effort was begun to bring up the
+work of the General Land Office. By faithful work the arrearages have
+been rapidly reduced. At the end of the last fiscal year only 84,172
+final agricultural entries remained undisposed of, and the Commissioner
+reports that with the present force the work can be fully brought up by
+the end of the next fiscal year.
+
+Your attention is called to the difficulty presented by the Secretary
+of the Interior as to the administration of the law of March 3, 1891,
+establishing a Court of Private Land Claims. The small holdings intended
+to be protected by the law are estimated to be more than 15,000 in
+number. The claimants are a most deserving class and their titles are
+supported by the strongest equities. The difficulty grows out of the
+fact that the lands have largely been surveyed according to our methods,
+while the holdings, many of which have been in the same family for
+generations, are laid out in narrow strips a few rods wide upon a stream
+and running back to the hills for pasturage and timber. Provision should
+be made for numbering these tracts as lots and for patenting them by
+such numbers and without reference to section lines.
+
+The administration of the Pension Bureau has been characterized during
+the year by great diligence. The total number of pensioners upon the
+roll on the 30th day of June, 1891, was 676,160. There were allowed
+during the fiscal year ending at that time 250,565 cases. Of this number
+102,387 were allowed under the law of June 27, 1890. The issuing of
+certificates has been proceeding at the rate of about 30,000 per month,
+about 75 per cent of these being cases under the new law. The
+Commissioner expresses the opinion that he will be able to carefully
+adjudicate and allow 350,000 claims during the present fiscal year. The
+appropriation for the payment of pensions for the fiscal year 1890-91
+was $127,685,793.89 and the amount expended $118,530,649.25, leaving an
+unexpended surplus of $9,155,144.64.
+
+The Commissioner is quite confident that there will be no call this year
+for a deficiency appropriation, notwithstanding the rapidity with which
+the work is being pushed. The mistake which has been made by many in
+their exaggerated estimates of the cost of pensions is in not taking
+account of the diminished value of first payments under the recent
+legislation. These payments under the general law have been for many
+years very large, as the pensions when allowed dated from the time of
+filing the claim, and most of these claims had been pending for years.
+The first payments under the law of June, 1890, are relatively small,
+and as the per cent of these cases increases and that of the old cases
+diminishes the annual aggregate of first payments is largely reduced.
+The Commissioner, under date of November 13, furnishes me with the
+statement that during the last four months 113,175 certificates were
+issued, 27,893 under the general law and 85,282 under the act of June
+27, 1890. The average first payment during these four months was
+$131.85, while the average first payment upon cases allowed during the
+year ending June 30, 1891, was $239.33, being a reduction in the average
+first payments during these four months of $107.48.
+
+The estimate for pension expenditures for the fiscal year ending June
+30, 1893, is $144,956,000, which, after a careful examination of the
+subject, the Commissioner is of the opinion will be sufficient. While
+these disbursements to the disabled soldiers of the great Civil War are
+large, they do not realize the exaggerated estimates of those who oppose
+this beneficent legislation. The Secretary of the Interior shows with
+great fullness the care that is taken to exclude fraudulent claims, and
+also the gratifying fact that the persons to whom these pensions are
+going are men who rendered not slight but substantial war service.
+
+The report of the Commissioner of Railroads shows that the total debt of
+the subsidized railroads to the United States was on December 31, 1890,
+$112,512,613.06. A large part of this debt is now fast approaching
+maturity, with no adequate provision for its payment. Some policy for
+dealing with this debt with a view to its ultimate collection should be
+at once adopted. It is very difficult, well-nigh impossible, for so
+large a body as the Congress to conduct the necessary negotiations and
+investigations. I therefore recommend that provision be made for the
+appointment of a commission to agree upon and report a plan for dealing
+with this debt.
+
+The work of the Census Bureau is now far in advance and the great bulk
+of the enormous labor involved completed. It will be more strictly a
+statistical exhibit and less encumbered by essays than its immediate
+predecessors. The methods pursued have been fair, careful, and
+intelligent, and have secured the approval of the statisticians who
+have followed them with a scientific and nonpartisan interest. The
+appropriations necessary to the early completion and publication of the
+authorized volumes should be given in time to secure against delays,
+which increase the cost and at the same time diminish the value of
+the work.
+
+The report of the Secretary exhibits with interesting fullness the
+condition of the Territories. They have shared with the States the great
+increase in farm products, and are bringing yearly large areas into
+cultivation by extending their irrigating canals. This work is being
+done by individuals or local corporations and without that system which
+a full preliminary survey of the water supply and of the irrigable lands
+would enable them to adopt. The future of the Territories of New Mexico,
+Arizona, and Utah in their material growth and in the increase,
+independence, and happiness of their people is very largely dependent
+upon wise and timely legislation, either by Congress or their own
+legislatures, regulating the distribution of the water supply furnished
+by their streams. If this matter is much longer neglected, private
+corporations will have unrestricted control of one of the elements of
+life and the patentees of the arid lands will be tenants at will of the
+water companies.
+
+The United States should part with its ownership of the water sources
+and the sites for reservoirs, whether to the States and Territories or
+to individuals or corporations, only upon conditions that will insure to
+the settlers their proper water supply upon equal and reasonable terms.
+In the Territories this whole subject is under the full control of
+Congress, and in the States it is practically so as long as the
+Government holds the title to the reservoir sites and water sources
+and can grant them upon such conditions as it chooses to impose. The
+improvident granting of franchises of enormous value without recompense
+to the State or municipality from which they proceed and without proper
+protection of the public interests is the most noticeable and flagrant
+evil of modern legislation. This fault should not be committed in
+dealing with a subject that will before many years affect so vitally
+thousands of our people.
+
+The legislation of Congress for the repression of polygamy has, after
+years of resistance on the part of the Mormons, at last brought them to
+the conclusion that resistance is unprofitable and unavailing. The power
+of Congress over this subject should not be surrendered until we have
+satisfactory evidence that the people of the State to be created would
+exercise the exclusive power of the State over this subject in the same
+way. The question is not whether these people now obey the laws of
+Congress against polygamy, but rather would they make, enforce, and
+maintain such laws themselves if absolutely free to regulate the
+subject? We can not afford to experiment with this subject, for
+when a State is once constituted the act is final and any mistake
+irretrievable. No compact in the enabling act could, in my opinion,
+be binding or effective.
+
+I recommend that provision be made for the organization of a simple form
+of town government in Alaska, with power to regulate such matters as
+are usually in the States under municipal control. These local civil
+organizations will give better protection in some matters than the
+present skeleton Territorial organization. Proper restrictions as to
+the power to levy taxes and to create debt should be imposed.
+
+If the establishment of the Department of Agriculture was regarded by
+anyone as a mere concession to the unenlightened demand of a worthy
+class of people, that impression has been most effectually removed by
+the great results already attained. Its home influence has been very
+great in disseminating agricultural and horticultural information,
+in stimulating and directing a further diversification of crops, in
+detecting and eradicating diseases of domestic animals, and, more than
+all, in the close and informal contact which it has established and
+maintains with the farmers and stock raisers of the whole country. Every
+request for information has had prompt attention and every suggestion
+merited consideration. The scientific corps of the Department is of a
+high order and is pushing its investigations with method and enthusiasm.
+
+The inspection by this Department of cattle and pork products intended
+for shipment abroad has been the basis of the success which has attended
+our efforts to secure the removal of the restrictions maintained by the
+European Governments.
+
+For ten years protests and petitions upon this subject from the packers
+and stock raisers of the United States have been directed against these
+restrictions, which so seriously limited our markets and curtailed the
+profits of the farm. It is a source of general congratulation that
+success has at last been attained, for the effects of an enlarged
+foreign market for these meats will be felt not only by the farmer, but
+in our public finances and in every branch of trade. It is particularly
+fortunate that the increased demand for food products resulting from the
+removal of the restrictions upon our meats and from the reciprocal trade
+arrangements to which I have referred should have come at a time when
+the agricultural surplus is so large. Without the help thus derived
+lower prices would have prevailed. The Secretary of Agriculture
+estimates that the restrictions upon the importation of our pork
+products into Europe lost us a market for $20,000,000 worth of these
+products annually.
+
+The grain crop of this year was the largest in our history--50 per cent
+greater than that of last year--and yet the new markets that have been
+opened and the larger demand resulting from short crops in Europe have
+sustained prices to such an extent that the enormous surplus of meats
+and breadstuffs will be marketed at good prices, bringing relief and
+prosperity to an industry that was much depressed. The value of the
+grain crop of the United States is estimated by the Secretary to be
+this year $500,000,000 more than last; of meats $150,000,000 more, and
+of all products of the farm $700,000,000 more. It is not inappropriate,
+I think, here to suggest that our satisfaction in the contemplation of
+this marvelous addition to the national wealth is unclouded by any
+suspicion of the currency by which it is measured and in which the
+farmer is paid for the products of his fields.
+
+The report of the Civil Service Commission should receive the careful
+attention of the opponents as well as the friends of this reform. The
+Commission invites a personal inspection by Senators and Representatives
+of its records and methods, and every fair critic will feel that such
+an examination should precede a judgment of condemnation either of the
+system or its administration. It is not claimed that either is perfect,
+but I believe that the law is being executed with impartiality and that
+the system is incomparably better and fairer than that of appointments
+upon favor. I have during the year extended the classified service to
+include superintendents, teachers, matrons, and physicians in the Indian
+service. This branch of the service is largely related to educational
+and philanthropic work and will obviously be the better for the change.
+
+The heads of the several Executive Departments have been directed to
+establish at once an efficiency record as the basis of a comparative
+rating of the clerks within the classified service, with a view to
+placing promotions therein upon the basis of merit. I am confident
+that such a record, fairly kept and open to the inspection of those
+interested, will powerfully stimulate the work of the Departments and
+will be accepted by all as placing the troublesome matter of promotions
+upon a just basis.
+
+I recommend that the appropriation for the Civil Service Commission be
+made adequate to the increased work of the next fiscal year.
+
+I have twice before urgently called the attention of Congress to the
+necessity of legislation for the protection of the lives of railroad
+employees, but nothing has yet been done. During the year ending June
+30, 1890, 369 brakemen were killed and 7,841 maimed while engaged in
+coupling cars. The total number of railroad employees killed during
+the year was 2,451 and the number injured 22,390. This is a cruel and
+largely needless sacrifice. The Government is spending nearly $1,000,000
+annually to save the lives of shipwrecked seamen; every steam vessel
+is rigidly inspected and required to adopt the most approved safety
+appliances. All this is good. But how shall we excuse the lack of
+interest and effort in behalf of this army of brave young men who in our
+land commerce are being sacrificed every year by the continued use of
+antiquated and dangerous appliances? A law requiring of every railroad
+engaged in interstate commerce the equipment each year of a given per
+cent of its freight cars with automatic couplers and air brakes would
+compel an agreement between the roads as to the kind of brakes and
+couplers to be used, and would very soon and very greatly reduce the
+present fearful death rate among railroad employees.
+
+The method of appointment by the States of electors of President and
+Vice-President has recently attracted renewed interest by reason of a
+departure by the State of Michigan from the method which had become
+uniform in all the States. Prior to 1832 various methods had been
+used by the different States, and even by the same State. In some the
+choice was made by the legislature; in others electors were chosen by
+districts, but more generally by the voters of the whole State upon a
+general ticket. The movement toward the adoption of the last-named
+method had an early beginning and went steadily forward among the States
+until in 1832 there remained but a single State (South Carolina) that
+had not adopted it. That State until the Civil War continued to choose
+its electors by a vote of the legislature, but after the war changed its
+method and conformed to the practice of the other States. For nearly
+sixty years all the States save one have appointed their electors by
+a popular vote upon a general ticket, and for nearly thirty years this
+method was universal.
+
+After a full test of other methods, without important division or
+dissent in any State and without any purpose of party advantage, as
+we must believe, but solely upon the considerations that uniformity
+was desirable and that a general election in territorial divisions not
+subject to change was most consistent with the popular character of our
+institutions, best preserved the equality of the voters, and perfectly
+removed the choice of President from the baneful influence of the
+"gerrymander," the practice of all the States was brought into harmony.
+That this concurrence should now be broken is, I think, an unfortunate
+and even a threatening episode, and one that may well suggest whether
+the States that still give their approval to the old and prevailing
+method ought not to secure by a constitutional amendment a practice
+which has had the approval of all. The recent Michigan legislation
+provides for choosing what are popularly known as the Congressional
+electors for President by Congressional districts and the two Senatorial
+electors by districts created for that purpose. This legislation was, of
+course, accompanied by a new Congressional apportionment, and the two
+statutes bring the electoral vote of the State under the influence of
+the "gerrymander."
+
+These gerrymanders for Congressional purposes are in most cases
+buttressed by a gerrymander of the legislative districts, thus making it
+impossible for a majority of the legal voters of the State to correct
+the apportionment and equalize the Congressional districts. A minority
+rule is established that only a political convulsion can overthrow. I
+have recently been advised that in one county of a certain State three
+districts for the election of members of the legislature are constituted
+as follows: One has 65,000 population, one 15,000, and one 10,000, while
+in another county detached, noncontiguous sections have been united to
+make a legislative district. These methods have already found effective
+application to the choice of Senators and Representatives in Congress,
+and now an evil start has been made in the direction of applying them to
+the choice by the States of electors of President and Vice-President. If
+this is accomplished, we shall then have the three great departments of
+the Government in the grasp of the "gerrymander," the legislative and
+executive directly and the judiciary indirectly through the power of
+appointment.
+
+An election implies a body of electors having prescribed qualifications,
+each one of whom has an equal value and influence in determining the
+result. So when the Constitution provides that "each State shall
+appoint" (elect), "in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct,
+a number of electors," etc., an unrestricted power was not given to the
+legislatures in the selection of the methods to be used. "A republican
+form of government" is guaranteed by the Constitution to each State, and
+the power given by the same instrument to the legislatures of the States
+to prescribe methods for the choice by the State of electors must be
+exercised under that limitation. The essential features of such a
+government are the right of the people to choose their own officers and
+the nearest practicable equality of value in the suffrages given in
+determining that choice.
+
+It will not be claimed that the power given to the legislature would
+support a law providing that the persons receiving the smallest vote
+should be the electors or a law that all the electors should be chosen
+by the voters of a single Congressional district. The State is to
+choose, and under the pretense of regulating methods the legislature
+can neither vest the right of choice elsewhere nor adopt methods not
+conformable to republican institutions. It is not my purpose here to
+discuss the question whether a choice by the legislature or by the
+voters of equal single districts is a choice by the State, but only to
+recommend such regulation of this matter by constitutional amendment as
+will secure uniformity and prevent that disgraceful partisan jugglery
+to which such a liberty of choice, if it exists, offers a temptation.
+
+Nothing just now is more important than to provide every guaranty for
+the absolutely fair and free choice by an equal suffrage within the
+respective States of all the officers of the National Government,
+whether that suffrage is applied directly, as in the choice of members
+of the House of Representatives, or indirectly, as in the choice of
+Senators and electors of President. Respect for public officers and
+obedience to law will not cease to be the characteristics of our people
+until our elections cease to declare the will of majorities fairly
+ascertained without fraud, suppression, or gerrymander. If I were
+called upon to declare wherein our chief national danger lies, I should
+say without hesitation in the overthrow of majority control by the
+suppression or perversion of the popular suffrage. That there is a real
+danger here all must agree; but the energies of those who see it have
+been chiefly expended in trying to fix responsibility upon the opposite
+party rather than in efforts to make such practices impossible by either
+party.
+
+Is it not possible now to adjourn that interminable and inconclusive
+debate while we take by consent one step in the direction of reform by
+eliminating the gerrymander, which has been denounced by all parties as
+an influence in the selection of electors of President and members of
+Congress? All the States have, acting freely and separately, determined
+that the choice of electors by a general ticket is the wisest and
+safest method, and it would seem there could be no objection to a
+constitutional amendment making that method permanent. If a legislature
+chosen in one year upon purely local questions should, pending a
+Presidential contest, meet, rescind the law for a choice upon a general
+ticket, and provide for the choice of electors by the legislature, and
+this trick should determine the result, it is not too much to say that
+the public peace might be seriously and widely endangered.
+
+I have alluded to the "gerrymander" as affecting the method of selecting
+electors of President by Congressional districts, but the primary intent
+and effect of this form of political robbery have relation to the
+selection of members of the House of Representatives. The power of
+Congress is ample to deal with this threatening and intolerable abuse.
+The unfailing test of sincerity in election reform will be found in a
+willingness to confer as to remedies and to put into force such measures
+as will most effectually preserve the right of the people to free and
+equal representation.
+
+An attempt was made in the last Congress to bring to bear the
+constitutional powers of the General Government for the correction
+of fraud against the suffrage. It is important to know whether the
+opposition to such measures is really rested in particular features
+supposed to be objectionable or includes any proposition to give to
+the election laws of the United States adequacy to the correction
+of grave and acknowledged evils. I must yet entertain the hope that
+it is possible to secure a calm, patriotic consideration of such
+constitutional or statutory changes as may be necessary to secure
+the choice of the officers of the Government to the people by fair
+apportionments and free elections.
+
+I believe it would be possible to constitute a commission, nonpartisan
+in its membership and composed of patriotic, wise, and impartial men,
+to whom a consideration of the question of the evils connected with our
+election system and methods might be committed with a good prospect of
+securing unanimity in some plan for removing or mitigating those evils.
+The Constitution would permit the selection of the commission to be
+vested in the Supreme Court if that method would give the best guaranty
+of impartiality. This commission should be charged with the duty of
+inquiring into the whole subject of the law of elections as related
+to the choice of officers of the National Government, with a view to
+securing to every elector a free and unmolested exercise of the suffrage
+and as near an approach to an equality of value in each ballot cast as
+is attainable.
+
+While the policies of the General Government upon the tariff, upon the
+restoration of our merchant marine, upon river and harbor improvements,
+and other such matters of grave and general concern are liable to be
+turned this way or that by the results of Congressional elections and
+administrative policies, sometimes involving issues that tend to peace
+or war, to be turned this way or that by the results of a Presidential
+election, there is a rightful interest in all the States and in every
+Congressional district that will not be deceived or silenced by the
+audacious pretense that the question of the right of any body of legal
+voters in any State or in any Congressional district to give their
+suffrages freely upon these general questions is a matter only of local
+concern or control. The demand that the limitations of suffrage shall
+be found in the law, and only there, is a just demand, and no just man
+should resent or resist it. My appeal is and must continue to be for
+a consultation that shall "proceed with candor, calmness, and patience
+upon the lines of justice and humanity, not of prejudice and cruelty."
+
+To the consideration of these very grave questions I invite not only the
+attention of Congress, but that of all patriotic citizens. We must not
+entertain the delusion that our people have ceased to regard a free
+ballot and equal representation as the price of their allegiance to
+laws and to civil magistrates.
+
+I have been greatly rejoiced to notice many evidences of the increased
+unification of our people and of a revived national spirit. The vista
+that now opens to us is wider and more glorious than ever before.
+Gratification and amazement struggle for supremacy as we contemplate
+the population, wealth, and moral strength of our country. A trust
+momentous in its influence upon our people and upon the world is for
+a brief time committed to us, and we must not be faithless to its first
+condition--the defense of the free and equal influence of the people in
+the choice of public officers and in the control of public affairs.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+[Footnote 22: See pp. 59-60.]
+
+[Footnote 23: See p. 127.]
+
+
+
+
+SPECIAL MESSAGES.
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _December 16, 1891_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, for your information, a letter from the Secretary
+of State, inclosing the first annual report and copies of the bulletins
+of the Bureau of the American Republics.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _December 23, 1891_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith the report of the board appointed by me under a
+clause in the District of Columbia appropriation act approved August 6,
+1890, "to consider the location, arrangement, and operation of electric
+wires in the District of Columbia," etc., to which the attention of
+Congress is respectfully invited.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _December 23, 1891_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+My attention having been called to the necessity of bringing about a
+uniform usage and spelling of geographic names in the publications of
+the Government, the following Executive order was issued on the 4th day
+of September, 1890:
+
+  As it is desirable that uniform usage in regard to geographic
+  nomenclature and orthography obtain throughout the Executive
+  Departments of the Government, and particularly upon the maps and
+  charts issued by the various Departments and bureaus, I hereby
+  constitute a Board on Geographic Names and designate the following
+  persons, who have heretofore cooperated for a similar purpose under
+  the authority of the several Departments, bureaus, and institutions
+  with which they are connected, as members of said board:
+
+  Professor Thomas C. Mendenhall, United States Coast and Geodetic
+  Survey, chairman.
+
+  Andrew H. Allen, Department of State.
+
+  Captain Henry L. Howison, Light-House Board, Treasury Department.
+
+  Captain Thomas Turtle, Engineer Corps, War Department.
+
+  Lieutenant Richardson Clover, Hydrographic Office, Navy Department.
+
+  Pierson H. Bristow, Post-Office Department.
+
+  Otis T. Mason, Smithsonian Institution.
+
+  Herbert G. Ogden, United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.
+
+  Henry Gannett, United States Geological Survey.
+
+  Marcus Baker, United States Geological Survey.
+
+  To this board shall be referred all unsettled questions concerning
+  geographic names which arise in the Departments, and the decisions
+  of the board are to be accepted by these Departments as the standard
+  authority in such matters.
+
+  Department officers are instructed to afford such assistance as may be
+  proper to carry on the work of this board.
+
+  The members of this board shall serve without additional compensation
+  and its organization shall entail no expense on the Government.
+
+
+The report of the board thus constituted has been submitted to me, and
+is herewith transmitted for the information of Congress and with a view
+to its publication in suitable form if such action is deemed by Congress
+to be desirable.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 5, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+The famine prevailing in some of the Provinces of Russia is so severe
+and widespread as to have attracted the sympathetic interest of a
+large number of our liberal and favored people. In some of the great
+grain-producing States of the West movements have already been organized
+to collect flour and meal for the relief of these perishing Russian
+families, and the response has been such as to justify the belief that
+a ship's cargo can very soon be delivered at the seaboard through the
+generous cooperation of the transportation lines. It is most appropriate
+that a people whose storehouses have been so lavishly filled with all
+the fruits of the earth by the gracious favor of God should manifest
+their gratitude by large gifts to His suffering children in other lands.
+
+The Secretary of the Navy has no steam vessel at his disposal that
+could be used for the transportation of these supplies, and I therefore
+recommend that he be authorized to charter a suitable vessel to receive
+them if a sufficient amount should be offered, and to send them under
+the charge of a naval officer to such Russian port as may be most
+convenient for ready distribution to those most in need.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 6, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, for the consideration of Congress, a communication
+of the 4th instant from the Secretary of the Interior, accompanied by
+an agreement concluded by and between the Cherokee Commission and the
+Wichita and affiliated bands of Indians in the Territory of Oklahoma,
+for the cession of certain lands and for other purposes.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 6, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, for the consideration of Congress, a communication
+of the 4th instant from the Secretary of the Interior, submitting the
+agreement entered into between the Indians of the Colville Reservation,
+in the State of Washington, and the commissioners appointed under the
+provisions of the act of August 19, 1890, to negotiate with them for
+the cession of such portion of said reservation as said Indians may be
+willing to dispose of, that the same may be opened to white settlement.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 6, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, for the consideration of Congress, a communication
+of the 4th instant from the Secretary of the Interior, accompanied by an
+agreement concluded by the Cherokee Commission with the Tonkawa Indians
+in Oklahoma Territory, for the cession of all their right, title, claim,
+and interest of every kind and character in and to the lands occupied by
+them in said Territory, and for other purposes.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 11, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, for the consideration of Congress, a communication
+of the 8th instant from the Secretary of the Interior, submitting the
+agreements concluded by and between the Cherokee Commission and the
+Kickapoo tribe of Indians in the Territory of Oklahoma, for the cession
+of certain lands and for other purposes.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 11, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, for the consideration of Congress, a communication
+of the 4th instant from the Secretary of the Interior, submitting the
+agreement entered into between the Indians of the Pyramid Lake
+Reservation and the commission appointed under the provisions of the
+Indian appropriation act of March 3, 1891, for the cession and
+relinquishment of the southern portion of their reservation in the State
+of Nevada.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 11 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, for the consideration of Congress, a communication
+of the 4th instant from the Secretary of the Interior, submitting the
+agreement entered into between the Shoshone and Arapahoe Indians of the
+Shoshone or Wind River Reservation, in the State of Wyoming, and the
+commission appointed under the provisions of the Indian appropriation
+act of March 3, 1891, for the cession and relinquishment of a portion
+of their said reservation.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, January 18, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+I transmit herewith to the Senate a report of the Secretary of State,
+in answer to the resolution of the Senate of the 12th instant, making
+inquiries regarding payments of the awards of the claims commission
+under the convention of July 4, 1868, between the United States and
+Mexico.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 19, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a letter of the Secretary of the Navy, accompanied
+by the report of the commission appointed by me by virtue of a provision
+in the naval appropriation act approved June 30, 1890, "to select a
+suitable site, having due regard to commercial and naval interests, for
+a dry dock at some point on the shores of the Gulf of Mexico or the
+waters connected therewith."
+
+The Secretary of the Navy approves the recommendations of the
+commission, and they are respectfully submitted for the consideration
+of the Congress.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 25, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+In my annual message delivered to Congress at the beginning of the
+present session, after a brief statement of the facts then in the
+possession of this Government touching the assault in the streets of
+Valparaiso, Chile, upon the sailors of the United States steamship
+_Baltimore_ on the evening of the 16th of October last, I said:
+
+  This Government is now awaiting the result of an investigation which
+  has been conducted by the criminal court at Valparaiso. It is reported
+  unofficially that the investigation is about completed, and it is
+  expected that the result will soon be communicated to this Government,
+  together with some adequate and satisfactory response to the note by
+  which the attention of Chile was called to this incident. If these
+  just expectations should be disappointed or further needless delay
+  intervene, I will by a special message bring this matter again to the
+  attention of Congress for such action as may be necessary.
+
+
+In my opinion the time has now come when I should lay before the
+Congress and the country the correspondence between this Government
+and the Government of Chile from the time of the breaking out of the
+revolution against Balmaceda, together with all other facts in the
+possession of the executive department relating to this matter. The
+diplomatic correspondence is herewith transmitted, together with some
+correspondence between the naval officers for the time in command in
+Chilean waters and the Secretary of the Navy, and also the evidence
+taken at the Mare Island Navy-Yard since the arrival of the _Baltimore_
+at San Francisco. I do not deem it necessary in this communication to
+attempt any full analysis of the correspondence or of the evidence.
+A brief restatement of the international questions involved and of the
+reasons why the responses of the Chilean Government are unsatisfactory
+is all that I deem necessary.
+
+It may be well at the outset to say that whatever may have been said
+in this country or in Chile in criticism of Mr. Egan, our minister at
+Santiago, the true history of this exciting period in Chilean affairs
+from the outbreak of the revolution until this time discloses no act on
+the part of Mr. Egan unworthy of his position or that could justly be
+the occasion of serious animadversion or criticism. He has, I think,
+on the whole borne himself in very trying circumstances with dignity,
+discretion, and courage, and has conducted the correspondence with
+ability, courtesy, and fairness.
+
+It is worth while also at the beginning to say that the right of
+Mr. Egan to give shelter in the legation to certain adherents of the
+Balmaceda Government who applied to him for asylum has not been denied
+by the Chilean authorities, nor has any demand been made for the
+surrender of these refugees. That there was urgent need of asylum is
+shown by Mr. Egan's note of August 24, 1891, describing the disorders
+that prevailed in Santiago, and by the evidence of Captain Schley
+as to the pillage and violence that prevailed at Valparaiso. The
+correspondence discloses, however, that the request of Mr. Egan for a
+safe conduct from the country in behalf of these refugees was denied.
+The precedents cited by him in the correspondence, particularly the case
+of the revolution in Peru in 1865, did not leave the Chilean Government
+in a position to deny the right of asylum to political refugees, and
+seemed very clearly to support Mr. Egan's contention that a safe conduct
+to neutral territory was a necessary and acknowledged incident of the
+asylum. These refugees have very recently, without formal safe conduct,
+but by the acquiescence of the Chilean authorities, been placed on
+board the _Yorktown_, and are now being conveyed to Callao, Peru.
+This incident might be considered wholly closed but for the disrespect
+manifested toward this Government by the close and offensive police
+surveillance of the legation premises which was maintained during most
+of the period of the stay of the refugees therein. After the date of my
+annual message, and up to the time of the transfer of the refugees to
+the _Yorktown_, the legation premises seemed to have been surrounded by
+police in uniform and police agents or detectives in citizen's dress,
+who offensively scrutinized persons entering or leaving the legation,
+and on one or more occasions arrested members of the minister's family.
+Commander Evans, who by my direction recently visited Mr. Egan at
+Santiago, in his telegram to the Navy Department described the legation
+as "a veritable prison," and states that the police agents or detectives
+were after his arrival withdrawn during his stay. It appears further
+from the note of Mr. Egan of November 20, 1891, that on one occasion at
+least these police agents, whom he declares to be known to him, invaded
+the legation premises, pounding upon its windows and using insulting and
+threatening language toward persons therein. This breach of the right
+of a minister to freedom from police espionage and restraint seems to
+have been so flagrant that the Argentine minister, who was dean of
+the diplomatic corps, having observed it, felt called upon to protest
+against it to the Chilean minister of foreign affairs. The Chilean
+authorities have, as will be observed from the correspondence, charged
+the refugees and the inmates of the legation with insulting the police;
+but it seems to me incredible that men whose lives were in jeopardy and
+whose safety could only be secured by retirement and quietness should
+have sought to provoke a collision, which could only end in their
+destruction, or to aggravate their condition by intensifying a popular
+feeling that at one time so threatened the legation as to require Mr.
+Egan to appeal to the minister of foreign affairs.
+
+But the most serious incident disclosed by the correspondence is that
+of the attack upon the sailors of the _Baltimore_ in the streets of
+Valparaiso on the 16th of October last. In my annual message, speaking
+upon the information then in my possession, I said:
+
+  So far as I have yet been able to learn, no other explanation of this
+  bloody work has been suggested than that it had its origin in hostility
+  to those men as sailors of the United States, wearing the uniform of
+  their Government, and not in any individual act or personal animosity.
+
+
+We have now received from the Chilean Government an abstract of the
+conclusions of the fiscal general upon the testimony taken by the judge
+of crimes in an investigation which was made to extend over nearly three
+months. I very much regret to be compelled to say that this report does
+not enable me to modify the conclusion announced in my annual message.
+I am still of the opinion that our sailors were assaulted, beaten,
+stabbed, and killed not for anything they or any one of them had done,
+but for what the Government of the United States had done or was charged
+with having done by its civil officers and naval commanders. If that be
+the true aspect of the case, the injury was to the Government of the
+United States, not to these poor sailors who were assaulted in a manner
+so brutal and so cowardly.
+
+Before attempting to give an outline of the facts upon which this
+conclusion rests I think it right to say a word or two upon the legal
+aspect of the case. The _Baltimore_ was in the harbor of Valparaiso by
+virtue of that general invitation which nations are held to extend to
+the war vessels of other powers with which they have friendly relations.
+This invitation, I think, must be held ordinarily to embrace the
+privilege of such communication with the shore as is reasonable,
+necessary, and proper for the comfort and convenience of the officers
+and men of such vessels. Captain Schley testifies that when his vessel
+returned to Valparaiso on September 14 the city officers, as is
+customary, extended the hospitalities of the city to his officers and
+crew. It is not claimed that every personal collision or injury in which
+a sailor or officer of such naval vessel visiting the shore may be
+involved raises an international question, but I am clearly of the
+opinion that where such sailors or officers are assaulted by a resident
+populace, animated by hostility to the government whose uniform these
+sailors and officers wear and in resentment of acts done by their
+government, not by them, their nation must take notice of the event
+as one involving an infraction of its rights and dignity, not in a
+secondary way, as where a citizen is injured and presents his claim
+through his own government, but in a primary way, precisely as if its
+minister or consul or the flag itself had been the object of the same
+character of assault.
+
+The officers and sailors of the _Baltimore_ were in the harbor of
+Valparaiso under the orders of their Government, not by their own
+choice. They were upon the shore by the implied invitation of the
+Government of Chile and with the approval of their commanding officer;
+and it does not distinguish their case from that of a consul that his
+stay is more permanent or that he holds the express invitation of the
+local government to justify his longer residence. Nor does it affect
+the question that the injury was the act of a mob. If there had been
+no participation by the police or military in this cruel work and no
+neglect on their part to extend protection, the case would still be one,
+in my opinion, when its extent and character are considered, involving
+international rights. The incidents of the affair are briefly as
+follows:
+
+On the 16th of October last Captain Schley, commanding the United States
+steamship _Baltimore_, gave shore leave to 117 petty officers and
+sailors of his ship. These men left the ship about 1.30 p.m. No incident
+of violence occurred, none of our men were arrested, no complaint was
+lodged against them, nor did any collision or outbreak occur until about
+6 o'clock p.m. Captain Schley states that he was himself on shore and
+about the streets of the city until 5.30 p.m.; that he met very many of
+his men who were upon leave; that they were sober and were conducting
+themselves with propriety, saluting Chilean and other officers as they
+met them. Other officers of the ship and Captain Jenkins, of the
+merchant ship _Keweenaw_, corroborate Captain Schley as to the general
+sobriety and good behavior of our men. The Sisters of Charity at the
+hospital to which our wounded men were taken when inquired of stated
+that they were sober when received. If the situation had been otherwise,
+we must believe that the Chilean police authorities would have made
+arrests. About 6 p.m. the assault began, and it is remarkable that the
+investigation by the judge of crimes, though so protracted, does not
+enable him to give any more satisfactory account of its origin than is
+found in the statement that it began between drunken sailors. Repeatedly
+in the correspondence it is asserted that it was impossible to learn
+the precise cause of the riot. The minister of foreign affairs, Matta,
+in his telegram to Mr. Montt under date December 31, states that the
+quarrel began between two sailors in a tavern and was continued in the
+street, persons who were passing joining in it.
+
+The testimony of Talbot, an apprentice, who was with Riggin, is that
+the outbreak in which they were involved began by a Chilean sailor's
+spitting in the face of Talbot, which was resented by a knockdown. It
+appears that Riggin and Talbot were at the time unaccompanied by others
+of their shipmates. These two men were immediately beset by a crowd of
+Chilean citizens and sailors, through which they broke their way to a
+street car, and entered it for safety. They were pursued, driven from
+the car, and Riggin was so seriously beaten that he fell in the street
+apparently dead. There is nothing in the report of the Chilean
+investigation made to us that seriously impeaches this testimony. It
+appears from Chilean sources that almost instantly, with a suddenness
+that strongly implies meditation and preparation, a mob, stated by the
+police authorities at one time to number 2,000 and at another 1,000,
+was engaged in the assault upon our sailors, who are represented as
+resisting "with stones, clubs, and bright arms." The report of the
+_intendente_ of October 30 states that the fight began at 6 p.m. in
+three streets, which are named; that information was received at the
+_intendencia_ at 6.15, and that the police arrived on the scene at 6.30,
+a full half hour after the assault began. At that time he says that a
+mob of 2,000 men had collected, and that for several squares there was
+the appearance of a "real battlefield."
+
+The scene at this point is very graphically set before us by the Chilean
+testimony. The American sailors, who after so long an examination have
+not been found guilty of any breach of the peace so far as the Chilean
+authorities are able to discover, unarmed and defenseless, are fleeing
+for their lives, pursued by overwhelming numbers, and fighting only to
+aid their own escape from death or to succor some mate whose life is in
+greater peril. Eighteen of them are brutally stabbed and beaten, while
+one Chilean seems from the report to have suffered some injury, but how
+serious or with what character of weapon, or whether by a missile thrown
+by our men or by some of his fellow-rioters, is unascertained.
+
+The pretense that our men were fighting "with stones, clubs, and bright
+arms" is in view of these facts incredible. It is further refuted by the
+fact that our prisoners when searched were absolutely without arms, only
+seven penknives being found in the possession of the men arrested, while
+there were received by our men more than thirty stab wounds, every one
+of which was inflicted in the back, and almost every contused wound was
+in the back or back of the head; The evidence of the ship's officer of
+the day is that even the jackknives of the men were taken from them
+before leaving the ship.
+
+As to the brutal nature of the treatment received by our men, the
+following extract from the account given of the affair by the La Patria
+newspaper, of Valparaiso, of October 17, can not be regarded as too
+friendly:
+
+  The Yankees, as soon as their pursuers gave chase, went by way of the
+  Calle del Arsenal toward the city car station. In the presence of an
+  ordinary number of citizens, among whom were some sailors, the North
+  Americans took seats in the street car to escape from the stones which
+  the Chileans threw at them. It was believed for an instant that the
+  North Americans had saved themselves from popular fury, but such was
+  not the case. Scarcely had the car begun to move when a crowd gathered
+  around and stopped its progress. Under these circumstances and without
+  any cessation of the howling and throwing of stones at the North
+  Americans, the conductor entered the car, and, seeing the risk of the
+  situation to the vehicle, ordered them to get out. At the instant the
+  sailors left the car, in the midst of a hail of stones, the said
+  conductor received a stone blow on the head. One of the Yankee sailors
+  managed to escape in the direction of the Plaza Wheelright, but the
+  other was felled to the ground by a stone. Managing to raise himself
+  from the ground where he lay, he staggered in an opposite direction
+  from the station. In front of the house of Senor Mazzini he was again
+  wounded, falling then senseless and breathless.
+
+
+No amount of evasion or subterfuge is able to cloud our clear vision
+of this brutal work. It should be noticed in this connection that the
+American sailors arrested, after an examination, were during the four
+days following the arrest every one discharged, no charge of any breach
+of the peace or other criminal conduct having been sustained against
+a single one of them. The judge of crimes, Foster, in a note to the
+_intendente_ under date of October 22, before the dispatch from this
+Government of the following day, which aroused the authorities of Chile
+to a better sense of the gravity of the affair, says:
+
+  Having presided temporarily over this court in regard to the seamen of
+  the United States cruiser _Baltimore_, who have been tried on account
+  of the deplorable conduct which took place, etc.
+
+
+The noticeable point here is that our sailors had been tried before
+the 22d of October, and that the trial resulted in their acquittal and
+return to their vessel. It is quite remarkable and quite characteristic
+of the management of this affair by the Chilean police authorities that
+we should now be advised that Seaman Davidson, of the _Baltimore_, has
+been included in the indictment, his offense being, so far as I have
+been able to ascertain, that he attempted to defend a shipmate against
+an assailant who was striking at him with a knife. The perfect
+vindication of our men is furnished by this report. One only is found
+to have been guilty of criminal fault, and that for an act clearly
+justifiable.
+
+As to the part taken by the police in the affair, the case made by Chile
+is also far from satisfactory. The point where Riggin was killed is only
+three minutes' walk from the police station, and not more than twice
+that distance from the _intendencia_; and yet according to their
+official report a full half hour elapsed after the assault began before
+the police were upon the ground. It has been stated that all but two of
+our men have said that the police did their duty. The evidence taken at
+Mare Island shows that if such a statement was procured from our men it
+was accomplished by requiring them to sign a writing in a language they
+did not understand and by the representation that it was a mere
+declaration that they had taken no part in the disturbance. Lieutenant
+McCrea, who acted as interpreter, says in his evidence that when our
+sailors were examined before the court the subject of the conduct of the
+police was so carefully avoided that he reported the fact to Captain
+Schley on his return, to the vessel.
+
+The evidences of the existence of animosity toward our sailors in
+the minds of the sailors of the Chilean navy and of the populace of
+Valparaiso are so abundant and various as to leave no doubt in the mind
+of anyone who will examine the papers submitted. It manifested itself
+in threatening and insulting gestures toward our men as they passed
+the Chilean men-of-war in their boats and in the derisive and abusive
+epithets with which they greeted every appearance of an American sailor
+on the evening of the riot. Captain Schley reports that boats from the
+Chilean war ships several times went out of their course to cross the
+bows of his boats, compelling them to back water. He complained of the
+discourtesy, and it was corrected. That this feeling was shared by men
+of higher rank is shown by an incident related by Surgeon Stitt, of
+the _Baltimore_. After the battle of Placilla he, with other medical
+officers of the war vessels in the harbor, was giving voluntary
+assistance to the wounded in the hospitals. The son of a Chilean army
+officer of high rank was under his care, and when the father discovered
+it he flew into a passion and said he would rather have his son die than
+have Americans touch him, and at once had him removed from the ward.
+This feeling is not well concealed in the dispatches of the foreign
+office, and had quite open expression in the disrespectful treatment of
+the American legation. The Chilean boatmen in the bay refused, even for
+large offers of money, to return our sailors, who crowded the Mole,
+to their ship when they were endeavoring to escape from the city on
+the night of the assault. The market boats of the _Baltimore_ were
+threatened, and even quite recently the gig of Commander Evans, of
+the _Yorktown_, was stoned while waiting for him at the Mole.
+
+The evidence of our sailors clearly shows that the attack was expected
+by the Chilean people, that threats had been made against our men, and
+that in one case, somewhat early in the afternoon, the keeper of one
+house into which some of our men had gone closed his establishment in
+anticipation of the attack, which he advised them would be made upon
+them as darkness came on.
+
+In a report of Captain Schley to the Navy Department he says:
+
+  In the only interview that I had with Judge Foster, who is
+  investigating the case relative to the disturbance, before he was aware
+  of the entire gravity of the matter, he informed me that the assault
+  upon my men was the outcome of hatred for our people among the lower
+  classes because they thought we had sympathized with the Balmaceda
+  Government on account of the _Itata_ matter, whether with reason or
+  without he could of course not admit; but such he thought was the
+  explanation of the assault at that time.
+
+
+Several of our men sought security from the mob by such complete or
+partial changes in their dress as would conceal the fact of their being
+seamen of the _Baltimore_, and found it then possible to walk the
+streets without molestation. These incidents conclusively establish that
+the attack was upon the uniform--the nationality--and not upon the men.
+
+The origin of this feeling is probably found in the refusal of this
+Government to give recognition to the Congressional party before it
+had established itself, in the seizure of the _Itata_ for an alleged
+violation of the neutrality law, in the cable incident, and in the
+charge that Admiral Brown conveyed information to Valparaiso of the
+landing at Quinteros. It is not my purpose to enter here any defense of
+the action of this Government in these matters. It is enough for the
+present purpose to say that if there was any breach of international
+comity or duty on our part it should have been made the subject of
+official complaint through diplomatic channels or for reprisals for
+which a full responsibility was assumed. We can not consent that these
+incidents and these perversions of the truth shall be used to excite
+a murderous attack upon our unoffending sailors and the Government
+of Chile go aquit of responsibility. In fact, the conduct of this
+Government during the war in Chile pursued those lines of international
+duty which we had so strongly insisted upon on the part of other nations
+when this country was in the throes of a civil conflict. We continued
+the established diplomatic relations with the government in power until
+it was overthrown, and promptly and cordially recognized the new
+government when it was established. The good offices of this Government
+were offered to bring about a peaceful adjustment, and the interposition
+of Mr. Egan to mitigate severities and to shelter adherents of the
+Congressional party was effective and frequent. The charge against
+Admiral Brown is too base to gain credence with anyone who knows his
+high personal and professional character.
+
+Recurring to the evidence of our sailors, I think it is shown that there
+were several distinct assaults, and so nearly simultaneous as to show
+that they did not spread from one point. A press summary of the report
+of the fiscal shows that the evidence of the Chilean officials and
+others was in conflict as to the place of origin, several places being
+named by different witnesses as the locality where the first outbreak
+occurred. This if correctly reported shows that there were several
+distinct outbreaks, and so nearly at the same time as to cause this
+confusion. The La Patria, in the same issue from which I have already
+quoted, after describing the killing of Riggin and the fight which from
+that point extended to the Mole, says:
+
+  At the same time in other streets of the port the Yankee sailors fought
+  fiercely with the people of the town, who believed to see in them
+  incarnate enemies of the Chilean navy.
+
+
+The testimony of Captain Jenkins, of the American merchant ship
+_Keweenaw_, which had gone to Valparaiso for repairs, and who was a
+witness of some part of the assault upon the crew of the _Baltimore_, is
+strongly corroborative of the testimony of our own sailors when he says
+that he saw Chilean sentries drive back a seaman seeking shelter upon
+a mob that was pursuing him. The officers and men of Captain Jenkins's
+ship furnish the most conclusive testimony as to the indignities which
+were practiced toward Americans in Valparaiso. When American sailors,
+even of merchant ships, can only secure their safety by denying their
+nationality, it must be time to readjust our relations with a government
+that permits such demonstrations.
+
+As to the participation of the police, the evidence of our sailors shows
+that our men were struck and beaten by police officers before and after
+arrest, and that one at least was dragged with a lasso about his neck by
+a mounted policeman. That the death of Riggin was the result of a rifle
+shot fired by a policeman or soldier on duty is shown directly by the
+testimony of Johnson, in whose arms he was at the time, and by the
+evidence of Charles Langen, an American sailor, not then a member of
+the _Baltimore's_ crew, who stood close by and saw the transaction. The
+Chilean authorities do not pretend to fix the responsibility of this
+shot upon any particular person, but avow their inability to ascertain
+who fired it further than that it was fired from a crowd. The character
+of the wound as described by one of the surgeons of the _Baltimore_
+clearly supports his opinion that it was made by a rifle ball, the
+orifice of exit being as much as an inch or an inch and a quarter in
+width. When shot the poor fellow was unconscious and in the arms of a
+comrade, who was endeavoring to carry him to a neighboring drug store
+for treatment. The story of the police that in coming up the street they
+passed these men and left them behind them is inconsistent with their
+own statement as to the direction of their approach and with their duty
+to protect them, and is clearly disproved. In fact Riggin was not behind
+but in front of the advancing force, and was not standing in the crowd,
+but was unconscious and supported in the arms of Johnson when he was
+shot.
+
+The communications of the Chilean Government in relation to this
+cruel and disastrous attack upon our men, as will appear from the
+correspondence, have not in any degree taken the form of a manly and
+satisfactory expression of regret, much less of apology. The event was
+of so serious a character that if the injuries suffered by our men had
+been wholly the result of an accident in a Chilean port the incident was
+grave enough to have called for some public expression of sympathy and
+regret from the local authorities. It is not enough to say that the
+affair was lamentable, for humanity would require that expression even
+if the beating and killing of our men had been justifiable. It is not
+enough to say that the incident is regretted, coupled with the statement
+that the affair was not of an unusual character in ports where foreign
+sailors are accustomed to meet. It is not for a generous and sincere
+government to seek for words of small or equivocal meaning in which
+to convey to a friendly power an apology for an offense so atrocious
+as this. In the case of the assault by a mob in New Orleans upon the
+Spanish consulate in 1851, Mr. Webster wrote to the Spanish minister,
+Mr. Calderon, that the acts complained of were "a disgraceful and
+flagrant breach of duty and propriety," and that his Government "regrets
+them as deeply as Minister Calderon or his Government could possibly
+do;" that "these acts have caused the President great pain, and he
+thinks a proper acknowledgment is due to Her Majesty's Government."
+He invited the Spanish consul to return to his post, guaranteeing
+protection, and offered to salute the Spanish flag if the consul should
+come in a Spanish vessel. Such a treatment by the Government of Chile of
+this assault would have been more creditable to the Chilean authorities,
+and much less can hardly be satisfactory to a government that values its
+dignity and honor.
+
+In our note of October 23 last, which appears in the correspondence,
+after receiving the report of the board of officers appointed by Captain
+Schley to investigate the affair, the Chilean Government was advised of
+the aspect which it then assumed and called upon for any facts in its
+possession that might tend to modify the unfavorable impressions which
+our report had created. It is very clear from the correspondence that
+before the receipt of this note the examination was regarded by the
+police authorities as practically closed. It was, however, reopened and
+protracted through a period of nearly three months. We might justly have
+complained of this unreasonable delay; but in view of the fact that the
+Government of Chile was still provisional, and with a disposition to be
+forbearing and hopeful of a friendly termination, I have awaited the
+report, which has but recently been made.
+
+On the 21st instant I caused to be communicated to the Government of
+Chile by the American minister at Santiago the conclusions of this
+Government after a full consideration of all the evidence and of every
+suggestion affecting this matter, and to these conclusions I adhere.
+They were stated as follows:
+
+  First. That the assault is not relieved of the aspect which the early
+  information of the event gave to it, viz, that of an attack upon the
+  uniform of the United States Navy having its origin and motive in a
+  feeling of hostility to this Government, and not in any act of the
+  sailors or of any of them.
+
+  Second. That the public authorities of Valparaiso flagrantly failed in
+  their duty to protect our men, and that some of the police and of the
+  Chilean soldiers and sailors were themselves guilty of unprovoked
+  assaults upon our sailors before and after arrest. He [the President]
+  thinks the preponderance of the evidence and the inherent probabilities
+  lead to the conclusion that Riggin was killed by the police or soldiers.
+
+  Third. That he [the President] is therefore compelled to bring the case
+  back to the position taken by this Government in the note of Mr. Wharton
+  of October 23 last * * * and to ask for a suitable apology and for some
+  adequate reparation for the injury done to this Government.
+
+
+In the same note the attention of the Chilean Government was called to
+the offensive character of a note addressed by Mr. Matta, its minister
+of foreign affairs, to Mr. Montt, its minister at this capital, on the
+11th ultimo. This dispatch was not officially communicated to this
+Government, but as Mr. Montt was directed to translate it and to give
+it to the press of the country it seemed to me that it could not pass
+without official notice. It was not only undiplomatic, but grossly
+insulting to our naval officers and to the executive department, as it
+directly imputed untruth and insincerity to the reports of the naval
+officers and to the official communications made by the executive
+department to Congress. It will be observed that I have notified the
+Chilean Government that unless this note is at once withdrawn and an
+apology as public as the offense made I will terminate diplomatic
+relations.
+
+The request for the recall of Mr. Egan upon the ground that he was not
+_persona grata_ was unaccompanied by any suggestion that could properly
+be used in support of it, and I infer that the request is based upon
+official acts of Mr. Egan which have received the approval of this
+Government. But however that may be, I could not consent to consider
+such a question until it had first been settled whether our
+correspondence with Chile could be conducted upon a basis of mutual
+respect.
+
+In submitting these papers to Congress for that grave and patriotic
+consideration which the questions involved demand I desire to say that
+I am of the opinion that the demands made of Chile by this Government
+should be adhered to and enforced. If the dignity as well as the
+prestige and influence of the United States are not to be wholly
+sacrificed, we must protect those who in foreign ports display the flag
+or wear the colors of this Government against insult, brutality, and
+death inflicted in resentment of the acts of their Government and not
+for any fault of their own. It has been my desire in every way to
+cultivate friendly and intimate relations with all the Governments of
+this hemisphere. We do not covet their territory. We desire their peace
+and prosperity. We look for no advantage in our relations with them
+except the increased exchanges of commerce upon a basis of mutual
+benefit. We regret every civil contest that disturbs their peace and
+paralyzes their development, and are always ready to give our good
+offices for the restoration of peace. It must, however, be understood
+that this Government, while exercising the utmost forbearance toward
+weaker powers, will extend its strong and adequate projection to its
+citizens, to its officers, and to its humblest sailor when made the
+victims of wantonness and cruelty in resentment not of their personal
+misconduct, but of the official acts of their Government.
+
+Upon information received that Patrick Shields, an Irishman and probably
+a British subject, but at the time a fireman of the American steamer
+_Keweenaw_, in the harbor of Valparaiso for repairs, had been subjected
+to personal injuries in that city, largely by the police, I directed the
+Attorney-General to cause the evidence of the officers and crew of that
+vessel to be taken upon its arrival in San Francisco, and that testimony
+is also herewith transmitted. The brutality and even savagery of the
+treatment of this poor man by the Chilean police would be incredible if
+the evidence of Shields was not supported by other direct testimony and
+by the distressing condition of the man himself when he was finally able
+to reach his vessel. The captain of the vessel says:
+
+  He came back a wreck, black from his neck to his hips from beating,
+  weak and stupid, and is still in a kind of paralyzed condition, and has
+  never been able to do duty since.
+
+
+A claim for reparation has been made in behalf of this man, for while he
+was not a citizen of the United States, the doctrine long held by us, as
+expressed in the consular regulations, is:
+
+  The principles which are maintained by this Government in regard to
+  the protection, as distinguished from the relief, of seamen are well
+  settled. It is held that the circumstance that the vessel is American
+  is evidence that the seamen on board are such, and in every regularly
+  documented merchant vessel the crew will find their protection in the
+  flag that covers them.
+
+
+I have as yet received no reply to our note of the 21st instant, but in
+my opinion I ought not to delay longer to bring these matters to the
+attention of Congress for such action as may be deemed appropriate.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 25, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, for the consideration of Congress, a communication
+of the 23d instant from the Secretary of the Interior, submitting an
+extract from the report of the commission appointed under the act of
+January 12, 1891, entitled "An act for the relief of the Mission Indians
+in the State of California," and other papers relating to the exchange
+of lands with private individuals and the purchase of certain lands and
+improvements for the use and benefit of the Mission Indians, with draft
+of a bill to carry into effect the recommendations of said Mission
+Commission.
