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diff --git a/14613-h/14613-h.htm b/14613-h/14613-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f3ca2eb --- /dev/null +++ b/14613-h/14613-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,26022 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Foundations of Japan, by J. W. Robertson Scott + </title> + + <style type="text/css"> + +body { margin-left: 20%; + margin-right: 20%; + text-align: justify; } + +p {text-indent: 1em; + margin-top: 0.25em; + margin-bottom: 0.25em; } + +h1, h2, h3, h4, h5 {text-align: center; font-style: normal; font-weight: +normal; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: .5em;} + +h1 {font-size: 300%; + margin-top: 0.6em; + margin-bottom: 0.6em; + letter-spacing: 0.12em; + word-spacing: 0.2em; + text-indent: 0em;} +h2 {font-size: 150%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em;} +h3 {font-size: 150%; margin-top: 2em;} +h4 {font-size: 120%;} +h5 {font-size: 110%;} + + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; + border: groove #aaa 1px;} + + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .pagenum /* page numbers */ + {display: inline; /* none or inline */ + font-size:70%; + text-align: right; + padding: 0 0 0 0 ; + margin: 0 0 0 0; + position: absolute; right: 1%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .lil {font-size: smaller;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .censmcap {font-variant: small-caps; + text-align: center;} + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + .in1 {margin-left: 1em;} + .in2 {margin-left: 2em;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 0.25em; } + .fnp {margin-left: 6%; margin-right: 6%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +sup { vertical-align: top; font-size: 0.6em; } + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem span {display: block; margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 2em;} + .poem span.i7 {display: block; margin-left: 7em;} + +div.fig { display:block; + margin:0 auto; + text-align:center; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em;} + +p.caption {font-weight: bold; + text-align: center; } + +a:link {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a:visited {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a:hover {color:red} + + </style> + </head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14613 ***</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus001"></a> +<img src="images/001.jpg" width="600" height="419" alt="[Illustration: BATH IN AN AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL]" /> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus002"></a> +<img src="images/002.jpg" width="600" height="397" alt="[Illustration: JŪJITSU (AND RIFLES) AT THE SAME SCHOOL.]" /> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page i<a name="Page_i" id="Page_i"></a></span></p> + +<h1>THE FOUNDATIONS OF JAPAN</h1> + +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page ii<a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii"></a></span></p> + +<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> +<tr> +<td align="center">BY THE SAME AUTHOR</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> +<span class="u">FAR EASTERN</span><br /> +<span class="lil"> +THE PEOPLE OF CHINA<br /> +JAPAN, GREAT BRITAIN AND THE WORLD.<br /> +(Nippon Eikoku oyobi Sekai.)<br /> +THE IGNOBLE WARRIOR. (Koredemo Bushika.)<br /> +THE NEW EAST. (Tokyo.) Vols. I, II & III. (Edited.)</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="u">AGRICULTURAL</span><br /> +<br /><span class="lil"> +A FREE FARMER IN A FREE STATE. (Holland.)<br /> +WAR TIME AND PEACE IN HOLLAND. <br /> +(With an Introduction by the late LORD REAY.)<br /> +THE LAND PROBLEM: AN IMPARTIAL SURVEY<br /> +SUGAR BEET: SOME FACTS AND SOME CONCLUSIONS.<br /> +A Study in Rural Therapeutics.<br /> +THE TOWNSMAN'S FARM<br /> +THE SMALL FARM<br /> + POULTRY FARMING: SOME FACTS AND SOME ILLUSIONS <br /> +THE CASE FOR THE GOAT. (With Introductions by the<br /> +DUCHESS OF HAMILTON and SIR H. RIDER HAGGARD.)<br /> +COUNTRY COTTAGES<br /> +THE STORY OF THE DUNMOW FLITCH<br /> +IN SEARCH OF AN £150 COTTAGE. (Edited.)<br /> +THE JOURNAL OF A JOURNEYMAN FARMER. (Edited.)</span> +</td></tr></table> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page iii<a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii"></a></span></p> + +<h2>THE FOUNDATIONS<br /> +OF JAPAN</h2> + +<h4>NOTES MADE DURING JOURNEYS OF</h4> +<h4>6,000 MILES IN THE RURAL DISTRICTS AS</h4> +<h4>A BASIS FOR A SOUNDER KNOWLEDGE</h4> +<h4>OF THE JAPANESE PEOPLE</h4> + +<h3>BY J.W. ROBERTSON SCOTT</h3> +<h5>("HOME COUNTIES")</h5> + +<h5>WITH 85 ILLUSTRATIONS</h5> + +<h5>"In good sooth, my masters, this is no door, yet it is a little window"</h5> + +<h3>LONDON</h3> +<h3>JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W.</h3> +<h3>1922</h3> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page v<a name="Page_v" id="Page_v"></a></span></p> + +<h4>TO</h4> +<h4>SCOTT SAN NO OKUSAN</h4> +<h4>FOR WHOLESOME CRITICISM</h4> + +<h3><a href="#Page_xvii">TO TABLE OF CONTENTS</a></h3> + +<div class="blockquot"><span class="pagenum">Page vi<a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi"></a></span> + +<p>A concern arose to spend some time with them that I might feel + and understand their life and the spirit they live in, if haply I + might receive some instruction from them, or they might be in any + degree helped forward by my following the leadings of truth among + them when the troubles of War were increasing and when travelling + was more difficult than usual. I looked upon it as a more + favourable opportunity to season my mind and to bring me into a + nearer sympathy with them.—<i>Journal of John Woolman</i>, 1762.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I determined to commence my researches at some distance from the + capital, being well aware of the erroneous ideas I must form + should I judge from what I heard in a city so much subjected to + foreign intercourse.—<span class="smcap">Borrow.</span></p></div> + +<p> </p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p> </p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum">Page vii<a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii"></a></span> +</p> + +<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION" /><b>INTRODUCTION</b></h2> + + +<p>The hope with which these pages are written is that their readers may +be enabled to see a little deeper into that problem of the relation of +the West with Asia which the historian of the future will +unquestionably regard as the greatest of our time.</p> + +<p>I lived for four and a half years in Japan. This book is a record of +many of the things I saw and experienced and some of the things I was +told chiefly during rural journeys—more than half the population is +rural—extending to twice the distance across the United States or +nearly eight times the distance between the English Channel and John +o' Groats.</p> + +<p>These pages deal with a field of investigation in Japan which no other +volume has explored. Because they fall short of what was planned, and +in happier conditions might have been accomplished, a word or two may +be pardoned on the beginnings of the book—one of the many literary +victims of the War.</p> + +<p>The first book I ever bought was about the Far East. The first leading +article of my journalistic apprenticeship in London was about Korea. +When I left daily journalism, at the time of the siege of the Peking +Legations, the first thing I published was a book pleading for a +better understanding of the Chinese.</p> + +<p>After that, as a cottager in Essex, I wrote—above a <i>nom de guerre</i> +which is better known than I am—a dozen volumes on rural subjects. +During a visit to the late David Lubin in Rome I noticed in the big +library of his International Institute of Agriculture that there was +no took in English dealing with the agriculture of Japan. +<a name="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1"><sup>[1]</sup></a> + +<span class="pagenum">Page viii<a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii"></a></span> + +Just before the War the thoughts of forward-looking students of our home +affairs ran strongly on the relation of intelligently managed small +holdings to skilled capitalist farming.<a name="FNanchor_2"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> During the early "business +as usual" period of the War, when no tasks had been found for men over +military age—Mr. Wells's protest will be remembered—it occurred to +me that it might be serviceable if I could have ready, for the period +of rural reconstruction and readjustment of our international ideas +when the War was over, two books of a new sort. One should be a +stimulating volume on Japan, based on a study, more sociological than +technically agricultural, of its remarkable small-farming system and +rural life, and the other a complementary American volume based on a +study of the enterprising large farming of the Middle West. I proposed +to write the second book in co-operation with a veteran rural reformer +who had often invited me to visit him in Iowa, the father of the +present American Minister of Agriculture. Early in 1915 I set out for +Japan to enter upon the first part of my task. Mr. Wallace died while +I was still in Japan, and the Middle West book remains to be +undertaken by someone else.</p> + +<p>The Land of the Rising Sun has been fortunate in the quality of the +books which many foreigners have written.<a name="FNanchor_3"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> But for every work at the +standard of what might be called the seven "M's"—Mitford, Murdoch, +Munro, Morse, Maclaren, "Murray" and McGovern—there are many volumes +of fervid "pro-Japanese" or determined "anti-Japanese" romanticism. +The pictures of Japan which such easily perused books present are +incredible to +<span class="pagenum">Page ix<a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix"></a></span> +readers of ordinary insight or historical imagination, +but they have had their part in forming public opinion.</p> + +<p>The basic fact about Japan is that it is an agricultural country. +Japanese æstheticism, the victorious Japanese army and navy, the +smoking chimneys of Osaka, the pushing mercantile marine, the +Parliamentary and administrative developments of Tokyo and a costly +worldwide diplomacy are all borne on the bent backs of <i>Ohyakusho no +Fufu</i>,<a name="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4"><sup>[4]</sup> +</a> the Japanese peasant farmer and his wife. The depositories +of the authentic <i>Yamato damashii</i> (Japanese spirit) are to be found +knee deep in the sludge of their paddy fields.</p> + +<p>One book about Japan may well be written in the perspective of the +village and the hamlet. There it is possible to find the way beneath +that surface of things visible to the tourist. There it is possible to +discover the <i>foundations</i> of the Japan which is intent on cutting +such a figure in the East and in the West. There it is possible to +learn not only what Japan is but what she may have it in her to +become.</p> + +<p>A rural sociologist is not primarily interested in the technique of +agriculture. He conceives agriculture and country life as Arthur Young +and Cobbett did, as a means to an end, the sound basis, the touchstone +of a healthy State. I was helped in Japan not only by my close +acquaintance with the rural civilisation of two pre-eminently +small-holdings countries, Holland and Denmark, but by what I knew to +be precious in the rural life of my own land.</p> + +<p>An interest in rural problems cannot be simulated. As I journeyed +about the country the sincerity of my purpose—there are few words in +commoner use in the Far East than sincerity—was recognised and +appreciated. I enjoyed conversations in which customary barriers had +been broken down and those who spoke said what they felt. We +inevitably discussed not only agricultural economy but life, religion +and morality, and the way Japan was taking.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page x<a name="Page_x" id="Page_x"></a></span> +I spoke and slept in Buddhist temples. I was received at Shinto +shrines. I was led before domestic altars. I was taken to gatherings +of native Christians. I planted commemorative trees until more +persimmons than I can ever gather await my return to Japan. I wrote so +many <i>gaku</i><a name="FNanchor_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5"><sup>[5]</sup> +</a> for school walls and for my kind hosts that my memory +was drained of maxims. I attended guileless horse-races. I was present +at agricultural shows, fairs, wrestling matches, <i>Bon</i> dances, village +and county councils and the strangest of public meetings. I talked not +only with farmers and their families but with all kinds of landlords, +with schoolmasters and schoolmistresses, policemen, shopkeepers, +priests, co-operative society enthusiasts, village officials, county +officials, prefectural officials, a score of Governors and an Ainu +chief. I sought wisdom from Ministers of State and nobles of every +rank, from the Prince who is the heir of the last of the Shoguns down +to democratic Barons who prefer to be called "Mr.", I chatted with +farmers' wives and daughters, I interrogated landladies and mill +girls, and I paid a memorable visit to a Buddhist nunnery. I walked, +talked, rode, ate and bathed with common folk and with dignitaries. I +discussed the situation of Japan with the new countryman in college +agricultural laboratories and classrooms, and, in a remote region, +beheld what is rare nowadays, the old countryman kneeling before his +cottage with his head to the ground as the stranger rode past.</p> + +<p>I made notes as I traversed paddy-field paths, by mountain ways, in +colleges, schools, houses and inns. It can only have been when +crossing water on men's backs that I did not make notes. I jotted +things down as I walked, as I sat, as I knelt, as I lay on my <i>futon</i>, +as I journeyed in <i>kuruma</i>, on horseback, in jolting <i>basha</i>, in +automobiles, in shaking cross-country trains and in boats; in +brilliant sunshine and sweltering heat, in the shade and in dust; in +the early morning with chilled fingers or more or less furtively as I +crouched at protracted private or official repasts, or late at night +endeavoured to gather crumbs +<span class="pagenum">Page xi<a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi"></a></span> +from the wearing conversation of polite +callers who, though set on helping me, did not always find it easy to +understand the kind of information of which I was in search. One of +these asked my travelling companion <i>sotto voce</i>, "Is he after metal +mines?"</p> + +<p>I went on my own trips and on routes planned out for me by +agricultural and social zealots, and from time to time I returned +physically and mentally fatigued to my little Japanese house near +Tokyo to rest and to write out from my memoranda, to seek data for new +districts from the obliging Department of Agriculture and the +Agricultural College people at the Imperial University, and to eat and +drink with rural authorities who chanced to be visiting the capital +from distant prefectures. I had many setbacks. I was misinformed, now +and then intentionally and often unintentionally. There were many days +which were not only harassing but seemingly wasted. I often despaired +of achieving results worth all the exertion I was making and the money +I was spending. I must have worn to shreds the patience of some +English-speaking Japanese friends, but they never owned defeat. In the +end I found that I made progress.</p> + +<p>But so did the War, which when I set out from London few believed +would last long. I was troubled by continually meeting with incredible +ignorance about the War, the issues at stake and the certain end. The +Japanese who talked with me were 10,000 miles away from the fighting. +Japan had nothing to lose, everything indeed to gain from the +abatement of Europe's activities in Asia. Not only Japanese soldiers +but many administrative, educational, agricultural and commercial +experts had been to school in Germany. There was much in common in the +German and Japanese mentalities, much alike in Central European and +Farthest East regard for the army and for order, devotion to +regulations, habit of subordination and deification of the State. +Eventually the well-known anti-Ally campaign broke out in Tokyo, a +thing which has never been sufficiently explained. Soon I was pressed +to turn aside from my studies and attempt the more immediately useful +task: to explain why Western nations, whose manifest interests were +<span class="pagenum">Page xii<a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii"></a></span> +peace, were resolutely squandering their blood and wealth in War.</p> + +<p>If what I published had some measure of success,<a name="FNanchor_6"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_6"><sup>[6]</sup></a> it was because by +this time, unlike some of the critics who sharply upbraided Japan and +made impossible proposals in impossible terms, I had learnt something +at first hand about the Japanese, because I wrote of the difficulties +as well as the faults of Japan, and because I was now a little known +as her well-wisher. One of the two books I published was translated as +a labour of love, as I shall never forget, by a Japanese public man +whose leisure was so scant that he sat up two nights to get his +manuscript finished. Before long I had involved myself in the arduous +task of founding and of editing for two years a monthly review, <i>The +New East (Shin Toyo)</i>,<a name="FNanchor_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7"> +<sup>[7]</sup></a> with for motto a sentence of my own which +expresses what wisdom I have gained about the Orient, <i>The real +barrier between East and West is a distrust of each other's morality +and the illusion that the distrust is on one side only.</i></p> + +<p>The excuse for so personal a digression is that, when this period of +literary and journalistic stress began, my rural notebooks and MSS., +memoranda of conversations on social problems and a heterogeneous +collection of reports and documents had to be stowed into boxes. There +they stayed until a year ago. The entries in a dozen of my little +hurriedly filled notebooks have lost their flavour or are +unintelligible: I have put them all aside. Neither is it possible to +utilise notes which were submarined or lost in over-worked post +offices. This book—I have had to leave out Kyushu entirely—is not +the work I planned, a complete account of rural life and industry in +every part of Japan, with an excursus on Korea and Formosa, and +certain general conclusions: a standard work, no doubt, in, I am +afraid, two volumes, and forgetful at times of the warning that "to +spend too much Time in Studies is Sloth."</p> + +<p>What I had transcribed before leaving Japan I have now +<span class="pagenum">Page xiii<a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii"></a></span> +been able in the course of a leisured year in England to overhaul and to supplement +by up-to-date statistics in an extensive Appendix. In the changed +circumstances in which the book is completed I have also ruthlessly +transferred to this Appendix all the technical matter in the text, so +that nothing shall obstruct the way of the general reader. At some +future date there may be by another hand a book about Japan in terms +of soils, manures and crops. That is the book the War saved me from +writing. In the present work I have the opportunity which so few +authors have enjoyed of jettisoning all technics into an Appendix.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus003"></a> +<img src="images/003.jpg" width="390" height="450" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +</div> + +<p>"It is necessary," says a wise modern author, "to meditate over one's +impressions at leisure, to start afresh again and again with a clearer +vision of the essential facts." And a Japanese companion of my +journeys writes, "Never can you be sorry that this book is coming +late. This time of delay has been the best time; we have had enough +<span class="pagenum">Page xiv<a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv"></a></span> +of first impressions." The justification for this volume is that, in +spite of the difficulties attending the composition of it, it may be +held to offer a picture of some aspects of modern Japan to be found +nowhere else. Politics is not for these pages, nor, because there are +so many charming books on æsthetic and scenic Japan, do I write on Art +or about Fuji, Kyoto, Nara, Miyanoshita and Nikko. I went to Japan to +see the countryman. The Japanese whom most of the world knows are +townified, sometimes Americanised or Europeanised, and, as often as +not, elaborately educated. They are frequently remarkable men. They +stand for a great deal in modern Japan. But their untownified +fellow-countrymen, with the training of tradition and experience, of +rural schoolmasters and village elders, and, as frequently, of the +carefully shielded army, are more than half of the nation.</p> + +<p>What is their health of mind and body? By what social and moral +principles and prejudices are they swayed? To what extent are they +adequate to the demand that is made and is likely to be made upon +them? In what respects are they the masters of their lives or are +mastered? In what ways are they still open to Western influences? And +in what directions are they now inclined to trust to "themselves +alone"?</p> + +<p>If the masters of the rural journal were sometimes mistaken in the +observations they made from horseback, I cannot have escaped +blundering in passing through more dimly lit scenes than they visited. +"If there appears here and there any uncorrectness, I do not hold +myself obliged to answer for what I could not perfectly +govern."<a name="FNanchor_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8"><sup>[8]</sup></a> +But I have laboriously taken all the precautions I could and I have +obeyed as far as possible a recent request that "visitors to the Far +East should confine themselves to what they have seen with their own +eyes." As Huxley wrote, "all that I have proposed to myself is to say, +This and this have I learned."</p> + +<p>I take pleasure in recalling that some years ago I was approached with +a view to undertaking for the United States Government a +socio-agricultural investigation in a +<span class="pagenum">Page xv<a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv"></a></span> +foreign country. Reared as I +have been in the whole faith of a citizen of the English-speaking +world, I am glad to think that the present volume may be of some +service to American readers. The United States is within ten +days—Canada is within nine—of Japan against Great Britain's month by +the Atlantic-C.P.R.-Pacific route and eight weeks by Suez. There are +more American visitors than British to Japan. It was America that +first opened Japan to the West, and the debt of Japan to American +training and stimulus is immense. But British services to Japan have +also been substantial. Great Britain was the first to welcome her +within the circle of the Great Powers, and the Anglo-Japanese Alliance +did more for Japan than some Japanese have been willing to admit. The +problem of Japan is the problem of the whole English-speaking world. +Rightly conceived, the interests of the British Empire and the United +States in the Far East are one and indivisible.</p> + +<p>The Japanese version of the title of this book (kindly suggested by +Mr. Seichi Narusé) is <i>Nihon no Shinzui</i>, literally, "The Marrow" or +"The Core of Japan." His Excellency the Japanese Ambassador, the +beauty of whose calligraphy is well known, was so very kind as to +allow me to requisition his clever brush for the script for the +engraver; but it must be understood that Baron Hayashi has seen +nothing of the volume but the cover.</p> + +<p>I greatly regret that the present conditions of book production make +it impossible to reproduce more than one in thirty of my photographs.</p> + +<p>It is in no spirit of ingratitude to my hosts and many other kind +people in Japan that I have taken the decision resolutely to strike +out of the text all those names of places and persons which give such +a forbidding air to a traveller's page. I have pleasure in +acknowledging here the particular obligations I am under to Kunio +Yanaghita, formerly Secretary of the Japanese House of Peers and a +distinguished and disinterested student of rural conditions, Dr. +Nitobe, assistant secretary of the League of Nations, and his wife, +Professor Nasu, Imperial University, Mr. Yamasaki, Mr. M. Yanagi, Mr. +Kanzō Uchimura, Mr. +<span class="pagenum">Page xvi<a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi"></a></span> +Bernard Leach, Mr. M. Tajima, Mr. Ono and two +young officials in Hokkaido, who each in turn found time to join me on +my journeys and showed me innumerable kindnesses. It was a piece of +good fortune that while these pages were in preparation Mr. Yanaghita, +Professor Nasu and other fellow-travellers were in Europe and +available for consultation. Professor Nasu unweariedly furnished +painstaking answers to many questions, and was kind enough to read all +of the book in proof; but he has no responsibility, of course, for the +views which I express. I am also specially indebted to Dr. Kozai, +President of the Imperial University, to Mr. Ito and other officials +of the Ministry of Agriculture, to Mr. Tsurimi, one of the most +understanding of travelled Japanese, to Mr. Iwanaga, formerly of the +Imperial Railway Board, to Dr. Sato, President of Hokkaido University, +and his obliging colleagues, to the Imperial Agricultural Society, to +Professors Yahagi and Yokoi, and to Viscount Kano, Dr. Kuwada, Mr. I. +Yoshida, Mr. K. Ohta, Mr. H. Saito, Mr. S. Hoshijima, and many +provincial agricultural and sociological experts.</p> + +<p>Portions of drafts for this book have appeared in the <i>Daily +Telegraph, World's Work, Manchester Guardian, New East, Asia, Japan +Chronicle</i> and <i>Christian World</i>. I am indebted to the <i>World's Work</i> +and <i>Asia</i> for some additional illustrations from blocks made from my +photographs, and to the <i>New East</i> for some sketches by Miss Elizabeth +Keith.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"> +[1]</a> There is a small book by an able American soil specialist, the +late Professor King, which describes through rose-tinted glasses the +farming of Japan, and of China and Korea as well, on the basis of a +flying trip to countries the population of which is thrice that of +Great Britain and the United States together. The author of another +book, published last year, delivers himself of this astonishing +opinion: "The Japanese is no better fitted to direct his own +agriculture than I am to steer a rudderless ship across the Atlantic."</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"> +[2]</a> <i>Vide</i> Sir Daniel Hall's <i>Pilgrimage of English Farming</i> and +articles of mine in the <i>Nineteenth Century</i> and <i>Times</i>, and my <i>Land +Problem</i>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"> +[3]</a> The Japanese have only lately, however, made some acknowledgment +of their debt to Hearn, and in an eight-page bibliography of the best +books about Japan in the <i>Japan Year Book</i> Murdoch's as yet unrivalled +<i>History</i> is not even mentioned.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4"> +[4]</a> <i>Ohyakusho</i> must not be confused with <i>Oo-hyakusho</i> or +<i>Oo-byakusho</i>, which means a large farmer. <i>O</i> is a polite prefix; +<i>Oo</i> or <i>O</i> means large.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5"> +[5]</a> Horizontal wall writings.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6"> +[6]</a> About 35,000 copies of my two bilingual books were circulated.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7"> +[7]</a> With the backing of a London Committee composed of Lord Burnham, +Sir G.W. Prothero, Mr. J. St. Loe Strachey and Mr. C.V. Sale.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8"> +[8]</a> Tenison, 1684.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum">Page xvii<a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + + +<h3>STUDIES IN A SINGLE PREFECTURE (AICHI)</h3> + + +<p>CHAPTER</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_1">I. THE MERCY OF BUDDHA</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_8">II. "GOOD PEOPLE ARE NOT SUFFICIENTLY PRECAUTIOUS"</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_14">III. EARLY-RISING SOCIETIES AND OTHER INGENUOUS ACTIVITIES</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_24">IV. "THE SIGHT OF A GOOD MAN IS ENOUGH"</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_34">V. COUNTRY-HOUSE LIFE</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_45">VI. BEFORE OKUNITAMA-NO-MIKO-KAMI</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_56">VII. OF "DEVIL-GON" AND YOSOGI</a></p> + +<p> </p> + +<h3>THE MOST EXACTING CROP IN THE WORLD</h3> + +<p>CHAPTER</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_68">VIII. THE HARVEST FROM THE MUD</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_80">IX. THE RICE BOWL, THE GODS AND THE NATION</a></p> + +<p> </p> + +<h3>BACK TO FIRST PRINCIPLES: THE APOSTLE AND THE ARTIST</h3> + +<p>CHAPTER</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_90">X. A TROUBLER OF ISRAEL</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_98">XI. THE IDEA OF A GAP</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page xviii<a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii"></a></span></p> + +<h3>ACROSS JAPAN (TOKYO TO NIIGATA AND BACK)</h3> + +<p>CHAPTER</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_107">XII. TO THE HILLS (TOKYO, SAITAMA, TOCHIGI AND FUKUSHIMA)</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_119">XIII. THE DWELLERS IN THE HILLS (FUKUSHIMA)</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_132">XIV. SHRINES AND POETRY (NIIGATA AND TOYAMA)</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_140">XV. THE NUN'S CELL (NAGANO)</a></p> + +<p> </p> + +<h3>IN AND OUT OF THE SILK PREFECTURE</h3> + +<p>CHAPTER</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_146">XVI. PROBLEMS BEHIND THE PICTURESQUE (SAITAMA, GUMMA, NAGANO AND YAMANASHI)</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_153">XVII. THE BIRTH, BRIDAL AND DEATH OF THE SILK-WORM (NAGANO)</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_161">XVIII. "GIRL COLLECTORS" AND FACTORIES (NAGANO AND YAMANASHI)</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_167">XIX. "FRIEND-LOVE-SOCIETY'S" GRIM TALE</a></p> + +<p> </p> + +<h3>FROM TOKYO TO THE NORTH BY THE WEST COAST</h3> + +<p>CHAPTER</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_175">XX. "THE GARDEN WHERE VIRTUES ARE CULTIVATED" (FUKUSHIMA AND YAMAGATA)</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_182">XXI. THE "TANOMOSHI" (YAMAGATA)</a></p> + +<p> </p> + +<h3>BACK AGAIN BY THE EAST COAST</h3> + +<p>CHAPTER</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_189">XXII. "BON" SONGS AND THE SILENT PRIEST (YAMAGATA, AKITA, AOMORI, IWATE, +MIYAGI, FUKUSHIMA AND IBARAKI)</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_200">XXIII. A MIDNIGHT TALK</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page xix<a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix"></a></span></p> + +<h3>THE ISLAND OF SHIKOKU</h3> + +<p>CHAPTER</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_207">XXIV. LANDLORDS, PRIESTS AND "BASHA" (TOKUSHIMA, KOCHI AND KAGAWA)</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_219">XXV. "SPECIAL TRIBES" (EHIME)</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_226">XXVI. THE STORY OF THE BLIND HEADMAN (EHIME)</a></p> + +<p> </p> + +<h3>THE SOUTH-WEST OF JAPAN</h3> + +<p>CHAPTER</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_235">XXVII. UP-COUNTRY ORATORY (YAMAGUCHI)</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_243">XXVIII. MEN, DOGS AND SWEET POTATOES (SHIMANE)</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_253">XXIX. FRIENDS OF LAFCADIO HEARN (SHIMANE, TOTTORI AND HYOGO)</a></p> + +<p> </p> + +<h3>TWO MONTHS IN TEMPLE (NAGANO)</h3> + +<p>CHAPTER</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_262">XXX. THE LIFE OF THE PEASANTS AND THEIR PRIESTS</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_272">XXXI. "BON" SEASON SCENES</a></p> + +<p> </p> + +<h3>IN AND OUT OF THE TEA PREFECTURE</h3> + +<p>CHAPTER</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_283">XXXII. PROGRESS OF SORTS (SHIDZUOKA AND KANAGAWA)</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_292">XXXIII. GREEN TEA AND BLACK (SHIDZUOKA)</a></p> + +<p> </p> + +<h3>EXCURSIONS FROM TOKYO</h3> + +<p>CHAPTER</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_297">XXXIV. A COUNTRY DOCTOR AND HIS NEIGHBOURS (CHIBA)</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_309">XXXV. THE HUSBANDMAN, THE WRESTLER AND THE CARPENTER (SAITAMA, GUMMA AND TOKYO)</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_321">XXXVI. "THEY FEEL THE MERCY OF THE SUN" (GUMMA, KANAGAWA AND CHIBA)</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page xx<a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx"></a></span></p> + +<h3>REFLECTIONS IN HOKKAIDO</h3> + +<p>CHAPTER</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_334">XXXVII. COLONIAL JAPAN AND ITS UN-JAPANESE WAYS</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_343">XXXVIII. SHALL THE JAPANESE EAT BREAD AND MEAT?</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_352">XXXIX. MUST THE JAPANESE MAKE THEIR OWN "YOFUKU"?</a></p> + +<p><a href="#Page_358">XL. THE PROBLEMS OF JAPAN</a></p> + +<p> </p> + +<p><a href="#Page_373">APPENDICES</a></p> + +<p> </p> + +<p><a href="#Page_415">INDEX</a></p> + +<p> </p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum">Page xxi<a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi"></a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS" /> +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + +<p><a href="#illus001"> +BATH IN AN AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL facing title-page +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus002"> +JŪJITSU (AND RIFLES) AT THE SAME SCHOOL +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus003"> +BYGONE DAYS IN JAPAN +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus004"> +THE ROOM IN WHICH THIS BOOK WAS WRITTEN +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus005"> +THE MERCY OF BUDDHA<br /> +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus006"> +"TO ROUSE THE VILLAGE YOU MUST FIRST ROUSE THE PRIEST" +</a><br />(AUTOGRAPH OF OTERA SAN)</p> + +<p><a href="#illus007"> +PLAN OF THE FARMER'S SYMBOLIC TREES +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus008"> +ADJUSTED RICE-FIELDS +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus009"> +LIBRARY</a> AND +<a href="#illus010"> + WORKSHED</a> OF A Y.M.A.</p> + +<p><a href="#illus011"> +LANDOWNER'S SON AND DAUGHTER +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus012"> +SHRINE IN A LANDOWNER'S HOUSE +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus013"> +MR. YAMASAKI, DR. NITOBE, AUTHOR AND PROF. NASU +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus014"> +THE HOUSE IN WHICH THE TEA CEREMONY TOOK PLACE<br /> +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus015"> +AUTHOR QUESTIONING OFFICIALS +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus016"> +AUTHOR PLANTING COMMEMORATIVE TREES +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus017"> +RICE POLISHING BY FOOT POWER +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus018"> +"HIBACHI," A FLOWER ARRANGEMENT AND "KAKEMONO" +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus019"> +SCHOOL SHRINE CONTAINING EMPEROR'S PORTRAIT +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus020"> +FENCING AT AN AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus021"> +WAR MEMENTOES—ALL SCHOOLS HAVE SOME +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus022"> +A 200-YEARS-OLD DRAWING OF THE RICE PLANT +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus023"> +SCATTERING ARTIFICIAL MANURE IN ADJUSTED PADDIES +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus024"> +PLANTING OUT RICE SEEDLINGS +</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page xxii<a name="Page_xxii" id="Page_xxii"></a></span></p> + +<p><a href="#illus025"> +PUSH-CART FOR COLLECTION OF FERTILISER +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus026"> +MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE'S EFFORTS TO KEEP PRICE OF RICE DOWN +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus027"> +MUZZLED EDITORS +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus028"> +"THE JAPANESE CARLYLE" +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus029"> +MR. AND MRS. YANAGI +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus030"> +CHILDREN CATCHING INSECTS ON RICE-SEED BEDS +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus031"> +MASTERS OF A COUNTRY SCHOOL AND SOME CHILDREN +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus032"> +CULTIVATION TO THE HILL-TOPS +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus033"> +IMPLEMENTS, MEASURES AND MACHINES</a>, AND +<a href="#illus034"> +A BALE OF RICE +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus035"> +MOVABLE STAGE AT A FESTIVAL +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus036"> +FARMHOUSE AT WHICH MR. UCHIMURA PREACHED +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus037"> +TENANT FARMERS' HOUSES +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus038"> +AUTHOR AT THE "SPIRIT MEETING" +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus039"> +SOME PERFORMERS AT THE "SPIRIT MEETING" +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus040"> +IN A BUDDHIST NUNNERY +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus041"> +JAPANESE GRASS-CUTTING TOOLS COMPARED WITH A SCYTHE +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus042"> +CHILD-COLLECTORS OF VILLAGERS' SAVINGS +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus043"> +NUNS PHOTOGRAPHED IN A "CELL" +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus044"> +STUDENTS' STUDY AT AN AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus045"> +TEACHERS OF A VILLAGE SCHOOL +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus046"> +GIRLS CARRYING BALES OF RICE +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus047"> +SERICULTURAL SCHOOL STUDENTS +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus048"> +SILK FACTORIES IN KAMISUWA +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus049"> +VILLAGE ASSEMBLY-ROOM +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus050"> +ARCHERY AT AN AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus051"> +CULTIVATION OF THE HILLSIDE +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus052"> +RAILWAY STATION "BENTO" AND POT OF TEA +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus053"> +A SCARECROW +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus054"> +THE BLIND HEADMAN AND HIS COLLECTING-BAG +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus055"> +MR. YANAGHITA IN HIS CORONATION CEREMONY ROBES +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus056"> +PORTABLE APPARATUS FOR RAISING WATER +</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page xxiii<a name="Page_xxiii" id="Page_xxiii"></a></span></p> + +<p><a href="#illus057"> +VILLAGE SCHOOL WITH PORTRAIT OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus058">RIVER-BEDS IN THE SUMMER</a> +</p> + +<p><a href="#illus059"> +SCHOOL SHRINE FOR EMPEROR'S PORTRAIT +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus060"> +AUTHOR ADDRESSING LAFCADIO HEARN MEETING +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus061"> +A PEASANT PROPRIETOR'S HOUSE +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus062"> +GRAVESTONES REASSEMBLED AFTER PADDY ADJUSTMENT +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus063"> +TEMPLE IN WHICH THIS CHAPTER WAS WRITTEN +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus064"> +FIRE ENGINE AND PRIMITIVE FIGURES +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus065"> +YOUNG MEN'S CLUB-ROOM +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus066"> +MEMORIAL STONES +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus067"> +ROOF PROTECTED AGAINST STORMS BY STONES +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus068"> +OFF TO THE UPLAND FIELDS +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus069"> +FARMER'S WIFE +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus070"> +MOTHER AND CHILD +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus071"> +A CRADLE +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus072"> +FIRE ALARM AND OBSERVATION POST +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus073"> +RACK FOR DRYING RICE +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus074"> +VILLAGE CREMATORIUM +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus075"> +DOG HELPING TO PULL JINRIKISHA +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus076"> +AUTHOR, MR. YAMASAKI AND YOUNGEST INHABITANTS +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus077"> +"TORII" AT THE SHRINE OF THE FOX GOD +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus078"> +TABLETS RECORDING GIFTS TO A TEMPLE +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus079"> +INSIDE THE "SHOJI" +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus080"> +AUTOMATIC RICE POLISHER +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus081"> +AUTHOR IN A CRATER +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus082"> +A TYPE OF WAYSIDE MONUMENTS +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus083"> +GIANT RADISH OR "DAIKON" +</a></p> + +<p><a href="#illus084"> +CUTTING GRASS +</a></p> + +<p> </p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum">Page xxiv<a name="Page_xxiv" id="Page_xxiv"></a></span></p> + +<h2> +<a name="CURRENCY_WEIGHTS_AND_MEASURES_AND_OFFICIAL_TERMS" id="CURRENCY_WEIGHTS_AND_MEASURES_AND_OFFICIAL_TERMS" /> +CURRENCY, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES AND OFFICIAL TERMS</h2> + + +<p>The prices given in the text (but not in the footnotes and Appendix) +were recorded before the War inflation began. The War was followed by +a severe financial crisis. Professor Nasu wrote to me during the +summer of 1921:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"You are very wise to leave the figures as they stood. It is +useless to try to correct them, because they are still changing. +The price of rice, which did not exceed 15 yen per koku when you +were making your research work, exceeded 50 yen in 1919, and is +now struggling to maintain the price of 25 yen. Taking at 100 the +figures for the years 1915 or 1916—fortunately there is not much +difference between these two years—the prices of six leading +commodities reached in 1919 an average of about 250. After 1919 +the prices of some commodities went still higher, but mostly they +did not change very much; on the other hand, recently the prices +of many commodities—among them rice and raw silk +especially—have been coming down and this downward movement is +gradually extending to all other commodities. From these +considerations I deduce that the index number of general +commodities may be safely taken as 200 when your book appears. +<i>The reader of your book has simply to double the figures given +by you—that is the figures of</i> 1915 <i>and</i> 1916—<i>in order to get +a rough estimate of present prices.</i>"</p> + +<p>Where exact statements of area and yield are necessary, as in the +study of the intense agriculture of Japan, local measures are +preferable to our equivalents in awkward fractions. Further, the +measures used in this book are easily remembered, and no serious +study of Japanese agriculture on the spot is possible without +remembering them. While, however, Japanese currency, weights and +measures have been uniformly used, equivalents have been supplied +at every place in the book where their omission might be +reasonably considered to interfere with easy reading. The +following tables are restricted to currency, weights and measures +mentioned in the book.</p> + +<p class="center"> <br />MONEY<a name="FNanchor_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p> + +<p><i>Yen</i> = roughly (at the time notes for the book were made) a +florin or half a dollar = 100 sen.</p> + +<p><i>Sen</i> = a farthing or half cent = 10 rin.</p> + +<p class="center"> <br />LONG</p> + +<p><i>Ri</i> = roughly 2½ miles.</p> + +<p><i>Shaku</i> (roughly 1 ft.) = 11.93 in.</p> + +<p>Ri are converted into miles by being multiplied by 2.44.</p> + +<p class="center"> <br />SQUARE</p> + +<p><i>Ri</i> (roughly 6 sq. miles) = 5.955 sq. miles.</p> + +<p><i>Chō</i> (sometimes written, <i>Chōbu</i>) (roughly 2½ acres) = 2.450 +acres = 10 tan = 3,000 tsubo.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page xxv<a name="Page_xxv" id="Page_xxv"></a></span> + <i>Tan</i> or <i>Tambu</i> (roughly ¼ acre) = 0.245 acres = 10 se = 300 +bu.</p> + +<p><i>Bu</i> or <i>Tsubo</i> (roughly 4 sq. yds.) = 3.953 sq. yds.</p> + +<p>An acre is about 4 tan 10 bu or 1,200 bu or tsubo (an urban measure). +The size of rooms is reckoned by the number of mats, which are +ordinarily 6 shaku in length and 3 shaku in breadth.</p> + +<p class="center"> <br />CAPACITY</p> + +<p><i>Koku</i> (roughly 40 gals. or 5 bush.) = 39.703 gals, or 4.960 bush. = +10 tō. According to American measurements, there are 47.653 gals, +(liquid) and 5.119 bush, (dry) in a koku. A koku of rice is 313½ +lbs. (British).</p> + +<p>A koku of imported rice is, however, 330½ lbs. The following koku +must also be noted: ordinary barley, 231 lbs.; naked barley 301.1 +lbs.; wheat 288.7 lbs.; proso millet, 247.9 lbs.; foxtail millet, +280.9 lbs.; barnyard millet, 165.2 lbs.; brickaheat, 247.9 lbs.; +maize, 289.2 lbs.; soya beans, 286.5 lbs.; azuki (red) beans, 319.9 +lbs.; horse beans, 266.6 lbs.; peas, 306.5 lbs.</p> + +<p><i>Hyō</i> (roughly 2 bush.) = 1.985 bush. = 4 tō = bale of rice.</p> + +<p><i>Tō</i> (roughly 4 gals, or ½ bush.) = 3.970 gals, or .496 bush, or +1.985 pecks = 10 shō.</p> + +<p><i>Shō</i> (roughly 1½ qts.) = 1.588 qts. or 0.198 pecks or 108½ cub. +in. = 10 gō.</p> + +<p><i>Gō</i> (roughly ⅓ pint) =.3176 pints or 0.019 pecks.</p> + +<p>Rice is not bagged but baled, and a bale is 4 tō or 1 hyō.</p> + +<p class="center"> <br />WEIGHT</p> + +<p><i>Kwan</i> or <i>kwamme</i> (roughly 8¼ lbs.) = 8.267 lbs. av. or 10.047 +lbs. troy = 1,000 momme.</p> + +<p><i>Kin</i> (catty) = 1.322 lbs. av. or 1.607 troy = 160 momme.</p> + +<p><i>Momme</i> = 2.116 drams or 2.411 dwts. According to American +measurements a momme is 0.132 oz. av. and 0.120 oz. troy.</p> + +<p><i>Hyakkin</i> (<i>picul</i>) = 100 kin = 132.277 lbs.</p> + +<p>A stone is 1.693, a cwt. is 13.547, and a ton 270.950 kwamme.</p> + +<p class="center"> <br />LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE TERMS</p> + +<p><i>Ken</i>.—Prefecture. There are forty-three ken and Hokkaido. Ken and fu +are made up of the former sixty-six provinces. Sometimes the name of +the ken and the name of the capital of the ken are the same: example, +Shidzuoka-ken, capital Shidzuoka.</p> + +<p><i>Fu</i>.—Three prefectures are municipal prefectures and are called not +ken but fu. They are Tokyo-fu, Kyoto-fu and Osaka-fu.</p> + +<p><i>Gun</i> (<i>kōri</i>).—Division of a prefecture, a county or rural district. +There are 636 gun. Gun are now being done away with.</p> + +<p><i>Shi</i>.—City. There are seventy-nine cities.</p> + +<p><i>Cho</i>.—A town or rather a district preponderatingly urban. There are +1,333 cho.</p> + +<p><i>Machi</i>.—Japanese name for the Chinese character cho.</p> + +<p><i>Son</i>.—A village or rather a district preponderatingly rural. There +are 10,839 son.</p> + +<p><i>Mura</i>.—Japanese name for a Chinese character son.</p> + +<p>A true idea of the Japanese village is obtained as soon as one +mentally defines it as a commune. There may be a rural community +called son or a municipal community called cho. The cho or son +consists of a number of oaza, that is, big aza, which in turn consists +of a number of ko-aza or small aza. A ko-aza may consist of twenty or +thirty dwellings, that is, a hamlet, or it may be only one dwelling. +It may be ten acres in extent or fifty. I found that the population of +a particular municipality was 10,000 in seven big oaza comprising +twenty-two ko-aza.</p></div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus004"></a> +<img src="images/004.jpg" width="600" height="417" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">THE ROOM, OVERLOOKING THE PACIFIC, IN WHICH MUCH OF THIS +BOOK WAS WRITTEN<br /> +The feet of the chair and table are fitted with wooden slats so as not +to injure the <i>tatami</i>. Electricity as a matter of course!</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus005"></a> +<img src="images/005.jpg" width="600" height="399" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">THE MERCY OF BUDDHA<br /> +The worshippers in the front row lost relatives by a flood.<br /> +This is not the priest referred to in Chapter I.</p> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 1<a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"></a></span></p> + +<h2>THE FOUNDATIONS OF JAPAN</h2> + +<h3>STUDIES IN A SINGLE PREFECTURE (AICHI)<a name="FNanchor_10"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_10"><sup>[10]</sup></a></h3> + +<h2>CHAPTER I</h2> + +<h4>THE MERCY OF BUDDHA</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The only hard facts, one learns to see as one gets older, +are the facts of feeling. Emotion and sentiment are, after all, +incomparably more solid than any statistics. So that when one +wanders back in memory through the field one has traversed in +diligent search of hard facts, one comes back bearing in one's +arms a Sheaf of Feelings.—<span class="smcap">Havelock Ellis</span>.</p></div> + +<p>One day as I walked along a narrow path between rice fields in a +remote district in Japan, I saw a Buddhist priest coming my way. He +was rosy-faced and benign, broad-shouldered and a little rotund. He +had with him a string of small children. I stood by to let him pass +and lifted my hat. He bowed and stopped, and we entered into +conversation. He told me that he was taking the children to a +festival. I said that I should like to meet him again. He offered to +come to see me in the evening at my host's house. When he arrived, and +I asked him, after a little polite talk, what was the chief difficulty +in the way of improving the moral condition of his village, he +answered, "I am."</p> + +<p>We spoke of Buddhism, and he complained that its sects were "too +aristocratic." When his own sect of Buddhism, Shinshu, was started, he +said, it was something "quite democratic for the common people." But +with the lapse +<span class="pagenum">Page 2<a name="Page_2" id="Page_2"></a></span> + +of time this democratic sect had also "become +aristocratic." "Though the founder of Shinshu wore flaxen clothing, +Shinshu priests now have glittering costumes. And everyone has heard +of the magnificence of the Kyoto Hongwanji" (the great temple at +Kyoto, the headquarters of the sect).<a name="FNanchor_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11"> +<sup>[11]</sup></a> "Contrary to the principles +of religion and democracy," people thought of the priest and the +temple "as something beyond their own lives." All this stood in the +way of improvement.</p> + +<p>The fashion in which many landowners "despised exertion and lived +luxuriously" was another hindrance. These men looked down on +education, "thinking themselves clever because they read the +newspapers." Landlords of this sort were fond of curios, and kept +their capital in such things instead of in agriculture. Sellers of +curios visited the village too often. A wise man had called the +curio-seller the "Spirit of Poverty" (<i>Bimbogami</i>). He said that the +Spirit visited a man when he became rich—in order to bring curios to +him; and again when he became poor—in order to take them away from +him! After he became poor the Spirit of Poverty never visited him +again.</p> + +<p>Yet another drawback to rural progress was petty political ambition. +People slandered neighbours who belonged to another party and they +would not associate with them. Such party feeling was one of the bad +influences of civilisation.</p> + +<p>Further, "a mercenary spirit and materialism" had to be fought in the +village. There was not, however, much trouble due to drink, and there +was no gambling now. There might still be impropriety between young +people—formerly young men used to visit the factory girls—but it was +rare. Lately there had been land speculation, and some of those who +made money went to tea-houses to see geisha.</p> + +<p>There was in the neighbourhood, this Buddhist pastor went on, a temple +belonging to the same sect as his own, and he was on friendly terms +with its priest. It was good discipline, he said, for two priests to +be working near one +<span class="pagenum">Page 3<a name="Page_3" id="Page_3"></a></span> +another if they were of the same sect, for their +work was compared. In answer to my enquiry, the old man said that he +preached four days a month. Each service consisted of reading for an +hour and then preaching for two hours. About 150 or 200 persons would +attend. He had also a service every morning from five to six. In +addition to these gatherings in the temple he conducted services in +farmers' houses. "I feel rather ashamed sometimes," he said," when I +listen to the good sermons of Christians."</p> + +<p>As the priest was taking leave he told me that he was going to a +farmer's house in order to conduct a service. I asked to be allowed to +accompany him. He kindly agreed, and invited me to stay the night in +his temple.</p> + +<p>When I reached the farmhouse there were there about two dozen kneeling +people, including members of the family. On the coming of the priest, +who had gone to the temple to put on his robes, the farmer threw open +the doors of the family shrine and lighted the candles in it. The +priest knelt down by the shrine and invited me to kneel near him. In a +few words he told the people why I was in the district. Whereupon the +farmer's aged mother piped, "We heard that a tall man had come, but to +think that we should see him and be in the same room with him!"</p> + +<p>When he had prayed, the priest read from a roll of the Shinshu +scripture which he had taken reverently from a box and a succession of +wrappings. Afterwards he preached from a "text," continuing, of +course, to kneel as we did. A flickering light fell upon us from a +lamp hanging from a beam. The room was pervaded with incense from an +iron censer which the farmer gently swung. The worshippers told their +beads, and in intervals between the priest's sentences I heard the +murmur of fervent prayer. The priest preached his sermon with his eyes +shut, and I could watch him narrowly. It is not so often that one sees +an old man with a sweet face. But there was sweetness in both the face +and voice of this priest. He spoke slowly and clearly, sometimes +pausing for a little between his sentences as if for better +inspiration, as a Quaker will sometimes do in speaking at meeting. His +tones were no higher than could be heard clearly in the room. There was +<span class="pagenum">Page 4<a name="Page_4" id="Page_4"></a></span> +nothing of the exhorter in this man. His talk did not sound like +preaching at all. It was like kind, friendly talk at the fireside at a +solemn time. "Faith, prayer, morality: these alone are necessary," was +the burden of the simple address. "We have faith by divine providence; +out of our thanksgiving comes prayer, and we cannot but be good." It +was plain that the old women loved their priest. In the front of the +congregation were three crones gnarled in hands and face. When the +sermon of an hour or so came to an end they spoke quaveringly of the +mercy of Buddha to them, and of their own feebleness to do well. The +old priest gently offered them comfort and counsel.</p> + +<p>After the service, in the light of the priest's paper lantern, I made +my way along the road to the temple. At length I found myself mounting +the lichened stone steps to the great closed gates. The priest drew +the long wooden bolt and pushed one gate creakingly back. We went by a +paved pathway into the deeper shadow of the temple. Then a light +glowed from the side of the building, and we were in the priest's +house. It was like a farmer's house only more refined in detail.</p> + +<p>About half-past four in the morning I was awakened by the booming of +the temple bell. It is the sound which of all delights in the Far East +is most memorable. I got up, and, following the example of my host, +had a bath in the open, and dressed.</p> + +<p>Then I was lighted along passages into the public part of the temple. +The priest with an acolyte began service at the middle altar. +Afterwards he proceeded to a side altar. At one stage of the service +he chanted a hymn which ran something like this:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span>From the virtues and the mercies of divine providence we get faith, the worth of which is boundless.<br /></span> +<span>The ice of petty care and trouble which froze our hearts is melted.<br /></span> +<span>It has become the water of divine illumination, bearing us on to peace.<br /></span> +<span>The more care and trouble, the greater the illumination and the reward.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>I knelt on the outside of the congregational group. It +<span class="pagenum">Page 5<a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a></span> +was cold as the great doors were slid open from time to time and the kneeling +figures grew in number to about forty. Day broke and a few sparrows +twittered by the time the first part of the service was over.</p> + +<p>The priest then took up his lamp and low table, and, coming without +the altar rail, knelt down in the midst of the congregation. In this +familiar relation with his people he delivered a homily in a +conversational tone. Buddha was to mankind as a father to his +children, he said. If a man did bad things but repented, his father +would be more delighted than if he got rich. The way of serving Buddha +was to feel his love. To ask of the rich or of a master was +supplication, but we did not need to supplicate Buddha. Our love of +Buddha and his love for us would become one thing. Carelessness, an +evil spirit, doubt: these were the enemies. Gold was beautiful to look +at, but if the gold stuck in one's eyes so that one could not see, how +then? The true essence of belief was the abandonment of ourselves to +divine providence.</p> + +<p>So the speaker went on, pressing home his thoughts with anecdote or +legend. There was the tale of a woman whose character benefited when +her husband became a leper. Another story was of an injured lizard +which was fed for many days by its mate. We were also told of a +mischievous fellow who tried to anger a believer. The ne'er-do-weel +went to the man's house and called him a liar. The believer thanked +him for his faithful dealing, and said that it might be true that he +was a liar. He would be glad, he said, to be given further advice +after his wife had warmed water in order that his visitor might wash +his feet. "The mind of the vagabond was thereupon changed."</p> + +<p>The rays of light from the lamp illumined the large Buddha-like shaven +head and mild countenance of the priest and the labour-worn faces of +his flock around him. Two weatherbeaten men curiously resembled +Highland elders. I saw that they, an old woman and a young mother with +a child tied on her back kept their eyes fixed on the preacher. It was +plain that in the service they found strength for the day.</p> + +<p>I was in a reverie when the priest ended his talk. To +<span class="pagenum">Page 6<a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></a></span> +my embarrassment he begged me to come with him within the altar rail and +speak to the people. I had been quickened to such a degree by the +experience of the previous night and by this service at dawn that I +stood up at once. But there seemed to be not one word at my call, and +my knees knocked because of cold and shyness. I grasped the chilly +brass altar rail, and, as I met the gaze of friendly, sun-tanned, +care-rutted alien faces, which yet had the look of "kent folk," I +marvellously found sentence following sentence. What I said matters +nothing. What I felt was the unity of all religion, my veneration for +this rare priest, a sense of kinship with these worshippers of another +race and faith, and a realisation of the elemental things which lie at +the basis of international understanding. Several old men and women +came up to me and bowed and made little speeches of kindness and +cordiality. Six was striking on a clock in the priest's house as the +doors of the temple were slid open, the great cryptomeria<a name="FNanchor_12"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_12"><sup>[12]</sup></a> which +guard the village fane stood forth augustly in the morning light, and +the congregation went out to its labour.