+
+I have approved the report of the Mission Commission, except as much as
+relates to the purchase of lands from and exchange of lands with private
+individuals, which is also approved subject to the condition that
+Congress shall authorize the same.
+
+The matter is presented with the recommendation for the early and
+favorable action of Congress.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, January 25, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+Referring to a communication of June 11, 1890, concerning the adoption
+by the Committee on Foreign Relations of a resolution respecting the
+claim of William Webster against the Government of Great Britain, I
+herewith transmit a report of the Secretary of State, with accompanying
+documents, showing the action taken under that resolution.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, January 25, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a report of the Secretary of State, with
+accompaniments, in relation to the claim of the representatives of the
+late Hon. James Crooks, a British subject, against the Government of the
+United States for the seizure of the steamer _Lord Nelson_ in 1812.
+
+The favorable action of the Fiftieth and Fifty-first Congresses upon the
+bills heretofore introduced for the relief of the claimants makes it
+proper that I should recommend it anew for the consideration and final
+disposition of the present Congress.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 28, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith additional correspondence between this Government
+and the Government of Chile, consisting of a note of M. Montt, the
+Chilean minister at this capital, to Mr. Blaine, dated January 23; a
+reply of Mr. Blaine thereto of date January 27, and a dispatch from
+Mr. Egan, our minister at Santiago, transmitting the response of
+Mr. Pereira, the Chilean minister of foreign affairs, to the note of
+Mr. Blaine of January 21, which was received by me on the 26th instant.
+The note of Mr. Montt to Mr. Blaine, though dated January 23, was not
+delivered at the State Department until after 12 o'clock m. of the 25th,
+and was not translated and its receipt notified to me until late in the
+afternoon of that day.
+
+The response of Mr. Pereira to our note of the 21st withdraws, with
+acceptable expressions of regret, the offensive note of Mr. Matta of
+the 11th ultimo, and also the request for the recall of Mr. Egan.
+The treatment of the incident of the assault upon the sailors of the
+_Baltimore_ is so conciliatory and friendly that I am of the opinion
+that there is a good prospect that the differences growing out of
+that serious affair can now be adjusted upon terms satisfactory to
+this Government by the usual methods and without special powers from
+Congress. This turn in the affair is very gratifying to me, as I am sure
+it will be to the Congress and to our people. The general support of the
+efforts of the Executive to enforce the just rights of the nation in
+this matter has given an instructive and useful illustration of the
+unity and patriotism of our people.
+
+Should it be necessary I will again communicate with Congress upon the
+subject.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 2, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+In reply to a resolution of the Senate of the 27th ultimo, requesting
+the President "to advise the Senate as to what action, if any, has been
+taken ... to cause careful soundings to be made between San Francisco,
+Cal., and Honolulu ... for the purpose of determining the practicability
+of laying a telegraphic cable between those two points, or between any
+point on the Pacific coast and the Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands,"
+I inclose herewith a communication from the Secretary of the Navy, dated
+January 30, 1892.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 9, 1892_.
+
+_To the House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, in answer to the resolution of the House of
+Representatives of the 13th of January last, a report from the Secretary
+of State and accompanying papers.[24]
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+[Footnote 24: Correspondence with Spain, Brazil, Salvador, and the
+Dominican Republic relative to reciprocal trade relations; copies of
+commercial arrangements entered into with those countries; list of
+import and export duties imposed by Brazil, Salvador, and the Dominican
+Republic, and by Spain with respect to Cuba and Puerto Rico.]
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 10, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, as required by law, a communication of the 6th
+instant from the Secretary of the Interior, with the report of the
+Puyallup Indian Commission and accompanying papers.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 16, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+There was passed by the last Congress "An act for the protection of the
+lives of the miners in the Territories," which was approved by me on the
+3d day of March, 1891. That no appropriation was made to enable me to
+carry the act into effect resulted, I suppose, from the fact that it was
+passed so late in the session. This law recognizes the necessity of a
+responsible public inspection and supervision of the business of mining
+in the interest of the miners, and is in line with the legislation of
+most of the States.
+
+The work of the miner has its unavoidable incidents of discomfort and
+danger, and these should not be increased by the neglect of the owners
+to provide every practicable safety appliance. Economies which involve
+a sacrifice of human life are intolerable.
+
+I transmit herewith memorials from several hundred miners working in the
+coal mines in the Indian Territory, asking for the appointment of an
+inspector under the act referred to. The recent frightful disaster at
+Krebs, in that Territory, in which sixty-seven miners met a horrible
+death, gives urgency to their appeal, and I recommend that a special
+appropriation be at once made for the salaries and the necessary
+expenses of the inspectors provided for in the law.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 17, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+The Indian appropriation bill which was approved March 3, 1891, contains
+the following provision:
+
+  And the sum of $2,991,450 be, and the same is hereby, appropriated,
+  out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to pay
+  the Choctaw and Chickasaw nations of Indians for all the right, title,
+  interest, and claim which said nations of Indians may have in and to
+  certain lands now occupied by the Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians under
+  Executive order, said lands lying south of the Canadian River, and now
+  occupied by the said Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians; said lands have
+  been ceded in trust by article 3 of the treaty between the United
+  States and said Choctaw and Chickasaw nations of Indians which was
+  concluded April 28, 1866, and proclaimed on the 10th day of August of
+  the same year, and whereof there remains, after deducting allotments as
+  provided by said agreement, a residue ascertained by survey to contain
+  2,393,160 acres; three-fourths of this appropriation to be paid to such
+  person or persons as are or shall be duly authorized by the laws of
+  said Choctaw Nation to receive the same, at such time and in such sums
+  as directed and required by the legislative authority of said Choctaw
+  Nation, and one-fourth of this appropriation to be paid to such person
+  or persons as are or shall be duly authorized by the laws of said
+  Chickasaw Nation to receive the same, at such times and in such sums as
+  directed and required by the legislative authority of said Chickasaw
+  Nation; this appropriation to be immediately available and to become
+  operative upon the execution by the duly appointed delegates of said
+  respective nations specially authorized thereto by law of releases and
+  conveyances to the United States of all the right, title, interest, and
+  claim of said respective nations of Indians in and to said land (not
+  including Greer County, which is now in dispute), in manner and form
+  satisfactory to the President of the United States; and said releases
+  and conveyances, when fully executed and delivered, shall operate to
+  extinguish all claim of every kind and character of said Choctaw and
+  Chickasaw nations of Indians in and to the tract of country to which
+  said releases and conveyances shall apply.
+
+
+If this section had been submitted to me as a separate measure,
+especially during the closing hours of the session, I should have
+disapproved it; but as the Congress was then in its last hours a
+disapproval of the general Indian appropriation bill, of which it was a
+part, would have resulted in consequences so far-reaching and disastrous
+that I felt it my duty to approve the bill. But as a duty was devolved
+upon me by the section quoted, viz, the acceptance and approval of the
+conveyances provided for, I have felt bound to look into the whole
+matter, and in view of the facts which I shall presently mention to
+postpone any Executive action until these facts could be submitted to
+Congress. Very soon after the passage of the law it came to my knowledge
+that the Choctaw Legislature had entered into an agreement with three
+citizens of that tribe to pay to them as compensation for procuring this
+legislation 25 per cent of any appropriation that might be made by
+Congress. The amount to be secured by these three agents under this
+agreement out of the three-fourths interest in the appropriation of the
+Choctaw Nation is $560,896. I have information that a contract was made
+by the Chickasaws to pay about 10 per cent of their one-fourth interest
+to the agents and attorneys who represented them.
+
+Within a month after the passage of the law R.J. Ward, one of the
+agents, who was to divide with his associates the enormous sum to be
+paid by the Choctaws, presented to me an affidavit dated April 4, 1891,
+which is herewith submitted. It appears from his statement that the
+action of the Choctaw Council in this matter was corruptly influenced
+by the execution of certain notes signed by Ward for himself and his
+associates in sums varying from $2,500 to $15,000. His associates deny
+any knowledge of this, but the giving and existence of these notes is
+not refuted. The statement of the two associates of Ward denying any
+knowledge or participation in this fraud is also submitted, together
+with other papers relating to the matter. Whatever may be the fact as to
+the use or nonuse of corrupt methods to secure this legislation from the
+Choctaw Council, I do not think the Congress of the United States should
+so legislate upon this matter as to give effect to such a contract,
+which I am sure must have been unnoticed when the measure was pending.
+If the relations of these Indians to the United States are those of a
+ward, Congress should protect them from such extortionate exactions.
+We can not assume that the expenses and services of a committee of three
+persons to represent this claim before Congress should justly assume
+such proportions. The making of such a contract seems to convey
+implications which I am sure are wholly unjust.
+
+After the passage of the appropriation bill legislation was had by the
+Choctaw Nation looking to the completion of the contract made with their
+delegates as to the payment of this money; but subsequently, when it
+was supposed that this extraordinary arrangement might require me to
+bring the matter to the attention of Congress, an act was passed by
+the Choctaw General Council, approved October 19, 1891, declaring all
+contracts made by the Choctaw delegates with any attorneys in connection
+with this appropriation void and of no effect. A copy of this law will
+be found with the papers submitted. There has also been submitted to me
+an unofficial copy of the opinion of the attorney-general of the Choctaw
+Nation holding that this last legislation is unconstitutional and void.
+I am of the opinion that if this appropriation is to stand provision
+should be made for protecting these tribes against extortionate claims
+for compensation in procuring action by Congress. Copies of the several
+laws passed by the Choctaw Nation with reference to this matter will
+be found in the accompanying papers. It will be noticed that the
+distribution proposed is limited to Choctaws by blood, excluding the
+freedmen and the white men who have been given full citizenship from any
+participation. A protest against this method of distribution has been
+filed by a white citizen of the tribe, and also a representation by Hon.
+Thomas C. Fletcher, their attorney, on behalf of the freedmen. In view
+of the fact that the stipulations of the treaty of 1866 in behalf of
+the freedmen of these tribes have not, especially in the case of the
+Chickasaws, been complied with, it would seem that the United States
+should in a distribution of this money have made suitable provision
+in their behalf. The Chickasaws have steadfastly refused to admit the
+freedmen to citizenship, as they stipulated to do in the treaty referred
+to, and their condition in that tribe and in a lesser degree in the
+other strongly calls for the protective intervention of Congress.
+
+After a somewhat careful examination of the question I do not believe
+that the lands for which this money is to be paid were, to quote the
+language of section 15 of the Indian appropriation bill, already set
+out, "ceded in trust by article 3 of the treaty between the United
+States and said Choctaw and Chickasaw nations of Indians which was
+concluded April 28, 1866," etc. It is agreed that that treaty contained
+no express limitation upon the uses to which the United States might put
+the territory known as the leased district. The lands were ceded by
+terms sufficiently comprehensive to have passed the full title of the
+Indians. The limitation upon the use to which the Government might put
+them is sought to be found in a provision of the treaty by which the
+United States undertook to exclude white settlers and in the expressions
+found in the treaties made at the same time with the Creeks and other
+tribes of the purpose of the United States to use the lands ceded by
+those tribes for the settlement of friendly Indians.
+
+The stipulation as to the exclusion of white settlers might well have
+reference solely to the national lands retained by the Choctaw and
+Chickasaw tribes, and the reason for the nonincorporation in the treaty
+with them of a statement of the purpose of the Government in connection
+with the use of the lands is well accounted for by the fact that as
+to these lands the Government had already, under the treaty of 1855,
+secured the right to use them perpetually for the settlement of friendly
+Indians. This was not true as to the lands of the other tribes referred
+to. The United States paid to the Choctaws and Chickasaws $300,000, and
+the failure to insert the words that are called words of limitation
+in this treaty points, I think, clearly to the conclusion that the
+commissioners on the part of the Government and the Indians themselves
+must have understood that this Government was acquiring something
+more than a mere right to settle friendly Indians, which it already
+possessed, and something more than the mere release of the right which
+the Choctaws and Chickasaws had under the treaty of 1855 to select
+locations on these lands if they chose.
+
+Undoubtedly it was the policy of this Government for the time to
+hold these and the adjacent lands as Indian country, and many of the
+expressions in the proclamations of my predecessors and in the reports
+of the Indian Bureau and of the Secretary of the Interior mean this and
+nothing more. This is quite different from a conditional title, which
+limits the grant to a particular use and works a reinvestment of full
+title in the Indian grantors when that use ceases. But those who hold
+most strictly that a use for Indian purposes, where it is expressed,
+is a limitation of title seem to agree that the United States might
+pass a fee absolute to other Indian tribes in the lands ceded for their
+occupancy. Certainly it was not intended that in settling friendly
+Indians upon these lands the Government was to be restrained in its
+policy of allotment and individual ownership. If for an adequate
+consideration, by treaty, the United States placed upon these lands
+other Indian tribes, it was competent to give them patents in fee for
+a certain and agreed reservation. This being so, when the policy of
+allotment is put into force the compensation for the unused lands should
+certainly go to the occupying tribe, which in the case supposed had paid
+a full consideration for the whole reservation.
+
+It will hardly be contended that in such case this Government should
+pay twice for the lands. In the appropriation under discussion this
+principle is in part recognized, for no claim is made by the Choctaws
+and Chickasaws for the lands allotted to the Cheyennes and Arapahoes.
+The claim is for unallotted or surplus lands. The case of the Cheyennes
+and Arapahoes is this: In consideration of other lands the Government
+gave them a treaty reservation in the Cherokee Outlet, but never
+perfected it by paying the Cherokees the stipulated price and placing
+these Indians upon it. The Cheyennes and Arapahoes declined to go upon
+the strip and located themselves farther south, where they now are. The
+Government subsequently recognized their right to remain there, and set
+apart the lands now being allotted to members of that tribe and the
+lands for which payment is now claimed by the Choctaws and Chickasaws as
+the Cheyenne and Arapahoe Reservation. I think the United States must be
+held to have assented to the substitution of these lands for the treaty
+lands in the Cherokee Strip, and that being true, when the reservation
+is broken up, as now, by allotments, it would seem that the Cheyennes
+and Arapahoes were entitled to be compensated for these surplus lands.
+In fact, a commission which has been dealing with the tribes in the
+Indian Territory has concluded an arrangement with them by which the
+Government pays $1,500,000 for these surplus lands and for the release
+of any claim to the Cherokee Strip, so that in fact in this agreement
+with the Cheyennes and Arapahoes the Government has paid for the lands
+for which payment is now claimed by the Choctaws and Chickasaws.
+
+It should not be forgotten also that the allotment to the Cheyennes and
+Arapahoes is still incomplete. The method of calculation which resulted
+in stating the claim of the Choctaws and Chickasaws at $2,991,450 is
+explained by a letter of Mr. J.S. Standley, one of the Choctaw
+delegates, dated April 6, 1891. The agent for the Cheyennes and
+Arapahoes wrote Mr. Standley that there were 600 Indians residing upon
+the lands south of the Canadian River, and who it was supposed would
+take allotments there, and upon this statement the legislation was
+based. Now it must be borne in mind that the Cheyennes and Arapahoes
+have the right to locate anywhere within their reservation, and that
+instead of 600 double that number might have taken their allotments
+south of the Canadian River upon these lands. This is not probable, but
+a later report indicates that the number will certainly be in excess of
+600. If the sum to be paid to the Choctaws and Chickasaws depended
+upon a knowledge of the number of acres of unallotted land south of
+the Canadian River, it would seem to have been reasonable that the
+appropriation should have been delayed until the exact number of acres
+taken for allotment had been officially ascertained. This has not yet
+been done.
+
+It is right also, I think, that Congress in dealing with this matter
+should have the whole question before it, for the declaration of Indian
+title contained in this item of appropriation extends to a very large
+body of land and will involve very large future appropriations. The
+Choctaw and Chickasaw leased district, embracing the lands in the Indian
+Territory between the ninety-eighth and one hundredth degrees of west
+longitude and extending north and south from the main Canadian River to
+the Red River, including Greer County, contains, according to the public
+surveys, 7,713,239 acres, or, excluding Greer County, 6,201,663 acres.
+This leased district is occupied as follows:
+
+Greer County, by white citizens of Texas, 1,511,576 acres. The United
+States is now prosecuting a case in the courts to obtain a judicial
+declaration that this county is part of the Indian country. If a
+decision should be rendered in its favor, the claim of the Choctaws
+and Chickasaws to be paid for these lands at the rate named in this
+appropriation would at once be presented.
+
+The Wichita Reservation is also upon the leased lands and is occupied
+by the Wichitas, Caddoes, Delawares, and remnants of other tribes by
+Department orders, made to depend upon the treaty with the Delawares in
+1866 and some other unratified agreements with tribes or fragments of
+tribes in 1872. This reservation contains 743,610 acres.
+
+The Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache Reservation is occupied by those Indians
+under a treaty proclaimed August 25, 1868, which provides that said
+district of country "shall be, and the same is hereby, set apart for the
+absolute and undisturbed use and occupation of the tribes herein named,
+and for such friendly tribes or individual Indians as from time to time
+they may be willing (with the consent of the United States) to admit
+among them." This reservation contains 2,968,893 acres.
+
+The Cheyennes and Arapahoes, whose surplus lands are to be paid for by
+this appropriation, have occupied the country between the Washita and
+Canadian rivers, extending west to the one hundredth degree of
+longitude. This reservation contains 2,489,160 acres.
+
+I have stated these facts in order that it may be seen what further
+appropriations are involved in a settlement for all these lands upon the
+basis which Congress has adopted. It does not seem to me to be a wise
+policy to deal with this question piecemeal. It would have been better,
+if a remnant of title remains in the Choctaws and Chickasaws to the
+lands in the leased district, to have settled the whole matter at once.
+Under the treaty of 1855 the Choctaws and Chickasaws quitclaimed any
+supposed interest of theirs in the lands west of the one hundredth
+degree. The boundary between the Louisiana purchase and the Spanish
+possessions by our treaty of 1819 with Spain was as to these lands fixed
+upon the one hundredth degree of west longitude.
+
+Our treaty with the Choctaws and Chickasaws made in 1820 extended their
+grant to the limit of our possessions. It followed, of course, that
+these lands were included within the boundaries of the State of Texas
+when that State was admitted to the Union, and the release of the
+Choctaws and Chickasaws, whatever it was worth, operated for the benefit
+of the State of Texas and not of the United States. The lands became
+public lands of that State. For the release of this claim and for the
+lease of the lands west of the ninety-eighth degree the Government of
+the United States paid the sum of $800,000. In the calculations which
+have been made to arrive at the basis of the appropriation under
+discussion no part of this sum is treated as having been paid for the
+lease. I do not think that is just to the United States. It seems
+probable that a very considerable part of this consideration must have
+related to the leased lands, because these were the lands in which the
+Indian title was recognized, and the treaty gave to the United States a
+permanent right of occupation by friendly Indians. The sum of $300,000,
+paid under the treaty of 1866, is deducted, as I understand, in arriving
+at the sum appropriated. It seems to me that a considerable proportion
+of the sum of $800,000 previously paid should have been deducted in the
+same manner.
+
+I have felt it to be my duty to bring these matters to the attention of
+Congress for such action as may be thought advisable.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 24, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, for the information of Congress, the annual report
+of the World's Columbian Commission; a supplementary report of the
+same commission, submitted February 16, 1892; the report of the board
+appointed by me under section 16 of the act of April 25, 1890, to have
+charge of the exhibit to be made by the Executive Departments, the
+Smithsonian Institution, the Fish Commission, and the National Museum;
+and the report of the board of lady managers, provided for by section
+6 of the act referred to.
+
+The information furnished by these reports as to the progress of the
+work is not only satisfactory, but highly gratifying. The plan and scope
+adopted and the site and buildings selected and now being erected are
+fully commensurate with the national and international character of the
+enterprise contemplated by the legislation of Congress. The Illinois
+corporation has fully complied with the condition of the law that
+$10,000,000 should be provided, and the Government commission reports
+that "the grounds and buildings will be the most extensive, adequate,
+and ornate ever devoted to such purposes." It seems, however, that from
+five to eight millions of dollars more will, in the opinion of the
+local board and the national commission, be necessary to prepare the
+exposition for a complete and successful inauguration. It will be
+noticed from the reports that it was first proposed by the local
+commission to ask of Congress a loan of $5,000,000, to be repaid from
+receipts, and that the national commission approved this suggestion.
+Subsequently the Illinois exposition corporation reconsidered its action
+and determined to ask a subscription of $5,000,000.
+
+The supplementary report of the national commission seems to approve
+this amended proposition. I have not myself that detailed information as
+to the financial necessities of the enterprise which would enable me to
+form an independent judgment of the additional amount necessary, and am
+not, therefore, prepared to make any specific recommendation to Congress
+upon the subject. The committees of Congress having this matter in
+charge will undoubtedly obtain full and accurate information before
+final action. The exposition, notwithstanding the limitations which
+the act contains, is an enterprise to which the United States is so
+far committed that Congress ought not, I think, to withhold just and
+reasonable further support if the local corporation consents to proper
+conditions.
+
+Liberality on the part of the United States is due to the foreign
+nations that have responded in a friendly way to the invitation of this
+Government to participate in the exposition, and will, I am sure, meet
+the approval of our people. The exposition will be one of the most
+illustrious incidents in our civic history.
+
+I transmit also certain resolutions adopted by representatives of the
+National Guard of the various States appointed by the governors to
+attend a convention which was held in Chicago on the 27th of October,
+1891, with a view to consider the subject of holding a military
+encampment at Chicago during the exposition.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 25, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith copy of a memorial of the Wichitas, Caddoes, and
+affiliated tribes of Indians in Oklahoma Territory in the matter of
+their claim to the lands they occupy, for consideration in connection
+with the agreement concluded by and between the Cherokee Commission and
+said Indians, and also with my communication of the 17th instant,[25]
+relative to the act to pay the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians for certain
+lands now occupied by the Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+[Footnote 25: See pp. 229-234.]
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, March 8, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+I herewith transmit, with a view to its ratification, a convention
+signed at Washington the 29th of February, 1892, between the Governments
+of the United States and Her Britannic Majesty, submitting to
+arbitration the questions which have arisen between those Governments
+concerning the jurisdictional rights of the United States in the waters
+of the Bering Sea, and concerning also the preservation of the fur seal
+in and habitually resorting to the said sea and the rights of the
+citizens and subjects of either country as regards the taking of fur
+seal in or habitually resorting to the said waters.
+
+The correspondence not heretofore submitted to Congress in relation to
+the Bering Sea matter is in course of preparation and will be
+transmitted without delay.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _March 9, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, for the consideration of Congress, a communication
+of the 5th instant from the Secretary of the Interior, submitting the
+agreement concluded by and between the commissioners for the United
+States and the Cherokee Nation of Indians of the Indian Territory, for
+the cession of certain lands and for other purposes.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, March 18, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+I herewith transmit, in answer to the resolution of the Senate of the 3d
+ultimo, a report from the Acting Secretary of State of the 17th instant,
+transmitting information relative to and his opinion as to the purchase
+of the unpublished correspondence and manuscripts of President James
+Monroe.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _March 24, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a communication from the Board of Commissioners of
+the District of Columbia, accompanied by a letter from the chairman of
+the executive committee organized by the citizens of Washington for the
+reception and entertainment of the Twenty-sixth Annual Encampment of the
+Grand Army of the Republic, which is to be held in Washington during
+September next. An appeal is made for an appropriation by Congress of
+$100,000, one-half to be paid out of the District revenues, to aid in
+defraying the expenses attending this reception.
+
+The event is one of very high and, as I believe, of national interest,
+and the attendance of the surviving Union soldiers will, I do not doubt,
+be larger than at any annual encampment that has ever been held.
+The public authorities of the cities or States, or both, in which
+the encampments have been held have, I believe, usually appropriated
+liberally to make the occasions worthy and the entertainment hospitable.
+The parade of the survivors of our great armies upon Pennsylvania avenue
+will bring vividly back to us those joyful and momentous days when the
+great victorious armies of the East and of the West marched through the
+streets of Washington in high parade and were received by our citizens
+with joyful acclaim. It seems to me that it will be highly appropriate
+for Congress suitably to aid in making this demonstration impressive and
+in extending to those soldiers whose lives a beneficent Providence has
+prolonged an opportunity to see in the security and peace, development
+and prosperity, which now so happily pervade the national capital the
+fruits of their sacrifice and valor.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _April 1, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+In compliance with a resolution of the 30th ultimo, the House of
+Representatives concurring, I return herewith the bill (S. 1057)
+entitled "An act to punish the unlawful appropriation of the use of
+the property of another in the District of Columbia."
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, April 1, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+I herewith transmit, in answer to the resolutions of the Senate of the
+16th and 21st ultimo, a report from the Acting Secretary of State, with
+accompanying statistics, showing the duties imposed by the Governments
+of Venezuela and Colombia upon products of the United States imported
+into these countries.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, April 4, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+I transmit, in reply to the resolution of the Senate passed in executive
+session on March 14, 1892, a report from the Secretary of State, with
+accompanying documents, in relation to the correspondence relating to
+the nonacceptance of Hon. Henry W. Blair as minister of the United
+States to the Government of China.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _April 12, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+I transmit, in reply to the resolution of the Senate under date
+of December 15, 1891, a report from the Secretary of State, with
+accompanying documents, in relation to the correspondence had with
+regard to the impressment into its service and punishment by the
+Government of Italy of Nicolino Mileo, a naturalized citizen of the
+United States.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _April 14, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+I herewith transmit, in response to the resolution passed in the Senate
+on the 10th of March, 1892, a report of the Secretary of State and the
+accompanying correspondence, had in relation to the claim of the
+Venezuela Steam Transportation Company for the said company's relief.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _April 26, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+I have received the resolution of the Senate of April 23, requesting
+that, if not incompatible with the public interest, I inform the Senate
+what steps have been taken toward the securing of an international
+conference to consider the question of the free coinage of silver at
+the mints of the nations participating in such conference, or as to the
+enlarged use of silver in the currency system of said countries, and
+that I transmit to the Senate any correspondence between the United
+States and other governments upon the subject, and in response thereto
+beg respectfully to inform the Senate that in my opinion it would not
+be compatible with the public interest to lay before the Senate at this
+time the information requested, but that at the earliest moment after
+definite information can properly be given all the facts and any
+correspondence that may take place will be submitted to Congress.
+
+It may not be inappropriate, however, to say here that, believing that
+the full use of silver as a coined metal upon an agreed ratio by the
+great commercial nations of the world would very highly promote the
+prosperity of all their people, I have not and will not let any
+favorable opportunity pass for the promotion of that most desirable
+result, or, if free international silver coinage is not presently
+attainable, then to secure the largest practicable use of that metal.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _May 11, 1892_.
+
+_To the House of Representatives_:
+
+In compliance with the resolution of the House of Representatives, the
+Senate concurring, I return herewith the bill (H.R. 3927) entitled
+"An act to amend 'An act to provide for the performance of the duties
+of the office of President in case of the removal, death, resignation,
+or inability both of the President and Vice-President,' approved
+January 19, 1886."
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _May 11, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith the seventh annual report of the Commissioner of
+Labor, which report relates to the cost of producing textiles and glass
+in the United States and in Europe. It also comprehends the wages and
+the cost of living of persons employed in the textile and glass
+industries.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _May 25, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a communication of the Secretary of War, dated May
+24, from which and from the accompanying papers it appears that the late
+General George W. Cullum, of the United States Army, has by will devised
+$250,000 to the Government of the United States for the erection of a
+memorial hall upon the grounds of the Military Academy at West Point, to
+be used as a "receptacle of statues, busts, mural tablets, and portraits
+of distinguished deceased officers and graduates of the Military
+Academy, of paintings of battle scenes, trophies of war, and such other
+objects as may tend to give elevation to the military profession."
+
+This ample and patriotic gift is hampered by no conditions and involves
+no appropriation beyond the sum so generously donated.
+
+The executors in order to facilitate action have prepared, and the same
+is herewith submitted, the outline of a bill to carry into effect the
+provisions of General Cullum's will.
+
+There can be no occasion to urge upon Congress the immediate enactment
+of a suitable law to carry into effect the patriotic purpose expressed
+in the will.
+
+I suggest that in the bill itself, or by a separate joint resolution,
+suitable expression be given of the public appreciation of this crowning
+service to the military profession and to his country rendered by
+General Cullum.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _May 25, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+In accordance with the provisions of section 4119 of the Revised
+Statutes of the United States, I lay before you for revision a copy of
+the regulations for the consular courts of the United States in Korea,
+as decreed by the minister of this Government at Seoul March 31, 1892. I
+also transmit an accompanying report by the Acting Secretary of State.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _June 20, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+The following resolution was passed by the Senate on the 24th day of
+February last:
+
+  _Resolved_, That the President be requested, if in his opinion not
+  incompatible with the public interests, to inform the Senate of the
+  proceedings recently had with the representatives of the Dominion of
+  Canada and of the British Government as to arrangements for reciprocal
+  trade between Canada and the United States.
+
+
+In response thereto I now submit the following information:
+
+On the 15th day of April last the Secretary of State submitted to me a
+report, which is herewith transmitted. Shortly after the report came
+into my possession I was advised by the Secretary that the British
+minister at this capital had informed him that the Canadian government
+desired a further conference on the subject of the discriminating canal
+tolls of which this country had complained. This information was
+accompanied by the suggestion that a response to the resolution of the
+Senate might properly be delayed until this further conference was held.
+
+On the 3d instant the British minister, in connection with Hon.
+MacKenzie Bowell and Hon. George E. Foster, members of the Canadian
+ministry, were received by the Secretary of State and a further
+conference took place. In both of the conferences referred to Hon. John
+W. Foster, at the request of the Secretary of State, appeared with him
+on behalf of this Government; and the report of the latter conference
+was submitted to me on the 6th instant by Mr. Foster, and is herewith
+transmitted. The result of the conference as to the practicability of
+arranging a reciprocity treaty with the Dominion of Canada is clearly
+stated in the letter of Mr. Blaine, and was anticipated, I think, by him
+and by every other thoughtful American who had considered the subject.
+A reciprocity treaty limited to the exchange of natural products would
+have been such only in form. The benefits of such a treaty would have
+inured almost wholly to Canada. Previous experiments on this line had
+been unsatisfactory to this Government. A treaty that should be
+reciprocal in fact and of mutual advantages must necessarily have
+embraced an important list of manufactured articles and have secured to
+the United States a free or favored introduction of these articles into
+Canada as against the world; but it was not believed that the Canadian
+ministry was ready to propose or assent to such an arrangement. The
+conclusion of the Canadian commissioners is stated in the report of
+Mr. Blaine as follows:
+
+  In the second place, it seemed to be impossible for the Canadian
+  government, in view of its present political relations and obligations,
+  to extend to American goods a preferential treatment over those of
+  other countries. As Canada was a part of the British Empire, they did
+  not consider it competent for the Dominion government to enter into
+  any commercial arrangement with the United States from the benefits of
+  which Great Britain and its colonies should be excluded.
+
+
+It is not for this Government to argue against this announcement of
+Canadian official opinion. It must be accepted, however, I think, as
+the statement of a condition which places an insuperable barrier in
+the way of the attainment of that large and beneficial intercourse and
+reciprocal trade which might otherwise be developed between the United
+States and the Dominion.
+
+It will be noticed that Mr. Blaine reports as one of the results of the
+conference "an informal engagement to repeal and abandon the drawback
+of 18 cents a ton given to wheat (grain) that is carried through to
+Montreal and shipped therefrom to Europe. By the American railways
+running from Ogdensburg and Oswego and other American ports the shippers
+paid the full 20 cents a ton, while in effect those by the way of
+Montreal pay only 2 cents. It was understood that the Canadian
+commissioners, who were all three members of the cabinet, would see to
+the withdrawal of this discrimination."
+
+From the report of the recent conference by Mr. Foster it will be
+seen that the Canadian commissioners declare that this statement does
+not conform to their understanding, and that the only assurance they
+had intended to give was that the complaint of the Government of the
+United States should be taken into consideration by the Canadian
+ministry on their return to Ottawa. Mr. Foster, who was present at the
+first conference, confirms the statements of Mr. Blaine. While this
+misunderstanding is unfortunate, the more serious phase of the situation
+is that instead of rescinding the discriminating canal tolls of which
+this Government complains the Canadian ministry, after the return of
+the commissioners from their visit to Washington, on April 4, reissued,
+without any communication with this Government, the order continuing
+the discrimination, by which a rebate of 18 cents a ton is allowed upon
+grain going to Montreal, but not to American ports, and refusing this
+rebate even to grain going to Montreal if transshipped at an American
+port.
+
+The report of Mr. Partridge, the Solicitor of the Department of State,
+which accompanies the letter of the Secretary of State, states these
+discriminations very clearly. That these orders as to canal tolls and
+rebates are in direct violation of Article XXVII of the treaty of
+1871 seems to be clear. It is wholly evasive to say that there is no
+discrimination between Canadian and American vessels; that the rebate
+is allowed to both without favor upon grain carried through to Montreal
+or transshipped at a Canadian port to Montreal. The treaty runs:
+
+  To secure to the citizens of the United States the use of the Welland,
+  St. Lawrence, and other canals in the Dominion on terms of equality
+  with the inhabitants of the Dominion.
+
+
+It was intended to give to consumers in the United States, to our people
+engaged in railroad transportation, and to those exporting from our
+ports equal terms in passing their merchandise through these canals.
+This absolute equality of treatment was the consideration for
+concessions on the part of this Government made in the same article of
+the treaty, and which have been faithfully kept.
+
+It is a matter of regret that the Canadian government has not responded
+promptly to our request for the removal of these discriminating tolls.
+
+The papers submitted show how serious the loss inflicted is upon our
+lake vessels and upon some of our lake ports. In view of the fact that
+the Canadian commissioners still contest with us the claim that these
+tolls are discriminating and insist that they constitute no violation
+of the letter or spirit of Article XXVII of the treaty, it would seem
+appropriate that Congress, if the view held by the Executive is
+approved, should with deliberation and yet with promptness take such
+steps as may be necessary to secure the just rights of our citizens.
+
+In view of the delays which have already taken place in transmitting
+this correspondence to Congress, I have not felt justified in awaiting
+the further communication from the government of Canada which was
+suggested in the recent conference.
+
+Should any proposition relating to this matter be received it will
+be immediately submitted for the consideration of the Senate, and if
+forwarded within the time suggested will undoubtedly anticipate any
+final action by Congress.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _June 20, 1802_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+In response to the resolution of the Senate dated March 14, 1892,
+requesting that certain specified correspondence in regard to the claim
+of Antonio Maximo Mora against the Government of Spain be communicated
+to it; if not incompatible with the public interests, I transmit
+herewith the report of the Acting Secretary of State on the matter.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _June 27, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+In response to the resolution of the Senate dated April 6, 1892,
+directing the Secretary of State to send to the Senate, if not
+incompatible with the public interests, copies of all commercial
+agreements made with other countries, and also to report what steps have
+been taken to negotiate a reciprocal commercial treaty with Mexico,
+I submit herewith the reply of the Acting Secretary of State to that
+resolution.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _July 1, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+For the information of the Senate and in further response to the
+resolution of the Senate of February 24 last, I transmit herewith
+a communication of the 24th ultimo from Mr. Herbert, the acting
+representative of the British Government at this capital, addressed to
+Mr. Wharton, Acting Secretary of State, upon the subject of Canadian
+canal tolls; also a memorandum prepared and submitted to me by Mr. Adee,
+Second Assistant Secretary of State, reviewing the communication of Mr.
+Herbert, and a letter of the 28th ultimo from Mr. John W. Foster, who,
+as I have previously stated, with Mr. Blaine represented this Government
+in the conferences with the Canadian commissioners.
+
+The position taken by this Government, as expressed in my previous
+communication to the Senate, that the canal tolls and regulations of
+which complaint has been made are in violation of our treaty with Great
+Britain, is not shaken, but rather confirmed.
+
+There can be no doubt that a serious discrimination against our
+citizens and our commerce exists, and quite as little doubt that this
+discrimination is not the incident but the purpose of the Canadian
+regulation.
+
+It has not seemed to me that this was a case in which we could yield to
+the suggestion of further concessions on the part of the United States
+with a view to securing treaty rights for which a consideration has
+already been given.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _July 21, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I herewith transmit, for the information of Congress, a communication
+from the Secretary of State, forwarding certain bulletins of the
+American Republics.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, July 23, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+I transmit, in reply to the resolution of the Senate passed in
+executive session on the 21st instant and addressed to the Secretary of
+State, a report of that officer, with accompanying documents, in further
+relation to the nonacceptance of the Hon. Henry W. Blair as minister of
+the United States to the Government of China, which question was the
+occasion of my recent message to the Senate of the 4th of April
+last.[26]
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+[Footnote 26: See p. 238.]
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _July 25, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+I herewith transmit, in reply to the resolution of the Senate of June 6,
+1892, a report from the Secretary of State, with its accompanying
+papers, in relation to guano deposits on Areas Cays or Islands.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+WASHINGTON, D.C., _July 27, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, with its accompaniments, a report from the
+Secretary of the Navy of the Results of the survey made pursuant to
+the act of March 2, 1891, "to enable the President to cause careful
+soundings to be made between San Francisco, Cal., and Honolulu, in the
+Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands, for the purpose of determining the
+practicability of the laying of a telegraphic cable between those
+points."
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+
+VETO MESSAGES.
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _July 19, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+I return herewith without my approval the bill (S. 2729) entitled
+"An act to amend an act entitled 'An act to establish circuit courts of
+appeals, and to define and regulate in certain cases the jurisdiction
+of the courts of the United States, and for other purposes.'"
+
+The original act to which this amendment is proposed, constituting an
+intermediate court of appeals, had for its object the relief of the
+Supreme Court by limiting the cases which might be brought up for
+hearing in that court. The first section of the bill under consideration
+allows appeals in criminal cases where the sentence imposes no
+imprisonment and the fine is as much as $1,000. The effect of this
+provision will be to bring to the Supreme Court many cases that in my
+opinion should be finally determined in the intermediate appellate
+court, and so in part to defeat the general purpose of Congress in
+constituting the intermediate court. But this objection would not alone
+have sufficient weight in my mind to induce me to return the bill.
+Section 3 of the bill is as follows:
+
+  That no appeal shall hereafter be allowed from judgments of the Court
+  of Claims in cases under the act of March 3, 1891, entitled "An act to
+  provide for the adjudication and payment of claims arising from Indian
+  depredations," except where the adjudication involves the construction
+  or application of the Constitution or the validity or construction of
+  a treaty or the constitutionality of a law of the United States:
+  _Provided, however_, That upon such appeal it shall be competent for
+  the Supreme Court to require, by certiorari or otherwise, the whole
+  case to be certified for its review and determination upon the facts
+  as well as the law.
+
+
+I am advised by the Attorney-General that under the Indian-depredations
+act 8,000 cases, involving an aggregate of damages claimed of about
+$30,000,000, have already been filed. A number of these cases involve as
+much as $100,000 each, while a few involve as much as $500,000 each and
+one something over $1,000,000. The damages which may be awarded in these
+cases by the Court of Claims are to be paid out of the trust funds of
+the Indians held by the United States, or, if there are no such funds,
+out of the Treasury of the United States. The law referring these cases
+to the Court of Claims has had no judicial interpretation, and many
+novel and difficult questions are likely to arise. It is quite a
+startling proposition, and a very novel one, I think, that there shall
+be absolutely no opportunity for the review in an appellate court,
+in cases involving such large amounts, of questions involving the
+construction of the statute under which the court is proceeding, or
+those various questions of law, many of them new, which necessarily
+arise in such cases.
+
+Neither the claimants, the Indians, nor the Government of the United
+States should be absolutely denied opportunity to bring their exceptions
+to review by some appellate tribunal. I would not suggest that an appeal
+should be allowed in all cases. Some limitation as to amount would be
+reasonable, and perhaps some discretion might be lodged in the Supreme
+Court as to granting appeals. The limitations, however, imposed by the
+section I have quoted are so severe and unreasonable, in my judgment,
+that I have felt compelled to return the bill to the Senate with a view
+to its reconsideration.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _July 29, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+I return herewith without my approval the bill (S. 1958) entitled "An
+act to submit to the Court of Private Land Claims, established by an act
+of Congress approved March 3, 1891, the title of William McGarrahan to
+the Rancho Panoche Grande, in the State of California, and for other
+purposes."
+
+This bill came to me on the 20th instant, at a time when very many other
+bills were submitted for my consideration, and it has not been possible
+for me to make such an examination of the history of Mr. McGarrahan's
+claim as would be necessary to form an intelligent judgment as to its
+merits and just extent. It is quite possible that he has been wronged
+and that he has a claim for some reparation from the Government. I can
+not, however, think that this bill proceeds upon a just basis. It
+provides that Mr. McGarrahan shall file his claim as the assignee of
+Gomez in the Court of Private Land Claims for the lands described in the
+title, and that if the court establishes the grant to Gomez it shall be
+confirmed to McGarrahan. No evidence that he is the assignee of Gomez
+is, I think, required by the bill, which assumes that fact instead of
+submitting it to the court. If the claim is established, it is provided
+in substance that all lands part of said grant which have been conveyed
+by the Government or are in the occupancy of actual settlers, or "upon
+which there are any smelting or reduction works, or the lands claimed
+in connection with such reduction or smelting works," shall be excepted
+from the patent which the Secretary of the Interior is directed to issue
+to McGarrahan. By this provision the title of the New Idria Mining
+Company, which has long contested with McGarrahan the title to a large
+part of this property, is established and that company is relieved from
+any responsibility to account for the profits made in mining. On the
+other hand, the United States waives all benefit of judicial proceedings
+which have resulted in its favor and gives Mr. McGarrahan an opportunity
+_de novo_ to try all such questions; and the decision, if in his favor,
+is not only to restore to him all the lands yet undisposed of, but the
+United States assumes to pay him the value of the lands appropriated by
+others and of their use for all these years and to account to him for
+all profits that have been made by the New Idria Mining Company or
+anyone else in quicksilver or other mining.
+
+This seems to me to be wholly inadmissible. The amount involved must be
+enormously large, though at present incapable of any accurate estimate.
+If the title of the New Idria Company has been established by final
+decrees of court placing that title beyond question and that company
+beyond any call to respond for use and profits, why should the
+Government of the United States, waiving in its behalf these decrees,
+which would protect it also, assume a responsibility to account for the
+value of the lands and for their use and for the net value of minerals
+extracted by that company or others? It will be noticed in the quotation
+I have made from the act that this company is allowed to take all the
+land it may claim, but at the expense of the United States, not of
+Mr. McGarrahan.
+
+The bill is so framed as to give full protection to the New Idria Mining
+Company to the full extent of its largest claim, while throwing upon the
+United States a responsibility which that company should bear if the
+title of Mr. McGarrahan is established.
+
+The United States provided a proper tribunal for the trial of claims
+founded upon Mexican grants. This claim was there tried, and if fraud
+affected the judgment it is not, I think, chargeable to the Government;
+the contest was chiefly between rival claimants. In this state of the
+case it would seem that if the United States consents to open the
+litigation and to wipe out all judicial findings and decrees a less
+exacting measure of damages than that proposed in the bill should be
+agreed on.
+
+It is not my purpose, as I have intimated, to express the opinion that
+Mr. McGarrahan is entitled to no relief. It seems to me, however, clear
+that he is not entitled to the relief given by this bill, and that it
+does not adequately protect the interests of the United States.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _August 3, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+I return herewith without my approval the bill (S. 1111) entitled "An
+act to amend the act of Congress approved March 3, 1887, entitled 'An
+act to provide for the bringing of suits against the Government of the
+United States.'"
+
+If I may judge from the very limited discussion of this measure in
+Congress, the sweeping effects of it upon the administration of the
+public lands could hardly have been fully realized. From the beginning
+of the Government the administration of the public lands and the issuing
+of patents under the land laws have been an Executive function.
+
+The jurisdiction of the courts as to contesting claims for patents has
+awaited the action of the General Land Office. Land offices have been
+established and maintained in all the districts where public lands were
+found, located with reference to the convenience of the settlers, and
+the proceedings have been informal and inexpensive. It is true that at
+times, by an administration of the Land Office unfriendly toward the
+settlers, unnecessary delays involving much hardship have intervened in
+the issuing of patents, but such is not the case now. The work of the
+Land Office within the last three years has been so efficient and so
+friendly to the _bona fide_ settler that the large accumulation of cases
+there has been swept away, and the office, as I am informed by the
+Secretary of the Interior, is now engaged upon current business.
+
+It seems to me that a transfer in whole or in part of this business to
+the courts, some of whose dockets are already loaded with cases, can not
+tend to expedition, while it is very manifest that, by reason of the
+greater formality in the taking and presentation of evidence which would
+be required in court and of the long distances which settlers would have
+to traverse in order to attend court, the costs in such cases would be
+enormously increased.
+
+It is proposed by this bill to give what is called concurrent
+jurisdiction to the district courts of the United States and to the
+Court of Claims to hear and determine all claims for land patents under
+any law or grant of the United States. Whether concurrent with each
+other or with each other and the Land Office is not clear.
+
+It is quite doubtful under the rulings of the Supreme Court whether the
+courts now provided by law for the Territories are "district courts of
+the United States" within the meaning of this bill. The effect of this
+legislation would, if they were held not to be such, be that as to all
+suits relating to lands in the Territories of New Mexico, Arizona, Utah,
+and Oklahoma no other forum is provided than the Court of Claims at
+Washington. In this state of the case a settler, or one who has taken
+a mineral claim in any of these Territories, would be subject to be
+brought to the city of Washington for the trial of his case.
+
+In view of the fact that all recent legislation of Congress has been
+in the direction of subdividing judicial districts and of bringing the
+United States courts nearer to the litigants, I can only attribute to
+oversight the passage of this bill, which in my opinion would burden the
+homesteader and preemptor whose claim is contested, whether by another
+individual or by any corporation, by compelling him to appear at
+Washington and to conduct with the formality and expense incident to
+court proceedings the defense of his title. But even in the case of
+land contests arising in the States where district courts exist the
+plaintiff, it will be observed, by this act is given the option to sue
+in those courts or to bring his adversary to Washington to litigate
+the claim. Why should he have this advantage, one that is not given so
+far as I know in any other law fixing the forum of litigation between
+individuals? Not only is this true, but the Court of Claims was
+established for the trial of cases between individuals and corporations
+on the one side and the United States on the other, and so far as I now
+recall wholly for the trial of money claims.
+
+There are no adequate provisions of law, if any at all, for conducting
+suits between individuals contesting private rights. The court has one
+bailiff and one messenger, no marshal, and is not provided, I think,
+either with the machinery or with the appropriation to send its
+processes to the most distant parts of the country. Yet it is apparent
+that under this bill the real issue would frequently be between rival
+claimants, and not between either and the United States. This court,
+too, is already burdened with business since the reference to it of the
+Indian depredation claims, the French spoliation claims, etc., and it
+certainly can not be thought that a more speedy settlement of land
+claims could be there obtained than is now given.
+
+Again, the bill is so indefinite in its provisions that it can not be
+told, I think, what function, if any, remains to be discharged by the
+General Land Office. It was said in answer to an interrogatory when the
+bill was under consideration that it did not affect claims pending in
+the Land Office; and yet it seems to me that its effect is to allow any
+contestant in the Land Office at any stage of the proceedings there to
+transfer the whole controversy to the courts. He may take his chances of
+success in the Land Office, and if at any time he becomes apprehensive
+of an adverse decision he may begin _de novo_ in the courts.
+
+If it was intended to preserve the jurisdiction of the Land Office and
+to hold cases there until a judgment had been reached, the bill should
+have so provided, for it is capable of, and indeed seems to me compels,
+the construction that either party may forsake the Land Office at any
+stage of a contest. I am quite inclined to believe that if provision
+were made, as in section 1063 of the Revised Statutes, relating to
+claims in other departments, for the transfer to a proper court, under
+proper regulations, of certain contest cases involving questions
+affecting large classes of claims, it would be a relief to the Land
+Office and would tend to a more speedy adjustment of land titles in such
+cases, a result which would be in the interest of all our people.
+
+Nothing is more disadvantageous to a community, its progress and peace,
+than unsettled land titles. This bill, however, as I have said, is so
+radical and seems to me to be so indefinite in its provisions that
+I can not give it my approval.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+
+PROCLAMATIONS.
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas, pursuant to section 3 of the act of Congress approved October
+1, 1890, entitled "An act to reduce the revenue and equalize duties on
+imports, and for other purposes," the Secretary of State of the United
+States of America communicated to the Government of Salvador the action
+of the Congress of the United States of America, with a view to secure
+reciprocal trade, in declaring the articles enumerated in said section 3
+to be exempt from duty upon their importation into the United States of
+America; and
+
+Whereas the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Salvador
+at Washington has communicated to the Secretary of State the fact that,
+in reciprocity for the admission into the United States of America free
+of all duty of the articles enumerated in section 3 of said act, the
+Government of Salvador will by due legal enactment, as a provisional
+measure and until a more complete arrangement may be negotiated and put
+in operation, admit free of all duty, from and after February 1, 1892,
+into all the established ports of entry of Salvador the articles or
+merchandise named in the following schedule, provided that the same be
+the product or manufacture of the United States:
+
+
+  SCHEDULE OF PRODUCTS AND MANUFACTURES WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF SALVADOR
+  WILL ADMIT FREE OF ALL CUSTOMS, MUNICIPAL, AND ANY OTHER KIND OF DUTY.
+
+   1. Animals for breeding purposes.
+
+   2. Corn, rice, barley, and rye.
+
+   3. Beans.
+
+   4. Hay and straw for forage.
+
+   5. Fruits, fresh.
+
+   6. Preparations of flour in biscuits, crackers not sweetened,
+      macaroni, vermicelli, and tallarin.
+
+   7. Coal, mineral.
+
+   8. Roman cement.
+
+   9. Hydraulic lime.
+
+  10. Bricks, fire bricks, and crucibles for melting.
+
+  11. Marble, dressed, for furniture, statues, fountains, gravestones,
+      and building purposes.
+
+  12. Tar, vegetable and mineral.
+
+  13. Guano and other fertilizers, natural or artificial.
+
+  14. Plows and all other agricultural tools and implements.
+
+  15. Machinery of all kinds, including sewing machines, and separate or
+      extra parts for the same.
+
+  16. Materials of all kinds for the construction and equipment of
+      railroads.
+
+  17. Materials of all kinds for the construction and operation of
+      telegraphic and telephonic lines.
+
+  18. Materials of all kinds for lighting by electricity and gas.
+
+  19. Materials of all kinds for the construction of wharves.
+
+  20. Apparatus for distilling liquors.
+
+  21. Wood of all kinds for building, in trunks or pieces, beams,
+      rafters, planks, boards, shingles, or flooring.
+
+  22. Wooden staves, heads, and hoops, and barrels and boxes for packing,
+      mounted or in pieces.
+
+  23. Houses of wood or iron, complete or in parts.
+
+  24. Wagons, carts, and carriages of all kinds.
+
+  25. Barrels, casks, and tanks of iron for water.
+
+  26. Tubes of iron and all other accessories necessary for water supply.
+
+  27. Wire, barbed, and staples for fences.
+
+  28. Plates of iron for building purposes.
+
+  29. Mineral ores.
+
+  30. Kettles of iron for making salt.
+
+  31. Kettles of iron for making sugar.
+
+  32. Molds for making sugar.
+
+  33. Guys for mining purposes.
+
+  34. Furnaces and instruments for assaying metals.
+
+  35. Scientific instruments.
+
+  36. Models of machinery and buildings.
+
+  37. Boats, lighters, tackle, anchors, chains, girtlines, sails, and all
+      other articles for vessels, to be used in the ports, lakes, and
+      rivers of the Republic.
+
+  38. Printing materials, including presses, type, ink, and all other
+      accessories.
+
+  39. Printed books, pamphlets, and newspapers, bound or unbound, maps,
+      photographs, printed music, and paper for music.
+
+  40. Paper for printing newspapers.
+
+  41. Quicksilver.
+
+  42. Loadstones.
+
+  43. Hops.
+
+  44. Sulphate of quinine.
+
+  45. Gold and silver in bars, dust, or coin.
+
+  46. Samples of merchandise the duties on which do not exceed $1.
+
+  It is understood that the packages or coverings in which the articles
+  named in the foregoing schedule are imported shall be free of duty if
+  they are usual and proper for the purpose.
+
+
+And that the Government of Salvador has further stipulated that the laws
+and regulations adopted to protect its revenue and prevent fraud in the
+declarations and proof that the articles named in the foregoing schedule
+are the product or manufacture of the United States of America shall
+impose no additional charges on the importer nor undue restrictions on
+the articles imported; and
+
+Whereas the Secretary of State has, by my direction, given assurance
+to the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Salvador at
+Washington that this action of the Government of Salvador in granting
+freedom of duties to the products and manufactures of the United States
+of America on their importation into Salvador and in stipulating for a
+more complete reciprocity arrangement is accepted as a due reciprocity
+for the action of Congress as set forth in section 3 of said act:
+
+Now, therefore, be it known that I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the
+United States of America, have caused the above-stated modifications of
+the tariff laws of Salvador to be made public for the information of the
+citizens of the United States of America.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 31st day of December, 1891, and of
+the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and
+sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it is provided by section 24 of the act of Congress approved
+March 3, 1891, entitled "An act to repeal timber-culture laws, and for
+other purposes"--
+
+  That the President of the United States may from time to time set apart
+  and reserve in any State or Territory having public land bearing
+  forests, in any part of the public lands wholly or in part covered with
+  timber or, undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not, as public
+  reservations; and the President shall by public proclamation declare
+  the establishment of such reservation and the limits thereof.
+
+
+And whereas the public lands in the Territory of New Mexico within the
+limits hereinafter described are in part covered with timber, and it
+appears that the public good would be promoted by setting apart and
+reserving said lands as a public reservation:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+by virtue of the power in me vested by section 24 of the aforesaid act
+of Congress, do hereby make known and proclaim that there is hereby
+reserved from entry or settlement and set apart as a public reservation
+all those certain tracts, pieces, or parcels of land lying and being
+situate in the Territory of New Mexico and particularly described as
+follows, to wit:
+
+Commencing at the standard corner to township seventeen (17) north,
+ranges thirteen (13) and fourteen (14) east (New Mexico principal base
+and meridian) on the fourth (4th) standard parallel north; thence
+northerly along the range line between ranges thirteen (13) and fourteen
+(14) east to the closing corner between ranges thirteen (13) and
+fourteen (14) east on the fifth (5th) standard parallel north; thence
+along said fifth (5th) standard parallel to the southeast corner of
+township twenty-one (21) north, range thirteen (13) east; thence north
+six (6) miles; thence west twelve (12) miles; thence due south to the
+fifth (5th) standard parallel; thence westerly on said fifth (5th)
+standard parallel to a point due north of the northwest corner of
+township seventeen (17) north, range eleven (11) east; thence south to
+the fourth (4th) standard parallel; thence westerly on said fourth (4th)
+standard parallel north seven and sixty-two one-hundredths (7.62) chains
+to the northwest corner of township sixteen (16) north, range eleven
+(11) east; thence southerly on the range line between townships sixteen
+(16) north, ranges ten (10) and eleven (11) east, three (3) miles and
+three and forty-three hundredths (3.43) chains to the corner to sections
+thirteen (13), eighteen (18), nineteen (19), and twenty-four (24) on
+said range line; thence easterly along the section lines to the range
+line between ranges eleven (11) and twelve (12) east; thence northerly
+three (3) miles and three (3) chains to the fourth (4th) standard
+parallel north; thence easterly on said fourth (4th) standard parallel
+eight (8) and fifty-hundredths (8.50) chains to the standard corner to
+township seventeen (17) north, ranges eleven (11) and twelve (12) east;
+thence northerly on the range line to the southwest corner of township
+eighteen (18) north, range twelve (12) east; thence easterly on the
+township line six (6) miles one and six-hundredths (1.06) chains to the
+southeast corner of township eighteen (18) north, range twelve (12)
+east; thence south six (6) miles to the fourth (4th) standard parallel
+north; thence east along said fourth (4th) standard parallel to the
+place of beginning.
+
+Excepting from the force and effect of this proclamation all land which
+may have been prior to the date hereof embraced in any valid Spanish or
+Mexican grant or in any legal entry or covered by any lawful filing duly
+made in the proper United States land office, and all mining claims duly
+located and held according to the laws of the United States and rules
+and regulations not in conflict therewith.
+
+_Provided_, That this exception shall not continue to apply to any
+particular tract of land unless the entry man or claimant continues to
+comply with the law under which the entry, filing, or location was made.
+
+Warning is hereby expressly given to all persons not to enter or make
+settlement upon the tract of land reserved by this proclamation.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 11th day of January, A.D. 1892, and
+of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas, pursuant to section 3 of the act of Congress approved October
+1, 1890, entitled "An act to reduce the revenue and equalize duties on
+imports, and for other purposes," the attention of the Government of
+Great Britain was called to the action of the Congress of the United
+States of America, with a view to secure reciprocal trade, in declaring
+the articles enumerated in said section 3 to be exempt from duty upon
+their importation into the United States of America; and
+
+Whereas the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Great
+Britain at Washington has communicated to the Secretary of State the
+fact that, in view of the act of Congress above cited, the Government
+of Great Britain has by due legal enactment authorized the admission,
+from and after February 1, 1892, of the articles in merchandise named
+in the following schedules, on the terms stated therein, into the
+British colonies of Trinidad (which includes Tobago), Barbados, the
+Leeward Islands (consisting of the islands of Antigua, Montserrat, St.
+Christopher, Nevis, Dominica, with their respective dependencies, and
+the Virgin Islands), the Windward Islands (consisting of St. Lucia,
+St. Vincent, and their dependencies, but exclusive of Grenada and its
+dependencies), and into the colony of British Guiana on and after
+April 1, 1892:
+
+
+  Table No. 1.--Applicable to British Guiana, Trinidad and Tobago,
+  Barbados, the Leeward Islands, and the Windward Islands Excepting
+  the Island of Grenada.
+
+
+  SCHEDULE A.
+
+  Articles to be admitted free of all customs duty and any other national,
+  colonial, or municipal charges:
+
+   1. Animals, alive, to include only asses, sheep, goats, hogs, and
+      poultry, and horses for breeding.
+
+   2. Beef, including tongues, smoked and dried.
+
+   3. Beef and pork preserved in cans.
+
+   4. Belting for machinery, of leather, canvas, or india rubber.
+
+   5. Boats and lighters.
+
+   6. Books,[27] bound or unbound, pamphlets, newspapers, and printed
+      matter in all languages.
+
+   7. Bones and horns.
+
+   8. Bottles of glass or stone ware.
+
+   9. Bran, middlings, and shorts.
+
+  10. Bridges of iron or wood, or of both combined,
+
+  11. Brooms, brushes, and whisks of broom straw.
+
+  12. Candles, tallow.
+
+  13. Carts, wagons, cars, and barrows, with or without springs, for
+      ordinary roads and agricultural use, not including vehicles of
+      pleasure.
+
+  14. Clocks, mantel or wall.
+
+  15. Copper, bronze, zinc, and lead articles, plain and nickel plated,
+      for industrial and domestic uses and for building.
+
+  16. Cotton seed and its products.
+
+  17. Crucibles and melting pots of all kinds.
+
+  18. Eggs.
+
+  19. Fertilizers of all kinds, natural and artificial.
+
+  20. Fish, fresh or on ice, and salmon and oysters in cans.
+
+  21. Fishing apparatus of all kinds.
+
+  22. Fruits and vegetables, fresh and dried, when not canned, tinned,
+      or bottled.
+
+  23. Gas fixtures and pipes.
+
+  24. Gold and silver coin of the United States, and bullion.
+
+  25. Hay and straw for forage.
+
+  26. Houses of wood, complete.
+
+  27. Ice.
+
+  28. India-rubber and gutta-percha goods, including waterproof clothing
+      made wholly or in part thereof.
+
+  29. Implements, utensils, and tools for agriculture, exclusive of
+      cutlasses and forks.
+
+  30. Lamps and lanterns.
+
+  31. Lime of all kinds.
+
+  32. Locomotives, railway rolling stock, rails, railway ties, and all
+      materials and appliances for railways and tramways.
+
+  33. Marble or alabaster, in the rough or squared, worked or carved,
+      for building purposes or monuments.
+
+  34. Medicinal extracts and preparations of all kinds, including
+      proprietary or patent medicines, but exclusive of quinine or
+      preparations of quinine, opium, gange, and bhang.
+
+  35. Paper of all kinds for printing.
+
+  36. Paper of wood or straw for wrapping and packing, including surface
+      coated or glazed.
+
+  37. Photographic apparatus and chemicals.
+
+  38. Printers' ink, all colors.
+
+  39. Printing presses, types, rules, spaces, and all accessories for
+      printing.
+
+  40. Quicksilver.
+
+  41. Resin, tar, pitch, and turpentine.
+
+  42. Salt.
+
+  43. Sewing machines and all parts and accessories thereof.
+
+  44. Shipbuilding materials and accessories of all kinds, when used in
+      the construction, equipment, or repair of vessels or boats of any
+      kind, except rope and cordage of all kinds, including wire rope.
+
+  45. Starch of Indian corn or maize.
+
+  46. Steam and power engines, and machines, machinery, and apparatus,
+      whether stationary or portable, worked by power or by hand, for
+      agriculture, irrigation, mining, the arts and industries of all
+      kinds, and all necessary parts and appliances for the erection
+      or repair thereof or the communication of motive power thereto.
+
+  47. Steam boilers and steam pipes.
+
+  48. Sulphur.
+
+  49. Tan bark of all kinds, whole or ground.
+
+  50. Telegraph wire, telegraphic, telephonic, and electrical apparatus
+      and appliances of all kinds for communication or illumination.
+
+  51. Trees, plants, vines, and seeds and grains of all kinds, for
+      propagation or cultivation.
+
+  52. Varnish, not containing spirits.
+
+  53. Wall papers.
+
+  54. Watches when not cased in gold or silver, and watch movements
+      uncased.
+
+  55. Water pipes of all classes, materials, and dimensions.
+
+  56. Wire for fences, the hooks, staples, nails, and the like
+      appliances for fastening the same.
+
+  57. Yeast cake and baking powders.
+
+  58. Zinc, tin, and lead, in sheets, asbestus, and tar paper,
+      for roofing.
+
+  It is understood that the packages or coverings in which the articles
+  named in the foregoing schedule are imported shall be free of duty if
+  they are usual and proper for the purpose.
+
+
+  SCHEDULE B.
+
+  Articles to be admitted at 50 per cent reduction of the duty designated
+  in the respective customs tariff now in force in each of said colonies:
+
+  1. Bacon and bacon hams.
+
+  2. Boots and shoes made wholly or in part of leather.
+
+  3. Bread and biscuit.
+
+  4. Cheese.
+
+  5. Lard and its compounds.
+
+  6. Mules.
+
+  7. Oleomargarine.
+
+  8. Shooks and staves.
+
+
+  SCHEDULE C.
+
+  Articles to be admitted at 25 per cent reduction of the duty designated
+  in the respective customs tariff now in force in each of said colonies:
+
+  1. Beef, salted or pickled.
+
+  2. Corn or maize.
+
+  3. Corn meal.
+
+  4. Flour of wheat.
+
+  5. Lumber of pitch pine, in rough or prepared for buildings.
+
+  6. Petroleum and its products, crude or refined.
+
+  7. Pork, salted or pickled.
+
+  8. Wheat.
+
+  It is understood that No. 4 of this schedule shall not apply to the
+  colony of Trinidad, but it is stipulated that the duty on flour in
+  said colony shall not exceed 75 cents per barrel.
+
+
+
+And that the Government of Great Britain has by due legal enactment
+authorized the admission, from and after February 1, 1892, of the
+articles or merchandise named in the following schedules, on the terms
+stated therein, into the British colony of Jamaica and its dependencies:
+
+
+  Table No. 2.--Applicable to the Colony of Jamaica and its Dependencies.
+
+
+  SCHEDULE A.
+
+  Articles to be admitted free of all customs duty and any other
+  national, colonial, or municipal charges:
+
+   1. Animals, alive, and poultry.
+
+   2. Beef, including tongues, smoked and dried.
+
+   3. Beef and pork preserved in cans.
+
+   4. Belting for machinery, of leather, canvas, or india rubber.
+
+   5. Boats and lighters.
+
+   6. Books,[28] bound or unbound, pamphlets, newspapers, and printed
+      matter in all languages.
+
+   7. Bones and horns.
+
+   8. Bottles of glass or stone ware.
+
+   9. Bran, middlings, and shorts.
+
+  10. Bridges of iron or wood, or of both combined.
+
+  11. Brooms, brushes, and whisks or broom straw.
+
+  12. Candles, tallow.
+
+  13. Carts, wagons, cars, and barrows, with or without springs, for
+      ordinary roads and agricultural use, not including vehicles
+      of pleasure.
+
+  14. Coal and coke.
+
+  15. Clocks, mantel or wall.
+
+  16. Cotton seed and its products, to include meal, meal cake, oil,
+      and cottolene.
+
+  17. Crucibles and melting pots of all kinds.
+
+  18. Drawings, paintings, engravings, lithographs, and photographs
+
+  19. Eggs.
+
+  20. Fertilizers of all kinds, natural and artificial.
+
+  21. Fish, fresh or on ice, and oysters in cans.
+
+  22. Fishing apparatus of all kinds.
+
+  23. Fruits and vegetables, fresh and dried, when not canned, tinned,
+      or bottled.
+
+  24. Gas fixtures and pipes.
+
+  25. Gold and silver coin of the United States, and bullion.
+
+  26. Hay and straw for forage.
+
+  27. Houses of wood, complete.
+
+  28. Ice.
+
+  29. India-rubber and gutta-percha goods, including waterproof clothing
+      made wholly or in part thereof.
+
+  30. Implements, utensils, and tools for agriculture, exclusive of
+      cutlasses and forks.
+
+  31. Iron, galvanized.
+
+  32. Iron for roofing.
+
+  33. Lamps and lanterns, not exceeding 10 shillings each in value.
+
+  34. Lime of all kinds.
+
+  35. Locomotives, railway rolling stock, rails, railway ties, and all
+      materials and appliances for railways and tramways.
+
+  36. Marble or alabaster, in the rough or squared, worked or carved,
+      for building purposes or monuments.
+
+  37. Paper of all kinds for printing.
+
+  38. Paper of wood or straw for wrapping and packing, including surface
+      coated or glazed.
+
+  39. Photographic apparatus and chemicals.
+
+  40. Printers' ink, all colors.
+
+  41. Printing presses, types, rules, spaces, and all accessories for
+      printing.
+
+  42. Proprietary or patent medicines, recommended by their proprietors as
+      calculated to cure disease or alleviate pain in the human subject.
+
+  43. Quicksilver.
+
+  44. Resin, tar, pitch, and turpentine.
+
+  45. Sewing machines and all parts and accessories thereof.
+
+  46. Shipbuilding materials and accessories of all kinds, when used in
+      the construction, equipment, or repair of vessels or boats of any
+      kind, except rope and cordage of all kinds, including wire rope,
+      and subject to specific regulations to avoid abuse in the
+      importation.
+
+  47. Shocks and staves.
+
+  48. Starch of Indian corn or maize.
+
+  49. Steam and power engines, and machines, machinery, and apparatus,
+      whether stationary or portable, worked by power or by hand, for
+      agriculture, irrigation, mining, the arts and industries of all
+      kinds, and all necessary parts and appliances for the erection
+      or repair thereof or the communication of motive power thereto.
+
+  50. Steam boilers and steam pipes.
+
+  51. Sugar, refined.
+
+  52. Sulphur.
+
+  53. Tallow and animal greases.
+
+  54. Tan bark of all kinds, whole or ground.
+
+  55. Telegraph wire, telegraphic, telephonic, and electrical apparatus
+      and appliances of all kinds for communication or illumination.
+
+  56. Trees, plants, vines, and seeds and grains of all kinds for
+      propagation or cultivation.
+
+  57. Varnish, not containing spirits.
+
+  58. Wall papers.
+
+  59. Watches when not cased in gold or silver, and watch movements
+      uncased.
+
+  60. Water pipes of all classes, materials, and dimensions.
+
+  61. Wire for fences, with the hooks, staples, nails, and the like
+      appliances for fastening the same.
+
+  62. Yeast cake and baking powders.
+
+  63. Zinc, tin, and lead, in sheets, asbestus, and tar paper, for
+      roofing.
+
+  It is understood that the packages or coverings in which the articles
+  named in the foregoing schedule are imported shall be free of duty if
+  they are usual and proper for the purpose.
+
+
+  SCHEDULE B.
+
+  Articles to be admitted at 50 per cent reduction of the duty designated
+  in the customs tariff now in force:
+
+   1. Bacon and bacon hams.
+
+   2. Bread and biscuit.
+
+   3. Butter.
+
+   4. Cheese.
+
+   5. Lard and its compounds.
+
+  Lumber of pitch pine, in rough or prepared for buildings, to be reduced
+  to 9 shillings per 1,000 feet.
+
+
+  SCHEDULE C.
+
+  Articles to be admitted at 25 per cent reduction of the duty designated
+  in the customs tariff now in force:
+
+   1. Beef, salted or pickled.
+
+   2. Corn and maize.
+
+   3. Corn meal.
+
+   4. Oats.
+
+   5. Petroleum and its products, crude or refined.
+
+   6. Pork, salted or pickled.
+
+   7. Wheat.
+
+
+And whereas the Secretary of State has, by my direction, given the
+assurance to the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of
+Great Britain at Washington that this action of the Government of Great
+Britain in granting remissions and alterations of duties in the British
+colonies above mentioned is accepted as a due reciprocity for the action
+of Congress as set forth in section 3 of said act:
+
+Now, therefore, be it known that I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the
+United States of America, have caused the above-stated modifications of
+the tariff laws of the aforesaid British colonies to be made public for
+the information of the citizens of the United States of America.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 1st day of February, 1892, and of
+the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and
+sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+[Footnote 27: The importation of books is subject to the provisions of
+copyright laws.]
+
+[Footnote 28: The importation of books is subject to the provisions of
+copyright laws.]
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas, pursuant to section 3 of the act of Congress approved October
+1, 1890, entitled "An act to reduce the revenue and equalize duties on
+imports and for other purposes," the attention of the Government of the
+German Empire was called to the action of the Congress of the United
+States of America, with a view to secure reciprocal trade, in declaring
+the articles enumerated in said section 3 to be exempt from duty upon
+their importation into the United States of America; and
+
+Whereas the charge d'affaires of the German Empire at Washington has
+communicated to the special plenipotentiary of the United States the
+fact that, in view of the act of Congress above cited, the German
+Imperial Government has by due legal enactment authorized the admission,
+from and after February 1, 1892, into the German Empire of the articles
+or merchandise the product of the United States of America named in the
+following schedule, on the terms stated therein:
+
+
+  _Schedules of articles to be admitted into Germany_.
+
+    Articles.                                            Rate of duty per
+                                                           100 kilograms.
+
+                                                                 _Marks_.
+
+   1. Bran; malted germs                                            Free.
+   2. Flax, raw, dried, broken, or hatcheled; also refuse portions  Free.
+   3. Wheat                                                         3.50
+   4. Rye                                                           3.50
+   5. Oats                                                          2.80
+   6. Buckwheat                                                     2.00
+   7. Pulse                                                         1.50
+   8. Other kinds of grain not specially mentioned                  1.00
+   9. Barley                                                        2.00
+  10. Rape seed, turnip seed, poppy, sesame, peanuts, and other
+      oleaginous products not specially mentioned                   2.00
+  11. Maize (Indian corn)                                           1.60
+  12. Malt (malted barley)                                          3.60
+  13. Anise, coriander, fennel, and caraway seed                    3.00
+  14. Agricultural productions not otherwise designated             Free.
+  15. Horsehair, raw, hatcheled, boiled, dyed, also laid in
+      the form of tresses and spun; bristles; raw bed feathers      Free.
+  16. Bed feathers, cleaned and prepared                            Free.
+  17. Hides and skins, raw (green, salted, limed, dried),
+      and stripped of the hair for the manufacture of leather       Free.
+  18. Charcoal                                                      Free.
+  19. Bark of wood and tan bark                                     Free.
+  20. Lumber and timber:
+
+    (a) Raw or merely roughhewn with ax or saw, with or without
+        bark; oaken barrel staves                                   0.20
+
+    (b) Marked in the direction of the longitudinal axis, or
+        prepared or cut otherwise than by roughhewing; barrel
+        staves not included under (a); unpeeled osiers and
+        hoops; hubs, fellies, and spokes                            0.30
+
+    (c) Sawed in the direction of the longitudinal axis;
+        unplaned boards; sawed cantle woods and other articles
+        sawn or hewn                                                0.80
+
+  21. Wood in cut veneering; unglued, unstained parts of floors     5.00
+  22. Hops; also hop meal[29]                                      14.00
+  23. Butter; also artificial butter                               17.00
+  24. Meat, slaughtered, fresh, with the exception of pork         15.00
+  25. Pork, slaughtered, fresh, and dressed meat, with the
+      exception of bacon, fresh or prepared                        17.00
+  26. Game of all kinds (not alive)                                20.00
+  27. Cheese, except Strecchino, Gorgonzola, and Parmesan          20.00
+  28. Fruit, seeds, berries, leaves, flowers, mushrooms,
+      vegetables, dried, baked, pulverized, only boiled down
+      or salted--all these products so far as they are not
+      included under other numbers of the tariff; juices of
+      fruits, berries, and turnips, preserved without sugar,
+      to be eaten; dry nuts                                         4.00
+  39. Mill products of grain and pulse, to wit, ground or
+      shelled grains, peeled barley, groats, grits, flour,
+      common cakes (bakers' products)                               7.30
+  30. Residue, solid, from the manufacture of fat oils,
+      also ground                                                  Free.
+  31. Goose grease and other greasy fats, such as oleomargarine,
+      sperfett (a mixture of stearic fats with oil), beef marrow   10.00
+  32. Live animals and animal products not mentioned elsewhere;
+      also beehives with live bees                                 Free.
+
+  33. Horses (remarks)                                      each   20.00
+      (a) Horses up to 2 years old                            do   10.00
+      (b) Colts following their dams                               Free.
+  34. Bulls and cows                                                9.00
+  35. Oxen                                                         25.50
+  36. Calves less than 6 weeks old                                  3.00
+  37. Hogs                                                          5.00
+  38. Pigs weighing less than 10 kilograms                          1.00
+  39. Sheep                                                         1.00
+  40. Lambs                                                         0.50
+  41. Wool, including animal hair not mentioned elsewhere,
+      as well as stuffs made thereof:
+      (a) Wool, raw, dyed, ground; also hair, raw, hatcheled,
+          boiled, dyed; also curled                                Free.
+
+
+[Footnote 29: Gross.]
+
+And whereas the special plenipotentiary of the United States has, by my
+direction, given assurance to the charge d'affaires of the German Empire
+at Washington that this action of the Government of the German Empire
+in granting exemption of duties to the products and manufactures of the
+United States of America on their importation into Germany is accepted
+as a due reciprocity for the action of Congress as set forth in section
+3 of said act:
+
+Now, therefore, be it known that I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the
+United States of America, have caused the above-stated modifications
+of the tariff laws of the German Empire to be made public for the
+information of the citizens of the United States of America.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 1st day of February, 1892, and of
+the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and
+sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it is provided by section 24 of the act of Congress approved
+March 3, 1891, entitled "An act to repeal timber-culture laws, and for
+other purposes"--
+
+  That the President of the United States may from time to time set
+  apart and reserve in any State or Territory having public land bearing
+  forests, in any part of the public lands wholly or in part covered with
+  timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not, as public
+  reservations; and the President shall by public proclamation declare
+  the establishment of such reservations and the limits thereof.
+
+
+And whereas the public lands in the State of Colorado within the limits
+hereafter described are in part covered with timber, and it appears that
+the public good would be promoted by setting apart and reserving said
+lands as a public reservation:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+by virtue of the power in me vested by section 24 of the aforesaid act
+of Congress, do hereby make known and proclaim that there is hereby
+reserved from entry or settlement and set apart as a public reservation
+all those certain tracts, pieces, or parcels of land lying and being
+situate in the State of Colorado and particularly described as follows,
+to wit:
+
+Commencing at the northeast corner of section four (4), township eleven
+(11) north, range sixty-seven (67) west of the sixth (6th) principal
+meridian; thence proceeding westerly along the township line between
+townships ten (10) and eleven (11) south to the northwest corner of
+section six (6), township eleven (11) south, range sixty-eight (68)
+west; thence southerly along the range line between ranges sixty-eight
+(68) and sixty-nine (69) west to the southwest corner of section
+eighteen (18), township thirteen (13) south, range sixty-eight (68)
+west; thence westerly along the section line to the northwest corner of
+section nineteen (19), township thirteen (13) south, range sixty-nine
+(69) west; thence southerly along the range line between ranges
+sixty-nine (69) and seventy (70) west to the southwest corner of section
+thirty-one (31), township thirteen (13) south, range sixty-nine (69)
+west; thence east along the township line between townships thirteen
+(13) and fourteen (14) south to the half-section corner on said township
+line of section two (2), township fourteen (14) south, range sixty-nine
+(69) west; thence southerly through the middle of sections two (2),
+eleven (11), and fourteen (14) to a point in the middle of the north
+line of section twenty-three (23) of said township and range; thence
+easterly along said northern section line to the northeast corner of
+said section; thence southerly between sections twenty-three (23) and
+twenty-four (24) to the middle of the east line of section twenty-three
+(23); thence easterly through the middle of section twenty-four (24) to
+the middle of the east line of said section twenty-four (24), township
+fourteen (14) south, range sixty-nine (69) west; thence southerly along
+the range line between ranges sixty-eight (68) and sixty-nine (69) west
+to the southwest corner of section thirty-one (31), township fifteen
+(15) south, range sixty-eight (68) west; thence east along the township
+line between townships fifteen (15) and sixteen (16) south to the
+southeast corner of section thirty-four (34), township fifteen (15)
+south, range sixty-seven (67) west; thence northerly along the section
+line to the northeast corner of the southeast quarter of section
+twenty-two (22), township fifteen (15) south, range sixty-seven (67)
+west; thence westerly to the northwest corner of the southeast quarter
+of section twenty-one (21) of said last-named township and range; thence
+southerly to the southwest corner of the southeast quarter of section
+twenty-eight (28) of said township and range; thence westerly along
+the section line to the corner common to sections twenty-five (25),
+thirty-one (31), and thirty-six (36) of said township and range; thence
+northerly on the section line to the corner common to sections one (1),
+six (6), and twelve (12) of said township and range; thence easterly
+along the section line to the corner common to sections five (5), six
+(6), and eight (8); thence southerly along the section line to the
+southwest corner of section eight (8) of said township and range; thence
+easterly along the section line to the corner common to sections ten
+(10), eleven (11), and fourteen (14) of said township and range; thence
+northerly along the section line to the northeast corner of section
+three (3); thence westerly to the northwest corner of section three (3)
+of said township and range; thence northerly along the section line to
+the corner common to sections sixteen (16), twenty-one (21), twenty-two
+(22), and fifteen (15), township fourteen (14) south, range sixty-seven
+(67) west; thence westerly along the section line to the northwest
+corner of section nineteen (19) of said township and range; thence
+northerly along the range line between ranges sixty-seven (67) and
+sixty-eight (68) to the northeast corner of section one (1), township
+fourteen (14) south, range sixty-eight (68) west; thence easterly along
+the township line between townships thirteen (13) and fourteen (14)
+south to the southeast corner of section thirty-three (33) of township
+thirteen (13) south, range sixty-seven (67) west; thence northerly
+along the section line to the place of beginning.
+
+Excepting from the force and effect of this proclamation all surveyed
+land which may have been prior to the date hereof embraced in any legal
+entry or covered by any lawful filing duly made in the proper United
+States land office, all unsurveyed lands on which valid settlement has
+been made under any law of the United States, and all mining Claims duly
+located and held according to the laws of the United States and rules
+and regulations not in conflict therewith.
+
+_Provided_, That this exception shall not continue to apply to any
+particular tract of land unless the entry man, settler, or claimant
+continues to comply with the law under which the entry, filing,
+settlement, or location was made.
+
+Warning is hereby expressly given to all persons not to enter or make
+settlement upon the tract of land reserved by this proclamation.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 11th day of February, A.D. 1892,
+and of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and
+sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+The following provisions of the laws of the United States are hereby
+published for the information of all concerned:
+
+Section 1956, Revised Statutes, chapter 3, Title XXIII, enacts that--
+
+  No person shall kill any otter, mink, marten, sable, or fur seal, or
+  other fur-bearing animal within the limits of Alaska Territory or in
+  the waters thereof; and every person guilty thereof shall for each
+  offense be fined not less than $200 nor more than $1,000, or imprisoned
+  not more than six months, or both; and all vessels, their tackle,
+  apparel, furniture, and cargo, found engaged in violation of this
+  section shall be forfeited; but the Secretary of the Treasury shall
+  have power to authorize the killing of any such mink, marten, sable, or
+  other fur-bearing animal, except fur seals, under such regulations as
+  he may prescribe; and it shall be the duty of the Secretary to prevent
+  the killing of any fur seal and to provide for the execution of the
+  provisions of this section until it is otherwise provided by law, nor
+  shall he grant any special privileges under this section.
+
+  SEC. 3. That section 1956 of the Revised Statutes of the United
+  States is hereby declared to include and apply to all the dominion
+  of the United States in the waters of Bering Sea; and it shall be the
+  duty of the President at a timely season in each year to issue his
+  proclamation, and cause the same to be published for one month at
+  least in one newspaper (if any such there be) published at each United
+  States port of entry on the Pacific coast, warning all persons against
+  entering said waters for the purpose of violating the provisions of
+  said section; and he shall also cause one or more vessels of the United
+  States to diligently cruise said waters and arrest all persons and
+  seize all vessels found to be or to have been engaged in any violation
+  of the laws of the United States therein.
+
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+pursuant to the above-recited statutes, hereby warn all persons against
+entering the waters of Bering Sea within the dominion of the United
+States for the purpose of violating the provisions of said section 1956,
+Revised Statutes; and I hereby proclaim that all persons found to be or
+to have been engaged in any violation of the laws of the United States
+in said waters will be arrested and punished as above provided, and that
+all vessels so employed, their tackle, apparel, furniture, and cargoes,
+will be seized and forfeited.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed,
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 15th day of February, 1892, and of
+the Independence of the United States the one hundred and sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas, pursuant to section 3 of the act of Congress approved October
+1, 1890, entitled "An act to reduce the revenue and equalize duties on
+imports, and for other purposes," the Secretary of State of the United
+States of America communicated to the Government of Nicaragua the action
+of the Congress of the United States of America, with a view to secure
+reciprocal trade, in declaring the articles enumerated in said section 3
+to be exempt from duty upon their importation into the United States of
+America; and
+
+Whereas the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of
+Nicaragua at Washington has communicated to the Secretary of State the
+fact that, in reciprocity for the admission into the United States of
+America free of all duty of the articles enumerated in section 3 of
+said act, the Government of Nicaragua will by due legal enactment admit
+free of all duty, from and after April 15, 1892, into all the ports of
+entry of Nicaragua the articles or merchandise named in the following
+schedule, provided that the same be the product of the United States:
+
+
+  SCHEDULE OF ARTICLES WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF NICARAGUA WILL ADMIT FREE OF
+  ALL KIND OF DUTY.
+
+   1.  Animals, live.
+
+   2.  Barley, Indian corn, wheat, oats, rye, and rice.
+
+   3.  Seeds of all kinds for agriculture and horticulture.
+
+   4.  Live plants of all kinds.
+
+   5.  Corn meal.
+
+   6.  Starch.
+
+   7.  Beans, potatoes, and all other vegetables, fresh or dried.
+
+   8.  Fruits, fresh or dried.
+
+   9.  Hay, bran, and straw for forage.
+
+  10. Cotton-seed oil and all other products of said seed.
+
+  11. Tar, resin, and turpentine.
+
+  12. Asphalt, crude or manufactured in blocks.
+
+  13. Quicksilver for mining purposes.
+
+  14. Coal, mineral or animal.
+
+  15. Fertilizers for land.
+
+  16. Lime and cement.
+
+  17. Wood and lumber, in the rough or prepared for building purposes.
+
+  18. Houses of wood or iron.
+
+  19. Marble, in the rough or dressed, for fountains, gravestones, and
+      building purposes.
+
+  20. Tools and implements for agricultural and horticultural purposes.
+
+  21. Wagons, carts, and handcarts.
+
+  22. Iron and steel, in rails for railroads and other similar uses, and
+      structural iron and steel for bridges and building purposes.
+
+  23. Wire, for fences, with or without barbs, clamps, posts, clips, and
+      other accessories of wire, not less than 3 lines in diameter.
+
+  24. Machinery of all kinds for agricultural purposes, arts, and trades,
+      and parts of such machinery.
+
+  25. Motors of steam or animal power.
+
+  26. Forgers, water pumps of metal, pump hose, sledge hammers, drills for
+      mining purposes, iron piping with its keys and faucets, crucibles
+      for melting metals, iron water tanks, and lightning rods.
+
+  27. Roofs of galvanized iron, gutters, ridging, clamps, and screws for
+      the same.
+
+  28. Printing materials.
+
+  29. Books, pamphlets, and other printed matter, and ruled paper for
+      printed music, printing paper in sheets not less than 29 by 20
+      inches.
+
+  30. Geographical maps or charts and celestial and terrestrial spheres
+      or globes.
+
+  31. Surgical and mathematical instruments.
+
+  32. Stones and fire bricks for smelting furnaces.
+
+  33. Vessels and boats of all kinds, fitted together or in parts.
+
+  34. Gold and silver in bullion, bars, or coin.
+
+  It is understood that the packages or coverings in which the articles
+  named in the foregoing schedule are imported shall be free of duty if
+  they are usual and proper for the purpose.
+
+
+And that the Government of Nicaragua has further stipulated that the
+laws and regulations adopted to protect its revenue and prevent fraud
+in the declarations and proof that the articles named in the foregoing
+schedule are the product of the United States of America shall impose
+no undue restrictions on the importer nor additional charges on the
+articles imported; and
+
+Whereas the Secretary of State has, by my direction, given assurance to
+the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Nicaragua at
+Washington that this action of the Government of Nicaragua in granting
+freedom of duties to the products of the United States of America on
+their importation into Nicaragua is accepted as a due reciprocity for
+the action of Congress as set forth in section 3 of said act:
+
+Now, therefore, be it known that I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the
+United States of America, have caused the above-stated modifications of
+the tariff laws of Nicaragua to be made public for the information of
+the citizens of the United States of America.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 12th day of March, 1892, and of the
+Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and
+sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  WILLIAM F. WHARTON,
+    _Acting Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas in section 3 of an act passed by the Congress of the United
+States entitled "An act to reduce the revenue and equalize duties on
+imports, and for other purposes," approved October 1, 1890, it was
+provided as follows:
+
+  That with a view to secure reciprocal trade with countries producing
+  the following articles, and for this purpose, on and after the 1st
+  day of January, 1892, whenever and so often as the President shall be
+  satisfied that the government of any country producing and exporting
+  sugars, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides, raw and uncured, or any of
+  such articles, imposes duties or other exactions upon the agricultural
+  or other products of the United States which, in view of the free
+  introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides into the
+  United States, he may deem to be reciprocally unequal and unreasonable,
+  he shall have the power and it shall be his duty to suspend, by
+  proclamation to that effect, the provisions of this act relating to the
+  free introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides the
+  production of such country for such time as he shall deem just; and in
+  such case and during such suspension duties shall be levied, collected,
+  and paid upon sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides the product of or
+  exported from such designated country--
+
+
+the duties hereinafter set forth; and
+
+Whereas it has been established to my satisfaction and I find the fact
+to be that the Government of Colombia does impose duties or other
+exactions upon the agricultural and other products of the United States
+which, in view of the free introduction of such sugars, molasses,
+coffee, tea, and hides into the United States, in accordance with the
+provisions of said act, I deem to be reciprocally unequal and
+unreasonable:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States of
+America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by section 3 of said
+act, by which it is made my duty to take action, do hereby declare
+and proclaim that the provisions of said act relating to the free
+introduction of sugars, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides the production
+of Colombia shall be suspended from and after this 15th day of March,
+1892, and until such time as said unequal and unreasonable duties and
+exactions are removed by Colombia and public notice of that fact given
+by the President of the United States; and I do hereby proclaim that on
+and after this 15th day of March, 1892, there will be levied, collected,
+and paid upon sugars, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides the product of or
+exported from Colombia during such suspension duties as provided by said
+act, as follows:
+
+  All sugars not above No. 13 Dutch standard in color shall pay duty on
+  their polariscopic tests as follows, namely:
+
+  All sugars not above No. 13 Dutch standard in color, all tank bottoms,
+  sirups of cane juice or of beet juice, melada, concentrated melada,
+  concrete and concentrated molasses, testing by the polariscope not
+  above 75 deg., seven-tenths of 1 cent per pound, and for every additional
+  degree or fraction of a degree shown by the polariscopic test
+  two-hundredths of 1 cent per pound additional.
+
+  All sugars above No. 13 Dutch standard in color shall be classified
+  by the Dutch standard of color and pay duty as follows, namely:
+
+  All sugars above No. 13 and not above No. 16 Dutch standard of color,
+  1-3/8 cents per pound.
+
+  All sugars above No. 16 and not above No. 20 Dutch standard of color,
+  1-5/8 cents per pound.
+
+  All sugars above No. 20 Dutch standard of color, 2 cents per pound.
+
+  Molasses testing above 56 deg., 4 cents per gallon.
+
+  Sugar drainings and sugar sweepings shall be subject to duty either as
+  molasses or sugar, as the case may be, according to polariscopic test.
+
+  On coffee, 3 cents per pound.
+
+  On tea, 10 cents per pound.
+
+  Hides, raw or uncured, whether dry, salted, or pickled; Angora-goat
+  skins, raw, without the wool, unmanufactured; asses' skins, raw or
+  unmanufactured, and skins, except sheepskins, with the wool on, 1-1/2
+  cents per pound.
+
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 15th day of March, 1892, and of the
+Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and
+sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  WILLIAM F. WHARTON,
+    _Acting Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas in section 3 of an act passed by the Congress of the United
+States entitled "An act to reduce the revenue and equalize duties on
+imports, and for other purposes," approved October 1, 1890, it was
+provided as follows:
+
+  That with a view to secure reciprocal trade with countries producing
+  the following articles, and for this purpose, on and after the 1st
+  day of January, 1892, whenever and so often as the President shall be
+  satisfied that the government of any country producing and exporting
+  sugars, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides, raw and uncured, or any of
+  such articles, imposes duties or other exactions upon the agricultural
+  or other products of the United States which, in view of the free
+  introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides into the
+  United States, he may deem to be reciprocally unequal and unreasonable,
+  he shall have the power and it shall be his duty to suspend, by
+  proclamation to that effect, the provisions of this act relating to the
+  free introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides the
+  production of such country for such time as he shall deem just; and in
+  such case and during such suspension duties shall be levied, collected,
+  and paid upon sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides the product of or
+  exported from such designated country--
+
+
+the duties hereinafter set forth; and
+
+Whereas it has been established to my satisfaction and I find the fact
+to be that the Government of Hayti does impose duties or other exactions
+upon the agricultural and other products of the United States which, in
+view of the free introduction of such sugars, molasses, coffee, tea, and
+hides into the United States, in accordance with the provisions of said
+act, I deem to be reciprocally unequal and unreasonable:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States
+of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by section 3 of
+said act, by which it is made my duty to take action, do hereby declare
+and proclaim that the provisions of said act relating to the free
+introduction of sugars, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides the production
+of Hayti shall be suspended from and after this 15th day of March,
+1892, and until such time as said unequal and unreasonable duties and
+exactions are removed by Hayti and public notice of that fact given by
+the President of the United States; and I do hereby proclaim that on and
+after this 15th day of March, 1892, there will be levied, collected, and
+paid upon sugars, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides the product of or
+exported from Hayti during such suspension duties as provided by said
+act, as follows:
+
+  All sugars not above No. 13 Dutch standard in color shall pay duty on
+  their polariscopic tests as follows, namely:
+
+  All sugars not above No. 13 Dutch standard in color, all tank bottoms,
+  sirups of cane juice or of beet juice, melada, concentrated melada,
+  concrete and concentrated molasses, testing by the polariscope not
+  above 75 deg., seven-tenths of 1 cent per pound and for every additional
+  degree or fraction of a degree shown by the polariscopic test
+  two-hundredths of 1 cent per pound additional.
+
+  All sugars above No. 13 Dutch standard in color shall be classified by
+  the Dutch standard of color and pay duty as follows, namely:
+
+  All sugar above No. 13 and not above No. 16 Dutch standard of color,
+  1-3/8 cents per pound.
+
+  All sugar above No. 16 and not above No. 20 Dutch standard of color,
+  1-5/8 cents per pound.
+
+  All sugars above No. 20 Dutch standard of color, 2 cents per pound.
+
+  Molasses testing above 56 deg., 4 cents per gallon.
+
+  Sugar drainings and sugar sweepings shall be subject to duty either as
+  molasses or sugar, as the case may be, according to polariscopic test.
+
+  On coffee, 3 cents per pound.
+
+  On tea, 10 cents per pound.
+
+  Hides, raw or uncured, whether dry, salted, or pickled; Angora-goat
+  skins, raw, without the wool, unmanufactured; asses' skins, raw or
+  unmanufactured, and skins, except sheepskins, with the wool on, 1-1/2
+  cents per pound.
+
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 15th day of March, 1892, and of the
+Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and
+sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  WILLIAM F. WHARTON,
+    _Acting Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas in section 3 of an act passed by the Congress of the United
+States entitled "An act to reduce the revenue and equalize duties on
+imports, and for other purposes," approved October 1, 1890, it was
+provided as follows:
+
+  That with a view to secure reciprocal trade with countries producing
+  the following articles, and for this purpose, on and after the 1st
+  day of January, 1892, whenever and so often as the President shall be
+  satisfied that the government of any country producing and exporting
+  sugars, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides, raw and uncured, or any of
+  such articles, imposes duties or other exactions upon the agricultural
+  or other products of the United States which, in view of the free
+  introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides into the
+  United States, he may deem to be reciprocally unequal and unreasonable,
+  he shall have the power and it shall be his duty to suspend, by
+  proclamation to that effect, the provisions of this act relating to the
+  free introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides the
+  production of such country for such time as he shall deem just; and in
+  such case and during such suspension duties shall be levied, collected,
+  and paid upon sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides the product of or
+  exported from such designated country--
+
+
+the duties hereinafter set forth; and
+
+Whereas it has been established to my satisfaction and I find the fact
+to be that the Government of Venezuela does impose duties or other
+exactions upon the agricultural and other products of the United States
+which, in view of the free introduction of such sugars, molasses,
+coffee, tea, and hides into the United States, in accordance with the
+provisions of said act, I deem to be reciprocally unequal and
+unreasonable:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States
+of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by section 3 of
+said act, by which it is made my duty to take action, do hereby declare
+and proclaim that the provisions of said act relating to the free
+introduction of sugars, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides the production
+of Venezuela shall be suspended from and after this 15th day of March,
+1892, and until such time as said unequal and unreasonable duties and
+exactions are removed by Venezuela and public notice of that fact given
+by the President of the United States; and I do hereby proclaim that on
+and after this 15th day of March, 1892, there will be levied, collected,
+and paid upon sugars, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides the product of or
+exported from Venezuela during such suspension duties as provided by
+said act, as follows:
+
+  All sugars not above No. 13 Dutch standard in color shall pay duty on
+  their polariscopic tests as follows, namely:
+
+  All sugars not above No. 13 Dutch standard in color, all tank bottoms,
+  sirups of cane juice or of beet juice, melada, concentrated melada,
+  concrete and concentrated molasses, testing by the polariscope not
+  above 75 deg., seven-tenths of 1 cent per pound, and for every additional
+  degree or fraction of a degree shown by the polariscopic test
+  two-hundredths of 1 cent per pound additional.
+
+  All sugars above No. 13 Dutch standard in color shall be classified
+  by the Dutch standard of color and pay duty as follows, namely:
+
+  All sugar above No. 13 and not above No. 16 Dutch standard of color,
+  1-3/8 cents per pound.
+
+  All sugar above No. 16 and not above No. 20 Dutch standard of color,
+  1-5/8 cents per pound.
+
+  All sugars above No. 20 Dutch standard of color, 2 cents per pound.
+
+  Molasses testing above 56 deg., 4 cents per gallon.
+
+  Sugar drainings and sugar sweepings shall be subject to duty either as
+  molasses or sugar, as the case may be, according to polariscopic test.
+
+  On coffee, 3 cents per pound.
+
+  On tea, 10 cents per pound.
+
+  Hides, raw or uncured, whether dry, salted, or pickled; Angora-goat
+  skins, raw, without the wool, unmanufactured; asses' skins, raw or
+  unmanufactured, and skins, except sheepskins, with the wool on, 1-1/2
+  cents per pound.
+
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 15th day of March, 1892, and of the
+independence of the United States of America the one hundred and
+sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  WILLIAM F. WHARTON,
+    _Acting Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it is provided by section 24 of an act approved March 3, 1891,
+entitled "An act to repeal timber-culture laws, and for other
+purposes"--
+
+  That the President of the United States may from time to time set apart
+  and reserve in any State or Territory having public land bearing
+  forests, in any part of the public lands wholly or in part covered with
+  timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not, as public
+  reservations; and the President shall by public proclamation declare
+  the establishment of such reservations and the limits thereof.
+
+
+And whereas the lands hereinafter described are public and
+forest bearing, and on the 11th day of February last I issued a
+proclamation[30] intended to reserve the same as authorized in said act;
+but as some question has arisen as to the boundaries proclaimed being
+sufficiently definite to cover the lands intended to be reserved:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+for the purpose of removing any doubt and making the boundaries of said
+reservation more definite, by virtue of the power in me vested by said
+act, do hereby issue this my second proclamation and hereby set apart,
+reserve, and establish as a public reservation all that tract of land
+situate in the State of Colorado embraced within the following boundary:
+
+Beginning at the northeast corner of section four (4), township eleven
+(11) south, range sixty-seven (67) west of the sixth (6th) principal
+meridian; thence westerly along the second (2d) correction line south
+between townships ten (10) and eleven (11) south to the northwest corner
+of section six (6), township eleven (11) south, range sixty-eight (68)
+west; thence southerly along the range line between ranges sixty-eight
+(68) and sixty-nine (69) west to the southwest corner of section
+eighteen (18), township thirteen (13) south, range sixty-eight (68)
+west; thence westerly along the section line between sections thirteen
+(13) and twenty-four (24), fourteen (14) and twenty-three (23), fifteen
+(15) and twenty-two (22), sixteen (16) and twenty-one (21), seventeen
+(17) and twenty (20), and eighteen (18) and nineteen (19) to the
+northwest corner of section nineteen (19), township thirteen (13) south,
+range sixty-nine (69) west; thence southerly along the range line
+between ranges sixty-nine (69) and seventy (70) west to the southwest
+corner of section thirty-one (31) of said township; thence easterly
+along the township line between townships thirteen (13) and fourteen
+(14) south to the quarter-section corner on said township line between
+section thirty-five (35), township thirteen (13) south, range sixty-nine
+(69) west, and section two (2), township fourteen (14) south, range
+sixty-nine (69) west; thence southerly through the middle of sections
+two (2), eleven (11), and fourteen (14), township fourteen (14) south,
+range sixty-nine (69) west, to the quarter-section corner on the section
+line between sections fourteen (14) and twenty-three (23) of said
+township and range; thence easterly along said section line to the
+northeast corner of section twenty-three (23) of said township and
+range; thence southerly along the section line to the quarter-section
+corner on said line between sections twenty-three (23) and twenty-four
+(24) of said township and range; thence easterly through the middle of
+section twenty-four (24) to the quarter-section corner on the range
+line between section nineteen (19), township fourteen (14) south, range
+sixty-eight (68) west, and section twenty-four (24), township fourteen
+(14) south, range sixty-nine (69) west; thence southerly along said
+range line to the southwest corner of section thirty-one (31), township
+fifteen (15) south, range sixty-eight (68) west; thence easterly along
+the third (3d) correction line south between townships fifteen (15) and
+sixteen (16) south to the southeast corner of section thirty-four (34),
+township fifteen (15) south, range sixty-seven (67) west; thence
+northerly along the section line between sections thirty-four (34) and
+thirty-five (35), twenty-six (26) and twenty-seven (27), to the point
+for the quarter-section corner on the section line between sections
+twenty-two (22) and twenty-three (23), township fifteen (15) south,
+range sixty-seven (67) west; thence westerly to a point for the legal
+center of section twenty-one (21) of said township and range; thence
+southerly to the southwest corner of the southeast quarter of section
+twenty-eight (28) of said township and range; thence westerly along the
+section line between sections twenty-eight (28) and thirty-three (33),
+twenty-nine (29) and thirty-two (32), thirty (30) and thirty-one (31),
+to the northwest corner of section thirty-one (31) of said township and
+range; thence northerly on the range line between ranges sixty-seven
+(67) and sixty-eight (68) west to the southwest corner of section six
+(6) of said township and range; thence easterly along the section line
+to the southeast corner of section six (6) of said township and range;
+thence southerly along the section line to the southwest corner of
+section eight (8) of said township and range; thence easterly along
+the section line to the southeast corner of section ten (10) of said
+township and range; thence northerly along the section line between
+sections ten (10) and eleven (11), two (2) and three (3), township
+fifteen (15) south, range sixty-seven (67) west, to the northeast corner
+of section three (3) of said township and range; thence westerly along
+the township line between townships fourteen (14) and fifteen (15) south
+to the northwest corner of section three (3), township fifteen (15)
+south, range sixty-seven (67) west; thence northerly along the
+section line between sections thirty-three (33) and thirty-four (34),
+twenty-seven (27) and twenty-eight (28), twenty-one (21) and twenty-two
+(22), to the northeast corner of section twenty-one (21), township
+fourteen (14) south, range sixty-seven (67) west; thence westerly along
+the section line between sections sixteen (16) and twenty-one (21),
+seventeen (17) and twenty (20), eighteen (18) and nineteen (19), to the
+northwest corner of section nineteen (19) of said township and range;
+thence northerly along the range line between ranges sixty-seven (67)
+and sixty-eight (68) west to the northeast corner of section one (1),
+township fourteen (14) south, range sixty-eight (68) west; thence
+easterly along the township line between townships thirteen (13) and
+fourteen (14) south to the southeast corner of section thirty-three
+(33), township thirteen (13) south, range sixty-seven (67) west; thence
+northerly along the section line between sections thirty-three (33) and
+thirty-four (34), twenty-seven (27) and twenty-eight (28), twenty-one
+(21) and twenty-two (22), fifteen (15) and sixteen (16), nine (9) and
+ten (10), and three (3) and four (4) of townships thirteen (13), twelve
+(12), and eleven (11) south, range sixty-seven (67) west, to the place
+of beginning.
+
+Excepting from the force and effect of this proclamation all lands which
+may have been prior to the date hereof embraced in any legal entry or
+covered by any lawful filing duly of record in the proper United States
+land office, or upon which any valid settlement has been made pursuant
+to law and the statutory period within which to make entry or filing of
+record has not expired, and all mining claims duly located and held
+according to the laws of the United States and rules and regulations not
+in conflict therewith.
+
+_Provided_, That this exception shall not continue to apply to any
+particular tract of land unless the entryman, settler, or claimant
+continues to comply with the law under which the entry, filing,
+settlement, or location was made.
+
+Warning is hereby expressly given to all persons not to enter or make
+settlement upon the tract of land reserved by this proclamation.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 18th day of March, A.D. 1892, and
+of the Independence Of the United States the one hundred and sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  WILLIAM F. WHARTON,
+    _Acting Secretary of State_.
+
+[Footnote 30: See pp. 260-262.]
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas by the third article of the treaty between the United States of
+America and the Sisseton and Wahpeton bands of Dakota or Sioux Indians
+concluded February 19, 1867, proclaimed May 2, 1867 (15 U.S. Statutes
+at Large, p, 505), the United States set apart and reserved for certain
+of said Indians certain lands, particularly described, being situated
+partly in North Dakota and partly in South Dakota and known as the Lake
+Traverse Reservation; and
+
+Whereas by agreement made with said Indians residing on said reservation
+dated December 12, 1889, they conveyed, as set forth in article 1
+thereof, to the United States all their title and interest in and to all
+the unallotted lands within the limits of the reservation set apart as
+aforesaid remaining after the allotments shall have been made, which are
+provided for in article 4 of the agreement, as follows:
+
+  That there shall be allotted to each individual member of the bands of
+  Indians parties hereto a sufficient quantity, which, with the lands
+  heretofore allotted, shall make in each case 160 acres, and in case no
+  allotment has been made to any individual member of said bands, then
+  an allotment of 160 acres shall be made to such individual.
+
+
+And whereas it is provided in article 2 of said agreement--
+
+  That the cession, sale, relinquishment, and conveyance of the lands
+  described in article 1 of this agreement shall not take effect and
+  be in force until the sum of $342,778.37, together with the sum of
+  $18,400, shall have been paid to said bands of Indians, as set forth
+  and stipulated in article 3 of this agreement.