</p> + +<p>As I knelt at breakfast and ate my rice and pickles and drank my +<i>miso</i> soup,<a name="FNanchor_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13"> +<sup>[13]</sup></a> the priest, after the manner of a Japanese with an +honoured guest, did not take food but waited upon me. He asked if the +English clergy wore a costume which marked them off from the people. +He liked the way of some of our preachers who wore ordinary clothes +and eschewed the title of "reverend." He was also taken by the idea of +the Quaker meeting at which there is silence until someone feels he +has a message to utter. As to the future of Buddhism, he deeply +regretted to say that many priests were a generation behind the age. +If the priests were "more democratic, better educated and more truly +religious," then they might be able to keep hold of young men. He knew +of one priest in Tokyo who had a dormitory for university students.</p> + +<p>The priest presented his wife, a kindly woman full of character. "This +is my wife," he said; "please teach +<span class="pagenum">Page 7<a name="Page_7" id="Page_7"></a></span> +her." I spoke of a kind of +kindergarten which I had learnt had been conducted at the temple for +five years. "We merely play with the children," she said. "I had the +plan of it from the kindergarten of a missionary," her husband added. +The priest and his wife were kneeling side by side in the still +temple-room looking out on their restful garden. Behind them was a +screen the inscription on which might be translated, "We are to be +thankful for our environment; we are to become content quite naturally +by the gracious influence of the universe and by the strength of our +own will."</p> + +<p>I could learn nothing from the priest concerning several helpful +organisations which I had heard that the villagers owed to his +influence and exertions. But the manager of the village agricultural +association told me that for a quarter of a century Otera San (Mr. +Temple) had superintended the education of the young people, that +under his guidance the village had a seven years' old co-operative +credit and selling society, 294 families belonged to a poultry +society, 320 men and women gathered to study the doctrines of Ninomiya +(whom we in the West know from a little book by a late Japanese +Ambassador in London, called <i>For His People</i>), and the young men's +association performed its discipline at half-past five in the morning +in the winter and at four o'clock in the summer.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus006"></a> +<img src="images/006.jpg" width="200" height="354" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">To Rouse the Village you must first rouse the Priest</span><br /> +(Autograph of Otera-San)</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9"> +[9]</a> Exchange in 1916; in 1921 the yen is worth 2s. 8d.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10"> +[10]</a> The chapters in this section are based on notes of several visits +paid to Aichi, which is in the middle of Japan, and agriculturally and +socially one of the most interesting of the prefectures. It is three +prefectures distant from Tokyo.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11"> +[11]</a> Throughout this book an attempt has been made to preserve in +translation something of the character of the Japanese phraseology.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12"> +[12]</a> <i>Cryptomeria japonica</i>, or in Japanese, <i>sugi</i>, allied to the +sequoia, yew and cypress.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13"> +[13]</a> <i>Miso</i>, bean paste.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 8<a name="Page_8" id="Page_8"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER II</h2> + +<h4>"GOOD PEOPLE ARE NOT SUFFICIENTLY PRECAUTIOUS"</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Je ne propose rien, je n'impose rien, j'expose.—<i>De +la liberté du travail</i></p></div> + +<p>He had been through Tokyo University, but his hands were rough with +the work of the rice fields. "I resent the fact that a farmer is +considered to be socially inferior to a townsman," he said. "I am +going to show that the income of a farmer who is diligent and skilful +may equal that of a Minister of State. I also propose to build a fine +house, not out of vanity, but in order to show that an honest farmer +can do as well for himself as a townsman."</p> + +<p>When I asked the speaker to tell me something about himself he went +on: "My father was a follower of a pupil of the great Ninomiya. +Schools of frugal living and high ideals were common in the Tokugawa +period.<a name="FNanchor_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14"><sup>[14]</sup> +</a> The object sought was the education of heart and spirit. +At night when I was in bed my father used to kneel by me,<a name="FNanchor_15"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_15"><sup>[15]</sup></a> his +eldest son, and say, 'When you grow big you must become a great man +and distinguish our family name.' This instruction was given to me +repeatedly and it went deeply into my heart."</p> + +<p>"When I became a young man," he continued, "I had two friends. We made +promises to each other. One said, 'I will become the greatest scholar +in Japan.' The second said, 'I will become the greatest statesman.' +The third, myself, said, 'I will be the greatest rice grower in this +country.' If we all succeeded we were to build beautiful houses and +invite each other to them.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 9<a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a></span> +I did not graduate at the University because, by the entreaty of my +father, when I reached twenty-one, I left Tokyo in order to become a +practical farmer. It is twenty-one years since I began farming. I +consulted with skilful agriculturists and then I saw my way to make a +plan. Rice in my native place is inferior. I improved it for three or +four years. I gained the first gold prize at the prefectural show. +Some years later I obtained the first prize at the exhibition which +was held by five prefectures together. Later still I received the +first prize at the exhibition for eighteen prefectures, also the first +prize at the exhibition of the National Agricultural Association. +Further, I was appointed a judge of rice and travelled about.</p> + +<p>"I consumed a great deal of time in doing this public work. One day I +was made to think. A collector for a charity said in my hearing that +he expected larger subscriptions from practical men because though +public men were esteemed by society their economic power was small. I +at once resolved that before doing any more public work I should put +myself in a sound financial position.</p> + +<p>"As I thought over the matter it seemed to me that it was not to be +expected that a public man should be able to do his really best work +if his financial position were not sound. Again, could he have lasting +influence with people in practical affairs if his own practical +affairs were not in good order?<a name="FNanchor_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16"> +<sup>[16]</sup></a> At any rate I determined not to go +out to any more exhibitions or lectures except those which were +remunerative, and I resolved to devote myself as my first duty to my +farming.</p> + +<p>"I set to work and managed my land, 3 <i>chō</i> +(a <i>chō</i> is 2½ acres), +so as to obtain the gross income of an M.P. [The reader could scarcely +have a more striking illustration of the intensity with which Japanese +land is cultivated— +<span class="pagenum">Page 10<a name="Page_10" id="Page_10"></a></span> +the average area is under 3 acres per family.] I +am now working about 4 <i>chō</i> (10 acres). Later on I am going to farm 7 +<i>chō</i> (15½ acres) and from that I am expecting the income of a +Minister.<a name="FNanchor_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17"><sup>[17]</sup> +</a> I have already collected the materials for my villa, for +I am approaching my goal. One of my two friends, who is also forty +years of age, is a distinguished chemist in the Imperial Agricultural +College. My other friend, who is forty-four, is Secretary of the +Korean Government."</p> + +<p>The indomitable experimenter swallowed another cupful of tea and +declared that "in order to be prosperous, all the members of the +family must work." All the members of his family did work. His wife +was strong and there were five healthy children. He used the ordinary +farm implements and his livestock consisted of only a horse and a few +hens. The home farm was five miles from the station. The outlying +farms were scattered in five villages—"there are always spendthrift +lazy fellows willing to sell their land." "I have a firm belief," the +speaker added complacently, "that agriculture is the most honest, the +most sincere, the most interesting, the most secure and the most +profitable calling."</p> + +<p>"Very often," he went on, "good people are not sufficiently +precautious"—I give the excellent word coined by my interpreter. +"They spend for the public good, and in the end they are left poor. +Renowned, rich families have come to a miserable condition by such +action. What they have done may have been good. But they are reduced +to pauperism and they are laughed at by many persons. People jeer that +they pretended to do good, yet they could not do good to themselves. +If all people who work for the public benefit are laughed at at +last—and many are—it will come to be thought that to work for the +public benefit is not good. Therefore I think that the man who would +work for the public good must be careful in his own affairs. He must +not be a poor man if he is to help public business. However +philanthropic he may be, if his financial position is not strong he +cannot go on long. He will be stopped on his good way. He cannot help +other people. Therefore +<span class="pagenum">Page 11<a name="Page_11" id="Page_11"></a></span> +I am now gathering wealth for strengthening +my financial position as a means to attain the higher end."</p> + +<p>As the speaker awaited my judgment on his career, I ventured to +suggest that gifts, qualities and inspiration which made a man a +public man did not necessarily equip him for being a great success in +business life. The question was, perhaps, whether the type of man who +was pre-eminently successful in promoting his own pecuniary interests +was necessarily the best type of public man. Was the average character +equal to the strain of many years of concentration on money-making to +the exclusion of public interests? When men emerged from the sphere of +concentrated money-making, were they worth so very much as public men? +Might not the values of things have altered a little for them? Might +it not have a shrivelling effect on the heart to resist applications +which must be refused when the strengthening of one's financial +position was regarded as the chief object in life?</p> + +<p>At this point our host, Mr. Yamasaki, the respected principal of the +big agricultural school of the prefecture and a well-known rural +author and speaker, broke in with the ejaculation, "He has got a +needle in your head"—the Japanese equivalent for "touching the +spot"—and continued: "Surely he is right who through his life offers +freely what he may have as to members of his own family. I give away +many pamphlets and I have guests. I could save in these directions. +But I am not doing it. I am content if I can support my family. I gave +a savings book to each of my five children. When the boy becomes +twenty-one he will have enough to finish at the university or start as +a small merchant so as not to be a parasite. My girls will be provided +with enough to furnish the costs of modest marriage. If I did more I +might perhaps become greedy."</p> + +<p>I cannot say that the farmer who had so kindly outlined his life's +programme was impressed either by our host's views or by mine, but he +told us that he now spent 5 per cent. of his income on public +purposes, and that 150 yen received for giving lectures was spent on +books and recreation "for enlarging mind and heart." He happened to +mention that, though his family was of the Zen sect of +<span class="pagenum">Page 12<a name="Page_12" id="Page_12"></a></span> +Buddhism, he was a Shintoist. It is difficult to believe that a genuine Buddhist +could have evolved such a life scheme. There is certainly a Shinto +symbolism in his plan of tree planting before his house. He has set +there, in the order shown, eleven pines which he named as marked:</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus007"></a> +<img src="images/007.jpg" width="542" height="499" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Plan of the Eleven Symbolic Trees which +the Farmer Planted outside his House and the Evils (represented by Arrows) from +which they are Shielding Him</span></p> +</div> + +<p>The virtues inscribed on this plan are the guardians of the farmer and +his family, which is represented in the middle of it. The words behind +the arrows represent the character of the attacks to which the farmer +conceives himself and his family to be exposed. Courage is imagined as +going before and Wisdom as protecting the rear.</p> + +<p>The talk turned to some advice which had been given to farmers to lay +out "economic gardens." They were to plant no trees but fruit trees. +To this an old farmer of our company replied: "If you are too +economical your children will become mercenary. Some families were too +<span class="pagenum">Page 13<a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"></a></span> +economical and cut down beautiful trees, planting instead economical +ones. Those families I have seen come to an evil end. The man who +exercises rigid economy may be a good man, but his children can know +little of his real motives and must be wrongly influenced by his +conduct." We all agreed that there was nowadays too much talk about +money-making in rural Japan. "Even I," laughed the owner of the +symbolic trees, "planted not persimmons but pines."</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14"> +[14]</a> That is, before the Revolution of half a century ago, when the +Tokugawa Shogun resigned his powers to the Emperor.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15"> +[15]</a> The Japanese bed, <i>futon</i>, consists of a soft mattress of cotton +wool, two or three inches thick. It is spread on the floor, which +itself consists of mats of almost the same thickness, 6 ft. long by 3 +ft. wide.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16"> +[16]</a> Most of the really big men of Australia have left political life +in comparatively impoverished circumstances. Not only did Sir Henry +Parkes die poor. Sir George Reid took the High Commissionership in +London; Sir Graham Berry was provided with a small annuity; Sir George +Dibbs was made the manager of a State savings bank; Sir Edmund Barton +was lifted to the High Court Bench.—<i>Times</i>, January 11, 1921.</p> + +<p class="fnp">To the last day of his life, executions were levied in his +house.—Rosebery on Pitt.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17"> +[17]</a> For his figures see <a href="#APPN_1">Appendix I</a>.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 14<a name="Page_14" id="Page_14"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER III</h2> + +<h4>EARLY-RISING SOCIETIES AND OTHER INGENUOUS ACTIVITIES</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I should be heartily sorry if there were no signs of partiality. +On the other hand, there is, I trust, no importunate advocacy or +tedious assentation.—<span class="smcap">Morley</span></p></div> + +<p>"The alarum clocks for waking us at four o'clock in the summer and +five in the winter"—it was the chairman of a village Early-Rising +Society who was speaking to me—are placed at the houses of the +secretaries, and each member is in turn a secretary. The duty of a +secretary, when the alarum clock strikes, is to get up and visit the +houses of all the members allotted to him and to shout for the young +men until they answer. Each member on rising walks to the house of the +secretary of his division and writes his name on the record of +attendances. Then the member goes to the shrine, where we fence and +wrestle for a time. At first we thought that if we fenced and wrestled +early in the morning we should be tired for our work, but we found +that it was not so.</p> + +<p>"Sometimes a clock gets damaged and does not ring, so a few of us may +be getting up later that morning. Or a man becomes afraid of sleeping +too late, fears his clock is wrong, and gets up at 3 o'clock and then +goes off to waken members. Hence complaints. Some cunning fellows ask +their friends or brothers to write down for them their names on the +list of attendances. But we find out their deceit by their +handwriting. It is very difficult to form the habit of early rising, +because members are not expected to report at the secretaries' houses +on a rainy day. As there is no control over them that day, they are +easy in their minds and sleep on. Thus they break the habit of early rising that +<span class="pagenum">Page 15<a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a></span> +they are forming. Getting up early is necessary not only +because it is good to begin work early but because early rising +overcomes the habit of gadding about at night which is customary in +many villages.</p> + +<p>"You may say that all this is a great deal to ask of young men," the +chairman continued. "But if you ask from them comfortable practices +only, how can you expect from them a remarkable result? Young men +should ponder this and be willing to exert themselves." Later on it +was explained to me that it had been found that it took a great deal +of time for the secretaries to call up all the members in the morning +by shouting to them, "so the secretary obtained bugles; but even the +bugles were not heard everywhere, so they were changed to drums, and +now five drums go round our village every morning."</p> + +<p>In every village of Japan there is a young men's association, which is +by no means to be confounded with the world-encircling Y.M.C.A.<a name="FNanchor_18"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_18"><sup>[18]</sup></a> +The village Y.M.A. of Japan is an institution of some antiquity and it +has nothing whatever to do with religious effort. One day, when I was +staying in a rural district, I was invited to a remoter part in order +to see something of the discipline that the members of a group of +young men's associations were imposing on themselves. The members of +this group of Y.M.A. belonged to the branches established in a village +of nineteen <i>aza</i>, that is hamlets. This fact, with the further fact +that the village containing the nineteen <i>aza</i> had four elementary +schools and one higher school, will show that a Japanese village may +be much larger than a Western one.</p> + +<p>Nearly six hundred young men were in the parade. They were dressed +exactly alike in the tight blue calico trousers and kimono of jacket +length which the Japanese farmer ordinarily wears. Each man had the +usual <i>obi</i> (waist scarf) tied round his kimono, and in the <i>obi</i> was +thrust the small cotton towel which Japanese carry with them +everywhere. The young men wore puttees, <i>waraji</i> (straw sandals) and +caps. It is only of late that the Japanese worker has taken to wearing +head-gear, or at any rate +<span class="pagenum">Page 16<a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"></a></span> +head-gear other than he could contrive with +his towel. The physical condition of the young fellows was good and +their evolutions with dummy "rifles" were smart and skilful. The +paraders seemed lost in their desire to do their best for their +credit's sake and their own good. After the first movements, the +"troops" with "rifles" held as if there were bayonets at the end, made +rushes with loud cries. The secret of this somewhat surprising display +far away in the heart of Japan was that the work of the young men had +been done under the direction of two fit, be-medalled army surgeons, +reserve officers, who were present in order to answer my questions.</p> + +<p>Every morning half an hour before sunrise these Y.M.A. members +assemble in the grounds of their Shinto shrine or of their school, +where they exercise until the sun shows itself. In the evenings after +work they also fence, wrestle, lift weights and develop their wrists. +This wrist development is done by two youths grasping a pole, one at +either end, and then trying to rotate it one against the other.</p> + +<p>The members endeavour to cultivate their minds as well as their +bodies, and they also observe in their dress a self-denying ordinance. +On ceremonial occasions they permit themselves to wear a full-length +kimono and the <i>hakama</i> or divided skirt, but they deny themselves the +third article of a Japanese man's full dress, the <i>haori</i> or silk +overcoat. An effort is also made to dispense with the use of +"luxurious" <i>geta</i> (the national wooden pattens). +<a name="FNanchor_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19"><sup>[19]</sup></a></p> + +<p>The object of all this varied discipline is to develop physique, +self-control, self-respect and what the Japanese call the spirit of +association, or, as we might say, good fellowship. The spirit of +association is needed in order to promote greater administrative, +educational and social efficiency. The modern Japanese village is no +longer an historical but a political unit which covers a considerable +district. It is, as I have explained, a combination of clusters of +<i>aza</i> (hamlets). Each of these <i>aza</i> has its local sentiment, and this +local sentiment when untouched by outside influences tends to become +selfish, narrow and prejudiced. If, however, anything is to be done in the +<span class="pagenum">Page 17<a name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></a></span> +development of rural life there must be co-operation between +<i>aza</i> for all sorts of objects.</p> + +<p>I was assured that in addition to the development of physique, <i>moral</i> +and the spirit of association, there was to be seen, under the +influence of the Y.M.A., a development of good manners and mental +nimbleness. A special result of early rising and discipline in one +area had been that "the habit of spending evening hours idly has died +away, immorality has diminished, singing loudly and foolishly and +boasting oneself have disappeared, while punctuality and respect for +old age have increased." I was even assured that parents—whom no true +Japanese would ever dream of attempting to reform at first +hand—parents, I say, moved by the physical and mental advance in +their sons, have "begun to practise greater punctuality."</p> + +<p>After the drilling was over I was taken to a large elementary school +and was called upon to address the young men, who were kneeling in +perfect files. Mr. Yamasaki followed me and told the youths that +Japanese were not so tall as they might be, and that therefore their +physique "must be continuously developed." Nor were rural conditions +all they should be from a moral point of view. Therefore, "every +desire which interferes with the development of your health or +morality must be overcome."</p> + +<p>Let me speak of another village. It numbers a thousand families and it +rises in the morning and goes to bed at night by the sound of the +bugle. It has five public baths and a notice-board of news "to enlarge +people's ideas." The shopkeepers are said to "work very diligently, so +things are cheaper." The education of such of the young men as are +exempted from military service is continued on Saturday evenings for +four years. The Y.M.A., in addition to the military discipline, +fencing, wrestling, weight-lifting and pole-twisting of which I have +spoken, exercises itself in handwriting—which many Japanese practise +as an art during their whole lifetime—and in composing the +conventional short poem. I was gravely informed that "the custom of +spending money on sweet-stuff is decreasing." What this really means +is that the young men were not frequenting the sweet-stuff shops, +which are staffed +<span class="pagenum">Page 18<a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a></span> +by girls who are in many cases a greater temptation +than the sweets. The worthy members of this association had "burnt +their <i>geta</i>."</p> + +<p>In some places Y.M.A. members give their labour when a school teacher +or a fellow member is building his house, or they do repairs at the +school. Bicycle excursions are made to neighbouring villages in order +to participate in inter-Y.M.A. debates, or to study vegetable raising, +fruit culture or poultry keeping. The Japanese are much given to +"taking trips," and the special training which they receive at school +in making notes and plans results in everybody having a notebook and +being able to sketch a rough route-plan for personal use, or for a +stranger who may ask his way.</p> + +<p>Not a few associations favour members cutting each other's hair once a +fortnight, thus at one and the same time saving money and curbing +vanity. Several Y.M.A.s publish cyclostyled monthlies. Others minutely +investigate the economic condition of their villages. Some Y.M.A.s +provide public "complaint boxes," and have boards up asking for +friendly help for soldiers billeted in the district. One association +has issued instructions to its members that they are not to ride when +in charge of ox-drawn carts. The reason is that the ox is only +partially under control and may injure a pedestrian—unwittingly, I am +sure, for the gentleness of the ox and even of the bull in harness +arrests one's attention. Many Y.M.A.s devote themselves to cultivating +improved qualities of rice or to breaking up new land. Sometimes the +land of the Shinto shrine is cultivated. I have heard of Y.M.A.s in +remote parts having handed over to them the exclusive sale of <i>saké</i>.</p> + +<p>I find a Y.M.A. counselling its members "not to speak vulgar words in +a crowd." There is also among the members of Y.M.A.s a certain +addiction to diary keeping for moral as well as economic purposes. The +diaries are distributed by the associations and "afterwards examined +and rewarded"—a plan which would hardly work in the West. There are +Y.M.A.s which make a point of seeing off conscripts with flags and +music. Others have fallen on the more economical plan of "writing to +the conscript +<span class="pagenum">Page 19<a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a></span> +as often as possible and helping with labour the family +which is suffering from the loss of his services." By some Y.M.A.s +"old people are respected and comforted." More than one association +has a practice of serving out red and black balls to its members at +the opening of every new year, when good resolutions are in order, and +at the end of the year recalling either the red or the black according +to the degree to which the publicly announced good resolutions have +been kept. Among the good resolutions are: to worship at the Shinto +shrine or the Buddhist temple regularly, to be tidier, to be more +efficient in cropping the land, to undertake work for the common good, +to have a secondary occupation in addition to farming, to sit with +more decorum at meals, to rise earlier, to visit the graves of +ancestors monthly, to be more considerate to parents or elder +brothers, and "not to remain idly at people's houses."</p> + +<p>One Y.M.A. decrees that a member found in a tea-house in conversation +with a geisha shall be fined 20 yen. There is even a village in which +the young men's association and the young women's association have +united to issue a regulation providing that at night time members, in +order that their doings shall be public, shall carry lanterns painted +with the ideographs of their societies.<a name="FNanchor_20"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_20"><sup>[20]</sup></a></p> + +<p>With regard to the young women's associations, I found that one of +them studied domestic matters and good manners, "asking questions and +receiving answers." The motto of the organisation was "Good Wives and +Good Mothers." A member, this Society believes, should be "polite, +gentle and warm-hearted, but with a strong will inside and able to +meet difficulties." Her hairdressing and clothes "should not be +luxurious," and she "must not run after fashions." She must "respect +Buddha and abandon sweet-eating," for "taking food between meals is +bad for your health, for economy and for your posterity."</p> + +<p>Let us now hear something of Societies for the Cultivation of Rice by +Schoolboys. The lads become responsible for the cultivation of a <i>tan</i> +of their family land, or of a small paddy, and they work it themselves +with the help of such +<span class="pagenum">Page 20<a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a></span> +advice as the schoolmaster may give them. (The +cultivation of a <i>tan</i> of a paddy, a quarter of an acre, is supposed +to need in a year about twenty-one days' labour of a man working from +sunrise to sunset.) The report of one boy to which I turned in a +collection of reports by members of a rice-cultivation society showed +that he was between fourteen and fifteen. His diary of work and +observations was as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>June</i> 5.—4 <i>to</i> of herring applied.</p> + +<p> <i>June</i> 7.—Locusts and other insects arrive.<a name="FNanchor_21"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_21"><sup>[21]</sup></a></p> + +<p> <i>June</i> 20.—153 clumps of rice transplanted from the seed + bed.<a name="FNanchor_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22"><sup>[22]</sup></a></p> + +<p> <i>July</i> 11.—Rice cultivated and 4 <i>to</i> of herring applied.</p> + +<p> <i>July</i> 27.—First weeding.</p> + +<p> <i>Aug</i>. 6.—Second weeding.</p> + +<p> <i>Aug</i>. 8.—Locusts again.</p> + +<p> <i>Aug</i>. 11.—Third weeding.</p> + +<p> <i>Sept</i>. 10.—All ears shot.</p> + +<p> <i>Oct</i>. 10.—Some plants suffering from bacillus.</p></div> + +<p>It was further noted that the soil was sandy, that cold spring water +was percolating through the bottom of the paddy field, that the +aeration of the soil was bad and that some plants were laid by wind. +The young farmer appended to his report an excellent plan. He received +marks as follows: Method of planting, 15; levelling, 20; provision +against insects, 5; general attention, 25; total, 65. Some boys got as +many as 99 marks.</p> + +<p>A word concerning a Village Association for Promoting Morality. One of +the things it does is to assemble yearly the whole population, old and +young, "in order to get friendly." The police meanwhile keep an eye +open for strangers who might take it into their heads to visit the +village on that day and help themselves from the houses. I may quote +three poems in rough translations from a speech made by a priest at +the annual meeting:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span>The legs of a horse, the rudder of a boat, the pin of a fan, + and the sincerity of a man.<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum">Page 21<a name="Page_21" id="Page_21"></a></span> +<span>Let your heart be pure and true and you need not pray for +the protection of the gods.<br /></span> +<span>The bride brings many things with her to her new home, but one thing more, + the spirit of sincerity, will not encumber her.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>After these varied accounts of rural merit, I could not but listen +with attention to a tale of village gamblers, the offence of gambling +having been "introduced by the excavators on the new railway." First +the headman fined a dozen young men. Then he made a raid and found +among the village sinners several members of his own council. "The +salaried officials were at a loss to know what to do, and proposed to +resign. But the headman brought the prisoners together before the +whole body of officials. He spoke of the sufferings of the troops in +Manchuria and the heroic deaths among them. (It was the time of the +Russian war.) 'Lest your offences should come to be known by our +soldiers and discourage them,' said the headman, 'I cannot but +overlook your conduct.' It is thought that gambling practically ceased +from that time."</p> + +<p>Local officials have a way of making the most of historic events in +order to touch the imagination of their villagers. Many original +undertakings were begun, for example, under the inspiration of the +Coronation. One village set about raising a fund by a system of +taxation under which inhabitants contribute according to the following +tariff:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +Birth of a child, 10 sen (that is, 2½ d. or 5 cents).<br /> +Wedding, 15 sen.<br /> +Adoption, 15 sen.<br /> +Graduation from the primary school, 10 sen; advanced school, 20 sen.<br /> +Teacher or official on appointment, 2 per cent. of salary; +when salary is increased, 10 per cent. of increase.<br /> +When an official receives a prize of money from his superior, 5 per cent.<br /> +Every villager to pay every quarter, 1 sen. +</p> + +<p>On the basis of this assessment it is expected that fifty-seven years +after the Coronation such a sum will have been accumulated as will +enable the villagers to live rate free. +<span class="pagenum">Page 22<a name="Page_22" id="Page_22"></a></span> +Some villages have +thanksgiving associations in connection with Shinto shrines. Aged +villagers are "respected by being blessed before the shrine and by +being given a present." Worthy villagers who are not aged "receive +prizes and honour."</p> + +<p>More than once when I went to a village I was welcomed first by a +parade of the Y.M.A., then by the school children in rows, and finally +in the school grounds by two lines of venerable members of an +Ex-Public Servants' Association. The object of an E.P.S.A. is to +strengthen the hands of the present officials and to give honour to +their predecessors. A headman explained to me: "If ex-officials fell +into poverty or lacked public respect, people would not be inclined to +work for the public good. A former clerk in the village office whom +everybody had forgotten was working as a labourer. But as a member of +the association he was seen to be treated with honour, so the children +were impressed. The funeral of such a man is apt to be lonely, but +when this man died all the members of the association attended his +funeral in ceremonial dress and offered some money to his memory. +<a name="FNanchor_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23"><sup>[23]</sup></a> +His honour is great and the villagers say, 'We may well work for the +public benefit.'"</p> + +<p>Every village in Japan has a Village Agricultural Association. One +V.A.A., which belongs to a village of less than 6,000 people, sees the +fruit of its labours in the existence of "322 good manure houses." The +gift of a plan and the grant of a yen had prompted the building of +most of them. Then the organisation incites its members to cement the +ground below their dwellings. This is not so much for the benefit of +the farmer and his family as for the welfare of their silkworms. A fly +harmful to silkworms winters in the soil, but it cannot find a +resting-place in concrete.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus008"></a> +<img src="images/008.jpg" width="600" height="344" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">A WIDE EXPANSE OF ADJUSTED RICE-FIELDS.</p> +</div> + +<p>A word may also be said about the way in which silkworm rearers have +been induced by the V.A.A. to keep the same breed of caterpillar, so +facilitating bulking of cocoons at the association's co-operative +sales. A small library of silkworm-culture books has been started in the village, and +<span class="pagenum">Page 23<a name="Page_23" id="Page_23"></a></span> +there is a special pamphlet for young men which +they are urged to keep in "their pockets and to study ten minutes each +day." A general library has 2,400 volumes divided into eight +circulating libraries. The cost of the building which provides the +library in chief, a meeting hall and also a storehouse for cocoons has +been defrayed by the commissions charged for the co-operative sale of +cocoons.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus009"></a> +<img src="images/009.jpg" width="337" height="450" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">LIBRARY OF A YOUNG MEN'S ASSOCIATION.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus010"></a> +<img src="images/010.jpg" width="331" height="450" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">WORKSHED OF A YOUNG MEN'S ASSOCIATION.</p> +</div> + +<p>Again, there used to be no cattle in the village, but now, thanks to +the purchase of young animals by the association, and thanks to +village shows, there are 103.</p> + +<p>There is a competition to get the biggest yield of rice, and there is +also "an exhibition of crops." This exhibition incidentally aims at +ending trouble between landlord and tenants due to complaints of the +inferiority of the rice brought in as rent. (Paddy-field rent is +invariably paid in rice.) These complaints are more directly dealt +with by the V.A.A. arbitrating between landlords and tenants who are +at issue. In addition to rice crop and cattle shows in the village, +there is a yearly exhibition of the products of secondary industries, +such as mats, sandals and hats.</p> + +<p>The V.A.A. is also working to secure the planting of hill-side waste. +Some 300,000 tree seedlings have been distributed to members of the +Y.M.A., who "grow them on," and, after examination and criticism, +plant them out. I must not omit to speak of the V.A.A.s' distribution +of moral and economic diaries of the type already referred to. The +villagers, in the spirit of boy-scoutism, are "advised to do one good +thing in a day." I saw several of these diaries, well thumbed by their +authors after having been laboured at for a year. One young farmer +noted down on the space for January 2 that he said his prayers and +then went <i>daikon</i><a name="FNanchor_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24"> +<sup>[24]</sup></a> pulling, and that <i>daikon</i> pulling (like our +mangold pulling) is a cold job.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18"> +[18]</a> There are, however, 11,000 members of Y.M.C.A. in Japan. There is +also a Y.W.C.A. with a considerable membership.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19"> +[19]</a> See <a href="#APPN_2">Appendix II</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20"> +[20]</a> For official action in regard to the Y.M.A.s, see later.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_21" id="Footnote_21"> +[21]</a> The damage done by insects is estimated at 10 million yen a year. +In some parts locusts are roasted and eaten.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_22" id="Footnote_22"> +[22]</a> For an account of the processes of rice cultivation, see Chapter +IX.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_23" id="Footnote_23"> +[23]</a> It is the practical Japanese custom to make a gift of money to a +family on the occasion of a death. The Emperor makes a present to the +family of a deceased statesman.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_24" id="Footnote_24"> +[24]</a> The giant white radish which reaches 2 or 3 ft. in length and 3 +in. or more in diameter. There is also a correspondingly large +turnip-shaped sort.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 24<a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER IV</h2> + +<h4>"THE SIGHT OF A GOOD MAN IS ENOUGH"</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It has been said that we should emulate rather than imitate them. +All I say is, Let us study them.—<span class="smcap">Matthew Arnold</span></p></div> + +<p>For seven years in succession the men, old, middle-aged and young, who +had done the most remarkable things in the agriculture of the +prefecture had been invited to gather in conference. I went to this +annual "meeting of skilful farmers." Among the speakers were the local +governor and chiefs of departments who had been sent down by the +Ministry of Agriculture and the Home Office. According to our ideas, +everybody but the unpractised speakers—the expert farmers who were +called from time to time to the platform—spoke too long. But the +kneeling audience found no fault. Indeed, a third of it was taking +notes. It was an audience of seeking souls.</p> + +<p>One of the impromptu speakers, a white-haired, toil-marked farmer, +told how forty years before he had gone to the next prefecture and +opened new land. "With his spectacles and moustache," explained the +chairman—if the man who takes the initiative from time to time at a +Japanese meeting may be properly called a chairman—"he looks like a +gentleman; but he works hard." And the man showed his hands as a +testimony to the severity of his labours.</p> + +<p>"It was in the winter," he said, "that I went away from my home and +obtained a certain tract of waste. I had no acquaintance near. I +brought some food, but when I fell short I had no more. I had gone +with my third boy. We lived in a small hut and were in a miserable +condition. Then a fierce wind took off the roof. It was at four in the +morning when the roof blew off. In February I began to open a rice +field. Gradually we got a <i>chō</i>. At length I +<span class="pagenum">Page 25<a name="Page_25" id="Page_25"></a></span> +opened another <i>chō</i>, +but there was much gravel. Some of my newly opened fields are very +high up the hill. If you chance to pass my house please come to see +me. The maple leaves are very beautiful and you can enjoy the sight of +many birds."</p> + +<p>The early meetings of the expert farmers used to last not one day but +two, for the men delighted in narrating their experiences to one +another. Some of the audience used to weep as the older men told their +tales. The farmers would sit up late round a farmer or a professor who +was talking about some subject that interested them. The originator of +these gatherings, Mr. Yamasaki, told me that he was "more than once +moved to tears by the merits and pure hearts of the farmer speakers."</p> + +<p>Of the regard and respect which the farmers had for this man I had +many indications. Like not a few agricultural authorities, he is a +samurai.<a name="FNanchor_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25"><sup>[25]</sup> +</a> He is exceptionally tall for a Japanese, looks indeed +rather like a Highland gillie, and when one evening I prevailed on him +to put on armour, thrust two swords in his <i>obi</i> and take a long bow +in his hand, he was an imposing figure. He carries the ideals of +<i>bushido</i> into his rural work. He does not sleep more than five hours, +and he is up every morning at five.</p> + +<p>But I am getting away from the meeting. There was a priest who spoke, +a man curiously like Tolstoy. (He had, no doubt, Ainu blood in him.) +He wore the stiff buttoned-up jacket of the primary school teacher and +spoke modestly. "Formerly the rice fields of my village suffered very +much from bad irrigation," he said, "but when that was put right the +soil became excellent. In the days when the soil was bad the people +were good and no man suspected another of stealing his seal.<a name="FNanchor_26"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_26"><sup>[26]</sup></a> But +when the soil became good the disposition of the people was influenced +in a bad way, and they brought their seals to the temple to be kept +safe.</p> + +<p>"At that time the organiser of this meeting came and made a speech in +my village. On hearing his speech I thought it an easy task to make my +village good. At once +<span class="pagenum">Page 26<a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"></a></span> +I began to do good things. I formed several +men's and women's associations, all at once, as if I were Buddha. But +the real condition of the people was not much improved. There came +many troubles upon me, and our friend wrote a letter. I was very +thankful, and I have been keeping that letter in the temple and bowing +there morning and evening.</p> + +<p>"I began to ask many distinguished persons to help me. They influenced +the farmers. The sight of a good man is enough. Speech is unnecessary. +The villagers were not educated enough to understand moralisings or +thinking, but the kind face of a good man has efficacy. There was a +man in the village who was demoralised, and when I told of him to a +distinguished man who lives near our village he sympathised very much. +That distinguished man is eighty-four years old, but he accompanied +that demoralised man for three days, giving no instruction but simply +living the same life, and the demoralised man was an entirely changed +man and ever thankful.</p> + +<p>"I am a sinful man. Sometimes it happens that after I have been +working for the public benefit I am glad that I am offered thanks. I +know it is not a good thing when people express gratitude to me, for I +ought not to accept it. When I know I am doing a good thing and +expecting thanks, I am not doing a good thing. My thanks must not come +from men but from Buddha. I am trying to cast out my sinful feelings. +It must not be supposed that I am leading these people. You skilful +farmers kindly come to my village if you pass. You need not give any +speech. Your good faces will do."</p> + +<p>But the two speeches I have reported are hardly a fair sample of the +discourses which were delivered. The addresses of the earnest Tokyo +officials and the Governor were directed towards urging on the farmers +increased production and increased labour, and the duty was pressed +upon them, as I understood, in the name of the highest patriotism and +of devotion to their ancestors. This talk was excellent in its way, +but when I got up I hazarded a few words on different lines. If I +venture to summarise my somewhat elementary address it is because it +furnishes +<span class="pagenum">Page 27<a name="Page_27" id="Page_27"></a></span> +a key to some of the enquiries I was to make during my +journeys. I was told the next day that the local daily had declared +that my "tongue was tipped with fire," which was a compliment to my +kind and clever interpreter, who, when he let himself go, seemed to be +able to make two or three sentences out of every one of mine:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I said that my Japanese friends kept asking me my impressions, + and one thing I had to say to them was that I had got an + impression in many quarters of spiritual dryness. I dared to + think that some responsibility for a materialistic outlook must + be shared by the admirable officials and experts who moved about + among the farmers. They were always talking about crop yields and + the amount of money made, and they unconsciously pressed home the + idea that rural progress was a material thing.</p> + +<p> But the rural problem was not only a problem of better crops and + of greater production. Man did not live by food alone. Tolstoy + wrote a book called <i>What Men Live By</i>, and there was nothing in + it about food. Men lived not by the number of bales of rice they + raised, but by the development of their minds and hearts. It + might be asked if it was not the business of rural experts to + teach agriculture. But a poet of my country had said that it took + a soul to move a pig into a cleaner sty. It was necessary for a + man who was to teach agriculture well to know something higher + than agriculture. The teacher must be more advanced than his + pupils. There must be a source from which the energy of the rural + teacher must be again and again renewed. There must be a well + from which he must be continually refreshed and stimulated. Some + called that well by the name of religion, unity with God. Some + called it faith in mankind, faith in the destiny of the world, + that faith in man which is faith in God. But it must be a real + belief, not a half-hearted, shivering faith.</p> + +<p> Agriculture was not only the oldest and the most serviceable + calling, it was the foundation of everything. But the fact must + not be lost sight of that agriculture, important and vital though + it was, was only a means to an end. The object in view was to + have in the rural districts better men, women and children. The + highest aim of rural progress was to develop the minds and hearts + of the rural population, and in all discussion of the rural + problems +<span class="pagenum">Page 28<a name="Page_28" id="Page_28"></a></span> + + it was necessary not to lose in technology a clear view of the final object.</p></div> + +<p>But when account is taken of all the drab materialism in the rural +districts there remains a leaven of unworldliness. It takes various +forms. Here is the story of a landlord at whose beautiful house I +stayed. "When a tenant brings his rent rice to this landlord's +storehouse," a fellow-guest told me, "it is never examined. The door +of the storehouse is left unpadlocked, and the rent rice is brought by +the tenant when he is minded to do so. No one takes note of his +coming. If he meets his landlord on the road he may say, 'I brought +you the rent,' and the landlord says, 'It is very kind of you.' It is +an old custom not to supervise the tenants' bringing of the rent.</p> + +<p>"Nowadays, however, some tenants are sly. They say, 'Our landlord +never looks into our payments. Therefore we can bring him inferior +rice or less than the quantity.' The landlord loses somewhat by this, +but it is not in accordance with the honour of his family to change +the method of collecting his rent. He is now chairman of the village +co-operative society as well as of the young men's society, and he +aims to improve his village fundamentally."</p> + +<p>I also heard this narrative. The tenants in a certain place wished to +cultivate rice land rather than to farm dry land. But when silkworm +cultivation became prosperous they began to prefer dry land again in +order that they might extend the area of mulberries. Therefore the +landlords raised the rents of the dry farms. But there was one +landlord who said, "If this dry farm land had been improved by me I +should be justified in raising the rent. But I did not improve it. +Therefore it would be base to take advantage of economic conditions to +raise the rent."</p> + +<p>So he did not raise the rent. Then he was excluded from social +intercourse by the other landlords because their tenants grumbled. +These landlords said to him, "You can afford not to raise your rents, +but we cannot." Therefore the landlord who had not raised his rents +called his tenants together. He said to them, "It is a hard thing for +me to have no social intercourse with my equals. Therefore I will now +raise the rents. But I cannot accept that raised +<span class="pagenum">Page 29<a name="Page_29" id="Page_29"></a></span> +portion, and I will take care of it for you, and in ten years I think it will amount to +enough for you to start a cooperative society."</p> + +<p>That was eight years ago and the formation of the society was now +proceeding. In order that the reader may not forget on what a very +different scale landlordism exists in Japan, I may mention that the +area owned by this landlord was only 10 <i>chō</i>.</p> + +<p>I was told the story of a landlord's solution of the rent reduction +problem. "Tenants," the narrator said, "sometimes pretend that their +crops are poorer than they are. Landlords may reduce the payment due, +but sometimes with a certain resentment. One landowner was asked for a +reduction for several years in succession on account of poor crops, +and gave it. But he was trying to think of a plan to defeat the +pretences of his tenants. At last he hit on one. While the tenants' +rice was young he often visited the fields, and when any insects were +to be seen he sent his labourers secretly to destroy them. In the same +way, when crops seemed to be under-manured, he secretly cast +artificial manure on them. At last his tenants found out what he was +doing, and they said, 'As our landlord is so kind to us, we must not +pretend that we need a reduction.' And they did not, and things are +going on very well there. This is an illustration of the fact that our +people are moved more by feeling than by logic."</p> + +<p>This was capped by another story. "A landlord, a samurai, has for his +tenants his former subjects, so something of the relation of master +and servant still remains. He wished to raise his tenants to the +position of peasant proprietors, so when land was for sale in the +village he advised them to buy. They said they had no money, but he +answered, 'Means may perhaps be found.' He secretly subscribed a sum +to the Shinto shrine and then advised the formation of a co-operative +society, which could borrow from the shrine for a tenant, so that the +tenant need not go to the landlord to thank him and feel patronised by +him. He need only to go to the shrine and give thanks there." "The +landlord," added the speaker in his imperfect English, "has entirely +hided himself from the +<span class="pagenum">Page 30<a name="Page_30" id="Page_30"></a></span> +business." A third of the tenants had become peasant proprietors.</p> + +<p>In order to better the feeling between the farmers and landowners this +landlord and several others had begun to ask their tenants to their +gardens, where they were given tea and fruit. "In Japan," said one man +to me, "we see feudal ideas broken down by the upper, not the lower +class."</p> + +<p>I visited the romantic coast of a peninsula a dozen miles from the +railway. Some 10,000 pilgrims come in a year to the eighty-eight +temples on the peninsula, and in some parts the people are such strict +Buddhists that in one village the county authorities find great +difficulty in overcoming an objection to destroying the insect life +which preys on the rice crops. When rice land does not yield well, one +landlord causes an investigation to be made and gives advice based +upon it to the tenant, saying, "Do this, and if you lose I will +compensate you. If you gain, the advantage will be yours." Money is +also contributed by the landlord to enable tenants to make journeys in +order to study farming methods.</p> + +<p>A landlord here—I had the pleasure of being his guest—had started an +agricultural association. It had developed the idea of a secondary +school for practical instruction, "rich men to give their money and +poor men their labour." In order to obtain a fund to enable tenants to +get money with which to set up as peasant proprietors, this landlord +had thought of the plan of setting aside each harvest 250 <i>shō</i>[27] of +rice to each tenant's 3 <i>shō</i>.</p> + +<p>Good work was done in teaching farmers' wives. "When no instruction is +given," I was informed, "a wife may say, when her husband is testing +his rice seed with salt water, 'Salt is very dear, nowadays, why not +fresh water?' If a husband is kind he will explain. If not, some +unpleasantness may arise, so wives are taught about the necessity of +selecting by salt water."</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus011"></a> +<img src="images/011.jpg" width="287" height="450" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">LANDOWNER'S SON AND DAUGHTER OFF TO THE VILLAGE SCHOOL.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus012"></a> +<img src="images/012.jpg" width="305" height="450" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">BUDDHIST SHRINE IN A LANDOWNER'S HOUSE.</p> +</div> + +<p>Tenants are advised to save a farthing a day. In order to keep them +steadfast in their thriftiness they are asked to bring their savings +to their landlord every ten days. +<span class="pagenum">Page 31<a name="Page_31" id="Page_31"></a></span> +It is troublesome to be +constantly receiving so many small sums, but the landlord and his +brother think that they should not grudge the trouble. In two years +nearly 1,000 yen have been saved. Said one tenant to his landlord, "I +know how to save now, therefore I save."</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus013"></a> +<img src="images/013.jpg" width="600" height="476" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">MR. YAMASAKI, DR. NITOBE, THE AUTHOR AND PROFESSOR NASU.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus014"></a> +<img src="images/014.jpg" width="600" height="479" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">THE HOME IN WHICH THE TEA CEREMONY TOOK PLACE.</p> +</div> + +<p>One of my hosts, who was thirty-two, hoped to see all his tenants +peasant proprietors before he was fifty. The relation of this landlord +and his tenants was illustrated by the fact that on my arrival several +farmers brought produce to the kitchen "because we heard that the +landlord had guests." The village was very kind in its reception of +the foreign visitor. A meeting was called in the temple. I told the +story of Wren's <i>Si monumentum requiris circumspice</i> and pointed a +rural moral. Some months afterwards I received a request from my host +to write a word or two of preface to go with a report of my address +which he was giving to each of his tenants as a New Year gift.</p> + +<p>This landlord's family had lived in the same house for eleven +generations. The courtesy of my host and his relatives and the beauty +of their old house and its contents are an ineffaceable memory. From +the time my party arrived until the time we left no servant was +allowed to do anything for us. The ladies of the house cooked our food +and the landlord and his younger brother brought it to us. The younger +brother waited upon us throughout our meals, even peeling our pears. +At night he spread our silk-covered <i>futon</i> (mattresses). In the +morning he folded them up, arranged my clothes, swept the room and +stood at hand with towels, all of which were new, while I washed.</p> + +<p>When on our arrival in the house we sat and talked in the first +reception-room we entered, I noticed that outside the lattice a +company of villagers was listening with no consciousness of intrusion, +in full view of our host, to the sound of foreign speech. It was a +Shakespearean scene.</p> + +<p>Out of its setting, as it is often witnessed to-day, the tea ceremony +seems meaningless and wearisome, an affected simplicity of the idle. +But as a guest of this old house of fine timbers weathered to +silver-grey I found the secret of <i>Cha-no-yu</i>. This flower of Far +Eastern civilisation is an æsthetic expression of true +good-fellowship, and a gentle +<span class="pagenum">Page 32<a name="Page_32" id="Page_32"></a></span> +simplicity and sincerity are of its +essence. The admission of a foreigner to a family <i>Cha-no-yu</i> was a +gesture of confidence.</p> + +<p>Five of us gathered late in the afternoon of an August day in the cool +matted rest-room in the garden. We looked on the beauty that +generations of gardeners of a single vision had created. Our minds +rested in the quiet as in the quaint phrase, we "tasted the sound of +the kettle and listened to the incense." At length at a signal we +rose. Led by the priestess of the ceremony, our host's aunt, a slight +figure in grey with snow-white <i>tabi</i> and new straw sandals, we passed +by the dripping rocky fountain, with its lilies, and the azure +hydrangea of the hills which, some say, suggests distance. The +hut-like tea-room, traditionally rude in the material of which it was +built but perfect in every detail of its workmanship, we entered one +by one. According to old custom we humbly crept through the small +opening which serves as entrance, the idea being that all worldly rank +must bow at the sanctuary of beauty. The tiny chamber held, besides +the wonderful vessels of the ceremony, a flower arrangement of blue +Michaelmas daisies, and an exquisite scroll of wild duck in flight in +the miniature <i>tokonoma</i>,<a name="FNanchor_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28"> +<sup>[28]</sup></a> the tea mistress, our host and four +guests. We drank from a black daimyo bowl which had been made four +hundred years before. We passed an hour together and in the twilight +we came out from the little room as from a sacrament of friendship. A +year afterwards my host wrote to me, "Yesterday we had <i>Cha-no-yu</i> +again and you were in our thoughts. During the ceremony we placed your +photograph in the <i>tokonoma</i>."