+
+
+And whereas it is provided in the act of Congress approved March 3, 1891
+(26 U.S. Statutes at Large, pp. 1036-1038), section 30, accepting and
+ratifying the agreement with said Indians--
+
+  That the lands by said agreement ceded, sold, relinquished, and
+  conveyed to the United States shall immediately, upon the payment
+  to the parties entitled thereto of their share of the funds made
+  immediately available by this act, and upon the completion of the
+  allotments as provided for in said agreement, be subject only to entry
+  and settlement under the homestead and town-site laws of the United
+  States, excepting the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections of said
+  lands, which shall be reserved for common-school purposes and be
+  subject to the laws of the State wherein located: _Provided_, That
+  patents shall not issue until the settler or entryman shall have paid
+  to the United States the sum of $2.50 per acre for the land taken up
+  by such homesteader, and the title to the lands so entered shall remain
+  in the United States until said money is duly paid by such entryman or
+  his legal representatives, or his widow, who shall have the right to
+  pay the money and complete the entry of her deceased husband in her
+  own name and shall receive a patent for the same.
+
+
+And whereas payment as required by said act has been made by the United
+States; and
+
+Whereas allotments as provided for in said agreement, as now appears
+by the records of the Department of the Interior, will have been made,
+approved, and completed and all other terms and considerations required
+will have been complied with on the day and hour hereinafter fixed for
+opening said lands to settlement:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+do hereby declare and make known that all of the lands embraced in said
+reservation, saving and excepting the lands reserved for and allotted to
+said Indians and the lands reserved for other purposes in pursuance of
+the provisions of said agreement and the said act of Congress ratifying
+the same and other the laws relating thereto, will, at and after the
+hour of 12 o'clock noon (central standard time) on the 15th day of
+April, A.D. 1892, and not before, be opened to settlement under the
+terms of and subject to all the terms and conditions, limitations,
+reservations, and restrictions contained in said agreements, the
+statutes above specified, and the laws of the United States applicable
+thereto.
+
+The lands to be opened for settlement are for greater convenience
+particularly described in the accompanying schedule, entitled "Schedule
+of lands within the Lake Traverse Reservation opened to settlement by
+proclamation of the President dated April 11, 1892," and which schedule
+is made a part hereof.
+
+Warning, moreover, is hereby given that until said lands are opened to
+settlement as herein provided all persons save said Indians are
+forbidden to enter upon and occupy the same or any part thereof.
+
+And further notice is hereby given that it has been duly ordered that
+the lands mentioned and included in this proclamation shall be, and the
+same are, attached to the Fargo and Watertown land districts, in said
+States, as follows:
+
+1. All that portion of the Lake Traverse Reservation commencing at
+the northwest corner of said reservation; thence south 12 deg. 2' west,
+following the west boundary of the reservation, to the new seventh
+standard parallel, or boundary line between the States of North and
+South Dakota; thence east, following the new seventh standard parallel
+to its intersection with the north boundary of said Indian reservation;
+thence northwesterly with said boundary to the place of beginning, is
+attached to the Fargo land district, the office of which is now located
+at Fargo, N. Dak.
+
+2. All that portion of the Lake Traverse Reservation commencing at
+a point where the new seventh standard parallel intersects the west
+boundary of said reservation; thence southerly along the west boundary
+of said reservation to its extreme southern limit; thence northerly
+along the east boundary of said reservation to Lake Traverse; thence
+north with said lake to the northeast corner of the Lake Traverse Indian
+Reservation; thence westerly with the north boundary of said reservation
+to its intersection with the new seventh standard parallel, or boundary
+line between the States of North and South Dakota; thence with the new
+seventh standard parallel to the place of beginning, is attached to the
+Watertown land district, the office of which is now located at
+Watertown, S. Dak.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 11th day of April, A.D. 1892, and
+of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and sixteenth
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas by a written agreement made on the ---- day of October,
+1890, the Cheyenne and Arapahoe tribes of Indians ceded, conveyed,
+transferred, relinquished, and surrendered all their claim, title, and
+interest in and to the lands described in article 2 of said agreement
+as follows, to wit:
+
+  Commencing at a point where the Washita River crosses the ninety-eighth
+  degree of west longitude, as surveyed in the years 1858 and 1871;
+  thence north on a line with said ninety-eighth degree to the point
+  where it is crossed by the Red Fork of the Arkansas (sometimes called
+  the Cimarron River); thence up said river, in the middle of the main
+  channel thereof, to the north boundary of the country ceded to the
+  United States by the treaty of June 14, 1866, with the Creek Nation
+  of Indians; thence west on said north boundary and the north boundary
+  of the country ceded to the United States by the treaty of March 21,
+  1866, with the Seminole Indians to the one hundredth degree of west
+  longitude; thence south on the line of said one hundredth degree to the
+  point where it strikes the North Fork of the Red River; thence down
+  said North Fork of the Red River to a point where it strikes the north
+  line of the Kiowa and Conianclie Reservation; thence east along said
+  boundary to a point where it strikes the Washita River; thence down
+  said Washita River, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to the
+  place of beginning; and all other lands or tracts of country in the
+  Indian Territory to which they have or may set up or allege any right,
+  title, interest, or claim whatsoever.
+
+
+_Provided_, That every member of said tribes shall have an allotment
+of 160 acres of land, as in said agreement provided, to be selected
+within the tract of country so ceded, except land in any part of
+said reservation now used or occupied for military, agency, school,
+school-farm, religious, or other public uses, or in sections 16 or 36
+in each Congressional township, except, in cases where any Cheyenne or
+Arapahoe Indian has heretofore made improvements upon and now uses and
+occupies a part of said sections 16 and 36, such Indian may make his
+or her selection within the boundaries so prescribed so as to include
+his or her improvements; and except in that part of the lands by said
+agreement ceded, now occupied and claimed by the Wichita and affiliated
+bands of Indians described as follows, to wit:
+
+  Commencing at a point in the middle of the main channel of the Washita
+  River where the ninety-eighth meridian of west longitude crosses the
+  same; thence up the middle of the main channel of the said river to
+  the line of 98 deg. 40' west longitude; thence up said line of 98 deg. 40' due
+  north to the middle of the main channel of the main Canadian River;
+  thence down the middle of the main Canadian River to where it crosses
+  the ninety-eighth meridian; thence due south to the place of beginning.
+
+
+_And provided_, That said sections 16 and 36 in each Congressional
+township in said reservation shall not become subject to homestead
+entry, but shall be held by the United States and finally sold for
+public-school purposes; and that when the allotments of lands shall have
+been selected and taken by the members of the Cheyenne and Arapahoe
+tribes as aforesaid and approved by the Secretary of the Interior the
+title thereto shall be held in trust for the allottees, respectively,
+for the period of twenty-five years in the manner and to the extent
+provided for in the act of Congress approved February 8, 1887 (24 U.S.
+Statutes at Large, p. 388); and
+
+Whereas it is provided in the act of Congress accepting, ratifying, and
+confirming the said agreement with the Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians,
+approved March 3, 1891 (26 U.S. Statutes at Large, pp. 989-1044),
+section 16--
+
+  That whenever any of the lands acquired by either of the * * *
+  foregoing agreements respecting lands in the Indian or Oklahoma
+  Territory shall by operation of law or proclamation of the President
+  of the United States be opened to settlement they shall be disposed
+  of to actual settlers only, under the provisions of the homestead and
+  town-site laws, except section 2301 of the Revised Statutes of the
+  United States, which shall not apply: _Provided, however_, That each
+  settler on said lands shall before making a final proof and receiving
+  a certificate of entry pay to the United States for the land so taken
+  by him, in addition to the fees provided by law, and within five years
+  from the date of the first original entry, the sum of $1.50 per acre,
+  one-half of which shall be paid within two years; but the rights
+  of honorably discharged Union soldiers and sailors as defined and
+  described in sections 2304 and 2305 of the Revised Statutes of the
+  United States shall not be abridged except as to the sum to be paid
+  as aforesaid; and all the lands in Oklahoma are hereby declared to be
+  agricultural lands, and proof of their nonmineral character shall not
+  be required as a condition precedent to final entry.
+
+
+And whereas allotments of land in severalty to said Cheyenne and
+Arapahoe Indians have been made and approved in accordance with law and
+the provisions of the before-mentioned agreement with them; and
+
+Whereas the lands acquired by the said agreement hereinbefore mentioned
+have been divided into counties by the Secretary of the Interior, as
+required by said last-mentioned act of Congress, before the same shall
+be opened to settlement, and lands have been reserved for county-seat
+purposes as therein required, as follows, to wit:
+
+For County C, the south one-half of section 19, township 16 north, range
+11 west; for County D, the north one-half of section 13, township 18
+north, range 17 west; for County E, the south one-half of section 15,
+township 17 north, range 22 west; for County F, the south one-half of
+section 8, township 13 north, range 23 west; for County G, the north
+one-half of section 25, township 13 north, range 17 west; for County H,
+the south one-half of section 13, township 9 north, range 16 west; and
+
+Whereas it is provided by act of Congress for temporary government of
+Oklahoma, approved May 2, 1890, section 23 (26 U.S. Statutes at Large,
+p. 92), that there shall be reserved public highways 4 rods wide between
+each section of land in said Territory, the section lines being the
+center of said highways; but no deduction shall be made where cash
+payments are provided for in the amount to be paid for each quarter
+section of land by reason of such reservation; and
+
+Whereas all the terms, conditions, and considerations required by said
+agreement made with said tribes of Indians and by the laws relating
+thereto precedent to opening said lands to settlement have been, as
+I hereby declare, complied with:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+by virtue of the power in me vested by the statutes hereinbefore
+mentioned, also an act of Congress entitled "An act making
+appropriations for the current and contingent expenses of the Indian
+Department and for fulfilling treaty stipulations with various Indian
+tribes for the year ending June 30, 1892, and for other purposes,"
+approved March 3, 1891, and by other of the laws of the United States,
+and by said agreement, do hereby declare and make known that all of said
+lands hereinbefore described acquired from the Cheyenne and Arapahoe
+Indians by the agreement aforesaid, saving and excepting the lands
+allotted to the Indians as in said agreement provided, excepting also
+the lands hereinbefore described as occupied and claimed by the Wichita
+and affiliated bands of Indians, or otherwise reserved in pursuance of
+the provisions of said agreement and the said act of Congress ratifying
+the same, and other the laws relating thereto, will at the hour of
+12 o'clock noon (central standard time), Tuesday, the 19th day of
+the present month of April, and not before, be opened to settlement
+under the terms of and subject to all the conditions, limitations,
+reservations, and restrictions contained in said agreement, the statutes
+above specified, and the laws of the United States applicable thereto.
+
+The lands to be so opened to settlement are for greater convenience
+particularly described in the accompanying schedule, entitled "Schedule
+of lands within the Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indian Reservation, Oklahoma
+Territory, opened to settlement by proclamation of the President."
+
+Each entry shall be in square form as nearly as applicable; and no other
+lands in the Territory of Oklahoma are opened to settlement under this
+proclamation, the agreement with the said Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians,
+or the act ratifying the same.
+
+Notice, moreover, is hereby given that it is by law enacted that until
+said lands are opened to settlement by proclamation no person shall be
+permitted to enter upon and occupy the same, and no person violating
+this provision shall be permitted to enter any of said lands or acquire
+any right thereto, and that the officers of the United States will be
+required to enforce this provision.
+
+And further notice is hereby given that it has been duly ordered that
+the lands mentioned and included in this proclamation shall be, and the
+same are, attached to the Western land district, office at Kingfisher,
+and the Oklahoma land district, office at Oklahoma City, in said
+Territory of Oklahoma, as follows:
+
+1. All of said lands lying north of the township line between townships
+13 and 14 north are attached to the Western land district, the office of
+which is at Kingfisher, in said Territory.
+
+2. All of said lands lying south of the township line between townships
+13 and 14 north are attached to the Oklahoma land district, the office
+of which is at Oklahoma City, in the said Territory.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 12th day of April, A.D. 1892, and
+of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it is provided by section 13 of the act of Congress of March 3,
+1891, entitled "An act to amend Title LX, chapter 3, of the Revised
+Statutes of the United States, relating to copyrights," that said act
+"shall only apply to a citizen or subject of a foreign state or nation
+when such foreign state or nation permits to citizens of the United
+States of America the benefit of copyright on substantially the same
+basis as its own citizens, or when such foreign state or nation is a
+party to an international agreement which provides for reciprocity in
+the granting of copyright, by the terms of which agreement the United
+States of America may at its pleasure become a party to such agreement;"
+and
+
+Whereas it is also provided by said section that "the existence of
+either of the conditions aforesaid shall be determined by the President
+of the United States by proclamation made from time to time as the
+purposes of this act may require;" and
+
+Whereas in virtue of said section 13 of the aforesaid act of Congress
+a copyright agreement was signed at Washington on January 15, 1892, in
+the English and German languages, by the representatives of the United
+States of America and the German Empire, a true copy of the English
+version of which agreement is, word for word, as follows:
+
+  The President of the United States of America and His Majesty the
+  German Emperor, King of Prussia, in the name of the German Empire,
+  being actuated by the desire to extend to their subjects and citizens
+  the full benefit of the legal provisions in force in both countries
+  in regard to copyright, have to this end decided to conclude an
+  agreement and have appointed as their plenipotentiaries:
+
+  The President of the United States of America, James G. Blaine,
+  Secretary of State of the United States;
+
+  His Majesty the German Emperor, King of Prussia, Alfons Mumm von
+  Schwarzenstein, his charge d'affaires near the Government of the United
+  States of America, who, being duly authorized, have concluded the
+  following agreement, subject to due ratification:
+
+  ARTICLE I. Citizens of the United States of America shall enjoy in
+  the German Empire the protection of copyright as regards works of
+  literature and art, as well as photographs, against illegal
+  reproduction, on the same basis on which such protection is granted
+  to subjects of the Empire.
+
+  ART. II. The United States Government engages in return that the
+  President of the United States shall, in pursuance of section 13 of
+  the act of Congress of March 3, 1891, issue the proclamation therein
+  provided for in regard to the extension of the provisions of that act
+  to German subjects as soon as the Secretary of State shall have been
+  officially notified that the present agreement has received the
+  necessary legislative sanction in the German Empire.
+
+  ART. III. This agreement shall be ratified and the ratifications shall
+  be exchanged at Washington as soon as possible.
+
+  The agreement shall go into operation at the expiration of three weeks
+  from the date of the exchange of its ratifications, and shall be
+  applicable only to works not published at the time when it shall have
+  gone into operation. It shall remain in force until the expiration of
+  three months from the day on which notice of a desire for the cessation
+  of its effects shall have been given by one of the contracting parties.
+
+  Done in duplicate in the English and German languages, at the city of
+  Washington, this 15th day of January, 1892.
+
+  JAMES G. BLAINE. [SEAL.]
+  A. v. MUMM. [SEAL.]
+
+
+And whereas the official notification contemplated by Article II of the
+said agreement has been received by this Government:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States
+of America, do declare and proclaim that the first of the conditions
+specified in section 13 of the act of March 3, 1891, is now fulfilled
+in respect to the subjects of the German Empire.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, the 15th day of April, 1892, and of the
+Independence of the United States the one hundred and sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas, pursuant to section 3 of the act of Congress approved October
+1, 1890, entitled "An act to reduce the revenue and equalize duties on
+imports, and for other purposes," the Secretary of State of the United
+States of America communicated to the Government of Honduras the action
+of the Congress of the United States of America, with a view to secure
+reciprocal trade, in declaring the articles enumerated in said section 3
+to be exempt from duty upon their importation into the United States of
+America; and
+
+Whereas the consul-general of Honduras at New York has communicated to
+the Secretary of State the fact that, in reciprocity for the admission
+into the United States of America free of all duty of the articles
+enumerated in section 3 of said act, the Government of Honduras will by
+due legal enactment, as a provisional measure and until a more complete
+arrangement may be negotiated and put in operation, admit free of all
+duty, from and after May 25, 1892, into all the established ports of
+entry of Honduras the articles or merchandise named in the following
+schedule, provided that the same be the product or manufacture of the
+United States:
+
+
+  SCHEDULE OF PRODUCTS AND MANUFACTURES FROM THE UNITED STATES WHICH THE
+  REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS WILL ADMIT FREE OF ALL CUSTOMS, MUNICIPAL, AND ANY
+  OTHER KIND OF DUTY.
+
+   1. Animals for breeding purposes.
+
+   2. Corn, rice, barley, and rye.
+
+   3. Beans.
+
+   4. Hay and straw for forage.
+
+   5. Fruits, fresh.
+
+   6. Preparations of flour in biscuits, crackers not sweetened,
+      macaroni, vermicelli, and tallarin.
+
+   7. Coal, mineral.
+
+   8. Roman cement.
+
+   9. Hydraulic lime.
+
+  10. Bricks, fire bricks, and crucibles for melting.
+
+  11. Marble, dressed, for furniture, statues, fountains, gravestones,
+      and building purposes.
+
+  12. Tar, vegetable and mineral.
+
+  13. Guano and other fertilizers, natural or artificial.
+
+  14. Plows and all other agricultural tools and implements.
+
+  15. Machinery of all kinds, including sewing machines, and separate
+      or extra parts of the same.
+
+  16. Materials of all kinds for the construction and equipment of
+      railroads.
+
+  17. Materials of all kinds for the construction and operation of
+      telegraphic and telephonic lines.
+
+  18. Materials of all kinds for lighting by electricity and gas.
+
+  19. Materials of all kinds for the construction of wharves.
+
+  20. Apparatus for distilling liquors.
+
+  21. Wood of all kinds for building, in trunks or pieces, beams,
+      rafters, planks, boards, shingles, or flooring.
+
+  22. Wooden staves, heads, and hoops, and barrels and boxes for
+      packing, mounted or in pieces.
+
+  23. Houses of wood or iron, complete or in parts.
+
+  24. Wagons, carts, and carriages of all kinds.
+
+  25. Barrels, casks, and tanks of iron for water.
+
+  26. Tubes of iron and all other accessories necessary for water supply.
+
+  27. Wire, barbed, and staples for fences.
+
+  28. Plates of iron for building purposes.
+
+  29. Mineral ores.
+
+  30. Kettles of iron for making salt.
+
+  31. Sugar boilers.
+
+  32. Molds for sugar.
+
+  33. Guys for mining purposes.
+
+  34. Furnaces and instruments for assaying metals.
+
+  35. Scientific instruments.
+
+  36. Models of machinery and buildings.
+
+  37. Boats, lighters, tackle, anchors, chains, girtlines, sails, and all
+      other articles for vessels, to be used in the ports, lakes, and
+      rivers of the Republic.
+
+  38. Printing materials, including presses, type, ink, and all other
+      accessories.
+
+  39. Printed books, pamphlets, and newspapers, bound or unbound, maps,
+      photographs, printed music, and paper for music.
+
+  40. Paper for printing newspapers.
+
+  41. Quicksilver.
+
+  42. Loadstones.
+
+  43. Hops.
+
+  44. Sulphate of quinine.
+
+  45. Gold and silver in bars, dust, or coin.
+
+  46. Samples of merchandise the duties on which do not exceed $1.
+
+
+It is understood that the packages or coverings in which the articles
+named in the foregoing schedule are imported shall be free of duty if
+they are usual and proper for the purpose.
+
+And that the Government of Honduras has further stipulated that the laws
+and regulations adopted to protect its revenue and prevent fraud in the
+declarations and proof that the articles named in the foregoing schedule
+are the product or manufacture of the United States of America shall
+impose no additional charges on the importer nor undue restrictions on
+the articles imported; and
+
+Whereas the Secretary of State has, by my direction, given assurance
+to the consul-general of Honduras at New York that this action of the
+Government of Honduras in granting freedom of duties to the products and
+manufactures of the United States of America on their importation into
+Honduras and in stipulating for a more complete reciprocity arrangement
+is accepted as a due reciprocity for the action of Congress as set forth
+in section 3 of said act:
+
+Now, therefore, be it known that I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the
+United States of America, have caused the above-stated modifications of
+the tariff laws of Honduras to be made public for the information of the
+citizens of the United States of America.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 30th day of April, 1892, and of
+the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and
+sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas, pursuant to section 3 of the act of Congress approved October
+1, 1890, entitled "An act to reduce the revenue and equalize duties on
+imports, and for other purposes," the Secretary of State of the United
+States of America communicated to the Government of Guatemala the action
+of the Congress of the United States of America, with a view to secure
+reciprocal trade, in declaring the articles enumerated in said section 3
+to be exempt from duty upon their importation into the United States of
+America; and
+
+Whereas the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of
+Guatemala at Washington has communicated to the Secretary of State the
+fact that, in reciprocity for the admission into the United States of
+America free of all duty of the articles enumerated in section 3 of said
+act, the Government of Guatemala will by due legal enactment of the
+National Congress of that Republic admit free of all duty, from and
+after the 30th day after the passage of the said act by the Congress of
+Guatemala, into all the established ports of entry of that Republic the
+articles or merchandise named in the following schedule, provided that
+the same be the product or manufacture of the United States:
+
+
+    SCHEDULE OF ARTICLES THE PRODUCT OR MANUFACTURE OF THE UNITED STATES
+    TO BE ADMITTED INTO GUATEMALA FREE OF ALL CUSTOMS DUTIES AND OF ANY
+    NATIONAL OR MUNICIPAL DUES AND NATIONAL PORT CHARGES.
+
+   1. Live animals.
+
+   2. Barley, corn or maize, and rye.
+
+   3. Corn meal.
+
+   4. Potatoes, pease, and beans.
+
+   5. Fresh vegetables.
+
+   6. Rice.
+
+   7. Hay and straw for forage.
+
+   8. Tar, pitch, resin, turpentine, and asphalt.
+
+   9. Cotton-seed oil and other products of said seed.
+
+  10. Quicksilver.
+
+  11. Mineral coal.
+
+  12. Guano and other fertilizers.
+
+  13. Lumber and timber, in the rough or prepared for building purposes.
+
+  14. Houses of wood or iron, complete or in parts.
+
+  15. Fire bricks, lime, cement, shingles, and tiles of clay or glass
+      for roofing and construction of buildings.
+
+  16. Marble in slabs, columns, cornices, door and window frames,
+      and fountains, and dressed or undressed marble for buildings.
+
+  17. Piping of clay, glazed or unglazed, for aqueducts and sewers.
+
+  18. Wire, plain or barbed, for fences, with hooks and staples for same.
+
+  19. Printed books, bound or unbound; printed music; maps, charts,
+      and globes.
+
+  20. Materials for the construction and equipment of railways.
+
+  21. Materials for electrical illumination.
+
+  22. Materials expressly for the construction of wharves.
+
+  23. Anchors and hoisting tackle.
+
+  24. Railings of cast or wrought iron.
+
+  25. Balconies of cast or wrought iron.
+
+  26. Window blinds of wood or metal.
+
+  27. Iron fireplaces or stoves.
+
+  28. Machinery, including steam machinery for agriculture and mining,
+      and separate parts of the same.
+
+  29. Gold and silver, in bullion, dust, or coin.
+
+
+It is understood that the packages or coverings in which the articles
+named in the foregoing schedule are imported shall enter free of duty
+if they are usual and proper for the purpose.
+
+And whereas the Government of Guatemala has further stipulated that the
+laws and regulations adopted to protect its revenue and prevent fraud
+in the declarations and proof that the articles named in the foregoing
+schedule are the product or manufacture of the United States of America
+shall impose no undue restrictions on the importer and no additional
+charges on the articles imported; and
+
+Whereas the Secretary of State has, by my direction, given assurance to
+the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Guatemala at
+Washington that this action of the Government of Guatemala in granting
+freedom of duties to the products and manufactures of the United States
+of America on their importation into Guatemala, is accepted as a due
+reciprocity for the action of Congress as set forth in section 3 of said
+act; and
+
+Whereas the diplomatic representative of the United States of America at
+the city of Guatemala has been advised by the Government of Guatemala
+of the passage on April 30, 1892, of an act by the National Congress of
+that Republic approving the commercial arrangement concluded between the
+Governments of the two Republics and of the issue of a decree admitting,
+on and after the 30th day of May, 1892, the articles mentioned in the
+above schedule being the product or manufacture of the United States of
+America into the ports of Guatemala free of all duties whatsoever:
+
+Now, therefore, be it known that I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the
+United States of America, have caused the above-stated modifications of
+the tariff laws of Guatemala to be made public for the information of
+the citizens of the United States of America.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 18th day of May, 1892, and of the
+Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and
+sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JAMES G. BLAINE,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas, pursuant to section 3 of the act of Congress approved October
+1, 1890, entitled "An act to reduce the revenue and equalize duties on
+imports, and for other purposes," the attention of the Government of
+Austria-Hungary was called to the action of the Congress of the United
+States of America, with a view to secure reciprocal trade, in declaring
+the articles enumerated in said section 3 to be exempt from duty upon
+their importation into the United States of America; and
+
+Whereas the minister plenipotentiary of Austria-Hungary at Washington
+has communicated to the Secretary of State the fact that, in view of the
+act of Congress above cited, the Government of Austria-Hungary has by
+due legal enactment authorized the admission, from and after May 25,
+1892, into Austria-Hungary of all the articles of merchandise the
+product of the United States of America named in the commercial treaties
+which Austria-Hungary has celebrated with Germany and other nations on
+the terms stated in said treaties; and
+
+Whereas the Secretary of State has, by my direction, given assurance to
+the minister plenipotentiary of Austria-Hungary at Washington that this
+action of the Government of Austria-Hungary in granting exemption of
+duties to the products and manufactures of the United States of America
+on their importation into Austria-Hungary is accepted as a due
+reciprocity for the action of Congress as set forth in section 3 of said
+act:
+
+Now, therefore, be it known that I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the
+United States of America, have caused the above-stated modifications of
+the tariff laws of Austria-Hungary to be made public for the information
+of the citizens of the United States of America.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 26th day of May, 1892, and of the
+Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and
+sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  WILLIAM F. WHARTON,
+    _Acting Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it is provided by section 24 of the act of Congress approved
+March 3, 1891, entitled "An act to repeal timber-culture laws, and for
+other purposes"--
+
+  That the President of the United States may from time to time set
+  apart and reserve in any State or Territory having public land bearing
+  forests, in any part of the public lands wholly or in part covered with
+  timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not, as public
+  reservations; and the President shall by public proclamation declare
+  the establishment of such reservations and the limits thereof.
+
+
+And whereas the public lands in the State of Oregon within the limits
+hereinafter described are in part covered with timber, and it appears
+that the public good would be promoted by setting apart and reserving
+said lands as a public reservation:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+by virtue of the power in me vested by section 24 of the aforesaid act
+of Congress, do hereby make known and proclaim that there is hereby
+reserved from entry or settlement and set apart as a public reservation
+all those certain tracts, pieces, or parcels of land lying and being
+situate in the State of Oregon and particularly described as follows,
+to wit:
+
+Beginning at the northwest corner of section six (6), township one (1)
+south, range six (6) east, Willamette meridian; thence easterly on the
+base line between townships one (1) north and one (1) south to the
+southwest corner of section thirty-two (32), township one (1) north,
+range six (6) east; thence northerly on the section line between
+sections thirty-one (31) and thirty-two (32) to the northwest corner of
+section thirty-two (32); thence easterly on the section line between
+sections twenty-nine (29) and thirty-two (32) to the northeast corner of
+section thirty-two (32); thence northerly on the section line between
+sections twenty-eight (28) and twenty-nine (29) to the northwest corner
+of section twenty-eight (28); thence easterly on the section line
+between sections twenty-one (21) and twenty-eight (28) to the northeast
+corner of section twenty-eight (28); thence northerly on the section
+line between sections twenty-one (21) and twenty-two (22) to the
+northwest corner of section twenty-two (22); thence easterly on the
+section line between sections fifteen (15) and twenty-two (22) and
+fourteen (14) and twenty-three (23) to the northeast corner of section
+twenty-three (23); thence northerly along the section line between
+sections thirteen (13) and fourteen (14) and eleven (11) and twelve (12)
+to the northwest corner of section twelve (12); thence easterly on the
+section line between sections one (1) and twelve (12) to the northeast
+corner of section twelve (12); thence northerly on the eastern boundary
+of section one (1) to the northeast corner of section one (1), all of
+said sections being in township one (1) north, range six (6) east;
+thence easterly to a point for the northeast corner of township one (1)
+north, range seven (7) east; thence southerly to a point for the
+southeast corner of section one (1), township one (1) north, range
+seven (7) east; thence easterly to a point for the northeast corner of
+section eight (8), township one (1) north, range eight (8) east; thence
+southerly to a point for the northeast corner of section thirty-two (32)
+of said township and range; thence easterly to a point for the northeast
+corner of section thirty-three (33) of said township and range; thence
+southerly to the southeast corner of section thirty-three (33) of said
+township and range; thence westerly along the base line to the northwest
+corner of section four (4), township one (1) south, range eight (8)
+east; thence southerly on the section line between sections four (4) and
+five (5) and eight (8) and nine (9) to the southeast corner of section
+eight (8); thence easterly along the section line between sections nine
+(9) and sixteen (16) to a point for the northeast corner of section
+sixteen (16); thence southerly along the section line between sections
+fifteen (15) and sixteen (16) to the southeast corner of section sixteen
+(16); thence easterly along the section line between sections fifteen
+(15) and twenty-two to the northeast corner of section twenty-two (22);
+thence southerly between sections twenty-two (22), twenty-three (23),
+twenty-six (26), twenty-seven (27), thirty-four (34), and thirty-five
+(35) to the southeast corner of section thirty-four (34); thence
+easterly along the southern boundary line of sections thirty-five (35)
+and thirty-six (36) to the southeast corner of section thirty-six (36),
+all of said sections being in township one (1) south, range eight (8)
+east; thence southerly to a point for the southeast corner of township
+two (2) south, range eight (8) east; thence westerly to the southeast
+corner of township two (2) south, range seven (7) east; thence northerly
+along the eastern boundary line of sections thirty-six (36), twenty-five
+(25), twenty-four (24), and thirteen (13), township two (2) south, range
+seven (7) east, to the southeast corner of section twelve (12) of said
+township and range; thence westerly along the section line between
+sections twelve (12) and thirteen (13), eleven (11) and fourteen (14),
+ten (10) and fifteen (15), nine (9) and sixteen (16), eight (8) and
+seventeen (17), and seven (7) and eighteen (18), township two (2) south,
+range seven (7) east, and sections twelve (12) and thirteen (13), eleven
+(11) and fourteen (14), ten (10) and fifteen (15), nine (9) and sixteen
+(16), eight (8) and seventeen (17), and seven (7) and eighteen (18),
+township two (2) south, range six (6) east, to the southwest corner of
+section seven (7) of said township and range; thence northerly along the
+western boundary of section seven (7) to the northwest corner of said
+section, township two (2) south, range six (6) east; thence westerly on
+the section line between sections one (1) and twelve (12), two (2) and
+eleven (11), three (3) and ten (10), and four (4) and nine (9) to the
+southwest corner of section four (4), township two (2) south, range five
+(5) east; thence northerly on the section line between sections four (4)
+and five (5) to the northwest corner of section four (4) in said
+township and range; thence easterly on the township line between
+townships one (1) and two (2) south, range five (5) east, to the
+southwest corner of section thirty-five (35), township one (1) south,
+range five (5) east; thence northerly on the section line between
+sections thirty-four (34), thirty-five (35), twenty-six (26),
+twenty-seven (27), twenty-two (22), and twenty-three (23) to the
+northwest corner of section twenty-three (23) of said township and
+range; thence easterly on the section line between sections fourteen
+(14) and twenty-three (23), thirteen (13) and twenty-four (24), to the
+northeast corner of section twenty-four (24) of said township and range;
+thence northerly along the range line between ranges five (5) and six
+(6) east to the place of beginning.
+
+Excepting from the force and effect of this proclamation all lands which
+may have been prior to the date hereof embraced in any legal entry or
+covered by any lawful filing duly of record in the proper United States
+land office, or upon which any valid settlement has been made pursuant
+to law and the statutory period within which to make entry or filing
+of record has not expired, and all mining claims duly located and held
+according to the laws of the United States and rules and regulations
+not in conflict therewith.
+
+_Provided_, That this exception shall not continue to apply to any
+particular tract of land unless the entryman, settler, or claimant
+continues to comply with the law under which the entry, filing,
+settlement, or location was made.
+
+Warning is hereby expressly given to all persons not to enter or make
+settlement upon the tract of land reserved by this proclamation.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 17th day of June, A.D. 1892, and of
+the Independence of the United States the one hundred and sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  WILLIAM F. WHARTON,
+_Acting Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it is provided by section 24 of the act of Congress approved
+March 3, 1891, entitled "An act to repeal timber-culture laws, and for
+other purposes"--
+
+  That the President of the United States may from time to time set
+  apart and reserve in any State or Territory having public land bearing
+  forests, in any part of the public lands wholly or in part covered with
+  timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not, as public
+  reservations; and the President shall by public proclamation declare
+  the establishment of such reservations and the limits thereof.
+
+
+And whereas the public lands in the State of Colorado within the limits
+hereinafter described are in part covered with timber, and it appears
+that the public good would be promoted by setting apart and reserving
+said lands as a public reservation:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, by
+virtue of the power in me vested by section 24 of the aforesaid act of
+Congress, do hereby make known and proclaim that there is hereby
+reserved from entry or settlement and set apart as a public reservation
+all those certain tracts, pieces, or parcels of land lying and being
+situate in the State of Colorado and particularly described as follows,
+to wit:
+
+Township ten (10) south of ranges sixty-eight (68), sixty-nine (69), and
+seventy (70) west; township nine (9) south of ranges sixty-eight (68)
+and sixty-nine (69) west; township eight (8) south of range sixty-nine
+(69) west, and so much of township ten (10) south of range seventy-one
+(71) west, township nine (9) south of range seventy (70) west, township
+eight (8) south of range seventy (70) west, and township seven (7) south
+of range sixty-nine (69) west as lie to the eastward of the South Platte
+River.
+
+Excepting from the force and effect of this proclamation all lands which
+may have been prior to the date hereof embraced in any legal entry or
+covered by any lawful filing duly of record in the proper United States
+land office, or upon which any valid settlement has been made pursuant
+to law and the statutory period within which to make entry or filing of
+record has not expired, and all mining claims duly located and held
+according to the laws of the United States and rules and regulations not
+in conflict therewith.
+
+_Provided_, That this exception shall not continue to apply to any
+particular tract of land unless the entryman, settler, or claimant
+continues to comply with the law under which the entry, filing,
+settlement, or location was made.
+
+Warning is hereby expressly given to all persons not to enter or make
+settlement upon the tract of land reserved by this proclamation.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 23d day of June, A.D. 1892, and of
+the Independence of the United States the one hundred and sixteenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  WILLIAM F. WHARTON,
+    _Acting Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+_To whom it may concern_:
+
+Whereas the governor of the State of Idaho has represented to me that
+within said State there exist an insurrection and condition of domestic
+violence and resistance to the laws to meet and overcome which the
+resources at his command are unequal; and
+
+Whereas he has further represented that the legislature of said State
+is not now in session and can not be promptly convened; and
+
+Whereas by reason of said conditions the said governor, as chief
+executive of the State, has called upon me, as Chief Executive of the
+Government of the United States, for assistance in repressing said
+violence and restoring and maintaining the peace:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+by virtue of section 4, Article IV, of the Constitution of the United
+States and of the laws of Congress enacted in pursuance thereof,
+do hereby command all persons engaged in said insurrection and in
+resistance to the laws to immediately disperse and retire peaceably
+to their respective abodes.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 15th day of July, A.D. 1892, and of
+the Independence of the United States the one hundred and seventeenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JOHN W. FOSTER,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas by a joint resolution approved June 29, 1892, it was resolved by
+the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America
+in Congress assembled--
+
+  That the President of the United States be authorized and directed to
+  issue a proclamation recommending to the people the observance in all
+  their localities of the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of
+  America, on the 21st of October, 1892, by public demonstrations and by
+  suitable exercises in their schools and other places of assembly.
+
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States
+of America, in pursuance of the aforesaid joint resolution, do hereby
+appoint Friday, October 21, 1892, the four hundredth anniversary of the
+discovery of America by Columbus, as a general holiday for the people of
+the United States. On that day let the people, so far as possible, cease
+from toil and devote themselves to such exercises as may best express
+honor to the discoverer and their appreciation of the great achievements
+of the four completed centuries of American life.
+
+Columbus stood in his age as the pioneer of progress and enlightenment.
+The system of universal education is in our age the most prominent and
+salutary feature of the spirit of enlightenment, and it is peculiarly
+appropriate that the schools be made by the people the center of the
+day's demonstration. Let the national flag float over every schoolhouse
+in the country and the exercises be such as shall impress upon our youth
+the patriotic duties of American citizenship.
+
+In the churches and in the other places of assembly of the people let
+there be expressions of gratitude to Divine Providence for the devout
+faith of the discoverer and for the divine care and guidance which has
+directed our history and so abundantly blessed our people.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 21st day of July, A.D. 1892, and of
+the Independence of the United States the one hundred and seventeenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JOHN W. FOSTER,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas by reason of unlawful obstructions, combinations, and
+assemblages of persons it has become impracticable, in my judgment, to
+enforce by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings the laws of the
+United States within the State and district of Wyoming, the United
+States marshal, after repeated efforts, being unable by his ordinary
+deputies or by any civil posse which he is able to obtain to execute the
+process of the United States courts:
+
+Now, therefore, be it known that I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the
+United States, do hereby command all persons engaged in such resistance
+to the laws and the process of the courts of the United States to cease
+such opposition and resistance and to disperse and retire peaceably to
+their respective abodes on or before Wednesday, the 3d day of August
+next.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 30th day of July, A.D. 1892, and of
+the Independence of the United States the one hundred and seventeenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JOHN W. FOSTER,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas by an act of Congress approved July 26, 1892, entitled "An act
+to enforce reciprocal commercial relations between the United States and
+Canada, and for other purposes," it is provided--
+
+  That with a view of securing reciprocal advantages for the citizens,
+  ports, and vessels of the United States, on and after the 1st day
+  of August, 1892, whenever and so often as the President shall be
+  satisfied that the passage through any canal or lock connected with the
+  navigation of the St. Lawrence River, the Great Lakes, or the waterways
+  connecting the same of any vessels of the United States, or of cargoes
+  or passengers in transit to any port of the United States, is
+  prohibited or is made difficult or burdensome by the imposition of
+  tolls or otherwise which, in view of the free passage through the St.
+  Marys Falls Canal now permitted to vessels of all nations, he shall
+  deem to be reciprocally unjust and unreasonable, he shall have the
+  power, and it shall be his duty, to suspend, by proclamation to that
+  effect, for such time and to such extent (including absolute
+  prohibition) as he shall deem just, the right of free passage through
+  the St. Marys Falls Canal so far as it relates to vessels owned by the
+  subjects of the government so discriminating against the citizens,
+  ports, or vessels of the United States or to any cargoes, portions of
+  cargoes, or passengers in transit to the ports of the government making
+  such discrimination, whether carried in vessels of the United States or
+  of other nations.
+
+  In such case and during such suspension tolls shall be levied,
+  collected, and paid as follows, to wit: Upon freight of whatever kind
+  or description not to exceed $2 per ton, upon passengers not to exceed
+  $5 each, as shall be from time to time determined by the President:
+  _Provided_, That no tolls shall be charged or collected upon freight
+  or passengers carried to and landed at Ogdensburg, or any port west of
+  Ogdensburg and south of a line drawn from the northern boundary of the
+  State of New York through the St. Lawrence River, the Great Lakes, and
+  their connecting channels to the northern boundary of the State of
+  Minnesota.
+
+  SEC. 2. All tolls so charged shall be collected under such
+  regulations as shall be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury,
+  who may require the master of each vessel to furnish a sworn statement
+  of the amount and kind of cargo and the number of passengers carried
+  and the destination of the same, and such proof of the actual delivery
+  of such cargo or passengers at some port or place within the limits
+  above named as he shall deem satisfactory; and until such proof is
+  furnished such freight and passengers may be considered to have been
+  landed at some port or place outside of those limits, and the amount
+  of tolls which would have accrued if they had been so delivered shall
+  constitute a lien, which may be enforced against the vessel in default
+  wherever and whenever found in the waters of the United States.
+
+
+And whereas the government of the Dominion of Canada imposes a toll
+amounting to about 20 cents per ton on all freight passing through the
+Welland Canal in transit to a port of the United States, and also a
+further toll on all vessels of the United States and on all passengers
+in transit to a port of the United States, all of which tolls are
+without rebate; and
+
+Whereas the government of the Dominion of Canada, in accordance with
+an order in council of April 4, 1892, refunds 18 cents per ton of the
+20-cent toll at the Welland Canal on wheat, Indian corn, pease, barley,
+rye, oats, flaxseed, and buckwheat upon condition that they are
+originally shipped for and carried to Montreal or some port east of
+Montreal for export, and that if transshipped at an intermediate point
+such transshipment is made within the Dominion of Canada, but allows no
+such nor any other rebate on said products when shipped to a port of
+the United States or when carried to Montreal for export if transshipped
+within the United States; and
+
+Whereas the government of the Dominion of Canada by said system of
+rebate and otherwise discriminates against the citizens of the United
+States in the use of said Welland Canal, in violation of the provisions
+of Article XXVII of the treaty of Washington concluded May 8, 1871; and
+
+Whereas said Welland Canal is connected with the navigation of the Great
+Lakes, and I am satisfied that the passage through it of cargoes in
+transit to ports of the United States is made difficult and burdensome
+by said discriminating system of rebate and otherwise and is
+reciprocally unjust and unreasonable:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin, Harrison, President of the United States of
+America, by virtue of the power to that end conferred upon me by said
+act of Congress approved July 26, 1892, do hereby direct that from and
+after September 1, 1892, until further notice a toll of 20 cents per
+ton be levied, collected, and paid on all freight of whatever kind or
+description passing through the St. Marys Falls Canal in transit to any
+port of the Dominion of Canada, whether carried in vessels of the United
+States or of other nations; and to that extent I do hereby suspend from
+and after said date the right of free passage through said St. Marys
+Falls Canal of any and all cargoes or portions of cargoes in transit
+to Canadian ports.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 18th day of August, A.D. 1892, and
+of the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and
+seventeenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JOHN W. FOSTER,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas by a written agreement made on the 8th day of December, 1890,
+the Crow tribe of Indians, in the State of Montana, agreed to dispose
+of and sell to the United States, for certain considerations in said
+agreement specified, all that portion of the Crow Indian Reservation
+in the State of Montana lying west and south of the following lines,
+to wit:
+
+  Beginning in the mid-channel of the Yellowstone River at a point which
+  is the northwest corner of section No. 36, township No. 2 north of
+  range 27 east of the principal meridian of Montana; thence running in
+  a southwesterly direction, following the top of the natural divide
+  between the waters flowing into the Yellowstone and Clarks Fork rivers
+  upon the west and those flowing into Pryor Creek and West Pryor Creek
+  on the east, to the base of West Pryor Mountain; thence due south and
+  up the north slope of said Pryor Mountain on a true meridian line to a
+  point 15 miles due north from the established line between Montana and
+  Wyoming; thence in a due easterly course on a parallel of latitude to a
+  point where it intersects the mid-channel of the Big Horn River; thence
+  following up the mid-channel of said river to a point where it crosses
+  the Montana and Wyoming State line.
+
+
+And whereas it is stipulated in the eleventh clause or section of said
+agreement that all lands upon that portion of the reservation by said
+agreement ceded which prior to the date thereof had been allotted in
+severalty to Indians of the Crow tribe shall be retained and enjoyed by
+them; and
+
+Whereas it is provided in the twelfth clause or section of said
+agreement that, in accordance with the provisions of article 6 of the
+treaty of May 7, A.D. 1868, said cession of lands shall not be construed
+to deprive without his or her consent any individual Indian of the Crow
+tribe of his or her right to any tract of land selected by him or her in
+conformity with said treaty or as provided by the agreement approved by
+Congress April 11, A.D. 1882; and
+
+Whereas it is further provided in said twelfth clause or section that in
+ratifying said agreement the Congress of the United States shall cause
+all such lands to be surveyed and certificates duly issued for the same
+to said Indians, as provided in the treaty of May 7, 1868, before said
+ceded portion of the reservation shall be opened for settlement; and
+
+Whereas by the thirteenth clause or section of said agreement of
+December 8, 1890, it is made a condition of said agreement that it
+shall not be binding upon either party until ratified by the Congress of
+the United States, and when so ratified that said cession of lands so
+acquired by the United States shall not be opened for settlement until
+the boundary lines set forth and described in said agreement have been
+surveyed and definitely marked by suitable permanent monuments, erected
+every half mile wherever practicable, along the entire length of said
+boundary line; and
+
+Whereas said agreement was duly ratified and confirmed by the
+thirty-first section of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1891; and
+
+Whereas it is provided in section 34 of said act of March 3, 1891--
+
+  That whenever any of the lands acquired by the agreement with said
+  Crow Indians hereby ratified and confirmed shall by operation of law
+  or the proclamation of the President of the United States be open to
+  settlement, they shall, except mineral lands, be disposed of to actual
+  settlers only under the provisions of the homestead laws, except
+  section 2301 of the Revised Statutes, which shall not apply: _Provided,
+  however_, That each settler under and in accordance with the provisions
+  of said homestead laws shall before receiving a patent for his
+  homestead pay to the United States for the land so taken by him, in
+  addition to the fees provided by law, and within five years from the
+  date of the first original entry, the sum of $1.50 for each acre
+  thereof, one-half of which shall be paid within two years; and any
+  person otherwise qualified who has attempted to but for any cause
+  failed to secure a title in fee to a homestead under existing law, or
+  who made entry under what is known as the commuted provision of the
+  homestead law, shall be qualified to make a homestead entry upon any
+  of said lands in conformity with the provisions of this section; that
+  any person who may be entitled to the privilege of selecting land in
+  severalty under the provisions of article 6 of the treaty of May 7,
+  1868, with the Crow Indians, and which provisions were continued in
+  force by the agreement with said Indians ratified and confirmed by
+  the act of Congress approved April 11, 1882, or any other act or
+  treaty, shall have the right for a period of sixty days to make such
+  selections in any part of the territory by said agreement ceded, and
+  such locations are hereby confirmed: _Provided further_, That all
+  white persons who located upon said Crow Reservation by reason of an
+  erroneous survey of the boundary and were afterwards allowed to file
+  upon their location in the United States land office shall have thirty
+  days in which to renew their filings, and their locations are hereby
+  confirmed; and that in all cases where claims were located under the
+  mining laws of the United States, and such location was made prior to
+  December 1, 1890, by a locator qualified therefor who believed that he
+  or she was so locating on lands outside the Crow Indian Reservation,
+  such locator shall be allowed thirty days within which to relocate the
+  said mining claims so theretofore located by them within the limits
+  of the ceded portion of said Crow Indian Reservation, and upon such
+  relocation such proceedings shall be had as are conformable to law
+  and in accordance with the provisions of this act.
+
+
+And whereas the boundary lines of said ceded lands have been duly
+surveyed and marked as stipulated in the thirteenth clause or section of
+said agreement; and
+
+Whereas a written agreement was concluded with said Crow Indians on the
+27th day of August, 1892, under and by virtue of the following clause in
+the Indian appropriation act of Congress approved July 13, 1892, to wit:
+
+  * * * To enable the Secretary of the Interior, in his discretion, to
+  appoint a commission to negotiate with the Crow Indians of Montana for
+  a modification of the agreement concluded with said Indians December 8,
+  1890, and ratified by Congress March 3, 1891, and to pay the necessary
+  and actual expenses of said commissioners: _Provided_, That no such
+  modification shall be valid unless assented to by a majority of the
+  male adult members of the Crow tribe of Indians and be approved by the
+  Secretary of the Interior.
+
+
+Which said agreement was assented to by a majority of the male adult
+members of the Crow tribe of Indians, as attested by their signatures
+thereto, and has been duly approved by the Secretary of the Interior;
+and
+
+Whereas it is stipulated and agreed in the first clause or section of
+said agreement of August 27, 1892, that the persons named in a schedule
+attached to and made a part of said agreement, marked "Schedule A,"
+include all the members of said Crow tribe who are entitled to the
+benefits of the eleventh section of said agreement of December 8, 1890,
+and that each of said persons is entitled to the land therein described
+as his selection in full satisfaction of his claim under said section;
+and that the persons named in a schedule attached to and made a part of
+said agreement of August 27, 1892, marked "Schedule B," include all the
+members of said tribe who are entitled to the benefits of the twelfth
+section of said agreement of December 8, 1890, and of the proviso of the
+thirty-fourth section of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1891,
+extending the privilege of making selections on the ceded lands for a
+period of sixty days, and that each of the said persons therein named is
+entitled to retain the tract of land theretofore selected by him within
+the limits of the tract of land therein described as containing his
+selection of his claim under the said section (or the said proviso); and
+
+Whereas it is stipulated and agreed by the second clause or section
+of said agreement of August 27, 1892, that all lands ceded by said
+agreement may be opened to settlement, upon the approval of the said
+agreement, by proclamation of the President:
+
+  _Provided_, That all lands within the ceded tract selected or set
+  apart for the use of individual Indians and described in the aforesaid
+  Schedules "A" and "B" shall be exempt from cession and shall remain
+  a part of the Crow Indian Reservation, and shall continue under the
+  exclusive control of the Interior Department until they shall have been
+  surveyed and certificates or patents issued therefor as provided in the
+  agreement of December 8, 1890, or until relinquished or surrendered by
+  the Indian or Indians claiming the same: _Provided further_, That such
+  lands shall be described as set forth in Schedules "A" and "B," and
+  shall be exempted from settlement in the proclamation of the President
+  opening the ceded lands, and that where lands so set apart are not
+  described by legal subdivisions then the township or section or tract of
+  land within whose limits such Indians' selections are located shall not
+  be opened to settlement until the Indian allotments therein contained
+  shall have been surveyed and proper evidence of title issued therefor.
+
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+by virtue of the power in me vested by the agreements and statutes
+hereinbefore mentioned and by other the laws of the United States, do
+hereby declare and make known that all of the lands within that portion
+of the Crow Indian Reservation in Montana ceded to the United States
+by the said agreement of December 8, 1890, and hereinbefore described,
+except those hereinafter mentioned and described, are open to settlement
+under the terms of and subject to all the conditions, limitations,
+reservations, and restrictions contained in the thirty-fourth section of
+the act of Congress approved March 3, 1891, and hereinbefore quoted, and
+other laws applicable thereto.
+
+The lands exempted from the operation of this proclamation, being those
+embraced in Schedules "A" and "B" attached to the agreement of August
+27, 1892, are described as follows:
+
+
+  1.--SURVEYED LANDS.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 1 NORTH, RANGE 26 EAST.
+
+  Fractional section 24; the north half, the east half of southeast
+  quarter, and west half of southwest quarter of fractional section 25;
+  fractional section 26; lot 5 of fractional section 34; the north half
+  of northeast quarter and the northeast quarter of northwest quarter
+  of section 35; and the northeast quarter of northeast quarter of
+  section 36.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 1 NORTH, RANGE 27 EAST.
+
+  Fractional section 7; lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, the southwest quarter
+  of northeast quarter, the southeast quarter, and the south half of the
+  southwest quarter of fractional section 8; the south half of northwest
+  quarter of section 9; the north half of the northwest quarter and the
+  southwest quarter of the northwest quarter of section 17; fractional
+  section 18; the north half and the southwest quarter of section 19.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 3 SOUTH, RANGE 24 EAST.
+
+  The north half of the southwest quarter of section 3; the southeast
+  quarter of the northeast quarter and lots 2, 3, and 4 of section 4;
+  fractional section 5; the southeast quarter and the south half of the
+  southwest quarter of section 6; section 7; west half of section 8;
+  the east half of the northwest quarter and the southwest quarter of
+  the northwest quarter of section 17; lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, the
+  northeast quarter of the northeast quarter, the south half of the
+  northeast quarter, and the southeast quarter of the northwest quarter
+  and the south half of section 18; lots 1, 3, 4, and 5 and the east half
+  of southwest quarter, section 19; and lots 1, 2, 3, and 4 in section 30.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 4 SOUTH, RANGE 23 EAST.
+
+  Lots 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 13, the south half of northwest quarter, the
+  southeast quarter of southeast quarter, and the northeast quarter of the
+  southwest quarter, section 1; section 2; the north half, the southeast
+  quarter, and the north half of southwest quarter, section 3; section 4;
+  the east half and the southwest quarter of section 8; the north half
+  and the southwest quarter of section 9; the east half and the southwest
+  quarter of section n; section 12; the north half, the south half of the
+  southeast quarter, the east half of the southwest quarter, and lots 1,
+  2, and 3 of section 13; the north half, the southeast quarter, and the
+  south half of the southwest quarter of section 14; the north half of
+  section 17; the north half, the east half of the southeast quarter, and
+  the north half of the southwest quarter of section 18; the northwest
+  quarter of section 19; the east half and the northwest quarter of
+  section 20; the south half of the northwest quarter of section 22; all
+  of section 23 except the northwest quarter of northwest quarter; section
+  24; lots 2 and 3 in section 25; the north half of northeast quarter, the
+  northwest quarter, the north half of the southwest quarter, and lots 1,
+  2, 5, 6, 7, and 8 of section 26; the south half of the southeast quarter
+  of section 27; the northwest quarter of section 33; the fractional east
+  half and the southwest quarter of section 34; lots 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9,
+  and 10 of section 35.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 5 SOUTH OF RANGE 23 EAST.
+
+  Lot 5 and southwest quarter of northwest quarter of section 2; lots 1,
+  2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, and 14 and southeast quarter of southeast quarter
+  of section 3; the fractional east half, the south half of northwest
+  quarter, and the southwest quarter of section 4; the south half of the
+  northeast quarter and the north half of the southeast quarter of section
+  7; the south half of the north half and the south half of section 8;
+  lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8 and the west half of section 9; lots 1, 2,
+  3, and 4, the west half of the northeast quarter, and the south half of
+  section 10; the northwest quarter of section 15; section 16; the east
+  half of the northeast quarter and the south half of section 17; the
+  northwest quarter of the northeast quarter, the southeast quarter of the
+  southeast quarter, the west half, and lots 1, 2, 4, and 5, section 20;
+  the southwest quarter of section 21; the west half of southwest quarter,
+  section 26; the south half of section 27; the west half of the northeast
+  quarter, the northwest quarter, and the south half of section 28; lots
+  1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7, the northwest quarter, the south half of the
+  southeast quarter, and the west half of the southwest quarter of section
+  29; the northeast quarter of northeast quarter, the northeast quarter
+  of the southeast quarter, and the south half of the southeast quarter
+  of section 30; the northeast quarter, the northeast quarter of the
+  northwest quarter, and the southeast quarter of section 31; lots 3, 4,
+  5, 6, 9, and 10, the southwest quarter of the southeast quarter, and the
+  southwest quarter of section 32; lot 1, the north half of the northeast
+  quarter, and the northwest quarter of section 33; and the west half of
+  the northeast quarter and the northwest quarter of section 34.
+
+
+  2.--UNSURVEYED LANDS WHICH WHEN SURVEYED WILL BE DESCRIBED AS FOLLOWS:
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 1 NORTH OF RANGE 15 EAST.
+
+  The southwest quarter of the northwest quarter, the northwest quarter
+  of the southwest quarter, and the south half of the southwest quarter
+  of section 27; the southeast quarter of the northeast quarter and the
+  east half of the southeast quarter of section 28; the east half of the
+  northeast quarter of section 33; the north half, the north half of the
+  southeast quarter, and the northeast quarter of the southwest quarter
+  of section 34; the south half of the north half and the south half of
+  section 35; and the southwest quarter of the northwest quarter, the
+  southeast quarter, the north half of the southwest quarter, and the
+  southwest quarter of the southwest quarter of section 36.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 1 NORTH, RANGE 16 EAST.
+
+  The southwest quarter of the southwest quarter of section 31.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 1 SOUTH OF RANGE 15 EAST.
+
+  The north half of the north half and the southeast quarter of the
+  northeast quarter of section 1.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 1 SOUTH OF RANGE 16.
+
+  The north half of the northeast quarter and the southwest quarter of
+  the northwest quarter of section 6, and the southeast quarter of the
+  northeast quarter of section 24.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 1 SOUTH OF RANGE 18 EAST.
+
+  The southeast quarter of the southwest quarter of section 27; the
+  northwest quarter of the southeast quarter and the south half of the
+  southeast quarter of section 28; the north half of the northeast quarter
+  of section 33; and the northeast quarter and the east half of the
+  northwest quarter of section 34.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 1 SOUTH OF RANGE 17 EAST.
+
+  The east half of the northeast quarter, the east half of the northwest
+  quarter, the southwest quarter of the northwest quarter, the northwest
+  quarter of the southeast quarter, and the northeast quarter of the
+  southwest quarter of section 19; the south half of the southeast quarter
+  and the southeast quarter of the southwest quarter of section 28; and
+  the north half of the northeast quarter and the northeast quarter of the
+  northwest quarter of section 33.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 1 SOUTH OF RANGE 25 EAST.
+
+  The northeast quarter of the southeast quarter, the south half of the
+  southeast quarter, and the southeast quarter of the southwest quarter of
+  section 25, and the northeast Quarter of the northwest quarter and the
+  west half of section 36.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 1 SOUTH OF RANGE 26 EAST.
+
+  The south half of the southeast quarter of section 19; the southeast
+  quarter, the northeast quarter of the southwest quarter, and the south
+  half of the southwest quarter of section 20; the west half of the
+  southwest quarter of section 21; the west half of the northwest quarter
+  of section 28; the north half and the northwest quarter of the southwest
+  quarter of section 29; the north half of the northeast quarter, the
+  southeast quarter of the northeast quarter, the southwest quarter of the
+  northwest quarter, the north half of the southeast quarter, and the
+  southwest quarter of section 30.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 2 SOUTH OF RANGE 13 EAST.
+
+  The southwest quarter of the northwest quarter and the northwest quarter
+  of the southwest quarter of section 27; the southeast quarter of the
+  northeast quarter and the east half of the southeast quarter of section
+  28; and the east half, the east half of the northwest quarter, the
+  northeast quarter of the southeast quarter, and the northeast quarter
+  of the southwest quarter of section 33.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 2 SOUTH OF RANGE 18 EAST.
+
+  The southeast quarter and the east half of the southwest quarter of
+  section 1.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 2 SOUTH OF RANGE 20 EAST.
+
+  The east half, the east half of the northwest quarter, the southwest
+  quarter of the northwest quarter, and the north half of the southwest
+  quarter of section 28; the northeast quarter and the north half of
+  the southeast quarter of section 29; the south half of the northeast
+  quarter, the north half of the southeast quarter, and the southeast
+  quarter of the southeast quarter of section 34; the south half of the
+  north half and the south half of section 35; and the southwest quarter
+  of the northwest quarter, the northwest quarter of the southeast
+  quarter, the south half of the southeast quarter, and the southwest
+  quarter of section 36.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 2 SOUTH OF RANGE 21 EAST.
+
+  The west half of the northeast quarter, the northwest quarter of the
+  southeast quarter, the east half of the west half, and the southwest
+  quarter of the southwest quarter of section 32.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 2 SOUTH OF RANGE 24 EAST.
+
+  The northeast quarter of the southeast quarter and the south half of the
+  southeast quarter of section 21; the northeast quarter, the north half
+  of the southeast quarter, and the southwest quarter of section 22; the
+  west half of the northwest quarter of section 27; the northeast quarter
+  of section 28; and the northeast quarter, the southeast quarter of the
+  northwest quarter, the north half of the southeast quarter, and the
+  southwest quarter of section 29.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 3 SOUTH OF RANGE 18 EAST.
+
+  The west half of section 14; the west half of the northeast quarter and
+  the east half of the northwest quarter of section 23; the southwest
+  quarter of the northeast quarter, the southeast quarter of the northwest
+  quarter, the northwest quarter of the southeast quarter, and the
+  northeast quarter of the southwest quarter of section 31; the northeast
+  quarter, the south half of the northwest quarter, and the north half of
+  the southwest quarter of section 32; the south half of the northeast
+  quarter and the southeast quarter of section 33; the southwest quarter
+  of the northeast quarter and the south half of the northwest quarter,
+  the west half of the southeast quarter, and the southwest quarter of
+  section 34; the south half of section 35; and the southeast quarter of
+  the northeast quarter and the southeast quarter of section 36.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 3 SOUTH OF RANGE 19 EAST.
+
+  The northeast quarter, the north half of the southeast quarter, the
+  southwest quarter of the southeast quarter, and the east half of the
+  southwest quarter of section 12; the northwest quarter of section 29;
+  the east half of the northeast quarter, the southwest quarter of the
+  northeast quarter, the southeast quarter of the northwest quarter, and
+  the south half of section 30; and the southwest quarter of the northwest
+  quarter and the west half of the southwest quarter of section 31.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 3 SOUTH OF RANGE 20 EAST.
+
+  The northeast quarter, the north half of the northwest quarter, the
+  southeast quarter of the northwest quarter, and the northeast quarter
+  of the southeast quarter of section 1; the north half of the northeast
+  quarter and the northeast quarter of the northwest quarter of section 2;
+  the north half of the northwest quarter, the southwest quarter of the
+  northwest quarter, and the west half of the southwest quarter of section
+  5; the southeast quarter of the northeast quarter, the southeast
+  quarter, and the southeast quarter of the southwest quarter of section
+  6; and the west half of the northeast quarter and the northwest quarter
+  of section 7.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 3 SOUTH OF RANGE 21 EAST.
+
+  The northwest quarter of the southwest quarter and the south half of the
+  southwest quarter of section 5; the east half of the southeast quarter
+  and the west half of section 6; the northeast quarter of the northeast
+  quarter of section 7; and the north half of the northwest quarter of
+  section 8.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 3 SOUTH OF RANGE 23 EAST.
+
+  The southeast quarter of the northeast quarter and the east half of
+  the southeast quarter of section 12; the east half of section 13; the
+  southeast quarter of the southeast quarter of section 23; the southeast
+  quarter of the northeast quarter, the east half of the southeast
+  quarter, and the southwest quarter of the southwest quarter of section
+  24; the east half of the east half, the west half of the northwest
+  quarter, and the southwest quarter of section 25; the northeast quarter
+  of the southeast quarter and the south half of the southeast quarter
+  of section 26; the south half of the south half of section 34; the
+  northeast quarter, the north half of the southeast quarter, the
+  southwest quarter of the southeast quarter, and the south half of
+  the southwest quarter of section 35; and the northwest quarter of
+  section 36.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 4 SOUTH OF RANGE 18 EAST.
+
+  The northwest quarter of the northeast quarter and the north half of the
+  northwest quarter of section 3; the north half of the northeast quarter
+  of section 4; the southeast quarter of the southwest quarter of section
+  13; the west half of the northeast quarter, the east half of the
+  northwest quarter, the southeast quarter, and the northeast quarter of
+  the southwest quarter of section 24; the northeast quarter, the north
+  half of the southeast quarter, the southwest quarter of the southeast
+  quarter, and the southwest quarter of section 25; the south half of the
+  southeast quarter of section 29; the northwest quarter of the northeast
+  quarter and the northeast quarter of the northwest quarter of section
+  32; the northeast quarter of the northeast quarter, the northwest
+  quarter, the northeast quarter of the southeast quarter, and the south
+  half of the southeast quarter of section 35; and the west half of the
+  northeast quarter, the northwest quarter, and the northwest quarter of
+  the southwest quarter of section 36.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 6 SOUTH OF RANGE 18 EAST.
+
+  The east half of the southeast quarter and the southwest quarter of the
+  southeast quarter of section 20, and the west half of the northeast
+  quarter, the northeast quarter of the northwest quarter, and the south
+  half of the northwest quarter of section 29.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 6 SOUTH OF RANGE 19 EAST.
+
+  The northeast quarter, the east half of the northwest quarter, the
+  southwest quarter of the northwest quarter, the north half of the
+  southeast quarter, and the northwest quarter of the southwest quarter
+  of section 15; the southeast quarter of the northwest quarter and the
+  northeast quarter of the southwest quarter of section 16; the south half
+  of the northeast quarter and the north half of the southeast quarter of
+  section 19; and the south half of the northwest quarter and the north
+  half of the southwest quarter of section 20.
+
+  IN TOWNSHIP 6 SOUTH OF RANGE 23 EAST.
+
+  The north half of the northwest quarter and the north half of the
+  southeast quarter of section 5; the south half of the southeast quarter
+  of section 8; section 17; and the west half of the northwest quarter of
+  section 16.
+
+
+  3.--TOWNSHIPS, SECTIONS, OR TRACTS OF LAND WITHIN WHICH INDIAN
+  SELECTIONS ARE LOCATED.
+
+  TRACT 1.
+
+  Beginning at a point in the mid-channel of the Yellowstone River 1-1/2
+  miles below the mouth of the Clarks Fork River; thence running in a
+  southwesterly direction along a line parallel to and 1-1/2 miles distant
+  from the mid-channel of the Clarks Fork River to the south line of
+  township 2 south of range 24 east; thence west along said township line
+  to the mid-channel of the Clarks Fork River; thence northeast along
+  the mid-channel of the Clarks Fork River to the mid-channel of the
+  Yellowstone River; thence northeast along the mid-channel of said river
+  to the point of beginning.
+
+  TRACT 2.
+
+  All that part of township 2 south of range 24 east lying south of the
+  Yellowstone River and west of the Clarks Fork River.
+
+  TRACT 3.
+
+  Sections 29, 31, and 32, township 5 south of range 21 east; sections 5,
+  6, 7, 8, 17, and 18, township 6 south of range 21 east; and sections 1,
+  2, 11, 12, 13, and 14, township 6 south of range 20 east.
+
+  TRACT 4.
+
+  Beginning at a point in the mid-channel of the Yellowstone River
+  opposite the mouth of Duck Creek; thence running in a southwesterly
+  direction along the mid-channel of the Yellowstone River to a point
+  1-1/2 miles below the mouth of the Clarks Fork River; thence in a
+  southwesterly direction along a line parallel to and 1-1/2 miles distant
+  from the mid-channel of the said Clarks Fork River to a point 1-1/2
+  miles due south of the mid-channel of the said Yellowstone River; thence
+  running in a northeasterly direction along a line parallel to and 1-1/2
+  miles distant from the mid-channel of the Yellowstone River to the
+  mid-channel of Duck Creek; thence in a northerly direction along the
+  mid-channel of Duck Creek to the point of beginning.
+
+  TRACT 5.
+
+  All that part of townships 2 and 3 south of range 23 lying south of the
+  mid-channel of the Yellowstone River and north of a line running
+  parallel thereto and 1-1/2 miles distant therefrom.
+
+  TRACT 6.
+
+  Beginning in the mid-channel of the main or West Fork of Red Lodge Creek
+  at the point where it intersects the line known as the line of the Blake
+  survey, and which was formerly supposed to be the south boundary of the
+  Crow Indian Reserve; thence running due east along the lines of said
+  Blake survey for a distance of 1 mile; thence running northeasterly
+  along a line parallel to and 1 mile from the mid-channel of the said
+  West Fork of said Red Lodge Creek for a distance of 10 miles; thence due
+  west to the mid-channel of the said West Fork of said Red Lodge Creek;
+  thence southwesterly along the mid-channel of the said West Fork of said
+  creek to the place of beginning.
+
+  TRACT 7.
+
+  Townships 4 south of ranges 21 and 22 east.
+
+  TRACT 8.
+
+  All that part of the east half of township 1 south of range 26 east
+  lying south of the Yellowstone River, and all that part of the west
+  half of township 1 south of range 27 east lying south of the
+  Yellowstone River.
+
+  TRACT 9.
+
+  Section 14, township 3 south of range 19 east.
+
+  TRACT 10.
+
+  Beginning in the mid-channel of the main or West Fork of Red Lodge Creek
+  at the point where it intersects the line known as the line of the Blake
+  survey, and which was formerly supposed to be the south boundary of the
+  Crow Indian Reserve; thence running due east along the line of said
+  Blake survey for a distance of 1 mile; thence running northeasterly
+  along a line parallel to and 1 mile from the mid-channel of the said
+  West Fork of said Red Lodge Creek for a distance of 10 miles; thence due
+  west to the mid-channel of the said West Fork of said Red Lodge Creek;
+  thence southwesterly along the mid-channel of the said West Fork of said
+  Red Lodge Creek to the place of beginning.
+
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 15th day of October, A.D. 1892, and
+of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and
+seventeenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JOHN W. FOSTER,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it is provided by section 13 of the act of Congress of March 3,
+1891, entitled "An act to amend Title LX, chapter 3, of the Revised
+Statutes of the United States, relating to copyrights," that said act
+"shall only apply to a citizen or subject of a foreign state or nation
+when such foreign state or nation permits to citizens of the United
+States of America the benefit of copyright on substantially the same
+basis as its own citizens, or when such foreign state or nation is a
+party to an international agreement which provides for reciprocity in
+the granting of copyright, by the terms of which agreement the United
+States of America may at its pleasure become a party to such agreement;"
+and
+
+Whereas it is also provided by said section that "the existence of
+either of the conditions aforesaid shall be determined by the President
+of the United States by proclamation made from time to time as the
+purposes of this act may require;" and
+
+Whereas satisfactory official assurances have been given that in Italy
+the law permits to citizens of the United States the benefit of
+copyright on substantially the same basis as to the subjects of Italy:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States
+of America, do declare and proclaim that the first of the conditions
+specified in section 13 of the act of March 3, 1891, now exists and
+is fulfilled in respect to the subjects of Italy.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 31st day of October, 1892, and of
+the Independence of the United States the one hundred and seventeenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JOHN W. FOSTER,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+The gifts of God to our people during the past year have been so
+abundant and so special that the spirit of devout thanksgiving awaits
+not a call, but only the appointment of a day when it may have a common
+expression. He has stayed the pestilence at our door; He has given us
+more love for the free civil institutions in the creation of which
+His directing providence was so conspicuous; He has awakened a deeper
+reverence for law; He has widened our philanthropy by a call to succor
+the distress in other lands; He has blessed our schools and is bringing
+forward a patriotic and God-fearing generation to execute His great and
+benevolent designs for our country; He has given us great increase in
+material wealth and a wide diffusion of contentment and comfort in the
+homes of our people; He has given His grace to the sorrowing.
+
+Wherefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, do call
+upon all our people to observe, as we have been wont, Thursday, the 24th
+day of this month of November, as a day of thanksgiving to God for His
+mercies and of supplication for His continued care and grace.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 4th day of November, 1892, and of
+the Independence of the United States the one hundred and seventeenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JOHN W. FOSTER,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE ORDERS.
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+JANUARY 20, 1892.
+
+Special Departmental Rule No. 1 is hereby amended by adding at the end
+of paragraph 10 the following: "and elevator conductors;" so that as
+amended the paragraph will read:
+
+  In all the Departments: Bookbinders and elevator conductors.
+
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+UNITED STATES CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION,
+  _Washington, D.C., January 12, 1892_.
+
+The PRESIDENT.
+
+SIR: We have the honor to recommend that Executive orders heretofore
+issued designating the places to be filled by noncompetitive examination
+under clause (_d_) of section 2 of General Rule III be amended so as
+to include among those places, in all the Departments where authorized
+by law and employed, "captains of the watch" and "lieutenants of the
+watch." The captains and lieutenants of the watch in the Treasury
+Department and the captain of the watch in the Post-Office Department
+are now included in this category, and the object of this recommendation
+is to place all the Departments on the same footing with respect to
+these places.
+
+The occasion for the recommendation at this time is the receipt by
+this Commission of a request from the Secretary of the Interior for a
+noncompetitive examination of a person named by him for appointment as
+captain of the watch in the Interior Department.
+
+The place is now subject to competitive examination, but the Commission
+sees no good reason why one rule should not apply to all the
+Departments; hence this recommendation.
+
+If you approve the recommendation, your indorsement of approval on this
+letter and its return to the Commission is requested. As it is not a
+change of rule, it does not require to go to the Department of State for
+record. We have the honor to be, your obedient servants,
+
+CHAS. LYMAN,
+  HUGH S. THOMPSON,
+    _Commissioners_.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 25, 1892_.
+
+The within recommendation is approved.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENTS OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+FEBRUARY 23, 1892.
+
+Indian Rule VI is hereby amended by inserting after the word
+"appointment" the following: "from one agency to another;" so that as
+amended the rule will read:
+
+  Subject to the conditions stated in Rule IV, transfers may be made
+  after absolute appointment from one agency to another, from one school
+  to another, and from one district to another, under such regulations as
+  the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, with the approval of the Secretary
+  of the Interior, may prescribe.
+
+
+Indian Rule IV, section 1, clause (_b_), is hereby amended by inserting
+after the word "averages" the following: "who have not been three
+times certified;" so that as amended the clause will read:
+
+  If fitness for the vacant place is tested by competitive examination,
+  the Commission shall certify from the proper register of the district
+  in which the vacancy exists the names of the three eligibles thereon,
+  of the sex called for, having the highest averages, who have not been
+  three times certified: _Provided_, That the eligibles upon any register
+  who have been allowed preference under section 1754 of the Revised
+  Statutes shall be certified, according to their grade, before all other
+  eligibles thereon: _And provided further_, That if the vacancy is in
+  the grade of matron or teacher, and the wife of the superintendent of
+  the school in which the vacancy exists is an eligible, she may be given
+  preference in certification if the appointing officer so requests.
+
+
+Section 5 of the same rule is also hereby amended by inserting after
+the word "vacancy" the following: "in any agency or;" so that as
+amended the clause will read:
+
+  In case of the sudden occurrence of a vacancy in any agency or in any
+  school during a school term which the public interest requires to be
+  immediately filled the Commissioner of Indian Affairs is authorized, in
+  his discretion, to provide for the temporary filling of the same until
+  a regular appointment can be made under the provisions of sections 1,
+  2, and 3 of this rule, and when such regular appointment is made the
+  temporary appointment shall terminate. All temporary appointments made
+  under this authority and their termination shall at once be reported to
+  the Commission.
+
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, D.C., May 5, 1892_.
+
+In the exercise of the authority vested in the President by the
+seventeen hundred and fifty-third section of the Revised Statutes--
+
+_It is ordered_, That the office of the United States Commission of Fish
+and Fisheries be, and the same is hereby, classified as a part of the
+classified departmental service and for the purpose of applying the
+civil-service rules thereto the officers, clerks, and other employees of
+said Commission are hereby arranged in the following classes, viz:
+
+_Class A_.--All persons receiving an annual salary of less than $720, or a
+compensation at the rate of less than $720 per annum.
+
+_Class B_.--All persons receiving an annual salary of $720 or more, or a
+compensation at the rate of $720 or more, but less than $840 per annum.
+
+_Class C_.--All persons receiving an annual salary of $840 or more, or a
+compensation at the rate of $840 or more, but less than $900 per annum.
+
+_Class D_.--All persons receiving an annual salary of $900 or more, or
+a compensation at the rate of $900 or more, but less than $1,000 per
+annum.
+
+_Class E_.--All persons receiving an annual salary of $1,000 or more, or
+a compensation at the rate of $1,000 or more, but less than $1,200 per
+annum.
+
+_Class 1_.--All persons receiving an annual salary of $1,200 or more, or
+a compensation at the rate of $1,200 or more, but less than $1,400 per
+annum.
+
+_Class 2_.--All persons receiving an annual salary of $1,400 or more, or
+a compensation at the rate of $1,400 or more, but less than $1,600 per
+annum.
+
+_Class 3_.--All persons receiving an annual salary of $1,600 or more, or
+a compensation at the rate of $1,600 or more, but less than $1,800 per
+annum.
+
+_Class 4_.--All persons receiving an annual salary of $1,800 or more, or
+a compensation at the rate of $1,800 or more, but less than $2,000 per
+annum.
+
+_Class 5_.--All persons receiving an annual salary of $2,000 or more, or a
+compensation at the rate of $2,000 per annum.
+
+_Provided_, That no person who may be appointed to an office by and with
+the advice and consent of the Senate, and that no person who may be
+employed merely as a messenger, laborer, workman, or watchman, shall be
+considered as within this classification, and no person so employed
+shall be assigned to the duties of a classified place.
+
+_Provided further_, That no person shall be admitted to any place
+not excepted from examination by the civil-service rules in any of
+the classes above designated until he or she shall have passed an
+appropriate examination under the United States Civil Service Commission
+and his or her eligibility has been certified to by said Commission.
+
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+CIVIL SERVICE.--AMENDMENT OF EXECUTIVE ORDERS.
+
+MAY 7, 1892.
+
+Executive orders heretofore issued declaring the places subject to
+noncompetitive examination under clause (_d_) of section 2 of General
+Rule III are hereby amended so as to include among said places the
+following:
+
+  In the Commission of Fish and Fisheries: Fish culturists and
+  machinists.
+
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+MAY 7, 1892.
+
+Special Departmental Rule No. 1 is hereby amended so as to include among
+the places excepted from examination therein the following:
+
+  In the Commission of Fish and Fisheries: Ichthyologist and editor, one
+  scientific assistant, captains, officers, ships writers and crews on
+  vessels of the Commission, and pilots.
+
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+
+SEPTEMBER 16, 1892.
+
+
+In order that the members of the Grand Army of the Republic employed in
+the public service in the city of Washington may have the opportunity
+of joining in the parade arranged for Tuesday, the 20th of September
+instant, and that all others may unite with the citizens of the District
+of Columbia in showing honor to the Union soldiers and sailors to be
+gathered in the national capital on that occasion--
+
+_It is hereby ordered_, That the several Executive Departments and the
+Public Printing Office be closed on that day.
+
+By the President:
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _September 23, 1892_.
+
+Departmental Rule X, Customs Rule VII, Postal Rule VII, and Indian Rule
+VII are hereby amended by inserting in the proviso of each of said
+rules, after the word "therefrom," the words "or the widow of any such
+person," and after the word "he" the words "or she;" so that as amended
+the proviso of each of said rules will read:
+
+  _Provided_, That certification may be made, subject to the other
+  conditions of this rule, for the reinstatement of any person who served
+  in the military or naval service in the late War of the Rebellion and
+  was honorably discharged therefrom, or the widow of any such person,
+  without regard to the length of time he or she has been separated from
+  the service.
+
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+
+FOURTH ANNUAL MESSAGE.
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _December 6, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+In submitting my annual message to Congress I have great satisfaction in
+being able to say that the general conditions affecting the commercial
+and industrial interests of the United States are in the highest degree
+favorable. A comparison of the existing conditions with those of the
+most favored period in the history of the country will, I believe, show
+that so high a degree of prosperity and so general a diffusion of the
+comforts of life were never before enjoyed by our people.
+
+The total wealth of the country in 1860 was $16,159,616,068. In 1890 it
+amounted to $62,610,000,000, an increase of 287 per cent.
+
+The total mileage of railways in the United States in 1860 was 30,626.
+In 1890 it was 167,741, an increase of 448 per cent; and it is estimated
+that there will be about 4,000 miles of track added by the close of the
+year 1892.
+
+The official returns of the Eleventh Census and those of the Tenth
+Census for seventy-five leading cities furnish the basis for the
+following comparisons:
+
+In 1880 the capital invested in manufacturing was $1,232,839,670.
+
+In 1890 the capital invested in manufacturing was $2,900,735,884.
+
+In 1880 the number of employees was 1,301,388.
+
+In 1890 the number of employees was 2,251,134.
+
+In 1880 the wages earned were $501,965,778.
+
+In 1890 the wages earned were $1,221,170,454.
+
+In 1880 the value of the product was $2,711,579,899.
+
+In 1890 the value of the product was $4,860,286,837.
+
+I am informed by the Superintendent of the Census that the omission of
+certain industries in 1880 which were included in 1890 accounts in part
+for the remarkable increase thus shown, but after making full allowance
+for differences of method and deducting the returns for all industries
+not included in the census of 1880 there remain in the reports from
+these seventy-five cities an increase in the capital employed of
+$1,522,745,604, in the value of the product of $2,024,236,166, in wages
+earned of $677,943,929, and in the number of wage earners employed of
+856,029. The wage earnings not only show an increased aggregate, but an
+increase per capita from $386 in 1880 to $547 in 1890, or 41.71 per
+cent.
+
+The new industrial plants established since October 6, 1890, and up
+to October 22, 1892, as partially reported in the American Economist,
+number 345, and the extension of existing plants 108; the new capital
+invested amounts to $40,449,050, and the number of additional employees
+to 37,285.
+
+The Textile World for July, 1892, states that during the first six
+months of the present calendar year 135 new factories were built, of
+which 40 are cotton mills, 48 knitting mills, 26 woolen mills, 15 silk
+mills, 4 plush mills, and 2 linen mills. Of the 40 cotton mills 21 have
+been built in the Southern States. Mr. A.B. Shepperson, of the New York
+Cotton Exchange, estimates the number of working spindles in the United
+States on September 1, 1892, at 15,200,000, an increase of 660,000 over
+the year 1891. The consumption of cotton by American mills in 1891 was
+2,396,000 bales, and in 1892 2,584,000 bales, an increase of 188,000
+bales. From the year 1869 to 1892, inclusive, there has been an increase
+in the consumption of cotton in Europe of 92 per cent, while during the
+same period the increased consumption in the United States has been
+about 150 per cent.
+
+The report of Ira Ayer, special agent of the Treasury Department,
+shows that at the date of September 30, 1892, there were 32 companies
+manufacturing tin and terne plate in the United States and 14 companies
+building new works for such manufacture. The estimated investment in
+buildings and plants at the close of the fiscal year June 30, 1893,
+if existing conditions were to be continued, was $5,000,000 and the
+estimated rate of production 200,000,000 pounds per annum. The Actual
+production for the quarter ending September 30, 1892, was 10,952,725
+pounds.
+
+The report of Labor Commissioner Peck, of New York, shows that during
+the year 1891, in about 6,000 manufacturing establishments in that State
+embraced within the special inquiry made by him, and representing 67
+different industries, there was a net increase over the year 1890 of
+$31,315,130.68 in the value of the product and of $6,377,925.09 in the
+amount of wages paid. The report of the commissioner of labor for the
+State of Massachusetts shows that 3,745 industries in that State paid
+$129,416,248 in wages during the year 1891, against $126,030,303 in
+1890, an increase of $3,335,945, and that there was an increase of
+$9,932,490 in the amount of capital and of 7,346 in the number of
+persons employed in the same period.
+
+During the last six months of the year 1891 and the first six months
+of 1892 the total production of pig iron was 9,710,819 tons, as against
+9,202,703 tons in the year 1890, which was the largest annual production
+ever attained. For the same twelve months of 1891-92 the production of
+Bessemer ingots was 3,878,581 tons, an increase of 189,710 gross tons
+over the previously unprecedented yearly production of 3,688,871 gross
+tons in 1890. The production of Bessemer steel rails for the first six
+months of 1892 was 772,436 gross tons, as against 702,080 gross tons
+during the last six months of the year 1891.
+
+The total value of our foreign trade (exports and imports of
+merchandise) during the last fiscal year was $1,857,680,610, an increase
+of $128,283,604 over the previous fiscal year. The average annual value
+of our imports and exports of merchandise for the ten fiscal years prior
+to 1891 was $1,457,322,019. It will be observed that our foreign trade
+for 1892 exceeded this annual average value by $400,358,591, an increase
+of 27.47 Per cent. The significance and value of this increase are shown
+by the fact that the excess in the trade of 1892 over 1891 was wholly in
+the value of exports, for there was a decrease in the value of imports
+of $17,513,754.
+
+The value of our exports during the fiscal year 1892 reached the highest
+figure in the history of the Government, amounting to $1,030,278,148,
+exceeding by $145,797,338 the exports of 1891 and exceeding the value of
+the imports by $202,875,686. A comparison of the value of our exports
+for 1892 with the annual average for the ten years prior to 1891 shows
+an excess of $265,142,651, or of 34.65 per cent. The value of our
+imports of merchandise for 1892, which was $829,402,462, also exceeded
+the annual average value of the ten years prior to 1891 by $135,215,940.
+During the fiscal year 1892 the value of imports free of duty amounted
+to $457,999,658, the largest aggregate in the history of our commerce.
+The value of the imports of merchandise entered free of duty in 1892 was
+55.35 per cent of the total value of imports, as compared with 43.35 per
+cent in 1891 and 33.66 per cent in 1890.
+
+In our coastwise trade a most encouraging development is in progress,
+there having been in the last four years an increase of 16 per cent. In
+internal commerce the statistics show that no such period of prosperity
+has ever before existed. The freight carried in the coastwise trade of
+the Great Lakes in 1890 aggregated 28,295,959 tons. On the Mississippi,
+Missouri, and Ohio rivers and tributaries in the same year the traffic
+aggregated 29,405,046 tons, and the total vessel tonnage passing through
+the Detroit River during that year was 21,684,000 tons. The vessel
+tonnage entered and cleared in the foreign trade of London during 1890
+amounted to 13,480,767 tons, and of Liverpool 10,941,800 tons, a total
+for these two great shipping ports of 24,422,568 tons, only slightly in
+excess of the vessel tonnage passing through the Detroit River. And it
+should be said that the season for the Detroit River was but 228 days,
+while of course in London and Liverpool the season was for the entire
+year. The vessel tonnage passing through the St. Marys Canal for the
+fiscal year 1892 amounted to 9,828,874 tons, and the freight tonnage of
+the Detroit River is estimated for that year at 25,000,000 tons, against
+23,209,619 tons in 1891. The aggregate traffic on our railroads for
+the year 1891 amounted to 704,398,609 tons of freight, compared with
+691,344,437 tons in 1890, an increase of 13,054,172 tons.
+
+Another indication of the general prosperity of the country is found in
+the fact that the number of depositors in savings banks increased from
+693,870 in 1860 to 4,258,893 in 1890, an increase of 513 per cent, and
+the amount of deposits from $149,277,504 in 1860 to $1,524,844,506 in
+1890, an increase of 921 per cent. In 1891 the amount of deposits in
+savings banks was $1,623,079,749. It is estimated that 90 per cent
+of these deposits represent the savings of wage earners. The bank
+clearances for nine months ending September 30, 1891, amounted
+to $41,049,390,808. For the same months in 1892 they amounted to
+$45,189,601,947, an excess for the nine months of $4,140,211,139.
+
+There never has been a time in our history when work was so abundant or
+when wages were as high, whether measured by the currency in which they
+are paid or by their power to supply the necessaries and comforts of
+life. It is true that the market prices of cotton and wheat have been
+low. It is one of the unfavorable incidents of agriculture that the
+farmer can not produce upon orders. He must sow and reap in ignorance of
+the aggregate production of the year, and is peculiarly subject to the
+depreciation which follows overproduction. But while the fact I have
+stated is true as to the crops mentioned, the general average of prices
+has been such as to give to agriculture a fair participation in the
+general prosperity. The value of our total farm products has increased
+from $1,363,646,866 in 1860 to $4,500,000,000 in 1891, as estimated by
+statisticians, an increase of 230 per cent. The number of hogs January
+1, 1891, was 50,625,106 and their value $210,193,925; on January 1,
+1892, the number was 52,398,019 and the value $241,031,415. On January
+1, 1891, the number of cattle was 36,875,648 and the value $544,127,908;
+on January 1, 1892, the number was 37,651,239 and the value
+$570,749,155.
+
+If any are discontented with their state here, if any believe that wages
+or prices, the returns for honest toil, are inadequate, they should not
+fail to remember that there is no other country in the world where the
+conditions that seem to them hard would not be accepted as highly
+prosperous. The English agriculturist would be glad to exchange the
+returns of his labor for those of the American farmer and the Manchester
+workmen their wages for those of their fellows at Fall River.
+
+I believe that the protective system, which has now for something more
+than thirty years continuously prevailed in our legislation, has been a
+mighty instrument for the development of our national wealth and a most
+powerful agency in protecting the homes of our workingmen from the
+invasion of want. I have felt a most solicitous interest to preserve to
+our working people rates of wages that would not only give daily bread,
+but supply a comfortable margin for those home attractions and family
+comforts and enjoyments without which life is neither hopeful nor sweet.
+They are American citizens--a part of the great people for whom our
+Constitution and Government were framed and instituted--and it can not
+be a perversion of that Constitution to so legislate as to preserve in
+their homes the comfort, independence, loyalty, and sense of interest
+in the Government which are essential to good citizenship in peace, and
+which will bring this stalwart throng, as in 1861, to the defense of
+the flag when it is assailed.
+
+It is not my purpose to renew here the argument in favor of a protective
+tariff. The result of the recent election must be accepted as having
+introduced a new policy. We must assume that the present tariff,
+constructed upon the lines of protection, is to be repealed and that
+there is to be substituted for it a tariff law constructed solely with
+reference to revenue; that no duty is to be higher because the increase
+will keep open an American mill or keep up the wages of an American
+workman, but that in every case such a rate of duty is to be imposed as
+will bring to the Treasury of the United States the largest returns of
+revenue. The contention has not been between schedules, but between
+principles, and it would be offensive to suggest that the prevailing
+party will not carry into legislation the principles advocated by it and
+the pledges given to the people. The tariff bills passed by the House of
+Representatives at the last session were, as I suppose, even in the
+opinion of their promoters, inadequate, and justified only by the fact
+that the Senate and House of Representatives were not in accord and that
+a general revision could not therefore be undertaken.
+
+I recommend that the whole subject of tariff revision be left to the
+incoming Congress. It is matter of regret that this work must be delayed
+for at least three months, for the threat of great tariff changes
+introduces so much uncertainty that an amount, not easily estimated, of
+business inaction and of diminished production will necessarily result.
+It is possible also that this uncertainty may result in decreased
+revenues from customs duties, for our merchants will make cautious
+orders for foreign goods in view of the prospect of tariff reductions
+and the uncertainty as to when they will take effect. Those who have
+advocated a protective tariff can well afford to have their disastrous
+forecasts of a change of policy disappointed. If a system of customs
+duties can be framed that will set the idle wheels and looms of Europe
+in motion and crowd our warehouses with foreign-made goods and at the
+same time keep our own mills busy; that will give us an increased
+participation in the "markets of the world" of greater value than the
+home market we surrender; that will give increased work to foreign
+workmen upon products to be consumed by our people without diminishing
+the amount of work to be done here; that will enable the American
+manufacturer to pay to his workmen from 50 to 100 per cent more in wages
+than is paid in the foreign mill, and yet to compete in our market and
+in foreign markets with the foreign producer; that will further reduce
+the cost of articles of wear and food without reducing the wages of
+those who produce them; that can be celebrated, after its effects have
+been realized, as its expectation has been in European as well as in
+American cities, the authors and promoters of it will be entitled to the
+highest praise. We have had in our history several experiences of the
+contrasted effects of a revenue and of a protective tariff, but this
+generation has not felt them, and the experience of one generation is
+not highly instructive to the next. The friends of the protective system
+with undiminished confidence in the principles they have advocated will
+await the results of the new experiment.
+
+The strained and too often disturbed relations existing between the
+employees and the employers in our great manufacturing establishments
+have not been favorable to a calm consideration by the wage earner of
+the effect upon wages of the protective system. The facts that his
+wages were the highest paid in like callings in the world and that a
+maintenance of this rate of wages in the absence of protective duties
+upon the product of his labor was impossible were obscured by the
+passion evoked by these contests. He may now be able to review the
+question in the light of his personal experience under the operation of
+a tariff for revenue only. If that experience shall demonstrate that
+present rates of wages are thereby maintained or increased, either
+absolutely or in their purchasing power, and that the aggregate volume
+of work to be done in this country is increased or even maintained, so
+that there are more or as many days' work in a year, at as good or
+better wages, for the American workmen as has been the case under the
+protective system, everyone will rejoice. A general process of wage
+reduction can not be contemplated by any patriotic citizen without the
+gravest apprehension. It may be, indeed I believe is, possible for the
+American manufacturer to compete successfully with his foreign rival in
+many branches of production without the defense of protective duties if
+the pay rolls are equalized; but the conflict that stands between the
+producer and that result and the distress of our working people when
+it is attained are not pleasant to contemplate. The Society of the
+Unemployed, now holding its frequent and threatening parades in the
+streets of foreign cities, should not be allowed to acquire an American
+domicile.
+
+The reports of the heads of the several Executive Departments which are
+herewith submitted, have very naturally included a resume of the whole
+work of the Administration with the transactions of the last fiscal
+year. The attention not only of Congress but of the country is again
+invited to the methods of administration which have been pursued and
+to the results which have been attained. Public revenues amounting to
+$1,414,079,292.28 have been collected and disbursed without loss from
+misappropriation, without a single defalcation of such importance as
+to attract the public attention, and at a diminished per cent of cost
+for collection. The public business has been transacted not only with
+fidelity, but progressively and with a view to giving to the people in
+the fullest possible degree the benefits of a service established and
+maintained for their protection and comfort.
+
+Our relations with other nations are now undisturbed by any serious
+controversy. The complicated and threatening differences with Germany
+and England relating to Samoan affairs, with England in relation to the
+seal fisheries in the Bering Sea, and with Chile growing out of the
+_Baltimore_ affair have been adjusted.
+
+There have been negotiated and concluded, under section 3 of the tariff
+law, commercial agreements relating to reciprocal trade with the
+following countries: Brazil, Dominican Republic, Spain for Cuba and
+Puerto Rico, Guatemala, Salvador, the German Empire, Great Britain for
+certain West Indian colonies and British Guiana, Nicaragua, Honduras,
+and Austria-Hungary.[31]
+
+Of these, those with Guatemala, Salvador, the German Empire, Great
+Britain, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Austria-Hungary have been concluded
+since my last annual message. Under these trade arrangements a free or
+favored admission has been secured in every case for an important list
+of American products. Especial care has been taken to secure markets for
+farm products, in order to relieve that great underlying industry of the
+depression which the lack of an adequate foreign market for our surplus
+often brings. An opening has also been made for manufactured products
+that will undoubtedly, if this policy is maintained, greatly augment
+our export trade. The full benefits of these arrangements can not be
+realized instantly. New lines of trade are to be opened. The commercial
+traveler must survey the field. The manufacturer must adapt his goods
+to the new markets and facilities for exchange must be established.
+This work has been well begun, our merchants and manufacturers having
+entered the new fields with courage and enterprise. In the case of food
+products, and especially with Cuba, the trade did not need to wait, and
+the immediate results have been most gratifying. If this policy and
+these trade arrangements can be continued in force and aided by the
+establishment of American steamship lines, I do not doubt that we shall
+within a short period secure fully one-third of the total trade of the
+countries of Central and South America, which now amounts to about
+$600,000,000 annually. In 1885 we had only 8 per cent of this trade.
+
+The following statistics show the increase in our trade with the
+countries with which we have reciprocal trade agreements from the date
+when such agreements went into effect up to September 30, 1892, the
+increase being in some almost wholly and in others in an important
+degree the result of these agreements:
+
+The domestic exports to Germany and Austria-Hungary have increased in
+value from $47,673,756 to $57,993,064, an increase of $10,319,308, or
+21.63 per cent. With American countries the value of our exports has
+increased from $44,160,285 to $54,613,598, an increase of $10,453,313,
+or 23.67 per cent. The total increase in the value of exports to
+all the countries with which we have reciprocity agreements has been
+$20,772,621. This increase is chiefly in wheat, flour, meat, and dairy
+products and in manufactures of iron and steel and lumber. There has
+been a large increase in the value of imports from all these countries
+since the commercial agreements went into effect, amounting to
+$74,294,525, but it has been entirely in imports from the American
+countries, consisting mostly of sugar, coffee, india rubber, and crude
+drugs. The alarmed attention of our European competitors for the South
+American market has been attracted to this new American policy and to
+our acquisition and their loss of South American trade.
+
+A treaty providing for the arbitration of the dispute between Great
+Britain and the United States as to the killing of seals in the
+Bering Sea was concluded on the 29th of February last. This treaty was
+accompanied by an agreement prohibiting pelagic sealing pending the
+arbitration, and a vigorous effort was made during this season to drive
+out all poaching sealers from the Bering Sea. Six naval vessels, three
+revenue cutters, and one vessel from the Fish Commission, all under
+the command of Commander Evans, of the Navy, were sent into the sea,
+which was systematically patrolled. Some seizures were made, and it is
+believed that the catch in the Bering Sea by poachers amounted to less
+than 500 seals. It is true, however, that in the North Pacific, while
+the seal herds were on their way to the passes between the Aleutian
+Islands, a very large number, probably 35,000, were taken. The existing
+statutes of the United States do not restrain our citizens from taking
+seals in the Pacific Ocean, and perhaps should not unless the
+prohibition can be extended to the citizens of other nations. I
+recommend that power be given to the President by proclamation to
+prohibit the taking of seals in the North Pacific by American vessels
+in case, either as the result of the findings of the Tribunal of
+Arbitration or otherwise, the restraints can be applied to the vessels
+of all countries. The case of the United States for the Tribunal of
+Arbitration has been prepared with great care and industry by the Hon.
+John W. Foster, and the counsel who represent this Government express
+confidence that a result substantially establishing our claims and
+preserving this great industry for the benefit of all nations will
+be attained.
+
+During the past year a suggestion was received through the British
+minister that the Canadian government would like to confer as to the
+possibility of enlarging upon terms of mutual advantage the commercial
+exchanges of Canada and of the United States, and a conference was
+held at Washington, with Mr. Blaine acting for this Government and the
+British minister at this capital and three members of the Dominion
+cabinet acting as commissioners on the part of Great Britain. The
+conference developed the fact that the Canadian government was only
+prepared to offer to the United States in exchange for the concessions
+asked the admission of natural products. The statement was frankly made
+that favored rates could not be given to the United States as against
+the mother country. This admission, which was foreseen, necessarily
+terminated the conference upon this question. The benefits of an
+exchange of natural products would be almost wholly with the people
+of Canada. Some other topics of interest were considered in the
+conference, and have resulted in the making of a convention for
+examining the Alaskan boundary and the waters of Passamaquoddy Bay
+adjacent to Eastport, Me., and in the initiation of an arrangement for
+the protection of fish life in the coterminous and neighboring waters
+of our northern border.
+
+The controversy as to tolls upon the Welland Canal, which was presented
+to Congress at the last session by special message,[32] having failed of
+adjustment, I felt constrained to exercise the authority conferred by
+the act of July 26, 1892, and to proclaim a suspension of the free use
+of St. Marys Falls Canal to cargoes in transit to ports in Canada.[33]
+The Secretary of the Treasury established such tolls as were thought to
+be equivalent to the exactions unjustly levied upon our commerce in the
+Canadian canals.
+
+If, as we must suppose, the political relations of Canada and the
+disposition of the Canadian government are to remain unchanged, a
+somewhat radical revision of our trade relations should, I think, be
+made. Our relations must continue to be intimate, and they should be
+friendly. I regret to say, however, that in many of the controversies,
+notably those as to the fisheries on the Atlantic, the sealing interests
+on the Pacific, and the canal tolls, our negotiations with Great Britain
+have continuously been thwarted or retarded by unreasonable and
+unfriendly objections and protests from Canada. In the matter of the
+canal tolls our treaty rights were flagrantly disregarded. It is hardly
+too much to say that the Canadian Pacific and other railway lines which
+parallel our northern boundary are sustained by commerce having either
+its origin or terminus, or both, in the United States. Canadian
+railroads compete with those of the United States for our traffic, and
+without the restraints of our interstate-commerce act. Their cars pass
+almost without detention into and out of our territory.
+
+The Canadian Pacific Railway brought into the United States from China
+and Japan via British Columbia during the year ended June 30, 1892,
+23,239,689 pounds of freight, and it carried from the United States, to
+be shipped to China and Japan via British Columbia, 24,068,346 pounds of
+freight. There were also shipped from the United States over this road
+from Eastern ports of the United States to our Pacific ports during the
+same year 13,912,073 pounds of freight, and there were received over
+this road at the United States Eastern ports from ports on the Pacific
+Coast 13,293,315 pounds of freight. Mr. Joseph Nimmo, jr., former chief
+of the Bureau of Statistics, when before the Senate Select Committee on
+Relations with Canada, April 26, 1890, said that "the value of goods
+thus transported between different points in the United States across
+Canadian territory probably amounts to $100,000,000 a year."
+
+There is no disposition on the part of the people or Government of the
+United States to interfere in the smallest degree with the political
+relations of Canada. That question is wholly with her own people. It
+is time for us, however, to consider whether, if the present state of
+things and trend of things is to continue, our interchanges upon lines
+of land transportation should not be put upon a different basis and our
+entire independence of Canadian canals and of the St. Lawrence as an
+outlet to the sea secured by the construction of an American canal
+around the Falls of Niagara and the opening of ship communication
+between the Great Lakes and one of our own seaports. We should not
+hesitate to avail ourselves of our great natural trade advantages.
+We should withdraw the support which is given to the railroads and
+steamship lines of Canada by a traffic that properly belongs to us and
+no longer furnish the earnings which lighten the otherwise crushing
+weight of the enormous public subsidies that have been given to them.
+The subject of the power of the Treasury to deal with this matter
+without further legislation has been under consideration, but
+circumstances have postponed a conclusion. It is probable that a
+consideration of the propriety of a modification or abrogation of the
+article of the treaty of Washington relating to the transit of goods
+in bond is involved in any complete solution of the question.
+
+Congress at the last session was kept advised of the progress of the
+serious and for a time threatening difference between the United States
+and Chile. It gives me now great gratification to report that the
+Chilean Government in a most friendly and honorable spirit has tendered
+and paid as an indemnity to the families of the sailors of the
+_Baltimore_ who were killed and to those who were injured in the
+outbreak in the city of Valparaiso the sum of $75,000. This has been
+accepted not only as an indemnity for a wrong done, but as a most
+gratifying evidence that the Government of Chile rightly appreciates the
+disposition of this Government to act in a spirit of the most absolute
+fairness and friendliness in our intercourse with that brave people.
+A further and conclusive evidence of the mutual respect and confidence
+now existing is furnished by the fact that a convention submitting to
+arbitration the mutual claims of the citizens of the respective
+Governments has been agreed upon. Some of these claims have been pending
+for many years and have been the occasion of much unsatisfactory
+diplomatic correspondence.
+
+I have endeavored in every way to assure our sister Republics of Central
+and South America that the United States Government and its people have
+only the most friendly disposition toward them all. We do not covet
+their territory. We have no disposition to be oppressive or exacting in
+our dealings with any of them, even the weakest. Our interests and our
+hopes for them all lie in the direction of stable governments by their
+people and of the largest development of their great commercial
+resources. The mutual benefits of enlarged commercial exchanges and of a
+more familiar and friendly intercourse between our peoples we do desire,
+and in this have sought their friendly cooperation.
+
+I have believed, however, while holding these sentiments in the
+greatest sincerity, that we must insist upon a just responsibility for
+any injuries inflicted upon our official representatives or upon our
+citizens. This insistence, kindly and justly but firmly made, will,
+I believe, promote peace and mutual respect.
+
+Our relations with Hawaii have been such as to attract an increased
+interest, and must continue to do so. I deem it of great importance that
+the projected submarine cable, a survey for which has been made, should
+be promoted. Both for naval and commercial uses we should have quick
+communication with Honolulu. We should before this have availed
+ourselves of the concession made many years ago to this Government
+for a harbor and naval station at Pearl River. Many evidences of the
+friendliness of the Hawaiian Government have been given in the past,
+and it is gratifying to believe that the advantage and necessity of
+a continuance of very close relations is appreciated.
+
+The friendly act of this Government in expressing to the Government of
+Italy its reprobation and abhorrence of the lynching of Italian subjects
+in New Orleans by the payment of 125,000 francs, or $24,330.90, was
+accepted by the King of Italy with every manifestation of gracious
+appreciation, and the incident has been highly promotive of mutual
+respect and good will.
+
+In consequence of the action of the French Government in proclaiming a
+protectorate over certain tribal districts of the west coast of Africa
+eastward of the San Pedro River, which has long been regarded as the
+southeastern boundary of Liberia, I have felt constrained to make
+protest against this encroachment upon the territory of a Republic which
+was founded by citizens of the United States and toward which this
+country has for many years held the intimate relation of a friendly
+counselor.
+
+The recent disturbances of the public peace by lawless foreign marauders
+on the Mexican frontier have afforded this Government an opportunity to
+testify its good will for Mexico and its earnest purpose to fulfill the
+obligations of international friendship by pursuing and dispersing the
+evil doers. The work of relocating the boundary of the treaty of
+Guadalupe Hidalgo westward from El Paso is progressing favorably.
+
+Our intercourse with Spain continues on a friendly footing. I regret,
+however, not to be able to report as yet the adjustment of the claims of
+the American missionaries arising from the disorders at Ponape, in the
+Caroline Islands, but I anticipate a satisfactory adjustment in view of
+renewed and urgent representations to the Government at Madrid.
+
+The treatment of the religious and educational establishments of
+American citizens in Turkey has of late called for a more than usual
+share of attention. A tendency to curtail the toleration which has so
+beneficially prevailed is discernible and has called forth the earnest
+remonstrance of this Government. Harassing regulations in regard to
+schools and churches have been attempted in certain localities, but not
+without due protest and the assertion of the inherent and conventional
+rights of our countrymen. Violations of domicile and search of the
+persons and effects of citizens of the United States by apparently
+irresponsible officials in the Asiatic _vilayets_ have from time to time
+been reported. An aggravated instance of injury to the property of an
+American missionary at Bourdour, in the Province of Konia, called forth
+an urgent claim for reparation, which I am pleased to say was promptly
+heeded by the Government of the Porte. Interference with the trading
+ventures of our citizens in Asia Minor is also reported, and the lack of
+consular representation in that region is a serious drawback to instant
+and effective protection. I can not believe that these incidents
+represent a settled policy, and shall not cease to urge the adoption of
+proper remedies.