</p> + +<p>After dinner we had <i>kyōgen</i><a name="FNanchor_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29"> +<sup>[29]</sup></a> by distinguished amateurs, one of +whom, a neighbouring landowner, had lately appeared before the +Emperor. After the plays he painted <i>kyōgen</i> scenes for us on +<i>kakemono</i> and fans. He painted the <i>kakemono</i> as he knelt with his +paper lying on a square of soft material on the floor.</p> + +<p>The plays were performed in ancient costumes or copies +<span class="pagenum">Page 33<a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"></a></span> +of old ones and of course without scenery. The players were lighted by oily +candles two inches in diameter, which flamed and guttered in +candlesticks not of this century nor of the last. A player may make +his exit merely by sitting down. The players are men; masks are used +in playing women's parts. The stories are of the simplest. There was +the well-known tale of the sly servant who was sent to town by a +stupid daimyo in order to buy a fan, and, though he brought back an +umbrella, succeeded in imposing it on his master. There was also the +play of the fox who comes to a farmer to advise him not to kill foxes, +but is himself caught in a trap. I also recall a story of two good +tenants who had been rewarded by their landlord with an order that +they should receive hats. Owing to an oversight they received one hat +only between the two. Problem, how to meet the difficulty. It was +solved by the rustics fastening two pieces of wood together <b>T</b>-shape, +raising the hat of honour upon the structure and walking home in +triumph under either side of the <b>T</b>.</p> + +<p>The next morning I was greeted by the aged father and mother of our +host. The household was an interesting one, for the landlord and his +brother were married to two sisters. Before taking our departure we +knelt with our landlord and his father before the Buddhist shrine on +which rested the memorial tablets of former heads of the house. I +expressed my sense of the privilege extended to strangers. The reply +was, "Our ancestors will feel pleasure in your being among us."</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_25" id="Footnote_25"> +[25]</a> Samurai or <i>shizoku</i> comprise about a twentieth of the +population.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_26" id="Footnote_26"> +[26]</a> Every Japanese signs by means of a stone or hard-wood seal which +he keeps in a case and ordinarily carries with him.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_27" id="Footnote_27"> +[27]</a> A <i>shō</i> is about a quart and a half.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28"> +[28]</a> The raised recess in which is usually displayed the flower +arrangement, a piece of pottery and a <i>kakemono</i>. (See Note, page 35.)</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_29" id="Footnote_29"> +[29]</a> Farcical interludes of the <i>Nō</i> stage.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 34<a name="Page_34" id="Page_34"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER V</h2> + +<h4>COUNTRY-HOUSE LIFE</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The sense of a common humanity is a real political +force.—<span class="smcap">J.R. Green</span></p></div> + +<p>The stranger in Japan sees so little of the intimacies of country life +that I shall say something of further visits to what we should call +county families. My hosts, who seemed to be active to a greater or +less degree in promoting the welfare of their tenants, lived in purely +Japanese style. Yet now and then in a beautiful house there was a +showy gilt timepiece or some other thing of a deplorable Western +fashion. At all the houses without exception we were waited upon by +the host and his son, son-in-law or brother, and for some time after +our arrival our host and the members of his family would kneel, not in +the apartment in which our <i>zabuton</i> (kneeling cushions) were +arranged, but in the adjoining apartment with its screens pushed back. +Even when the time of sweets and tea had passed and a regular meal was +served, all the little tables of food were brought in not by servants +but by the master of the house and such male relatives as were at +home.</p> + +<p>When the duration of a Japanese meal is borne in mind, some idea may +be gained of the fatigue endured by the head of a house in serving +many guests. The host sometimes honours his guests still further by +eating apart from them or by partaking of a portion only of the meal. +The name of a feast in Japanese is significant, "a running about." The +ladies of the house are usually seen for only a few minutes, when they +come with the children to welcome the guests on their arrival; but on +the second day of the visit the ladies may bring in food or tea or +play the <i>koto</i>.</p> + +<p>The foreigner, though on his knees, feels a little at a loss to know +how to acknowledge politely the repeated bows of +<span class="pagenum">Page 35<a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"></a></span> +so many kneeling men +and women. He watches with appreciation the perfect response of his +Japanese travelling companions. It is difficult to convey a sense of +the charm and dignity of old courtesies exchanged with sincerity +between well-bred people in a fine old house. Although all the +<i>shoji</i>[30] are open, the trees of the beautiful garden cast a pensive +shade. The ancient ceremonial of welcome and introduction would seem +ludicrous in the full light of a Western drawing-room, but in the +perfectly subdued light of these romantically beautiful apartments, +charged with some strange and melancholy emotion, the visitor from the +West feels himself entering upon the rare experience of a new world.</p> + +<p>Everyone knows how few are the treasures that a Japanese displays in +his house. His heirlooms and works of art are stored in a fireproof +annexe. For the feasting of the eye of every guest or party of +visitors the appropriate choice of <i>kakemono</i>,<a name="FNanchor_31"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_31"><sup>[31]</sup></a> carving or pottery +is made. I had the delight of seeing during my country-house visiting +many ancient pictures of country life and of animals and birds. It was +also a precious opportunity to inspect armour and wonderful swords and +stands of arrows in the houses in which the men who had worn the +armour and used the weapons had lived. The way of stringing the +seven-feet-high bow was shown to me by a kimono-clad samurai, as has +been recorded in the previous chapter. When he threw himself into a +warlike attitude and with an ancient cry whirled a gleaming two-handed +sword in the dim light thrown by lanterns which had lighted the house +in the time of the Shoguns, the figures on old-time Japanese prints +had a new vividness.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 36<a name="Page_36" id="Page_36"></a></span> +What also helped in illuminating for me the old prints of warlike +scenes was a display of a remarkable kind of fencing with naked +weapons which one of my hosts kindly provided in his garden one +evening. The tournament was conducted by the village young men's +association. The exercises, which, as I saw them, are peculiar to the +district, are called <i>ki-ai</i>, which means literally "spirit meeting." +They call not only for long training but for courage and ardour. The +combats took place on a small patch of grass which was fenced by four +bamboo branches. These were connected by a rope of paper streamers +such as are used to distinguish a consecrated place. Before the first +bout the bamboos and rope were taken away and a handful of salt was +thrown on the grass. Salt was similarly thrown on the grass before +every contest. The idea is that salt is a purifier. It signifies, like +the handshake of our boxers, that the feelings of the combatants are +cleansed from malice.</p> + +<p>Most of the events were single combats, but there were two meetings in +which a man confronted a couple of assailants. The contests I recall +were spear <i>v</i>. spear, spear <i>v</i>. sword, sword <i>v</i>. long billhook, +spear <i>v</i>. the short Japanese sickle and a chain, spear <i>v</i>. paper +umbrella and sword, pole <i>v</i>. wooden sword, pole <i>v</i>. pole, and long +billhook <i>v</i>. fan and sword. The weapons were sharp enough to inflict +serious wounds if a false move should be made or there should be a +momentary lack of self-control. The flashing steel gave an impression +of imminent danger. There was also the feeling aroused in the +spectators by the way in which the combatants sought to gain advantage +over one another by fierce snarls, stamping on the ground and +appalling gestures. The neck veins of the fighters swelled and their +faces flamed with mock defiance. Their agility in escaping descending +blades was amazing. But the <i>ki-ai</i> player's dexterity is famous. It +is his boast that with his sword he could cut a straw on a friend's +head. I noticed that no women were present at the "spirit meeting."</p> + +<p>More than once I found that my landlord host was accustomed to make a +circuit of his village once or twice a week in order to see how things +were going with his tenants. Public-spirited landlords were working +for their people by +<span class="pagenum">Page 37<a name="Page_37" id="Page_37"></a></span> +means of co-operation, lectures and prizes, the +distribution of leaflets and the giving of from 2½ to 7½ per +cent. discount in rent when good rice was produced. The rural +philanthropist in Japan sees himself as the father of his village.<a name="FNanchor_32"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_32"><sup>[32]</sup></a> +The Japanese word for landlord is "land master" and for tenant "son +tiller." The old idea was patronage on the one side and respect on the +other. This idea is disappearing. "We wish," said one landlord to me, +"to pass through the transition stage gradually. We do not feel the +same responsibility to our people, perhaps, now that they do not show +the same reverence for us, but we do not say to them that they may go +to the factory and we will invest our money for our children. We check +ourselves. We know well, however, that things will change in our +grandsons' time. We therefore try to mix our grandfathers' ideas and +modern ideas. We are believers in co-operation and we try to be +counsellors and to work behind the curtain."</p> + +<p>From time to time there are such things as tenants' strikes. Mr. +Yamasaki assured me that the problem of the rural districts can be +solved only by appealing to the feelings of the people in the right +way. He said that "the Japanese are largely moved by feelings, not by +convictions." In some coastwise counties, someone told me, a hurricane +destroyed the crops to such an extent that the tenants could not pay +rent, and the landlords who depended on their rents were impoverished. +Things reached such a pass that a hundred thousand peasants signed a +paper swearing fidelity to an anti-landlord propaganda. Officials and +lawyers achieved nothing. Then Mr. Yamasaki went, and, sitting in the +local temple, talked things over with both sides for days. He got the +landlords to say that they were sorry for their tenants and the +tenants to say that they were sorry for the landlords, and eventually +he was allowed to burn the oath-attested document in the temple.<a name="FNanchor_33"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_33"><sup>[33]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Many landlords are "endeavouring to cultivate a moral relation" +between themselves and their tenants. They +<span class="pagenum">Page 38<a name="Page_38" id="Page_38"></a></span> +have often the advantage +that their ancestors were the landlords of the same peasant families +for many generations. But there are still plenty of absentee landlords +and landlords who are usurers. There are also the landlords who have +let their lands to middlemen. The cultivator therefore pays out of all +proportion to what the landlord receives. Of landlords generally, an +ex-daimyo's son said to me: "Many landlords treat their tenants +cruelly. The rent enforced is too high. In place of the intimate +relations of former days the relations are now that of cat and dog. +The ignorance of the landlords is the cause of this state of things. +It is very important that the landlord's son shall go to the +agricultural school, where there is plenty of practical work which +will bring the perspiration from him." The object of most good +landlords is to increase the income of their tenants. It is felt that +unless the farmers have more money in their hands, progress is +impossible. There is one direction in which the landlords are not +tried. The franchise is so narrow that farmers cannot vote against +their landlords.</p> + +<p>In the house of one old landowning family in which I was a guest I saw +a <i>gaku</i> inscribed, "Happiness comes to the house whose ancestors were +virtuous." I was admitted to the family shrine. Round the walls of the +small apartment in which the shrine stood were the autographs or +portraits of distinguished members of the house going back four or +five hundred years. It was easy to see that the inspiring force of +this family was its untarnished name. It was a crime against the +ancestors to reduce the prestige or merit of the family. No stronger +influence could be exerted upon an erring member of such a family than +to be brought by his father or elder brother before the family shrine +and there reprimanded in the presence of the ancestral spirits. The +head of this house is at present a schoolboy of twelve and the +government of the family is in the hands of a "regent," the lad's +uncle. I saw the boy and his younger sister trot off in the morning +with their satchels on their backs to the village school in democratic +Japanese fashion. Japan is a much more democratic country than the +tourist imagines. Distinctions of class +<span class="pagenum">Page 39<a name="Page_39" id="Page_39"></a></span> +are accompanied by easy relations in many important matters.</p> + +<p>I went for a second time to the restful city of Nagoya. It is out of +the sphere of influence of Tokyo and is conservative of old ideas. +People live with less display than in the capital and perhaps pride +themselves on doing so. But if the houses of even the well-to-do are +small and inconspicuous, the interiors are of satisfying quality in +materials and workmanship, and the family godowns bring forth +surprises. Here as elsewhere the guest is served in treasured lacquer +and porcelain. (While we are not accustomed in the West to look at the +marks on our host's table silver, it is perfect Japanese manners to +admire a food bowl by examining the potter's marks.) My host hung a +rural <i>kakemono</i> in my room, one day a fine old study of poultry, +another an equally beautiful painting of hollyhocks.</p> + +<p>As we left the town my attention was attracted by a commemorative +stone overlooking rice fields. The inscription proclaimed the fact +that at that spot the late Emperor Meiji,<a name="FNanchor_34"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_34"><sup>[34]</sup></a> as a lad of fifteen, on +his historic first journey to Tokyo, "beheld the farmers reaping."</p> + +<p>The matron of a farmhouse two centuries old showed me a tub containing +tiny carp which she had hatched for her carp pond, the inmates of +which, as is common, came to be fed when she clapped her hands. In the +garden there was an old clay butt still used for archery. In the +farmhouse I was taken into a room in which in the old days the daimyo +overlord had rested, into another room which had a secret door and +into a third room where—an electric fan was buzzing.</p> + +<p>At a school I had to face the usual ordeal of having to "write" as +best I could a motto for use as a wall picture. Our lettering, when +done with a brush, falls pitifully behind Chinese characters in +decorative value, and our mottoes will not readily translate into +Japanese. I was +<span class="pagenum">Page 40<a name="Page_40" id="Page_40"></a></span> +often grateful to Henley for "I am the master of my +fate, I am the captain of my soul," because with the substitution of +"commander" for captain, the lines translate literally.</p> + +<p>We left the village through arches which had been erected by the young +men's association. At an old country house four interesting things +were shown to me. There was, first, a phial of rice seed 230 years +old. The agricultural professor who was my fellow-guest told me that +he had germinated some of the grains, but they did not produce rice +plants. The second thing was a fine family shrine before which a +religious ceremony had been performed twice a day by succeeding +generations of the same family for 350 years. The third object of +interest was a little, narrow, flat steel dagger about eight inches +long, sheathed in the scabbard of a sword. The dagger was used for +"fastening an enemy's head on." After the owner of the sword had +beheaded his foe, he drew the smaller weapon, and, thrusting one end +into the headless trunk and the other end into the base of the head, +politely united head and body once more, thus making it possible "to +show due respect and sympathy towards the dead." Finally, I had the +privilege of handling a wonderful suit of armour which was fitted +slowly together for me out of many pieces. Although it had been made +several centuries ago, this rich suit of lacquered leather had been a +Japanese general's wear on the field of battle within living memory.</p> + +<p>One of the landowners I met was a poet who had been successful in the +Imperial poem competition which is held every New Year. A subject is +set by His Majesty and the thousands of pieces sent in are submitted +to a committee. The dozen best productions are read before the +sovereign himself, and this is the honour sought by the competitors. +The subject for competition in the year in which the landowner had +been successful was, "The cryptomeria in a temple court." His poem was +as follows:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span>In transplanting<br /></span> +<span>The young cryptomeria trees<br /></span> +<span>Within the sacred fence<br /></span> +<span>There is a symbol<br /></span> +<span>Of the beginning of the reign.<br /></span> +</div></div> + + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 41<a name="Page_41" id="Page_41"></a></span> +The New Year poems come from every class of the community and there +is seldom a year in which landowners or farmers are not among the +fortunate twelve.</p> + +<p>As we rode along a companion spoke of the force of public opinion in +keeping things straight in the countryside, also of the far-reaching +control exercised by fathers and elder brothers. But the good +behaviour of some people was due, he said, to a dread of being +ridiculed in the newspapers, which allow themselves extraordinary +freedom in dealing with reputations.</p> + +<p>I met a man who had had a monument erected to him. He was a member of +a little company which received me in a farmer's house. He was +formerly the richest man in the village, that is to say, he owned 20 +<i>chō</i> and was worth about 100,000 yen. Moved by the poverty of his +neighbours, he devoted his substance to improving their condition. Now +many of them are well off, the village has been "praised and rewarded" +by the prefecture for its "good farming and good morals," and the +philanthropist is worth only 50,000 yen. Impressed by his +unselfishness, the village has raised a great slab of stone in his +honour.</p> + +<p>I made enquiries continually about the influence exerted by priests. I +was told of many "careless" priests, but also of others who delivered +sermons of a practical sort. A few of the younger priests were +described as "philosophical" and some preached "the kingdom of God is +within you." Many people laid stress on the necessity for a better +education of the priesthood and for combating superstition among the +peasantry, though the schools had already had a powerful influence in +shaking the faith of thousands of the common people in charms and +suchlike. Many folk put up charms because it was the custom or to +please their old parents or because it could do no harm.</p> + +<p>I was told that the Government does not encourage the erection of new +temples. Its notion is that it is better to maintain the existing +temples adequately. When I went to see a gorgeous new temple, I found +that official permission for its erection had been obtained because +the figures, vessels and some of the fittings of an old and +dilapidated temple were to be used in the new edifice. This +<span class="pagenum">Page 42<a name="Page_42" id="Page_42"></a></span> +temple was on a large tract of land which had recently been recovered from +the sea. The building had cost between 80,000 and 90,000 yen. It stood +on piles on rising ground and had a secondary purpose in that it +offered a place of refuge to the settlers on the new land if the sea +dike should break.</p> + +<p>The founder of the temple was the man who had drained the land and +established the colony. He had given an endowment of 500 yen a year, +three-quarters of which was for the priest. This functionary had also +an income of 150 yen from a <i>chō</i> of land attached to the temple. +Further he received gifts of rice and vegetables. I noticed that the +gifts of rice—acknowledged on a list hung up in his house—varied in +quantity from four pecks to half a cupful. Probably the priest bought +very little of anything. If he needed matting for his house, which was +attached to the temple, or if he had to make a journey, the villagers +saw that his requirements were met. And he was always getting presents +of one kind or another. "A man says to the priest," I was told, "'This +is too good for me; please accept it.'" The villagers on their side +sat and smoked in one of the temple rooms and drank his reverence's +tea for hours before and after service.<a name="FNanchor_35"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_35"><sup>[35]</sup></a></p> + +<p>The building of the temple was not only an act of piety but a work of +commercial necessity. The colonists on the reclaimed land would never +have settled there if there had not been a temple to hold them to the +place and to provide burial rites for their old parents. Not all the +people were of the same sect of Buddhism, but "they gradually came +together." A third of what a tenant produced went for rent and another +third for fertilisers, the remaining third being his own. The +population was 1,800 in 300 families. The average area per family was +2 <i>chō</i> and colonists were expected to start with about 200 yen of +capital. Some unpromising tenants had been sent away and "some had +left secretly." Half of the people were in debt to the landlord—the +total indebtedness +<span class="pagenum">Page 43<a name="Page_43" id="Page_43"></a></span> +was about 15,000 yen—for the erection of houses +and the purchase of implements and stock. The rate was 8 per cent. In +the district 10 per cent. was quite usual and 12 per cent. by no means +rare. The co-operative society lent at the daily rate of 2½ sen per +100 yen.</p> + +<p>The landlord told me that the sea dikes took two years to build and +that most of the earth was carried by women, 5,000 of them. Their +labour was cheap and the small quantities of earth which each woman +brought at a time permitted of a better consolidation of an embankment +that was 240 feet wide at the base. More than a million yen were laid +out on the work. The reclaimed land was free of State taxes for half a +century, but the landlord made a voluntary gift to the village of +2,000 yen a year. The yearly rent coming in was already nearly 56,000 +yen. The cost of the management of the drained land and of repairs to +the embankment, 20,000 yen a year, was just met by the profits of a +fishpond. A valuable edible seaweed industry was carried on outside +the sea dikes. The landlord mentioned that he had had great difficulty +in overcoming the objections of his grandfather to the investment, but +that eventually the old man got so much interested that at +ninety-three he used to march about giving orders.</p> + +<p>One day in the course of my journeying I was near a railway station +where country people had assembled to watch the passing of a train by +which the Emperor was travelling. No one was permitted along the line +except at specified points which were carefully watched. A young +constable who wore a Russian war medal was opposite the spot where I +stood. He politely asked me to keep one <i>shaku</i> (foot) or so away from +the paling. When someone's child pushed itself half-way through the +paling the police instruction was, "Please keep back the little one +for, if it should pass through, other children will no doubt wish to +follow." A later request by the constable was to take off our hats and +keep silence when he raised his hand on the approach of the Imperial +train. We were further asked not to point at the Emperor and on no +account to cry Banzai. (The Japanese shout <i>Banzai</i> for the Emperor in +his absence and cry <i>Banzai</i> to victorious generals and +<span class="pagenum">Page 44<a name="Page_44" id="Page_44"></a></span> +admirals, but perfect silence is considered the most respectful way of greeting the +Emperor himself.) The Imperial train, which was preceded by a pilot +engine drawing a van full of rather anxious-looking police, slowed +down on approaching the station so that everyone had a chance of +seeing the Emperor, who was facing us. All the school children of the +district had been marshalled where they could get a good view. The +Japanese bow of greatest respect—it has been introduced since the +Restoration, I was told—is an inclination of the head so slight that +it does not prevent the person who bows seeing his superior. This bow +when made by rows of people is impressive. Undoubtedly the crowd was +moved by the sight of its sovereign. Not a few people held their hands +together in front of them in an attitude of devotion. The day before I +had happened to see first a priest and then a professor examining a +magazine which had a portrait of the Emperor as frontispiece. Both +bowed slightly to the print. Coloured portraits of the Emperor and +Empress are on sale in the shops, but in many cases there is a little +square of tissue paper over the Imperial countenances.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_30" id="Footnote_30"> +[30]</a> <i>Shoji</i> are the screens which divide a room from the outside. +They are a dainty wooden framework of many divisions, each of which is +covered by a sheet of thin white paper. The <i>shoji</i> provide light and +are never painted. The sliding doors between two rooms are <i>karakami</i> +(<i>fusuma</i> is a literary word). They are a wooden framework with thick +paper or cloth on both sides of it and with paper packing between the +layers. <i>Karakami</i> are often decorated with writing or may be painted. +No light passes through them.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_31" id="Footnote_31"> +[31]</a> A writing or a picture on a long perpendicular strip of paper or +silk or of paper mounted on silk, with rollers. The length is about +three times the width, which is usually 1 ft. 3 in. or 1 ft. 10 in. +The <i>kakemono</i> in the <i>tokonoma</i> of tea-ceremony rooms is about 10 in. +wide.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_32" id="Footnote_32"> +[32]</a> For budgets of large property owners, see <a href="#APPN_3">Appendix III</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_33" id="Footnote_33"> +[33]</a> There have been several serious tenants' demonstrations in Aichi +during 1921. See Chapter XIX.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_34" id="Footnote_34"> +[34]</a> Each Emperor receives on his succession a name which is applied +to the period of his reign. The period of Mutsuhito's reign, +1868-1912, is called <i>Meiji</i>; that of the present Emperor <i>Taisho</i>. +Thus the year 1912 would be <i>Taisho</i> I.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_35" id="Footnote_35"> +[35]</a> It will be remembered that there is only one prefecture in which +tea is not grown in larger or smaller areas, and that it is served +economically without sugar or milk.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 45<a name="Page_45" id="Page_45"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER VI</h2> + +<h4>BEFORE OKUNITAMA-NO-MIKO-NO-KAMI<a name="FNanchor_36"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_36"><sup>[36]</sup></a></h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Nor do I see why we should take it for granted that +their gods are unworthy of respect.—<i>Valerius</i></p></div> + +<p>In Aichi prefecture I was asked to plant trees (persimmons) in the +grounds of three temples or shrines and on the land of several +farmers. In an exposed position on a hill-top I found persimmons being +grown on a system under which the landlord provided the land, trees +and manures and the farmer the labour, and the produce was equally +divided.</p> + +<p>The cryptomeria at one of the shrines I visited were of great age. All +of them had lost their tops by lightning. It cannot be easy for those +who have never seen cryptomeria or the redwoods of California to +realise the impression made by dark giant trees that have stood before +some shrine for generations. At the approach to the shrine of which I +speak there were venerable wooden statues. I recall one figure carved +in wood as full of life as that of the famous Egyptian headman.</p> + +<p>The aged chief priest, who was assisted by two younger priests, kindly +invited me to take part in a Shinto service. First, I ceremonially +washed my hands and rinsed my mouth. Then, having ascended the steps, +my shoes were removed for me so that my hands should not be defiled. +On entering the shrine I knelt opposite the young priests, one of whom +brought me the usual evergreen bough with paper streamers. On +receiving it I rose to my feet, passed through the beautiful building +and advanced to what I may call, for the lack of a more accurate term, +the altar table. On this table, which, as is usual in Shinto +ceremonies, was of new white wood following the ancient design, I laid the +<span class="pagenum">Page 46<a name="Page_46" id="Page_46"></a></span> +offering. Then I bowed and gave the customary three smart +hand-claps which summon the attention of the deity of the shrine, and +bowed again. On returning to my former kneeling-place one of the +priests offered me <i>saké</i> and a small piece of dried fish in +paper.<a name="FNanchor_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37"><sup>[37]</sup> +</a> The chief priest was good enough to read and to hand to me +an address headed, "Words of Congratulation to the Investigator," +which may be Englished as follows:</p> + +<p>"I, Yukimichi Otsu, the chief priest, speak most respectfully and +reverently before the shrine of the august deity, +Okunitama-no-miko-no-kami, and other deities here enshrined: Dr. +Robertson Scott, of England, is here this good day. He comes to see +the things of Japan under the governance of our gracious Emperor. I, +having made myself quite pure and clean, open the door of gracious +eyes that they may look upon those who are here. May Dr. Robertson +Scott be protected during night and day, no accident happening +wherever he may go. Dr. Robertson Scott goes everywhere in this +country; he may cross a hundred rivers and pass over many hills. May +there be no foundering of his boat, no stumbling of his horse. +Offering produce of land and sea, I say this most respectfully before +the shrine."</p> + +<p>After the shrine I visited a co-operative store, curiously reminiscent +of many a similar rural enterprise I had seen in Denmark. Sugar, +coarser than anything sold at home, was dear. Half the price paid for +sugar in Japan is tax. I was informed that there were no fewer than +400 cooperative organisations in the prefecture.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus015"></a> +<img src="images/015.jpg" width="600" height="208" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">AUTHOR QUESTIONING OFFICIALS—</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus016"></a> +<img src="images/016.jpg" width="600" height="213" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">AND PLANTING COMMEMORATIVE TREES</p> +</div> + +<p>At several places, although the villagers were busy rice planting, the +young men's association turned out. The young men were reinforced by +reservists and came sharply to attention as our <i>kuruma</i> +(<i>jinrikisha</i>, usually pneumatic-tyred) passed. Some of the villages +we bowled through were off the ordinary track, and the older villagers +observed the ancient custom of coming out from their houses or farm +plots, dropping on their knees and bowing low as we +<span class="pagenum">Page 47<a name="Page_47" id="Page_47"></a></span> +passed.<a name="FNanchor_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38"><sup>[38]</sup> +</a> All over Japan, a villager encountered on the road removed the towel from +his head before bowing. If a cloak or outer coat was worn, it was +taken off or the motion of taking it off was made. Frequently, in +showery weather, cyclists who were wearing mackintoshes or capes, +alighted and removed these outer garments before saluting.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus017"></a> +<img src="images/017.jpg" width="600" height="391" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">RICE POLISHING BY FOOT POWER.</p> +</div> + +<p>I saw a village which a few years ago had been "disorderly and poor" +and in continual friction with its landlord. Eventually this man +realised his responsibility, and, inspired by Mr. Yamasaki, took the +situation in hand. He talked in a straightforward way with his +villagers, reduced a number of rents and spent money freely in +ameliorative work. To-day the village is "remarkable for its good +conduct" and the relation between landlord and tenant seems to be +everything that can be desired. The landlord is not only the moving +spirit of the co-operative store but has started a school for girls of +from fifteen to twenty. They bring their own food but the schooling is +free.</p> + +<p>On the gables of one or two houses near the roof I noticed ventilators +which were cut in the form of the Chinese ideograph which means water, +a kind of charm against fire. At the door of one rather well-to-do +peasant house I saw several paper charms against toothache. There was +also an inscription intimating that the householder was a director of +the co-operative society and another announcing that he was an expert +in the application of the moxa.<a name="FNanchor_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39"> +<sup>[39]</sup></a> Every house I went into had a +collection of charms. One charm, a verse of poetry hung upside-down, +as is the custom, was against ants. Another was understood to ensure +the safe return of a straying cat.</p> + +<p>In one house in the village my attention was drawn to the fact that +the rice pot contained a large percentage of barley.</p> + +<p>In two or three places I passed pits for the excavation of lignite, +which does not look unlike the wood taken out of bogs. A pit I stopped +at was twenty-two fathoms deep. There were twenty miners at work and +air was being pumped down.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 48<a name="Page_48" id="Page_48"></a></span> +One of the things we in the West might imitate with advantage is the +village crematorium. In Japan it is of the simplest construction. The +rate for villagers was 50 sen, that for outsiders 2 yen. No doubt +there would be an additional yen for the priest. In a little building +which was thirty years old 200 bodies had been cremated.</p> + +<p>I looked into a small co-operative rice storehouse. The building was +provided by a number of members "swearing" to save at the rate of a +yen and a half a month each until the funds needed had accumulated. +The money was obtained by extra labour in the evening. Just before I +left Japan the Department of Agriculture was arranging to spend 2 +million yen within a ten-years' period to encourage the building of +4,000 rice storehouses.</p> + +<p>As I watched the water pouring from one rice field to another and +wondered how the rights of landowners were ever reconciled, someone +reminded me of the phrase, "water splashing quarrels," that is +disputes in which each side blames the other without getting any +farther forward. To take an unfair advantage in controversy is to draw +water into one's own paddy. The equivalent for "pouring water on a +duck's back" is "flinging water in a frog's face." A Western European +is always astonished in Japan by the lung power of Far Eastern frogs. +The noise is not unlike the bleating of lambs.</p> + +<p>Every now and again one comes on a fragrant bed of lotus in its paddy +field. It seems odd at first that lotus—and burdock—should be +cultivated for food. As a pickle burdock is eatable, but lotus and +some unfamiliar tuberous plants are pleasant food resembling in +flavour boiled chestnuts. <i>Konnyaku</i> (<i>hydrosme rivieri</i>), a near +relative of the arum lily, is produced to the weight of 11 million +<i>kwan</i>—a <i>kwan</i> is roughly 8¼ lbs.<a name="FNanchor_40"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_40"><sup>[40]</sup></a> The yield of burdock is +about 44 million <i>kwan</i>. The chief of all vegetables is the giant +radish, of which 7¼ million <i>kwan</i> are grown. Taro yields about 150 +million <i>kwan</i>. Foreigners usually like the young sprouts taken from +the roots of the bamboo, a favourite Japanese vegetable.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 49<a name="Page_49" id="Page_49"></a></span> +This is as convenient a place as any to speak of an important +agricultural fact, the enormous amount of filth worked into the +paddies. As is well known, hardly any of the night soil of Japan is +wasted. Japanese agriculture depends upon it. Formerly the night soil +was removed from the houses after being emptied into a pair of tubs +which the peasant carried from a yoke. Such yoke-carried tubs are +still seen, but are chiefly employed in carrying the substance to the +paddies. The tubs which are taken to dwellings are now mostly borne on +light two-wheeled handcarts which carry sometimes four and sometimes +six. A farmer will push or pull his manure cart from a town ten or +twelve miles off. It is difficult to leave or enter a town without +meeting strings of manure carts. The men who haul the carts get +together for company on their tedious journey. They seem insensible to +the concentrated odour. Often the wife or son or daughter may be seen +pushing behind a cart. There is a certain amount of transportation by +horse-drawn frame carts, carrying a dozen or sixteen tubs, and by +boats. I was told of a city of half a million inhabitants which had +thirty per cent. of its night soil taken ten miles away. The work was +undertaken by a co-operative society which paid the municipality the +large sum of 70,000 yen a year. The removal of night soil, its storage +in the fields in sunken butts and concrete cisterns—carefully +protected by thatched, wooden or concrete roofs—and its constant +application to paddy fields or upland plots cause an odour to prevail +which the visitor to Japan never forgets.<a name="FNanchor_41"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_41"><sup>[41]</sup></a></p> + +<p>It must not be supposed that, because the Japanese are careful to +utilise human waste products, no other manure is employed. There is an +enormous consumption of chemical fertilisers. Then there are brought +into service all sorts of crop-feeding materials, such as straw, +grass, compost, silkworm waste, fish waste, and of course the manure +produced by such stock as is kept.<a name="FNanchor_42"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_42"><sup>[42]</sup></a> In Aichi the value of human +waste products used on the land is only a quarter of the value of the +bean cake and fish waste similarly employed.</p> + +<p>At Mr. Yamasaki's excellent agricultural school (prefectural), +<span class="pagenum">Page 50<a name="Page_50" id="Page_50"></a></span> +which I visited more than once,<a name="FNanchor_43"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_43"><sup>[43]</sup></a> I was struck by the grave bearing of the +students. I saw them not only in their classrooms but in their large +hall, where I was invited to speak from a platform between the busts +of two rural worthies, Ninomiya, of whom we have heard before, and +another who was "distinguished by the righteousness of his public +career." As in the Danish rural high schools, store is set on hard +physical exercise. An hour of exercise—<i>judō</i> (jujitsu), sword play +or military drill—is taken from six to seven in the morning and +another at midday with the object of "strengthening the spirit" and +"developing the character," for "our farmers must not only be honest +and determined but courageous." Severe physical labour, shared by the +teacher, is also given out of doors, for example, in heaping manure. +"We believe," said one of the instructors, "in moral virtue taught by +the hands."</p> + +<p>For an hour a day "the main points of moral virtue" are put before the +different grades of students, according to their ages and development. +The school has a guild to which the twenty teachers and all the +students belong. It is a kind of co-operative society for the +"purchase and distribution of daily necessities," but one of its +objects is "the maintenance of public morality." Then there is the +students' association which has literary and gymnastic sides, the one +side "to refine wisdom and virtue," the other "for the rousing of +spirit." Mention may also be made of a "discipline calendar" of fixed +memorial days and ceremonies "that all the students should observe": +the ceremony of reading the Imperial Rescript on education, thrift and +morality, and the ceremonies at the end of rice planting, at harvest +and at the maturity of the silk-worm. The fitting-up of the school is +Spartan but the rooms are high and well lighted and ventilated. The +students' hot bath accommodates a dozen lads at a time. The studies +are also the dormitories, and in the corner of each there is stored a +big mosquito netting. Except for a few square yards near the doors, +these rooms consist of the usual raised platform covered with the +national <i>tatami</i> or matting.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 51<a name="Page_51" id="Page_51"></a></span> +I heard a characteristic story of the Director. During the +Russo-Japanese war everybody was economising, and many people who had +been in the habit of riding in <i>kuruma</i> began to walk. Our +agricultural celebrity had always had a passion for walking, so it was +out of his power to economise in <i>kuruma</i>. What he did was to cease +walking and take to <i>kuruma</i> riding, for, he said, "in war time one +must work one's utmost, and if I move about quickly I can get more +done."</p> + +<p>I may add a story which this rare man himself told me. I had seen in +his house a photograph of a memorial slab celebrating the heroic death +of a peasant. It appeared that in a period of scarcity there was left +in this peasant's village only one unbroken bale of rice. This rice +was in the possession of the peasant, who was suffering from lack of +food. But he would not cook any of the rice because he knew that if he +did the village would be without seed in spring. Eventually the brave +man was found dead of hunger in his cottage. His pillow had been the +unopened bale of rice.</p> + +<p>In the house of a small peasant proprietor I visited the inscriptions +on the two <i>gaku</i> signified "Buddha's teaching broken by a beautiful +face" and "Cast your eyes on high." On the wall there was also a copy +of a resolution concerning a recent Imperial Rescript which 500 rural +householders, at a meeting in the county, had "sworn to observe," and, +as I understood, to read two or three times a year.</p> + +<p>Japan, as I have already noted, has always been a more democratic +country than is generally understood; but the people have been +accustomed to act under leaders. Some time ago an official of the +Department of Agriculture visited a certain district in order to speak +at the local temple in advocacy of the adjustment of rice fields. (See +Chapter VIII.) A dignitary corresponding to the chairman of an English +county council was at the temple to receive the official, but at the +time appointed for the meeting to begin the audience consisted of one +old man. Although the official from Tokyo and the <i>gunchō</i> (head of a +county) waited for some time, no one else put in an appearance. So +<span class="pagenum">Page 52<a name="Page_52" id="Page_52"></a></span> +they asked the old man the reason. He replied by asking them the +object of the meeting. They told him. He said that he had so +understood and that the community had so understood, but the farmers +were very busy men. Therefore, as he was the oldest man in the +district, they had sent him as their representative. Their +instructions were that he would be able to tell from his experience of +the district whether what the authorities proposed would be a good +thing for it or not. If he considered it to be a bad thing they would +not do it, but if he thought it to be a good thing they would do it. +He was to hear all that was said and then to give a decision on the +community's behalf to the officials who might attend. "So," said the +old man to the Tokyo official and the <i>gunchō</i>, "if you convince me +you have convinced the village." And after two hours' explanation they +convinced him!</p> + +<p>There are in Japan hydraulic engineering works as remarkable in their +way as any I have seen in the Netherlands. Some of these works, for +example the tunnels for conducting rice-field water through +considerable hills, have been the work of unlettered peasants. In one +place I found that 80 miles or more of irrigation was based on a canal +made two centuries ago. It is good to see so many embankings of +refractory streams and excavations of river beds commemorated by slabs +recording the public services of the men who, often at their own +charges, carried out these works of general utility.</p> + +<p>In various parts of the country I came upon smallholders who had +reached a high degree of proficiency in the fine art of dwarfing +trees. One day I stopped to speak with a farmer who by this art had +added 1,000 yen a year to his agricultural income. A thirty-years-old +maple was one of his triumphs. Another was a pomegranate about a foot +and a half high. It was in flower and would bear fruit of ordinary +size. The wonder of dwarfing is wrought, as is now well known, by +cramping the roots in the pot and by extremely skilful pruning, +manuring and watering. While we drank tea some choice specimens were +displayed before a screen of unrelieved gold. In the room in which we +sat the farmer had arranged in a bowl of water +<span class="pagenum">Page 53<a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"></a></span> +with great effectiveness hydrangea, a spray of pomegranate and a cabbage.</p> + +<p>One marks the respect shown to the rural policeman. In his summer +uniform of white cotton, with his flat white cap and white gloves, and +an imposing sword, he looks like a naval officer, even if, as +sometimes happens, his feet are in <i>zori</i>. He gets respect because of +his dignified presence and sense of official duty, because of the +considerable powers which he is able to exercise, because he stands +for the Government, and because he is sometimes of a higher social +grade than that to which policemen belong in other countries. At the +Restoration many men of the samurai class did not think it beneath +them to enter the new sword-wearing police force and they helped to +give it a standing which has been maintained. As to the policeman +being a representative of the Government, the ordinary Japanese has a +way of speaking of the Government doing this or that as if the +Government were irresistible power. Average Japanese do not yet +conceive the Government as something which they have made and may +unmake<a name="FNanchor_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44"><sup>[44]</sup> +</a>. But is it likely that they should, parliamentary history, +the work of their betters, being as short as it is? It is not without +significance that the Chambers of the Diet are housed in temporary +wooden buildings.</p> + +<p>The rural policeman is not only a paternal guardian of the peace but +an administrative official. He keeps an eye on public health. He is +charged with correctly maintaining the record of names and +addresses—and some other particulars—of everybody in the village. It +is his duty to secure correct information as to the name, age, place +of origin and real business of every stranger. He attends all public +meetings, even of the young men's and young women's associations, and +no strolling players can give their entertainment without his +presence. As to the movements of strangers, my own were obviously well +known. Indeed a friend told me that in the event of my losing myself I +had only to ask a policeman and he would be able to tell me where I +was expected next! At the houses of well-to-do people I was struck by +the way in which the local +<span class="pagenum">Page 54<a name="Page_54" id="Page_54"></a></span> +police officer—sometimes, no doubt, a +sergeant or perhaps a man of the rank of our superintendent or chief +constable—called with the headman and joined our kneeling circle in +the reception-room. Nominally he came to pay his respects, but his +chief object, no doubt, was to take stock of what was going on. I +invariably took the opportunity of closely interviewing him.</p> + +<p>The extraordinary degree to which Japanese are commonly accustomed in +their differences of opinion to refrain from blows makes many of their +quarrels harmless. The threat to send for the policeman or the actual +appearance of the policeman has an almost magical effect in calming a +disturbance. The Japanese policeman believes very much in reproving or +reprimanding evil doers and in reasoning with folk whose +"carelessness" has attracted attention. Sometimes for greater +impressiveness the admonitions or exhortations are delivered at the +police station<a name="FNanchor_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45"> +<sup>[45]</sup></a>. In more than one village I heard a tribute paid to +the good influence exerted on a community by a devoted policeman.</p> + +<p>The chief of an agricultural experiment station also seems to obtain a +large measure of respect, to some extent, no doubt, because he +occupies a public office. The regard felt for Mr. Yamasaki goes +deeper. A few years ago he was sent on a mission abroad and in his +absence his local admirers cast about for a way of showing their +appreciation of his work. They began by raising what was described to +me as "naturally not a large but an honourable sum." With this money +they decided to add three rooms to his dwelling. They had noted how +visitors were always coming to his house in order to profit by his +experience and advice. Mr. Yamasaki uses the rooms primarily as "an +hotel for people of good intentions—those who work for better +conditions." I was proud to stay at this "hotel" and to receive as a +parting gift an old <i>seppuku</i> blade.</p> + +<p>Which reminds me that one night at a house in the country I found +myself sitting under photographs of the late General and Countess Nogi +and of the gaunt bloodstained room of the depressing "foreign style" +house in +<span class="pagenum">Page 55<a name="Page_55" id="Page_55"></a></span> +which they committed suicide on the day of the funeral of +the Emperor Meiji<a name="FNanchor_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46"> +<sup>[46]</sup></a>. One of my fellow-guests was a professor at the +Imperial University; the other was a teacher of lofty and unselfish +spirit. They were both samurai. I mentioned that a man of worth and +distinction has said to me that, while he recognised the nobility of +Nogi's action, he could but not think it unjustifiable. I was at once +told that Japanese who do not approve of Nogi's action "must be +over-influenced by Western thought." "Those who are quintessentially +Japanese," it was explained, "think that Nogi did right. Bodily death +is nothing, for Nogi still lives among us as a spirit. He labours with +a stronger influence. Many hearts were purified by his sacrifice. One +of Nogi's reasons for suicide was no doubt that he might be able to +follow his beloved Emperor, but his intention was also to warn many +vicious or unpatriotic people. Some politicians and rich people say +they are patriotic, but they are animated by selfish motives and +desires. Nogi's suicide was due to his loving his fellow-countrymen +sincerely. Surely he was acting after the manner of Christ. Nogi +crucified himself for the people in order to atone in a measure for +their sins and to lead them to a better way of life."</p> + +<p>I heard from my friends something of Nogi's demeanour. The old general +was a familiar figure in Tokyo. In the street cars—those were the +days when they were not over-crowded—he was always seen standing. His +admirers used to say that his face "beamed with beneficence." But +Nogi, though he loved to be within reach of the Emperor and did his +part as head of the Peers' School, liked nothing better than to get +away to the country. He was originally a peasant and he still +possessed a <i>chō</i> of upland holding. He was glad to work on it with +the digging mattock of the farmer.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_36" id="Footnote_36"> +[36]</a> Son-God-of-the-Spirit-of-the-Province.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_37" id="Footnote_37"> +[37]</a> It was a tiny squid. There are seventy sorts of cuttlefish and +octopuses in Japanese waters. Value of dried cuttlefish in 1917, 4 +million yen.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_38" id="Footnote_38"> +[38]</a> The hands are laid flat on the ground with finger-tips meeting +and the forehead touches the hands.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_39" id="Footnote_39"> +[39]</a> See Chapter XX.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_40" id="Footnote_40"> +[40]</a> The root grows to about the size of a big apple. It may be seen +in the shops in white dried sections. A stiff greyish jelly made from +it is eaten with rice. It is also eaten as <i>oden</i> or <i>dengaku</i>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_41" id="Footnote_41"> +[41]</a> See <a href="#APPN_4">Appendix IV</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_42" id="Footnote_42"> +[42]</a> See <a href="#APPN_20">Appendix XX</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_43" id="Footnote_43"> +[43]</a> See <a href="#APPN_5">Appendix V</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_44" id="Footnote_44"> +[44]</a> The truth is being learnt by the younger generation.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_45" id="Footnote_45"> +[45]</a> For crime statistics, see <a href="#APPN_6">Appendix VI</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_46" id="Footnote_46"> +[46]</a> <i>Harakiri</i> (<i>seppuku</i> is the polite word) still happens. Just +before writing this note I read of the captain of the first company of +the Japanese garrison in a Korean town having committed <i>seppuku</i> +because of a sense of responsibility for the irregularities of +subordinates. But of 7,239 suicides of men in 1916 only 308 were by +cold steel. Of 4,558 cases of women suicides 140 were by steel.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 56<a name="Page_56" id="Page_56"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER VII</h2> + +<h4>OF "DEVIL-GON" AND YOSOGI</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The consciousness of a common purpose in mankind, or even the +acknowledgment that such a common purpose is possible, would alter the face of +world politics at once.—<span class="smcap">Graham Wallas</span></p></div> + +<p>There was a bad landlord who was nicknamed "Devil-gon." He was shot. +There was another bad landlord who, as he was crossing a narrow bridge +over a brook, was "pistolled through the sleeve and tumbled into the +water." Although the murderer was well known, his name was never +revealed to the police, and the family of the dead man was glad to +leave the district. The villagers celebrated their freedom by eating +the "red rice" which is prepared on occasions of festivity. In another +village, the <i>gunchō</i> who spoke to me of these things said, there were +several usurious landlords. "The village headman got angry. He called +the landlords to him. He said to them that if they continued to lend +at high interest the people would set fire to their houses and he +would not proceed against them. So the landlords became affrighted and +amended their lives." The rural people of Japan have always three +weapons against usury, it was explained to me. First, there may be +tried injuring the offending person's house—rural dwellings are +mainly bamboo work and mud—by bumping into it with the heavy +palanquin which is carried about the roadway at the time of the annual +festival. If such a hint should prove ineffective, recourse may be had +to arson. Finally, there is the pistol. I remember someone's remark, +"A man does not lose a common mind and heart by becoming a landowner."</p> + +<p>I could not travel about the rural districts without there being +brought under my eyes the conditions which lead country girls to go to +the towns as <i>joro</i> (prostitutes). A +<span class="pagenum">Page 57<a name="Page_57" id="Page_57"></a></span> +considerable agricultural authority who had been all over Japan told me that he was +in no doubt that most of the girls adopted an immoral life through poverty. I +spoke to this man, who had been abroad, of the disgrace to Japan +involved in the presence of thousands of Japanese <i>joro</i> at Singapore +and so many other ports of the Asiatic mainland. Did these women go +there of their free will? My informant was of opinion that "half are +deceived." I remember that on the Japanese steamship by which I went +out to Japan there were several Japanese girls, degraded in aspect and +apparently in ill health, who were returning from Singapore. They were +shepherded by an evil-looking fellow. The parting of these +unfortunates from their girl friends as the vessel was about to start +was a piteous sight. An official who called on me in Aichi—I +understood that he was the chief of the prefectural police—told me +that there were in the prefecture 2,011 girls in 222 houses, and that +there were in a year 725,598 customers, of whom 2,147 were foreigners. +Sums of from 200 to 500 yen might be paid to parents for a girl for a +three-years term. Food and clothes were also provided, but the girls +were almost invariably drawn into debt to the keepers, and not more +than 15 per cent. were able to return to their villages. All the girls +in the houses had alleged poverty as the reason for their being +there.<a name="FNanchor_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47"><sup>[47]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Because I was told that the moral condition of the town of +Anjo—population 17,000—where the agricultural school of the +prefecture is situated, had improved since its establishment, I asked +for some statistics. I found that there were 23 registered geisha, no +<i>joro</i>, 50 teahouse girls with dubious characters and 55 sellers of +<i>saké</i>. Against these figures were to be counted 19 Buddhist temples +of four sects with 19 priests and 20 Shinto shrines with 4 priests.</p> + +<p>I met a schoolmaster who had prepared a history of his village in a +dozen beautifully written volumes. He had been a vegetarian for +fifteen years because, as a Buddhist, he believed that "all living +things are in some degree my relatives." I picked up from him a +variant on "the early bird catches the worm." +It was, "The early riser may find +<span class="pagenum">Page 58<a name="Page_58" id="Page_58"></a></span> +a lost <i>rin</i>" (tenth of a farthing). He gave me another +proverb, "The contents of a spitting pot, like riches, become fouler +the more they accumulate."</p> + +<p>I heard of temples which were promoting rural improvement by means of +lanterns. In one village the lanterns were at the service of borrowers +at three different places. The inscription on the lanterns says, +"Think of the mercy of Buddha who illuminates the darkness of your +heart." There is written in smaller characters, "If you live half a +<i>ri</i> away you need not return this lantern." Three hundred lanterns +are lost or damaged in a year, but paper lanterns are cheap.