+
+International copyright has been extended to Italy by proclamation[34]
+in conformity with the act of March 3, 1891, upon assurance being given
+that Italian law permits to citizens of the United States the benefit of
+copyright on substantially the same basis as to subjects of Italy. By a
+special convention proclaimed January 15, 1892, reciprocal provisions
+of copyright have been applied between the United States and Germany.
+Negotiations are in progress with other countries to the same end.
+
+I repeat with great earnestness the recommendation which I have made in
+several previous messages that prompt and adequate support be given to
+the American company engaged in the construction of the Nicaragua ship
+canal. It is impossible to overstate the value from every standpoint of
+this great enterprise, and I hope that there may be time, even in this
+Congress, to give to it an impetus that will insure the early completion
+of the canal and secure to the United States its proper relation to it
+when completed.
+
+The Congress has been already advised that the invitations of this
+Government for the assembling of an international monetary conference
+to consider the question of an enlarged use of silver were accepted by
+the nations to which they were addressed. The conference assembled at
+Brussels on the 22d of November, and has entered upon the consideration
+of this great question. I have not doubted, and have taken occasion
+to express that belief as well in the invitations issued for this
+Conference as in my public messages, that the free coinage of silver
+upon an agreed international ratio would greatly promote the interests
+of our people and equally those of other nations. It is too early to
+predict what results may be accomplished by the conference. If any
+temporary check or delay intervenes, I believe that very soon commercial
+conditions will compel the now reluctant governments to unite with us in
+this movement to secure the enlargement of the volume of coined money
+needed for the transaction of the business of the world.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Treasury will attract especial
+interest in view of the many misleading statements that have been made
+as to the state of the public revenues. Three preliminary facts should
+not only be stated but emphasized before looking into details: First,
+that the public debt has been reduced since March 4, 1889, $259,074,200
+and the annual interest charge $11,684,469; second, that there have been
+paid out for pensions during this Administration up to November 1, 1892,
+$432,564,178.70, an excess of $114,466,386.09 over the sum expended
+during the period from March 1, 1885, to March 1, 1889; and, third, that
+under the existing tariff up to December 1 about $93,000,000 of revenue
+which would have been collected upon imported sugars if the duty had
+been maintained has gone into the pockets of the people, and not into
+the public Treasury, as before. If there are any who still think that
+the surplus should have been kept out of circulation by hoarding it in
+the Treasury, or deposited in favored banks without interest while the
+Government continued to pay to these very banks interest upon the bonds
+deposited as security for the deposits, or who think that the extended
+pension legislation was a public robbery, or that the duties upon sugar
+should have been maintained, I am content to leave the argument where it
+now rests while we wait to see whether these criticisms will take the
+form of legislation.
+
+The revenues for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1892, from all sources
+were $425,868,260.22, and the expenditures for all purposes were
+$415,953,806.56, leaving a balance of $9,914,453.66. There were paid
+during the year upon the public debt $40,570,467.98. The surplus in the
+Treasury and the bank redemption fund passed by the act of July 14,
+1890, to the general fund furnished in large part the cash available and
+used for the payments made upon the public debt. Compared with the year
+1891, our receipts from customs duties fell off $42,069,241.08, while
+our receipts from internal revenue increased $8,284,823.13, leaving the
+net loss of revenue from these principal sources $33,784,417.95. The net
+loss of revenue from all sources was $32,675,972.81.
+
+The revenues, estimated and actual, for the fiscal year ending
+June 30, 1893, are placed by the Secretary at $463,336,350.44, and
+the expenditures at $461,336,350.44, showing a surplus of receipts over
+expenditures of $2,000,000. The cash balance in the Treasury at the end
+of the fiscal year it is estimated will be $20,992,377.03. So far as
+these figures are based upon estimates of receipts and expenditures for
+the remaining months of the current fiscal year, there are not only the
+usual elements of uncertainty, but some added elements. New revenue
+legislation, or even the expectation of it, may seriously reduce the
+public revenues during the period of uncertainty and during the process
+of business adjustment to the new conditions when they become known.
+But the Secretary has very wisely refrained from guessing as to the
+effect of possible changes in our revenue laws, since the scope of those
+changes and the time of their taking effect can not in any degree be
+forecast or foretold by him. His estimates must be based upon existing
+laws and upon a continuance of existing business conditions, except so
+far as these conditions may be affected by causes other than new
+legislation.
+
+The estimated receipts for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1894, are
+$490,121,365.38, and the estimated appropriations $457,261,335.33,
+leaving an estimated surplus of receipts over expenditures of
+$32,860,030.05. This does not include any payment to the sinking fund.
+In the recommendation of the Secretary that the sinking-fund law be
+repealed I concur. The redemption of bonds since the passage of the law
+to June 30, 1892, has already exceeded the requirements by the sum of
+$990,510,681.49. The retirement of bonds in the future before maturity
+should be a matter of convenience, not of compulsion. We should not
+collect revenue for that purpose, but only use any casual surplus, To
+the balance of $32,860,030.05 of receipts over expenditures for the year
+1894 should be added the estimated surplus at the beginning of the year,
+$20,992,377.03, and from this aggregate there must be deducted, as
+stated by the Secretary, about $44,000,000 of estimated unexpended
+appropriations.
+
+The public confidence in the purpose and ability of the Government to
+maintain the parity of all of our money issues, whether coin or paper,
+must remain unshaken. The demand for gold in Europe and the consequent
+calls upon us are in a considerable degree the result of the efforts of
+some of the European Governments to increase their gold reserves, and
+these efforts should be met by appropriate legislation on our part. The
+conditions that have created this drain of the Treasury gold are in an
+important degree political, and not commercial. In view of the fact that
+a general revision of our revenue laws in the near future seems to be
+probable, it would be better that any changes should be a part of that
+revision rather than of a temporary nature.
+
+During the last fiscal year the Secretary purchased under the act
+of July 14, 1890, 54,355,748 ounces of silver and issued in payment
+therefor $51,106,608 in notes. The total purchases since the passage of
+the act have been 120,479,981 ounces and the aggregate of notes issued
+$116,783,590. The average price paid for silver during the year was 94
+cents per ounce, the highest price being $1.02-3/4 July 1, 1891, and the
+lowest 83 cents March 21, 1892. In view of the fact that the monetary
+conference is now sitting and that no conclusion has yet been reached,
+I withhold any recommendation as to legislation upon this subject.
+
+The report of the Secretary of War brings again to the attention of
+Congress some important suggestions as to the reorganization of the
+infantry and artillery arms of the service, which his predecessors have
+before urgently presented. Our Army is small, but its organization
+should all the more be put upon the most approved modern basis. The
+conditions upon what we have called the "frontier" have heretofore
+required the maintenance of many small posts, but now the policy of
+concentration is obviously the right one. The new posts should have the
+proper strategic relations to the only "frontiers" we now have--those
+of the seacoast and of our northern and part of our southern boundary.
+I do not think that any question of advantage to localities or to States
+should determine the location of the new posts. The reorganization and
+enlargement of the Bureau of Military Information which the Secretary
+has effected is a work the usefulness of which will become every year
+more apparent. The work of building heavy guns and the construction of
+coast defenses has been well begun and should be carried on without
+check.
+
+The report of the Attorney-General is by law submitted directly to
+Congress, but I can not refrain from saying that he has conducted the
+increasing work of the Department of Justice with great professional
+skill. He has in several directions secured from the courts decisions
+giving increased protection to the officers of the United States and
+bringing some classes of crime that escaped local cognizance and
+punishment into the tribunals of the United States, where they could
+be tried with impartiality.
+
+The numerous applications for Executive clemency presented in behalf
+of persons convicted in United States courts and given penitentiary
+sentences have called my attention to a fact referred to by the
+Attorney-General in his report, namely, that a time allowance for good
+behavior for such prisoners is prescribed by the Federal statutes only
+where the State in which the penitentiary is located has made no such
+provision. Prisoners are given the benefit of the provisions of the
+State law regulating the penitentiary to which they may be sent. These
+are various, some perhaps too liberal and some perhaps too illiberal.
+The result is that a sentence for five years means one thing if the
+prisoner is sent to one State for confinement and quite a different
+thing if he is sent to another. I recommend that a uniform credit for
+good behavior be prescribed by Congress.
+
+I have before expressed my concurrence in the recommendation of the
+Attorney-General that degrees of murder should be recognized in the
+Federal statutes, as they are, I believe, in all the States. These
+grades are founded on correct distinctions in crime. The recognition of
+them would enable the courts to exercise some discretion in apportioning
+punishment and would greatly relieve the Executive of what is coming to
+be a very heavy burden--the examination of these cases on application
+for commutation.
+
+The aggregate of claims pending against the Government in the Court of
+Claims is enormous. Claims to the amount of nearly $400,000,000 for the
+taking of or injury to the property of persons claiming to be loyal
+during the war are now before that court for examination. When to these
+are added the Indian depredation claims and the French spoliation
+claims, an aggregate is reached that is indeed startling. In the defense
+of all these cases the Government is at great disadvantage. The
+claimants have preserved their evidence, whereas the agents of the
+Government are sent into the field to rummage for what they can find.
+This difficulty is peculiarly great where the fact to be established is
+the disloyalty of the claimant during the war. If this great threat
+against our revenues is to have no other check, certainly Congress
+should supply the Department of Justice with appropriations sufficiently
+liberal to secure the best legal talent in the defense of these claims
+and to pursue its vague search for evidence effectively.
+
+The report of the Postmaster-General shows a most gratifying increase
+and a most efficient and progressive management of the great business
+of that Department. The remarkable increase in revenues, in the number
+of post-offices, and in the miles of mail carriage furnishes further
+evidence of the high state of prosperity which our people are enjoying.
+New offices mean new hamlets and towns, new routes mean the extension of
+our border settlements, and increased revenues mean an active commerce.
+The Postmaster-General reviews the whole period of his administration
+of the office and brings some of his statistics down to the month of
+November last. The postal revenues have increased during the last year
+nearly $5,000,000. The deficit for the year ending June 30, 1892, is
+$848,341 less than the deficiency of the preceding year. The deficiency
+of the present fiscal year it is estimated will be reduced to
+$1,552,423, which will not only be extinguished during the next fiscal
+year, but a surplus of nearly $1,000,000 should then be shown. In these
+calculations the payments to be made under the contracts for ocean mail
+service have not been included. There have been added 1,590 new mail
+routes during the year, with a mileage of 8,563 miles, and the total
+number of new miles of mail trips added during the year is nearly
+17,000,000. The number of miles of mail journeys added during the last
+four years is about 76,000,000, this addition being 21,000,000 miles
+more than were in operation in the whole country in 1861.
+
+The number of post-offices has been increased by 2,790 during the year,
+and during the past four years, and up to October 29 last, the total
+increase in the number of offices has been nearly 9,000. The number of
+free-delivery offices has been nearly doubled in the last four years,
+and the number of money-order offices more than doubled within that
+time.
+
+For the three years ending June 30, 1892, the postal revenue amounted to
+$197,744,359, which was an increase of $52,263,150 over the revenue for
+the three years ending June 30, 1888, the increase during the last three
+years being more than three and a half times as great as the increase
+during the three years ending June 30, 1888. No such increase as that
+shown for these three years has ever previously appeared in the revenues
+of the Department. The Postmaster-General has extended to the
+post-offices in the larger cities the merit system of promotion
+introduced by my direction into the Departments here, and it has
+resulted there, as in the Departments, in a larger volume of work and
+that better done.
+
+Ever since our merchant marine was driven from the sea by the rebel
+cruisers during the War of the Rebellion the United States has been
+paying an enormous annual tribute to foreign countries in the shape of
+freight and passage moneys. Our grain and meats have been taken at our
+own docks and our large imports there laid down by foreign shipmasters.
+An increasing torrent of American travel to Europe has contributed a
+vast sum annually to the dividends of foreign shipowners. The balance
+of trade shown by the books of our custom-houses has been very largely
+reduced and in many years altogether extinguished by this constant
+drain. In the year 1892 only 12.3 per cent of our imports were brought
+in American vessels. These great foreign steamships maintained by our
+traffic are many of them under contracts with their respective
+Governments by which in time of war they will become a part of their
+armed naval establishments. Profiting by our commerce in peace, they
+will become the most formidable destroyers of our commerce in time of
+war. I have felt, and have before expressed the feeling, that this
+condition of things was both intolerable and disgraceful. A wholesome
+change of policy, and one having in it much promise, as it seems to me,
+was begun by the law of March 3, 1891. Under this law contracts have
+been made by the Postmaster-General for eleven mail routes. The
+expenditure involved by these contracts for the next fiscal year
+approximates $954,123.33 As one of the results already reached sixteen
+American steamships, of an aggregate tonnage of 57,400 tons, costing
+$7,400,000, have been built or contracted to be built in American
+shipyards.
+
+The estimated tonnage of all steamships required under existing
+contracts is 165,802, and when the full service required by these
+contracts is established there will be forty-one mail steamers under
+the American flag, with the probability of further necessary additions
+in the Brazilian and Argentine service. The contracts recently let for
+transatlantic service will result in the construction of five ships of
+10,000 tons each, costing $9,000,000 to $10,000,000, and will add, with
+the _City of New York_ and _City of Paris_, to which the Treasury
+Department was authorized by legislation at the last session to give
+American registry, seven of the swiftest vessels upon the sea to our
+naval reserve. The contracts made with the lines sailing to Central and
+South American ports have increased the frequency and shortened the time
+of the trips, added new ports of call, and sustained some lines that
+otherwise would almost certainly have been withdrawn. The service to
+Buenos Ayres is the first to the Argentine Republic under the American
+flag. The service to Southampton, Boulogne, and Antwerp is also new,
+and is to be begun with the steamships _City of New York_ and _City
+of Paris_ in February next.
+
+I earnestly urge the continuance of the policy inaugurated by
+this legislation, and that the appropriations required to meet the
+obligations of the Government under the contracts may be made promptly,
+so that the lines that have entered into these engagements may not
+be embarrassed. We have had, by reason of connections with the
+transcontinental railway lines constructed through our own territory,
+some advantages in the ocean trade of the Pacific that we did not
+possess on the Atlantic. The construction of the Canadian Pacific
+Railway and the establishment under large subventions from Canada and
+England of fast steamship service from Vancouver with Japan and China
+seriously threaten our shipping interests in the Pacific. This line
+of English steamers receives, as is stated by the Commissioner of
+Navigation, a direct subsidy of $400,000 annually, or $30,767 per trip
+for thirteen voyages, in addition to some further aid from the Admiralty
+in connection with contracts under which the vessels may be used for
+naval purposes. The competing American Pacific mail line under the
+act of March 3, 1891, receives only $6,389 per round trip.
+
+Efforts have been making within the last year, as I am informed,
+to establish under similar conditions a line between Vancouver and some
+Australian port, with a view of seizing there a trade in which we have
+had a large interest. The Commissioner of Navigation states that a
+very large per cent of our imports from Asia are now brought to us by
+English steamships and their connecting railways in Canada. With a
+view of promoting this trade, especially in tea, Canada has imposed a
+discriminating duty of 10 per cent upon tea and coffee brought into
+the Dominion from the United States. If this unequal contest between
+American lines without subsidy, or with diminished subsidies, and the
+English Canadian line to which I have referred is to continue, I think
+we should at least see that the facilities for customs entry and
+transportation across our territory are not such as to make the Canadian
+route a favored one, and that the discrimination as to duties to which
+I have referred is met by a like discrimination as to the importation
+of these articles from Canada.
+
+No subject, I think, more nearly touches the pride, the power, and the
+prosperity of our country than this of the development of our merchant
+marine upon the sea. If we could enter into conference with other
+competitors and all would agree to withhold government aid, we could
+perhaps take our chances with the rest; but our great competitors have
+established and maintained their lines by government subsidies until
+they now have practically excluded us from participation. In my opinion
+no choice is left to us but to pursue, moderately at least, the same
+lines.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Navy exhibits great progress in the
+construction of our new Navy. When the present Secretary entered upon
+his duties, only 3 modern steel vessels were in commission. The vessels
+since put in commission and to be put in commission during the winter
+will make a total of 19 during his administration of the Department.
+During the current year 10 war vessels and 3 navy tugs have been
+launched, and during the four years 25 vessels will have been launched.
+Two other large ships and a torpedo boat are under contract and the work
+upon them well advanced, and the 4 monitors are awaiting only the
+arrival of their armor, which has been unexpectedly delayed, or they
+would have been before this in commission.
+
+Contracts have been let during this Administration, under the
+appropriations for the increase of the Navy, including new vessels and
+their appurtenances, to the amount of $35,000,000, and there has been
+expended during the same period for labor at navy-yards upon similar
+work $8,000,000 without the smallest scandal or charge of fraud or
+partiality. The enthusiasm and interest of our naval officers, both
+of the staff and line, have been greatly kindled. They have responded
+magnificently to the confidence of Congress and have demonstrated to
+the world an unexcelled capacity in construction, in ordnance, and in
+everything involved in the building, equipping, and sailing of great
+war ships.
+
+At the beginning of Secretary Tracy's administration several difficult
+problems remained to be grappled with and solved before the efficiency
+in action of our ships could be secured. It is believed that as the
+result of new processes in the construction of armor plate our later
+ships will be clothed with defensive plates of higher resisting power
+than are found on any war vessels afloat. We were without torpedoes.
+Tests have been made to ascertain the relative efficiency of different
+constructions, a torpedo has been adopted, and the work of construction
+is now being carried on successfully. We were without armor-piercing
+shells and without a shop instructed and equipped for the construction
+of them. We are now making what is believed to be a projectile superior
+to any before in use. A smokeless powder has been developed and a
+slow-burning powder for guns of large caliber. A high explosive capable
+of use in shells fired from service guns has been found, and the
+manufacture of gun cotton has been developed so that the question of
+supply is no longer in doubt.
+
+The development of a naval militia, which has been organized in eight
+States and brought into cordial and cooperative relations with the Navy,
+is another important achievement. There are now enlisted in these
+organizations 1,800 men, and they are likely to be greatly extended.
+I recommend such legislation and appropriations as will encourage and
+develop this movement. The recommendations of the Secretary will, I do
+not doubt, receive the friendly consideration of Congress, for he has
+enjoyed, as he has deserved, the confidence of all those interested in
+the development of our Navy, without any division upon partisan lines.
+I earnestly express the hope that a work which has made such noble
+progress may not now be stayed. The wholesome influence for peace and
+the increased sense of security which our citizens domiciled in other
+lands feel when these magnificent ships under the American flag appear
+is already most gratefully apparent. The ships from our Navy which will
+appear in the great naval parade next April in the harbor of New York
+will be a convincing demonstration to the world that the United States
+is again a naval power.
+
+The work of the Interior Department, always very burdensome, has been
+larger than ever before during the administration of Secretary Noble.
+The disability-pension law, the taking of the Eleventh Census, the
+opening of vast areas of Indian lands to settlement, the organization of
+Oklahoma, and the negotiations for the cession of Indian lands furnish
+some of the particulars of the increased work, and the results achieved
+testify to the ability, fidelity, and industry of the head of the
+Department and his efficient assistants.
+
+Several important agreements for the cession of Indian lands negotiated
+by the commission appointed under the act of March 2, 1889, are awaiting
+the action of Congress. Perhaps the most important of these is that for
+the cession of the Cherokee Strip. This region has been the source of
+great vexation to the executive department and of great friction and
+unrest between the settlers who desire to occupy it and the Indians who
+assert title. The agreement which has been made by the commission is
+perhaps the most satisfactory that could have been reached. It will be
+noticed that it is conditioned upon its ratification by Congress before
+March 4, 1893. The Secretary of the Interior, who has given the subject
+very careful thought, recommends the ratification of the agreement, and
+I am inclined to follow his recommendation. Certain it is that some
+action by which this controversy shall be brought to an end and these
+lands opened to settlement is urgent.
+
+The form of government provided by Congress on May 17, 1884, for Alaska
+was in its frame and purpose temporary. The increase of population and
+the development of some important mining and commercial interests make
+it imperative that the law should be revised and better provision made
+for the arrest and punishment of criminals.
+
+The report of the Secretary shows a very gratifying state of facts
+as to the condition of the General Land Office. The work of issuing
+agricultural patents, which seemed to be hopelessly in arrear when
+the present Secretary undertook the duties of his office, has been so
+expedited that the bureau is now upon current business. The relief thus
+afforded to honest and worthy settlers upon the public lands by giving
+to them an assured title to their entries has been of incalculable
+benefit in developing the new States and the Territories.
+
+The Court of Private Land Claims, established by Congress for the
+promotion of this policy of speedily settling contested land titles,
+is making satisfactory progress in its work, and when the work is
+completed a great impetus will be given to the development of those
+regions where unsettled claims under Mexican grants have so long
+exercised their repressive influence. When to these results are added
+the enormous cessions of Indian lands which have been opened to
+settlement, aggregating during this Administration nearly 26,000,000
+acres, and the agreements negotiated and now pending in Congress for
+ratification by which about 10,000,000 additional acres will be opened
+to settlement, it will be seen how much has been accomplished.
+
+The work in the Indian Bureau in the execution of the policy of recent
+legislation has been largely directed to two chief purposes: First,
+the allotment of lands in severalty to the Indians and the cession to
+the United States of the surplus lands, and, secondly, to the work of
+educating the Indian for his own protection in his closer contact with
+the white man and for the intelligent exercise of his new citizenship.
+Allotments have been made and patents issued to 5,900 Indians under the
+present Secretary and Commissioner, and 7,600 additional allotments
+have been made for which patents are now in process of preparation. The
+school attendance of Indian children has been increased during that time
+over 13 per cent, the enrollment for 1892 being nearly 20,000. A uniform
+system of school text-books and of study has been adopted and the work
+in these national schools brought as near as may be to the basis of the
+free common schools of the States. These schools can be transferred and
+merged into the common-school systems of the States when the Indian has
+fully assumed his new relation to the organized civil community in which
+he resides and the new States are able to assume the burden. I have
+several times been called upon to remove Indian agents appointed by me,
+and have done so promptly upon every sustained complaint of unfitness or
+misconduct. I believe, however, that the Indian service at the agencies
+has been improved and is now administered on the whole with a good
+degree of efficiency. If any legislation is possible by which the
+selection of Indian agents can be wholly removed from all partisan
+suggestions or considerations, I am sure it would be a great relief to
+the Executive and a great benefit to the service. The appropriation for
+the subsistence of the Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians made at the last
+session of Congress was inadequate. This smaller appropriation was
+estimated for by the Commissioner upon the theory that the large fund
+belonging to the tribe in the public Treasury could be and ought to be
+used for their support. In view, however, of the pending depredation
+claims against this fund and other considerations, the Secretary of the
+Interior on the 12th of April last submitted a supplemental estimate for
+$50,000. This appropriation was not made, as it should have been, and
+the oversight ought to be remedied at the earliest possible date.
+
+In a special message to this Congress at the last session[35] I stated
+the reasons why I had not approved the deed for the release to the
+United States by the Choctaws and Chickasaws of the lands formerly
+embraced in the Cheyenne and Arapahoe Reservation and remaining after
+allotments to that tribe. A resolution of the Senate expressing the
+opinion of that body that notwithstanding the facts stated in my special
+message the deed should be approved and the money, $2,991,450, paid over
+was presented to me May 10, 1892. My special message was intended to
+call the attention of Congress to the subject, and in view of the fact
+that it is conceded that the appropriation proceeded upon a false basis
+as to the amount of lands to be paid for and is by $50,000 in excess
+of the amount they are entitled to (even if their claim to the land is
+given full recognition at the rate agreed upon), I have not felt willing
+to approve the deed, and shall not do so, at least until both Houses of
+Congress have acted upon the subject. It has been informally proposed by
+the claimants to release this sum of $50,000, but I have no power to
+demand or accept such a release, and such an agreement would be without
+consideration and void.
+
+I desire further to call the attention of Congress to the fact that the
+recent agreement concluded with the Kiowas and Comanches relates to
+lands which were a part of the "leased district," and to which the claim
+of the Choctaws and Chickasaws is precisely that recognized by Congress
+in the legislation I have referred to. The surplus lands to which this
+claim would attach in the Kiowa and Comanche Reservation is 2,500,000
+acres, and at the same rate the Government will be called upon to pay to
+the Choctaws and Chickasaws for these lands $3,125,000. This sum will be
+further augmented, especially if the title of the Indians to the tract
+now Greer County, Tex., is established. The duty devolved upon me in
+this connection was simply to pass upon the form of the deed; but as in
+my opinion the facts mentioned in my special message were not adequately
+brought to the attention of Congress in connection with the legislation,
+I have felt that I would not be justified in acting without some new
+expression of the legislative will.
+
+The report of the Commissioner of Pensions, to which extended notice is
+given by the Secretary of the Interior in his report, will attract great
+attention. Judged by the aggregate amount of work done, the last year
+has been the greatest in the history of the office. I believe that the
+organization of the office is efficient and that the work has been done
+with fidelity. The passage of what is known as the disability bill has,
+as was foreseen, very largely increased the annual disbursements to the
+disabled veterans of the Civil War. The estimate for this fiscal year
+was $144,956,000, and that amount was appropriated. A deficiency
+amounting to $10,508,621 must be provided for at this session.
+The estimate for pensions for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1894, is
+$165,000,000. The Commissioner of Pensions believes that if the present
+legislation and methods are maintained and further additions to the
+pension laws are not made the maximum expenditure for pensions will be
+reached June 30, 1894, and will be at the highest point $188,000,000
+per annum.
+
+I adhere to the views expressed in previous messages that the care
+of the disabled soldiers of the War of the Rebellion is a matter of
+national concern and duty. Perhaps no emotion cools sooner than that
+of gratitude, but I can not believe that this process has yet reached
+a point with our people that would sustain the policy of remitting the
+care of these disabled veterans to the inadequate agencies provided by
+local laws. The parade on the 20th of September last upon the streets of
+this capital of 60,000 of the surviving Union veterans of the War of the
+Rebellion was a most touching and thrilling episode, and the rich and
+gracious welcome extended to them by the District of Columbia and the
+applause that greeted their progress from tens of thousands of people
+from all the States did much to revive the glorious recollections of the
+Grand Review when these men and many thousand others now in their graves
+were welcomed with grateful joy as victors in a struggle in which the
+national unity, honor, and wealth were all at issue.
+
+In my last annual message I called attention to the fact that some
+legislative action was necessary in order to protect the interests of
+the Government in its relations with the Union Pacific Railway. The
+Commissioner of Railroads has submitted a very full report, giving exact
+information as to the debt, the liens upon the company's property, and
+its resources. We must deal with the question as we find it and take
+that course which will under existing conditions best secure the
+interests of the United States. I recommended in my last annual message
+that a commission be appointed to deal with this question, and I renew
+that recommendation and suggest that the commission be given full power.
+
+The report of the Secretary of Agriculture contains not only a most
+interesting statement of the progressive and valuable work done under
+the administration of Secretary Rusk, but many suggestions for the
+enlarged usefulness of this important Department. In the successful
+efforts to break down the restrictions to the free introduction of our
+meat products in the countries of Europe the Secretary has been untiring
+from the first, stimulating and aiding all other Government officers at
+home and abroad whose official duties enabled them to participate in the
+work. The total trade in hog products with Europe in May, 1892, amounted
+to 82,000,000 pounds, against 46,900,000 in the same month of 1891; in
+June, 1892, the export aggregated 85,700,000 pounds, against 46,500,000
+pounds in the same month of the previous year; in July there was
+an increase of 41 per cent and in August of 55 per cent over the
+corresponding months of 1891. Over 40,000,000 pounds of inspected
+pork have been exported since the law was put into operation, and a
+comparison of the four months of May, June, July, and August, 1892, with
+the same months of 1891 shows an increase in the number of pounds of
+our export of pork products of 62 per cent and an increase in value of
+66-1/2 per cent. The exports of dressed beef increased from 137,900,000
+pounds in 1889 to 220,500,000 pounds in 1892, or about 60 per cent.
+During the past year there have been exported 394,607 head of live
+cattle, as against 205,786 exported in 1889. This increased exportation
+has been largely promoted by the inspection authorized by law and the
+faithful efforts of the Secretary and his efficient subordinates to
+make that inspection thorough and to carefully exclude from all cargoes
+diseased or suspected cattle. The requirement of the English regulations
+that live cattle arriving from the United States must be slaughtered
+at the docks had its origin in the claim that pleuro-pneumonia existed
+among American cattle and that the existence of the disease could only
+certainly be determined by _post mortem_ inspection.
+
+The Department of Agriculture has labored with great energy and
+faithfulness to extirpate this disease, and on the 26th day of September
+last a public announcement was made by the Secretary that the disease
+no longer existed anywhere within the United States. He is entirely
+satisfied after the most searching inquiry that this statement was
+justified, and that by a continuance of the inspection and quarantine
+now required of cattle brought into this country the disease can be
+prevented from again getting any foothold. The value to the cattle
+industry of the United States of this achievement can hardly be
+estimated. We can not, perhaps, at once insist that this evidence shall
+be accepted as satisfactory by other countries; but if the present
+exemption from the disease is maintained and the inspection of our
+cattle arriving at foreign ports, in which our own veterinarians
+participate, confirms it, we may justly expect that the requirement that
+our cattle shall be slaughtered at the docks will be revoked, as the
+sanitary restrictions upon our pork products have been. If our cattle
+can be taken alive to the interior, the trade will be enormously
+increased.
+
+Agricultural products constituted 78.1 per cent of our unprecedented
+exports for the fiscal year which closed June 30, 1892, the total
+exports being $1,030,278,030 and the value of the agricultural products
+$793,717,676, which exceeds by more than $150,000,000 the shipment of
+agricultural products in any previous year.
+
+An interesting and a promising work for the benefit of the American
+farmer has been begun through agents of the Agricultural Department in
+Europe, and consists in efforts to introduce the various products of
+Indian corn as articles of human food. The high price of rye offered a
+favorable opportunity for the experiment in Germany of combining corn
+meal with rye to produce a cheaper bread. A fair degree of success has
+been attained, and some mills for grinding corn for food have been
+introduced. The Secretary is of the opinion that this new use of the
+products of corn has already stimulated exportations, and that if
+diligently prosecuted large and important markets can presently be
+opened for this great American product.
+
+The suggestions of the Secretary for an enlargement of the work of
+the Department are commended to your favorable consideration, It may,
+I think, be said without challenge that in no corresponding period has
+so much been done as during the last four years for the benefit of
+American agriculture.
+
+The subject of quarantine regulations, inspection, and control was
+brought suddenly to my attention by the arrival at our ports in August
+last of vessels infected with cholera. Quarantine regulations should be
+uniform at all our ports. Under the Constitution they are plainly within
+the exclusive Federal jurisdiction when and so far as Congress shall
+legislate. In my opinion the whole subject should be taken into national
+control and adequate power given to the Executive to protect our people
+against plague invasions. On the 1st of September last I approved
+regulations establishing a twenty-day quarantine for all vessels
+bringing immigrants from foreign ports. This order will be continued
+in force. Some loss and suffering have resulted to passengers, but a
+due care for the homes of our people justifies in such cases the utmost
+precaution. There is danger that with the coming of spring cholera will
+again appear, and a liberal appropriation should be made at this session
+to enable our quarantine and port officers to exclude the deadly plague.
+
+But the most careful and stringent quarantine regulations may not be
+sufficient absolutely to exclude the disease. The progress of medical
+and sanitary science has been such, however, that if approved
+precautions are taken at once to put all of our cities and towns in
+the best sanitary condition, and provision is made for isolating any
+sporadic cases and for a thorough disinfection, an epidemic can, I am
+sure, be avoided. This work appertains to the local authorities, and the
+responsibility and the penalty will be appalling if it is neglected or
+unduly delayed.
+
+We are peculiarly subject in our great ports to the spread of
+infectious diseases by reason of the fact that unrestricted immigration
+brings to us out of European cities, in the overcrowded steerages of
+great steamships, a large number of persons whose surroundings make them
+the easy victims of the plague. This consideration, as well as those
+affecting the political, moral, and industrial interests of our country,
+leads me to renew the suggestion that admission to our country and to
+the high privileges of its citizenship should be more restricted and
+more careful. We have, I think, a right and owe a duty to our own
+people, and especially to our working people, not only to keep out the
+vicious, the ignorant, the civil disturber, the pauper, and the contract
+laborer, but to check the too great flow of immigration now coming by
+further limitations.
+
+The report of the World's Columbian Exposition has not yet been
+submitted. That of the board of management of the Government exhibit
+has been received and is herewith transmitted. The work of construction
+and of preparation for the opening of the exposition in May next has
+progressed most satisfactorily and upon a scale of liberality and
+magnificence that will worthily sustain the honor of the United States.
+
+The District of Columbia is left by a decision of the supreme court
+of the District without any law regulating the liquor traffic. An old
+statute of the legislature of the District relating to the licensing
+of various vocations has hitherto been treated by the Commissioners
+as giving them power to grant or refuse licenses to sell intoxicating
+liquors and as subjecting those who sold without licenses to penalties;
+but in May last the supreme court of the District held against this
+view of the powers of the Commissioners. It is of urgent importance,
+therefore, that Congress should supply, either by direct enactment
+or by conferring discretionary powers upon the Commissioners, proper
+limitations and restraints upon the liquor traffic in the District.
+The District has suffered in its reputation by many crimes of violence,
+a large per cent of them resulting from drunkenness and the liquor
+traffic. The capital of the nation should be freed from this reproach
+by the enactment of stringent restrictions and limitations upon the
+traffic.
+
+In renewing the recommendation which I have made in three preceding
+annual messages that Congress should legislate for the protection
+of railroad employees against the dangers incident to the old and
+inadequate methods of braking and coupling which are still in use upon
+freight trains, I do so with the hope that this Congress may take action
+upon the subject. Statistics furnished by the Interstate Commerce
+Commission show that during the year ending June 30, 1891, there were
+forty-seven different styles of car couplers reported to be in use, and
+that during the same period there were 2,660 employees killed and 26,140
+injured. Nearly 16 per cent of the deaths occurred in the coupling and
+uncoupling of cars and over 36 per cent of the injuries had the same
+origin.
+
+The Civil Service Commission ask for an increased appropriation for
+needed clerical assistance, which I think should be given. I extended
+the classified service March 1, 1892, to include physicians,
+superintendents, assistant superintendents, school-teachers, and matrons
+in the Indian service, and have had under consideration the subject of
+some further extensions, but have not as yet fully determined the lines
+upon which extensions can most properly and usefully be made.
+
+I have in each of the three annual messages which it has been my duty
+to submit to Congress called attention to the evils and dangers
+connected with our election methods and practices as they are related
+to the choice of officers of the National Government. In my last annual
+message I endeavored to invoke serious attention to the evils of unfair
+apportionments for Congress. I can not close this message without again
+calling attention to these grave and threatening evils. I had hoped that
+it was possible to secure a nonpartisan inquiry by means of a commission
+into evils the existence of which is known to all, and that out of this
+might grow legislation from which all thought of partisan advantage
+should be eliminated and only the higher thought appear of maintaining
+the freedom and purity of the ballot and the equality of the elector,
+without the guaranty of which the Government could never have been
+formed and without the continuance of which it can not continue to
+exist in peace and prosperity.
+
+It is time that mutual charges of unfairness and fraud between the
+great parties should cease and that the sincerity of those who profess
+a desire for pure and honest elections should be brought to the test of
+their willingness to free our legislation and our election methods from
+everything that tends to impair the public confidence in the announced
+result. The necessity for an inquiry and for legislation by Congress
+upon this subject is emphasized by the fact that the tendency of the
+legislation in some States in recent years has in some important
+particulars been away from and not toward free and fair elections and
+equal apportionments. Is it not time that we should come together upon
+the high plane of patriotism while we devise methods that shall secure
+the right of every man qualified by law to cast a free ballot and give
+to every such ballot an equal value in choosing our public officers and
+in directing the policy of the Government?
+
+Lawlessness is not less such, but more, where it usurps the functions of
+the peace officer and of the courts. The frequent lynching of colored
+people accused of crime is without the excuse, which has sometimes been
+urged by mobs for a failure to pursue the appointed methods for the
+punishment of crime, that the accused have an undue influence over
+courts and juries. Such acts are a reproach to the community where
+they occur, and so far as they can be made the subject of Federal
+jurisdiction the strongest repressive legislation is demanded. A public
+sentiment that will sustain the officers of the law in resisting mobs
+and in protecting accused persons in their custody should be promoted
+by every possible means. The officer who gives his life in the brave
+discharge of this duty is worthy of special honor. No lesson needs to
+be so urgently impressed upon our people as this, that no worthy end
+or cause can be promoted by lawlessness.
+
+This exhibit of the work of the Executive Departments is submitted to
+Congress and to the public in the hope that there will be found in it
+a due sense of responsibility and an earnest purpose to maintain the
+national honor and to promote the happiness and prosperity of all our
+people, and this brief exhibit of the growth and prosperity of the
+country will give us a level from which to note the increase or
+decadence that new legislative policies may bring to us. There is no
+reason why the national influence, power, and prosperity should not
+observe the same rates of increase that have characterized the past
+thirty years. We carry the great impulse and increase of these years
+into the future. There is no reason why in many lines of production we
+should not surpass all other nations, as we have already done in some.
+There are no near frontiers to our possible development. Retrogression
+would be a crime.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+[Footnote 31: See pp. 141-142, 152-155, 148-152, 281-283, 249-251,
+258-260, 253-258, 263-265, 279-281, 283-284.]
+
+[Footnote 32:  See pp. 240-242.]
+
+[Footnote 33: See pp. 290-292.]
+
+[Footnote 34: See p. 301.]
+
+[Footnote 35: See pp. 229-234.]
+
+
+
+
+SPECIAL MESSAGES.
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _December 7, 1892_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+In response to the resolution of the Senate of April 11, 1892,
+requesting information in regard to the agreement between the United
+States and Great Britain of 1817 concerning the naval forces to be
+maintained by the two Governments on the Great Lakes, I transmit
+herewith a report of the Secretary of State and accompanying papers,
+giving all the information existing in that Department in regard to
+the agreement in question.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 4, 1893_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, for the consideration of Congress, a communication
+of the 23d of December, 1892, from the Secretary of the Interior,
+accompanied by an agreement concluded by and between the Cherokee
+Commission and the Comanche, Kiowa, and Apache tribes of Indians in the
+Territory of Oklahoma, for the cession of certain lands and for other
+purposes.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 4, 1893_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, for the consideration of Congress, a communication
+of the 23d of December, 1892, from the Secretary of the Interior,
+accompanied by an agreement concluded by and between the Cherokee
+Commission and the Pawnee tribe of Indians in the Territory of Oklahoma,
+for the cession of certain lands and for other purposes.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, January 7, 1893_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+In response to the resolution of the Senate of January 6, 1893, calling
+on the Secretary of State for information whether the provisions of
+Senate bill No. 3513, absolutely suspending immigration for the period
+of one year, are in conflict with any treaties now existing between the
+United States and any foreign countries, I transmit herewith a report
+from the Secretary of State, giving the information called for.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, January 11, 1893_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+In response to the resolutions of the Senate dated December 20, 1892,
+and January 5, 1893, respectively, I transmit herewith a report from the
+Secretary of State of the 10th instant, accompanying the reports of Mr.
+Walter T. Griffin, United States commercial agent at Limoges, France,
+and Mr. W.H. Edwards, United States consul-general at Berlin, Germany,
+which were called for by the aforesaid resolutions.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 13, 1893_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, for your information, a letter from the Secretary
+of State, inclosing the annual report of the Bureau of American
+Republics for the year ending June 30, 1892.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, January 25, 1893_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+In response to the resolution of the Senate of the 21st instant,
+relating to the alleged killing of Frank B. Riley, a sailor of the
+United States steamship _Newark_, in Genoa, Italy, I transmit herewith
+a report on the subject from the Secretary of State.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 26, 1893_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, for the information of Congress, the third regular
+report of the World's Columbian Commission and the report of the
+president of the board of lady managers, with the accompanying papers.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _January 31, 1893_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+In compliance with a resolution of the Senate, the House of
+Representatives concurring, I return herewith the bill (S. 2625)
+entitled "An act to provide for the punishment of offenses on the
+high seas."
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 2, 1893_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+On the 23d of July last the following resolution of the House of
+Representatives was communicated to me:
+
+  _Resolved_, That the President be requested to inform the House, if not
+  incompatible with the public interests, what regulations are now in
+  force concerning the transportation of imported merchandise in bond or
+  duty paid, and products or manufactures of the United States, from one
+  port in the United States, over Canadian territory, to another port
+  therein, under the provisions of section 3006 of the Revised Statutes;
+  whether further legislation thereon is necessary or advisable, and
+  especially whether a careful inspection of such merchandise should not
+  be had at the frontiers of the United States upon the departure and
+  arrival of such merchandise, and whether the interests of the United
+  States do not require that each car containing such merchandise while
+  in Canadian territory be in the custody and under the surveillance of
+  an inspector of the customs department, the cost of such surveillance
+  to be paid by the foreign carrier transporting such merchandise.
+
+
+The resolution is limited in its scope to the subject of the transit
+of merchandise from one port in the United States, through Canadian
+territory, to another port in the United States, under the provisions of
+section 3006 of the Revised Statutes; but I have concluded that a review
+of our treaty obligations, if any, and of our legislation upon the whole
+subject of the transit of goods from, to, or through Canada is
+desirable, and therefore address this message to the Congress.
+
+It should be known before new legislation is proposed whether the United
+States is under any treaty obligations which affect this subject growing
+out of the provisions of Article XXIX of the treaty of Washington. That
+article is as follows:
+
+  It is agreed that for the term of years mentioned in Article XXXIII of
+  this treaty goods, wares, or merchandise arriving at the ports of New
+  York, Boston, and Portland, and any other ports in the United States
+  which have been or may from time to time be specially designated by
+  the President of the United States, and destined for Her Britannic
+  Majesty's possessions in North America, may be entered at the proper
+  custom-house and conveyed in transit, without the payment of duties,
+  through the territory of the United States, under such rules,
+  regulations, and conditions for the protection of the revenue as the
+  Government of the United States may from time to time prescribe; and
+  under like rules, regulations, and conditions goods, wares, or
+  merchandise may be conveyed in transit, without the payment of duties,
+  from such possessions through the territory of the United States for
+  export from the said ports of the United States.
+
+  It is further agreed that for the like period goods, wares, or
+  merchandise arriving at any of the ports of Her Britannic Majesty's
+  possessions in North America and destined for the United States may be
+  entered at the proper custom-house and conveyed in transit, without the
+  payment of duties, through the said possessions, under such rules and
+  regulations and conditions for the protection of the revenue as the
+  governments of the said possessions may from time to time prescribe;
+  and under like rules, regulations, and conditions goods, wares, or
+  merchandise may be conveyed in transit, without payment of duties, from
+  the United States through the said possessions to other places in the
+  United States, or for export from ports in the said possessions.
+
+
+It will be noticed that provision is here made--
+
+  First. For the transit in bond, without the payment of duties, of goods
+  arriving at specified ports of the United States, and at others to be
+  designated by the President, destined for Canada.
+
+  Second. For the transit from Canada to ports of the United States,
+  without the payment of duties, of merchandise for export.
+
+  Third. For the transit of merchandise arriving at Canadian ports,
+  destined for the United States, through Canadian territory to
+  the United States, without the payment of duties to the Dominion
+  government.
+
+  Fourth. For the transit of merchandise from the United States to
+  Canadian ports for export without the payment of duties.
+
+  Fifth. For the transit of merchandise, without the payment of duties,
+  from the United States, through Canada, to other places in the United
+  States.
+
+
+The first and second of these provisions were concessions by the
+United States and were made subject to "such rules, regulations, and
+conditions for the protection of the revenue as the Government of the
+United States may from time to time prescribe." The third, fourth, and
+fifth provisions of the articles are concessions on the part of the
+Dominion of Canada and are made subject to "such rules and regulations
+and conditions for the protection of the revenue as the governments of
+the said possessions may from time to time prescribe." The first and
+second and the third and fourth of these provisions are reciprocal in
+their nature. The fifth, which provides for the transit of merchandise
+from one point in the United States, through Canada, to another point in
+the United States, is not met by a reciprocal provision for the passage
+of Canadian goods from one point in Canada to another point in Canada
+through the United States. If this article of the treaty is in force,
+the obligations assumed by the United States should be fully and
+honorably observed until such time as this Government shall free
+itself from them by methods provided in the treaty or recognized by
+international law. It is, however, no part of the obligation resting
+upon the United States under the treaty that it will use the concessions
+made to it by Canada. This Government would undoubtedly meet its full
+duty by yielding in an ample manner the concessions made by it to
+Canada. There could be no just cause of complaint by Great Britain or
+Canada if the compensating concession to the United States should not
+be exercised. We have not stipulated in the treaty that we will permit
+merchandise to be moved through Canadian territory from one point of the
+United States to another at the will of the shipper. The stipulation is
+on the part of Canada that it will permit such merchandise to enter its
+territory from the United States, to pass through it, and to return to
+the United States without the exaction of duties and without other
+burdens than such as may be necessary to protect its revenues.
+
+The questions whether we shall continue to allow merchandise to pass
+from one point in the United States, through Canadian territory, to
+another point in the United States, and, if so, to what exactions and
+examinations it shall be subjected on reentering our territory, are
+wholly within the power of Congress without reference to the question
+whether Article XXIX is or is not in force.
+
+The treaty of Washington embraced a number of absolutely independent
+subjects. Its purpose, as recited, was "to provide for an amicable
+settlement of all causes of difference between the two countries."
+It provided for four distinct arbitrations of unsettled questions,
+including the Alabama claims, for a temporary settlement of the
+questions growing out of the fisheries, and for various arrangements
+affecting commerce and intercourse between the United States and the
+British North American possessions. Some of its provisions were made
+terminable by methods pointed out in the treaty. Articles I to XVII,
+inclusive, provide for the settlement of the Alabama claims and of the
+claims of British subjects against the United States, and have been
+fully executed. Articles XVIII to XXV, inclusive, relate to the subject
+of the fisheries, and provide for a joint commission to determine what
+indemnity should be paid to Great Britain for the fishing privileges
+conceded. These articles have been terminated by the notice provided
+for in the treaty.
+
+Article XXVI provides for the free navigation of the St. Lawrence,
+Yukon, Porcupine, and Stikine rivers. Article XXVII provides for the
+equal use of certain frontier canals and waterways, and contains no
+provision for termination upon notice. Article XXVIII opens Lake
+Michigan to the commerce of British subjects under proper regulations,
+and contains a provision for its abrogation, to which reference will
+presently be made. Article XXX provides for certain privileges of
+transshipment on the Lakes and northern waterways, and contains the
+same provision as Article XXIX as to the method by which it may be
+terminated. Article XXXI provides for the nonimposition of a Canadian
+export duty on lumber cut in certain districts in Maine and floated
+to the sea by the St. Johns River, and contains no limitation as to
+time and no provision for its abrogation. Article XXXII extended to
+Newfoundland in the event of proper legislation by that Province the
+fishery provisions of Articles XVIII to XXV, and was of course abrogated
+with those articles. Article XXXIII, which provides a method for the
+abrogation of certain articles of the treaty, I will presently quote
+at length. The remaining articles of the treaty, namely XXXV to XLII,
+provide for the arbitration of the dispute as to the Vancouver Island
+and De Haro Channel boundary, and have been fully executed. Articles
+XVIII, XIX, XXI, XXVIII, XXIX, and XXX each contains a provision
+limiting their life to "the term of years mentioned in Article XXXIII of
+this treaty." The articles between XVIII and XXX, inclusive, which do
+not contain this provision, are those that provide for an arbitration of
+the fishery question, which were of course terminable by the completion
+of the arbitration; Article XXVI, relating to the navigation of the St.
+Lawrence and other rivers, and Article XXVII, relating to the use of the
+canals. The question whether Article XXIX is still in force depends,
+so far as the construction of the treaty goes, upon the meaning of the
+words "the term of years mentioned in Article XXXIII." That article is
+as follows:
+
+  The foregoing Articles XVIII to XXV, inclusive, and Article XXX of this
+  treaty shall take effect as soon as the laws required to carry them
+  into operation shall have been passed by the Imperial Parliament of
+  Great Britain, by the parliament of Canada, and by the legislature of
+  Prince Edwards Island on the one hand and by the Congress of the United
+  States on the other. Such assent having been given, the said articles
+  shall remain in force for the period of ten years from the date at
+  which they may come into operation, and, further, until the expiration
+  of two years after either of the high contracting parties shall have
+  given notice to the other of its wish to terminate the same; each of
+  the high contracting parties being at liberty to give such notice to
+  the other at the end of the said period of ten years or at any time
+  afterwards.
+
+
+The question of construction here presented is whether the reference to
+"the term of years mentioned in Article XXXIII" is to be construed as
+limiting the continuance of Article XXIX to the duration of Articles
+XVIII to XXV and XXX in such a way that the abrogation of those articles
+necessarily carried with it the other articles of the treaty which
+contained the reference to Article XXXIII already quoted, or whether
+the reference to this "term of years" in Articles XXVIII and XXIX was
+intended to provide a method of abrogation after ten years from the time
+of their taking effect, viz, a notice of two years of an intention to
+abrogate. The language of the treaty, considered alone, might support
+the conclusion that Article XXXIII was intended to provide a uniform
+method of abrogation for certain other articles. It will be noticed that
+the treaty does not expressly call for legislation to put Article XXIX
+into operation. Senator Edmunds, in the discussion in the Senate of
+the joint resolution terminating the fisheries article, took the view
+that no legislation was necessary. It seems to me, however, that such
+legislation was necessary, and Congress acted upon this view in the law
+of 1873, to which reference will presently be made. An examination of
+the discussion between the plenipotentiaries who framed the treaty
+furnishes this entry, which President Cleveland thought to be conclusive
+of the intention of the plenipotentiaries, viz:
+
+  The transit question was discussed, and it was agreed that any
+  settlement that might be made should include a reciprocal arrangement
+  in that respect for the period for which the fishery articles should
+  be in force.
+
+
+On March 1, 1873, Congress passed an act entitled "An act to carry into
+effect the provisions of the treaty between the United States and Great
+Britain signed in the city of Washington the 8th day of May, 1871,
+relating to the fisheries." The act consisted of five sections, the
+first and second of which provided for carrying into effect the
+provisions of the treaty "relating to the fisheries." The fourth section
+provided for carrying into effect section 30 of the treaty. These three
+sections furnished the legislation contemplated by Article XXXIII of
+the treaty to carry into effect Articles XVIII to XXV and XXX. The act,
+however, went further, as will be seen by an examination of section 3,
+which is as follows:
+
+  That from the date of the President's proclamation authorized by the
+  first section of this act, and so long as the Articles XVIII to XXV,
+  inclusive, and Article XXX of said treaty shall remain in force,
+  according to the terms and conditions of Article XXXIII of said treaty,
+  all goods, wares, or merchandise arriving at the ports of New York,
+  Boston, and Portland, and any other ports in the United States which
+  have been or may from time to time be specially designated by the
+  President of the United States, and destined for Her Britannic
+  Majesty's possessions in North America, may be entered at the proper
+  custom-house and conveyed in transit, without the payment of duties,
+  through the territory of the United States, under such rules,
+  regulations, and conditions for the protection of the revenue as the
+  Secretary of the Treasury may from time to time prescribe; and under
+  like rules, regulations, and conditions goods, wares, or merchandise
+  may be conveyed in transit, without the payment of duties, from such
+  possessions through the territory of the United States, for export
+  from the said ports of the United States.
+
+
+It will be noticed that provision is here made for carrying into effect
+the two provisions of Article XXIX which I have already characterized as
+the concessions on the part of the United States, namely, the passage
+duty free from certain designated ports of the United States to Canada
+of imported goods, and the passage duty free to ports of the United
+States of Canadian goods for export. Section 3 of the law of 1873, which
+I have quoted, however, contains a legislative construction of Article
+XXIX of the treaty in the limitation that the provisions therein
+contained as to the transit of goods should continue in force only so
+long as Articles XVIII to XXV, inclusive, and XXX of the treaty should
+remain in force.
+
+On March 3, 1883, Congress passed a joint resolution entitled as
+follows: "Joint resolution providing for the termination of articles
+numbered XVIII to XXV, inclusive, and article numbered XXX of the treaty
+between the United States of America and Her Britannic Majesty concluded
+at Washington May 8, 1871."
+
+The resolution provided for the giving of notice of the abrogation of
+the articles of the treaty named in the title, and of no others. Section
+3 contained the following provision:
+
+  And the act of Congress approved March 1, A.D. 1873, entitled * * * so
+  far as it relates to the articles of said treaty so to be terminated,
+  shall be and stand repealed and be of no force on and after the time
+  of the expiration of said two years.
+
+
+An examination of the debates at the time of the passage of this joint
+resolution very clearly shows that Congress made an attempt to save
+Article XXIX of the treaty and section 3 of the act of 1873. In the
+Senate on the 21st of February, 1883, the resolution being under
+consideration, several Senators, including Mr. Edmunds, the chairman of
+the Judiciary Committee, expressed the opinion that Article XXIX would
+not be affected by the abrogation of Articles XVIII to XXV and XXX, and
+an amendment was made to the resolution with a view to leave section 3
+of the act of 1873 in force. The same view was taken in the debates in
+the House.
+
+The subject again came before Congress in connection with the
+consideration of a bill (S. 3173) to "authorize the President of the
+United States to protect and defend the rights of American fishing
+vessels, American fishermen, American trading and other vessels in
+certain cases, and for other purposes."
+
+In the course of the debate upon the bill in the Senate January 24,
+1887, and in the House February 23 following, the prevailing opinion
+was, though not without some dissent, that Article XXIX was still in
+force.
+
+On the 6th of July, 1887, in response to an inquiry by the Secretary of
+the Treasury, Mr. Bayard wrote a letter, a copy of which accompanies
+this message, in which he expresses the opinion that Article XXIX of
+the treaty was unaffected by the abrogation of the fisheries articles
+and was still in force. In August, 1888, however, Mr. Cleveland, in
+a message to Congress, expresses his opinion of the question in the
+following language:
+
+  In any event, and whether the law of 1873 construes the treaty or
+  governs it, section 29 of such treaty, I have no doubt, terminated with
+  the proceedings taken by our Government to terminate Articles XVIII to
+  XXV, inclusive, and Article XXX of the treaty. * * *
+
+  If by any language used in the joint resolution it was intended to
+  relieve section 3 of the act of 1873, embodying Article XXIX of the
+  treaty, from its own limitations, or to save the article itself, I am
+  entirely satisfied that the intention miscarried.
+
+
+I have asked the opinion of the Attorney-General upon this question, and
+his answer accompanies this message. He is of the opinion that Article
+XXIX has been abrogated.
+
+It should be added that the United States has continuously, through the
+Treasury Department, conducted our trade intercourse with Canada as if
+Article XXIX of the treaty and section 3 of the act of 1873 remained
+in force, and that Canada has continued to yield in practice the
+concessions made by her in that article. No change in our Treasury
+methods was made following Mr. Cleveland's message from which I have
+quoted. I am inclined to think that, using the aids which the protocol
+and the nearly contemporaneous legislation by Congress in the act of
+1873 furnish in construing the treaty, the better opinion is that
+Article XXIX of the treaty is no longer operative. The enactment of
+section 3 of the act of 1873 was a clear declaration that legislation
+was necessary to put Article XXIX of the treaty into operation, and that
+under the treaty our obligation to provide such legislation terminated
+whenever Articles XVIII to XXV and XXX should be abrogated. This
+legislation was accepted by Great Britain as a compliance with our
+obligations under the treaty. No objection was made that our statute
+treated Article XXIX as having force only so long as the other articles
+named were in force.
+
+But the question whether Article XXIX is in force has less practical
+importance than has been supposed, for it does not, if in force, place
+any restraints upon the United States as to the method of dealing with
+imported merchandise destined for the United States arriving at a
+Canadian port for transportation to the United States, or of merchandise
+passing through Canadian territory from one place in the United States
+to another. It would be no infraction either of the letter or of the
+spirit of the treaty if we should stop, unload, and carefully inspect
+every vehicle arriving at our border with such merchandise; nor, on the
+other hand, would Canada violate her obligations under the treaty by a
+like treatment of merchandise imported through the port of New York on
+its arrival in Canada. Neither Government has placed itself under any
+restraint as to merchandise intended for the use of its own people
+when such merchandise comes within its own territory. The question,
+therefore, as to how we shall deal with merchandise imported by our own
+people through a Canadian port and with merchandise passing from one
+place in the United States to another through Canadian territory is
+wholly one of domestic policy and law.
+
+I turn now to consider the legislation of Congress upon this subject,
+upon which, as it seems to me, the duties of the Treasury and the rights
+of our people as to those phases of the transportation question to which
+I have just alluded wholly depend. Sections 3005 and 3006 of the Revised
+Statutes, which are taken from the act of July 28, 1866, entitled
+"An act to protect the revenue, and for other purposes" (14 U.S.
+Statutes at Large, p. 328), are as follows:
+
+  SEC. 3005. All merchandise arriving at the ports of New York, Boston,
+  Portland in Maine, or any other port specially designated by the
+  Secretary of the Treasury, and destined for places in the adjacent
+  British Provinces, or arriving at the port of [_Point Isabel_]
+  [Brownsville] in Texas, or any other port specially designated by the
+  Secretary of the Treasury, and destined for places in the Republic of
+  Mexico, may be entered at the custom-house and conveyed in transit
+  through the territory of the United States without the payment of
+  duties, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may
+  prescribe.
+
+  SEC. 3006. Imported merchandise in bond, or duty paid, and products
+  or manufactures of the United States, may, with the consent of the
+  proper authorities of the British Provinces or Republic of Mexico, be
+  transported from one port in the United States to another port therein,
+  over the territory of such Provinces or Republic, by such routes and
+  under such rules, regulations, and conditions as the Secretary of the
+  Treasury may prescribe; and the merchandise so transported shall,
+  upon arrival in the United States from such Provinces or Republic, be
+  treated in regard to the liability to or exemption from duty or tax as
+  if the transportation had taken place entirely within the limits of
+  the United States.
+
+
+Section 3102 of the Revised Statutes is also related to this subject,
+and is as follows:
+
+  To avoid the inspection at the first port of arrival, the owner,
+  agent, master, or conductor of any such vessel, car, or other vehicle,
+  or owner, agent, or other person having charge of any such merchandise,
+  baggage, effects, or other articles, may apply to any officer of
+  the United States duly authorized to act in the premises to seal or
+  close the same, under and according to the regulations hereinafter
+  authorized, previous to their importation into the United States, which
+  officer shall seal or close the same accordingly; whereupon the same
+  may proceed to their port of destination without further inspection.
+  Every such vessel, car, or other vehicle shall proceed without
+  unnecessary delay to the port of its destination, as named in the
+  manifest of its cargo, freight, or contents, and be there inspected.
+  Nothing contained in this section shall be construed to exempt such
+  vessel, car, or vehicle, or its contents, from such examination as
+  may be necessary and proper to prevent frauds upon the revenue and
+  violations of this title.
+
+
+It will be noticed that section 3005 does not provide for the transit of
+merchandise through our territory from Canada to ports of the United
+States for export, nor have I been able to find any other law now in
+force that does provide for such transit. It would seem, therefore, that
+as to this concession made by the United States in Article XXIX of the
+treaty, legislation to put it into force was necessary, and that there
+is no such legislation unless section 3 of the act of 1873 was saved by
+the amendment to the joint resolution abrogating the fisheries articles
+and Article XXX, limiting the repeal to so much of said act as "relates
+to the articles of said treaty so to be terminated." The joint
+resolution certainly did not repeal section 3, and if that section has
+ceased to be operative it is by virtue of the limitation contained in
+the section itself. I think it did expire by its own express limitation.
+
+The question has presented itself whether section 3 of the act of 1873
+(U.S. Revised Statutes, sec. 2866) repealed by implication that section
+of the act of July, 1866, which is now section 3005 of the Revised
+Statutes; but I am of the opinion that the last-named section was not
+repealed. Section 3 of the act of 1873 was expressly intended to carry
+into effect a treaty obligation and was limited as to time. It contained
+no express repeal of the act of 1866, and while its provisions were
+broader than the last-named act, they were not inconsistent, save in the
+provision that while the act of 1873 was in force the additional ports
+in the United States at which Canadian goods might be received were
+to be designated by the President, whereas under the act of 1866 the
+designation was by the Secretary of the Treasury. The last-named act
+related also to intercourse with Mexico, and I think was unaffected
+by the act of 1873.
+
+It will be seen that the law permits merchandise arriving at the ports
+of New York, Boston, Portland in Maine, and at other ports specially
+designated by the Secretary of the Treasury, for places in the adjacent
+British Provinces, to be entered at the custom-house of the port where
+it is landed and conveyed through the territory of the United States
+without the payment of duty, under regulations to be prescribed by the
+Secretary of the Treasury. As these goods come immediately and fully
+under the inspection of our customs officers at the principal ports, are
+entered there and remain until they cross our border into Canada fully
+under our supervision, there is little or no danger involved to our
+revenue. The regulations prescribed by the Treasury for conducting this
+traffic seem to me to be adequate.
+
+As to merchandise imported into the United States from a contiguous
+foreign country, it is provided by section 3102 that the inspection at
+the first port of arrival in the United States may be avoided if the
+vehicle in which the same arrives has been sealed or closed by some
+officer of the United States duly authorized at some point in the
+contiguous country. When the act of closing or sealing conformably
+to the regulations of the Treasury has been effected, the car or
+other vehicle may proceed without unnecessary delay to the port of
+its destination, as named in the manifest of its cargo, freight, or
+contents, and be there inspected. This privilege, however, is subject
+to such examination at the point of entry to the United States as may
+be necessary to prevent fraud. It is important to be noticed that the
+merchandise to which this section refers is described in section 3100 as
+merchandise, etc., "imported into the United States from any contiguous
+foreign country."
+
+A practice has grown up, and a traffic of considerable dimensions
+under it, of allowing merchandise from China and Japan, purchased and
+imported from those countries by our own citizens and landed at ports
+in the Dominion of Canada, to be there loaded into cars, which, being
+sealed by an officer of the United States or some one supposed to
+represent him, are forwarded through the territory of Canada, across
+the entire continent, and allowed to cross our frontier without other
+inspection than an examination of the seals. The real fact is that the
+American consul can not and does not either compare the manifest with
+the contents of the cars or attach the seals. The agents of the
+transportation companies are furnished by the consul with the seals and
+place them upon the cars. The practice of sealing such merchandise,
+notwithstanding it has been allowed by the Treasury for some years,
+I think is unauthorized. Such merchandise is not imported from a
+"contiguous country," but from China and Japan.
+
+It has never become subject to the Canadian revenue laws as an
+importation from Japan to Canada, but by force of the treaty or by the
+courtesy of that government has been treated as subject to the revenue
+laws of the United States from the time of landing at the Canadian port.
+Our Treasury seal has been placed upon it; Canada only gives it passage.
+It is no more an importation from Canada than is a train load of wheat
+that starts from Detroit and is transported through Canada to another
+port of the United States. Section 3102 was enacted in 1864, two years
+before sections 3005 and 3006, and could not have had reference to the
+later methods of importing merchandise through one country to the other.
+
+The practice to which I have referred not only equalizes the advantages
+of Canadian seaports with our own in the importation of goods for our
+domestic consumption, but makes the Canadian ports favored ports of
+entry. The detentions under this system at the Canadian ports are less
+than when the merchandise is landed at a port of the United States to be
+forwarded in bond to another port therein. Full effect should be given
+to section 3102 as to merchandise imported into the United States from
+Canada, so far as the appropriations enable the Treasury to provide the
+officers to do the work of closing and sealing. It will, however, be
+required that all this kind of work be done, and carefully done, by
+an officer of the United States, and that the duty shall in no case
+be delegated to the employees of the transportation companies. The
+considerations that it is quite doubtful whether a fraud committed in
+Canada by one of our agents upon our revenue would be punishable in our
+courts, and that such a fraud committed by anyone else certainly would
+not be, and that even if such acts are made penal by our statutes
+the criminal would be secure against extradition, seem to me to be
+conclusive against the policy of attempting to maintain such revenue
+agents in Canadian territory.
+
+I come now to discuss another element of this international traffic,
+namely, the transportation of merchandise from one "port" in the United
+States to another "port" therein over the territory of Canada. This
+traffic is enormous in its dimensions, and very great interests have
+grown up in the United States in connection with it. Section 3006
+authorizes this traffic, subject to "such rules, regulations, and
+conditions as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe;" but the
+important limitation is from "port" to "port." Section 3007 of the
+Revised Statutes, which exempts sealed cars from certain fees, preserves
+the terms of the preceding section--from "port" to "port." It seems to
+me that sections 3006 and 3007 contemplate the delivery of the sealed
+cars at a "port" of the United States, there to be examined by a revenue
+officer and their contents verified; but in practice the car, if the
+seal is found at the border to be intact, is passed to places not
+"ports" and is opened and unloaded by the consignee, no officer being
+present. The bill or manifest accompanying the merchandise and the
+unbroken seal on the car may furnish _prima facie_ evidence that the
+amount and kind of merchandise named in the manifest and said to be
+contained in the car came from a port in the United States, but
+certainly it was not intended that the merchandise should go to the
+owner without an official ascertainment of the correspondence between
+the bill and the actual contents of the car.
+
+I pass at this point any discussion of the question whether as a
+national policy this traffic should be promoted. It is enough to say
+that as the law stands it is authorized between "ports" of the United
+States, and that the rules, regulations, and conditions to be prescribed
+by the Secretary of the Treasury must not, in view of this declaration
+of the legislative will, be further restrictive of the traffic than may
+reasonably be necessary to protect the revenues of the United States.
+In determining whether further regulations are reasonably necessary to
+prevent frauds against our revenue it is not conclusive, at least, to
+say that frauds against the revenue under the existing system have not
+been discovered. The question is, Are the regulations such as to provide
+proper safeguards against fraud, or are they such as to make fraud easy
+to those who have the disposition to commit it? If all cars carrying
+this merchandise are carefully and honestly inspected at the point of
+lading and are securely closed during the transit, the revenue would be
+secure, for the proper lading of these cars is not subject to duty.
+Frauds can only be perpetrated by introducing products not subject to
+free entry. In practice the seals and locks provided by the Treasury
+Department do not give security that these cars, in the long transit in
+which they are free from observation by officers of the revenue, may not
+be opened and dutiable merchandise added.
+
+The duplication of the seals used, composed of wire and lead, is easy,
+and the opening of locks scarcely less so. If, however, the cars, when
+they arrive in the United States, either at the point where our boundary
+is crossed or at some other port of the United States, were subject to
+the inspection of a revenue officer before the delivery to the consignee
+or owner, the manifest could be verified. The inspection, however, is
+now limited to an examination of the lock or seal. The car is not
+weighed or opened to verify its contents. I do not think this is an
+adequate protection against the surreptitious introduction into the
+cars, while on foreign territory, of dutiable articles. It will be seen
+by the letter of the Secretary of the Treasury that grain the product
+of the United States is now largely transported in American vessels to
+Canadian lake ports, and after being there placed in elevators is sent
+east in cars sealed by agents of the Treasury.
+
+No observation is taken of this grain until its arrival in Canada, where
+only the amount and grade are noted by a Treasury agent, and a like
+amount in grade and quantity (though it may be not the identical grain)
+is by such agent billed and sealed in cars for carriage to the United
+States. I do not find any statute authorizing this practice. Section
+3006, which authorizes this interstate trade through Canada, is limited
+to merchandise passing from "port" to "port" of the United States, and
+plainly means that such merchandise shall be taken up by our revenue
+officers at a "port" of the United States as a starting point.
+
+The following are the conclusions at which I have arrived:
+
+First. That Article XXIX of the treaty of Washington has been abrogated.
+
+Second. That even if this article were in force there is no law in force
+to execute it.
+
+Third. That when in force the treaty imposed no obligation upon the
+United States to use the concessions as to transit made by Canada, and
+no limitation upon the powers of the United States in dealing with
+merchandise imported for the use of our citizens through Canadian ports
+or passing from one place in the United States to another through
+Canada, upon the arrival of such merchandise at our border.
+
+Fourth. That therefore, treaty or no treaty, the question of sealing
+cars containing such merchandise and the treatment of such sealed cars
+when they cross our border is and always has been one to be settled by
+our laws, according to our convenience and our interests as we may see
+them.
+
+Fifth. That the law authorizing the sealing of cars in Canada containing
+foreign merchandise imported from a contiguous country does not apply to
+merchandise imported by our own people from countries not contiguous and
+carried through Canada for delivery to such owners.
+
+Sixth. That the law did not contemplate the passing of sealed cars to
+any place not a "port," nor the delivery of such cars to the owner or
+consignee, to be opened by him without the supervision of a revenue
+officer.
+
+Seventh. That such a practice is inconsistent with the safety of the
+revenue.
+
+The statutes relating to the transportation of merchandise between
+the United States and the British possessions should be the subject
+of revision. The Treasury regulations have given to these laws a
+construction and a scope that I do not think was contemplated by
+Congress. A policy adapted to the new conditions, growing in part out of
+the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, should be declared,
+and the business placed upon a basis more just to our people and to our
+transportation companies.
+
+If we continue the policy of supervising rates and requiring that they
+shall be equal and reasonable upon the railroads of the United States,
+we can not in fairness at the same time give these unusual facilities
+for competition to Canadian roads that are free to pursue the practices
+as to cut rates and favored rates that we condemn and punish if
+practiced by our own railroads.
+
+I regret that circumstances prevented an earlier examination by me of
+these questions, but submit now these views in the hope that they may
+lead to a revision of the laws upon a safer and juster basis.
+
+I transmit herewith the correspondence between the Secretary of the
+Treasury and the Attorney-General upon some phases of this question.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 6, 1893_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith, for the consideration of Congress, a communication
+from the Secretary of the Interior, dated 4th instant, accompanied by an
+agreement concluded by and between the Turtle Mountain Indians and the
+commission appointed under the provisions of the Indian appropriation
+act of July 13, 1892, to negotiate with the Turtle Mountain band of
+Chippewa Indians in North Dakota for the cession and relinquishment to
+the United States of whatever right or interest they have in and to any
+and all lands in said State to which they claim title, and for their
+removal to and settlement upon lands to be hereafter selected and
+determined upon by the Secretary of the Interior upon the recommendation
+of the proposed commissioners, subject to the approval of Congress.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, February 6, 1893_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+I transmit herewith, as desired by the resolution of the Senate of the
+4th instant, a report from the Secretary of State of the 6th instant,
+with its accompanying correspondence, in relation to the draft of an
+uncompleted treaty with Hawaii made in 1854.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, D.C., February 8, 1893_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith the eighth annual report of the Commissioner of
+Labor. This report relates to industrial education in the United States
+and foreign countries.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, D.C., February 14, 1893_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a special report of the Commissioner of Labor
+relating to compulsory insurance of workingmen in Germany and other
+countries.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 14, 1893_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+
+I transmit herewith a communication of the 13th instant from the
+Secretary of the Interior, transmitting copy of reports of Lieutenants
+Brown, Gurovits, and Suplee, United States Army, who were charged
+with the duty of inspecting the Navajo country, so that the Interior
+Department could be advised as to the practicability of restraining the
+Navajoes within their present reservations and of furnishing irrigation
+and water for their flocks, together with report of the Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs upon the matter with draft of an item of appropriation
+to carry the same into effect.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, February 15, 1893_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+I transmit herewith, with a view to its ratification, a treaty of
+annexation concluded on the 14th day of February, 1893, between John W.
+Foster, Secretary of State, who was duly empowered to act in that behalf
+on the part of the United States, and Lorin A. Thurston, W.R. Castle,
+W.C. Wilder, C.L. Carter, and Joseph Marsden, the commissioners on the
+part of the Government of the Hawaiian Islands. The provisional treaty,
+it will be observed, does not attempt to deal in detail with the
+questions that grow out of the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands to the
+United States. The commissioners representing the Hawaiian Government
+have consented to leave to the future and to the just and benevolent
+purposes of the United States the adjustment of all such questions.
+
+I do not deem it necessary to discuss at any length the conditions which
+have resulted in this decisive action. It has been the policy of the
+Administration not only to respect but to encourage the continuance of
+an independent government in the Hawaiian Islands so long as it afforded
+suitable guaranties for the protection of life and property and
+maintained a stability and strength that gave adequate security against
+the domination of any other power. The moral support of this Government
+has continually manifested itself in the most friendly diplomatic
+relations and in many acts of courtesy to the Hawaiian rulers.
+
+The overthrow of the monarchy was not in any way promoted by this
+Government, but had its origin in what seems to have been a reactionary
+and revolutionary policy on the part of Queen Liliuokalani, which put
+in serious peril not only the large and preponderating interests of the
+United States in the islands, but all foreign interests, and, indeed,
+the decent administration of civil affairs and the peace of the islands.
+It is quite evident that the monarchy had become effete and the Queen's
+Government so weak and inadequate as to be the prey of designing and
+unscrupulous persons. The restoration of Queen Liliuokalani to her
+throne is undesirable, if not impossible, and unless actively supported
+by the United States would be accompanied by serious disaster and the
+disorganization of all business interests. The influence and interest of
+the United States in the islands must be increased and not diminished.
+
+Only two courses are now open--one the establishment of a protectorate
+by the United States, and the other annexation full and complete. I
+think the latter course, which has been adopted in the treaty, will be
+highly promotive of the best interests of the Hawaiian people, and is
+the only one that will adequately secure the interests of the United
+States. These interests are not wholly selfish. It is essential that
+none of the other great powers shall secure these islands. Such a
+possession would not consist with our safety and with the peace of the
+world. This view of the situation is so apparent and conclusive that no
+protest has been heard from any government against proceedings looking
+to annexation. Every foreign representative at Honolulu promptly
+acknowledged the Provisional Government, and I think there is a general
+concurrence in the opinion that the deposed Queen ought not to be
+restored.
+
+Prompt action upon this treaty is very desirable. If it meets the
+approval of the Senate, peace and good order will be secured in the
+islands under existing laws until such time as Congress can provide
+by legislation a permanent form of government for the islands. This
+legislation should be, and I do not doubt will be, not only just to the
+natives and all other residents and citizens of the islands, but should
+be characterized by great liberality and a high regard to the rights of
+all people and of all foreigners domiciled there. The correspondence
+which accompanies the treaty will put the Senate in possession of all
+the facts known to the Executive.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, February 16, 1893_.
+
+_To the Senate_:
+
+I transmit herewith a letter from the Secretary of State of the 15th
+instant, covering a report, with accompanying correspondence, respecting
+relations between the United States and the Hawaiian Islands from
+September, 1820, to January, 1893.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, February 20, 1893_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+I transmit herewith a report submitted by the Acting Secretary of State
+in response to the resolution of the Senate of February 2 last, relating
+to the building of the Ozama River bridge at Santo Domingo City by
+American citizens.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, February 21, 1893_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith a communication of the Secretary of State,
+transmitting the official report of the American delegates to the
+International Monetary Conference convened at Brussels on November 22,
+1892, with its accompaniments.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 25, 1893_.
+
+_To the Senate of the United States_:
+
+In compliance with a resolution of the Senate, the House of
+Representatives concurring, I return herewith the bill (S. 3811)
+entitled "An act to amend an act entitled 'An act to grant to the Mobile
+and Dauphin Island Railroad and Harbor Company the right to trestle
+across the shoal water between Cedar Point and Dauphin Island,' approved
+September 26, 1890."
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, February 27, 1893_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I herewith transmit, for the information of Congress, a communication
+from the Acting Secretary of State, forwarding certain bulletins of the
+Bureau of the American Republics.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, D.C., March 1, 1893_.
+
+_To the Senate and House of Representatives_:
+
+I transmit herewith the fifth special report of the Commissioner of
+Labor. The report relates to the so-called "Gothenburg system" of
+regulating the liquor traffic, the system prevailing in Norway and
+Sweden.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+
+VETO MESSAGE.
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _February 27, 1893_.
+
+_To the House of Representatives_:
+
+I return herewith without my approval an act (H.R. 9612) entitled "An
+act to prescribe the number of district attorneys and marshals in the
+judicial districts of the State of Alabama."
+
+Under the present law there is a district attorney for the southern
+district of Alabama, a district attorney for the northern and middle
+districts, a marshal for the northern district, and a marshal for the
+southern and middle districts.
+
+An examination of the records of the Attorney-General's office as to the
+amount of business in the courts in these districts leads me to believe
+that two districts would provide amply for the disposition of all public
+and private cases. The law creates two new officers, whose aggregate
+compensation may be $12,000 per annum, without, it seems to me, a
+justifying necessity. But the most serious objection to the legislation
+is that it creates at once upon the taking effect of the law the offices
+of district attorney and marshal for each of the three districts, and
+the effect, it seems to me, must be to abolish the offices as they now
+exist.
+
+No provision is made for a continued discharge of the duties of marshal
+and district attorney by the present incumbents. A serious question
+would be raised as to whether these officers were not at once legislated
+out of office and vacancies created. As these vacancies could not be
+filled immediately, the business of the courts would seriously suffer.
+The law should at least have contained a provision for the continued
+discharge of their duties by the incumbents until the new officers were
+appointed and qualified.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+
+PROCLAMATIONS.
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it is provided by section 24 of the act of Congress approved
+March 3, 1891, entitled "An act to repeal timber-culture laws, and for
+other purposes"--
+
+  That the President of the United States may from time to time set
+  apart and reserve in any State or Territory having public land bearing
+  forests, in any part of the public lands wholly or in part covered with
+  timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not, as public
+  reservations; and the President shall by public proclamation declare
+  the establishment of such reservations and the limits thereof.
+
+
+And whereas it is made to appear, by petition and otherwise, that the
+interests of the public and the welfare of the people of the State of
+Colorado will be materially benefited and subserved by the reservation
+of the public and forest lands hereinafter described:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+by virtue of the power in me vested by said act, do hereby set apart,
+reserve, and establish as a public reservation all that tract of land
+in the State of Colorado embraced in the following boundary and
+description, to wit:
+
+Beginning at the confluence of the North Fork of the South Platte River
+with the South Platte River; thence up the middle of the channel of the
+North Fork of the South Platte River to the range line between township
+seven (7) south, ranges seventy-four (74) and seventy-five (75) west of
+the sixth (6th) principal meridian; thence northerly on said range line
+to the northeast corner of township seven (7) south, range seventy-five
+(75) west; thence westerly on the township line between townships six
+(6) and seven (7) south to the northwest corner of township seven (7)
+south, range seventy-six (76) west; thence southerly on the range line
+between ranges seventy-six (76) and seventy-seven (77) west to the
+northeast corner of section thirteen (13), township seven (7) south,
+range seventy-seven (77) west; thence westerly on the section line
+between sections twelve (12) and thirteen (13) to the northwest corner
+of section thirteen (13) of said township and range; thence southerly
+on the section line between sections thirteen (13) and fourteen (14),
+twenty-three (23) and twenty-four (24), and twenty-five (25) and
+twenty-six (26) to the northeast corner of section thirty-five (35) of
+said township and range; thence westerly on the section line between
+sections twenty-six (26) and thirty-five (35) and twenty-seven (27) and
+thirty-four (34) to the northwest corner of section thirty-four (34) of
+said township and range; thence southerly on the section line between
+sections thirty-three (33) and thirty-four (34) of said township and
+range and sections three (3) and four (4), nine (9) and ten (10),
+and fifteen (15) and sixteen (16), township eight (8) south, range
+seventy-seven (77) west, to the northeast corner of section twenty-one
+(21) of said last-named township and range; thence westerly on the
+section line between sections sixteen (16) and twenty-one (21),
+seventeen (17) and twenty (20), and eighteen (18) and nineteen (19)
+to the northwest corner of section nineteen (19) of said township and
+range; thence southerly on the range line between ranges seventy-seven
+(77) and seventy-eight (78) west to the northeast corner of section
+thirteen (13), township nine (9) south, range seventy-eight (78) west;
+thence westerly on the section line between sections twelve (12) and
+thirteen (13) and eleven (11) and fourteen (14) to the northwest corner
+of section fourteen (14) of said township and range; thence southerly on
+the section line between sections fourteen (14) and fifteen (15) to the
+southwest corner of said section fourteen (14); thence westerly on the
+section, line between sections fifteen (15) and twenty-two (22) and
+sixteen (16) and twenty-one (21) to the northwest corner of section
+twenty-one (21) of said township and range; thence southerly on the
+section line between sections twenty (20) and twenty-one (21) and
+twenty-eight (28) and twenty-nine (29) to the southwest corner of
+section twenty-eight (28) of said township and range; thence easterly
+on the section line between sections twenty-eight (28) and thirty-three
+(33) to the southeast corner of said section twenty-eight (28); thence
+southerly on the section line between sections thirty-three (33) and
+thirty-four (34) of said township and range and sections three (3) and
+four (4), nine (9) and ten (10), and fifteen (15) and sixteen (16),
+township ten (10) south, range seventy-eight (78) west, to the northeast
+corner of section twenty-one (21) of said last-named township and range;
+thence westerly on the section line between sections sixteen (16) and
+twenty-one (21), seventeen (17) and twenty (20), and eighteen (18) and
+nineteen (19) to the northwest corner of section nineteen (19) of said
+township and range; thence southerly on the range line between ranges
+seventy-eight (78) and seventy-nine (79) west to the southwest corner of
+township ten (10) south, range seventy-eight (78) west; thence westerly
+on the second (2d) correction line south to the northwest corner of
+section one (1), township eleven (11) south, range seventy-nine (79)
+west; thence southerly on the section line between sections one (1) and
+two (2), eleven (11) and twelve (12), thirteen (13) and fourteen (14),
+twenty-three (23) and twenty-four (24), twenty-five (25) and twenty-six
+(26), and thirty-five (35) and thirty-six (36) of said township and
+range and sections one (1) and two (2), eleven (11) and twelve (12),
+and thirteen (13) and fourteen (14), township twelve (12) south, range
+seventy-nine (79) west, to the southwest corner of section thirteen (13)
+of said last-named township and range; thence easterly on the section
+line between sections thirteen (13) and twenty-four (24) of said
+township and range and sections eighteen (18) and nineteen (19),
+seventeen (17) and twenty (20), sixteen (16) and twenty-one (21), and
+fifteen (15) and twenty-two (22), township twelve (12) south, range
+seventy-eight (78) west, to the quarter-section corner between said
+sections fifteen (15) and twenty-two (22); thence southerly through the
+middle of sections twenty-two (22), twenty-seven (27), and thirty-four
+(34) to the quarter-section corner on the south boundary of section
+thirty-four (34) of said township and range; thence easterly on the
+township line between townships twelve (12) and thirteen (13) south,
+range seventy-eight (78) west, to the northwest corner of township
+thirteen (13) south, range seventy-seven (77) west; thence southerly on
+the range line between ranges seventy-seven (77) and seventy-eight (78)
+west to the southwest corner of section six (6), township thirteen (13)
+south, range seventy-seven (77) west; thence easterly on the section
+line between sections six (6) and seven (7), five (5) and eight (8), and
+four (4) and nine (9) to the southeast corner of section four (4) of
+said township and range; thence northerly on the section line between
+sections three (3) and four (4) of said township and range and sections
+thirty-three (33) and thirty-four (34), township twelve (12) south,
+range seventy-seven (77) west, to the northeast corner of section
+thirty-three (33) of said last-named township and range; thence easterly
+on the section line between sections twenty-seven (27) and thirty-four
+(34) to the southeast corner of section twenty-seven (27) of said
+township and range; thence northerly on the section line between
+sections twenty-six (26) and twenty-seven (27), twenty-two (22) and
+twenty-three (23), fourteen (14) and fifteen (15), ten (10) and eleven
+(11), and two (2) and three (3) of said township and range and sections
+thirty-four (34) and thirty-five (35), township eleven (11) south, range
+seventy-seven (77) west, to the northeast corner of section thirty-four
+(34) of said township and range; thence westerly on the section line
+between sections twenty-seven (27) and thirty-four (34) to the northwest
+corner of said section thirty-four (34); thence northerly on the section
+line between sections twenty-seven (27) and twenty-eight (28) to the
+northeast corner of section twenty-eight (28) of said township and
+range; thence westerly on the section line between sections twenty-one
+(21) and twenty-eight (28), twenty (20) and twenty-nine (29), and
+nineteen (19) and thirty (30) to the northwest corner of section thirty
+(30) of said township and range; thence northerly on the range line
+between ranges seventy-seven (77) and seventy-eight (78) west to the
+northeast corner of township eleven (11) south, range seventy-eight (78)
+west; thence easterly on the second (2d) correction line south to the
+southeast corner of township ten (10) south, range seventy-eight (78)
+west; thence northerly on the range line between ranges seventy-seven
+(77) and seventy-eight (78) west to the southwest corner of section
+eighteen (18), township nine (9) south, range seventy-seven (77) west;
+thence easterly on the section line between sections eighteen (18)
+and nineteen (19), seventeen (17) and twenty (20), sixteen (16) and
+twenty-one (21), and fifteen (15) and twenty-two (22) to the southeast
+corner of section fifteen (15) of said township and range; thence
+northerly on the section line between sections fourteen (14) and fifteen
+(15) and ten (10) and eleven (11) to the southwest corner of section
+two (2) of said township and range; thence easterly on the section line
+between sections two (2) and eleven (11) and one (1) and twelve (12)
+to the southeast corner of section one (1) of said township and range;
+thence northerly on the range line between ranges seventy-six (76) and
+seventy-seven (77) west to the southwest corner of township eight (8)
+south, range seventy-six (76) west; thence easterly on the township line
+between townships eight (8) and nine (9) south, range seventy-six (76)
+west, to the southeast corner of section thirty-one (31), township eight
+(8) south, range seventy-six (76) west; thence northerly on the section
+line between sections thirty-one (31) and thirty-two (32) to the
+southwest corner of section twenty-nine (29) of said township and range;
+thence easterly on the section line between sections twenty-nine (29)
+and thirty-two (32) to the southeast corner of said section twenty-nine
+(29); thence northerly on the section line between sections twenty-eight
+(28) and twenty-nine (29) and twenty (20) and twenty-one (21) to the
+southwest corner of section sixteen (16) of said township and range;
+thence easterly on the section line between sections sixteen (16) and
+twenty-one (21) to the southeast corner of said section sixteen (16);
+thence northerly on the section line between sections fifteen (15) and
+sixteen (16), nine (9) and ten (10), and three (3) and four (4) of said
+township and range, and sections thirty-three (33) and thirty-four (34),
+township seven (7) south, range seventy-six (76) west, to the southwest
+corner of section twenty-seven (27) of said township and range; thence
+easterly on the section line between sections twenty-seven (27) and
+thirty-four (34), twenty-six (26) and thirty-five (35), and twenty-five
+(25) and thirty-six (36) of said township and range, and sections
+thirty (30) and thirty-one (31), twenty-nine (29) and thirty-two (32),
+twenty-eight (28) and thirty-three (33), and twenty-seven (27) and
+thirty-four (34), township seven (7) south, range seventy-five (75)
+west, to the northwest corner of section thirty-five (35) of said
+township and range; thence southerly on the section line between
+sections thirty-four (34) and thirty-five (35) of said township and
+range and sections two (2) and three (3), ten (10) and eleven (11),
+fourteen (14) and fifteen (15), twenty-two (22) and twenty-three (23),
+twenty-six (26) and twenty-seven (27), and thirty-four (34) and
+thirty-five (35), township eight (8) south, range seventy-five (75)
+west, to the southwest corner of section thirty-five (35) of said
+township and range; thence easterly on the township line between
+townships eight (8) and nine (9) south, range seventy-five (75) west, to
+the northwest corner of township nine (9) south, range seventy-four (74)
+west; thence southerly on the range line between ranges seventy-four
+(74) and seventy-five (75) west to the southwest corner of township ten
+(10) south, range seventy-four (74) west; thence easterly on the second
+(2d) correction line south to the northwest corner of township eleven
+(11) south, range seventy-three (73) west; thence southerly on the range
+line between ranges seventy-three (73) and seventy-four (74) west to the
+northeast corner of section thirteen (13), township twelve (12) south,
+range seventy-four (74) west; thence westerly on the section line
+between sections twelve (12) and thirteen (13) and eleven (11) and
+fourteen (14) of said township and range to the quarter-section corner
+between said sections eleven (11) and fourteen (14); thence southerly
+through the middle of sections fourteen (14), twenty-three (23), and
+twenty-six (26) to the center of section twenty-six (26) of said
+township and range; thence easterly through the middle of sections
+twenty-six (26) and twenty-five (25) to the quarter-section corner on
+the range line between section twenty-five (25), township twelve (12)
+south, range seventy-four (74) west, and section thirty (30), township
+twelve (12) south, range seventy-three (73) west; thence southerly on
+said range line to the southwest corner of township twelve (12) south,
+range seventy-three (73) west; thence easterly on the township line
+between townships twelve (12) and thirteen (13) south to the southeast
+corner of township twelve (12) south, range seventy-three (73) west;
+thence southerly on the range line between ranges seventy-two (72) and
+seventy-three (73) west to the northeast corner of section twenty-four
+(24), township thirteen (13) south, range seventy-three (73) west;
+thence westerly on the section line between sections thirteen (13) and
+twenty-four (24), fourteen (14) and twenty-three (23), fifteen (15) and
+twenty-two (22), sixteen (16) and twenty-one (21), seventeen (17) and
+twenty (20), and eighteen (18) and nineteen (19) to the northwest corner
+of section nineteen (19) of said township and range; thence southerly on
+the range line between ranges seventy-three (73) and seventy-four (74)
+west to the quarter-section corner on the west boundary of section
+eighteen (18), township fourteen (14) south, range seventy-three (73)
+west; thence easterly through the middle of sections eighteen (18) and
+seventeen (17), sixteen (16), fifteen (15), fourteen (14), and thirteen
+(13), township fourteen (14) south, range seventy-three (73) west, and
+sections eighteen (18) and seventeen (17), township fourteen (14) south,
+range seventy-two (72) west, to the quarter-section corner between
+sections seventeen (17) and sixteen (16) of said last-named township and
+range; thence northerly on the section line between sections sixteen
+(16) and seventeen (17) and eight (8) and nine (9) to the northeast
+corner of section eight (8) of said township and range; thence easterly
+on the section line between sections four (4) and nine (9), three (3)
+and ten (10), two (2) and eleven (11), and one (1)and twelve (12) to the
+southeast corner of section one (1) of said township and range; thence
+northerly on the range line between ranges seventy-one (71) and
+seventy-two (72) west to the southwest corner of township thirteen (13)
+south, range seventy-one (71) west; thence easterly on the township line
+between townships thirteen (13) and fourteen (14) south to the southeast
+corner of section thirty-three (33), township thirteen (13) south, range
+seventy-one (71) west; thence northerly on the section line between
+sections thirty-three (33) and thirty-four (34), twenty-seven (27) and
+twenty-eight (28), twenty-one (21) and twenty-two (22), fifteen (15)
+and sixteen (16), nine (9) and ten (10), and three (3) and four (4) of
+said township and range, and between sections thirty-three (33) and
+thirty-four (34), twenty-seven (27) and twenty-eight (28), twenty-one
+(21) and twenty-two (22), fifteen (15) and sixteen (16), nine (9) and
+ten (10), and three (3) and four (4), township twelve (12) south, range
+seventy-one (71) west, and between sections thirty-three (33) and
+thirty-four (34), twenty-seven (27) and twenty-eight (28), twenty-one
+(21) and twenty-two (22), fifteen (15) and sixteen (16), nine (9) and
+ten (10), and three (3) and four (4), township eleven (11) south, range
+seventy-one (71) west, to the northeast corner of section four (4) of
+said last-named township and range; thence easterly on the second (2d)
+correction line south to the southeast corner of section thirty-three
+(33), township ten (10) south, range seventy-one (71) west; thence
+northerly on the section line between sections thirty-three (33) and
+thirty-four (34) of said township and range to the middle of the channel
+of the South Platte River; thence down the middle of the channel of the
+said river to its confluence with the North Fork of the South Platte
+River, the place of beginning, to be known as the South Platte Forest
+Reserve.
+
+Excepting from the force and effect of this proclamation all lands which
+may have been prior to the date hereof embraced in any legal entry or
+covered by any lawful filing duly of record in the proper United States
+land office, or upon which any valid settlement has been made pursuant
+to law and the statutory period within which to make entry or filing
+of record has not expired, and all mining claims duly located and held
+according to the laws of the United States and rules and regulations
+not in conflict therewith.
+
+_Provided_, That this exception shall not continue to apply to any
+particular tract of land unless the entryman, settler, or claimant
+continues to comply with the law under which the entry, filing,
+settlement, or location was made.
+
+Warning is hereby expressly given to all persons not to enter or make
+settlement upon the tract of land reserved by this proclamation.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 9th day of December, A.D. 1892, and
+of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and
+seventeenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JOHN W. FOSTER,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it is provided by section 24 of the act of Congress approved
+March 3, 1891, entitled "An act to repeal timber-culture laws, and for
+other purposes"--
+
+  That the President of the United States may from time to time set
+  apart and reserve in any State or Territory having public land bearing
+  forests, in any part of the public lands wholly or in part covered with
+  timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not, as public
+  reservations; and the President shall by public proclamation declare
+  the establishment of such reservations and the limits thereof.
+
+
+And whereas the public lands in the State of California within the
+limits hereinafter described are in part covered with timber, and it
+appears that the public good would be promoted by setting apart and
+reserving said lands as a public reservation:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+by virtue of the power in me vested by section 24 of the aforesaid act
+of Congress, do hereby make known and proclaim that there is hereby
+reserved from entry or settlement and set apart as a public reservation
+all those certain tracts, pieces, or parcels of land lying and being
+situate in the State of California and particularly described as
+follows, to wit:
+
+Beginning at the northeast corner of township three (3) north, range six
+(6) west of the San Bernardino meridian; thence westerly on the surveyed
+and unsurveyed township line between townships three (3) and four (4)
+north, ranges six (6) and seven (7) west, to the northeast corner of
+township three (3) north, range eight (8) west; thence northerly on the
+unsurveyed and surveyed range line between ranges seven (7) and eight
+(8) west to the northeast corner of section twenty-four (24), township
+four (4) north, range eight (8) west; thence westerly on the surveyed
+and unsurveyed section line between sections thirteen (13) and
+twenty-four (24), fourteen (14) and twenty-three (23), fifteen (15) and
+twenty-two (22), sixteen (16) and twenty-one (21), seventeen (17) and
+twenty (20), and eighteen (18) and nineteen (19) of said township and
+range to the point for the northwest corner of section nineteen (19) of
+said township and range; thence northerly on the unsurveyed and surveyed
+range line between ranges eight (8) and nine (9) west to the northeast
+corner of township four (4) north, range nine (9) west; thence westerly
+on the township line between townships four (4) and five (5) north,
+range nine (9) west, to the southeast corner of township five (5) north,
+range ten (10) west; thence northerly on the range line between ranges
+nine (9) and ten (10) west to the northeast corner of section thirty-six
+(36) of said township and range; thence westerly on the section line
+between sections twenty-five (25) and thirty-six (36), twenty-six (26)
+and thirty-five (35), and twenty-seven (27) and thirty-four (34) to
+the southeast corner of section twenty-eight (28) of said township
+and range; thence northerly on the section line between sections
+twenty-seven (27) and twenty-eight (28) to the northeast corner of said
+section twenty-eight (28); thence westerly on the section line between
+sections twenty-one (21) and twenty-eight (28), twenty (20) and
+twenty-nine (29), and nineteen (19) and thirty (30) of said last-named
+township and range, and on the unsurveyed section line between sections
+twenty-four (24) and twenty-five (25), twenty-three (23) and twenty-six
+(26), twenty-two (22) and twenty-seven (27), twenty-one (21) and
+twenty-eight (28), twenty (20) and twenty-nine (29), and nineteen (19)
+and thirty (30), township five (5) north, range eleven (11) west, to the
+point for the northwest corner of section thirty (30) of said last-named
+township and range; thence southerly on the range line between ranges
+eleven (11) and twelve (12) west to the southeast corner of township
+five (5) north, range twelve (12) west; thence westerly on the township
+line between townships four (4) and five (5) north to the southwest
+corner of township five (5) north, range twelve (12) west; thence
+southerly on the range line between ranges twelve (12) and thirteen (13)
+west to the northeast corner of section twenty-four (24), township four
+(4) north, range thirteen (13) west; thence westerly on the section line
+between sections thirteen (13) and twenty-four (24), fourteen (14) and
+twenty-three (23), fifteen (15) and twenty-two (22), sixteen (16) and
+twenty-one (21), seventeen (17) and twenty (20), and eighteen (18) and
+nineteen (19) of said township and range, and sections thirteen (13) and
+twenty-four (24), fourteen (14) and twenty-three (23), fifteen (15) and
+twenty-two (22), sixteen (16) and twenty-one (21), seventeen (17) and
+twenty (20), and eighteen (18) and nineteen (19), township four (4)
+north, range fourteen (14) west, to the northwest corner of section
+nineteen (19) of said last-named township and range; thence southerly
+on the surveyed and unsurveyed range line between ranges fourteen (14)
+and fifteen (15) west to the point for the southwest corner of township
+three (3) north, range fourteen (14) west; thence easterly on the
+unsurveyed township line between townships two (2) and three (3) north,
+range fourteen (14) west, to a point for the northwest corner of section
+four (4), township two (2) north, range fourteen (14) west; thence
+southerly on the unsurveyed section line between sections four (4) and
+five (5) to the point for the southwest corner of said section four (4);
+thence easterly on the unsurveyed section line between sections four (4)
+and nine (9), three (3) and ten (10), two (2) and eleven (11), and one
+(1) and twelve (12) to a point for the southeast corner of section one
+(1) of said township and range; thence southerly on the range line
+between ranges thirteen (13) and fourteen (14) west to the southwest
+corner of section seven (7), township two (2) north, range thirteen
+(13) west; thence easterly on the surveyed and unsurveyed section line
+between sections seven (7) and eighteen (18), eight (8) and seventeen
+(17), nine (9) and sixteen (16), ten (10) and fifteen (15), eleven (11)
+and fourteen (14), and twelve (12) and (13) to a point for the northeast
+corner of section thirteen (13) of said township and range; thence
+southerly on the range line between ranges twelve (12) and thirteen (13)
+west to the southwest corner of township two (2) north, range twelve
+(12) west; thence easterly on the surveyed and unsurveyed township line
+between townships one (1) and two (2) north, range twelve (12) west,
+to the point for the northwest corner of section one (1), township one
+(1) north, range twelve (12) west; thence southerly on the unsurveyed
+section line between sections one (1) and two (2) to the point for
+the southwest corner of said section one (1); thence easterly on the
+unsurveyed section line between sections one (1) and twelve (12) to the
+point for the southeast corner of said section one (1); thence southerly
+on the range line between ranges eleven (11) and twelve (12) west to the
+southwest corner of section seven (7), township one (1) north, range
+eleven (11) west; thence easterly on the section line between sections
+seven (7) and eighteen (18), eight (8) and seventeen (17), nine (9) and
+sixteen (16), ten (10) and fifteen (15), eleven (11) and fourteen (14),
+and twelve (12) and thirteen (13) of said township and range, and
+sections seven (7) and eighteen (18), eight (8) and seventeen (17),
+nine (9) and sixteen (16), ten (10) and fifteen (15), eleven (11) and
+fourteen (14), and twelve (12) and thirteen (13), township one (1)
+north, range ten (10) west, to the southeast corner of section twelve
+(12) of said last-named township and range; thence southerly on the
+range line between ranges nine (9) and ten (10) west to the southwest
+corner of section eighteen (18), township one (1) north, range nine (9)
+west; thence easterly on the section line between sections eighteen (18)
+and nineteen (19), seventeen (17) and twenty (20), sixteen (16) and
+twenty-one (21), fifteen (15) and twenty-two (22), fourteen (14) and
+twenty-three (23), and thirteen (13) and twenty-four (24) of said
+township and range, and sections eighteen (18) and nineteen (19),
+seventeen (17) and twenty (20), sixteen (16) and twenty-one (21),
+fifteen (15) and twenty-two (22), fourteen (14) and twenty-three (23),
+and thirteen (13) and twenty-four (24), township one (1) north, range
+eight (8) west, to the southeast corner of section thirteen (13) of
+said last-named township and range; thence northerly on the range line
+between ranges seven (7) and eight (8) west to the southwest corner of
+section seven (7), township one (1) north, range seven (7) west; thence
+easterly on the section line between sections seven (7) and eighteen
+(18), eight (8) and seventeen (17), nine (9) and sixteen (16), ten (10)
+and fifteen (15), eleven (11) and fourteen (14), and twelve (12) and
+thirteen (13) of said township and range, and on the surveyed and
+unsurveyed section line between sections seven (7) and eighteen (18),
+eight (8) and seventeen (17), nine (9) and sixteen (16), ten (10)
+and fifteen (15), eleven (11) and fourteen (14), and twelve (12) and
+thirteen (13), township one (1) north, range six (6) west, to the point
+for the southeast corner of section twelve (12) of said last-named
+township and range; thence northerly on the unsurveyed and surveyed
+range line between ranges five (5) and six (6) west to the northeast
+corner of township three (3) north, range six (6) west, the place of
+beginning.
+
+Excepting from the force and effect of this proclamation all lands which
+may have been prior to the date hereof embraced in any legal entry or
+covered by any lawful filing duly of record in the proper United States
+land office, or upon which any valid settlement has been made pursuant
+to law and the statutory period within which to make entry or filing
+of record has not expired, and all mining claims duly located and held
+according to the laws of the United States and rules and regulations
+not in conflict therewith.
+
+_Provided_, That this exception shall not continue to apply to any
+particular tract of land unless the entryman, settler, or claimant
+continues to comply with the law under which the entry, filing,
+settlement, or location was made.
+
+Warning is hereby expressly given to all persons not to enter or make
+settlement upon the tract of land reserved by this proclamation.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 20th day of December, A.D. 1892,
+and of the independence of the United States the one hundred and
+seventeenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JOHN W. FOSTER,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it is provided by section 24 of the act of Congress approved
+March 3, 1891, entitled "An act to repeal timber-culture laws, and for
+other purposes"--
+
+  That the President of the United States may from time to time set
+  apart and reserve in any State or Territory having public land bearing
+  forests, in any part of the public lands wholly or in part covered with
+  timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not, as public
+  reservations; and the President shall by public proclamation declare
+  the establishment of such reservations and the limits thereof.
+
+
+And whereas it is provided by section 14 of said above-mentioned act
+that the public lands in the Territory of Alaska reserved for public
+purposes shall not be subject to occupation and sale; and
+
+Whereas the public lands in the Territory of Alaska known as Afognak
+Island are in part covered with timber and are required for public
+purposes in order that salmon fisheries in the waters of the island, and
+salmon and other fish and sea animals, and other animals and birds, and
+the timber, undergrowth, grass, moss, and other growth in, on, and about
+said island may be protected and preserved unimpaired, and it appears
+that the public good would be promoted by setting apart and reserving
+said lands as a public reservation; and
+
+Whereas the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries has
+selected Afognak Bay, River, and Lake, with their tributary streams and
+the sources thereof, and the lands including the same on said Afognak
+Island and within 1 mile from the shores thereof, as a reserve for the
+purpose of establishing fish-culture stations and the use of the United
+States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, the boundary lines of which
+include the headsprings of the tributaries above mentioned and the lands
+the drainage of which is into the same:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, by
+virtue of the power in me vested by sections 24 and 14 of the aforesaid
+act of Congress and by other laws of the United States, do reserve and
+do hereby make known and proclaim that there is hereby reserved from
+occupation and sale and set apart as a public reservation, including use
+for fish-culture stations, said Afognak Island, Alaska, and its adjacent
+bays and rocks and territorial waters, including among others the Sea
+Lion Rocks and Sea Otter Island: _Provided_, That this proclamation
+shall not be so construed as to deprive any _bona fide_ inhabitant of
+said island of any valid right he may possess under the treaty for the
+cession of the Russian possessions in North America to the United
+States, concluded at Washington on the 30th day of March, 1867.
+
+Warning is hereby expressly given to all persons not to enter upon or to
+occupy the tract or tracts of land or waters reserved by this
+proclamation, or to fish in or use any of the waters herein described or
+mentioned, and that all persons or corporations now occupying said
+island or any of said premises except under said treaty shall depart
+therefrom.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 24th day of December, A.D. 1892,
+and of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and
+seventeenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JOHN W. FOSTER,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it is provided by section 24 of the act of Congress approved
+March 3, 1891, entitled "An act to repeal timber-culture laws, and for
+other purposes"--
+
+  That the President of the United States may from time to time set
+  apart and reserve in any State or Territory having public land bearing
+  forests, in any part of the public lands wholly or in part covered with
+  timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not, as public
+  reservations; and the President shall by public proclamation declare
+  the establishment of such reservations and the limits thereof.