</p> + +<p>One temple has a society composed of those who have family graves in +its grounds. These people "study how to get the most abundant crop." +There is a prize for the best cultivated <i>tan</i>. Under this temple's +auspices there is not only a co-operative credit and purchase +association, a poultry society and an annual exhibition of +agricultural products, but a school for nurses—they are "taught to be +nurses not only physically but morally." The boys and girls of the +village are invited to the temple once a month and "told a story." The +youngsters are asked to come to a "learning meeting" where they must +recite or exhibit something they have written or drawn; "blockheads as +well as clever children are encouraged." A fund is being raised so +that "a genius who may be suffering from poverty may be able to get +proper education." Then there is a Women's Religious Association which +aims at "the improvement, necessary from a religious point of view, in +the home and of agricultural business." Sermons are given to 500 women +monthly. The society sent comfort bags, containing letters, +tooth-brushes and sweets, to soldiers at the taking of Tsingtao. A +similar organisation for men had for thirteen years listened to a +monthly lecture by a well-known priest. It sends occasional +subscriptions outside the village. Finally, this praiseworthy temple +issues every month 20,000 copies of a 4½-sen magazine.</p> + +<p>The Shinto shrines of the prefecture have in all a little more than 40 +<i>chō</i> of land. Someone has hit on the plan +<span class="pagenum">Page 59<a name="Page_59" id="Page_59"></a></span> +of getting the agricultural societies of the county and villages to provide the +priests with rice seed of superior varieties, the crop of which can be +exchanged with farmers for common rice. This is done on a profitable +basis, because the shrines exchange unpolished rice for polished. A +<i>gō</i> of seed rice makes only about .5 <i>gō</i> when husked.</p> + +<p>I walked along the road some little way with a Buddhist priest. In +answer to my enquiry he said that as a Buddhist he felt no difficulty +about the bag strung across his shoulders being of leather, for the +founder of his sect (Shinshu) ate meat. Even a strict Buddhist might +nowadays eat animals not intentionally killed, animals which had not +been seen alive and animals which were killed painlessly. But my +companion abstained as much as possible from meat. As to the reason +why some priests were inactive in the work of rural amelioration, he +supposed that their poverty, the tradition of devoting themselves to +unworldly business and the fact that many of them were hereditary +priests accounted for it. He dwelt on the things in common between +Shinshu and Christianity and said that, next to the teaching of the +head of the agricultural college in the prefecture, the preaching of a +missionary had led him to work for the good of his village.</p> + +<p>In my host's house in the evening someone happened to quote the +proverb, "Richer after the fire." It means, of course, that after the +fire the neighbours are so ready with help that the last state of the +victim of the fire is better than the first. The view was expressed +that hitherto charitable institutions of some Western patterns had not +been so much needed in Japan as might be supposed.<a name="FNanchor_48"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_48"><sup>[48]</sup></a> "Those who go +to Europe from Japan are indeed much surprised by the number of +institutions to help people." Here, however, is the story of an +institution coming into existence in a village: "There was a man who +was thought to be rich, but he lived like a miser. His <i>shoji</i> were +made of waste paper and his guests received tea only. So he was +despised. But many years afterwards it was found that for a long time +he had been collecting books. Then, to the surprise of everybody, he +built a library for his +<span class="pagenum">Page 60<a name="Page_60" id="Page_60"></a></span> +village. He is not at all proud of this and +those who ridiculed him are now ashamed."</p> + +<p>I was invited to a "Rural Life Exhibition." Some agricultural produce +was shown, but three hundred of the exhibits were manuscript books or +diagrams. One diagram illustrated the development in a particular +county of the use of two bactericides, formalin and carbon bisulphide. +The formalin was in use to the value of 2,000 yen. Then there was a +wall picture, a sort of Japanese "The Child: What will he Become?" The +good boy, aged fifteen, was shown spending his spare time in making +straw rope to the value of 3 sen 3 rin nightly, with the result that +after thirty years of such industry he became a rural capitalist who +possessed 1,000 yen and lived in circumstances of dignity. In contrast +with this virtuous career there was shown the rural rake's progress. A +youth who was in the habit of laying out 3 sen 3 rin riotously in +sweet-shops was proved to have wasted 1,000 yen in thirty years: the +prodigal was justly exhibited fleeing from his home in debt.</p> + +<p>One of the books on exhibition mentioned the volumes most in demand at +some village library. I translate the titles:</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Physical and Intellectual Training</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">About being Ambitious</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">The Housewife of a Peasant Family</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">The Management of a Farm</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">The Days when Statesmen were Boys</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Culture and Striving</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Essence of Rural Improvement</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">A Hundred Beautiful Stories</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">The Art of Composition</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">The Preparation of the Conscript</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">A Medical Treatise</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">A Translation of "Self-Help"</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Nature and Human Life</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">The Glories of Native Places</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Anecdotes concerning Culture</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Lives of Distinguished Peasants</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Mulberry Planting</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Chinese Romances</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Glories of this Peaceful Reign</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Ninomiya Sontoku</span><br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 61<a name="Page_61" id="Page_61"></a></span> +I noticed among the exhibits a short autobiography of a farmer, an +engaging egoist who wrote:</p> + +<p>"As a young man my will was not in study and though I used my wits I +did many stupid things and the results were bad. Then I became a +little awakened and for two years I studied at night with the primary +school teacher. After that I thought to myself in secret, 'Shall I +become a wise man in this village, or, by diligently farming, a rich +man?' That was my spiritual problem. Then all my family gathered +together and consulted and decided<a name="FNanchor_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49"> +<sup>[49]</sup></a> that it would suit the family +better if I were to become a rich man, and I also agreed. To +accomplish that aim I increased my area under cultivation and worked +hard day and night. I cut down the cryptomeria at my homestead and +planted in their stead mulberries and persimmons. And I slowly changed +my dry land into rice fields (making it therefore more valuable). The +soil I got I heaped up at the homestead for eighteen years until I had +28,000 cubic feet. I was able then to raise the level of my house +which had become damp and covered with mould. The increase of my +cultivated area and of the yield per <i>tan</i> and the improvement of my +house and the practice of economy were the delight of my life. I felt +grateful to my ancestors who gave me such a strong body. Sometimes I +kept awake all night talking with my wife about the goodness of my +ancestors. Also when in bed I planned a compact homestead. I once read +a Japanese poem, 'What a joy to be born in this peaceful reign and to +be favoured by ploughs and horses.' (Most Japanese farming is done +without either horses or ploughs.) It went deeply into my heart. Also +I heard from the school teacher of four loves: love of State, love of +Emperor, love of teacher and love of parent. I have been much favoured +by those loves. I also heard the doctrines of Ninomiya: sincerity, +diligence, moderate living, unselfishness. I felt it a great joy to +live remembering those doctrines. I also went to the prefectural +experiment station and studied fruit growing and my spirit was much +expanded. I returned again to the station and the expert talked to me +very earnestly. I asked for a special variety of persimmon. The expert +sent to Gifu prefecture for it. I planted the tree and made its top +into six grafts. It bore fruit and many passers-by envied it. +<span class="pagenum">Page 62<a name="Page_62" id="Page_62"></a></span> +Two years after that I grafted five hundred trees and sold the grafted +stock."</p> + +<p>Several villages sent to the exhibition statistics of great interest. +One village set forth the changes which had taken place in the social +status of its inhabitants<a name="FNanchor_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50"> +<sup>[50]</sup></a>. Some communities were represented by +statements of their hours of labour<a name="FNanchor_51"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_51"><sup>[51]</sup></a>. One small community's tables +showed how many of its inhabitants were "diligent people," how many +"average workers" and how many "other people<a name="FNanchor_52"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_52"><sup>[52]</sup></a>." A county +agricultural association had painstakingly collected information not +only about the work done in a year<a name="FNanchor_53"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_53"><sup>[53]</sup></a> and the financial returns +obtained by three typical farmers but about the way in which they +spent what they earned.<a name="FNanchor_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54"> +<sup>[54]</sup></a></p> + +<p>On my way back from the exhibition I heard the story of a priest. When +fourteen years of age he obtained seeds of cryptomeria and planted +them in a spot in the hills. He also practised many economies. When +still in his teens he asked permission to take two shares in a 50-yen +money-sharing club, but was not allowed to do so as no one would +believe that he could complete his payments. He persisted, however, +that he would be able to pay what was required and he was at length +accepted as a member. At twenty he became priest of a small temple +which was in bad repair and had a debt of 125 yen. He brought with him +his 100 yen from the club and the young cryptomeria. He planted the +trees in the temple grounds. He said, "I wish to rebuild the temple +when these trees grow up." He cultivated the land adjoining his temple +and contrived to employ several labourers. At last the cryptomeria +grew large enough for his purpose and he rebuilt the temple, expending +on the work not only his trees but 600 yen which he had by this time +saved. Then he proceeded to bring waste land into cultivation. At the +age of sixty-two he gave his temple to another priest and went to live +in a hut on the waste land. There came a tidal wave near the place, so +he went to the sufferers and invited five families +<span class="pagenum">Page 63<a name="Page_63" id="Page_63"></a></span> +to his now cultivated waste land. He gave them each a <i>tan</i> of land and the +material for building cottages and showed them how to open more land.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus018"></a> +<img src="images/018.jpg" width="600" height="204" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">"HIBACHI" AND, IN "TOKONOMA," FLOWER ARRANGEMENT AND +"KAKEMONO."</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus019"></a> +<img src="images/019.jpg" width="600" height="206" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">SCHOOL SHRINE CONTAINING EMPEROR'S PORTRAIT.</p> +</div> + +<p>A good judge expressed the opinion that Buddhism was flourishing in 80 +per cent. of the villages of Aichi, but this was in a material and +ceremonial sense. The prefectures of Aichi and Niigata had been called +the "kitchens of Hongwanji"<a name="FNanchor_55"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_55"><sup>[55]</sup></a> (the great temple at Kyoto), such +liberal contributions were forthcoming from them. "A belief in +progress," this speaker said, "may be a substitute for religion for +many of our people; another substitute is a belief in Japan." A +village headman from the next prefecture (Shidzuoka) said: "People in +my village do not omit to perform their Buddhist ceremonies, but they +are not at their hearts religious. In our prefecture the influence of +Ninomiya is greater than that of Buddhism. If the villagers are good +it is Ninomiyan principles that make them so. Under Ninomiyan +influence the spirit of association has been aroused, thriftiness has +been encouraged and extravagance reprimanded."</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus020"></a> +<img src="images/020.jpg" width="600" height="410" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">FENCING AT AN AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus021"></a> +<img src="images/021.jpg" width="500" height="433" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">WAR MEMENTOES AT THE SAME SCHOOL—ALL SCHOOLS HAVE +SOME</p> +</div> + +<p>I told Mr. Yamasaki one day that there was an old Scotswoman who +divided good people into "rael Christians and guid moral fowk." What I +was curious to know was what proportion of Japanese rural people might +be fairly called "real Buddhists" and what proportion "good moral +folk." "There are certainly some real Buddhists, not merely good moral +folk," he assured me. "If you penetrate deeply into the lives of the +people you will be able to find a great number of them. In ordinary +daily life, during a period when nothing extraordinary happens, it is +not easy to distinguish the two classes; but when any trouble comes +then those real religious people are undismayed, while the ordinarily +good moral people may sometimes go astray. The proportion of religious +people is rather large among the poor compared with the middle and +upper classes. These poor people are always weighted with many +troubles which would be a calamity to persons +<span class="pagenum">Page 64<a name="Page_64" id="Page_64"></a></span> +of the middle or upper classes. Such humble folk get support for their lives from +what is in their hearts. Though they may suffer privation or loss they are glad +that they can live on by the mercy of Buddha. There are some religious +people even among those who are not poor. They are usually people who +have lost some of their riches suddenly, or a dear child, or have been +deprived of high position, or have met some kind of misfortune. +Sometimes a man may become religious because he feels deeply the +misfortunes or miseries of a neighbour or the miseries of war. Or his +religion may come by meditation. A man who begins to be religious is +not, however, at once noticed. On the contrary, if he is a true +believer his daily life will be most ordinary."</p> + +<p>One day I passed a primary school playground. The girls had just +finished and the boys were beginning Swedish drill. Everyone engaged +in the drill, including the master, was barefoot.</p> + +<p>I saw that some of the cottages were built in an Essex fashion, of +puddled clay and chopped straw faced with tarred boards. Some +dwellings, however, were faced with straw instead of boards. They had +just had their wall thatch renewed for the winter.</p> + +<p>In one spot there was a quarter of a mile of wooden aqueduct for the +service of the paddy fields. Much agricultural pumping is done in +Aichi. I visited an irrigation installation where pumps (from London) +were turning barren hill tops into paddy fields.<a name="FNanchor_56"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_56"><sup>[56]</sup></a> The work was +being done by a co-operative society of 550 members who had borrowed +the 40,000 yen they needed from a bank on an undertaking to repay in +fifteen years.</p> + +<p>It was stated that common paddy near Anjo had been bought at 5,000 yen +per <i>chō</i> and not for building purposes. When one member of our +company said, "The farmers here are rivalling each other in hard +work," the weightiest authority among us replied: "What the farmer +must do is to work not harder but better. At present he is not working +on scientific principles. The hours he is spending on really +profitable labour are not many. He must work +<span class="pagenum">Page 65<a name="Page_65" id="Page_65"></a></span> +more rationally. In 26 villages in the south-west of Japan, where farming calls +for much labour, it was found that the number of days' work in the year was +only 192. Statistics for Eastern Japan give 186 days.<a name="FNanchor_57"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_57"><sup>[57]</sup></a> As to a +secondary industry, one or two hours' work a night at straw rope +making for a month may bring in a yen because the market for rope is +confined to Japan. The same with <i>zori</i>, a coarse sort being +purchasable for 2 sen a pair. But supplementary work like silk-worm +culture produces an article of luxury for which there is a world +market."</p> + +<p>When we returned home my host was kind enough to summarise for me—the +general reader may skip here—some of the reasons set forth by a +professor of agricultural politics for the farmer's position being +what it is:</p> +<ol> + +<li>The average area cultivated per family is very small. +</li> +<li>The law of diminishing return. +</li> +<li>Imperfection of the agricultural system. Mainly +crop raising, not a combination of crop and stock raising, +as in England. No profitable secondary business but silkworm +culture. Therefore the distribution of labour +throughout the year is not good and the number of days +of effective labour is relatively small. +</li> +<li>The commercial side of agriculture has not been +sufficiently developed. +</li> +<li>There has been a rise in the standard of living. +In the old days the farmer did not complain; he thought +his lot could not be changed. He was forbidden to adopt +a new calling and he was restricted by law to a frugal +way of living. Now farmers can be soldiers, merchants or +officials and can live as they please. They begin to compare +their standard of living with that of other callings. +What were once not felt to be miseries are now regarded +as such.<br /> +</li> +<li>Formerly the farmer had not the expense of education +and of losing the services of his sons to the army. There +is also an increase in taxation. A representative family +which incurred a public expenditure, not including education, +of 12.86 yen in 1890, paid in 1898 19.68 yen. In +1908 it was faced by a claim for 34.28 yen.<a name="FNanchor_58"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_58"><sup>[58]</sup></a> +</li> +<li>Although the area of land does not increase in relation +to the increase of population, the size of the peasant +family is increasing owing to the decrease of infanticide +and abortion and the development of sanitation. +</li> +<li>The farmer suffers from debts at high interest. +</li> +<li>The character, morality and ability of the farmer are +not yet fully developed. +</li> +<li>Formerly the farmer lived an economically self-contained +existence. He had no great need of money. +He must now sell his produce on a market with wider and +wider fluctuations. +</li> +<li>There are many expensive customs and habits, for +instance the two or three days' feasting at weddings and +funerals. +</li> +</ol> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum">Page 66<a name="Page_66" id="Page_66"></a></span> +During the evening I was told this story. In a village in a far part +of the prefecture there lived a farmer called Yosōgi. He was a thrifty +and diligent man. When he became old he gave all that he had to his +son. But the old man could not stop working. He would go to the farm +and help his son. The son did not like this. He wanted his old father +to rest. In the end he found that the only way to cope with his +industrious parent was to work very hard and leave him nothing to do. +But the old man was not to be balked. He took himself off to the +hillside and began to make a paddy field where there had never been a +paddy field before. To make a paddy field on such a slope is a +difficult task. The land must be embanked with stones and then +levelled. The building of the strong embankment alone calls for much +labour. The old man toiled very hard at his job and sometimes his son +in despair sent his labourers to help him. At length the paddy field +was finished. But it was only a tenth of a <i>tan</i> in area. When the son +saw the small result of so much labour he said to his father, "I +grieve for the way you have toiled. You have laboured hard for many +days and my labourers have helped you, but all that has been +accomplished is the making of a paddy field so small and distant that +it is uneconomical."</p> + +<p>To this the old man replied: "When you go to Tokyo and see the +graveyard at Aoyama you will behold there many +<span class="pagenum">Page 67<a name="Page_67" id="Page_67"></a></span> +monuments of generals and ministers of State. Their merits and their works in +this world are described on those monuments. But do you know where the monument +of the famous hero Kusunoki Masashige is? It is near Kobe, and it is not +more than half as big as those monuments at Tokyo. Do you know where +the monument of the great Taiko is? It is in Kyoto, but it is only +recently that this monument was put up. Thus the monuments of our +greatest heroes are small or have been erected recently. The reason is +that it is unnecessary to raise big monuments for them because what +they did in their lives was in itself their monument. They built their +monument in the hearts of the people. Therefore we can never judge +from the size of the monument the kind of work which was accomplished +by the man who sleeps under it. Monuments are not only for ministers +and warriors. We peasants can also erect monuments in our own way. To +open a new paddy field, to plant the bare hillside with trees, these +are our monuments. How lonely it would be for me if there were no +monument left after my death. However small this paddy field may be, +it will not be forgotten so long as it yields for your posterity the +blessing of its rice crop." "Happily," the interpreter added, "the old +man did not die so soon as he thought he would do. He lived for +several years and planted the bare hillside with trees. Now the wood +which grows there is worth 10,000 yen."</p> + +<p>A peasant proprietor expressed the conviction that goodness in a +family was "not the result of its own efforts but of the accumulation +of ancestral effort." The "ancestral merits and good spirit remain in +the family." On the problem of rich and poor he quoted the proverb, +"The very rich cannot remain very rich for more than three +generations; a poor family cannot long remain poor." He said that he +would be interested to know what I found to be "the causes of our +villagers becoming good or bad." "For ourselves," he said, quoting +another proverb, "'At the foot of the lighthouse it is dark.'"</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_47" id="Footnote_47"> +[47]</a> See <a href="#APPN_7">Appendix VII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_48" id="Footnote_48"> +[48]</a> See <a href="#APPN_8">Appendix VIII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_49" id="Footnote_49"> +[49]</a> Family in the French sense.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_50" id="Footnote_50"> +[50]</a> See <a href="#APPN_9">Appendix IX</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_51" id="Footnote_51"> +[51]</a> See <a href="#APPN_10">Appendix X</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_52" id="Footnote_52"> +[52]</a> See <a href="#APPN_11">Appendix XI</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_53" id="Footnote_53"> +[53]</a> See <a href="#APPN_12">Appendix XII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_54" id="Footnote_54"> +[54]</a> See <a href="#APPN_13">Appendix XIII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_55" id="Footnote_55"> +[55]</a> It was recently stated that the consent of the authorities was +awaited for collections to the amount of 20 million yen, of which +13½ million were for the two Hongwanjis.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_56" id="Footnote_56"> +[56]</a> For yields of new paddy, <a href="#APPN_14">see Appendix XIV</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_57" id="Footnote_57"> +[57]</a> <a href="#APPN_12">See Appendix XII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_58" id="Footnote_58"> +[58]</a> It would be from 80 to 100 yen now.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 68<a name="Page_68" id="Page_68"></a></span></p> + +<h3>THE MOST EXACTING CROP IN THE WORLD</h3> + +<h2>CHAPTER VIII</h2> + +<h4>THE HARVEST FROM THE MUD</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Toyo-ashiwara-no-chiiho-aki-mizuho-no-Kuni</i> +(Land of plenteous ears of rice in the plain of luxuriant reeds).</p></div> + +<p>The vast difference between Far Eastern and Western agriculture is +marked by the fact that, except by using such a phrase as shallow +pond—and this is inadequate, because a pond has a sloping bottom and +a rice field necessarily a level one—it is difficult to describe a +rice field in terms intelligible to a Western farmer. The Japanese +have a special word for a rice field, <i>ta</i>, water field, written +[Kanji: ta]. It will be noticed that the ideograph looks like a water +field in four compartments. Another word, <i>hata</i> or <i>hatake</i>, +<a name="FNanchor_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59"><sup>[59]</sup></a> +written [Kanji: hata], tells the story of the dry or upland field. It +is the ideograph for water field in association with the ideograph for +fire, and, as we shall see later on, when we make acquaintance with +"fire farming," an upland field is a tract the vegetation of which was +originally burnt off.</p> + +<p>Many of us have seen rice growing in Italy or in the United States. +But in Japan<a name="FNanchor_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60"><sup>[60]</sup> +</a> the paddies are very-much smaller than anything to be +seen in the Po Valley and in Texas. Owing to the plentiful water +supply of a mountainous land, cultivation proceeds with some degree of +regularity and with a certain independence of the rainy season; and +there has been applied to traditional rice farming not a few +scientific improvements.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 69<a name="Page_69" id="Page_69"></a></span> +There is a kind of rice with a low yield called upland rice which, +like corn, is grown in fields. But the first requisite of general rice +culture is water. The ordinary rice crop can be produced only on a +piece of ground on which a certain depth of water is maintained.</p> + +<p>In order to maintain this depth of water, three things must be done. +The plot of ground must be made level, low banks of earth must be +built round it in order to keep in the water, and a system of +irrigation must be arranged to make good the loss of water by +evaporation, by leakage and by the continual passing on of some of the +water to other plots belonging to the same owner or to other farmers. +The common name of a rice plot is paddy, and the rice with its husk +on, that is, as it is knocked from the ear by threshing, is called +paddy rice. The rice exported from Japan is some of it husked and some +of it polished.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus022"></a> +<img src="images/022.jpg" width="350" height="378" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">A 200-YEARS-OLD JAPANESE DRAWING OF THE RICE PLANT</p> +</div> + +<p>Some 90 per cent. of the rice grown in Japan is ordinary rice. The +remaining 10 per cent. is about 2 per cent. upland and 8 per cent, +glutinous<a name="FNanchor_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61"><sup>[61]</sup> +</a>—the sort used for making the favourite <i>mochi</i> (rice +flour dumplings, which few foreigners are able to digest). It would be +possible to collect in Japan specimens of rice under 4,000 different +names, but, like our potato names, many of these represent duplicate +varieties. Rice, again reminding us of potatoes, is grown in early, +middle and late season sorts.<a name="FNanchor_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62"> +<sup>[62]</sup></a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 70<a name="Page_70" id="Page_70"></a></span> +Just one-half of the cultivated area of Japan is devoted to paddy, +but there is to be added to this area under rice more than a quarter +million acres producing the upland rice, the yield of which is lower +than that of paddy rice. The paddy and upland rice areas together make +up more than a half of the cultivated land. The paddies which are not +in situations favourable to the production of second crops of rice +(they are grown in one prefecture only) are used, if the water can be +drawn off, for growing barley or wheat or green manure as a second +crop<a name="FNanchor_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63"><sup>[63]</sup></a>.</p> + +<p>It is not only the Eastern predilection for rice and the wet condition +of the country, but the heavy cropping power of the plant<a name="FNanchor_64"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_64"><sup>[64]</sup></a>—500 +<i>go</i> per <i>tan</i> above barley and wheat yields—that makes the Japanese +farmer labour so hard to grow it<a name="FNanchor_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65"> +<sup>[65]</sup></a>. Intensively cultivated though +Japan is, the percentage of cultivated land to the total area of the +country is, however, little more than half that in Great Britain<a name="FNanchor_66"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_66"><sup>[66]</sup></a>. +This is because Japan is largely mountains and hills. Level land for +rice paddies can be economically obtained in many parts of such a +country by working it in small patches only. There is no minimum size +for a Japanese paddy. I have seen paddies of the area of a counterpane +and even of the size of a couple of dinner napkins.</p> + +<p>The problem is not only to make the paddy in a spot where it can be +supplied with water, but to make it in such a way that it will hold +all the water it needs. It must be level, or some of the rice plants +will have only their feet wet while others will be up to their necks. +The ordinary procedure in making a paddy is to remove the top soil, +beat down the subsoil beneath, and then restore the top soil—there +may be from 5 to 10 in. of it. But the best +<span class="pagenum">Page 71<a name="Page_71" id="Page_71"></a></span> +efforts of the paddy-field builder may be brought to naught by springs or by a +gravelly bottom. Then the farmer must make the best terms he can with fortune.</p> + +<p>Paddies, as may be imagined from their physical limitations, are of +every conceivable shape. There is assuredly no way of altering the +shape of the paddies which are dexterously fitted into the hillsides. +But large numbers of paddies are on fairly level ground.<a name="FNanchor_67"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_67"><sup>[67]</sup></a> There is +no real need for these being of all sizes and patterns. They are what +they are because of the degree to which their construction was +conditioned by water-supply problems, the financial resources of those +who dug them or the position of neighbours' land. And no doubt in the +course of centuries there has been a great deal of swapping, buying +and inheriting. So the average farmer's paddies are not only of all +shapes and sizes but here, there and everywhere.</p> + +<p>Therefore there arose wise men to point out that for a farmer to work +a number of oddly shaped bits of land scattered all about the village +was uneconomical and out of date. (Like the old English strip system +which still survives in the Isle of Axholme.) So what was called an +adjustment of paddy fields was carried out in many places. The farmers +were persuaded to throw their varied assortment of fields into +hotchpot and then to have the mass cut up into oblong fields of equal +or relative sizes. These were then shared out according to what each +man had contributed. In some cases a little compensation had to be +given, for there were differences in the qualities as well as the +areas of the holdings. But reasonable justice was eventually done all +round, and ever afterwards a farmer, now that his holding was in +adjoining tracts, might spend +<span class="pagenum">Page 72<a name="Page_72" id="Page_72"></a></span> +his time working in his paddies instead +of in walking to and from them. Because many unnecessary paths and +divisions between paddies were done away with there was brought about +a saving of labour and increased efficiency of cultivation. There was +also a little more land to cultivate and the paddies were big enough +for an ox or a pony to be employed in them, and the water supply was +better and sufficiently under control for floods to be averted. +<a name="FNanchor_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68"><sup>[68]</sup></a> In +brief, costs were lower and crops were better.<a name="FNanchor_69"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_69"><sup>[69]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Thus all over Japan nowadays one sees considerable tracts of adjusted +paddy fields. They are a joy to the rural sociologist. In its way +there has been nothing like it agriculturally in our time. For each of +these little farmers valued his odds and ends of paddy above their +agricultural worth. He or his forbears had made them or bought them or +married into them. And he believed that his own paddies were in a +condition of fertility surpassing not a few, and he doubted greatly +whether after adjustment he would find himself in possession of as +valuable land as his own. Sometimes also he believed that his paddies +were especially fortunate geomantically.<a name="FNanchor_70"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_70"><sup>[70]</sup></a> Yet, convinced by the +arguments for adjustment, the peasant agreed to the proposed +rearrangement, let his old tracts go and accepted in exchange neat +oblongs out of the common stock. Sometimes so great was the change +brought about in a village by adjustment that more than the paddies +were dealt with. Cottages were taken to new sites and the bones in +many little grave plots were removed. In a village in which there had +been an exhumation of the bones of 2,700 persons and a transference of +tombstones, I was told that the assembling together of the remains of +the departed in one place "had had a unifying effect on the +<span class="pagenum">Page 73<a name="Page_73" id="Page_73"></a></span> +community." In this village within a period of twelve years 96 per +cent. of the paddies had been adjusted.<a name="FNanchor_71"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_71"><sup>[71]</sup></a></p> + +<p>An advantage of adjustment which has not yet been mentioned is that +adjusted paddies can usually be dried off at harvest and can therefore +be put under a second crop, usually of grain. More than a third of the +paddy-field area of the country can be dried off, and therefore +produces a second crop of barley or wheat. The farmer has two +advantages if, owing to adjustment or natural advantages, he is able +to dry off his land. Of the first or rice crop, if he is a tenant +farmer, he has had to pay his landlord perhaps 60 per cent, in rent, +less straw;<a name="FNanchor_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72"><sup>[72]</sup> +</a> but the second crop is his own. The further advantage +is that second-crop land can be cultivated dry shod. One-crop paddy is +under water all the year round, and must be cultivated with wet feet +and legs.</p> + +<p>It is because more than half the paddies are always under water that +rice cultivation is so laborious. Think of the Western farm labourer +being asked to plough and the allotment holder to dig almost knee-deep +in mud. Although much paddy is ploughed with the aid of an ox, a cow +or a pony,<a name="FNanchor_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73"><sup>[73]</sup> +</a> most rice is the product of mattock or spade labour. +There is no question about the severity of the labour of paddy +cultivation. For a good crop it is necessary that the soil shall be +stirred deeply.</p> + +<p>Following the turning over of the stubble under water, comes the clod +smashing and harrowing by quadrupedal or bipedal labour. It is not +only a matter of staggering about and doing heavy work in sludge. The +sludge is not clean dirt and water but dirty dirt and water, for it +has been heavily dosed with manure, and the farmer is not fastidious +as to the source from which he obtains it.<a name="FNanchor_74"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_74"><sup>[74]</sup></a> And the sludge +<span class="pagenum">Page 74<a name="Page_74" id="Page_74"></a></span> +ordinarily contains leeches. Therefore the cultivator must work +uncomfortably in sodden clinging cotton feet and leg coverings. Long +custom and necessity have no doubt developed a certain indifference to +the physical discomfort of rice cultivation. The best rice will grow +only in mud and, except on the large uniform paddies of the adjusted +areas, there is small opportunity for using mechanical methods.</p> + +<p>One day when I went into the country it happened to be raining hard, +but the men and women toiled in the paddies. They were breaking up the +flooded clods with a tool resembling the "pulling fork" used in the +West for getting manure from a dung cart. On other farms the task of +working the quagmire was being done by two persons with the aid of a +disconsolate pony harnessed to a rude harrow. The men and women in the +paddies kept off the rain by means of the usual wide straw hats and +loose straw mantles, admirable in their way in their combination of +lightness and rainproofness. Often, besides the farmer's wife, a young +widow or a young unmarried woman may be seen at work, but, as was once +explained to me, "The old Miss is not frequent in +Japan."<a name="FNanchor_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75"><sup>[75]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Planting time arrives in the middle of June or thereabouts, when the +paddy has been brought by successive harrowings into a fine tilth or +rather sludge. It is illustrative of the exacting ways of rice that +not only has it to have a growing place specially fashioned for it, it +cannot be sown as cereals are sown. It must be sown in beds and then +be transplanted. The seed beds have been sown in the latter part of +April or the early part of May, according to the variety of rice and +the locality.<a name="FNanchor_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76"><sup>[76]</sup> +</a> The seeds have usually been selected by immersion in +salt water and have been afterwards soaked in order to advance +germination. There is a little soaking pond on every farm. By the use +of this pond the period in which the seeds are exposed to the +depredations of insects, etc., is diminished. The seed bed itself is +about the width of an onion bed, in order that weeds and insect pests +may be easily reached. +<span class="pagenum">Page 75<a name="Page_75" id="Page_75"></a></span> +The seed bed is, of course, under water. The +seed is dropped into the water and sinks into the mud. Within about +thirty or forty days the seedlings are ready for transplanting. They +have been the object of unremitting care. Weeds have been plucked out +and insects have been caught by nets or trapped. There is a +contrivance which, by means of a wheel at either end, straddles the +seed bed, and is drawn slowly from one end to the other. It catches +the insects as they hop or fly up.</p> + +<p>In many localities specially fine varieties are grown for seed on the +land of the Shinto shrines. In other localities special sorts are +raised in ordinary paddies but surrounded by the rope and white paper +streamers which represent a consecrated place. In not a few villages +there are communal seed beds so that many farmers may grow the same +variety, and there may be a considerable bulk for co-operative sale.</p> + +<p>At transplanting time every member of the family capable of helping +renders assistance. Friends also give their aid if it is not planting +time for them too. The work is so engrossing that young children who +are not at school are often left to their own devices. Sometimes they +play by the ditch round the paddies and are drowned. Five such cases +of drowning are reported from three prefectures on the day I write +this. The suggestion is made that in the rice districts there should +be common nurseries for farmers' children at planting time.</p> + +<p>The rate at which the planters, working in a row across the paddy, set +out the seedlings in the mud below the water, is remarkable.<a name="FNanchor_77"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_77"><sup>[77]</sup></a> The +first weeding or raking takes place about a fortnight after planting. +After that there are three more weedings, the last being about the end +of August. All kinds of hoes are used in the sludge. They are usually +provided with a wooden or tin float. But most of the weeding is done +simply by thrusting the hand into the mud, pulling out the weed and +thrusting it back into the sludge to rot. The back-breaking character +of this work may be imagined. As much of it is done in the hottest +time of the year the workers protect themselves by wide-brimmed +<span class="pagenum">Page 76<a name="Page_76" id="Page_76"></a></span> +hats of the willow-plate pattern and by flapping straw cloaks or by bundles +of straw fastened on their backs.</p> + +<p>A sharp look-out must be kept for insects of various sorts. In more +than one place I saw the boys and girls of elementary schools wading +in the paddies and stroking the young rice with switches in order to +make noxious insects rise. The creatures were captured by the young +enthusiasts with nets. The children were given special times off from +school work in which to hunt the rice pests and were encouraged to +bring specimens to school.</p> + +<p>There is no greater delight to the eye than the paddies in their early +green, rippled and gently laid over by the wind. (One should say +greens, for there is every tint from the rather woe-begone yellowish +green of the newly planted out rice to the happy luxuriant dark green +of the paddies that have long been enjoying the best of quarters.) As +harvest time approaches,<a name="FNanchor_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78"> +<sup>[78]</sup></a> the paddies, because they are not all +planted with the same variety of rice, are in patches of different +shades. Some are straw colour, some are reddish brown or almost black. +A poet speaks of the "hanging ears of rice." Rice always seems to hang +its head more than other crops. It is weaker in the straw than barley, +but rice frequently droops not only because of its natural habit, but +because it has been over-manured or wrongly manured or because of wind +or wet.</p> + +<p>Beyond wind,<a name="FNanchor_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79"><sup>[79]</sup> +</a> insects and drought, floods are the enemies of rice. +When the plants are young, three or four days' flooding do not matter +much, but in August, when the ears are shooting, it is a different +matter. The sun pours down and soon rots the rice lying in the warm +water. Sometimes the farmer, by almost withdrawing the water from his +paddies, raises the temperature of the soil with benefit to the crop.</p> + +<p>The farmer is fortunate who is able to get the water completely out of +his paddies by the time harvest arrives, +<span class="pagenum">Page 77<a name="Page_77" id="Page_77"></a></span> +but, as we have seen, two-thirds of the paddies must be harvested in sludge. +Many crops are muddied before they can be cut. Sometimes on the eve of harvest +the farmer wades in and tries, by arranging the fallen stems across one +another, to keep some of the ears out of the water. But he is not very +successful. Rice may lie in the wet a week or even the best end of a +fortnight without serious damage. But all that this means is that +within the period specified it may not sprout. It must be damaged to +some extent even by a few days' immersion. The reason why it is not +damaged more than it is is no doubt, first, because rice is a plant +which has been brought up to take its chances with water, and in the +second place because the thing which is known to the housewife as rice +is not really the grain at all but the interior of the grain.</p> + +<p>Western farmers are hard put to it when their grain crops are beaten +down by wind and rain; Japanese agriculturists, because they gather +their harvest with a short sickle, do not find a laid crop difficult +to cut. But these harvesters are very muddy indeed. When the rice is +cut and the sheaves are laid along the low mud wall of the paddy they +are still partly in the sludge. We know how miserable a wet harvest is +at home, but think of the slushy harvest with which most Japanese +farmers struggle every year of their lives. The rice grower, although +year in and year out he has the advantage of a great deal of sunshine, +seldom gets his crop in without some rain. How does he manage to dry +his October and November rice? By means of a temporary fence or rack +which he rigs up in his paddy field or along a path or by the +roadside. On this structure the sheaves are painstakingly suspended +ears down. Sometimes he utilises poles suspended between trees. These +trees, grown on the low banks of the paddies, have their trunks +trimmed so that they resemble parasols.</p> + +<p>When the sheaves are removed in order to be threshed on the upland +part of the holding, they are carried away at either end of a pole on +a man's shoulder or are piled up on the back of an ox, cow or pony. +The height of the pile under which some animals stagger up from the +paddies gives one a vivid conception of "the last straw."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 78<a name="Page_78" id="Page_78"></a></span> +Threshing is usually done by a man, woman, girl or youth taking as +many stems as can be easily grasped in both hands and drawing the +ears, first one way and then another, through a horizontal row of +steel teeth. The flail is not used for threshing rice but is employed +for barley. Another common way of knocking out grain is by beating the +straw over a table or a barrel. There are all sorts of cheap +hand-worked threshing machines. After the threshing of the rice comes +the winnowing, which may be done by the aid of a machine but is more +likely to be effected in the immemorial way, by one person pouring the +roughly threshed ears from a basket or skep while another worker +vigorously fans the grain. The result is what is known as paddy rice. +The process which follows winnowing is husking. This is done in the +simplest possible form of hand mill. Before husking the rice grain is +in appearance not unlike barley and it is no easy matter to get its +husk off. The husking mill is often made of hardened clay with many +wooden teeth on the rubbing surface. After husking there is another +winnowing. Then the grains are run through a special apparatus of +recent introduction called <i>mangoku doshi</i>, so that faulty ones may be +picked out. The result is unpolished rice.</p> + +<p>It looks grey and unattractive, and unfortunately the unprepossessing +but valuable outer coat is polished away. This is done in a mortar +hollowed out of a section of a tree trunk or out of a large stone. One +may see a young man or a young woman pounding the rice in the mortar +with a heavy wooden beetle or mallet. Often the beetle is fastened to +a beam and worked by foot. Or the polishing apparatus may be driven by +water, oil or steam power. Constantly in the country there are seen +little sheds in each of which a small polishing mill driven by a water +wheel is working away by itself. After the polishing, the <i>mangoku +doshi</i> is used again to free the rice from the bran. This polished +rice is still further polished by the dealer, who has more perfect +mills than the farmer.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus023"></a> +<img src="images/023.jpg" width="600" height="370" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">SCATTERING ARTIFICIAL MANURE IN ADJUSTED PADDIES.</p> +</div> + +<p>The farmer pays his rent not in the polished but in the husked rice. +At the house of a former <i>daimyo</i> I saw an +<span class="pagenum">Page 79<a name="Page_79" id="Page_79"></a></span> +instrument which the feudal lord's bailiff was accustomed to thrust into the rice the +tenants tendered. If when the instrument was withdrawn more than three +husks were found adhering, the rice was returned to be recleaned. +There are names for all the different kinds of rice. For instance, +paddy rice is <i>momi</i>; husked rice is <i>gemmai</i>; half-polished rice is +<i>hantsukimai</i>; polished rice is <i>hakumai</i>; cooked rice is <i>gohan</i>.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus024"></a> +<img src="images/024.jpg" width="600" height="433" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">PLANTING OUT RICE SEEDLINGS.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus025"></a> +<img src="images/025.jpg" width="600" height="401" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">PUSH-CART FOR COLLECTION OF FERTILISER (TOKYO).</p> +</div> + +<p>A century ago the farmer ate his rice at the <i>gemmai</i> stage, that is +in its natural state, and there was no <i>beri-beri</i>. The "black saké" +made from this <i>gemmai</i> rice is still used in Shinto ceremonies. In +order to produce clear <i>saké</i> the rice was polished. Then well-to-do +people out of daintiness had their table rice polished. Now polished +rice is the common food. Half-polished rice may be prepared with two +or three hundred blows of the mallet; fully polished or white rice may +receive six, seven or eight hundred, or even it may be a thousand +blows.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_59" id="Footnote_59"> +[59]</a> <i>Hata</i> (upland field) is not to be confounded with <i>hara</i> +(prairie, wilderness, moor, often erroneously translated, plain).</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_60" id="Footnote_60"> +[60]</a> Rice is grown in every prefecture. The largest total yields are +in Niigata, Hyogo, Fukuoka, Aichi, Yamagata, Ibariki and Chiba.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_61" id="Footnote_61"> +[61]</a> See <a href="#APPN_15">Appendix XV</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_62" id="Footnote_62"> +[62]</a> The average yield of the three kinds at Government experimental +farms—the middle variety yields best and next comes the late +variety—is about 2½ <i>koku</i> per <i>tan</i> or roughly (a <i>koku</i> being +about 5 bushels and a <i>tan</i> about a quarter of an acre) about 45 +bushels per acre. The average yield of ordinary rice in Japan in an +ordinary year is 40¾ bushels. In the bumper year of 1920 the +average yield was 41⅓ bushels. In the year 1916 (to which most of +the figures in this book, apart from the Appendix and footnotes, in +which the latest available figures are given, refer) there was +produced 58¼ million <i>koku</i> of all kinds of rice, the value of +which was 826½ million yen. The normal yield (average of 7 years, +excluding the years of highest and lowest production) is 54½ +million <i>koku</i>. See <a href="#APPN_15">Appendix XV</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_63" id="Footnote_63"> +[63]</a> For wheat and barley crops, see <a href="#APPN_16">Appendix XVI</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_64" id="Footnote_64"> +[64]</a> A few rice plants may be seen growing at Kew.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_65" id="Footnote_65"> +[65]</a> The cost of the rice crop and the income it yields are discussed +in <a href="#APPN_17">Appendix XVII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_66" id="Footnote_66"> +[66]</a> See <a href="#APPN_18">Appendix XVIII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_67" id="Footnote_67"> +[67]</a> In Japanese rural statistics the word plain may be said to mean a +tract of land which is neither cultivated nor timbered nor used for +the purposes of habitation. Sometimes it is called prairie, but this +is not always correct as it is very often a barren waste,a tract of +volcanic ash, or an area producing bamboo grass. Some of this land, +however, could be cultivated after proper irrigation, etc. In this +note, plains is employed in the ordinary acceptation of the word. Of +such plains there are several. The plain in which Tokyo is situated is +82,000 acres in extent. The traveller from Kobe to Tokyo passes +through the Kinai plain in which Kobe, Kyoto and Osaka stand. It is +said to feed 2½ million people. Four other plains are reputed to +feed 7½ million.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_68" id="Footnote_68"> +[68]</a> Rivers supply about 65 per cent. of the paddy water and +reservoirs about 21 per cent. The remainder has to be got from other +sources.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_69" id="Footnote_69"> +[69]</a> An acreage of a <i>tan</i> is aimed at, but it is frequently larger; +it may even be 4 <i>tan</i> (an acre). The cost ranges from about 8 yen to +50 yen per <i>tan</i>. The average increase in yield alter adjustment is +about 15 per cent., to which must be added the yield of the new land +obtained, say 3 per cent. of the area adjusted. The consent of half +the owners is required for adjustment.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_70" id="Footnote_70"> +[70]</a> Once when a friend in Tokyo had trouble with her servants a maid +informed her that the house was unlucky because a certain necessary +apartment faced the wrong point of the compass.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_71" id="Footnote_71"> +[71]</a> In the whole of Japan by 1919 two million and a half acres had +been adjusted or were in course of adjustment.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_72" id="Footnote_72"> +[72]</a> The rent is usually 57 per cent. of the rice harvest in the +paddies and 44 per cent. (in cash or kind) of the crops on the +non-paddy land. Any crop raised in the paddies between the harvesting +of one rice crop and the planting out of the next belongs to the +farmer. (All taxes and rates are paid by the landlord, and amount to +from 30 to 33 per cent. of the rent.) The area under paddy and the +area of upland under cultivation are almost equal.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_73" id="Footnote_73"> +[73]</a> See <a href="#APPN_19">Appendix XIX</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_74" id="Footnote_74"> +[74]</a> See <a href="#APPN_20">Appendix XX</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_75" id="Footnote_75"> +[75]</a> In 1920 there were 38,922,437 males and 38,083,073 females.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_76" id="Footnote_76"> +[76]</a> See <a href="#APPN_21">Appendix XXI</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_77" id="Footnote_77"> +[77]</a> See <a href="#APPN_22">Appendix XXII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_78" id="Footnote_78"> +[78]</a> The harvest extends from mid-September in the north of Japan to +the end of October or beginning of November in the south. The harvest +is taken early in the north for fear of frost.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_79" id="Footnote_79"> +[79]</a> The "210th day" (counted from the beginning of spring), when +flowering commences, is so critical a period that the weather +conditions during the twenty-four hours in every prefecture are +reported to the Emperor.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 80<a name="Page_80" id="Page_80"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER IX</h2> + +<h4>THE RICE BOWL, THE GODS AND THE NATION</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I thank whatever gods +there be....—<span class="smcap">Henley</span></p></div> + +<h3>I</h3> + +<p>How many people who have not been in the East or in the rice trade +realise that rice, in the course of the polishing it receives from the +farmer and the dealer, loses nearly half its bulk? A necessary part of +the grain is lost. No wonder that sensible people in Japan and the +West demand the grey unpolished rice. In Japan some enterprising +person has started selling bottled stuff made from the part of the +rice grain that is rubbed off in the polishing process. It does not +look appetising. An easier thing would be to leave some of the coating +on the rice. One thinks of what Smollett said of white bread:</p> + +<p>"They prefer it to wholesome bread because it is whiter. Thus they +sacrifice their health to a most absurd gratification of a misjudging +eye, and the tradesman is obliged to poison them in order to live."</p> + +<p>Although, for economy's sake, a considerable amount of barley is eaten +with or instead of rice, it may be said in a general way that the +Japanese people, like so many millions of other Asiatics, have rice +for breakfast, rice for lunch and rice for dinner. If they have +anything to eat between meals it is as like as not to be rice cakes—- +to the foreigner's taste a loathly, half-cooked compost of rice flour +or pounded rice and water, a sort of tepid underdone muffin. We in the +West have bread at every meal as the Japanese have rice, but we eat +our bread not only as plain bread but as toast and bread-and-butter; +we also ring the changes on brown, white and oat bread.</p> + +<p>Among the covered lacquer dishes on the little table set +<span class="pagenum">Page 81<a name="Page_81" id="Page_81"></a></span> +before each kneeling breakfaster, luncher or diner in Japan there is one which is +empty. This is the rice bowl. When the meal begins—or in the case of +an elaborate dinner at the rice course—the maid brings in a large +covered wooden copper-bound or brass-bound tub or round lacquered box +of hot rice. This rice she serves with a big wooden spoon, the only +spoon ever seen at a Japanese meal. A man may have three helpings or +four in a bowl about as big as a large breakfast cup. The etiquette is +that, though other dishes may be pecked at, the rice in one's bowl +must be finished. The usage on this point may have originated in the +feeling that it was almost impious to waste the staple food of the +country. It is not difficult to pick up the last rice grains with the +wooden <i>hashi</i> (chopsticks), for the rice is skilfully boiled. (Soft +rice is served to invalids only.) But when the bowl is almost empty +the custom is to pour into it weak tea or hot water, and then to drink +this, so getting rid of the odd grains. It is through omitting to +drink in this way that foreigners get indigestion when at a Japanese +meal they eat a lot of rice.</p> + +<p>At first it is not easy for the foreigner to believe that people can +come with appetite to several bowls of plain rice three times a +day.<a name="FNanchor_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80"><sup>[80]</sup> +</a> But good rice does seem to have something of the property of +oatmeal, the property of a continual tastiness. Further, the rice +eater picks up now and then from a small saucer a piece of pickle +which may have either a salty or a sweet fermented taste. The +nutrition gained at a Japanese meal is largely in soups in which the +bean preparations, <i>tofu</i> and <i>miso</i>, and occasionally eggs, are used. +And there is no country in the world where more fish is eaten than in +Japan. The coast waters and rivers team with fish, and fish—fresh, +dried and salted, shell-fish and fish unrecognisable as fish after all +sorts of ingenious treatment—is consumed by almost everybody.</p> + +<p>The Japanese are in no doubt that the foreign rice which is brought +into the country to supplement the home supply is inferior to their +own.<a name="FNanchor_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81"><sup>[81]</sup> +</a> Inferior means that they +<span class="pagenum">Page 82<a name="Page_82" id="Page_82"></a></span> +prefer the flavour of their own rice, just as most Scots prefer oatmeal +made from oats grown in Scotland.</p> + + +<h3>II</h3> + +<p>In the year of the Coronation—it took place three years after the +Emperor's accession—two prefectures had the honour of being chosen to +produce the rice to be placed before gods, Emperor and dignitaries at +Kyoto. The work was not undertaken without ceremony. I was a witness +of the rites performed at the planting of the rice in one of the +prefectures. Plots had been prepared with enormous care. Along the top +of the special fencing were the Shinto straw bands and paper +streamers. A small shrine had been built to overlook the plots. Even +the instruments of the little meteorological station near, by which +the management of the crop would be guided, were surrounded by straw +bands and streamers—religion protecting science. The mattocks and +other implements which had been used in the preparation of the paddy +or were to be used in getting in the crops and in cultivating, +harvesting, threshing and cleaning it were all new. Even the herring +which had manured the plot had been "specially selected and blessed." +Further, there was a special bath-house where the young men and women +who were to plant the rice had washed ceremonially at an early hour.</p> + +<p>We had reached the spot through a crowd of twenty or thirty thousand +people who were gathering to witness the ceremony. A covered platform +had been built in front of the rice field shrine, and on either side +were large roofed-in spaces for some scores of Shinto priests and the +favoured spectators. The ceremony lasted two hours. It carried us +magically away from a Japan of frock coats to Japan of a thousand, it +may be two thousand years ago. Between the wail of ancient wood and +wind instruments and the cinema operators who missed nothing external +and some bored top-hatted spectators who furtively puffed a cigarette +before the ceremony came to an end,<a name="FNanchor_82"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_82"><sup>[82]</sup></a> what a gulf! +<span class="pagenum">Page 83<a name="Page_83" id="Page_83"></a></span> +Platter after platter of food, sometimes rice, sometimes vegetables, sometimes +fruit, sometimes a big fish, was passed by one priest to another in +the sunlight until all the offerings were reverently placed by a +special dignitary on one of those unpainted, unvarnished, undecorated +but exquisitely proportioned altars which are an artistic glory of +Shintoism. The shrine was wholly open on the side of the rice field, +and the high priest was in full view as he stood before the altar with +bowed head and folded hands, his robe caught by the breeze, and +delivered in a loud voice his zealous invocation. His words were +stressed not only by an acolyte who twanged the strings of a venerable +harp, but by the song of a lark which rose with the first strains of +the harpist. The purpose of the ceremony was to call down the gods and +to gain their blessing for the crop and the new reign. At the moment +of highest solemnity the thousands assembled bowed their heads: the +gods were deigning to descend and accept the offering. More ancient +music, more ceremonial, and the gods having been called upon to return +to high heaven, the laden platters were gravely removed, and the rice +planting in the adjoining field began. To the sound of drum the young +men and women in special costumes strode through the wicket into the +mud of the paddies, and, under the supervision of the director of the +prefectural agricultural experiment station in a silk hat, planted out +the tufts of rice seedlings in scrupulously measured rows.</p> + +<p>I asked a distinguished Japanese who was standing near me—he is a +Christian—how many of the educated people in the assembly believed +that the gods had descended. His answer was, "I may not believe that +the gods of a truth descended, but I find something beautiful in +calling on the gods with a harp of Old Japan, and I do believe that +our humble and natural offering to-day may be acceptable to whatever +gods there may be and that it is a worthy exercise for us to undertake +and may also be conducive to a good harvest." My friend attempted the +following rough rendering of a song which had been sung by the rice +planters before the shrine:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 84<a name="Page_84" id="Page_84"></a></span></p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span>This day the beginning of sowing at an auspicious time—</span> +<span>Long life to the rice!</span> +<span>May it be a token of the years of the Reign,</span> +<span>The seed of peace for the world—</span> +<span>May it start from this consecrated field!</span> +<span>One in heart we see to it that our seedlings are well matched.</span> +<span>Mikawa's<a name="FNanchor_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83"><sup>[83]</sup></a> millennium and the millennium of rice.</span> +<span>Let us pray for an abundant shooting.</span> +<span>Now let us plant the seedlings straight;</span> +<span>Pleasing to the gods are the ways that are not crooked.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>After this ceremony, in which the staple crop of the country and the +labour of the farmer in his paddy field had been honoured by the State +and dignified by ancestral blessings, there was luncheon in one of +those deftly contrived reed-covered structures, of the building of +which the Japanese have the knack, and the Governor asked some of us +to say a few words. Then on a raised platform in the open there was +enacted a comic interlude such as might have been seen in England in +the Middle Ages. In the evening I was bidden to a dinner of the +officials responsible for the day's doings. The Governor made a kindly +reference to my labours and the local M.P. presented me with a kimono +length of the cotton material which had been woven for the planters of +the sacred rice.</p> + + +<h3>III<a name="FNanchor_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84"><sup>[84]</sup></a></h3> + +<p>The production of rice has increased more quickly than the growth of +the population. If we consider, along with the advance in population, +the crops of the years 1882 and 1913, which were held to be average, +and, in order to be as up-to-date as possible, the normal annual +yield<a name="FNanchor_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85"><sup>[85]</sup> +</a> of the five-years period 1912-18, we find that, as between +1882 and 1913, the population increased 45 per cent. and rice +production increased 63 per cent., while as between 1882 and the +normal annual yield period of 1912-18, the population increased 55 per +cent, and the crop 75 per cent.<a name="FNanchor_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86"> +<sup>[86]</sup></a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 85<a name="Page_85" id="Page_85"></a></span> +This is a noteworthy fact. But equally noteworthy is the fact that in +the 1882-1913 period, in which the production of rice increased 63 per +cent. and the population only 45 per cent., the price of rice did not +fall. On the contrary it rose. This was due largely<a name="FNanchor_87"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_87"><sup>[87]</sup></a> to the fact +that people had begun to eat rice who had not before been able to +afford it. Many people who grow rice eat, as has been noted, barley or +barley mixed with a little rice. From the 'eighties onwards more and +more rice was eaten.<a name="FNanchor_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88"> +<sup>[88]</sup></a></p> + +<p>The reason was that, what with the cash obtained from cocoons through +the enormous development of sericulture,<a name="FNanchor_89"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_89"><sup>[89]</sup></a> what with the money +received by the girls who had gone to the factories, what with the +growth of big cities causing an increased demand for vegetables, eggs +and especially fruit at good prices, what with the use of better seed +and more artificial manure, what with agricultural co-operation, +paddy-field adjustment and the taking-in of new land, the farmer, in +spite of increased taxation,<a name="FNanchor_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90"> +<sup>[90]</sup></a> was doing better, or at any rate was +minded to live better. In the thirty-years period 1882-1913, his crop +increased 63 per cent. although his area under cultivation increased +by only 17 per cent. In the following pages we shall hear more of the +methods by which the farmer's receipts have been increased. We shall +hear also, alas! of the ways in which his expenditure has increased. +He is indeed in a trying situation. Everything depends on his +character and education and on the influences, social and political, +moral and religious, under which he lives. That is why this book, in +devoting itself to an examination of the foundations of an +agricultural country, is concerned with rural sociology rather than +with the technique of crops and cropping.</p> + +<p>The outstanding problem of the rice grower is fluctuations in +price.<a name="FNanchor_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91"><sup>[91]</sup> +</a> It is also the problem of the landlord, for rents are fixed +not at so much money but at so many <i>koku</i> of +<span class="pagenum">Page 86<a name="Page_86" id="Page_86"></a></span> +rice. This means that on rent day the farmer must pay the same amount of rice whether his +crop has been good or bad. It also means that when the price of rice +rises the amount of rent is automatically raised. If rent were paid, +not in so many <i>koku</i> of rice but in money at a fixed amount, the +landlord would know where he was and the tenant would be in an easier +position, for when the rice crop failed the price would be high and he +would be able to meet his rent by selling a smaller amount of rice. +The counsel of the prudent to the rice producer is to build +storehouses and not to sell the whole of his crop immediately after +harvest, but to extend the sale over the whole year, marketing each +month about the same amount if possible. The Government Granary plan +came into force in 1921, some 3 million <i>koku</i> of unpolished rice +being bought in five grades at from 27 yen to 33 yen. In the year +before the War rice was selling at 20 yen per <i>koku</i> (5 bushels). The +previous year (1912) it had been 21 yen—had risen at times to 23 +yen—an unheard-of price. Between 1894 and 1912 it had climbed merely +from about 7 yen to a maximum of 16 yen.<a name="FNanchor_92"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_92"><sup>[92]</sup></a> In the year in which the +War broke out, it dropped as low as 12 yen, and in 1915 it was only 11 +yen. By 1916 it had not risen beyond 14 yen.</p> + +<p>The fall in prices was due to exceptional harvests in 1914 and 1915 +(that is, 57,006,541 <i>koku</i> and 55,924,590 <i>koku</i> as compared with the +50,255,000 <i>koku</i> of the year before the War, or the 51,312,000 which +may be taken as the average of the seven-years period 1907-13). Such +exceptional harvests as those of 1914 and 1915 showed a surplus of +from 4½ to 6 million <i>koku</i> over and above the needs of the country, +which are roughly estimated at 1 <i>koku</i> per head including infants and +the old and feeble. In 1916 it was established, when account was taken +of stored rice, that the actual surplus was something like 6 or 7 +million <i>koku</i>. Therefore a fall in price took place. The extent to +which rice is imported and exported is shown in <a href="#APPN_24">Appendix XXIV</a>. This +Chapter would become much more technical than is necessary if I +entered into the question of the correctness of rice statistics. +Roughly, the <span class="pagenum">Page 87<a name="Page_87" id="Page_87"></a></span> +statistics show a production 15 per cent. less than the +actual crops. Formerly the under-estimation was 20 per cent. The +practice has its origin in the old taxation system.</p> + +<p>The notes for the account of rural life in Japan which will be found +in this book were chiefly made in the second and third years of the +War. Since that time there has been an enormous rise in the price of +everything. For a time the farmers prospered as they had prospered in +the high rice-price years, 1912-13.<a name="FNanchor_93"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_93"><sup>[93]</sup></a> The high prices of all grain +as well as the fabulous price of raw silk (due to increased export to +America and to increased home consumption) were a great advantage.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus026"></a> +<img src="images/026.jpg" width="425" height="433" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE'S EFFORTS TO KEEP THE PRICE OF RICE +FROM RISING</p> +</div> + +<p>Then came the rice riots of the city workers, the general slump and +finally the commercial and industrial crash. Raw silk fell nearly to +one-third of its top price, and farmers had to sell cocoons under the +cost of production. Everywhere countrymen and countrywomen employed in +<span class="pagenum">Page 88<a name="Page_88" id="Page_88"></a></span> +the factories were discharged in droves. A large proportion of these +unfortunates returned to their villages to dispel some rural dreams of +urban Eldorado.</p> + +<p>But this matter of the going up and coming down of prices has but a +passing interest for the reader. The only economic fact of which he +need lay hold is that in recent years the farmers have been led into +the way of spending more money—in taxation as well as in general +expenses of living—and that, when account is taken of every advantage +they have gained from better methods of production, they have pressing +on them the limitations imposed by the size of their farms and their +farming practice. Whatever the prices obtained for the: products of +the soil, climatic facts,<a name="FNanchor_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94"> +<sup>[94]</sup></a> the character and social condition of +the people, their attitude towards life and authority and the attitude +of authority towards them remain very much the same. And thus a +narrative of things seen and heard chiefly during the first years of +the War is not at all out of date even if it were not supplemented as +it is by a plentiful supply of notes containing the latest statistical +data.</p> + +<p>There is one curious exception only. The reader of these pages will +constantly come on references to the poverty of the tenant farmers. +They are, of course, practically labourers, for they cultivate two or +three acres only, and at the end of the year, as has been shown, have +merely a trifle in hand and sometimes not that. Influenced by the +labour movement, which developed in the industrial centres during and +after the War,<a name="FNanchor_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95"> +<sup>[95]</sup></a> this depressed class has of late shown spirit. It +has begun to assert its claims against landowners. At the end of 1920 +there were as many as ninety associations of tenant farmers, and sixty +of these had been started for the specific purpose of representing +tenants' interests against landowners. Strikes of tenants began and +continue. The end of this movement of a proverbially conservative +class is not at all certain.<a name="FNanchor_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96"> +<sup>[96]</sup></a></p> + +<p>The outstanding facts which are to be borne in mind about agricultural +Japan are that the population is as +<span class="pagenum">Page 89<a name="Page_89" id="Page_89"></a></span> +thick on the ground as the +population of the British Isles (thicker in reality, for so much of +Japan is mountain and waste)—ten times thicker than the population of +the United States<a name="FNanchor_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97"> +<sup>[97]</sup></a>—that Japan is primarily an agricultural +country, while Great Britain is largely a manufacturing and trading +country, and that only 15½ per cent. of Japan proper (including +Hokkaido) is under cultivation against 27 per cent. in Great +Britain.<a name="FNanchor_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98"><sup>[98]</sup> +</a> The average area cultivated per farming family in Japan, +counting paddy and upland together, is less than 3 acres. As the total +population of Japan is now (1921) 56 millions (55,960,150 in 1920, +plus the annual increase of 600,000), every acre has to feed close on +four persons. ("Even in Hokkaido," Dr. Sato notes, "the average area +per family is only 7½ acres.") Happily the number of families +cultivating less than 1¼ acres is decreasing and the number +cultivating from 1¼ up to 5 acres is increasing.<a name="FNanchor_99"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_99"><sup>[99]</sup></a> In other words, +the favourite size of farm is one which finds work for all the members +of the farmer's family. As on small holdings all over the world, it is +found that profits are difficult to make when help has to be paid for. +The facts that in the last four years for which figures are available +the number of farming families keeping silk-worms has risen by half a +million and that every year the area of land under cultivation +increases show that new ways of increasing income are eagerly seized +on.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_80" id="Footnote_80"> +[80]</a> For estimate of daily consumption of rice by Japanese, see +<a href="#APPN_23">Appendix XXIII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_81" id="Footnote_81"> +[81]</a> For statistics of imported and exported rice, see <a href="#APPN_24">Appendix XXIV</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_82" id="Footnote_82"> +[82]</a> Japanese. I was the only foreigner present.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_83" id="Footnote_83"> +[83]</a> The old name for a considerable part of Aichi</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_84" id="Footnote_84"> +[84]</a> This section of the chapter was written in 1921.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_85" id="Footnote_85"> +[85]</a> For the way in which "normal yield" is arrived at, see p. 70.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_86" id="Footnote_86"> +[86]</a> See <a href="#APPN_25">Appendix XXV</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_87" id="Footnote_87"> +[80]</a> War with China, 1894; with Russia, 1904.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_88" id="Footnote_88"> +[88]</a> For farmers' diet, see <a href="#APPN_26">Appendix XXVI</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_89" id="Footnote_89"> +[89]</a> Farmers in sericultural districts live better than the ordinary +rice farmers.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_90" id="Footnote_90"> +[90]</a> See <a href="#APPN_27">Appendix XXVII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_91" id="Footnote_91"> +[91]</a> See <a href="#APPN_28">Appendix XXVIII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_92" id="Footnote_92"> +[92]</a> For prices, see <a href="#APPN_27">Appendix XVII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_93" id="Footnote_93"> +[93]</a> The rise in prices towards the close of the War, with the rise in +the cost of living throughout the world, has been discussed on page +xxv.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_94" id="Footnote_94"> +[94]</a> See <a href="#APPN_29">Appendix XXIX</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_95" id="Footnote_95"> +[95]</a> See <a href="#Page_175">Chapter XX</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_96" id="Footnote_96"> +[96]</a> Recent figures show 400 tenants' associations, of which a third +are militant.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_97" id="Footnote_97"> +[97]</a> See <a href="#APPN_30">Appendix XXX</a> and <a href="#Page_97">page 97</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_98" id="Footnote_98"> +[98]</a> See <a href="#Page_175">Chapter XX</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_99" id="Footnote_99"> +[99]</a> See <a href="#APPN_31">Appendix XXXI</a>.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 90<a name="Page_90" id="Page_90"></a></span></p> + +<h3>BACK TO FIRST PRINCIPLES: THE APOSTLE AND THE ARTIST</h3> + +<h2>CHAPTER X</h2> + +<h4>A TROUBLER OF ISRAEL</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The signification of this gift of life, that we should +leave a better world for our successors, is being +understood.—<span class="smcap">Meredith</span></p></div> + +<p>To some people in Japan the countryman Kanzō Uchimura is "the Japanese +Carlyle." To others he is a religious enthusiast and the Japanese +equivalent of a troubler of Israel. He appeared to me in the guise of +a student of rural sociology.</p> + +<p>Uchimura is the man who as a school teacher "refused to bow before the +Emperor's portrait."<a name="FNanchor_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100"> +<sup>[100]</sup></a> He endured, as was to be expected, social +ostracism and straitened means. But when his voice came to be heard in +journalism it was recognised as the voice of a man of principle by +people who heard it far from gladly. There is a seamy side to some +Japanese journalism<a name="FNanchor_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101"> +<sup>[101]</sup></a> and Uchimura soon resigned his editorial +chair. He abandoned a second editorship because he was determined to +brave the displeasure of his +<span class="pagenum">Page 91<a name="Page_91" id="Page_91"></a></span> +countrymen by opposing the war with Russia. To-day he deplores many things +in the relations of Japan and China.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus027"></a> +<img src="images/027.jpg" width="413" height="507" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption"><i>Fuhei</i><br />MUZZLED EDITORS</p> +</div> + +<p>Uchimura has written more than two dozen books, mostly on religion. +<i>How I became a Christian</i> has been translated into English, German, +Danish, Russian and Chinese, and is to that extent a landmark in the +literary history of Japan. His Christianity is an Early Christianity +which places him in antagonism, not only to his own countrymen who are +Shintoists, Buddhists or Confucians, or vaguely Nationalists, but to +such foreign missionaries as are sectarians and literalists. His +earliest training was in agricultural science, and the welfare of the +Japanese countryside is near his heart. If he be a Carlyle, as his +fibre and resolution, downright way of writing and speaking, hortatory +gift, humour, plainness of life and dislike of officials, no less than +his cast of countenance, his soft hat and long gaberdine-like coat +<span class="pagenum">Page 92<a name="Page_92" id="Page_92"></a></span> +have suggested, he is a Carlyle who is content to stay both in body +and mind at Ecclefechan. He is not, however, like Carlyle, whom he +calls "master," a peasant, but a samurai.</p> + +<p>"As you penetrate into the lives of the farmers and discover the +influences brought to bear on them," Uchimura said to me in his +decisive way, "there will be laid bare to you <i>the foundations of +Japan</i>. You know our proverb, of course, <i>No wa kuni no taihon nari</i> +('Agriculture is the basis of a nation')? Have you been to Nikko?" +This seemed a little inconsequent, but I told him I had not yet been +to Nikko. ("Until you have seen Nikko," runs the adage, "do not say +'splendid'.") "How many of the tourists who are delighted with Nikko," +he went on, "have heard how the richest farms near that town were +devastated? A century ago a minister of the Shogun, who realised that +fertility depended on trees, saw to the whole range of Nikko hills +being afforested. It was a tract twenty miles by twenty miles in +extent. But the 'civilised' authorities of our own days sold all the +timber to a copper company for 8,000 yen. The company destroyed the +fertility of the district not only by cutting down the forest but by +poisoning the water with which the farmers irrigated their crops. A +member of Parliament gave himself with such devotion to the cause of +the ruined farmers that when he died the ashes of his cremated body +were divided and preserved in four shrines erected to his memory."</p> + +<p>It was a sad thing, said Uchimura, that the farmers of Japan, because +of the decreased fertility of the land due to the denudation of the +hills of trees, and because of their increased expenses, should be +laying out "a quarter of their incomes on artificial manures." "The +enemies which Japan has most to fear to-day," Uchimura declared, "are +impaired fertility and floods."</p> + +<p>It may be well, perhaps, to explain for a few readers how floods do +their ill work. The rain which falls on treeless mountains is not +absorbed there. The water washes down the mountain sides, bringing +with it first good soil and then subsoil, stones and rock. The hills +eventually become those peaked deserts the queer look of which must +<span class="pagenum">Page 93<a name="Page_93" id="Page_93"></a></span> +have puzzled many students of Japanese pictures. The debris washed +away is carried into the rivers, along with trees from the lower +slopes, and the level of the river beds is raised. Because there is +less space in the river beds for water the rivers overflow their +banks, and disastrous floods take place. The farmers, the local +authorities and the State raise embankments higher and higher, but +embankment building is costly and cannot go on indefinitely. The real +remedy is to decrease the supply of water by planting forests in the +mountains<a name="FNanchor_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102"><sup>[102]</sup> +</a>. In many places the rivers are flowing above the level +of the surrounding country. The imagination is caught by the fact that +there are four earthquakes a day in Japan<a name="FNanchor_103"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_103"><sup>[103]</sup></a> and that within a +twelvemonth fires destroy 400 acres or so of buildings; but every +year, on an average, floods, tidal waves and typhoons together drown +more than 600 people and cause a money loss of 25 million yen! Every +year 10½ million yen are spent by the State and the prefectures on +river control alone.</p> + +<p>Uchimura put on his famous wideawake and we went out for a walk. "I +should like," he said, "to press the view that the vaunted expansion +of Japan has meant to the farmers an increase of prices and taxes and +of armaments out of all proportion to our population<a name="FNanchor_104"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_104"><sup>[104]</sup></a>."</p> + +<p>Uchimura stood stock still in the little wood we had entered. "There +is one thing more," he added gravely. "Before you can get deeply into +your subject you must touch religion. There you see the depths of the +people. A large part of the deterioration of the countryside is due to +the deterioration of Buddhism. You must ask about it. You will see in +the villages much of what your old writers used to call 'priestcraft.' +You will hear of the thraldom of many of the people. You will see with +your own eyes +<span class="pagenum">Page 94<a name="Page_94" id="Page_94"></a></span> +that real Christianity may be a moral bath for a rural district."</p> + +<p>"The essentials, not the forms of Christianity," he declared, would +save the countryside by "brotherly union." "Brotherly union" would +make a better life and a better agriculture. The rural class, he +explained, was more sharply divided than foreigners understood into +owners of land who lived on their rents and farmers who farmed<a name="FNanchor_105"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_105"><sup>[105]</sup></a>. +The division between the two classes was "as great as an Indian caste +division." "To the landowner who lives in his village like a feudal +lord the simple Gospel, with its insistence on the sacredness of work, +comes as an intellectual revolution." Women as well as men of means +received from Christianity "a new conception of humanity." They ceased +to "look upon their own glory and to take delight in the flattery of +poor people." They changed their way of speaking to the peasants. They +developed an interest, of which they knew nothing before, in the +spiritual and material betterment of the men, women and children of +their village.</p> + +<p>I went a two-days journey into the country with Uchimura. We stayed at +the house of a landowner who was one of his adherents. I found myself +in a large room where two swallows were flitting, intent on building +on a beam which yearly bore a nest. In this room stood a shrine +containing the ancestral tablets. The daily offerings were no longer +made, but Uchimura's counsel, unlike that of some zealots, was to +preserve not only this shrine but the large family shrine in the +courtyard. Near by was an engraving of Luther.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus028"></a> +<img src="images/028.jpg" width="297" height="450" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">"THE JAPANESE CARLYLE."</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus029"></a> +<img src="images/029.jpg" width="311" height="450" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">MR. AND MRS. YANAGI.</p> +</div> + +<p>Uchimura spoke in the house to some thirty or more "people of the +district who had accepted Christianity." His appeal was to "live +Christianity as given to the world by its founder." The address, which +was delivered from an arm-chair, was based on the fifth chapter of +Matthew, which in the preacher's copy appeared to contain +cross-references to two disciples called Tolstoy and Carlyle. When I +was asked to speak I found that the women in the gathering had places +in front. "The remarkable effect of +<span class="pagenum">Page 95<a name="Page_95" id="Page_95"></a></span> +Christianity among those who have come to think with us," +Uchimura told me afterwards, "is seen +most in their treatment of women. Our host, had he not been a +Christian, would have been credited by public opinion with the +possession of a concubine, and would not have been blamed for it." +When, after the speaking, we knelt in a circle and talked less +formally of how best to benefit rural people, we were joined by the +women folk. Later, when a dozen of the neighbours were invited to +dinner, it was not served at separate tables for each kneeling guest, +but at one long table, an innovation "to indicate the brotherly +relation."</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus030"></a> +<img src="images/030.jpg" width="600" height="402" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">CHILDREN CATCHING INSECTS ON RICE-SEED BEDS</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus031"></a> +<img src="images/031.jpg" width="600" height="435" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">MASTERS OF A COUNTRY SCHOOL AND SOME OF THE CHILDREN.</p> +</div> + +<p>"So you see," said Uchimura, as we walked to the station in the +morning, "in an antiquated book, which, I suppose, stands dusty on the +shelves of some of your reformers, there is power to achieve the very +things they aim at." He went on to explain that he looked "in the +lives of hearers, not in what they say," for results from his +teaching. He believed in liberty and freedom, in sowing the seed of +change and reform and allowing people to develop as they would. "Let +men and women believe as they have light."</p> + +<p>He spoke in his kindly way of how "the bond of a common faith enables +Japanese to get closer to the foreigner and the foreigner closer to +the Japanese." There were many things we foreigners did not +understand. We did not understand, for example, that "A man's a man +for a' that" was an unfamiliar conception to a Japanese. I was to +remember, when I interrogated Japanese about the problems of rural +life, that they had had to coin a word for "problems." Above all, I +must be careful not to "exaggerate the quality of Eastern morality." +Uchimura asserted sweepingly that "morality in the Anglo-Saxon sense +is not found in Japan." We of the West underrated the value of the +part played by the Puritans in our development. Our moral life had +been evolved by the soul-stirring power of the Hebrew prophets and of +Christ. To deny this was "kicking your own mother." Just as it was not +possible for the Briton or American to get his present morality from +Greece and Rome exclusively, it was not possible for the Japanese to +obtain it from the sources at his disposal.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 96<a name="Page_96" id="Page_96"></a></span> +The faults of the Eastern were that he thought too much of outward +conduct. Good political and neighbourly-relations, kindliness, honesty +and thrift were his idea of morality. "To love goodness and to hate +evil with one's whole soul is a Christian conception for which you may +search in vain through heathendom." The horror which the Western man +of high character felt when he thought of the future of the little +girls in attendance on geisha was not a horror generated by Plato. +"Heathen life looks nice on the outside to foreigners," but +Confucianism, Buddhism and Shintoism had all been weak in their +attitude towards immorality. It was Christianity alone which +controlled sexual life. Without deep-seated love of and joy in +goodness and deep-seated horror of evil it was impossible to reform +society.</p> + +<p>Uchimura said that it had taken him thirty years to reach the +conviction that the best way of raising his countrymen was by +preaching the religion of "a despised foreign peasant." Many things he +had been told by exponents of Christianity now seemed "very strange," +but there remained in the first four books of the New Testament, in +the essence of Christianity, principles "which would give new life to +all men." Moved by this belief, Uchimura and his friends gave their +lives to the work of the Gospel, to a work attended by humiliations; +"but this is our glory."</p> + +<p>Japanese civilisation, he reiterated, was "only good in the sense that +Greek and Roman civilisations were good." Modern Japan represented +"the best of Europe minus Christianity; the moral backbone of +Christianity is lacking." "Probe a dozen Buddhist priests in turn," he +said, "and you find something lacking; you don't find the Buddhist or +Confucian really to be your brother<a name="FNanchor_106"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_106"><sup>[106]</sup></a>."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 97<a name="Page_97" id="Page_97"></a></span> +"The greatness of England," he went on, "is not due to the inherent +greatness of the English people, but to the greatness of the truths +which they have received." In considering the sources of national +greatness, it was idle to believe that some peoples were original and +some not original in their ideas and methods. Where were the people to +be found who were without extraneous influence? Where would England be +without Greek philosophy, Roman law, and Christianity?</p> + +<p>Our talk broke off as several peasant women passed us on the narrow +way by the rice fields. The mattocks they carried were the same weight +as their husbands' mattocks and the women were going to do the same +work as the men. But the women were nearly all handicapped by having a +child tied on their backs. Uchimura, returning to his objection to +foreign political adventure, said that Japan, properly cultivated, +could support twice its present population. There were many marshy +districts which could be brought into cultivation by drainage. Then +what might not forestry do? But the progress could not be made because +of lack of money. The money was needed for "national defence."</p> + +<p>"For myself," said Uchimura, "I find it still possible to believe in +some power which will take care of inoffensive, quiet, humble, +industrious people. If all the high virtues of mankind are not +safeguarded somehow, then let us take leave of all the ennobling +aspirations, all the poetry, and all the deepest hopes we have, and +cease to struggle upward. The question is whether we have faith." We +still waited, he declared, for the nation which would be Christian +enough to take its stand on the Gospel and sacrifice itself +materially, if need be, to its faith that right was greater than +might.</p> + +<p>And so "impractical, outspoken to rashness, but thoroughly sincere and +experienced," as one of his appreciative countrymen characterised him +to me, we take leave of the "Japanese Carlyle." With whom could I have +gone more provocatively towards the foundation of things at the +beginning of my investigation in farther Japan?</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_100" id="Footnote_100"> +[100]</a> The statement is, he told me, a calumny. He explained that he +lost his post for refusing to bow, not to the portrait, but to the +signature of the Emperor, the signature appended to that famous +Imperial rescript on education which is appointed to be read in +schools. Uchimura is very willing, he said, to show the respect which +loyal Japanese are at all times ready to manifest to the Emperor, and +he would certainly bow before the portrait of His Majesty; but in the +proposal that reverence should be paid to the Imperial autograph he +thought he saw the demands of a "Kaiserism"—his word, he speaks +vigorous English—which was foreign to the Japanese conception of +their sovereign, which would be inimical to the Emperor's influence +and would be bad for the nation.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_101" id="Footnote_101"> +[101]</a> But journalism is one of the most powerful influences for good, +and some of the best brains of the country is represented in it. +Papers like the <i>Jiji, Asahi, Nichi Nichi</i>, and the Osaka papers run +in conjunction with them have altogether a circulation approaching two +millions.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_102" id="Footnote_102"> +[102]</a> For statistics of forests, see <a href="#APPN_32">Appendix XXXII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_103" id="Footnote_103"> +[103]</a> A severe shook occurs on an average about every six years. The +eminent seismologist, Professor Omori, told me that he does not expect +an earthquake of a dangerous sort for a generation.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_104" id="Footnote_104"> +[104]</a> The <i>Oriental Economist</i>, a Japanese publication, in the autumn +of 1921 suggested the abandonment of all the extensions to the Empire +on the score that they had not been a benefit to Japan, and that she +was in no way dependent on them. See also <a href="#APPN_33">Appendix XXXIII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_105" id="Footnote_105"> +[105]</a> See <a href="#APPN_34">Appendix XXXIV</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_106" id="Footnote_106"> +[106]</a> What of the old story which I have heard from Uchimura and +others of the Confucian missionary to certain head hunters of Formosa? +After many years of labour among them they promised to give up head +hunting if they might take just one more head. At last the good man +yielded, and told them that a Chinaman in a red robe was coming +towards the village the next day and his head might be taken. On the +morrow the men lay in wait for the stranger, sprang on him and cut off +his head, only to find that it was the head of their beloved +missionary. Struck with remorse and realising the evil of head taking, +the tribe gave up head hunting for ever.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 98<a name="Page_98" id="Page_98"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XI</h2> + +<h4>THE IDEA OF A GAP</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Bold is the donkey driver, O Khedive, and bold is +the Khedive who dares to say what he will believe, not knowing in any wise +the mind of Allah, not knowing in any wise his own heart.</p></div> + +<p>The "Japanese Carlyle" is getting grey. It seemed well to seek out +some young Japanese thinker and take his view of that "heathenism" +concerning which Uchimura had delivered himself so unsparingly. Let me +speak of my first visit to my friend Yanagi.</p> + +<p>As a youth Yanagi was a lonely student. He took his own way to +knowledge and religion. The famed General Nogi had been given by the +Emperor the direction of the Peers' School, but even under such +distinguished tutelage the stripling made his stand. His reading led +him to write for the school magazine an anti-militarist article. The +veteran, as I once learned from a friend of Yanagi, promptly paraded +the school, boys and masters. He spoke of disloyal, immoral, +subversive ideas, and bade the youthful disturber of the peace attend +him at his own house. When Yanagi stood before Nogi and was asked what +he had to say, he replied with the question, "Don't you feel pain +because of sending so many men to death before Port Arthur<a name="FNanchor_107"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_107"><sup>[107]</sup></a>?"</p> + +<p>Again I found my prophet in a cottage. It was a cottage overlooking +rice fields and a lagoon. From the Japanese scene outdoors I passed +indoors to a new Japan. Cezanne, Puvis de Chavannes, Beardsley, Van +Gogh, Henry Lamb, Augustus John, Matisse and Blake—Yanagi has written +a big book on Blake which is in a second edition—hung +<span class="pagenum">Page 99<a name="Page_99" id="Page_99"></a></span> +within sight of a grand piano and a fine collection of European +music<a name="FNanchor_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108"><sup>[108]</sup></a>. +Chinese, Korean and Japanese pottery and paintings filled the places +in the dwelling not occupied by Western pictures and the Western +library of a man well advanced with an interpretative history of +Eastern and Western mysticism. An armful of books about Blake and +Boehme, all Swedenborg, all Carlyle, all Emerson, all Whitman, all +Shelley, all Maeterlinck, all Francis Thompson, and all Tagore, and +plenty of other complete editions; early Christian mystics; much of +William Law, Bergson, Eucken, Caird, James, Haldane, Bertrand Russell, +Jefferies, Havelock Ellis, Carpenter, Strindberg, "Æ," Yeats, Synge +and Shaw; not a little poetry of the fashion of Vaughan, Traherne and +Crashaw; a well-thumbed Emily Brontë; all the great Russian novelists; +numbers of books on art and artists—it was an arresting collection to +come on in a Japanese hamlet, and odd to sit down beside it in order +to talk of "heathen."</p> + +<p>"Yes," said Yanagi—he speaks an English which reflects his wide +reading—"our young maid, on being shown the full moon the other +night, bowed her head. I find this natural instinct of some value. Our +people have much natural feeling towards Nature. If modern Japanese +art has degenerated it is because it does not sufficiently find out +life in things. The sough of the wind in the trees may have only a +slight influence on character, but it is a vital influence. I do not +like, of course, the word 'heathendom' of which Uchimura seems so +fond. I dearly admire Christ, but most of the Christianity of to-day +is not Christ. It is largely Paul. It is a mixture. It is not the +clear, pure, original thing. Christians must reform their Christianity +before it can satisfy us. In the East we now see clearly enough to +seek only the best that the West can offer."</p> + +<p>Yanagi said that the spontaneity and naturalness of Eastern religions +ought to be recognised. "You will find Christians admiring Walt +Whitman, but it is Whitman the democrat they admire, not Whitman the +prophet of naturalness." +<span class="pagenum">Page 100<a name="Page_100" id="Page_100"></a></span> +He spoke with appreciation of the Zen sect +of Buddhists. Many of the Zen devotees were "noble and had a profound +idea." He was unable to see "any difference at all" between the best +part of Buddhism and the best part of Christianity. He said that his +own mysticism was based on science, art, religion and philosophy. "My +sincerest wish," he declared, "is to produce a beautiful +reconciliation of these four. As it is, too often scientists and +philosophers have no deep knowledge of religion or art, artists have +no deep knowledge of religion or science, and the religious have no +idea of art. Surely the deepest religious idea is the deepest artistic +and philosophic idea. Perhaps our scientists are in the poorest state +just now with no understanding of art or religion. Our scientists are +immersed in the problem of matter, our religious people in the problem +of spirit, and our artists forget that in dealing with nature they are +dealing with spirit as well as body."</p> + +<p>Faced by force and science when Commander Perry came, Japan, in order +to save herself from foreign colonisation, had had to concentrate all +her attention on force and science. She had concentrated her attention +with signal success. But naturally she had had, in the process, to +slacken her hold somewhat on the spiritual life.</p> + +<p>"Always remember how difficult the Japanese find it to know which way +to take. Their whole basis has been shaken and on the surface all has +become chaotic. Ten years hence it will be possible to take a just +view. There is much reason for high hopes. For one thing, the burden +of old thought does not rest so heavily on us as might be supposed. We +are very free in many ways. In the matter of religion Japan is the +most free nation in the world. If England were to become Buddhist it +would sound strange or exotic, but Japan is free to become what she +may."</p> + +<p>"There may be a great difference between one of our temples and +shrines and an English church," Yanagi proceeded, "but I cannot +believe in the gap which some people seem to see yawning between East +and West. It is deplorable that the world should think that there is +such a complete difference between East and West. It is usually +<span class="pagenum">Page 101<a name="Page_101" id="Page_101"></a></span> +said that self-denial, asceticism, sacrifice, negation are opposed to +self-affirmation, individualism, self-realisation; but I do not +believe in such a gap. I wish to destroy the idea of a gap. It is an +idea which was obtained analytically. The meeting of East and West +will not be upon a bridge over a gap, but upon the destruction of the +idea of a gap.</p> + +<p>"In future, religion cannot be limited by this or that sect or idea. +Religion cannot be limited to Christianity, Buddhism, Confucianism or +Mahomedanism. Uchimura says that it is the essence of Christianity +which has the power to rescue Japan from its chaotic state. But the +essence of Buddhism can also contribute some important element to the +future of Japan. The notion that the essence of Christianity and the +essence of Buddhism are far apart is artificial and prejudiced."</p> + +<p>One day some weeks later I walked with Yanagi on the hills. He said: +"The weakest point in the Japanese character is the lack of the power +of questioning. We are repressed by our educational system. And so +many things come here at one time that it makes confusion. What is so +often taken for a lack of originality in us is a state resulting from +an immense importation of foreign ideas. They have been overpowering. +Many of us have no clear ideas on life, society, sex and so on, and +you will find it difficult to get satisfactory answers to many +questions which you will want to ask."</p> + +<p>As to morality, it was dangerous to say "this or that is immoral." +Morality was often merely custom. Ordinary morality had scant +authority. Critics of Japanese morality should not forget that, in the +opinion of Japanese, Western people were more erotic than they were. +Western dancing—not to speak of Western women's evening costumes—was +undoubtedly more erotic than Japanese dancing. Again, the sexual +curiosity of foreigners seemed stronger than that manifested by +Japanese. It was a well-known fact that the girls at many hotels and +restaurants had not a little to complain of from foreign men who +misjudged their naïve ways. It must be remembered that Japanese were +franker in sexual matters than Europeans and Americans. Sexual +ill-doing was not so much concealed as in Europe. +<span class="pagenum">Page 102<a name="Page_102" id="Page_102"></a></span> +A wrong impression of Japanese morality was taken away by tourists whose +guides showed them, as in Paris, what they expected to see.</p> + +<p>"I wonder," he said, "that Western visitors to Tokyo who talk of our +immorality are not struck by the fact that in an Eastern capital a +foreign lady may walk home at night and be practically safe from being +spoken to. The Japanese are undoubtedly a very kind people. They may +be unmoral, but they are not immoral."</p> + +<p>"Most of our people do not understand liberty in the mental sexual +relations. Love is not free. In a very large proportion of cases, +indeed, parents would oppose a match because a son or daughter had +fallen in love. And if it is difficult to marry for love it is not +easy to fall in love.<a name="FNanchor_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109"> +<sup>[109]</sup></a> Society in which young men and young women +meet is restricted; there are few opportunities of conversation. +Without liberty towards women there can be no perfect sense of +responsibility towards them."</p> + +<p>What had been taught to women as the supreme virtue was the virtue of +sacrifice for father, husband, children. It was most important to let +women know the significance of individualism. They were always +offering themselves for others before they became themselves. But the +idea of individuality was very little clearer to the Japanese man than +to the Japanese woman. People were too prone to wish to give 100 yen +before they had 100 yen. The Japanese were the most devotional people +in the world, but they hardly knew yet the things to be devoted to.</p> + +<p>Yanagi is a leading member of a small association of literary men, +artists and students who graduated together from the Peers' School. +They call themselves for no obvious reason the Shirakaba or Silver +Birch Society. The intelligent and consistent efforts of these young +men to introduce vital Western work in literature, philosophy, +painting, sculpture, draughtsmanship and music, and the large measure +of success they have attained is of some significance. Several members +of the group belong to the old Kuge families, that is the ancient nobility which +<span class="pagenum">Page 103<a name="Page_103" id="Page_103"></a></span> +surrounded the Emperor at Kyoto before the +Restoration. Cut off for centuries from military and administrative +activities by the dominance of the Shogunate Government, the Kuge +devoted themselves to the arts and the refinements of life. For the +exclusiveness of the past some of their descendants substitute +artistic integrity. The Shirakaba has had for several years a +remarkable magazine. Its editor and its publisher, its size, its price +and its date of publication are continually changed; it never makes +any bid for popularity; it expresses its sentiments in a downright way +and it has always been anti-official: yet it survives and pays its +way. Beyond the magazine, the Society has had every year at least one +exhibition of what its members conceive to be significant modern +European work. The members have also supported a few Japanese artists +of outstanding sincerity. Through the Shirakaba the influence of +Cezanne, Van Gogh, Rodin, Blake, Delacroix, Matisse, Augustus John, +Beardsley, Courbet,Daumier, Maillol, Chavannes and Millet, +particularly Cezanne, Van Gogh, Rodin and Blake, has been marked. The +Silver Birch group has never tired of extolling the great names of +Rembrandt, Dürer, El Greco, Van Eyck, Goya, Leonardo, Michael Angelo, +Tintoretto, Giotto and Mantegna<a name="FNanchor_110"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_110"><sup>[110]</sup></a>.</p> + +<p>While an ardent Young Japan has formed and dissolved many societies, +movements and fashions, this Shirakaba group has held fast and has +gained friends by its sincerity, its vision and its audacity<a name="FNanchor_111"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_111"><sup>[111]</sup></a>. +Rodin encouraged the Shirakaba efforts to reproduce the best Western +art by presenting it with three pieces of sculpture.</p> + +<p>"The intellectual man does no fighting," Froude has written. Why do +not Yanagi and his friends make a stand on public questions? +"Because," he said, "at +<span class="pagenum">Page 104<a name="Page_104" id="Page_104"></a></span> +the present stage of our development it is +almost impossible to take up a strong attitude, and because, important +though political and social questions are, they are not, in our +opinion, of the first importance. To artists, philosophers, students +of religion, such problems are secondary. More important problems are: +What is the meaning of this world? What is God? What is the essence of +religion? How can we best nourish ourselves so as to realise our own +personalities? Political and social problems are secondary for us at +present; they are not related emotionally to our present +conditions<a name="FNanchor_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112"><sup>[112]</sup></a>.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span>For the East the Root,<br /></span> +<span>For the West the Fruit.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>"If we faced such problems directly we should probably make them +primary problems, as you do in Great Britain. Our present attitude +does not prove, however, that we are cold to political and social +problems. In fact, when we think of these terrible political and +social questions they make us boil. But you will understand that in +order to have something to give to others, we must have that +something. We are seeking after that something."</p> + +<p>Yanagi, continuing, spoke of the direct contribution which the new +artistic movement in Japan, under the influence of modern Western art, +was making to the solution of political and social questions<a name="FNanchor_113"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_113"><sup>[113]</sup></a>. The +interest of the younger generation in Post Impressionism was "quite +<span class="pagenum">Page 105<a name="Page_105" id="Page_105"></a></span> +disharmonious with the ordinary attitude towards militarism." +European art broke down barriers in the Japanese mind. When the +younger generation, nourished on higher ideals, grew up, it would be +the State, and there would be a more hopeful condition of affairs. +People generally supposed that social questions were the most +practical; but religious, artistic, philosophic questions were, in the +truest sense of the word, the most practical.</p> + +<p>Yanagi went on to tell of his devotion to Blake. He could not +understand "why Englishmen are so cool to him." He asked me how it was +that there was no word about Blake in Andrew Lang's work on English +literature. "I cannot imagine," he said, "why such an intelligent man +could not appreciate Blake." Yanagi regarded Blake as "the artist of +immense will, of immense desire, and a man in whom can be seen that +affirmative attitude towards life, exhibited later by Whitman." Yanagi +spoke also of "Anglo-Saxon nobility, liberty, depth of character and +healthiness," and of "a deep and noble character" in English +literature which he did not find elsewhere. Whitman, Emerson, Poe and +William James were "the crown of America."</p> + +<p>As I close this chapter I recall Yanagi's library, in the service of +which, bettering Mark Pattison's example, two-thirds of its owner's +income was for some time expended. I remember the thatched dwelling +overlooking the quiet reed-bound lagoon with its frosty sunrises, red +moonrises and apparitions of Fuji above the clouds seventy miles away. +No Western visitor whom I took to Abiko failed to be moved by that +room, designed by Yanagi himself in every detail, wherein East meets +West in harmony. I have made note of his Western books but not of the +classics and strange mystic writings of Chinese and Korean priests in +piles of thin volumes in soft bindings of blue or brown. I have not +mentioned a Rembrandt drawing and next to it the vigorous but restful +brush lines of an artist priest of the century that brought Buddhism +to Japan; severe little gilt-bronze figures of deities from China, a +little older; pottery figures of exquisite beauty from the tombs of +Tang, a little later; Sung pottery, a dynasty farther on; Korai +<span class="pagenum">Page 106<a name="Page_106" id="Page_106"></a></span> +celadons from Korean tombs of the same epoch; and whites and blue and +whites of Ming and Korean Richo. On the wall a black and yellow tiger +is "burning bright" on a strip of blood-red silk tapestry woven on a +Chinese loom for a Taoist priest 500 years ago. Cimabue's portrait of +St. Francis breathes over Yanagi's writing desk from one side, while +from the other Blake's amazing life mask looks down "with its Egyptian +power of form added to the intensity of Western individualism." These +are Yanagi's silent friends. His less quiet friends of the flesh have +felt that this room was a sanctuary and Yanagi a priest of eternal +things, but a priest without priestcraft, a priest living joyously in +the world. Above his desk is inscribed the line of Blake:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span>Thou also, dwellest in eternity<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>and Kepler's aspiration, "My wish is that I may perceive God whom I +find everywhere in the external world in like manner within and +without me."</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_107" id="Footnote_107"> +[107]</a> One of the reasons assigned for the suicide of the General was +thoughts of his responsibility for the terrible slaughter in the +assaults on Port Arthur.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_108" id="Footnote_108"> +[108]</a> Mrs. Yanagi is one of the best contraltos heard at the now +numerous Japanese concerts of Western music.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_109" id="Footnote_109"> +[109]</a> <i>Shinjū</i>, or suicide for love, the girl often being a geisha, is +common.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_110" id="Footnote_110"> +[110]</a> "I am inclined to think," wrote Yanagi in 1921, in a paper on +Korean art, "that we have paid if anything rather too much attention +to European works while making little effort to pay attention to what +lies much nearer to us."</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_111" id="Footnote_111"> +[111]</a> <span class="smcap">Police Standards</span>.—The sale of one issue +of the magazine was prohibited by the police, who found a nude "antagonistic +to the ordinary standard of public morals." The editors' answer next +month—the police standard being, "No front views"—was to publish +half a dozen more nudes with their backs to the reader.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_112" id="Footnote_112"> +[112]</a> It will be remembered that this conversation took place in the +summer of 1915 at the outset of my investigation. Since then, as noted +throughout this book, economic questions have increasingly pressed +themselves forward. I may mention that in 1919 Yanagi wrote a +vigorous and moving protest against misgovernment in Korea. In a +recent letter to me he says: "You know that I am going to establish a +Korean Folk Art Society in Seoul. This is a big work, but I want to do +it with all my power for love of Korea. I approach the solution of the +Korean question by the way of Art. Politics can never solve the +question. I want to use the gallery as a meeting-place of Koreans and +Japanese. People cannot quarrel in beauty. This is my simple yet +definite belief." Yanagi's manifesto on his project made one think of +the age when the great culture of China and India glowed across the +straits of Tsushima in the wake of early Buddhism.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_113" id="Footnote_113"> +[113]</a> A well-known member of the Shirakaba group started two years ago +an "ideal village" among the mountains. It is an effort towards social +freedom in which the police manifest a continuous interest.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 107<a name="Page_107" id="Page_107"></a></span></p> + +<h3>ACROSS JAPAN (TOKYO TO NIIGATA AND BACK)</h3> + +<h2>CHAPTER XII</h2> + +<h4>TO THE HILLS</h4> + +<h4>(TOKYO, SAITAMA, TOCHIGI AND FUKUSHIMA)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Nothing which concerns a <i>countryman</i> is a matter +of unconcern to me.