+
+
+And whereas the public lands in the State of Colorado within the limits
+hereinafter described are in part covered with timber, and it appears
+that the public good would be promoted by setting apart and reserving
+said lands as a public reservation:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+by virtue of the power in me vested by section 24 of the aforesaid act
+of Congress, do hereby make known and proclaim that there is hereby
+reserved from entry or settlement and set apart as a public reservation
+all those certain tracts, pieces, or parcels of land lying and being
+situate in the State of Colorado and particularly described as follows,
+to wit:
+
+Beginning at the northeast corner of township seven (7) south, range
+ninety-three (93) west of the sixth (6th) principal meridian; thence
+westerly along the township line between townships six (6) and seven
+(7) south to the northwest corner of township seven (7) south, range
+ninety-three (93) west; thence southerly along the range line between
+ranges ninety-three (93) and ninety-four (94) west to the northwest
+corner of section nineteen (19), township seven (7) south, range
+ninety-three (93) west; thence westerly along the unsurveyed section
+line between sections thirteen (13) and twenty-four (24), fourteen (14)
+and twenty-three (23), fifteen (15) and twenty-two (22), sixteen (16)
+and twenty-one (21), seventeen (17) and twenty (20), and eighteen (18)
+and nineteen (19), township seven (7) south, range ninety-four (94)
+west, to the northwest corner of section nineteen (19) of said township
+and range; thence southerly along the range line between ranges
+ninety-four (94) and ninety-five (95) west to the northwest corner of
+township eight (8) south, range ninety-four (94) west; thence westerly
+along the township line between townships seven (7) and eight (8) south
+to the northwest corner of section three (3), township eight (8) south,
+range ninety-five (95) west; thence southerly along the section line
+between sections three (3) and four (4), nine (9) and ten (10), and
+fifteen (15) and sixteen (16) to the northwest corner of section
+twenty-two (22) of said township and range; thence westerly along
+the section line between sections sixteen (16) and twenty-one (21),
+seventeen (17) and twenty (20), and eighteen (18) and nineteen (19) of
+said township and range, and sections thirteen (13) and twenty-four
+(24), fourteen (14) and twenty-three (23), and fifteen (15) and
+twenty-two (22), township eight (8) south, range ninety-six (96) west,
+to the northwest corner of section twenty-two (22) of said township and
+range; thence southerly along the section line between sections
+twenty-one (21) and twenty-two (22), twenty-seven (27) and twenty-eight
+(28), and thirty-three (33) and thirty-four (34) of said township and
+range to the northwest corner of section three (3), township nine (9)
+south, range ninety-six (96) west; thence westerly along the township
+line between townships eight (8) and nine (9) south to the northwest
+corner of section three (3), township nine (9) south, range ninety-seven
+(97) west; thence southerly along the section line between sections
+three (3) and four (4), nine (9) and ten (10), fifteen (15) and sixteen
+(16), twenty-one (21) and twenty-two (22), twenty-seven (27) and
+twenty-eight (28), and thirty-three (33) and thirty-four (34) to the
+southwest corner of section thirty-four (34) of said township and range;
+thence easterly along the township line between townships nine (9) and
+ten (10) south to the southeast corner of township nine (9) south, range
+ninety-six (96) west; thence northerly along the range line between
+ranges ninety-five (95) and ninety-six (96) west to the southeast corner
+of section thirteen (13), township nine (9) south, range ninety-six (96)
+west; thence easterly along the section line between sections eighteen
+(18) and nineteen (19), seventeen (17) and twenty (20), sixteen (16) and
+twenty-one (21), fifteen (15) and twenty-two (22), fourteen (14) and
+twenty-three (23), and thirteen (13) and twenty-four (24), township
+nine (9) south, range ninety-five (95) west, to the southeast corner of
+section thirteen (13) of said township and range; thence northerly along
+the range line between ranges ninety-four (94) and ninety-five (95) west
+to the southeast corner of township eight (8) south, range ninety-five
+(95) west; thence easterly along the township line between townships
+eight (8) and nine (9) south to the southwest corner of township eight
+(8) south, range ninety-two (92) west; thence southerly along the range
+line between ranges ninety-two (92) and ninety-three (93) west to the
+southwest corner of township ten (10) south, range ninety-two (92) west;
+thence westerly along the second (2d) correction line south between
+townships ten (10) and eleven (11) south to the northwest corner of
+township eleven (11) south, range ninety-six (96) west; thence southerly
+along the range line between ranges ninety-six (96) and ninety-seven
+(97) west to the northwest corner of township twelve (12) south, range
+ninety-six (96) west; thence westerly along the township line between
+townships eleven (11) and twelve (12) south to the northwest corner of
+fractional section two (2), fractional township twelve (12) south,
+fractional range ninety-eight (98) west; thence southerly along the
+range line between fractional range ninety-eight (98) west of the sixth
+(6th) principal meridian and range two (2) east of the Ute principal
+meridian to the southwest corner of fractional section thirty-five (35),
+fractional township thirteen (13) south, fractional range ninety-eight
+(98) west of the sixth (6th) principal meridian; thence easterly along
+the township line between township thirteen (13) and fractional township
+fourteen (14) south to the southwest corner of township thirteen (13)
+south, range ninety-six (96) west; thence southerly along the range
+line between ranges ninety-six (96) and ninety-seven (97) west to the
+southwest corner of township fourteen (14) south, range ninety-six
+(96) west; thence easterly along the township line between townships
+fourteen (14) and fifteen (15) south to the southeast corner of
+section thirty-three (33), township fourteen (14) south, range
+ninety-five (95) west; thence northerly along the section line between
+sections thirty-three (33) and thirty-four (34), twenty-seven (27) and
+twenty-eight (28), twenty-one (21) and twenty-two (22), fifteen (15)
+and sixteen (16), nine (9) and ten (10), and three (3) and four (4),
+townships fourteen (14) and thirteen (13) south, range ninety-five (95)
+west, and sections thirty-three (33) and thirty-four (34), twenty-seven
+(27) and twenty-eight (28), and twenty-one (21) and twenty-two (22),
+township twelve (12) south, range ninety-five (95) west, to the
+southeast corner of section sixteen (16) of said township and range;
+thence easterly along the section line between sections fifteen (15) and
+twenty-two (22), fourteen (14) and twenty-three (23), and thirteen (13)
+and twenty-four (24), township twelve (12) south, range ninety-five (95)
+west, and sections eighteen (18) and nineteen (19), seventeen (17)
+and twenty (20), sixteen (16) and twenty-one (21), fifteen (15) and
+twenty-two (22), fourteen (14) and twenty-three (23), and thirteen (13)
+and twenty-four (24), township twelve (12) south, range (94) west, to
+the south west corner of section eighteen (18), township twelve (12)
+south, range ninety-three (93) west; thence southerly along the range
+line between ranges ninety-three (93) and ninety-four (94) west to the
+southwest corner of township twelve (12) south, range ninety-three (93)
+west; thence easterly along the township line between townships twelve
+(12) and thirteen (13) south to the southeast corner of township twelve
+(12) south, range ninety-two (92) west; thence northerly along the range
+line between ranges ninety-one (91) and ninety-two (92) west to the
+southeast corner of township eleven (11) south, range ninety-two (92)
+west; thence easterly along the township line between townships eleven
+(11) and twelve (12) south to the southwest corner of township eleven
+(11) south, range ninety (90) west; thence southerly along the range
+line between ranges ninety (90) and ninety-one (91) west to the
+southwest corner of township twelve (12) south, range ninety (90) west;
+thence easterly along the township line between townships twelve (12)
+and thirteen (13) south to the southeast corner of township twelve (12)
+south, range eighty-nine (89) west; thence northerly along the surveyed
+and unsurveyed range line between ranges eighty-eight (88) and
+eighty-nine (89) west to the northeast corner of township eleven (11)
+south, range eighty-nine (89) west; thence easterly along the second
+(2d) correction line south to the southeast corner of township ten (10)
+south, range eighty-nine (89) west; thence northerly along the range
+line between ranges eighty-eight (88) and eighty-nine (89) west to the
+northeast corner of township nine (9) south, range eighty-nine (89)
+west; thence westerly along the township line between townships eight
+(8) and nine (9) south to the northeast corner of township nine (9)
+south, range ninety (90) west; thence northerly along the range line
+between ranges eighty-nine (89) and ninety (90) west to the northeast
+corner of township eight (8) south, range ninety (90) west; thence
+westerly along the surveyed and unsurveyed township line between
+townships seven (7) and eight (8) south to the northeast corner of
+township eight (8) south, range ninety-three (93) west; thence northerly
+along the range line between ranges ninety-two (92) and ninety-three
+(93) west to the northeast corner of township seven (7) south, range
+ninety-three (93) west, the place of beginning.
+
+Excepting from the force and effect of this proclamation all lands which
+may have been prior to the date hereof embraced in any legal entry or
+covered by any lawful filing duly of record in the proper United States
+land office, or upon which any valid settlement has been made pursuant
+to law and the statutory period within which to make entry or filing
+of record has not expired, and all mining claims duly located and held
+according to the laws of the United States and rules and regulations
+not in conflict therewith.
+
+_Provided_, That this exception shall not continue to apply to any
+particular tract of land unless the entryman, settler, or claimant
+continues to comply with the law under which the entry, filing,
+settlement, or location was made.
+
+Warning is hereby expressly given to all persons not to enter or make
+settlement upon the tract of land reserved by this proclamation.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 24th day of December, A.D. 1892,
+and of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and
+seventeenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JOHN W. FOSTER,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas, pursuant to section 3 of the act of Congress approved October
+1, 1890, entitled "An act to reduce the revenue and equalize duties on
+imports, and for other purposes," the Secretary of State of the United
+States of America communicated to the Government of Salvador the action
+of the Congress of the United States of America, with a view to secure
+reciprocal trade, in declaring the articles enumerated in said section 3
+to be exempt from duty upon their importation into the United States of
+America; and
+
+Whereas the minister for foreign affairs for the Republic of Salvador
+has communicated to the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary
+of the United States to Salvador that the Congress of Salvador has by
+due legal enactment authorized the executive power to conclude a
+definitive commercial arrangement with the United States to supersede
+the existing provisional arrangement; and
+
+Whereas, in reciprocity for the admission into the United States of
+America free of all duty of the articles enumerated in section 3 of said
+act, the Government of Salvador will admit free of all duty from and
+after December 31, 1892, into all the established ports of entry of
+Salvador the articles or merchandise named in the following schedule,
+provided that the same is the manufacture or product of the United
+States:
+
+
+  PRODUCTS AND MANUFACTURES OF THE UNITED STATES TO BE ADMITTED INTO
+  SALVADOR FREE OF CUSTOMS DUTIES AND OF ALL CHARGES, WHETHER NATIONAL
+  OR PROVINCIAL.
+
+   1. Cotton-seed oil.
+
+   2. Live animals.
+
+   3. Tar, vegetable and mineral.
+
+   4. Wire, barbed, and staples for fences.
+
+   5. Apparatus for distilling liquors.
+
+   6. Plows, cultivators, hoes, axes, machetes, shovels, and rakes.
+
+   7. Quicksilver.
+
+   8. Barrels, casks, and tanks of iron for water.
+
+   9. Mineral ores.
+
+  10. Boats, lighters, tackle, anchors, chains, girtlines, sails, and
+      all other articles for vessels, to be used in the ports, lakes,
+      and rivers of the Republic.
+
+  11. Coal, mineral.
+
+  12. Roman cement and hydraulic lime.
+
+  13. Kettles for making salt.
+
+  14. Wooden staves, barrel heads and hoops.
+
+  15. Houses of wood and iron, complete and in parts.
+
+  16. Beans, potatoes, and onions.
+
+  17. Fruits, fresh.
+
+  18. Guano and other fertilizers, natural and artificial.
+
+  19. Guys for mining purposes.
+
+  20. Hay and straw for forage.
+
+  21. Furnaces and instruments for assaying metals.
+
+  22. Scientific instruments.
+
+  23. Loadstones.
+
+  24. Bricks, fire bricks, and crucibles for melting.
+
+  25. Hops.
+
+  26. Printed books, pamphlets and newspapers, bound or unbound, maps,
+      photographs, printed music, and paper for music.
+
+  27. Corn, rice, barley, and rye.
+
+  28. Marble, dressed, for furniture, statues, fountains, gravestones,
+      and building purposes.
+
+  29. Machinery of all kinds, including sewing machines, and separate or
+      extra parts for the same.
+
+  30. Materials of all kinds for the construction and operation of
+      railroads.
+
+  31. Materials of all kinds for the construction and operation of
+      telegraphic and telephonic lines.
+
+  32. Materials of all kinds for lighting by electricity and gas.
+
+  33. Materials of all kinds for the construction of wharves in ports,
+      lakes, or rivers.
+
+  34. Wood of all kinds for building, in trunks or pieces, beams,
+      rafters, planks, boards, shingles, and flooring.
+
+  35. Molds for making sugar.
+
+  36. Models of machinery and buildings.
+
+  37. Printing materials, including presses, ink, and all other
+      accessories.
+
+  38. Samples of merchandise the duties on which do not exceed $1.
+
+  39. Gold and silver in bars, dust, or coin.
+
+  40. Preparations of flour in biscuits, crackers, not sweetened,
+      macaroni, vermicelli, and tallarin.
+
+  41. Plates of iron for building purposes.
+
+  42. Kettles for making sugar.
+
+  43. Sulphate of quinine.
+
+  44. Tubes of iron and all other accessories for water supply.
+
+  45. Wagons, carts, and carriages of all kinds, and separate parts for
+      the same.
+
+  It is understood that the packages or coverings in which the articles
+  named in the foregoing schedule are imported shall be free of duty if
+  they are usual and proper for the purpose.
+
+
+And whereas the Government of Salvador has further stipulated that the
+laws and regulations adopted to protect its revenue and prevent fraud
+in the declarations and proof that the articles named in the foregoing
+schedule are the product or manufacture of the United States of America
+shall impose no additional charges on the importer nor undue
+restrictions on the articles imported; and
+
+Whereas the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the
+United States to Salvador has informed the Government of Salvador
+that its action in granting freedom of duties to the products and
+manufactures of the United States of America on their importation into
+Salvador is accepted as a due reciprocity for the action of Congress
+as set forth in section 3 of said act:
+
+Now, therefore, be it known that I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the
+United States of America, have caused the above-stated modifications of
+the tariff laws of Salvador to be made public for the information of the
+citizens of the United States of America.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 27th day of December, A.D. 1892,
+and of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and
+seventeenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JOHN W. FOSTER,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas Congress by a statute approved March 22, 1882, and by statutes
+in furtherance and amendment thereof defined the crimes of bigamy,
+polygamy, and unlawful cohabitation in the Territories and other places
+within the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States and prescribed a
+penalty for such crimes; and
+
+Whereas on or about the 6th day of October, 1890, the Church of the
+Latter-day Saints, commonly known as the Mormon Church, through its
+president issued a manifesto proclaiming the purpose of said church no
+longer to sanction the practice of polygamous marriages and calling upon
+all members and adherents of said church to obey the laws of the United
+States in reference to said subject-matter; and
+
+Whereas it is represented that since the date of said declaration the
+members and adherents of said church have generally obeyed said laws and
+have abstained from plural marriages and polygamous cohabitation; and
+
+Whereas by a petition dated December 19, 1891, the officials of said
+church, pledging the membership thereof to a faithful obedience to the
+laws against plural marriage and unlawful cohabitation, have applied to
+me to grant amnesty for past offenses against said laws, which request a
+very large number of influential non-Mormons residing in the Territories
+have also strongly urged; and
+
+Whereas the Utah Commission in their report bearing date September
+15, 1892, recommend that said petition be granted and said amnesty
+proclaimed, under proper conditions as to the future observance of the
+law, with a view to the encouragement of those now disposed to become
+law-abiding citizens; and
+
+Whereas during the past two years such amnesty has been granted to
+individual applicants in a very large number of cases, conditioned
+upon the faithful observance of the laws of the United States against
+unlawful cohabitation, and there are now pending many more such
+applications:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+by virtue of the powers in me vested, do hereby declare and grant a full
+amnesty and pardon to all persons liable to the penalties of said act by
+reason of unlawful cohabitation under the color of polygamous or plural
+marriage who have since November 1, 1890, abstained from such unlawful
+cohabitation, but upon the express condition that they shall in the
+future faithfully obey the laws of the United States hereinbefore named,
+and not otherwise. Those who shall fail to avail themselves of the
+clemency hereby offered will be vigorously prosecuted.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 4th day of January, A.D. 1893, and
+of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and
+seventeenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JOHN W. FOSTER,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it is provided by section 24 of the act of Congress approved
+March 3, 1891, entitled "An act to repeal timber-culture laws, and for
+other purposes"--
+
+  That the President of the United States may from time to time set
+  apart and reserve in any State or Territory having public land bearing
+  forests, in any part of the public lands wholly or in part covered with
+  timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not, as public
+  reservations; and the President shall by public proclamation declare
+  the establishment of such reservations and the limits thereof.
+
+
+And whereas the public lands in the State of California within the
+limits hereinafter described are in part covered with timber, and it
+appears that the public good would be promoted by setting apart and
+reserving said lands as a public reservation:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+by virtue of the power in me vested by section 24 of the aforesaid act
+of Congress, do hereby make known and proclaim that there is hereby
+reserved from entry or settlement and set apart as a public reservation
+all those certain tracts, pieces, or parcels of land lying and being
+situate in the State of California and within the boundaries
+particularly described as follows, to wit:
+
+Beginning at the northeast corner of township five (5) south, range
+thirty (30) east, on the first (1st) standard parallel south, Mount
+Diablo meridian, California; thence westerly along said first (1st)
+standard parallel to the northwest corner of township five (5) south,
+range twenty-one (21) east; thence southerly on the range line between
+ranges twenty (20) and twenty-one (21) east to the southwest corner of
+township six (6) south, range twenty-one (21) east; thence easterly on
+the township line between townships six (6) and seven (7) south to the
+southeast corner of township six (6) south, range twenty-one (21) east;
+thence southerly on the range line between ranges twenty-one (21) and
+twenty-two (22) east to the southwest corner of township seven (7)
+south, range twenty-two (22) east; thence easterly along the township
+line between townships seven (7) and eight (8) south to the southeast
+corner of township seven (7) south, range twenty-two (22) east; thence
+southerly along the range line between ranges twenty-two (22) and
+twenty-three (23) east to the southwest corner of township eight (8)
+south, range twenty-three (23) east; thence easterly along the second
+(2d) standard parallel south to the northeast corner of township nine
+(9) south, range twenty-three (23) east; thence southerly along the
+unsurveyed and surveyed range line between ranges twenty-three (23) and
+twenty-four (24) east to the southwest corner of township nine (9)
+south, range twenty-four (24) east; thence easterly along the township
+line between townships nine (9) and ten (10) south to the southeast
+corner of township nine (9) south, range twenty-four (24) east; thence
+southerly along the range line between ranges twenty-four (24) and
+twenty-five (25) east to the southwest corner of township ten (10)
+south, range twenty-five (25) east; thence easterly along the township
+line between townships ten (10) and eleven (11) south to the southeast
+corner of township ten (10) south, range twenty-five (25) east; thence
+southerly along the unsurveyed and surveyed range line between ranges
+twenty-five (25) and twenty-six (26) east to the southwest corner of
+township twelve (12) south, range twenty-six (26) east; thence easterly
+along the third (3d) standard parallel south to the northwest corner
+of township thirteen (13) south, range twenty-seven (27) east; thence
+southerly along the range line between ranges twenty-six (26) and
+twenty-seven (27) east to the southwest corner of township thirteen (13)
+south, range twenty-seven (27) east; thence easterly along the township
+line between townships thirteen (13) and fourteen (14) south to the
+southeast corner of township thirteen (13) south, range twenty-seven
+(27) east; thence northerly along the boundary line of "General Grant
+National Park" to the northwest corner, easterly the northeast corner,
+southerly to the southeast corner, and westerly to the southwest corner
+of said park; thence southerly along the range line between ranges
+twenty-seven (27) and twenty-eight (28) east to the southwest corner
+of township fourteen (14) south, range twenty-eight (28) east; thence
+easterly along the township line between townships fourteen (14) and
+fifteen (15) south to the southwest corner of township fourteen (14)
+south, range thirty-one (31) east; thence southerly along the range line
+between ranges thirty (30) and thirty-one (31) east to the fourth (4th)
+standard parallel south; thence westerly along said fourth (4th)
+standard parallel to the northwest corner of township seventeen (17)
+south, range thirty-one (31) east; thence southerly along the range line
+between ranges thirty (30) and thirty-one (31) east to the southwest
+corner of township seventeen (17) south, range thirty-one (31) east;
+thence easterly along the township line between townships seventeen (17)
+and eighteen (18) south to the southeast corner of township seventeen
+(17) south, range thirty-one (31) east; thence southerly along the range
+line between ranges thirty-one (31) and thirty-two (32) east to the
+southwest corner of township eighteen (18) south, range thirty-two (32)
+east; thence westerly along the township line between townships eighteen
+(18) and nineteen (19) south to the northwest corner of township
+nineteen (19) south, range thirty (30) east; thence southerly along the
+range line between ranges twenty-nine (29) and thirty (30) east to the
+fifth (5th) standard parallel south; thence westerly along said fifth
+(5th) standard parallel to the northwest corner of township twenty-one
+(21) south, range thirty (30) east; thence southerly along the range
+line between ranges twenty-nine (29) and thirty (30) east to a point on
+said range line where it intersects the northern boundary line of the
+"Tule River Indian Reservation;" thence easterly and northeasterly along
+the northern boundary line of said reservation to the northeast corner
+thereof, located in the southwest quarter of section twenty-one (21),
+township twenty-one (21) south, range thirty-one (31) east; thence
+southerly along the eastern boundary of said reservation to the
+southeast corner thereof, located in the northwest quarter of section
+thirty-three (33), township twenty-two (22) south, range thirty-one (31)
+east; thence westerly and southwesterly along the southern boundary of
+said reservation to a point where it is intersected by the range line
+between ranges twenty-nine (29) and thirty (30) east; thence southerly
+along said range line to the southwest corner of township twenty-three
+(23) south, range thirty (30) east; thence easterly along the township
+line between townships twenty-three (23) and twenty-four (24) south to
+the southeast corner of township twenty-three (23) south, range thirty
+(30) east; thence southerly along the range line between ranges thirty
+(30) and thirty-one (31) east to the sixth (6th) standard parallel
+south; thence westerly along said sixth (6th) standard parallel to the
+northwest corner of township twenty-five (25) south, range thirty-one
+(31) east; thence southerly along the range line between ranges thirty
+(30) and thirty-one (31) east to the southwest corner of township
+twenty-six (26) south, range thirty-one (31) east; thence westerly along
+the township line between townships twenty-six (26) and twenty-seven
+(27) south to the northwest corner of township twenty-seven (27) south,
+range thirty (30) east; thence southerly along the range line between
+ranges twenty-nine (29) and thirty (30) east to the seventh (7th)
+standard parallel south; thence easterly along said seventh (7th)
+standard parallel to the southeast corner of township twenty-eight (28)
+south, range thirty-seven (37) east; thence northerly along the range
+line between ranges thirty-seven (37) and thirty-eight (38) east to the
+sixth (6th) standard parallel south; thence easterly along said sixth
+(6th) standard parallel to the southeast corner of township twenty-four
+(24) south, range thirty-seven (37) east; thence northerly along the
+range line between ranges thirty-seven (37) and thirty-eight (38) east
+to the northeast corner of township twenty-four (24) south, range
+thirty-seven (37) east; thence easterly along the township line between
+townships twenty-three (23) and twenty-four (24) south to the southeast
+corner of township twenty-three (23) south, range thirty-seven (37)
+east; thence northerly along the range line between ranges thirty-seven
+(37) and thirty-eight (38) east to the fifth (5th) standard parallel
+south; thence westerly along said fifth (5th) standard parallel south to
+the southeast corner of section thirty-one (31), township twenty (20)
+south, range thirty-seven (37) east; thence northerly along the western
+boundary line of sections thirty-two (32), twenty-nine (29), twenty
+(20), seventeen (17), eight (8), and five (5) to the northwest corner of
+section five (5) in said township and range; thence westerly along the
+township line between townships nineteen (19) and twenty (20) south to
+the southeast corner of township nineteen (19) south, range thirty-six
+(36) east; thence northerly along the range line between ranges
+thirty-six (36) and thirty-seven (37) east to the quarter-section corner
+on the east line of section thirty-six (36), township nineteen (19)
+south, range thirty-six (36) east, westerly on a line through the
+centers of sections thirty-six (36) and thirty-five (35) to the center
+of section thirty-five (35), northerly on a line through the centers
+of sections thirty-five (35), twenty-six (26), twenty-three (23), and
+fourteen (14) to the center of section fourteen (14), easterly on a line
+through the center of section fourteen (14) to the quarter-section
+corner between said section fourteen (14) and section thirteen (13),
+and northerly along the section lines on the west boundary of sections
+thirteen (13), twelve (12), and one (1) to the northwest corner of
+section one (1), all of said township and range; thence northerly along
+the section lines on the west boundary of sections thirty-six (36) and
+twenty-five (25), township eighteen (18) south, range thirty-six (36)
+east, to the northwest corner of said section twenty-five (25), easterly
+along the section line between sections twenty-four (24) and twenty-five
+(25) to the quarter-section corner between said sections, northerly
+through the centers of sections twenty-four (24) and thirteen (13) to
+the quarter-section corner between sections thirteen (13) and twelve
+(12), westerly along the section line to the southwest corner of section
+twelve (12), and northerly along the section lines on the west boundary
+of sections twelve (12) and one (1) to the northwest corner of section
+one (1) of said township and range; thence northerly along the section
+line on the west boundary of section thirty-six (36), township seventeen
+(17) south, range thirty-six (36) east, to the quarter-section corner
+between sections thirty-five (35) and thirty-six (36), westerly to the
+center of section thirty-five (35), northerly on a line through the
+centers of sections thirty-five (35), twenty-six (26), twenty-three
+(23), fourteen (14), and eleven (11) to the quarter-section corner
+between sections eleven (11) and two (2), westerly along the section
+line to the southwest corner of section two (2), and northerly along the
+section line to the northwest corner of section two (2), all of said
+township and range; thence westerly along the surveyed and unsurveyed
+line of the fourth (4th) standard parallel south to the southwest corner
+of township sixteen (16) south, range thirty-four (34) east; thence
+northerly along the range line between ranges thirty-three (33) and
+thirty-four (34) east to the northwest corner of township fifteen (15)
+south, range thirty-four (34) east; thence easterly along the township
+line between townships fourteen (14) and fifteen (15) south to the
+southwest corner of township fourteen (14) south, range thirty-five (35)
+east; thence northerly on the range line between ranges thirty-four (34)
+and thirty-five (35) east to the northwest corner of township fourteen
+(14) south, range thirty-five (35) east; thence westerly along the
+township line between townships thirteen (13) and fourteen (14) south to
+the southwest corner of section thirty-five (35), township thirteen (13)
+south, range thirty-four (34) east, northerly along the section line
+to the quarter-section corner between sections thirty-four (34) and
+thirty-five (35), westerly to the center of section thirty-four (34),
+northerly on a line through the centers of sections thirty-four (34) and
+twenty-seven (27) to the center of section twenty-seven (27), easterly
+through section twenty-seven (27) to the quarter-section corner between
+sections twenty-seven (27) and twenty-six (26), northerly along the
+section lines on the west boundary of sections twenty-six (26),
+twenty-three (23), fourteen (14), eleven (11), and two (2) to the
+northwest corner of west lot one (1) in section two (2), easterly to
+the southwest corner of the east lot two (2) in section two (2), and
+northerly to the northwest corner of the west half of east lot six (6),
+section two (2), all of said township and range; thence westerly along
+the third (3d) standard parallel south to the southwest corner of
+section thirty-four (34), township twelve (12) south, range thirty-four
+(34) east, northerly along the section line to the quarter-section
+corner between sections thirty-four (34) and thirty-three (33),
+westerly to the center of section thirty-three (33), northerly to
+the quarter-section corner between sections thirty-three (33) and
+twenty-eight (28), westerly on the section line to the southwest corner
+of section twenty-eight (28), northerly along the section lines on the
+west boundary of sections twenty-eight (28), twenty-one (21), sixteen
+(16), nine (9), and four (4) to the quarter-section corner between
+sections four (4) and five (5), westerly to the center of section five
+(5), and northerly to the quarter-section corner on the north boundary
+of said section five (5), all of said township and range; thence
+westerly along the township line between townships eleven (11) and
+twelve (12) south to the southwest corner of section thirty-two (32),
+township eleven (11) south, range thirty-four (34) east, northerly along
+the section lines on the west boundary of sections thirty-two (32),
+twenty-nine (29), twenty (20), seventeen (17), and eight (8) to the
+quarter-section corner between sections seven (7) and eight (8),
+westerly on a line through the center of section seven (7), township
+eleven (11) south, range thirty-four (34) east, and sections twelve
+(12) and eleven (11), township eleven (11) south, range thirty-three
+(33) east, to the center of said section eleven (11), and northerly
+on a central line through sections eleven (11) and two (2) to the
+quarter-section corner on the north line of section two (2), township
+eleven (11) south, range thirty-three (33) east; thence westerly on the
+township line between townships ten (10) and eleven (11) south to the
+southwest corner of section thirty-five (35), township ten (10) south,
+range thirty-three (33) east, northerly to the quarter-section corner
+between sections thirty-five (35) and thirty-four (34), westerly to the
+center of section thirty-four (34), northerly on a line through the
+centers of sections thirty-four (34), twenty-seven (27), and twenty-two
+(22) to the center of section twenty-two (22), easterly to the center
+of section twenty-three (23), northerly through the centers of sections
+twenty-three (23), fourteen (14), and eleven (11) to the center of
+section eleven (11), easterly to the quarter-section corner between
+sections eleven (11) and twelve (12), northerly along the section line
+to the northwest corner of section twelve (12), easterly along the
+section line to the quarter-section corner between sections twelve (12)
+and one (1), northerly to the center of section one (1), easterly to
+the quarter-section corner on the east line of section one (1), and
+northerly to the northeast corner of section one (1), all of said
+township and range; thence westerly along the unsurveyed township line
+between townships ten (10) and nine (9) south to the southeast corner of
+township nine (9) south, range thirty-two (32) east; thence northerly
+along the range line between ranges thirty-two (32) and thirty-three
+(33) east to the northeast corner of township nine (9) south, range
+thirty-two (32) east; thence westerly along the second (2d) standard
+parallel south to the southeast corner of township eight (8) south,
+range thirty-one (31) east; thence northerly along the surveyed and
+unsurveyed range line between ranges thirty-one (31) and thirty-two
+(32) east to the northeast corner of township eight (8) south, range
+thirty-one (31) east; thence westerly along the township line between
+townships seven (7) and eight (8) south to the southeast corner of
+township seven (7) south, range thirty (30) east; thence northerly along
+the range line between ranges thirty (30) and thirty-one (31) east to
+the northeast corner of township five (5) south, range thirty (30) east,
+the place of beginning.
+
+Excepting from the force and effect of this proclamation all lands which
+may have been prior to the date hereof embraced in any legal entry or
+covered by any lawful filing duly of record in the proper United States
+land office, or upon which any valid settlement has been made pursuant
+to law and the statutory period within which to make entry or filing
+of record has not expired, and all mining claims duly located and held
+according to the laws of the United States and the rules and regulations
+not in conflict therewith.
+
+_Provided_, That this exception shall not continue to apply to any
+particular tract of land unless the entryman, settler, or claimant
+continues to comply with the law under which the entry, filing,
+settlement, or location was made.
+
+Warning is hereby expressly given to all persons not to enter or make
+settlement upon the tract of land reserved by this proclamation.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 14th day of February, A.D. 1893,
+and of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and
+seventeenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JOHN W. FOSTER,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it is provided by section 24 of the act of Congress approved
+March 3, 1891, entitled "An act to repeal timber-culture laws, and for
+other purposes"--
+
+  That the President of the United States may from time to time set
+  apart and reserve in any State or Territory having public land bearing
+  forests, in any part of the public lands wholly or in part covered with
+  timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not, as public
+  reservations; and the President shall by public proclamation declare
+  the establishment of such reservations and the limits thereof.
+
+
+And whereas the public lands in the State of Washington within the
+limits hereinafter described are in part covered with timber, and it
+appears that the public good would be promoted by setting apart and
+reserving said lands as a public reservation:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+by virtue of the power in me vested by section 24 of the aforesaid act
+of Congress, do hereby make known and proclaim that there is hereby
+reserved from entry or settlement and set apart as a public reservation
+all those certain tracts, pieces, or parcels of land lying and being
+situate in the State of Washington and within the boundaries
+particularly described as follows, to wit:
+
+Beginning at the southwest corner of township thirteen (13) north, range
+fifteen (15) east of the Willamette base and meridian; thence northerly
+along the surveyed and unsurveyed range line between ranges fourteen
+(14) and fifteen (15) east, subject to the proper easterly or westerly
+offset on the fourth (4th) standard parallel north, to the point for
+the northeast corner of township eighteen (18) north, range fourteen
+(14) east; thence westerly along the unsurveyed township line between
+townships eighteen (18) and nineteen (19) north to the southeast corner
+of township nineteen (19) north, range seven (7) east; thence southerly
+along the unsurveyed range line between ranges seven (7) and eight (8)
+east, subject to the proper easterly or westerly offsets on the township
+line between townships seventeen (17) and eighteen (18) north, and the
+fourth (4th) standard parallel north to the point for the southwest
+corner of township thirteen (13) north, range eight (8) east; thence
+easterly along the unsurveyed township line between townships twelve
+(12) and thirteen (13) north to the southwest corner of township
+thirteen (13) north, range fifteen (15) east, the place of beginning.
+
+Excepting from the force and effect of this proclamation all lands which
+may have been prior to the date hereof embraced in any legal entry or
+covered by any lawful filing duly of record in the proper United States
+land office, or upon which any valid settlement has been made pursuant
+to law and the statutory period within which to make entry or filing of
+record has not expired, and all mining claims duly located and held
+according to the laws of the United States and rules and regulations not
+in conflict therewith.
+
+_Provided_, That this exception shall not continue to apply to any
+particular tract of land unless the entryman, settler, or claimant
+continues to comply with the law under which the entry, filing,
+settlement, or location was made.
+
+Warning is hereby expressly given to all persons not to enter or make
+settlement upon the tract of land reserved by this proclamation.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 20th day of February, A.D. 1893 and
+of the independence of the United States the one hundred and
+seventeenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JOHN W. FOSTER,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it is provided by section 24 of the act of Congress approved
+March 3, 1891, entitled "An act to repeal timber-culture laws, and for
+other purposes"--
+
+  That the President of the United States may from time to time set
+  apart and reserve in any State or Territory having public land bearing
+  forests, in any part of the public lands wholly or in part covered with
+  timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not, as public
+  reservations; and the President shall by public proclamation declare
+  the establishment of such reservations and the limits thereof.
+
+
+And whereas the public lands in the Territory of Arizona within the
+limits hereinafter described are in part covered with timber, and it
+appears that the public good would be promoted by setting apart and
+reserving said lands as a public reservation:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+by virtue of the power in me vested by section 24 of the aforesaid act
+of Congress, do hereby make known and proclaim that there is hereby
+reserved from entry or settlement and set apart as a public reservation
+all those certain tracts, pieces, or parcels of land lying and being
+situate in the Territory of Arizona and within the boundaries
+particularly described as follows, to wit:
+
+Beginning at the point of intersection of the parallel of thirty-six
+(36) degrees thirty (30) minutes north latitude with the meridian of one
+hundred and eleven (111) degrees forty-five (45) minutes of longitude
+west from Greenwich; thence westerly along said parallel of latitude
+to its intersection with the meridian of one hundred and twelve (112)
+degrees forty-five (45) minutes west longitude; thence southerly along
+said meridian of longitude to its intersection with the parallel of
+thirty-five (35) degrees forty-five (45) minutes north latitude; thence
+easterly along said parallel of latitude to its intersection with the
+meridian of one hundred and eleven (111) degrees forty-five (45) minutes
+west longitude; thence northerly along said meridian of longitude to its
+intersection with the parallel of thirty-six (36) degrees thirty (30)
+minutes north latitude, the place of beginning.
+
+Excepting from the force and effect of this proclamation all lands which
+may have been prior to the date hereof embraced in any legal entry or
+covered by any lawful filing duly of record in the proper United States
+land office, or upon which any valid settlement has been made pursuant
+to law and the statutory period within which to make entry or filing
+of record has not expired, and all mining claims duly located and held
+according to the laws of the United States and rules and regulations
+not in conflict therewith.
+
+_Provided_, That this exception shall not continue to apply to any
+particular tract of land unless the entryman, settler, or claimant
+continues to comply with the law under which the entry, filing,
+settlement, or location was made.
+
+Warning is hereby expressly given to all persons not to enter or make
+settlement upon the tract of land reserved by this proclamation.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 20th day of February, A.D. 1893,
+and of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and
+seventeenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JOHN W. FOSTER,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas by my proclamation of August 18, 1892,[36] and in pursuance of
+the authority conferred on me by an act of Congress approved July 26,
+1892, entitled "An act to enforce the reciprocal commercial relations
+between the United States and Canada, and for other purposes,"
+I directed "that from and after September 1, 1892, until further notice
+a toll of 20 cents per ton be levied, collected, and paid on all freight
+of whatever kind or description passing through the St. Marys Falls
+Canal in transit to any port of the Dominion of Canada, whether carried
+in vessels of the United States or of other nations," and to that extent
+thereby suspended "from and after said date the right of free passage
+through said St. Marys Falls Canal of any and all cargoes or portions
+of cargoes in transit to Canadian ports;" and
+
+Whereas the above order was issued in consequence of the imposition
+by the government of the Dominion of Canada of a discriminating toll
+whereby unjust and unreasonable burdens were placed, in violation
+of Article XXVII of the treaty of Washington, upon the carrying of
+passengers and cargoes through the Welland Canal in transit to ports of
+the United States, as is fully set forth in the said proclamation; and
+
+Whereas by an order in council dated February 13, 1893, the
+Governor-General of the Dominion of Canada has directed that--
+
+  For the season of 1893 the canal tolls for the passage of the following
+  food products, wheat, Indian corn, pease, barley, rye, oats, flaxseed,
+  and buckwheat, for passage eastward through the Welland Canal be 10
+  cents per ton, and for passage westward through the St. Lawrence canals
+  only 10 cents per ton; payment of the said toll of 10 cents per ton for
+  passage through the Welland Canal to entitle these products to free
+  passage through the St. Lawrence canals.
+
+
+And whereas I have received satisfactory assurances that this order
+revokes during the season of 1893 the discriminating provisions above
+referred to and secures to citizens of the United States equality with
+British subjects as regards the use of said canals:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States of
+America, by virtue of the said act of Congress approved July 26, 1892,
+do hereby declare and proclaim that from and after the date hereof and
+until further notice the provisions of my said proclamation of August
+18, 1892,[37] are suspended in so far as they direct that a toll of 20
+cents per ton be levied, collected, and paid on all freight of whatever
+kind or description passing through the St. Marys Falls Canal in transit
+to any port of the Dominion of Canada, whether carried in vessels of the
+United States or of other nations.
+
+In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 21st day of February, 1893, and of
+the independence of the United States of America the one hundred and
+seventeenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JOHN W. FOSTER,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+[Footnote 36: See pp. 290-292.]
+
+[Footnote 37: See pp. 290-292.]
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it is provided by section 24 of the act of Congress approved
+March 3, 1891, entitled "An act to repeal timber-culture laws, and for
+other purposes"--
+
+  That the President of the United States may from time to time set
+  apart and reserve in any State or Territory having public land bearing
+  forests, in any part of the public lands wholly or in part covered with
+  timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not, as public
+  reservations; and the President shall by public proclamation declare
+  the establishment of such reservations and the limits thereof.
+
+
+And whereas the public lands in the State of California within the
+limits hereinafter described are in part covered with timber, and it
+appears that the public good would be promoted by setting apart and
+reserving said lands as a public reservation:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+by virtue of the power in me vested by section 24 of the aforesaid act
+of Congress, do hereby make known and proclaim that there is hereby
+reserved from entry or settlement and set apart as a public reservation
+all those certain tracts, pieces, or parcels of land lying and being
+situate in the State of California and within the boundaries
+particularly described as follows, to wit:
+
+Beginning at the northeast corner of section thirteen (13), township
+five (5) south, range six (6) west, of the San Bernardino base and
+meridian; thence westerly along the surveyed and unsurveyed section line
+to the point for the southwest corner of section ten (10), said township
+and range; thence northerly along the surveyed and unsurveyed section
+line to the northwest corner of section three (3), said township and
+range; thence westerly along the surveyed and unsurveyed township line
+to the point for the northwest corner of section three (3), township
+five (5) south, range seven (7) west; thence southerly along the
+surveyed and unsurveyed section line to the southeast corner of section
+thirty-three (33), said township and range; thence easterly along the
+surveyed and unsurveyed township line to the northeast corner of
+township six (6) south, range seven (7) west; thence southerly to the
+southwest corner of township five (5) south, range six (6) west; thence
+easterly to the point for the quarter-section corner on the north line
+of section six (6), township six (6) south, range six (6) west; thence
+southerly on a central line to the center of section nineteen (19), said
+township and range; thence easterly to the quarter-section corner on the
+east boundary of said section nineteen (19); thence southerly on the
+section line to the point of intersection with the north boundary of the
+"Rancho Mission Viejo or La Paz;" thence in a southeasterly direction
+along said boundary line to the point of intersection with the township
+line between townships six (6) and seven (7) south; thence easterly
+along said township line to the southeast corner of township six (6)
+south, range six (6) west; thence northerly along the range line between
+ranges five (5) and six (6) west to the northeast corner of section
+thirteen (13), township five (5) south, range six (6) west, the place
+of beginning.
+
+Excepting from the force and effect of this proclamation all lands which
+may have been prior to the date hereof embraced in any legal entry or
+covered by any lawful filing duly of record in the proper United States
+land office, or upon which any valid settlement has been made pursuant
+to law and the statutory period within which to make entry or filing of
+record has not expired, and all mining claims duly located and held
+according to the laws of the United States and rules and regulations not
+in conflict therewith.
+
+_Provided_, That this exception shall not continue to apply to any
+particular tract of land unless the entryman, settler, or claimant
+continues to comply with the law under which the entry, filing,
+settlement, or location was made.
+
+Warning is hereby expressly given to all persons not to enter or make
+settlement upon the tract of land reserved by this proclamation.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 25th day of February, A.D. 1893,
+and of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and
+seventeenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  WILLIAM F. WHARTON,
+    _Acting Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas it is provided by section 24 of the act of Congress approved
+March 3, 1891, entitled "An act to repeal timber-culture laws, and for
+other purposes"--
+
+  That the President of the United States may from time to time set
+  apart and reserve in any State or Territory having public land bearing
+  forests, in any part of the public lands wholly or in part covered with
+  timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not, as public
+  reservations; and the President shall by public proclamation declare
+  the establishment of such reservations and the limits thereof.
+
+
+And whereas the public lands in the State of California within the
+limits hereinafter described are in part covered with timber, and it
+appears that the public good would be promoted by setting apart and
+reserving said lands as a public reservation:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States,
+by virtue of the power in me vested by section 24 of the aforesaid act
+of Congress, do hereby make known and proclaim that there is hereby
+reserved from entry or settlement and set apart as a public reservation
+all those certain tracts, pieces, or parcels of land lying and being
+situate in the State of California and within the boundaries
+particularly described as follows, to wit:
+
+Beginning at the northwest corner of township three (3) north, range
+five (5) west, San Bernardino meridian, California; thence southerly
+along the surveyed and unsurveyed range line between ranges five (5) and
+six (6) west to the northwest corner of section eighteen (18), township
+one (1) north, range five (5) west; thence easterly along the section
+line between sections seven (7) and eighteen (18) to the western
+boundary of the "Rancho Muscupiabe;" thence easterly, following the
+western and northern boundary of said rancho, to the point where said
+boundary intersects the section line between sections nineteen (19)
+and thirty (30), township one (1) north, range three (3) west; thence
+easterly along the section lines to the northeast corner of section
+twenty-five (25), said township and range; thence southerly along
+the range line between ranges two (2) and three (3) west to the San
+Bernardino base line; thence easterly along said base line to the
+northeast corner of section four (4), township one (1) south, range two
+(2) west, southerly along the unsurveyed and surveyed section lines to
+the northeast corner of section (16), easterly along the section lines
+to the northeast corner of section thirteen (13), and southerly to the
+southeast corner of section thirteen (13), all of said township and
+range; thence easterly to a point for the center of township one (1)
+south, range one (1) west; thence southerly to a point for the southwest
+corner of section thirty-four (34) in said township and range; thence
+easterly along the surveyed and unsurveyed township line between
+townships one (1) and two (2) south to the San Bernardino meridian;
+thence southerly along said meridian to the northeast corner of township
+three (3) south, range one (1) west; thence easterly through the Maronge
+Indian Reservation to the southeast corner of township two (2) south,
+range three (3) east; thence northerly along the surveyed and unsurveyed
+range line to the northeast corner of said township; thence easterly to
+a point for the southeast corner of township one (1) south, range four
+(4) east; thence northerly along the surveyed and unsurveyed range line
+between ranges four (4) and five (5) east to the northeast corner of
+section twenty-four (24), township three (3) north, range four (4) east;
+thence westerly along the surveyed and unsurveyed section lines to the
+southwest corner of section eighteen (18), township three (3) north,
+range (3) east; thence northerly along the range line between ranges two
+(2) and three (3) east to the northeast corner of township three (3)
+north, range two (2) east; thence westerly along the township line
+between townships three (3) and four (4) north to the northwest corner
+of township three (3) north, range (5) west, the place of beginning.
+
+Excepting from the force and effect of this proclamation all lands which
+may have been prior to the date hereof embraced in any legal entry or
+covered by any lawful filing duly of record in the proper United States
+land office, or upon which any valid settlement has been made pursuant
+to law and the statutory period within which to make entry or filing
+of record has not expired, and all mining claims duly located and held
+according to the laws of the United States and rules and regulations
+not in conflict therewith.
+
+_Provided_, That this exception shall not continue to apply to any
+particular tract of land unless the entryman, settler, or claimant
+continues to comply with the law under which the entry, filing,
+settlement, or location was made.
+
+Warning is hereby expressly given to all persons not to enter or make
+settlement upon the tract of land reserved by this proclamation.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 25th day of February, A.D. 1893,
+and of the impendence Of the United States the one hundred and
+seventeenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  WILLIAM F. WHARTON,
+    _Acting Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+A PROCLAMATION.
+
+Whereas public interests require that the Senate should be convened at
+12 o'clock on the 4th day of March next to receive such communications
+as may be made by the Executive:
+
+Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, do
+hereby proclaim and declare that an extraordinary occasion requires the
+Senate of the United States to convene at the Capitol, in the city of
+Washington, on the 4th day of March next, at 12 o'clock noon, of which
+all persons who shall at that time be entitled to act as members of that
+body are hereby required to take notice.
+
+Given under my hand and the seal of the United States, at Washington,
+this 25th day of February, A.D. 1893, and of the Independence of the
+United States of America the one hundred and seventeenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  WILLIAM F. WHARTON,
+    _Acting Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE ORDERS.
+
+
+AMENDMENT OF CIVIL-SERVICE RULES.
+
+JANUARY 5, 1893.
+
+Section 2 of Postal Rule 1 is hereby amended so as to read as follows:
+
+  The classification of the postal service made by the Postmaster-General
+  under section 6 of the act of January 16, 1883, is hereby extended to
+  all free-delivery post-offices; and hereafter whenever any post-office
+  becomes a free-delivery office the said classification or any then
+  existing classification made by the Postmaster-General under said
+  section and act shall apply thereto; and the Civil Service Commission
+  shall provide examinations to test the fitness of persons to fill
+  vacancies in all free-delivery post-offices, and these rules shall be
+  in force therein; but this shall not include any post-office made an
+  experimental free-delivery office under the authority contained in the
+  appropriation act of March 3, 1891. Every revision of the classification
+  of any post-office under section 6 of the act of January 16, 1883, and
+  every inclusion of a post-office within the classified postal service
+  shall be reported to the President.
+
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+
+
+GENERAL ORDERS, No. 4.
+
+HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY,
+  ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S OFFICE,
+    _Washington, January 19, 1893_.
+
+I. The following proclamation [order] has been received from the
+President:
+
+  EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, D.C., January 18, 1893_.
+
+  _To the People of the United States_:
+
+  The death of Rutherford B. Hayes, who was President of the United
+  States from March 4, 1877, to March 4, 1881, at his home in Fremont,
+  Ohio, at 11 p.m. yesterday, is an event the announcement of which will
+  be received with very general and very sincere sorrow. His public
+  service extended over many years and over a wide range of official
+  duty. He was a patriotic citizen, a lover of the flag and of our free
+  institutions, an industrious and conscientious civil officer, a soldier
+  of dauntless courage, a loyal comrade and friend, a sympathetic and
+  helpful neighbor, and the honored head of a happy Christian home.
+  He has steadily grown in the public esteem, and the impartial historian
+  will not fail to recognize the conscientiousness, the manliness, and
+  the courage that so strongly characterized his whole public career.
+
+  As an expression of the public sorrow it is ordered that the Executive
+  Mansion and the several Executive Departments at Washington be draped
+  in mourning and the flags thereon placed at half-staff for a period of
+  thirty days, and that on the day of the funeral all public business
+  in the Departments be suspended, and that suitable military and naval
+  honors, under the orders of the Secretaries of War and of the Navy,
+  be rendered on that day.
+
+  [SEAL.]
+
+  Done at the city of Washington, this 18th day of January, A.D. 1893, and
+  of the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and
+  seventeenth.
+
+  BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+  By the President:
+    JOHN W. FOSTER,
+      _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+II. In compliance with the instructions of the President, on the day
+of the funeral, at each military post, the troops and cadets will be
+paraded and this order read to them, after which all labors of the
+day will cease.
+
+The national flag will be displayed at half-staff.
+
+At dawn of day thirteen guns will be fired, and afterwards at intervals
+of thirty minutes between the rising and setting of the sun a single
+gun, and at the close of the day a national salute of forty-four guns.
+
+The officers of the Army will wear crape on the left arm and on their
+swords and the colors of the Battalion of Engineers, of the several
+regiments, and of the United States Corps of Cadets will be put in
+mourning for a period of six months.
+
+The date of the funeral will be communicated to department commanders by
+telegraph, and by them to their subordinate commanders.
+
+By command of Major-General Schofield:
+
+R. WILLIAMS, _Adjutant-General_.
+
+
+
+GENERAL ORDER No. 406.
+
+NAVY DEPARTMENT, _Washington, D.C., January 19, 1893_.
+
+The President of the United States announces the death of ex-President
+Rutherford B. Hayes in the following proclamation [order]:
+
+[For order see preceding page.]
+
+It is hereby directed, in pursuance of the instructions of the
+President, that on the day of the funeral, where this order may be
+received in time, otherwise on the day after its receipt, the ensign at
+each naval station and of each of the vessels of the United States Navy
+in commission be hoisted at half-mast from sunrise to sunset, and at
+each naval station and on board of flagships and vessels acting singly
+a gun be fired at intervals of every half hour from sunrise to sunset.
+
+The officers of the Navy and Marine Corps will wear the usual badge of
+mourning attached to the sword hilt and on the left arm for a period of
+thirty days.
+
+JAMES R. SOLEY, _Acting Secretary of the Navy_.
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, _Washington, January 27, 1893_.
+
+_To the People of the United States_:
+
+It is my painful duty to announce to the people of the United States the
+death of James Gillespie Blaine, which occurred in this city to-day at
+11 o'clock.
+
+For a full generation this eminent citizen has occupied a conspicuous
+and influential position in the nation. His first public service was in
+the legislature of his State. Afterwards for fourteen years he was a
+member of the national House of Representatives, and was three times
+chosen its Speaker. In 1876 he was elected to the Senate. He resigned
+his seat in that body in 1881 to accept the position of Secretary of
+State in the Cabinet of President Garfield. After the tragic death
+of his chief he resigned from the Cabinet, and, devoting himself to
+literary work, gave to the public in his Twenty Years of Congress a
+most valuable and enduring contribution to our political literature.
+In March, 1889, he again became Secretary of State, and continued to
+exercise this office until June, 1892. His devotion to the public
+interests, his marked ability, and his exalted patriotism have won for
+him the gratitude and affection of his countrymen and the admiration
+of the world. In the varied pursuits of legislation, diplomacy, and
+literature his genius has added new luster to American citizenship.
+
+As a suitable expression of the national appreciation of his great
+public services and of the general sorrow caused by his death, I direct
+that on the day of his funeral all the Departments of the executive
+branch of the Government at Washington be closed, and that on all public
+buildings throughout the United States the national flag shall be
+displayed at half-staff, and that for a period of thirty days the
+Department of State be draped in mourning.
+
+[SEAL.]
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 27th day of January, A.D. 1893, and
+of the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and
+seventeenth.
+
+BENJ. HARRISON.
+
+By the President:
+  JOHN W. FOSTER,
+    _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Compilation of the Messages and
+Papers of the Presidents, Volume IX., by Benjamin Harrison
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARRISON ***
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