—<span class="smcap">Terence</span></p></div> + +<p>During the month of July I went from one side of Japan to the other, +starting from Tokyo, across the sea from which lies America, and +coming out at Niigata, across the sea from which lies Siberia.</p> + +<p>We first made a four hours' railway run through the great Kwanto plain +(6,000 square miles). Travelling is comfortable on such a trip, for +travellers take off their coats and waistcoats, and the train-boy—he +has the word "Boy" on his collar in English—brings fans and bedroom +slippers. The fans, which on one side advertised "Hotels in European +style, directly managed by the Imperial Government Railway<a name="FNanchor_114"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_114"><sup>[114]</sup></a>," +offered on the other a poem and a drawing. A poem addressed to a snail +played with the idea of its giving its life to climbing Fuji. The poem +was composed by a poet who wrote many delightful <i>hokku</i> +(seventeen-syllable poems), showing a humorous sympathy with the +humblest creatures. One poem is:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span>Come and play with me,<br /></span> +<span>Thou orphan sparrow!<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Like Burns, Issa addressed a poem to a louse.</p> + +<p>As we climbed from the vicinity of the sea to higher lands someone +recalled the saying about saints living in +<span class="pagenum">Page 108<a name="Page_108" id="Page_108"></a></span> +the mountains and sages by +the sea. Speaking of religion, one man said that he had known of +people giving half their income to religious purposes. He also +mentioned that for some years his mother had gone to hear a sermon in +a Japanese Christian church every Sunday, but she still served her +Buddhist shrine.</p> + +<p>It was at an inn at the hot spring near the Mount Nasu volcano—the +odour of the sulphurous hot water was everywhere in the district—that +I first enjoyed the attentions of the blind <i>amma</i> (<i>masseur</i> or +<i>masseuse</i>), the call of whose plaintive pipe is heard every evening +in the smallest community. <i>Amma san</i> rubbed and pommelled me for an +hour for 28 sen. The <i>amma</i> does not massage the skin, but works +through the <i>yukata</i> (bath gown) of the patient. I had my massaging as +I knelt with the other guests of the inn at an entertainment arranged +for the benefit of residents. The entertainers, professional and +non-professional—the non-professionals were local farmers—knelt on a +low platform or danced in front of it. They were extraordinarily able. +A dramatic tale by one of the story-tellers was about a yokelish young +wrestler and a daimyo. Another described the woes and suicide of an +old-time Court lady.</p> + +<p>The next day we started on foot on a seven miles' climb of the +volcano. Its lower slopes were covered with a variety of that +knee-high bamboo with a creeping root, which is so troublesome to +farmers when they break up new ground. One variety is said to blossom +and fruit once in sixty years and then die. An ingenious professor has +traced mice plagues to this habit. In the year in which the bamboo +fruits the mice increase and multiply exceedingly. Suddenly their food +supply gives out and they descend to the plains to live with the +farmers.</p> + +<p>At length we came in sight of the smoke and vapour of the volcano. +Soon we were near the top, where the white trunks and branches of dead +trees and scrub, killed by falling ash or gusts of vapour, dotted an +awesome desolation of calcined and fused stone and solidified mud. At +the summit we looked down into the churning horror of the volcano's +vat and at different spots saw the treacly sulphur +<span class="pagenum">Page 109<a name="Page_109" id="Page_109"></a></span> +pouring out, brilliant yellow with red streaks. The man to whom there first came +the idea of hell and a prisoned revengeful power must surely have +looked into a crater. In the throat of this crater there seethed and +spluttered an ugliness that was scarlet, green, brown and yellow. The +sound of the steam blowing off was like the roar of the sea. The air +was stifling. It was very hot, and there was a high eerie wind.</p> + +<p>Adventurous men had built rude bulwarks of stone over some of the +orifices, and in this way had compelled the volcano to furnish them +with sulphur free from dirt. The production of sulphur in Japan is +valued at close on three million yen.</p> + +<p>As we went on our journey we spoke of the sturdiness and cheeriness of +our chief carrier, who had told us that he was seventy. I asked him if +he thought it fair that he should have to walk so far on a hot day +with so much to carry while we were empty-handed. He replied that it +might appear to be unjust, but that he was happy enough. He said that +he had lived long and seen many things, and he knew that to be rich +was not always to be happy. He quoted the proverb, "Sunshine and rice +may be found everywhere," and the poem which may be rendered, "If you +look at a water-fowl thoughtlessly you may imagine that she has +nothing to do but float quietly on the water, yet she is moving her +feet ceaselessly beneath the surface."</p> + +<p>At the little hot spring inn where we next stayed, insect powder was +on sale, not without reasonable hope of patronage by the guests. The +<i>Asahi</i> once facetiously reported that I had taken on a journey three +<i>to</i> (six pecks) of insect powder. The chief protector of the prudent +traveller in remote Japan is a giant pillowslip of cotton. He gets +into it and ties the strings together under his chin. The mats and +futon of old-fashioned hotels are full of fleas. The hard cylindrical +Japanese pillow has no doubt its tenants also, but I never got +accustomed to using it, and laid my head on a doubled-up kneeling +cushion.</p> + +<p>A foot-high partition separated the men's hot bath from the women's. +My cold bath in the morning I found I had to take unselfconsciously at +a water-gush in front of the +<span class="pagenum">Page 110<a name="Page_110" id="Page_110"></a></span> +house. As the food was poor here, we +were glad of our tinned food and ship's biscuits. This was of course +in a remote part. Apart from ordinary Japanese food, there are usually +available at the inns chicken, fish of some sort, eggs, omelettes and +soups. With a pot of jam or two and some powdered milk in one's bag, +one can live fairly well. Fresh milk can now be got in unlikely places +on giving notice overnight. It is produced for invalids and children. +If one makes no fuss, remembers one is a traveller who has resolved to +see rural Japan, and realises that the inn people will try to do their +best, one will not fare so badly. On the railway one is well catered +for by the provision of <i>bento</i> (lunch) boxes, sold on the platforms +of stations. These chip boxes contain rice (hot), cold omelette, cold +fish or chicken and assorted pickles, and provide an appetising and +inexpensive meal.</p> + +<p>Monkeys, bears and antelopes are shot in this district. One man spoke +of a troop of eighty monkeys. In the high mountain regions there are +still people who escape the census and live a wild life. The records +of a gipsy folk called Sanka have a history going back 700 or 800 +years.</p> + +<p>As we wound our way up and down the hill-sides we saw evidence of +"fire-farming." It is the simple method by which a small tract with a +favourable aspect is cleared by fire and cultivated, and then, when +the fertility is exhausted, abandoned. I was assured that after +fire-farming "tea springs up naturally," and that though tea-drinking +may have been introduced from China there could not be such large +areas of tea growing wild if tea were not indigenous.</p> + +<p>Most of our paths lay through woods and matted vegetation. I noticed +that trees were often felled in order that mushrooms might be grown on +and around their trunks. There is a large consumption of these +tree-grown mushrooms in Japan and an export trade worth two and a half +million yen.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus032"></a> +<img src="images/032.jpg" width="600" height="264" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">CULTIVATION TO THE HILL-TOPS.</p> +</div> + +<p>An inscribed stone by our path was a reminder of the belief in +"mountain maidens." They have the undoubted merit of not being "so +peevish as fairies." At another stone, before which was a pile of +small stones, a farmer +<span class="pagenum">Page 111<a name="Page_111" id="Page_111"></a></span> +told us that when a traveller threw a stone +on the heap he "left behind his tiredness."</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus033"></a> +<img src="images/033.jpg" width="600" height="391" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">IMPLEMENTS, MEASURES AND MACHINES,</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus034"></a> +<img src="images/034.jpg" width="600" height="393" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">AND A BALE OF RICE</p> +</div> + +<p>In the first house we came to we found a young widow turning bowls +with power from a water-wheel. She could finish 400 bowls in a day and +got from one to five sen apiece. She said that she had often wished to +see a foreigner. Like nearly all the girls and women of the hills, she +wore close-fitting blue cotton trousers.</p> + +<p>We descended to a kind of prairie which had a tree here and there and +roughly wooded hills on either side. This brought us to the problem of +the wise method of dealing with the enormous wood-bearing areas of the +country, the timber crop of which is so irregular in quality. Japan +requires many more scientifically planned forests. As coal is not in +domestic use, however, large quantities of cheap wood are needed for +burning and for charcoal making. The demand for hill pasture is also +increasing. How shall the claims of good timber, good firewood, good +charcoal-making material and good pasture be reconciled? In the county +through which we were passing—a county which, owing to its large +consumption of wood fuel, needs relatively little charcoal—the +charcoal output was worth as much as 35,000 yen a year.</p> + +<p>We saw "buckwheat in full bloom as white as snow," as the Chinese poem +says. At a farmhouse there was a box fixed on a barn wall. It was for +communications for the police from persons who desired to make their +suggestions for the public welfare privately.</p> + +<p>Towards evening, when we had done about twenty miles, I managed to +twist an ankle. Happily I had the chance of a ride. It was on the back +of a dour-looking mare which was accompanied by her foal and tied by a +halter to the saddle of a led pack-horse which was carrying two large +boxes. Thus impressively I did several miles in descending darkness +and across the rocky beds of two rivers. The horse of this district is +a downcast-looking animal in spite of the fact that it is stalled +under the same roof as its owner and is thus able to share to some +extent in his family life.</p> + +<p>At the town at which we at last arrived, the comfort of +<span class="pagenum">Page 112<a name="Page_112" id="Page_112"></a></span> +the hot bath was enhanced by a sturdy lass of the inn who unasked and unannounced +came and applied herself resolutely to scrubbing and knuckling our backs.</p> + +<p>The next day I went to the principal school. There were in the place +three primary schools, one with a branch for agricultural work. The +"attendance" at the principal school, where there were 379 boys and +girls, was 98 per cent, for the boys and 94 per cent, for the +girls.<a name="FNanchor_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115"> +<sup>[115]</sup></a> The buildings were most creditable to a small place fifty +miles from a railway station. The community had met the whole cost out +of its official funds and by subscriptions. More than half the +expenditure of many a village is on education, which in Japan is +compulsory but not free. One cannot but be impressed by the pride +which is taken in the local schools. The dominating man-made feature +of the landscape is less frequently than might be supposed a temple or +a shrine: where the picture which catches the eye is not the vast +expanse of the crops of the plain or the marvels of terracing for hill +crops, it is the long, low school building, set almost invariably on +the best possible site. The poorly paid men and women teachers are +earnest and devoted, and their influence must be far-reaching. They +are rewarded in part, no doubt, by the respect which pupils and the +general public give to the <i>sensei</i> (teacher).<a name="FNanchor_116"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_116"><sup>[116]</sup></a> At the school I +visited, the children, as is customary, swept and washed out the +schoolrooms and kept the playground trim. Above one teacher's desk +were the following admonitions:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span>Be obedient.<br /></span> +<span>Be decent.<br /></span> +<span>Be active.<br /></span> +<span>Be social.<br /></span> +<span>Be serious.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>"Be serious"!—graver small folk sit in no schools in the world. Here, +as usual, corporal punishment was never given. I suggested to teachers +all sorts of juvenile delinquencies, +<span class="pagenum">Page 113<a name="Page_113" id="Page_113"></a></span> +but their faith in the sufficiency of reprimands, of "standing out" +and of detention after school hours was unshaken.</p> + +<p>A new wing, a beautiful piece of carpenter's work, had cost 4,000 yen, +a large sum in Japan, where wood and village labour are equally cheap. +It was to be used chiefly for the gymnastics which are steadily adding +to the stature of the Japanese people. At one end there was an +opening, about 20 ft. across and 5 ft. deep, designed as an honourable +place for the portraits of the Emperor and Empress, which are solemnly +exposed to view on Imperial birthdays<a name="FNanchor_117"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_117"><sup>[117]</sup></a>.</p> + +<p>Apart from a local spirit of pride and emulation and a belief in +education, one of the reasons for the building of new schools and +adding to old ones is to be found in the recent extension of the +period of compulsory attendance. It used to be from six to ten years +of age; it is now from six to twelve. The visitor to Japan usually +under-estimates the ages of children because they are so small. +Japanese boys grow suddenly from about fifteen to sixteen.</p> + +<p>In the whole of this county, with a population of 35,000, there were, +I learnt at the county offices, 22 elementary schools with 36 branch +schools, 3 secondary schools and 17 winter schools. Within the same +area there were 46 Buddhist temples with about 60 priests, and 125 +Shinto shrines with 11 priests.</p> + +<p>The chief police officer, in chatting with me, mentioned that, out of +71 charges of theft, only 47 were proceeded with. When charges were +not proceeded with it was either because restitution had been made or +the chief constable had exercised his discretion and dismissed the +offender with a reprimand. When transgressors are dismissed with a +reprimand an eye is kept on them for a year. As the Japanese are in +considerable awe of their police, I have no doubt that, as was +explained to me, those who have lapsed into evil-doing, but are +released from custody with a warning, may "tremble and correct their +conduct." In the whole county in a year 14,400 admonitions were given +at 14 police stations. The +<span class="pagenum">Page 114<a name="Page_114" id="Page_114"></a></span> +noteworthy thing in the criminal statistics is the small proportion of +crime against women and children.</p> + +<p>The fact that the county was in a remote part of Japan may be held, +perhaps, to account for the fact that there were in it, I was assured, +only 14 geisha and 8 women known to be of immoral character. All of +them were living in the town and they were said to be chiefly +patronised by commercial travellers and imported labourers. I was told +that there were pre-nuptial relations between many young men and young +women. Two undoubted authorities in the district agreed that they +could not answer for the chastity of any young men before marriage or +of "as many as 10 per cent." of the young women. In an effort to save +the reputation of their daughters, fathers sometimes register +illegitimate children as the offspring of themselves and their wives. +Or when an unmarried girl is about to have a child her father may call +the neighbours to a feast and announce to them the marriage of his +daughter to her lover. The figures for illegitimate births are +vitiated by the fact that in Japan children are recorded as +illegitimate who are born to people who have omitted to register their +otherwise respectable unions.<a name="FNanchor_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118"> +<sup>[118]</sup></a></p> + +<p>In the county in which I was travelling I was assured that half the +still births might be put down to immoral relations and half to +imperfect nourishment or overworking of the mother. In this district +girls marry from 17 or 18, men from 18 to 30.</p> + +<p>The town was full of country people who had come to see the festival. +One feature of it was the performance of plays on four ancient wheeled +stages of a simplicity in construction that would have delighted +William Poel. Formerly these plays were given by the local youths; now +professional actors are employed. The different acts of the historical +dramas which were performed were divided into half a dozen scenes, and +when one of these scenes had been enacted the stage was wheeled +farther along the street. At the conclusion of each scene some three +dozen small boys, all wearing the white-and-black speckled cotton +kimono and German caps which are the common wear of +<span class="pagenum">Page 115<a name="Page_115" id="Page_115"></a></span> +lads throughout Japan, would swarm up on the stage, and, with fans waved downwards, +would yell at the pitch of their voices an ancient jingle, which +seemed to signify "Push, push, push and go on!" This was addressed to +a score or so of young men who with loud shouts hauled the heavy +stage-wagon along the street. The performances on the four moving +theatres went on simultaneously and sometimes the cars passed one +another. The performances were given on the eve and on the day and +through the night of the festival. The acting was amazingly good, +considering the July heat and the cramped conditions in which the +actors worked. Happy boys sat at the back of the scenes fanning the +players. Our kindly and voluble landlady was not satisfied with the +number of times the stages stopped before her inn. She loudly +threatened the youths who were dragging them that she would reclaim +some properties she had lent and tell her dead husband of their +ingratitude!</p> + +<p>At one of the booths which had been opened for the festival by a +strolling company there were women actors, contrary to the convention +of the Japanese stage on which men enact female rôles and in doing so +use a special falsetto. Some of these actresses performed men's parts. +At every performance in a Japanese theatre, as I have already +mentioned, a policeman is provided with a chair on a special platform, +or in an otherwise favourable position, so that he can view and if +necessary censor what is going on. The constable at this particular +play was kind enough to offer me his seat. The rest of the audience +was content with the floor. The poor little company of players brought +to their work both ability and an artistic conscience, but they had to +do everything in the rudest way. They were in no way embarrassed by +the attendants frequently trimming the inferior oil lamps on the +stage. A little girl on the floor, entranced by the performance on the +stage, or curious about some detail of it, ran forward and laid her +chin on the boards and studied the actors at leisure. The folk in the +front row of the gallery dangled their naked legs for coolness.</p> + +<p>One of my friends asked me how we managed in the West to identify the +people who wanted to leave the theatre between the acts. I explained +that as our performances +<span class="pagenum">Page 116<a name="Page_116" id="Page_116"></a></span> +did not last from early afternoon until +nearly midnight it was rare for anyone to wish to leave a theatre +until the play was over. At a Japanese playhouse, however, a portion +of the audience may be disposed to go home at some stage of the +proceedings and return later. The careful manager of a small theatre +identifies these patrons by impressing a small stamp on the palms of +their hands.</p> + +<p>From the theatre we went to the travelling shows. They charged 2 sen. +We were shown a mermaid, peepshows, a snake, an unhappy bear, three +doleful monkeys and some stuffed animals which may or may not have had +in life an uncommon number of legs. There was a barefaced imposture by +a young and pretty show-woman who insisted that two marmots in her lap +were the offspring of a girl. "Look," she cried, "at two sisters, the +daughters of one mother. See their hands!" And she held up their paws. +She rounded off the fraud by feeding the creatures with condensed +milk.</p> + +<p>As I returned to the inn from these Elizabethan scenes I noticed that +I was preceded in the crowd by a spectacled policeman who carried a +paper lantern. Although, as I have explained, the stage plays given in +the street were continued all night, only one arrest was made. The +prisoner was a drunkard who proved to be a medicine seller but +described himself as a journalist. I went to see the clean wooden cell +where topers are confined until they are sober. It had a very low +door, so that culprits might be compelled to enter and leave humbly on +their knees.</p> + +<p>We had begun our festival day at six in the morning by attending a +celebration at the Shinto shrine. "Although it is no longer necessary, +perhaps, to attend the ceremony in a special kind of <i>geta</i>," said our +landlady, "it would be as well if you observed the old rule not to +attend without taking a bath in the early morning."<a name="FNanchor_119"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_119"><sup>[119]</sup></a></p> + +<p>At the ancient shrine the townspeople whose turn it was to attend the +annual function had assembled in ceremonial costumes. One man wore his +hair tied up in the fashion of the old prints. The plaintive strains +of old instruments +<span class="pagenum">Page 117<a name="Page_117" id="Page_117"></a></span> +made the strange appeal of all folk music. A +decorous procession was headed by the piebald pony of the shrine. +Youths and maidens carried aloft tubs of rice, vegetables, fish and +<i>saké</i>. These were received by the chief priest. He carefully placed a +strip of cloth before his mouth and nose<a name="FNanchor_120"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_120"><sup>[120]</sup></a> and addressed the chief +deity, all heads being bowed. Then the priest placed the offerings in +the darkened interior of the shrine. There was a cheery naturalness in +all the proceedings. A few small children in gay holiday dress ran +freely among the worshippers and encountered indulgent smiles. When an +end had been made of offering food and drink the priest within the +shrine read a second message to the deity. Again all heads were bowed. +His thin voice was heard in the morning quiet, interrupted only by a +child's cry, the twittering of birds and the wind rustling the +cryptomeria, dark against the blue of the hills.</p> + +<p>After the ceremony the food and drink which had been brought by the +people were consumed by the priests and the country folk in a large +room of the chief priest's house. We were given ceremonial <i>saké</i> to +which rice had been added and as mementoes little cakes and dried +fish. Not so long ago the presence of a foreigner would have been +unwelcome at such a ceremony as we had witnessed: the fear of +"contagion of foreigners" extended even to people from another +prefecture. To-day the amiable priest placed in our hands for a few +moments a small Buddha supposed to be six centuries old.</p> + +<p>Before the festival the priest had observed certain taboos for eight +days. He had avoided meeting persons in mourning and his food had been +cooked at a specially prepared fire. He had been careful not to touch +other persons, particularly women; he had bathed several times daily +in cold water and he had said many prayers. The heads of the household +in the community whose turn it was to attend at the shrine were also +supposed to have observed some of the same taboos. Only those persons +might make offerings at the shrine whose fathers and mothers were +living.<a name="FNanchor_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121"><sup>[121]</sup></a> +<span class="pagenum">Page 118<a name="Page_118" id="Page_118"></a></span> +Formerly portions of the offerings of rice and <i>saké</i> at +the shrine were solemnly given to a young girl.</p> + +<p>In this district, when we discussed the influences which made for +moral or non-material improvement, everyone put the school first. Then +came home training. In this part of the world the Buddhist priest was +too often indifferent; the Shinto priest worked at his farm. One +person well qualified to express an opinion said that a "wise and +benevolent" chief constable could exercise a good moral influence. +Others believed in public opinion. A policeman said, "The first thing +is for people to have food and clothes; without such primary +satisfaction it is very difficult to expect them to be moral." In +considering the influence of the police and the schoolmaster it is not +without interest to remember that a chief of police and the head of a +school receive about the same salary. Assistant teachers and plain +constables are also on an equality. I found the salary of the +administrative head of one county, the <i>gunchō</i>, to be only 2,000 yen +a year.</p> + +<p>I was told that in the prefecture we were passing through there were +no fewer than 360 co-operative societies. The credit branches had a +capital of two million yen; the purchase and sale branches showed a +turnover of three million yen. In time of famine, due to too low a +temperature for the rice or to floods which drown the crop, +co-operation had proved its value. The prefectures north of Tokyo +facing the Pacific are the chief victims of famine, for near Sendai +the warm current from the south turns off towards America. I was told +that the number of persons who actually die as the result of famine +has been "exaggerated." The number in 1905 was "not more than a +hundred." These unfortunates were infants "and infirm people who +suffered from lack of suitable nourishment." Every year the +development of railway and steam communications makes easier the task +of relieving famine sufferers.<a name="FNanchor_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122"> +<sup>[122]</sup></a> In the old days people were often +found dead who had money but were unable to get food for it. As Japan +is a long island with varying climates there is never general +scarcity.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_114" id="Footnote_114"> +[114]</a> For statistics of railways, see <a href="#APPN_35">Appendix XXXV</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_115" id="Footnote_115"> +[115]</a> The percentage of children "attending" school for the whole of +Japan is officially reported in 1918 as: cities, 98.18 per cent.; +villages, 99.23 per cent.; but this does not mean daily attendance.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_116" id="Footnote_116"> +[116]</a> Since 1919 the salaries of elementary school teachers have been +raised to 26, 16 and 15 yen per month, according to grade.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_117" id="Footnote_117"> +[117]</a> Only last year (1921) another schoolmaster lost his life in an +endeavour to save the Emperor's portrait from his burning school.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_118" id="Footnote_118"> +[118]</a> See <a href="#APPN_36">Appendix XXXVI</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_119" id="Footnote_119"> +[119]</a> A hot bath is ordinarily obtainable only in the afternoon and +evening in most Japanese hotels. In the morning people are content +merely with rinsing their hands and face.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_120" id="Footnote_120"> +[120]</a> In addressing a superior, many Japanese still draw in their +breath from time to time audibly.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_121" id="Footnote_121"> +[121]</a> That is, persons who might be considered not to have failed in +their filial duties.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_122" id="Footnote_122"> +[122]</a> After the failure of the 1918-19 crop in India, 600,000 persons +were in receipt of famine relief.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 119<a name="Page_119" id="Page_119"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XIII</h2> + +<h4>THE DWELLERS IN THE HILLS (FUKUSHIMA)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I didn't visit this place in the hope of seeing fine +prospects—my study is man.—<span class="smcap">Borrow</span></p></div> + +<p>Before I left the town I had a chat with a landowner who turned his +tenants' rent rice into <i>saké</i>. He was of the fifth generation of +brewers. He said that in his childhood drunken men often lay about the +street; now, he said, drunken men were only to be seen on festival +days.</p> + +<p>There had been a remarkable development in the trade in flavoured +aerated waters, "lemonade" and "cider champagne" chiefly. I found +these beverages on sale in the remotest places, for the Japanese have +the knack of tying a number of bottles together with rope, which makes +them easily transportable. The new lager beers, which are advertised +everywhere, have also affected the consumption of <i>saké</i>. +<a name="FNanchor_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123"><sup>[123]</sup></a> <i>Saké</i> +is usually compared with sherry. It is drunk mulled. At a banquet, +lasting five or six hours or longer, a man "strong in <i>saké</i>" may +conceivably drink ten <i>go</i> (a <i>go</i> is about one-third of a pint) +before achieving drunkenness, but most people would be affected by +three <i>go</i>. Some of the topers who boast of the quantity of <i>saké</i> +they can consume—I have heard of men declaring that they could drink +twenty <i>go</i>—are cheated late in the evening by the waiting-maids. The +little <i>saké</i> bottles are opaque, and it is easy to remove them for +refilling before they are quite empty.</p> + +<p>The brewer, who was a firm adherent of the Jishu sect of Buddhists, +was accustomed to burn incense with his family at the domestic shrine +every morning. But this was +<span class="pagenum">Page 120<a name="Page_120" id="Page_120"></a></span> +not the habit of all the adherents of his +denomination. As to the moral advancement of the neighbourhood, his +grandfather "tried very earnestly to improve the district by means of +religion, but without result." He himself attached most value to +education and after that to young men's associations.</p> + +<p>As we left the town we passed a "woman priest" who was walking to +Nikko, eighty miles away. Portraits of dead people, entrusted to her +by their relatives for conveyance to distant shrines, were hung round +her body.</p> + +<p>As the route became more and more hilly I realised how accurate is +that representation of hills in Japanese art which seems odd before +one has been in Japan: the landscape stands out as if seen in a flash +of lightning.</p> + +<p>Three things by the way were arresting: the number of shrines, mostly +dedicated to the fox god; the rice suspended round the farm buildings +or drying on racks; and the masses of evening primroses, called in +Japan "moon-seeing flowers."</p> + +<p>A feature of every village was one or more barred wooden sheds +containing fire-extinguishing apparatus, often provided and worked by +the young men's association. Sometimes a piece of ground was described +to me as "the training ground of the fire defenders." The night +patrols of the village were young fellows chosen in turn by the +constable from the fire-prevention parties, made up by the youths of +the village. There stood up in every village a high perpendicular +ladder with a bell or wooden clapper at the top to give the alarm. The +emblem of the fire brigade, a pole with white paper streamers +attached, was sometimes distinguished by a yellow paper streamer +awarded by the prefecture.</p> + +<p>On a sweltering July day it was difficult to realise that the villages +we passed through, now half hidden in foliage, might be under 7 ft. of +snow in winter. In travelling in this hillier region one has an extra +<i>kurumaya</i>, who pushes behind or acts as brakeman.</p> + +<p>At the "place of the seven peaks" we found a stone dedicated to the +worship of the stars which form the Plough. Again and again I noticed +shrines which had +<span class="pagenum">Page 121<a name="Page_121" id="Page_121"></a></span> +before them two tall trees, one larger than the other, called +"man and wife." It was explained to me that "there +cannot be a more sacred place than where husband and wife stand +together." A small tract of cryptomeria on the lower slopes of a hill +belonged to the school. The children had planted it in honour of the +marriage of the Emperor when he was Crown Prince.</p> + +<p>Often the burial-grounds, the stones of which are seldom more than +about 2 ft. high by 6 ins. wide, are on narrow strips of roadside +waste. (The coffin is commonly square, and the body is placed in it in +the kneeling position so often assumed in life.) Here, as elsewhere, +there seemed to be rice fields in every spot where rice fields could +possibly be made.</p> + +<p>On approaching a village the traveller is flattered by receiving the +bows of small girls and boys who range themselves in threes and fours +to perform their act of courtesy. I was told that the children are +taught at school to bow to foreigners. I remember that in the remoter +villages of Holland the stranger also received the bows of young +people.</p> + +<p>On the house of the headman of one village were displayed charms for +protection from fire, theft and epidemic. We spoke of weather signs, +and he quoted a proverb, "Never rely on the glory of the morning or on +the smile of your mother-in-law."</p> + +<p>We had before us a week's travel by <i>kuruma</i>. Otherwise we should have +liked to have brought away specimens of the wooden utensils of some of +the villages. The travelling woodworker whom we often encountered—he +has to travel about in order to reach new sources of wood supply—has +been despised because of his unsettled habits, but I was told that +there was a special deity to look after him. In the town we had left +there was delightful woodwork, but most of the draper's stuff was +pitiful trash made after what was supposed to be foreign fashions. I +may also mention the large collection of blood-and-thunder stories +upon Western models which were piled up in the stationers' shops.</p> + +<p>As we walked up into the hills—the <i>kuruma</i> men were sent by an +easier route—we passed plenty of sweet chestnuts +<span class="pagenum">Page 122<a name="Page_122" id="Page_122"></a></span> +and saw large masses of blue single hydrangea and white and pink spirea. We came on +the ruined huts of those who had burnt a bit of hillside and taken +from it a few crops of buckwheat. The charred trunks of trees stood up +among the green undergrowth that had invaded the patches. There was a +great deal of plantain and a <i>kurumaya</i> mentioned that sometimes when +children found a dead frog they buried it in leaves of that plant. +Japanese children are also in the habit of angling for frogs with a +piece of plantain. The frogs seize the plantain and are jerked ashore.</p> + +<p>We took our lunch on a hill top. It had been a stiff climb and we +marvelled at the expense to which a poor county must be put for the +maintenance of roads which so often hang on cliff sides or span +torrents. The great piles of wood accumulated at the summit turned the +talk to "silent trade." In "silent trade" people on one side of a hill +traded with people on the other side without meeting. The products +were taken to the hill top and left there, usually in a rough shed +built to protect the goods from rain. The exchange might be on the +principle of barter or of cash payment. But the amount of goods given +in exchange or the cash payment made was left to honour. "Silent +trade" still continues in certain parts of Japan. Sometimes the price +expected for goods is written up in the shed. "Silent trade" +originated because of fears of infectious disease; it survives because +it is more convenient for one who has goods to sell or to buy to +travel up and down one side of a mountain than up and down two sides.</p> + +<p>As we proceeded on our way we were once more struck by the +extraordinary wealth of wood. Here is a country where every household +is burning wood and charcoal daily, a country where not only the +houses but most of the things in common use are made of wood; and +there seems to be no end to the trees that remain. It is little wonder +that in many parts there has been and is improvident use of wood. +Happily every year the regulation of timber areas and wise planting +make progress. But for many square miles of hillside I saw there is no +fitting word but jungle.</p> + +<p>At the small ramshackle hot-spring inns of the remote +<span class="pagenum">Page 123<a name="Page_123" id="Page_123"></a></span> +hills the guests are mostly country folk. Many of them carefully bring their own +rice and <i>miso</i>, and are put up at a cost of about 10 sen a day. In +the passage ways one finds rough boxes about 4 ft. square full of wood +ash in the centre of which charcoal may be burned and kettles boiled.</p> + +<p>We were in a region where there is snow from the middle of November to +the middle of April. For two-thirds of December and January the snow +is never less than 2 ft. deep. The attendance of the children at one +school during the winter was 95 per cent. for boys and 90 per cent. +for girls. (See note, p. 112.)</p> + +<p>My <i>kurumaya</i> pointed to a mountain top where, he said, there were +nearly three acres of beautiful flowers. The rice fields in the hills +were suffering from lack of water and a deputation of villagers had +gone ten miles into the mountains to pray for rain. It is wonderful at +what altitudes rice fields are contrived. I noted some at 2,500 ft. In +looking down from a place where the cliff road hung out over the river +that flowed a hundred feet below I noticed a stone image lying on its +back in the water. It may have come there by accident, but the ducking +of such a figure in order to procure rain is not unknown.</p> + +<p>At an inn I asked one of the greybeards who courteously visited us if +there would be much competition for his seat when he retired from the +village assembly. He thought that there would be several candidates. +In the town from which we had set out on our journey through the +highlands a doctor had spent 500 yen in trying to get on the assembly.</p> + +<p>The tea at this resting place was poor and someone quoted the proverb, +"Even the devil was once eighteen and bad tea has its tolerable first +cup." On going to the village office I found that for a population of +2,000 there were, in addition to the village shrine, sixteen other +shrines and three Buddhist temples. Against fire there were four fire +pumps and 155 "fire defenders." A dozen of the young men of the +village were serving in the army, four were home on furlough, six were +invalided and forty were of the reserve. As many as thirty-seven had +medals. The doctors were two in number and the midwives three. There +was a sanitary committee of twenty-three members. +<span class="pagenum">Page 124<a name="Page_124" id="Page_124"></a></span> +The revenue of the village was 5,740 yen. It had a fund of 740 yen "against time of +famine." The taxes paid were 2,330 yen for State tax, 2,460 yen for +prefectural tax and 4,350 yen for village tax. The village possessed +two co-operative societies, a young men's association, a Buddhist +young men's association, a Buddhist young women's association, a +society for the development of knowledge, a society of the graduates +of the primary school, two thrift organisations, a society for +"promoting knowledge and virtue," and an association the members of +which "aimed at becoming distinguished." There were in the village +ninety subscribers to the Red Cross and two dozen members of the +national Patriotic Women's Association.</p> + +<p>In the county through which we were moving there was gold, silver and +copper mining.<a name="FNanchor_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124"> +<sup>[124]</sup></a> Out of its population of 36,000 only 632 were +entitled to vote for an M.P.</p> + +<p>We rested at a school where the motto was, "Even in this good reign I +pray because I wish to make our country more glorious." There were +portraits of four deceased local celebrities and of Peter the Great, +Franklin, Lincoln, Commander Perry and Bismarck. Illustrated wall +charts showed how to sit on a school seat, how to identify poisonous +plants and how to conform to the requirements of etiquette. The +following admonitions were also displayed—a copy of them is given to +each child, who is expected to read the twelve counsels every morning +before coming to school:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1.—Do your own work and don't rely on others to do it.</p> + +<p> 2.—Be ardent when you learn or play.</p> + +<p> 3.—Endeavour to do away with your bad habits and cultivate good + ones.</p> + +<p> 4.—Never tell a lie and be careful when you speak.</p> + +<p> 5.—Do what you think right in your heart and at the same time + have good manners.</p> + +<p> 6.—Overcome difficulties and never hold back from hard work.</p> + +<p> 7.—Do not make appointments which you are uncertain to keep.</p> + +<p> 8.—Do not carelessly lend or borrow.</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum">Page 125<a name="Page_125" id="Page_125"></a></span> + + 9.—Do not pass by another's difficulties and do not give another + much trouble.</p> + +<p> 10.—Be careful about things belonging to the public as well as + about things belonging to yourself.</p> + +<p> 11.—Keep the outside and inside of the school clean and also + take care of waste paper.</p> + +<p> 12.—Never play with a grumbling spirit.</p></div> + +<p>There was stuck on the roofs of many houses a rod with a piece of +white paper attached, a charm against fire. One house so provided was +next door to the fire station. Frequently we passed a children's +<i>jizō</i> or Buddha, comically decked in the hat and miscellaneous +garments of youngsters whose grateful mothers believed them to have +been cured by the power of the deity.</p> + +<p>Speaking of clothes, it was the hottest July weather and the natural +garment was at most a loin cloth. The women wore a piece of red or +coloured cotton from their waist to their knees. The backs of the men +and women who were working in the open were protected by a flapping +ricestraw mat or by an armful of green stuff. The boys under ten or so +were naked and so were many little girls. But the influence of the +Westernising period ideas of what was "decent" in the presence of +foreigners survives. So, whenever a policeman was near, people of all +ages were to be seen huddling on their kimonos. I was sorry for a +merry group of boys and girls aged 12 or 13 who in that torrid +weather<a name="FNanchor_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125"><sup>[125]</sup> +</a> were bathing at an ideal spot in the river and suddenly +caught sight of a policeman. It is deplorable that a consciousness of +nakedness should be cultivated when nakedness is natural, traditional +and hygienic. (Even in the schools the girls are taught to make their +kimonos meet at the neck—with a pin!<a name="FNanchor_126"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_126"><sup>[126]</sup></a>—much higher than they used +to be worn.) It is only fair to bear in mind, however, that some +hurrying on of clothes by villagers is done out of respect to the +passing superior, before whom it is impolite +<span class="pagenum">Page 126<a name="Page_126" id="Page_126"></a></span> +to appear without permission half dressed or wearing other than the usual clothing.</p> + +<p>At a hot spring we found many patrons because, as I was told, "Ox-day +is very suitable for bathing." The old pre-Meiji days of the week were +twelve: Rat-, Ox-, Tiger-, Hare-, Dragon-, Snake-, Horse-, Sheep-, +Monkey-, Fowl-, Dog-and Boar-day. When the Western seven days of the +week were adopted they were rendered into Japanese as: Sun, Moon, +Fire, Water, Wood, Metal and Earth, followed by the word meaning star +or planet and day. For instance, Sunday is <i>Nichi</i> (Sun) <i>yo</i> (star) +<i>bi</i> (day), and Monday, <i>Getsu</i> (Moon) <i>yo</i> (planet) <i>bi</i> (day), or +<i>Nichi-yo-bi</i> and <i>Getsu-yo-bi</i>. For brevity the <i>bi</i> is often dropped +off.</p> + +<p>The headman of a village we passed through told me that the occasion +of my coming was the first on which English had been heard in those +parts. Talking about the people of his village, he said that there had +been four divorces in the year. Once in four or five years a child was +born within a few months of marriage. In the whole county there had +been among 310 young men examined for the army only four cases of +"disgraceful disease." There was no immoral woman in the 75-miles-long +valley. Elsewhere in the county many young men were in debt, but in +the headman's village no youth was without a savings-bank book. And +the local men-folk "did not use women's savings as in some places."</p> + +<p>One shrine we passed seemed to be dedicated to the moon. Another was +intended to propitiate the horsefly. Several villages had boxes +fastened on posts for the reception of broken glass. As we approached +one village I saw an inscription put up by the young men's +association, "Good Crops and Prosperity to the Village." When we came +to the next village the schoolmaster was responsible for an +inscription, "Peace to the World and Safety to the State." In other +places I found young men's society notice boards giving information +about the area of land in a village, how it was cropped, the kind of +crops, the area of forest, lists of famous places, etc.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus035"></a> +<img src="images/035.jpg" width="600" height="200" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">MOVABLE STAGE AT A FESTIVAL FIFTY MILES FROM A RAILWAY.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus036"></a> +<img src="images/036.jpg" width="600" height="201" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">FARMHOUSE AT WHICH MR. UCHIMURA PREACHED.</p> +</div> + +<p>In the gorges we rode over many suspension bridges and crossed the +backbone of Japan in unforgettable scenes +<span class="pagenum">Page 127<a name="Page_127" id="Page_127"></a></span> +of romantic beauty. From the craggy paths of our highlands, amid a wealth not only of +gorgeous flowers and greenery but of great velvety butterflies, we saw the +far-off snow-clad Japanese Alps.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus037"></a> +<img src="images/037.jpg" width="600" height="283" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">TENANT FARMERS' HOUSES</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus038"></a> +<img src="images/038.jpg" width="600" height="276" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">AUTHOR AT THE "SPIRIT MEETING."</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus039"></a> +<img src="images/039.jpg" width="600" height="283" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">SOME PERFORMERS AT THE "SPIRIT MEETING."</p> +</div> + +<p>At one of the schools where we lunched I noticed that the large wall +maps were of Siam and Malaya, Borneo, Australia and China (two). The +portraits were of Florence Nightingale, Lincoln, Napoleon and Christ +as the Good Shepherd, the last named being "a present from a believer +friend of the schoolmaster."<a name="FNanchor_127"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_127"><sup>[127]</sup></a> This school closed at noon from July +10 to July 31, and had twenty days' vacation in August and another +twenty days in the rice-planting and busy sericultural season. The +sewing-room of the school was used in winter as a dormitory for boys +who lived at a distance. Accommodation for girls was provided in the +village. The children brought their rice with them. The products of +the school farm were also eaten by the boarding pupils. It was +estimated that the cost of maintaining the girls was 10 sen a day. +Three-fourths of this expense was borne by the village. The regularity +and strictness of the dormitory management were found to have an +excellent effect. At the winter school, an adjunct of the day school, +there was an attendance of a score of youths and sixty girls.</p> + +<p>Speaking of a place where we stayed for the night, one who had a wide +knowledge of rural Japan said that he did not think that there was a +lonelier spot where farming was carried on. There was no market or +fair for 80 or 90 miles and the little groups of houses were 2 or 3 +miles apart. In this district, it was explained, "the rich are not so +rich and the poor are not so poor."</p> + +<p>We passed somewhere a fine shrine for the welfare of horses. At a +certain festival hundreds of horses are driven down there to gallop +round and round the sacred buildings. Thousands of people attend this +festival, but it was declared that no one was ever hurt by the horses.</p> + +<p>The poetical names of country inns would make an interesting +<span class="pagenum">Page 128<a name="Page_128" id="Page_128"></a></span> +collection. I remember that it was at "the inn of cold spring water" +that the waiting-maid had never seen cow's milk. She proved to be the +daughter of the host and wore a gold ring by way of marking the fact. +This girl told us that on the banks of the river there was only one +house in 70 miles. The village was having the usual holiday to +celebrate the end of the toilsome sericultural season.</p> + +<p>On our way to the next village we met two far-travelled young women +selling the dried seaweed which, in many varieties, figures in the +Japanese dietary.<a name="FNanchor_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128"> +<sup>[128]</sup></a> (There are shops which sell nothing but +prepared seaweeds.) A notice board there informed us that the road was +maintained at the cost of the local young men's society. As we were on +foot we felt grateful, for the road was well kept. We passed for miles +over planking hung on the cliff side or on roadway carried on +embankments. On the suspended pathways there was now and then a plank +loose or broken, and there was no rail between the pedestrian and the +torrent dashing below. Where there was embanked roadway it was almost +always uphill and downhill and it frequently swung sharply round the +corner of a cliff. As the river increased in volume we saw many rafts +of timber shooting the rapids. At one place twenty-six raftsmen had +been drowned. The remnants of two bridges showed the force of the +floods.</p> + +<p>In this region the <i>kurumaya</i> were hard put to it at times and once a +<i>kuruma</i> broke down. Its owner cheerfully detached its broken axle and +went off with it at a trot ten miles or so to a blacksmith. Later he +traversed the ten miles once more to refit his <i>kuruma</i>, afterwards +coming on fifteen more miles to our inn. The endurance and cheeriness +of the <i>kurumaya</i> were surprising. It was usually in face of their +protests that we got out to ease them while going uphill. Every +morning they wanted to arrange to go farther than we thought +reasonable. Each man had not only his passenger but his passenger's +heavy bag. One day we did thirty-six miles over rough roads. The +<i>kurumaya</i> proposed to cover fifty. They showed spirit, good nature +and loyalty. The character of their conversation +<span class="pagenum">Page 129<a name="Page_129" id="Page_129"></a></span> +is worth mentioning. At one point they were discussing the plays we had witnessed, +at other times the scenery, local legends, the best routes and the crops, +material condition and disposition of the villagers. Our <i>kurumaya</i> +compared very favourably indeed with men of an equal social class at +home. Their manners were perfect. They stayed at the same inns as we +did—once in the next room—and behaved admirably. Every evening the +men washed their white cotton shorts and jackets—their whole costume +except for a wide-brimmed sun hat and straw <i>waraji</i>. Tied to the axle +of each <i>kuruma</i> were several pairs of <i>waraji</i>, for on the rough hill +roads this simple form of footgear soon wears out. Discarded <i>waraji</i> +are to be seen on every roadside in Japan.</p> + +<p>The inscriptions on some of the wayside stones we passed had been +written by priests so ignorant that the wording was either ridiculous +or almost without meaning. But there was no difficulty in deciphering +an inscription on a stone which declared that it had been erected by a +company of Buddhists who claimed to have repeated the holy name of +Amida 2,000,000 times. (The idea is that salvation may be obtained by +the repetition of the phrase <i>Namu Amida Butsu</i>.) A small stone set up +on a rock in the middle of paddy fields intimated that at that spot +"people gathered to see the moon one night every month." A third stone +was dedicated to the monkey as the messenger of a certain god, just as +the fox is regarded as the messenger of Inari.</p> + +<p>We saw during our journey large numbers of <i>kiri</i> (Paulownia) used for +making <i>geta</i> and bride's chests. Some farmers seem to plant <i>kiri</i> +trees at the birth of a daughter so as to have wood for her wedding +chest or money for her outfit<a name="FNanchor_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129"> +<sup>[129]</sup></a>. <i>Kiri</i> seems to be increasingly +grown. On the other hand in the same districts lacquer trees were now +seldom planted. The farmers complained that they were cheated by the +collectors of lacquer who come round to cut the trees. The age of +cutting was given me as the eighth or ninth year, but poor farmers +sometimes allowed a young +<span class="pagenum">Page 130<a name="Page_130" id="Page_130"></a></span> +tree to be cut. A tree may be cut once a +year for three or four years. After that it is useless even for fuel, +owing to the smell it gives off, and is often left standing. The old +scarred trunks, sometimes headless, suggested the tattooed faces and +bodies of Maori veterans. As lacquer is poisonous to the skin the wood +calls for careful handling. I saw one of the itinerant lacquer +collectors, his hands wrapped in cotton, operating on a tree.</p> + +<p>During a particularly hot run we had the good fortune to come on a +soda-water spring from which we all drank freely. A factory erected to +tap the spring was in ruins. Evidently the cost of carriage was +prohibitive.</p> + +<p>In these hills the rice was planted farther apart than is usual so +that the sun might warm the water. Here as elsewhere <i>daikon</i> were +hung up to dry on walls and trees, and looked like giant tallow +candles. Below a bridge, which marked the village boundary, flags had +been flung down by way of keeping off epidemics. Evil spirits were +warded off by special dances.</p> + +<p>The porch of a little tea-house where we rested was covered with +grapes. Soon after leaving it we reached our destination for the +night, a small town of houses of several storeys which clustered on a +hillside under the shadow of a Zen temple. Meat and eggs were +forbidden to the town, but as the residents were all Zen Buddhists the +restriction was no hardship. There was no cow in the place, but +condensed milk was allowed. A man at the inn told me that he knew of +ten Shinto shrines which forbade the use of chickens and eggs in their +localities. The view from the temple, perched high on its rock above +the wide riverway, was exceptionally fine. Parties of boys and girls +of thirteen paid visits to this temple "because thirteen is known as a +perilous age." The people of the vegetarian town, instead of feeding +on the fish in the river, fed them. I saw a shoal of fish being given +scraps at the water edge.</p> + +<p>As we went on our way and spoke of the bad roads it was suggested that +in the old days roads were purposely left uphill and downhill in order +that the advance of enemies might be hindered. We came to a +dilapidated tea-house kept by an ugly old woman who showed a touching +<span class="pagenum">Page 131<a name="Page_131" id="Page_131"></a></span> +fondness for a cat and a dog. From her shack we had a view of a +volcano which had destroyed two villages a few years before. Our +hostess, who made much of us, said that the catastrophe had been +preceded by "horrible da-da-da-bang" sounds and lightnings, and that +it was accompanied by "thunderbolts and heavy thick smoke." The old +woman had beheld "soil boiling and cracking."</p> + +<p>Along our route we had more evidences of "fire farming." The procedure +was to sow buckwheat the first year and rape and millet the second +year. In the cryptomeria forests there was a variety which, when cut, +sprouts from the ground and makes a new growth like an elm. One crop +we saw was ginseng, protected by low structures covered by matting.</p> + +<p>At length we heard the distant sound of a locomotive whistle. We were +approaching the newly opened railway which was to take us the short +run to the sea. Soon we were in a rather unkempt village which had +hardly recovered from its surprise at finding that it had a railway +station. We paid our <i>kurumaya</i> the sum contracted for and something +over for their faithful service and for their long return run, and +having exchanged bows and cordial greetings, we left for a time the +glorified perambulators which a foreign missionary is supposed to have +introduced half a century ago. (The Japanese claim the honour of +"inventing" the jinrikisha.)</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_123" id="Footnote_123"> +[123]</a> See <a href="#APPN_37">Appendix XXXVII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_124" id="Footnote_124"> +[124]</a> See <a href="#APPN_38">Appendix XXXVIII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_125" id="Footnote_125"> +[125]</a> In Tokyo one may sleep night after night in summer with no +covering but the thinnest loose cotton kimono and have an electric fan +going within the mosquito curtain, and still feel the heat.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_126" id="Footnote_126"> +[126]</a> The kimono has no button, hook, tie, or fastening of any kind, +and is kept in place by the waist string and <i>obi</i>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_127" id="Footnote_127"> +[127]</a> It is an illustration of the difficulty of using a foreign +symbolism that it is unlikely that a single child in the school had +ever seen a shepherd or a sheep.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_128" id="Footnote_128"> +[128]</a> In 1918 the value of seaweed was returned at 13,600,000 yen.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_129" id="Footnote_129"> +[129]</a> In fifteen years a <i>kiri</i> tree may be about 20 ft. high and 3 +ft. in circumference and be worth 30 yen. <i>Kiri</i> trees to the value of +3 million yen were felled in 1918.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 132<a name="Page_132" id="Page_132"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XIV</h2> + +<h4>SHRINES AND POETRY</h4> + +<h4>(NIIGATA AND TOYAMA)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Sir, I am talking of the mass of the +people.—<span class="smcap">Johnson</span></p></div> + +<p>The railway made its way through snow stockades and through many +tunnels which pierced cryptomeria-clad hills. Eventually we descended +to the wonderful Kambara plains, a sea of emerald rice. Fourteen +million bushels of rice are produced on the flats of Niigata +prefecture, which grows more rice than any other. The rice, grown +under 800 different names, is officially graded into half a dozen +qualities. The problem of the high country we had come from was how to +keep its paddy fields from drying up; the problem of Niigata is +chiefly to keep the water in its fields at a sufficiently low level. +Almost every available square yard of the prefecture is paddy.</p> + +<p>At Gosen there were depressing-looking weaving sheds, but the Black +Country created by the oil fields farther on was in even more striking +contrast with the beautiful region we had left. The petroleum yield +was 65 million gallons, and the smell of the oil went with us to the +capital city.</p> + +<p>Niigata has a dark reputation for exporting farmers' daughters to +other parts of Japan, but I have also heard that the percentage of +attendance made by the children at the primary schools of the +prefecture is higher than anywhere else. Like Amsterdam, Niigata is a +city of bridges. There must be 200 of them. The big timber bridge +across the estuary is nearly half a mile long. One finds in Niigata a +Manchester-like spirit of business enterprise. Our hotel was +excellent.</p> + +<p>Because they speak with all sorts of people and hear a +<span class="pagenum">Page 133<a name="Page_133" id="Page_133"></a></span> +great deal of conversation the blind <i>amma</i> are full of interesting gossip. A clever +<i>amma</i> who ran his knuckles up and down my back said that farm land a +good way from Niigata was sold at from 200 yen to 300 yen and +sometimes at 400 yen per quarter acre.<a name="FNanchor_130"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_130"><sup>[130]</sup></a> Prefectural officials who +called on me explained that drainage operations on a large scale were +being completed. The water of which the low land was relieved would be +used to extend farming in the hills. An effort was also being made to +develop stock-keeping in the uplands. It was proposed "to supply every +farmer with a scheme for increasing his live stock." The optimistic +authorities were particularly attracted by the notion of keeping +sheep. The plan was to arrange for co-operation in hill pasturing and +in wool and meat production. Mutton was as yet unknown, however, in +Niigata. (The mutton eaten by foreigners in Japan usually comes from +Shanghai.)</p> + +<p>I went into the country to a little place where the natural gas from +the soil was used by the farmers for lighting and cooking. I heard +talk in this village and in others of the influence of the local army +reservists' society. "Young men on returning from their army service +are always influential. They are much respected by the youths and are +talkative indeed in the village assembly."</p> + +<p>As our host was the village headman he kindly brought the assembly +together to meet me. I asked the assembled fathers about two stones +erected in the village. Somebody had kindled a fire of rice screenings +near one of them and it had been scorched. On the other stone a kimono +had been hung to dry. The explanation was that the stones were +monuments not shrines, and that the people who had set them up had +left the district. The stones were no doubt respected while the donors +lived. It was not uncommon for a pilgrim to a shrine to erect a +memorial on his return home.</p> + +<p>In this village fifty Shinto shrines of the fifth class had been +closed under the influence of the Home Office. They were shrines which +had no offering from the village to +<span class="pagenum">Page 134<a name="Page_134" id="Page_134"></a></span> +support them. They had only a few +worshippers. All the remaining shrines were of the fifth class but +one, and it was of the fourth class. In the county there was a +second-class shrine and in the whole prefecture there were two or +three first-class shrines. The villagers had agreed among themselves +which of their own shrines should be made an end of. A shrine which +was dispensed with was burnt. The stone steps approaching it were also +removed. Burning was not sacrilege but purification. On the closing of +a shrine there might be complaints on the part of some old man or +woman, but the majority of people approved. One Shinto shrine guardian +lived at the fourth-class shrine and conducted a ceremony at the +sixteen fifth-class shrines. Of the twenty Buddhist temples in the +village (300 families cultivating an average of a <i>chō</i> apiece), +twelve were Hokke, five Shingon, two Shinshu and one Zen. All the +priests were married.<a name="FNanchor_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131"> +<sup>[131]</sup></a></p> + +<p>I have used the phrase "Buddhist temple" loosely and may do so again, +for it conveys an idea which "Buddhist church" does not. A temple +(<i>dō</i>) is properly an edifice in which a Buddha is enshrined. This +building is not for services or burial ceremonies or anniversary +offerings for departed souls. It may or may not have a guardian +(<i>domori</i>). He is never a priest with a shaven head. A Buddhist church +(<i>tera</i>) is a place where adherents go as anniversaries come round or +for sermons. It possesses a priest. There is a considerable difference +in the style of Buddhist edifices according to their denomination—Zen +buildings are particularly plain—but all are more elaborate than +Shinto shrines.</p> + +<p>A large Shinto shrine is called <i>yashiro</i> (house of god); a small one +<i>hokora</i>. A <i>hokora</i> is transportable. Originally it was and in some +places it still is a perishable wooden shrine thatched with reed or +grass straw which is renewed at the spring and autumn festivals. It +may be less than two feet high and may be made of stone or wood. But +it cannot be regarded as a building. Inside there are <i>gohei</i> (upright +<span class="pagenum">Page 135<a name="Page_135" id="Page_135"></a></span> +sticks with paper streamers). In a rich man's house a <i>hokora</i> may be +seven or eight feet high or bigger than the smallest <i>yashiro</i>, and +may be embellished with colour and metal.</p> + +<p>Returning to Buddhism, if a priest has a son he may be succeeded by +him. But many Buddhist priests marry late and have no children. Or +their children do not want to be priests. So the priest adopts a +successor. Sometimes he maintains an orphan as acolyte or coadjutor. +During the day this assistant goes to school. In the evenings and +during holidays he is taught to become a priest. When the +primary-school education is finished the lad may be sent by his +patron, if he is well enough off, to a school of his sect at Kyoto or +Tokyo.</p> + +<p>My travelling companion spoke of the infiltration of new ideas in town +and country. "A mixing is taking place in the heart and head of +everybody who is not a bigot. But I don't know that some kinds of +Christianity are to do much for us. I heard the other day of a +Japanese Presbyterian who was preaching with zest about hell fire. +Generally speaking, our old men are looking to the past and our young +men are aspiring, but not all. Some are content if they can live +uncriticised by their neighbours. When they become old they may begin +to think of a future life and visit temples. But as young men their +thoughts are fully occupied by things of this world."</p> + +<p>In the office of the headman whom I mentioned a page or so back, there +was behind his chair a <i>kakemono</i> which read, "Reflecting and +Examining One's Inner Spirit." We passed a night in the old house of +this headman, who was a poet and a country gentleman of a delightful +type. Being an eldest son he had married young, and his relations with +his eldest boy, a frank and clever lad, were pleasant to see. The +garden, instead of being shut in by a wall with a tiled coping or by a +palisade of bamboo stems in the ordinary way, was open towards the +rice fields, a scene of restful beauty. As our <i>kuruma</i> drew near the +house, the steward appeared, a broom in his hand. Running for a short +distance before us until we entered the courtyard, he symbolically +swept the ground according to old custom. +<span class="pagenum">Page 136<a name="Page_136" id="Page_136"></a></span> +After a delightful hot bath and an elaborate supper, which my fellow traveller afterwards assured +me had meant a week's work for the women of the household—snapping +turtle and choice bamboo shoots were among the honourable dishes—we +gathered at the open side of the room overlooking the garden. +Fireflies glowed in the paddies and in the garden two stone lanterns +had been lighted. One of them, which had a crescent-shaped opening cut +in it, gleamed like the moon; the other, which had a small serrated +opening, represented a star.</p> + +<p>I paid a visit to the local agricultural co-operative store which did +business under the motto, "Faith is the Mother of all Virtue." More +than half the money taken at the store was for artificial manures. +Next came purchases of imported rice, for, like the Danish peasants +who export their butter and eat margarine, the local peasants sold +their own rice and bought the Saigon variety. The society sold in a +year a considerable quantity of <i>saké</i>. Stretched over the doorway of +the building in which the goods of the society were stored were the +rope and paper streamers which are seen before Shinto shrines and +consecrated places. The society had a large flag post for weather +signals, a white flag for a fine day, a red one for cloudy weather and +a blue one for rain.</p> + +<p>I brought away from this village a calendar of agricultural operations +with poems or mottoes for each month, in the collection of which I +suspect the poet had a hand:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>January</i>: Future of the day determined in the morning.</p> + +<p> <i>February</i>: The voice of one reading a farming book coming from + the snow-covered window.</p> + +<p> <i>March</i>: Grafting these young trees, thinking of the days of my + grandchildren.</p> + +<p> <i>April</i>: Digging the soil of the paddy field, sincerity + concentrated on the edge of the mattock.</p> + +<p> <i>May</i>: Returning home with the dim moonlight glinting on the + edges of our mattocks.</p> + +<p> <i>June</i>: Boundless wealth stored up by gracious heaven: dig it out + with your mattock, take it away with your sickle.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 137<a name="Page_137" id="Page_137"></a></span> + + <i>July</i>: Weeding the paddy field<a name="FNanchor_132"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_132"><sup>[132]</sup></a> in a happiness and + contentment which townspeople do not know.</p> + +<p> <i>August</i>: Standing peasant worthier than resting rich man.</p> + +<p> <i>September</i>: Ears of rice bend their heads as they ripen. (An + allusion to wisdom and meekness.)</p> + +<p> <i>October</i>: White steam coming out of a manure house on an autumn + morning.</p> + +<p> <i>November</i>: Moon clear and bright above neatly divided paddy + fields.</p> + +<p> <i>December</i>: All the members of the family smiling and celebrating + the year's end, piling up many bales of rice.</p></div> + +<p>In this district I first noticed cotton. It is sown in June and is +picked from time to time between early September and early November. +Cotton has been grown for centuries in Japan, but nowadays it is +produced for household weaving only, the needs of the factories being +met by foreign imports. The plant has a beautiful yellow flower with a +dark brown eye.</p> + +<p>In one village I asked how many people smoked. The answer was 60 per +cent. of the men and 10 per cent. of the women. In the same village, +which did not seem particularly well off, I was told that 200 daily +papers might be taken among 1,300 families. Eighty per cent. of the +local papers were dailies and cost 35 sen a month. Tokyo papers cost +45 or 50 sen a month.</p> + +<p>I visited a school, half of which was in a building adjoining a temple +and half in the temple itself. In the same county there were two other +schools housed in temples. The small Shinto shrine in this temple held +the Imperial Rescript on education. On one side of it was an ugly +American clock and on the other a thermometer. In the temple (Zen) two +Tokyo University students were staying in ideal conditions for +vacation study.</p> + +<p>I saw at one place a very tired, unslept-looking peasant with a small +closed tub carried over his shoulder by means of a pole. On the tub +was tied a white streamer, such as is supplied at a Shinto shrine, and +a branch of <i>sakaki</i> (<i>Eurya ochnacea</i>, the sacred tree). The traveller was +<span class="pagenum">Page 138<a name="Page_138" id="Page_138"></a></span> +the delegate of his village. He had been to a mountain +shrine in the next prefecture and the tub held the water he had got +there. The idea is that if he succeeds in making the journey home +without stopping anywhere his efforts will result in rain coming down +at his village. If he should stop at any place to rest or sleep, and +there should be the slightest drip from his tub there, then the rain +will be procured not for his own village but for the community in +which he has tarried. So our voyager had walked not only for a whole +day but through the night. I heard of a rain delegate who had stamina +enough to keep walking for three or four days without sleeping.</p> + +<p>Another way of obtaining rain has principally to do with tugging at a +rock with a straw rope. Then there is the plan already referred to of +tying straw ropes to a stone image and flinging it into the river, +saying, "If you don't give us rain you will stay there; if you do give +us rain you shall come out." There is also the method of paying +someone liberally to throw the split open head of an ox into the deep +pool of a waterfall. "Then the water god being much angry," said my +informant, "he send his dragon to that village, so storm and rain come +necessarily." Yet another plan is for the villagers simply to ascend +to a particular mountain top crying, "Give us rain! Give us rain!" +While dealing with these magic arts I may reproduce the following +rendering of a printed "fortune" which I received from a rural shrine: +"Wish to agree but now somewhat difficult. Wait patiently for a while. +Do nothing wrong. Wait for the spring to come. Everything will be +completed and will become better. Endeavouring to accomplish it soon +will be fruitless."</p> + +<p>It was a student of agricultural conditions, in Toyama who gossiped to +me of the large expenditure by farmers of that prefecture on the +marriage of their daughters. "It is not so costly as the boys' +education and it procures a good reception for the girl from +father-and mother-in-law. The pinch comes when there is a second and +third daughter, for the average balance in hand of a peasant +proprietor in this prefecture at the end of the year is only 48 yen. +Borrowing is necessary and I heard of one bankruptcy. The Governor +<span class="pagenum">Page 139<a name="Page_139" id="Page_139"></a></span> +tried to stop the custom but it is too old. They say Toyama people +spend more proportionately than the people in other prefectures. In +general they do not keep a horse or ox. I heard of young farmers +stealing each other's crops. Parents are very severe upon a daughter +who becomes ill-famed, for when they seek a husband for her they must +spend more. So mostly daughters keep their purity before marriage. But +I know parts of Japan where a large number of the girls have ceased to +be virtuous. Concerning the priests, those of Toyama are the worst. A +peasant proprietor with seven of a family and a balance at the end of +the year of 100 yen must pay 30 to 40 yen to the temple. Some priests +threaten the farmer, saying that if he does not pay as much as is +imposed on him by the collector an inferior Buddha will go past his +door. Priests want to keep farmers foolish as long as they can."</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_130" id="Footnote_130"> +[130]</a> For prices of land, see <a href="#APPN_54">Appendix LIV</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_131" id="Footnote_131"> +[131]</a> There are about 116,000 Shinto shrines of all grades and 14,000 +priests, and 71,000 temples and 51,000 priests. There are about a +dozen Shinto sects and about thirty Buddhist sects and sub-sects.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_132" id="Footnote_132"> +[132]</a> It is done by wading in leech-infested water under a burning sun +and pulling out the weeds by hand and pushing them down into the sludge.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 140<a name="Page_140" id="Page_140"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XV</h2> + +<h4>THE NUN'S CELL</h4> + +<h4>(NAGANO)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It is one more incitement to a man +to do well.—<span class="smcap">Boswell</span></p></div> + +<p>Eighty per cent. of Nagano is slope. Hence its dependence on +sericulture. The low stone-strewn roofs of the houses, the railway +snow shelters and the zig-zag track which the train takes, hint at the +climatic conditions in winter time. Despite the snow—ski-ing has been +practised for some years—the summer climate of Nagano has been +compared with that of Champagne and there is one vineyard of 60,000 +vines.</p> + +<p>I was invited to join a circle of administrators who were discussing +rural morality and religion. One man said that there was not 20 per +cent. of the villages in which the priests were "active for social +development." Another speaker of experience declared that "the four +pillars of an agricultural village" were "the <i>sonchō</i> (headman), the +schoolmaster, the policeman and the most influential villager." He +went on: "In Europe religion does many things for the support and +development of morality, but we look to education, for it aims not at +only developing intelligence and giving knowledge, but at teaching +virtue and honesty. But there is something beyond that. Thousands of +our soldiers died willingly in the Russian war. There must have been +something at the bottom of their hearts. That something is a certain +sentiment which penetrates deeply the characters of our countrymen. +Our morality and customs have it in their foundations. This spirit is +<i>Yamato damashii</i> (Japanese spirit). It appeared among our warriors as +<i>bushido</i> (the way of the soldier), but it is not the monopoly of soldiers. Every +<span class="pagenum">Page 141<a name="Page_141" id="Page_141"></a></span> +Japanese has some of this spirit. It is the moral backbone of Japan."</p> + +<p>"I should like to say," another speaker declared, "that I read many +European and American books, but I remain Japanese. Mr. Uchimura sees +the darkest side of Buddhism and Mr. Lafcadio Hearn expected too much +from it. 'So mysterious,' Hearn said, but it is not so mysterious to +us. We must be grateful to him for seeing something of the essence of +our life. Sometimes, however, we may be ashamed of his beautifying +sentences. I am a modern man, but I am not ashamed when my wife is +with child to pray that it may be healthy and wise. It is possible for +us Japanese to worship some god somewhere without knowing why. The +poet says, 'I do not know the reason of it, but tears fall down from +my eyes in reverence and gratitude.' I suppose this is natural +theology. The proverb says, 'Even the head of a sardine is something +if believed in.' I attach more importance to a man's attitude to +something higher than himself than to the thing which is revered by +him. Whether a man goes to Nara and Kyoto or to a Roman Catholic or a +Methodist church he can come home very purified in heart."</p> + +<p>"Some foreigners have thought well to call us 'half civilised,'" the +speaker went on. "Can it be that uncivilised is something distasteful +to or not understood by Europeans and Americans? We have the ambition +to erect some system of Eastern civilisation. It is possible that we +may have it in our minds to call some things in Europe 'half +civilised.' Surely the barbarians are usually the people other than +ourselves. When the townsman goes to the country he says the people +are savages. But the countryman finds his fellow-savages quite decent +people."</p> + +<p>"Some time ago," broke in a professor, "I read a novel by René Bazin +and I could not but think how much alike were our peasants and the +peasants of the West."</p> + +<p>The previous speaker resumed: "The other day a foreigner laughed in my +presence at our old art of incense burning and actually said that we +were deficient in the sense of smell. I told him that fifty years ago our samurai +<span class="pagenum">Page 142<a name="Page_142" id="Page_142"></a></span> +class, in excusing their anti-foreign manifestations, +said they could not endure the smell of foreigners, and that to this +day our peasants may be heard to say of Western people, 'They smell; +they smell of butter and fat.'"</p> + +<p>In the city of Nagano early in the morning I went to a large Buddhist +temple where the authorities had kindly given me special facilities to +see the treasures—alas! all in a wooden structure. A strange thing +was the preservation untouched of the room in which the Emperor Meiji +rested thirty years ago. May oblivion be one day granted to that awful +chenille table cover and those appalling chairs which outrage the +beautiful woodwork and the golden <i>tatami</i> of a great building! At the +entrance of the temple priests in a kind of open office were reading +the newspaper, playing <i>gō</i> or smoking. More pleasing was the sight of +matting spread right round the temple below its eaves, in order that +weary pilgrims might sleep there, and the spectacle of travel-stained +women tranquilly sleeping or suckling their infants before the shrine +itself. There is a pitch dark underground passage below the floor +round the foundations of the great Buddha, and if the circuit be made +and the lock communicating with the entrance door to the sacred figure +be fortunately touched on the way, paradise, peasants believe, is +assured. I made the circuit a few moments after an old woman and found +the lock, and on returning to the temple with the rustic dame knelt +with her before the shrine as the curtain which veils the big Buddha +was withdrawn. The face of one wooden figure in the temple had been +worn, like that of many another in Japan, with the stroking that it +had received from the ailing faithful.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus040"></a> +<img src="images/040.jpg" width="600" height="344" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">IN A BUDDHIST NUNNERY.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus041"></a> +<img src="images/041.jpg" width="600" height="460" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">GRASS-CUTTING TOOLS COMPARED WITH A WESTERN SCYTHE.</p> +</div> + +<p>I had the privilege of visiting the adjoining nunnery. As I was +specially favoured by a general admission, I asked to be permitted to +see some nuns' cells. They showed a Buddhist advance on Western ideas. +The word "cells" was a misnomer for beautiful little flower-adorned +rooms of a cheerful Japanese house. The fragile, wistful nun who was +so kind as to speak with me had a consecrated expression. Her dress +was white, and over it was brocade in a perfect combination of green and cream. Her head +<span class="pagenum">Page 143<a name="Page_143" id="Page_143"></a></span> +was shaven; her hands, which continually told +her beads, were hidden. Religious services are conducted and sermons +are delivered here and in other nunneries by the nuns themselves. I +could not but be sorry for some girl children who had become nuns on +their relatives' or guardians' decision. Adult newcomers are given a +month in which, if they wish, they may repent them of their vows; but +what of the children? The head of this nunnery was a member of the +Imperial family. The institution, like the temple from which I had +just come, stores thousands of wooden tablets to the memory of the +dead. There are many little receptacles in which the hair, the teeth +or the photographs of believers are preserved. I found that both at +the nunnery and the temple a practical interest was being shown in the +reformation of ex-criminals.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus042"></a> +<img src="images/042.jpg" width="600" height="413" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">THE CHILD-COLLECTORS OF VILLAGERS' SAVINGS.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus043"></a> +<img src="images/043.jpg" width="600" height="383" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">NUNS PHOTOGRAPHED IN A "CELL" BY THE AUTHOR.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus044"></a> +<img src="images/044.jpg" width="600" height="279" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">STUDENTS' STUDY AT AN AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL.</p> +</div> + +<p>While in the highlands of Nagano I spent a night at Karuizawa, a hill +resort at which tired missionaries and their families, not only from +all parts of Japan but from China, gather in the summer months beyond +the reach of the mosquito.<a name="FNanchor_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133"> +<sup>[133]</sup></a> I stayed in the summer cottage of my +travelling companion's brother-in-law. The family consisted of a +reserved, cultivated man with a pretty wife of what I have heard a +foreigner call "the maternal, domestic type." In their owlishness +newcomers to the country are inclined to commiserate all Japanese +housewives as the "slaves of their husbands." They would have been +sadly wrong in such thoughts about this happy wife and mother. The +eldest boy, a wholesome-looking lad, had just passed through the +middle school on his way to the university, and spoke to me in simple +English with that air of responsibility which the eldest son so soon +acquires in Japan. His brothers and sisters enjoyed a happy relation +with him and with each other. The whole family was merry, unselfish +and, in the best sense of the word, educated. As we knelt on our +<i>zabuton</i> we refreshed ourselves with tea and the fine view of the +active volcano, Asama, and chatted +<span class="pagenum">Page 144<a name="Page_144" id="Page_144"></a></span> +on schools, holidays, books, the country and religion. After a while, a little to +my surprise, the mother in her sweet voice gravely said that if I would not mind at all +she would like very much to ask me two questions. The first was, "Are +the people who go to the Christian church here all Christians?" and +the second, "Are Christians as affectionate as Japanese?"</p> + +<p>Karuizawa, which is full of ill-nourished, scabby-headed, +"bubbly-nosed"<a name="FNanchor_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134"> +<sup>[134]</sup></a> Japanese children, is an impoverished place on one +of the ancient highways. We took ourselves along the road until we +reached at a slightly higher altitude the decayed village of Oiwaké. +When the railway came near it finished the work of desolation which +the cessation of the daimyos' progresses to Yedo (now Tokyo) had begun +half a century ago. In the days of the Shogun three-quarters of the +300 houses were inns. Now two-thirds of the houses have become +uninhabitable, or have been sold, taken down and rebuilt elsewhere. +The Shinto shrines are neglected and some are unroofed, the Zen temple +is impoverished, the school is comfortless and a thousand tombstones +in the ancient burying ground among the trees are half hidden in moss +and undergrowth.</p> + +<p>The farm rents now charged in Oiwaké had not been changed for thirty, +forty or fifty years. In the old inn there was a Shinto shrine, about +12 ft. long by nearly 2 ft. deep, with latticed sliding doors. It +contained a dusty collection of charms and memorials dating back for +generations. Outside in the garden at the spring I found an irregular +row of half a dozen rather dejected-looking little stone <i>hokora</i> +about a foot high. Some had faded <i>gohei</i> thrust into them, but from +the others the clipped paper strips had blown away. At the foot of the +garden I discovered a somewhat elaborate wooden shrine in a +dilapidated state. "Few country people," someone said to me, "know who +is enshrined at such a place." It is generally thought that these +shrines are dedicated to the fox. But the foxes are +<span class="pagenum">Page 145<a name="Page_145" id="Page_145"></a></span> +merely the messengers of the shrine, as is shown by the figures of crouching or +squatting foxes at either side. A well-known professor lately arrived +at the conviction that the god worshipped at such shrines is the god +of agriculture. He went so far as to recommend the faculty of +agriculture at Tokyo university to have a shrine erected within its +walls to this divinity, but the suggestion was not adopted.</p> + +<p>In the course of another chat with the old host of the inn he referred +to the time, close on half a century ago, when 3,000 hungry peasants +marched through the district demanding rice. They did no harm. "They +were satisfied when they were given food; the peasants at that time +were heavily oppressed." To-day the people round about look as if they +were oppressed by the ghosts of old-time tyrants. But there is +"something that doth linger" of self-respect. When we left on our way +to Tokyo I gave the man who brought our bags a mile in a barrow to the +station 40 sen. He returned 10 sen, saying that 30 sen was enough.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_133" id="Footnote_133"> +[133]</a> Although, as has been seen, the rural problems under +investigation in this book are inextricably bound up with religion, +limits of space make it necessary to reserve for another volume the +consideration of the large and complex question of missionary work.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_134" id="Footnote_134"> +[134]</a> As to the "bubbly-nosed callant," to quote the description given +of young Smollett, nasal unpleasantness seems to be popularly regarded +as a sign of health. The constant sight of it is one of the minor discomforts of travel.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 146<a name="Page_146" id="Page_146"></a></span></p> + +<h3>IN AND OUT OF THE SILK PREFECTURE<a name="FNanchor_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135"> +<sup>[135]</sup></a></h3> + +<h2>CHAPTER XVI</h2> + +<h4>PROBLEMS BEHIND THE PICTURESQUE</h4> + +<h4>(SAITAMA, GUMMA, NAGANO AND YAMANASHI)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A foreigner who comes among us without prejudice may speak his +mind freely.—<span class="smcap">Goldsmith</span></p></div> + +<p>I went back to Nagano to visit the silk industrial regions. My route +lay through the prefectures of Saitama and Gumma. I left Tokyo on the +last day of June. Many farmers were threshing their barley. On the +dry-land patches, where the grain crop had been harvested, soya bean, +sown between the rows of grain long before harvest, was becoming +bushier now that it was no longer overshadowed. Maize in most places +was about a foot high, but where it had been sown early was already +twice that height. The sweet potato had been planted out from its +nursery bed for weeks. Here and there were small crops of tea which +had been severely picked for its second crop. I noticed melons, +cucumbers and squashes, and patches of the serviceable burdock. Many +paddy farmers had water areas devoted to lotus, but the big floating +leaves were not yet illumined by the mysterious beauty of the +honey-scented flowers.</p> + +<p>In order to imagine the scene on the rice flats, the reader must not +think of the glistering paddy fields<a name="FNanchor_136"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_136"><sup>[136]</sup></a> as stretching in an unbroken +monotonous series over the plain. Occasionally a rocky patch, +outcropping from the paddy tract, made a little island of wood. +Sometimes it was a +<span class="pagenum">Page 147<a name="Page_147" id="Page_147"></a></span> +sacred grove in which one caught a glimpse of a +Shinto shrine or the head stones of the dead. Sometimes there was a +little clump of cropped tree greenery which kept a farmhouse cool in +summer and, at another time of the year, sheltered from the wind. Few +householders were too poor or too busy to be without their little +patch of flowers.</p> + +<p>Before the train climbed out of the Kwanto plain temperature of not +far below 100° F. the planting of rice seemed to be almost an enviable +occupation. The peasant had his great umbrella-shaped straw hat, +sometimes an armful of green stuff tied on his back, and a delicious +feeling of being up to the knees in water or mud on a hot day-one +recalled the mud baths of the West-when the alternative was walking on +a dusty road, digging on the sun-baked upland or perspiring in a house +or the train.</p> + +<p>With the rise in the level a few mulberries began to appear and +gradually they occupied a large part of the holdings. Sometimes the +mulberries were cultivated as shoots from a stump a little above +ground level, and sometimes as a kind of small standard. As mulberry +culture increased, the silk factories' whitewashed cocoon stores and +the tall red and black iron chimneys of the factories themselves +became more numerous. It is a pity that the silk factory is not always +so innocent-looking inside as the pure white exterior of its stores +might suggest. It is certain that the overworked girl operatives, +sitting at their steaming basins, drawing the silk from the soaked +cocoons, were glad to find the weather conditions such that they could +have the sides of their reeling sheds removed.</p> + +<p>At many of the railway stations there were stacks of large, round, +flat bean cakes, for the farmer feeds his "cake" to his fields direct, +not through the medium of cattle. Although a paddy receives less +agreeable nutritive materials than bean cake, the extensive use of +this cake must be comforting to a little school of rural reformers in +the West. These ardent vegetarians have refused to listen to the +allegation that vegetarianism was impossible because without +meat-eating there would be no cattle and therefore no nitrogen for the +fields.</p> + +<p>It was not only the bean cakes at the stations which +<span class="pagenum">Page 148<a name="Page_148" id="Page_148"></a></span> +caught my attention but the extensive use of lime. Square miles of paddy field +were white with powdered lime, scattered before the planting of the +rice, an operation which in the higher altitudes would not be finished +until well on in July.</p> + +<p>A contented and prosperous countryside was no doubt the impression +reflected to many passengers in the train that sunny day. But I knew +how closely pressed the farmers had been by the rise in prices of many +things that they had got into the way of needing. I had learnt, too, +the part that superstition<a name="FNanchor_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137"> +<sup>[137]</sup></a> as well as simple faith played in the +lives of the country folk. When, however, I pondered the way in which +the rural districts had been increasingly invaded by factories run +under the commercial sanctions of our eighteen-forties, I asked myself +whether there might not be superstitions of the economic world as well +as of religious and social life.</p> + +<p>I heard a Japanese speak of being well treated at inns in the old days +for 20 sen a night. It should be remembered, however, that there is a +system not only of tipping inn servants but of tipping the inn. The +gift to the inn is called <i>chadai</i> and guests are expected to offer a +sum which has some relation to their position and means and the food +and treatment they expect. I have stayed at inns where I have paid as +much <i>chadai</i> as bill. To pay 50 per cent. of the bill as <i>chadai</i> is +common. The idea behind <i>chadai</i> is that the inn-keeper charges only +his out-of-pocket expenses and that therefore the guest naturally +desires to requite him. In acknowledgment of <i>chadai</i> the inn-keeper +brings a gift to the guest at his departure—fans, pottery, towels, +picture postcards, fruit or slabs of stiff acidulated fruit jelly (in +one inn of grapes and in another of plums) laid between strips of +maize leaf. The right time to give <i>chadai</i> is on entering the hotel, +after the "welcome tea." In handing money to any person in Japan, +except a porter or a <i>kurumaya</i>, the cash or notes are wrapped in +paper.</p> + +<p>On the journey from the city of Nagano to Matsumoto, wonderful views +were unfolded of terraced rice fields, and, +<span class="pagenum">Page 149<a name="Page_149" id="Page_149"></a></span> +above these, of terraced +fields of mulberry. How many hundred feet high the terraces rose as +the train climbed the hills I do not know, but I have had no more +vivid impression of the triumphs of agricultural hydraulic +engineering. We were seven minutes in passing through one tunnel at a +high elevation.</p> + +<p>I spoke in the train with a man who had a dozen <i>chō</i> under grapes, 20 +per cent. being European varieties and 80 per cent. American. He said +that some of the people in his district were "very poor." Some farmers +had made money in sericulture too quickly for it to do them good. He +volunteered the opinion, in contrast with the statement made to me +during our journey to Niigata, that the people of the plains were +morally superior to the people of the mountains. The reason he gave +was that "there are many recreations in the plains whereas in the +mountains there is only one." In most of the mountain villages he knew +three-quarters of the young men had relations with women, mostly with +the girls of the village or the adjoining village. He would not make +the same charge against more than ten per cent. of the young men of +the plains, and "it is after all with teahouse girls." He thought that +there were "too many temples and too many sects, so the priests are +starved."</p> + +<p>An itinerant agricultural instructor in sericulture who joined in our +conversation was not much concerned by the plight of the priests. "The +causes of goodness in our people," he said, "are family tradition and +home training. Candidly, we believe our morals are not so bad on the +whole. We are now putting most stress on economic development. How to +maintain their families is the question that troubles people most. +With that question unsolved it is preaching to a horse to preach +morality. We can always find high ideals and good leaders when +economic conditions improve. The development of morality is our final +aim, but it is encouraged for six years at the primary school. The +child learns that if it does bad things it will be laughed at and +despised by the neighbours and scolded by its parents. We are busy +with the betterment of economic conditions and questions about +morality and religion puzzle us."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 150<a name="Page_150" id="Page_150"></a></span> +When I reached Matsumoto I met a rural dignitary who deplored the +increasing tendency of city men to invest in rural property. +"Sometimes when a peasant sells his land he sets up as a +money-lender." I was told that nearly every village had a sericultural +co-operative association, which bought manures, mulberry trees and +silk-worm eggs, dried cocoons and hatched eggs for its members and +spent money on the destruction of rats. Of recent years the county +agricultural association had given 5 yen per <i>tan</i> to farmers who +planted improved sorts of mulberry. About half the farmers in the +county had manure houses. Some 800 farmers in the county kept a +labourer.</p> + +<p>I went to see a <i>gunchō</i> and read on his wall: "Do not get angry. +Work! Do not be in a hurry, yet do not be lazy." "These being my +faults," he explained, "I specially wrote them out." There was also on +his wall a <i>kakemono</i> reading: "At twenty I found that even a plain +householder may influence the future of his province; at thirty that +he may influence the future of his nation; at forty that he may +influence the future of the whole world." Below this stirring +sentiment was a portrait of the writer, a samurai scholar, from a +photograph taken with a camera which he had made himself. He lived in +the last period of the Shogunate and studied Dutch books. He was +killed by an assassin at the instance, it was believed, of the Shogun.</p> + +<p>One of the noteworthy things of Matsumoto was the agricultural +association's market. Another piece of organisation in that part of +the world was fourteen institutes where girls were instructed in the +work of silk factory hands. The teachers' salaries were paid by the +factories. So were also the expenses of the silk experts of the local +authorities. On the day I left the city the daily paper contained an +announcement of lectures on hygiene to women on three successive days, +"the chief of police to be present." This paper was demanding the +exemption of students from the bicycle tax, the rate of which varies +in different prefectures.</p> + +<p>A young man was brought to see me who was specialising in musk melons. +He said that the Japanese are gradually getting out of their +partiality for unripe fruit.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 151<a name="Page_151" id="Page_151"></a></span> +On our way to the Suwas we saw many wretched dwellings. The feature +of the landscape was the silk factories' tall iron chimneys, +ordinarily black though sometimes red, white or blue.</p> + +<p>It is not commonly understood that Japanese lads by the time they +"graduate" from the middle school into the higher school have had some +elementary military training. A higher-school youth knows how to +handle a rifle and has fired twice at a target. At Kami Suwa the +problem of how middle-class boys should procure economical lodging +while attending their classes had been solved by self-help. An +ex-scholar of twenty had managed to borrow 4,000 yen and had proceeded +to build on a hillside a dormitory accommodating thirty-six boarders. +Lads did the work of levelling the ground and digging the well. The +frugal lines on which the lodging-house was conducted by the lads +themselves may be judged from the fact that 5 yen a month covered +everything. Breakfast consisted of rice, <i>miso</i> soup and pickles. +Cooking and the emptying of the <i>benjo</i><a name="FNanchor_138"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_138"><sup>[138]</sup></a> were done by the lads in +turn. A kitchen garden was run by common effort. Among the many +notices on the walls was one giving the names of the residents who +showed up at 5 o'clock in the morning for a cold bath and fencing. I +also saw the following instruction written by the founder of the +house, which is read aloud every morning by each resident in turn:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Be independent and pure and strive to make your characters more + beautiful. Expand your thought. Help each other to accomplish + your ambitions. Be active and steady and do not lose your + self-control. Be faithful to friends and righteous and polite. Be + silent and keep order. Do not be luxurious (<i>sic</i>). Keep + everything clean. Pay attention to sanitation. Do not neglect + physical exercises. Be diligent and develop your intelligence.</p></div> + +<p>The borrower of the 4,000 yen with which the institution was built +managed to pay it back within seven years with interest, out of the +subscriptions of residents and ex-residents.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 152<a name="Page_152" id="Page_152"></a></span> +An agricultural authority whom I met spoke of "farming families +living from hand to mouth and their land slipping into the possession +of landlords"; also of a fifth of the peasants in the prefecture being +tenants. A young novelist who had been wandering about the Suwa +district had been impressed by the grim realities of life in poor +farmers' homes and cited facts on which he based a low view of rural +morality.</p> + +<p>Suwa Lake lies more than 3,500 ft. above sea level and in winter is +covered with skaters. The country round about is remarkable +agriculturally for the fact that many farmers are able to lead into +their paddies not only warm water from the hot springs but water from +ammonia springs, so economising considerably in their expenditure on +manure. A simple windmill for lifting the fertilising water is sold +for only 4 yen.</p> + +<p>We went to Kōfu, the capital of Yamanashi prefecture, through many +mountain tunnels and ravines. Entrancing is the just word for this +region in the vicinity of the Alps. But joy in the beauty through +which we passed is tinged for the student of rural life by thoughts of +the highlander's difficulties in getting a living in spots where quiet +streams may become in a few hours ungovernable torrents. I remember +glimpses of grapes and persimmons, of parties of middle-school boys +tramping out their holiday—every inn reduces its terms for them—and +of half a dozen peasant girls bathing in a shaded stream. But there +were less pleasing scenes: hills deforested and paddies wrecked by a +waste of stones and gravel flung over them in time of flood. Here and +there the indomitable farmers, counting on the good behaviour of the +river for a season or two, were endeavouring, with enormous labour, to +resume possession of what had been their own. The spectacle +illustrated at once their spirit and their industry and their need of +land. At night we slept at Kōfu at "the inn of greeting peaks." In the +morning a Governor with imagination told me of the prefecture's +gallant enterprises in afforestation and river embanking at +expenditures which were almost crippling.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_135" id="Footnote_135"> +[135]</a> The three leading silk prefectures are in order: Nagano, +Fukushima and Gumma.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_136" id="Footnote_136"> +[136]</a> At this time of the year, when the rice plants are small, the +water in the paddies is still conspicuous.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_137" id="Footnote_137"> +[137]</a> An old Japan hand once counselled me that "the thing to find out +in sociological enquiries is not people's religions but their +superstitions."</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_138" id="Footnote_138"> +[138]</a> See <a href="#APPN_4">Appendix IV</a>.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 153<a name="Page_153" id="Page_153"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XVII</h2> + +<h4>THE BIRTH, BRIDAL AND DEATH OF THE SILK-WORM</h4> + +<h4>(NAGANO)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The mulberry leaf knoweth not that it shall +be silk.—<i>Arab proverb</i></p></div> + +<p>One acre in every dozen in Japan produces mulberry leaves for feeding +the silk-worms which two million farming families—more than a third +of the farming families of the country—painstakingly rear.</p> + +<p>But the mulberry is not the only mark of a sericultural district. Its +mark may be seen in the tall chimneys of the factories and in the +structure of the farmers' houses. Breeders of silk-worms are often +well enough off to have tiled instead of thatched roofs; they have +frequently two storeys to their dwellings; and they have almost always +a roof ventilator so that the vitiated air from the <i>hibachi</i>-heated +silk-worm chambers may be carried off. Yet another sign of sericulture +being a part of the agricultural activities of a district is its +prosperity. Silk-worms produce the most valuable of all Japanese +exports. Japan sends abroad more raw silk than any other country. +<a name="FNanchor_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139"><sup>[139]</sup></a></p> + +<p>It is in the middle of the country that sericulture chiefly nourishes. +The smallest output of raw silk is from the most northerly prefecture +and from the prefecture in the extreme south-west of the mainland. But +human aptitude plays its part as well as climate. The Japanese hand is +a wonderful piece of mechanism—look at the hands of the next Japanese +you meet—and in sericulture its delicate touch is used to the utmost +advantage.</p> + +<p>The gains of sericulture are not made without corresponding +sacrifices. Silk-worm raising is infinitely laborious. The constant +picking of leaves, the bringing of them home and the chopping and +supplying of these leaves to the +<span class="pagenum">Page 154<a name="Page_154" id="Page_154"></a></span> +smallest of all live stock and the +maintenance of a proper temperature in the rearing-chamber day and +night mean unending work. The silk-worms may not be fed less than four +or five times in the day; in their early life they are fed seven or +eight times. This is the feeding system for spring caterpillars. +Summer and autumn breeds must have two or three more meals. The men +and women who attend to them, particularly the women, are worn out by +the end of the season. "The women have only three hours' rest in the +twenty-four hours," I remember someone saying. "They never loose their +<i>obi</i>."</p> + +<p>When the caterpillars emerge from the tiny, pin-head-like eggs of the +silk-worm moth they are minute creatures. Therefore the mulberry +leaves are chopped very fine indeed. They are chopped less and less +fine as the silk-worms grow, until finally whole leaves and leaves +adhering to the shoots are given. Some rearers are skilful enough to +supply from the very beginning leaves or leaves still on the shoots. +The caterpillars live in bamboo trays or "beds" on racks. In the house +of one farmer I found caterpillars about three-quarters of an inch +long occupying fifteen trays. When the silk-worms grew larger they +would occupy two hundred trays.</p> + +<p>The eggs, when not produced on the farm, are bought adhering to cards +about a foot square. There are usually marked on these cards +twenty-eight circles about 2 ins. in diameter. Each circle is covered +with eggs. The eggs come to be arranged in these convenient circles +because, as will be explained later on, the moths have been induced to +lay within bottomless round tins placed on the circles on the cards. +The eggs are sticky when laid and therefore adhere. In a year +35,000,000 cards, containing about a billion eggs, are produced on +some 10,000 egg-raising farms.</p> + +<p>The eggs—they are called "seed"—are hatched in the spring (end of +April—as soon as the first leaves of the mulberry are available—to +the middle of May), summer (June and July) and autumn (August and +October). It takes from three to seven days—according to +temperature—for the "seed" to hatch, and from twenty to thirty-two +days—according to temperature—for the silk-worms to +<span class="pagenum">Page 155<a name="Page_155" id="Page_155"></a></span> +reach maturity. Half the hatching is done in spring. In one farmer's house I visited +in the spring season I found that he had hatched fifty cards of +"seed." From the birth of the caterpillars to the formation of cocoons +the casualties must be reckoned at ten per cent. daily. Not more than +eighty-five per cent. of the cocoons which are produced are of good +quality. The remainder are misshapen or contain dead chrysalises. As +there are more than a thousand breeds of silk-worm, all cocoons are +not of the same shape and colour. Some are oval; some are shaped like +a monkey nut. Most are white but some are yellow and others yellow +tinted.</p> + +<p>In the whole world of stock raising there is nothing more remarkable +than the birth of silk-worm moths. The cocoons on the racks in the +farmer's loft are covered by sheets of newspaper in which a number of +round holes about three-quarters of an inch in diameter have been cut. +When the moths emerge from their cocoons they seek these openings +towards the light and creep through to the upper side of the +newspaper. For newly born things they come up through these openings +with astonishing ardour. In body and wings the moths are flour white. +White garments are suitable for the babe, the bride and the dead, and +the moth perfected in the cocoon is arrayed not only for its birth but +for bridal and death, which come upon it in swift succession. The male +as well as the female is in white and is distinguishable by being +somewhat smaller in size. On the newspaper the few males who have not +found partners are executing wild dances, their wings whirring the +while at a mad pace. When from time to time they cease dancing they +haunt the holes in the paper through which the newly born moths +emerge. When a female appears a male instantly rushes towards her, or +rather the two creatures rush towards one another, and they are at +once locked in a fast embrace. Immediately their wings cease to +flutter, the only commotion on the newspaper being made by the unmated +males. In a hatching-room these males on the stacks of trays are so +numerous that the place is filled with the sound of the whirring of +their wings. The down flies from their wings to such an extent that +one continually sneezes. The spectacle of the +<span class="pagenum">Page 156<a name="Page_156" id="Page_156"></a></span> +stacks of trays covered by these ecstatic moths is remarkable, but still more remarkable is +the thrilling sense of the power of the life-force in a supposedly low +form of consciousness.</p> + +<p>The wonder of the scene is missed, no doubt, by most of those who are +habituated to it. From time to time weary, stolid-looking girls or old +women lift down the trays and run their hands over them in order to +pick up superfluous male moths. Sometimes the male moths are walking +about the newspaper, sometimes they are torn callously from the +embrace of their mates. The fate of the male moths is to be flung into +a basket where they stay until the next day, when perhaps some of them +may be mated again. The novice is impressed not only by the +ruthlessness of this treatment but by the way in which the whole loft +is littered by male moths which have fallen or have been flung on the +floor and are being trampled on.</p> + +<p>The female moths, when their partners have been removed, are taken +downstairs in newspapers in order to be put into the little tin +receptacles where the eggs are to be laid. On a tray there are spread +out a number of egg cards with, as before mentioned, twenty-eight +printed circles on each of them. On these circles are placed the +twenty-eight half-inch-high bottomless enclosures of tin. Some one +takes up a handful of moths and scatters them over the tins. Some of +the moths fall neatly into a tin apiece. Others are helped into the +little enclosures in which, to do them credit, they are only too +willing to take up their quarters. The curious thing is the way in +which each moth settles down within her ring. Indeed from the moment +of her emergence from the cocoon until now she has never used her +wings to fly. Nor did the male moth seem to wish to fly. The sexes +concentrate their whole attention on mating. After that the female +thinks of nothing but laying eggs. Almost immediately after she is +placed within her little tin she begins to deposit eggs, and within a +few hours the circle of the card is covered.</p> + +<p>Food is given neither to the females nor to the males. Those which are +not kept in reserve for possible use on the second day are flung out +of doors. When the female moth +<span class="pagenum">Page 157<a name="Page_157" id="Page_157"></a></span> +has deposited her eggs she also is destroyed.<a name="FNanchor_140"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_140"><sup>[140]</sup></a> The <i>shoji</i> of the breeding and +egg-laying rooms permit only of a diffused light. The discarded moths are cast out into +the brilliant sunshine where they are eaten by poultry or are left to +die and serve as manure.</p> + +<p>Sericulture is always a risky business. There is first the risk of a +fall in prices. Just before I reached Japan prices were so low that +many people despaired of being able to continue the business, and +shortly after I left there was a crisis in the silk trade in which +numbers of silk factories failed. At the time I was last in a +silk-worm farmer's house cocoons were worth from 5 to 6 yen per <i>kwan</i> +of 8¼ lbs. From 8 to 10 <i>kwan</i> of cocoons could be expected from a +single egg card. Eggs were considered to be at a high price when they +were more than 2 yen per card. The risks of the farmer are increased +when he launches out and buys mulberry leaves to supplement those +produced on his own land. Sometimes the price of leaves is so high +that farmers throw away some of their silk-worms. The risks run by the +man who grows mulberries beyond his own leaf requirements on the +chance of selling are also considerable.</p> + +<p>Beyond the risk of falling prices or of a short mulberry crop there is +in sericulture the risk of disease. One advantage of the system in +which the eggs are laid in circles on the cards instead of all over +them is that if any disease should be detected the affected areas can +be easily cut out with a knife and destroyed. Disease is so serious a +matter that silk-worm breeding, as contrasted with silk-worm raising, +is restricted to those who have obtained licences. The silk-worm +breeder is not only licensed. His silkworms, cocoons and mother moths +are all in turn officially examined. Breeding "seeds" were laid one +year by about 33,000,000 odd moths; common "seeds" by about +948,000,000.</p> + +<p>Of recent years enormous progress has been made in combating disease. +I have spoken of how a silk-worm district may be recognised by the +structure of the farm +<span class="pagenum">Page 158<a name="Page_158" id="Page_158"></a></span> +houses and the prosperity of the farmers, but +another striking sign of sericulture is the trays and mats lying in +the sun in front of farmers' dwellings or on the hot stones of the +river banks in order to get thoroughly purified from germs. It is +illustrative of the progress that has been made under scientific +influence, that whereas twenty years ago a sericulturist would reckon +on losing his silk-worm harvest completely once in five years, such a +loss is now rare. Scientific instructors have their difficulties in +Japan as in the rural districts of other countries, but the people +respect authority, and they are accustomed to accept instruction given +in the form of directions. Also the Japanese have an unending interest +in the new thing. Further, there is a continual desire to excel for +the national advantage and in emulation of the foreigner. The advance +in scientific knowledge in the rural districts is remarkable, because +it is in such contrast with the primitive lives of the country people. +Picture the surprise of British or American farmers were they brought +face to face with thermometers, electric light and a working knowledge +of bacteriology in the houses of peasants in breech clouts.</p> + +<p>It was while I was trying to learn something of the sericultural +industry that I had the opportunity of visiting a noteworthy +institution. It is noteworthy, among other reasons, because I seldom +met a foreigner in Japan who knew of its existence. It is the great +Ueda Sericultural College in the prefecture of Nagano. I was struck +not only by its extent but by its systematised efficiency. On a level +with the director's eyes was a motto in large lettering, "Be diligent. +Develop your virtues."</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus045"></a> +<img src="images/045.jpg" width="600" height="313" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">TEACHERS OF A VILLAGE SCHOOL.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus046"></a> +<img src="images/046.jpg" width="600" height="286" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">GIRLS CARRYING BALES OF RICE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus047"></a> +<img src="images/047.jpg" width="600" height="468" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">SERICULTURAL SCHOOL STUDENTS.</p> +</div> + +<p>The Institute devotes itself to mulberries, silk-worms and silk +manufacture. There are 200 students, as many as it will hold. The +young men become teachers of sericulture, advisers in mills and +experts of co-operative sericultural societies. The institution, in +addition to the fees it receives and its earnings from its own +products, some 33,000 yen in all, has an annual Government subsidy of +about 114,000 yen. There are other sericultural colleges doing similar +work in Tokyo and Kyoto, and there is also in the capital the Imperial +Sericultural Experiment Station +<span class="pagenum">Page 159<a name="Page_159" id="Page_159"></a></span> +(with a staff of 87), where I saw +all sorts of research work in progress. This experiment station has +half a dozen branches scattered up and down the silk districts.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus048"></a> +<img src="images/048.jpg" width="600" height="441" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">SOME OF THE SILK FACTORIES IN KAMISUWA.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus049"></a> +<img src="images/049.jpg" width="600" height="472" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">VILLAGE ASSEMBLY-ROOM.</p> +</div> + +<p>At Ueda I went through corridors and rooms, sterilised thrice a year, +to visit professors engaged in a variety of enquiries. One professor +had turned into a kind of beef tea the pupæ thrown away when the +cocoons are unwound; another had made from the residual oil two or +three kinds of soap. The usual thing at a silk factory is for the +pupæ, which are exposed to view when the silk is unrolled from the +scalded cocoons, to lie about in horrid heaps until they are sold as +manure or carp food. The professor declared that his product was equal +to a third of the total weight of the pupæ utilised, and was sure that +it could be sold at a fifteenth of the price of Western beef essences. +The Director of the College had tried the product with his breakfast +for a fortnight and avowed that during the experiment he was never so +perky.</p> + +<p>It was a pleasure to look into the well-kept dormitories of the +students, where there was evidence, in books, pictures and athletic +material, of a strenuous life. The young men are made fit not only by +<i>judō</i>, fencing, archery, tennis and general athletics, but by being +sent up the mountains on Sundays. The men are kept so hard that at the +open fencing contest twice a year the visitors are usually beaten. The +director quoted to me Roosevelt's "Sweat and be saved."</p> + +<p>From men we went to machines and mulberries. I inspected all sorts of +hot chambers for killing cocoons. I saw, in rooms draped in black +velvet like the pictured scenes at a beheading, silk testing for +lustre and colour. I gazed with respect on many kinds of winding and +weaving machinery. Then, going out into the experiment fields, I +strode through more varieties of mulberry than I had imagined to +exist. There are supposed to be 500 sorts in the country but many are +no doubt duplicates. The varieties differ so much in shape and texture +of leaf that the novice would not take some of them for mulberries.</p> + +<p>It was held that it would not be difficult to increase the mulberry +area in Japan by another quarter of a million +<span class="pagenum">Page 160<a name="Page_160" id="Page_160"></a></span> +acres. The yield of leaves might be raised by 3,300 lbs. per acre if the right sort of +bushes were always grown and the right sort of treatment were given to +them and to the soil. As to the additional labour needed for an +extended sericulture, the annual increase in the population of Japan +would provide it. I was told that "the technics of sericulture are +sure to improve." It would be easy to raise the yield 2 <i>kwan</i> per egg +card for the whole country. Within a seven-year period the production +of cocoons per egg card had become 20 per cent. better. The talk was +of doubling the present yield of cocoons. The "proper encouragement" +needed for doubling the production of cocoons was more technical +instruction and more co-operative societies. There had been a +continual rise in the world's demand for silk and there was no need to +fear "artificial silk." "People who buy it often come to appreciate +natural silk." And I read in an official publication that "the climate +of Japan is suitable for the cultivation of mulberry trees from +south-west Formosa to Hokkaido in the north."</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_139" id="Footnote_139"> +[139]</a> For statistics of sericulture, see <a href="#APPN_39">Appendix XXXIX</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_140" id="Footnote_140"> +[140]</a> She is examined microscopically in order to make sure that she +was not affected by infectious disease.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 161<a name="Page_161" id="Page_161"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XVIII</h2> + +<h4>"GIRL COLLECTORS" AND FACTORIES</h4> + +<h4>(NAGANO AND YAMANASHI)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>At your return show the truth.— +<span class="smcap">Froissart</span></p></div> + +<p>I visited factories in more than one prefecture. At the first +factory—it employed about 1,000 girls and 200 men—work began at 4.30 +a.m., breakfast was at 5 and the next meal at 10.30. The stoppages for +eating were for a few minutes only. A cake was handed to each girl at +her machine at 3. Suppertime came after work was finished at 7. +<a name="FNanchor_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141"><sup>[141]</sup></a> +No money was paid the first year. The second year the wages might be 3 +or 4 yen a month. The statement was made that at the end of her five +years' term a girl might have 300 yen, but that this sum was not +within the reach of all.<a name="FNanchor_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142"> +<sup>[142]</sup></a> The girls were driven at top speed by a +flag system in which one bay competed with another and was paid +according to its earnings. Owing to the heat the flushed girls +probably looked better in health than they really were. They were fat +in the face, but this could not be regarded as an indication of their +general well-being. It was admitted that some girls left through +illness. Employees returned to their homes for January and February, +when the factory was closed down; there was also three days' holiday +in June. In the dormitory I noticed that +<span class="pagenum">Page 162<a name="Page_162" id="Page_162"></a></span> +each girl had the space of one mat only (6 ft. by 3 ft.). Twenty-two girls slept in each +dormitory. The men connected with this factory were low-looking and shifty-eyed.</p> + +<p>An agricultural expert who was well acquainted with the conditions of +silk manufacture and of the district and was in a disinterested +position told me after my visit to this factory how the foremen +scoured the country for girl labour during January and February. The +success of the <i>kemban</i> or girl collector was due to the poverty of +the people, who were glad "to be relieved of the cost of a daughter's +food." Occasionally the <i>kemban</i> had sub-agents. The mill proprietors +were in competition for skilled girls, and money was given by a +<i>kemban</i> intent on stealing another factory's hand.</p> + +<p>The novices had no contract. The contract of a skilled girl provided +that she should serve at the factory for a specified period and that +if she failed to do so, she should pay back twenty times the 5 yen or +whatever sum had been advanced to her. Obviously 100 yen would be a +prohibitive sum for a peasant's daughter to find. The amount of the +workers' pay was not specified in the contract. The document was +plainly one-sided and would be regarded in an English court as against +public policy and unenforceable. Married women might take an infant +with them to the factory. In more than one factory I saw several +thin-faced babies.</p> + +<p>The effect of factory life on girls, a man who knew the countryside +well told me, was "not good." The girls had weakened constitutions as +the result of their factory life and when they married had fewer than +the normal number of children. The general result of factory life was +degeneration. The girls "corrupted their villages."</p> + +<p>The custom was, I understood, that the girls were kept on the factory +premises except when they could allege urgent business in town. But +they were allowed out on the three nights of the <i>Bon</i> festival. It +was rare that priests visited the factories and there were no shrines +there. The girls had sometimes "lessons" given them and occasionally +story-tellers or gramophone owners amused them. The food supplied by +some factories was not at all adequate +<span class="pagenum">Page 163<a name="Page_163" id="Page_163"></a></span> +and the girls had to spend their money at the factory tuck-shops. "Most proprietors," +I was told, "endeavour to make part of their staff permanent by acting as +middlemen to arrange marriages between female and male workers." The +infants of married workers were "looked after by the youngest +apprentices."</p> + +<p>In another place I saw over a factory which employed about 160 girls, +who were worked from 5:30 a.m. to 6:40 p.m. with twenty minutes for +each meal. If a girl "broke her contract" it was the custom to send +her name to other factories so that she could not get work again. The +foremen at this establishment seemed decent men.</p> + +<p>One who had no financial interest in the silk industry but knew the +district in which this second factory stood said that "many girls" +came home in trouble. The peasants did not like "the spoiling of their +daughters," but were "captured in their poverty by the idea of the +money to be gained." Undoubtedly the factory life was pictured in +glowing colours by the <i>kemban</i>.</p> + +<p>In a third factory there were more than 200 girls and only 15 men. The +proprietor and manager seemed good fellows. I was assured that it was +forbidden for men workers to enter the women's quarters, but on +entering the dormitory I came on a man and woman scuffling. The girls +of this factory and in others had running below their feet an iron +pipe which was filled with steam in cold weather. On some days in +July, the month in which I visited this factory, I noticed from the +temperature record sheet that the heat had reached 94 degrees in the +steamy spinning bays, where, unless the weather be damp, it was +impossible, because of spinning conditions, to admit fresh air. I saw +a complaint box for the workers. As in other factories, there was a +certain provision of boiled water and ample bathing accommodation. Hot +baths were taken every night in summer and every other night in +winter. Here, as elsewhere, though many of the girls were pale and +anaemic, all were clean in their persons, which is more than can be +said of all Western factory hands. Work began at 4 a.m. and went on +until 7 p.m. From 10 to 15 minutes were allowed for meals. The winter +hours were from 6 a.m. to 9 p.m.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 164<a name="Page_164" id="Page_164"></a></span> +In this factory, as in others, there was a system of tallies, showing +to all the workers the ranking of the girls for payment. The standard +wage seemed to be 20 sen a day, and the average to which it was +brought by good work 30 sen. There were thirty or more girls who had +deductions from their 20 sen. Apprentices were shown as working at a +loss. Once or twice a month a story-teller came to entertain the girls +and every fortnight a teacher gave them instruction. When I asked if a +priest came I was told that "in this district the families are not so +religious, so the girls are not so pious." Two doctors visited the +factory, one of them daily. Counting all causes, 5 per cent. of the +girls returned home. The owner of the factory, a man in good physical +training and with an alert and kindly face, said the industry +succeeded in his district because the employers "exerted themselves" +and the girls "worked with the devotion of soldiers." I thought of a +motto written by the Empress, which I had seen at Ueda, "It is my wish +that the girls whose service it is to spin silk shall be always +diligent." Behind the desk of this factory proprietor hung the motto, +"Cultivate virtues and be righteous."</p> + +<p>The fourth factory I saw seemed to be staffed entirely with +apprentices who were turned over to other factories in their third +year. The girls appeared to have to sleep three girls to two mats. In +the event of fire the dormitory would be a death-trap. I was told that +there was an entertainment or a "lecture on character" once a week. +The motto on the walls of this factory was, "Learning right ways means +loving mankind."</p> + +<p>I went over the factory which belonged to the largest concern in Japan +and had 10,000 hands. The girls were looked after in well-ventilated +dormitories by ten old women who slept during the day and kept watch +at night. There was a fire escape. All sorts of things were on sale at +wholesale prices at the factory shop, but for any good reason an exit +ticket was given to town. The dining-room was excellent. There was a +hospital in this factory and the nurse in the dispensary summarised at +my request the ailments of the 35 girls who were lying down +comfortably: stomachic, 12; colds, 7; fingers hurt by the hot water of +<span class="pagenum">Page 165<a name="Page_165" id="Page_165"></a></span> +the cocoon-soaking basins, 5; female affections, 4; nervous, 2; eyes, +rheumatism, nose, lungs and kidneys, 1 each. The average wages in this +factory worked out at 60 yen for 9 months. The hour of beginning work +was 4:30 at the earliest. The factory stopped at sunset, the latest +hour being 6:30. I was assured that of the girls who did not get +married 70 per cent. renewed their contracts. A large enclosed open +space was available in which the girls might stroll before going to +bed. The motto of the establishment was, "I hear the voice of spring +under the shadow of the trees." In reference to the new factory +legislation the manager said that the hours of labour were so long +that it would be some time before 10 hours a day would be +initiated.<a name="FNanchor_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143"> +<sup>[143]</sup></a> This factory and its branches were started thirty +years ago by a man who was originally a factory worker. Although now +very rich he had "always refused to be photographed and had not +availed himself of an opportunity of entering the House of Peers."</p> + +<p>I visited several factories the girls working at which did not live in +dormitories but outside. At a winding and hanking factory which was +airy and well lighted the hours were from 6 to 6. At a factory where +the hours were from 4:30 to 7 some reelers had been fined. Japanese +Christian pastors sometimes came to see the girls, and on the wall of +the recreation room there were paper <i>gohei</i> hung up by a Shinto +priest.</p> + +<p>I got the impression that the girls in the factories at Kōfu in +Yamanashi prefecture were not driven so hard as those at the factories +in the Suwas in Nagano. Someone said: "However the Suwa people may +exploit their girls, we are able, working shorter hours and giving +more entertainments, to produce better silk, for the simple reason +that the girls are in better condition. We can get from 5 to 10 per +cent. more for our silk." A factory manager said that it would be +better if the girls had a regular holiday once a week, but one firm +could not act alone. (The factories are +<span class="pagenum">Page 166<a name="Page_166" id="Page_166"></a></span> +working seven days a week, except for festival days and public holidays.)</p> + +<p>With regard to the <i>kemban</i>, I was told in Yamanashi that many girls +went to the factories "unwillingly by the instructions of their +parents." It was also stated that the money paid to girls or their +parents on their engagement was not properly a gratuity but an +advance. I heard that the police keep a special watch on <i>kemban</i>. +They would not do this without good reason.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_141" id="Footnote_141"> +[141]</a> The times stated are those given to me in the factories. The +question of overtime is referred to later in the Chapter.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_142" id="Footnote_142"> +[142]</a> Again the reader must be reminded of the rise in wages and +prices (estimated on p. xxv). During the recent period of inflation, +silk rose to 3,000 yen per picul and fell to 1,300 or 1,400 yen. There +have been great fluctuations in the wages of factory girls. At the +most flourishing period as much as 25 yen per head was paid to +recruiters of girls. In this Chapter, however, it is best to record +exactly what I saw and heard.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_143" id="Footnote_143"> +[143]</a> On the day on which I re-read this for the printers, I notice in +an American paper that one of the largest employers of labour in the +United States has just stated that he did not see his way to abolish +the twelve-hours' day.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 167<a name="Page_167" id="Page_167"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XIX</h2> + +<h4>"FRIEND-LOVE-SOCIETY'S" GRIM TALE</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The psychology of behaviour teaches us that +[a country's] failures and semi-failures are likely to continue until there is +a far more widespread appreciation of the importance of studying +the forces which govern behaviour.—<span class="smcap">Saxby</span></p></div> + +<h3>I</h3> + +<p>I do not think that some of the factory proprietors are conscious that +they are taking undue advantage of their employees. These men are just +average persons at the ante-Shaftesbury stage of responsibility +towards labour.<a name="FNanchor_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144"> +<sup>[144]</sup></a> Their case is that the girls are pitifully poor +and that the factories supply work at the ruling market rates for the +work of the pitifully poor. Said one factory owner to me genially: +"Peasant families are accustomed to work from daylight to dark. In the +silk-worm feeding season they have almost no time for sleep. Peasant +people are trained to long hours. Lazy people might suffer from the +long hours of the factory, but the factory girls are not lazy."</p> + +<p>It hardly needs to be pointed out that there is all the difference +between a long day at the varied work of a farm, even in the trying +silk-worm season, and a long day, for nine or ten months on end, +sitting still, with the briefest +<span class="pagenum">Page 168<a name="Page_168" id="Page_168"></a></span> +intervals for food, in the din and +heat of a factory. Such a life must be debilitating. When it is added +that in most factories, in the short period between supper and sleep, +and again during the night, the girls are closely crowded, no further +explanation is wanted of the origin of the tuberculosis which is so +prevalent in the villages which supply factory labour.<a name="FNanchor_145"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_145"><sup>[145]</sup></a> There is +no question that in the scanty moments the girls do have for an airing +most of them are immured within the compounds of their factories. A +large proportion of the many thousands of factory girls<a name="FNanchor_146"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_146"><sup>[146]</sup></a> who are +to be mothers of a new generation in the villages are passing years of +their lives in conditions which are bad for them physically and +morally. It must not be forgotten that very many of the girls go to +the factories before they are fully grown. On the question of +morality, evidence from disinterested quarters left no doubt on my +mind that the <i>morale</i> of the girls was lowered by factory life. The +Lancashire factory girl goes home every evening and she has her +Saturday afternoon and her Sunday, her church or chapel, her societies +and clubs, her amusements and her sweetheart. Her Japanese sister has +none of this natural life and she has infinitely worse conditions of +labour.</p> + +<p>It is only fair to remember, however, that the Japanese factory girl +comes from a distance. She has no relatives or friends in the town in +which she is working. But the plea that she would get into trouble if +she were allowed her liberty without control of any sort does not +excuse her present treatment. If the factories offered decent +conditions of life not a few of the companies would get at their doors +most of the labour they need and many of the girls would live at home. +If the factories insist on having cheap rural labour then they should +do their duty by it. The girls should have reasonable working hours, +proper sleeping accommodation and proper opportunities inside and +outside the factories for recreation and moral and mental improvement. +It is idle to suggest that fair treatment of this sort is impossible. +It is perfectly possible.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 169<a name="Page_169" id="Page_169"></a></span> +The factory proprietors are no worse than many other people intent on +money making. But the silk industry, as I saw it, was exploiting, +consciously or unconsciously, not only the poverty of its girl +employees but their strength, morality, deftness<a name="FNanchor_147"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_147"><sup>[147]</sup></a> and remarkable +school training in earnestness and obedience. Several times I heard +the unenlightened argument that, if there were a certain sacrifice of +health and well-being, a rapidly increasing population made the +sacrifice possible; that, as silk was the most valuable product in +Japan, and it was imperative for the development and security of the +Empire that its economic position should be strengthened, the +sacrifice must be made. Nothing need be said of such a hopelessly +out-of-date and nationally indefensible attitude except this: that it +is doubtful whether any considerable proportion of the people +connected with the silk industry have felt themselves specially +charged with a mission to strengthen the economic condition of their +country. They have simply availed themselves of a favourable +opportunity to make money. That opportunity was presented by the cheap +labour available in farmers' daughters unprotected by effective trade +unions, by properly administered factory laws or by public opinion.</p> + + + +<h3>II<a name="FNanchor_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148"><sup>[148]</sup></a></h3> + + +<p>The enterprise, the efficiency and the profits shown by the +sericultural industry have been remarkable, and not a few of the +capitalists connected with it are personally public-spirited. But many +well-wishers of Japan, native-born and foreign, cannot help wondering +what is the real as compared with the seeming return of the industry +to a nation the strength of which is in its reservoir of rustic health +and willingness. It is significant of the extent to which the +factories are working with cheap labour that, in a country in which +there are more men than women,<a name="FNanchor_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149"> +<sup>[149]</sup></a> there was in about 20,000 +factories 58 per cent. of female labour. If I stress the fact of +female employment it is +<span class="pagenum">Page 170<a name="Page_170" id="Page_170"></a></span> +because in Japan nearly every woman eventually marries. +Enfeebled women must therefore hand on enfeeblement to the next +generation.<a name="FNanchor_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150"><sup>[150]</sup></a></p> + +<p>The Japanese, in their present factory system, as in other +developments, insist on making for themselves all the mistakes that we +have made and are now ashamed of. In judging the Japanese let us +remember that all our industrial exploitation of women<a name="FNanchor_151"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_151"><sup>[151]</sup></a> was not, +as we like to believe, an affair as far off as the opening nineteenth +century. I do not forget as a young man filling a newspaper poster +with the title of an article which recounted from my own observation +the woes of women chain makers who, with bared breasts and their +infants sprawling in the small coals, slaved in domestic smithies for +a pittance. And as I write it is announced that the head of the United +States Steel Corporation says that "there is no necessity for trade +unions," which are, in his opinion, "inimical to the best interests of +the employers and the public." That is precisely the view of most +Japanese factory proprietaries.</p> + +<p>The trade union is not illegal in Japan, but its teeth have been drawn +(1) by the enactment that "those who, with the object of causing a +strike, seduce or incite others" shall be sentenced to imprisonment +from one to six months with a fine of from 3 to 30 yen; (2) by the +power given to the police (<i>a</i>) to detain suspected persons for a +succession of twenty-four hour periods, and (<i>b</i>) summarily to close +public meetings, and (3) by the franchise being so narrow that few +trade unionists have votes. During the six years of the War there were +as many as 141,000 strikers, but a not uncommon method of these +workers was merely to absent +<span class="pagenum">Page 171<a name="Page_171" id="Page_171"></a></span> +themselves from work, to refrain from +working while in the factory, or to "ca' canny." Nevertheless 633 of +them were arrested. When I attended in Tokyo a gathering of members of +the leading labour organisation in Japan it was discreetly named +Yu-ai-kai (Friend-Love-Society, i.e. Friendly Society). Now it is +boldly called the Confederation of Japanese Labour. A Socialist +League<a name="FNanchor_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152"><sup>[152]</sup> +</a> and several labour publications exist. Workers assemble to +see moving pictures of labour demonstrations, and a labour meeting has +defied the police in attendance by singing the whole of the "Song of +Revolution." But crippled as the unions are under the law against +strikes and by the poverty of the workers, they find it difficult to +attain the financial strength necessary for effective action. Many +workers are trade unionists when they are striking but their trade +unionism lapses when the strike is over, for then the unions seem to +have small reason for existing. The head of the Federation of Labour +lately announced that the number of trade unionists was only 100,000, +or half what it was during the recent big strikes and it is doubtful +whether, even including the 7,000 members of the Seamen's Union, there +are in Japan more than 50,000 contributing members of the different +unions. But this 50,000 may be regarded as staunch.</p> + +<p>The poverty-stricken unions certainly afford no real protection to the +girl workers, who form indeed a very small proportion of their +members. And the Factory Law does little for them. A Japanese friend +who knows the labour situation well writes to me:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"According to the Factory Law, which came into force in the + autumn of 1916, 'factory employers are not allowed to let women + work more than twelve hours in a day.' (Article III, section 1.) + But if necessary, 'the competent Minister is entitled to extend + this limitation to fourteen hours.' (Section 2.) As to night work + the law says that 'factory employers are not allowed to let women + work from 10 p.m. to 4 a.m.' (Article IV.) If, however, there are + necessary reasons, 'the employers can be exempted from the + obligation of the Article IV.' (Article V.) +<span class="pagenum">Page 172<a name="Page_172" id="Page_172"></a></span> + Article IX says that + 'the employers are forbidden to let women engage in dangerous + work.' But whether work is dangerous or not is determined by 'the + competent Minister' (Article XI), who may or may not be well + informed. There is also Article XII, 'The competent Minister can + limit or prohibit the work of women about to have children' and + within three weeks after confinement. But anyone who enters + factories may see women with pale faces because they work too + soon after their confinement.</p> + +<p> "I cannot tell you how far these provisions are enforced. I can + only say that I have not yet heard of employers being punished + for violating the Factory Law. Can it be supposed that employers + are so honest as never to violate the Factory Law? As to working + hours, in some factories they may work less than fourteen hours + as the law indicates. In others they may work more, because + "there are necessary reasons." This is especially true of the + factories in the country parts. As 200 inspectors have been + appointed, the authorities must by now know the actual situation + pretty well."</p></div> + +<p>Dr. Kuwata, a former member of the Upper House, with whom I frequently +discussed the labour situation, declares the Factory Law to be +"palpably imperfect and primitive." At the end of 1917 there were, +according to official figures, 99,000 female factory operatives under +fifteen years of age and 2,400 under twelve. Some 20,000 of these +children were employed in silk factories. What protection have they? +Before passing this page for the press I have shown it to a +well-informed Japanese friend and he says that he has never seen any +newspaper report of a prosecution under the Factory Law. Obviously a +Factory Law under which no one is ever prosecuted is not +operative.<a name="FNanchor_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153"><sup>[153]</sup></a></p> + +<p>It is excellent that Japan has sent a large permanent delegation to +Switzerland to establish a system of liaison with the International +Labour Office of the League of Nations. This company of young men will +keep the Japanese Government well informed. There is undoubtedly in +Japan, under Western influence, a steady development of sensitiveness +to working-class conditions and a +<span class="pagenum">Page 173<a name="Page_173" id="Page_173"></a></span> +rapid growth of modern social ideas. But the Government and the Diet will not +step out far in advance of general opinion, the most will naturally be made by the +authorities and trade interests of bad factory conditions on the +Continent of Europe and in some industries in the United States, and +the majority of a public which has been carefully nurtured in the +belief that a profitable industrialism is the great desideratum for +Japan will not be restive. Real factory reform is not to be expected +until an enlightened view is taken by Japanese in general of the +exploitation of girls for any purpose. It is not in commercial human +nature, Eastern or Western, that factory directors and shareholders +should forgo without a struggle the advantage of possessing cheaper +and more subjected labour than their foreign rivals. Some influence +may be exerted in the right direction by the fact that those who are +profiting by cheap and docile labour may themselves be undersold +before long by cheaper and still more docile labour in China. +<a name="FNanchor_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154"><sup>[154]</sup></a> And +in 1922 Japan is under an obligation, accepted at the Washington +Labour Conference, to stop women working more than eleven hours a day +and to abolish night work. Meantime the labour movement makes +progress. It is significant that many of its leaders are under the +influence of "direct action" ideas. They hope little from a Diet +elected on a narrow franchise and supported by a strong Government +machine backed by the Conservative farmer vote. Although, however, +there does not seem to be as yet a junction between the labour +movement and the unions of the tenant farmers, who have their own +interests alone in view, the future may present unexpected +developments. As I write, the labour movement is conducting a trial of +strength with the great Mitsubishi and Kawasaki enterprises and is +presenting a stronger front than it has yet done.</p> + +<p>This Chapter would give an unfair impression of the relations of +capital and labour in Japan if it included no reference to the +well-intentioned efforts made by several large employers to improve +the conditions of working-class life and labour. Sometimes they have +followed the example +<span class="pagenum">Page 174<a name="Page_174" id="Page_174"></a></span> +of philanthropic firms in Great Britain and +America. As often as not they have been inspired by old Japanese ideas +of a master's responsibilities. Many leading industrials have believed +and still believe that by the conservation and development of old +ideas of paternalism and loyalty the trade-union stage of industrial +development may be avoided. This conviction was expressed to me by, +among others, Mr. Matsukata, of the famous Kawasaki concern, who has +made generous contributions to "welfare" work. My own brief experience +as an employer in Japan made me acquainted with some canons in the +relationship of employer and employed which have lost their authority +in the West. Given wisdom on the part of masters, the prolonged +bitterness which has marked the industrial development of the West +need not be repeated in Japan, but whether that wisdom will be +displayed in time is doubtful. The Japanese commercial world has been +commendably quick to learn in many directions in the West. It will be +a serious reflection on the intelligence of the country if the lessons +of the industrial acerbities of Europe and the United States should +not be grasped. Meantime it is a duty which the foreign observer owes +to Japan to speak quite plainly of attempts as silly as they are +useless<a name="FNanchor_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155"><sup>[155]</sup> +</a> to obscure the lamentable condition of a large proportion +of Japanese workers, to hide the immense profits which have been made +by their employers and to pretend that factory laws have only to be +placed on the statute book in order to be enforced. But if he be +honest he must also recognise the handicap of specially costly +equipment<a name="FNanchor_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156"> +<sup>[156]</sup></a> and of unskilled labour and inexperience under which +the Japanese business world is competing for the place in foreign +trade to which it has a just claim. Such conditions do not in the +least excuse inhumanity, but they help to explain it.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_144" id="Footnote_144"> +[144]</a> It is a chastening exercise to read before proceeding with this +Chapter an extract from Spencer Walpole's <i>History of England</i>, vol. +iii, p. 317, under the year 1832: "The manufacturing industries of the +country were collected into a few centres. In one sense the persons +employed had their reward: the manufacturers gave them wages. In +another sense their change of occupation brought them nothing but +evil. Forced to dwell in a crowded alley, occupying at night a house +constructed in neglect of every known sanitary law, employed in the +daytime in an unhealthy atmosphere and frequently on a dangerous +occupation, with no education available for his children, with no +reasonable recreation, with the sky shrouded by the smoke of an +adjoining capital, with the face of nature hidden by a brick wall, +neglected by an overworked clergyman, regarded as a mere machine by an +avaricious employer, the factory operative turned to the public house, +the prize ring or the cockpit."</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_145" id="Footnote_145"> +[145]</a> See <a href="#APPN_40">Appendix XL</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_146" id="Footnote_146"> +[146]</a> Number of factory workers, a million and a half, of whom 800,000 +are females. For statistics of women workers, see <a href="#APPN_41">Appendix XLI</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_147" id="Footnote_147"> +[147]</a> The Minister of Commerce has himself stated that the +sericultural industry is rooted in the dexterity of the Japanese +countrywoman.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_148" id="Footnote_148"> +[148]</a> This section of the Chapter was written in 1921.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_149" id="Footnote_149"> +[149]</a> In Japan in 1918 there were, per 1,000, 505.2 men to 494.8 +women.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_150" id="Footnote_150"> +[150]</a> Of the workers under the age of fifteen in the 20,000 factories, +82 per cent. were girls. The statistics in this paragraph were issued +by the Ministry of Commerce in 1917.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_151" id="Footnote_151"> +[151]</a> For sketches of women and children (with a chain between their +legs) harnessed to coal wagons in the pits, see <i>Parliamentary +Papers</i>, vol. xv, 1842. "There is a factory system grown up in England +the most horrible that imagination can conceive," wrote Sir William +Napier to Lady Hester Stanhope two years after Queen Victoria's +accession. "They are hells where hundreds of children are killed +yearly in protracted torture." In Torrens's <i>Memoirs of the Queen's +First Prime Minister</i>, one reads: "Melbourne had a Bill drawn which +with some difficulty he persuaded the Cabinet to sanction, prohibiting +the employment of children <i>under 9 in any except silk mills</i>."</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_152" id="Footnote_152"> +[152]</a> More than 200 books on Socialism were published in 1920.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_153" id="Footnote_153"> +[153]</a> For a declaration by Dr. Kuwata concerning bad food and +"defiance of hygienic rules," see <a href="#APPN_42">Appendix XLII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_154" id="Footnote_154"> +[154]</a> See <a href="#APPN_43">Appendix XLIII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_155" id="Footnote_155"> +[155]</a> See <a href="#APPN_42">Appendix XLII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_156" id="Footnote_156"> +[156]</a> In a pre-War publication of the United States Department of +Commerce it was stated that the cost of cotton mills per spindle is in +England <i>32s.</i>, in the United States <i>44s.</i>, in Germany <i>52s.</i>, and in +Japan <i>100s.</i></p> + +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus050"></a> +<img src="images/050.jpg" width="600" height="420" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">ARCHERY AT AN AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus051"></a> +<img src="images/051.jpg" width="600" height="410" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">CULTIVATION OF THE HILLSIDE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus052"></a> +<img src="images/052.jpg" width="600" height="280" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">RAILWAY STATION "BENTO" BOX (OPEN) AND POT OF TEA WITH CUP. +<br /> +The <i>bento</i> box provides rice, meat, fish, omelette and assorted pickles; also +paper napkin and <i>hashi</i> (chop-sticks) and (between them) a toothpick.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 175<a name="Page_175" id="Page_175"></a></span></p> + +<h3>FROM TOKYO TO THE NORTH BY THE WEST COAST</h3> + +<h2>CHAPTER XX</h2> + +<h4>"THE GARDEN WHERE VIRTUES ARE CULTIVATED"</h4> + +<h4>(FUKUSHIMA AND YAMAGATA)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Boswell</span>: If you should +advise me to go to Japan I believe I should. <br /> +<span class="smcap">Johnson</span>: Why yes, Sir, I am serious.</p></div> + +<p>In one of my journeys I went from Tokyo to the extreme north of Japan, +travelling up the west coast and down the east. Fukushima +prefecture—in which is Shirakawa, famous for a horse fair which lasts +a week—encourages the eating of barley, for on the northern half of +the east coast of Japan there is no warm current and the rice crop may +be lost in a cold season. "Officials of the prefecture and county," +someone said to me, "take barley themselves; enthusiastic <i>gunchō</i> +take it gladly."</p> + +<p>The prefectural station, by selecting the best varieties of rice for +sowing, had effected a 10 per cent. improvement in yield. In each +county an official "agricultural encourager" had been appointed. The +lectures given at the experiment station were attended by 18,000 +persons. The studious who listen to the lectures had formed an +association that provided at the station a fine building where supper, +bed, breakfast and lunch cost 30 sen. It contained a model of the Ise +shrine with a motto in the handwriting of a well-known Tokyo +agricultural professor, "Difficulties Polish You."</p> + +<p>"Some villagers," said a local authority, "want to make the Buddhist +temple the centre of the development of village life. In several +places agricultural products are exhibited at Shinto shrines. Farmers +offer them out of +<span class="pagenum">Page 176<a name="Page_176" id="Page_176"></a></span> +a kind of piety, but the products are afterwards +criticised from a technical point of view. This is done on the +initiative of the villagers encouraged by the prefecture."</p> + +<p>Hereabouts the winter work of the people, in addition to basket, rope +and mat making, was paper making and smoothing out the wrinkles of +tobacco.<a name="FNanchor_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157"><sup>[157]</sup> +</a> A considerable number of people had emigrated to South +America. The principal need of the villages, it was stated, was money +at less than the current rate of 20 per cent. In one place I found a +factory built on the side of a daimyo's castle.</p> + +<p>I was told of crops of <i>konnyaku</i> which had made one man the second +richest person in the prefecture and had therefore qualified him for +membership in the House of Peers. (The House includes one member from +each prefecture as the representative of the highest taxpayers of that +prefecture.)</p> + +<p>During my journeys I picked up many odds and ends of information by +walking through the trains and having chats with country people. I was +also helped by county and prefectural agricultural officials who, +having learnt of my movements, were kind enough to join me in the +train for an hour or so. One head of an agricultural school which was +full up with students told me that there were already in Fukushima two +prefectural and five county agricultural schools.</p> + +<p>Our train, half freight with a locomotive at each end, went over the +backbone of Japan through the usual series of snow shelters and +tunnels. Having surmounted the heights we slid down into Yamagata. I +should properly write Yamagataken, which we cannot translate +Yamagatashire, for a <i>ken</i> (prefecture) is made up of counties. There +are eleven counties in Yamagataken.</p> + +<p>Almost any sort of dwelling looks tolerable in August, but many of the +houses that first caught our attention must be lamentable shelters in +winter. Some farmers, I learnt, were "in a very bad condition." We +dropped from a silk and rice plateau and then to a region where the +main crop was rice. The bare hills to be seen in our descent were an +appalling spectacle when it was realised how close was their +<span class="pagenum">Page 177<a name="Page_177" id="Page_177"></a></span> +relation to the disastrous floods of the prefecture. A man in the train had +lost 10,000 yen by floods, a large sum in rural Japan. In two years +the prefecture had spent in river-bank repairs nearly a million yen. A +flood some years ago did damage to the amount of 20 million yen. The +prefecture had a debt of 60 million yen, chiefly due to havoc wrought +by its big river. A yearly sum was spent on afforestation in addition +to what was laid out by the State and by private individuals. A +forestry association was trying to raise half a million yen for tree +planting. But the flooding of the plains was not the only water +trouble of the Yamagatans. In one district they had a stream which +contained solutions of compounds of sulphuric acid so strong that +crops fail for three years on ground watered from it. In other parts +of the prefecture, however, farmers had the advantage, enjoyed in many +parts of Japan, of being able to water from ammonia water springs.</p> + +<p>Hereabouts I first noticed the device common to many districts of +having on the roof of a cottage a water barrel, tub or cistern, ready +to be emptied on the shingle roof when sparks fly from a burning +dwelling. Sometimes the wooden water receptacles are wrapped round +with straw.</p> + +<p>In the prefectural city of Yamagata I heard of a primary school which +had a farm and made a profit, also of four landowners who had engaged +an agricultural expert for the instruction of their tenants. "A very +certain crop" round about the city was grapes. Some 25,000 persons +yearly visited the prefectural 12-<i>chō</i> experiment station, which +within a year had distributed to farmers 7,600 cyanided fruit trees +and 80 bushels of special seed rice.</p> + +<p>Near the experiment station was a crematorium of ugly brick and +galvanised iron belonging to the city of Yamagata at which 1,000 +bodies were burnt in a year in furnaces heated with pine blocks. A +selection might be made from four rates ranging from 35 sen to 5 yen. +The most expensive rate was for folk who arrived in Western-style +coffins.</p> + +<p>The experiment station had another institution at its doors. This had +to do not with the dead but with the living. Its name was "The Garden +where Virtues are +<span class="pagenum">Page 178<a name="Page_178" id="Page_178"></a></span> +Cultivated." The director of it was the father of +the agricultural expert of the prefecture. The garden, which was not a +garden, was a home for bad boys, or rather for thirty bad boys and one +bad girl. The bad girl—the director, being a man of humanity, common +sense and courage, thought it most necessary that there should be at +least one bad girl—acted as maidservant to the director. The bad boys +"maided" themselves and the school. The lads were such as had fallen +into the hands of the police. They were being reformed in a somewhat +original way by a somewhat original director.</p> + +<p>Early in the day they had their cold bath, which was itself a break +with Japanese custom, for, though most Japanese have a nightly hot +bath, they are content with a basin wash in the morning. Then the boys +"cleaned school." Next they were marched up one by one to a mirror and +required to take a good look at themselves, in order, no doubt, to see +just how bad they were. After this they were called on to "give thanks +to the Emperor and their ancestors." Finally came a half-hour lecture +on "morality." It was considered that by this time the boys were +entitled to their breakfast. For open-air labour they were sent to the +experiment station, but they had manual work also in their own school, +where, among other things, they "made useful things out of waste," the +income from which went to their families. On Sundays the master, +though he must be nearer sixty than fifty, fenced with every one of +the thirty boys in turn—no ordinary task, for Japanese fencing calls +not only for an eye and a hand, but for a muscular back. Some +wholesome-looking young fellows, members of a young men's association, +served as volunteer masters and lived in the bare fashion that was so +good for the boys.</p> + +<p>The director did not believe that bad boys were hopeless. He said that +not only the boys but their parents were better for the work done in +"The Garden where Virtues are Cultivated." He seemed to have become a +sort of consulting expert to primary school-masters who were at a loss +to know how to manage bad boys. Chastisement, as is well known, is +unusual in Japanese schools. The director of the +<span class="pagenum">Page 179<a name="Page_179" id="Page_179"></a></span> +human <i>hortus inclusus</i> confessed to me that though two of his boys whom he had +caught fighting might not have been separated without, in the Western +phrase, "feeling the weight of his hand," his heaviest punishment on +other difficult occasions was the moxa.</p> + +<p>The moxa brings us back to real horticulture. Moxa is <i>mogusa</i> or +mugwort. <i>Mogusa</i> means "burning herb." The moxa is a great +therapeutic agent in the Far East. A bit of the dried herb is laid on +the skin and set fire to as a sort of blister. From the application of +the moxa as a cure for physical ills to its application for the cure +of bad boys is a natural step. One sees by the scars on the backs of +not a few Japanese that in their youth either their health or their +characters left something to be desired. The moxa, then, is the rod in +pickle in "The Garden where Virtues are Cultivated." But I think it is +not brought out often. A wrestling ring in a mass of sand thrown down +in a yard, a harmonium, a blackboard for the boys to work their will +on, doors labelled "The Room of Patience," "The Room of Honesty," "The +Room of Cleanliness" and "The Room of Good Arrangement," not to speak +of a rabbit loping about the school premises—these and some other +touches in the management of the school spoke of an even stronger +influence toward well-doing than the moxa. But even if the moxa should +fail, the attention of the boys could always be drawn to the +crematorium.</p> + +<p>One who knew the rural districts discoursed to me in this wise: "The +best men are not numerous, but neither are the worst. I doubt whether +the desire to enjoy life is as strong in the Japanese as in the people +of the West. Most farmers would no doubt be happy with material +comfort. Pressed as they have been by material needs, they have no +time to think. When they are easier, they may get something beyond the +physical. At present we must regard their material welfare as the most +urgent thing." But a man standing by, who was also a countryman, +strongly dissented. "Religion," he said, "is not only important but +fundamental."</p> + +<p>I have been received by more than one prefectural governor at eight in +the morning. His Excellency of +<span class="pagenum">Page 180<a name="Page_180" id="Page_180"></a></span> +Yamagata sets a good example by rising +at five and by going to bed at nine. He told me that he thought the +farmer's chief lack was cheap money. Low interest and a long term +might convert into arable 25,000 acres of barren land in his +prefecture. In the old days, as I knew, the farmers drove tunnels +considerable distances for irrigation, but with modern engineering +better results would be possible if money were available. As to the +misdeeds of the rivers, it might almost be said that every village was +feeling the need of embanking and of going to the source of loss by +planting trees in the hills. Beautiful forests of feudal period had +been wasted in the early days of Meiji and the result was now plain.</p> + +<p>But attention had to be given to the minds as well as the pockets of +the villagers. Families that were once reasonably content were now +discontented. A livelihood was harder to get, taxation was heavier and +there was an increase in needs. Country people imagined townspeople to +be comfortably off, "not realising how they were tormented." Villagers +envied townsmen their amusements. Some prefectures had forbidden the +<i>Bon</i> dance and had supplied nothing in its place. It was easy to see +why farmers no longer applied themselves so closely to their calling +and were wavering in their allegiance to country life. Healthful +amusements were necessary for those whose minds were not much +developed. Also, country people should be taught the true character of +town life, and that agriculture, though it might not yield the profit +of commerce and industry, ensured a reasonably happy life in healthful +places where physical strength could be enjoyed. The right kind of +village libraries should be encouraged. Music might perhaps be forced +into competition with <i>saké</i>.</p> + +<p>A mental awakening by education was the final solution of the rural +problem, the Governor thought. Religion was also important for the +development of the village. Believers not under the eyes of others +would avoid wrong-doing because watched by heaven. Lectures on +agriculture and sanitation had a good influence when delivered by +priests. Temples were often schools before the era of +<span class="pagenum">Page 181<a name="Page_181" id="Page_181"></a></span> +Meiji and so priests were socially active. Under the new dispensation the work was +taken out of their hands. So they had come to care little for the +affairs of the world. But they were influential and the prefecture had +asked for their help. The merits of many priests might not be +conspicuous, but the number of them who were active was increasing and +the villagers deferred to them if they took any step.</p> + +<p>The most hopeful thing in the villages was the awakening of the young +men: they were becoming "sincere," a favourite Japanese word. For the +most part the credit societies were not efficient, but in one county +credit societies had lessened the business of the banks. The best way +to furnish capital to farmers was out of the capital of their fellow +farmers.</p> + +<p>Possibly the girls of the villages were not making the same advance as +the boys. They did not go to their field labour willingly. Sometimes +when a woman was asked by a neighbour on the road, "Have you been +working on the farm?" she would answer, "No, I have been to the +temple." The host of women's papers had a bad effect. With regard to +the <i>habutae</i> (silk goods) factories, there was a bright side, for +they gave work to the girls in winter, when they were idle "and +therefore poor and sometimes immoral." On the other hand, factory +girls tended to become vain and thriftless and the stay-at-home girls +were inclined to imitate them.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_157" id="Footnote_157"> +[157]</a> See <a href="#APPN_45">Appendix XLV</a>.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 182<a name="Page_182" id="Page_182"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXI</h2> + +<h4>THE "TANOMOSHI"</h4> + +<h4>(YAMAGATA)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Society is kept in animation by the customary and by +sentiment.—<span class="smcap">Meredith</span></p></div> + +<p>Six feet of snow is common on the line on which we travelled in +Yamagata prefecture, and washouts are not infrequent. A train has been +stopped for a week by snow. It was difficult to think of snow when one +saw groups of pilgrims with their flopping sun-mats on their backs. +The shrines on three local mountain tops are visited by 20,000 people +yearly.</p> + +<p>We bought at railway stations different sorts of gelatinous fruit +preparations. Most places in Japan have a speciality in the form of a +food or a curiosity that can be bought by travellers.</p> + +<p>In the great Shonai plain, which extends through three counties, there +are no fewer than 82,500 acres of rice and the unending crops were a +sight to see. A great deal of the paddy land has been adjusted. In one +county there is the largest adjusted area in Japan, 20,000 acres. When +one raises one's eyes from the waving fields of illimitable rice, the +dominating feature of the landscape is Mount Chokai with his August +snow cap.</p> + +<p>The three-storey hotel at which we stayed had been taken to pieces and +transported twenty miles. Such removal of houses to a more convenient +or, in the case of an hotel, a more profitable site, is not uncommon. +I sometimes patronised at Omori a large hotel on a little hill halfway +between Yokohama and Tokyo, which had formerly been the prefectural +building at Kanagawa. In the hotel in +<span class="pagenum">Page 183<a name="Page_183" id="Page_183"></a></span> +which I was now staying I was interested in the "Notice" in my room:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1. A spitting-pot is provided. [Usually of bamboo or porcelain.]</p> + +<p>2. No towels are lent for fear of <i>trachoma</i>.<a name="FNanchor_158"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_158"><sup>[158]</sup></a> [The traveller +in Japan carries his own towels, but a towel is a common gift on +a guest's departure in acknowledgment of his tea money.]</p> + +<p>3. There is a table of rates. Guests are requested to say in +which they desire to be reckoned. [To the hotel proprietor, +landlord or manager when the visit of courtesy is paid on the +guest's arrival. Otherwise a judgment is formed from the guest's +clothes, demeanour and baggage.]</p> + +<p>4. Please lock up your valuables or let us keep them. [There are +no locks on Japanese doors.]</p> + +<p>5. Railroad, <i>kuruma</i>, box-sledge or automobile charges on +application. [The box-sledge shows what the country is like in +winter.]</p></div> + +<p>In conversations about local conditions I was told that "landowners of +the middle grade" were suffering from "trying to keep up their +position." I remembered the song which may be rendered:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span>Would that my daughter<br /></span> +<span>Were married to a middle farmer.<br /></span> +<span>With two <i>chō</i> of farm<br /></span> +<span>And a <i>tan</i> in the wood.<br /></span> +<span>No borrowing; no lending;<br /></span> +<span>Both ends meeting.<br /></span> +<span>Visiting the temple by turns—<br /></span> +<span>Someone must stay at home.<br /></span> +<span>Going to Heaven sooner or later.<br /></span> +<span>What a happy life!<br /></span> +<span>What a happy life!<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Tenants were rather well off because their standard of living was +lower than that of owners. Economic conditions were improving in +Yamagata, but in the adjoining prefecture of Miyagi on the eastern +coast of Japan "whole villages" +<span class="pagenum">Page 184<a name="Page_184" id="Page_184"></a></span> +had gone to Hokkaido. Some poor +farmers were spending only 5 sen a day on food, the rest of what they +ate coming entirely from their own holdings. Some farmers said, "If +you calculate our income, we are certainly unable to make a living, +but in some way or other we are able," which is what some small +holders in many countries would say.</p> + +<p>I was told that a labourer's 5 <i>tan</i> could be cultivated by working +half days. Generally more was earned by labouring than could be gained +from a small patch of land. But for half the year labourer's work was +not obtainable. My informant found small tenant labourers "well off" +if both husband and wife had wages: "they are able to buy a bottle of +<i>saké</i> in the evening." Their position was better than that of a small +peasant proprietor.</p> + +<p>One in a thousand of the families in a specified county slept in +straw. I heard of the payment of 20 to 25 per cent. to pawnbroker +lenders.</p> + +<p>But there is another way of borrowing. The plan of the <i>kō</i> may be +adopted. A <i>kō</i>—it is odd that it should so closely resemble our +abbreviation "Co."—is simple and effective. If a man is badly off or +wants to undertake something beyond his financial resources, and his +friends decide to help him, they may proceed by forming a <i>kō</i>. A <i>kō</i> +is composed of a number of people who agree to subscribe a certain sum +monthly and to divide the proceeds monthly by ballot, beginning by +giving the first month's receipts to the person to succour whom the +<i>kō</i> was formed. Suppose that the subscription be fixed at a yen a +month and that there are fifty subscribers. Then the beneficiary—who +pays in his yen with the rest—gets 50 yen on the occasion of the +first ingathering. Every month afterwards a member who is lucky in the +ballot gets 50 yen. The monthly paying in and paying out continue for +fifty months and all the subscribers duly get their money back, with +the advantage of having had a little excitement and having done a +neighbourly action.</p> + +<p>But the <i>kō</i>, or <i>tanomoshi</i>, as I ought to call it, is not always the +innocent organisation I have described. There is a <i>tanomoshi</i> system +under which, after member A, the +<span class="pagenum">Page 185<a name="Page_185" id="Page_185"></a></span> +beneficiary, has received the first +month's subscriptions, the other members are open to receive bids for +their shares. That is to say that, when the time comes round for the +second paying out of 50 yen, member F, who happens to have become as +much in need of ready money as A was, offers, if the month's moneys be +handed over to him, to distribute among the members sums up to 20 yen. +July and December, when most people need ready money, are months in +which a hard-up member of a <i>tanomoshi</i> may sometimes offer to +distribute as much as 50 per cent. of what he receives. The result of +such bidding for shares is that well-to-do members of a <i>tanomoshi</i>, +who are the last to draw their 50 yen, receive in addition to it all +the extra payments made by impoverished members who took their shares +earlier. Benevolence in a <i>tanomoshi</i> is not seldom a mask for avarice +that the law against usury cannot touch. In truth, the only virtuous +part of a <i>tanomoshi</i> may be the first sharing out to the person in +whose interest it was supposed to be started. It should be added, +however, that there is a sort of <i>tanomoshi</i> which has no particular +beneficiary and is merely a kind of co-operative credit society. In +one place I heard of a <i>tanomoshi</i> that maintained a large fund for +the relief of orphans and the sick.</p> + +<p>In many villages there were private or co-operative godowns for the +storage of rice against fire, rats and damp. Though the farmer who +sends rice to such a store receives a receipt, it is not legally a +marketable document. Hence an improvement on this simple storage plan. +I visited the premises of a company that could store more than 500,000 +bushels of rice, and I found purification by carbon bisulphide going +on. The receipts given by this company—"certificated" for large +quantities and "tickets" for small—certify not only the quantity but +the quality of the rice, and are readily cashed. The storehouse owners +work under a licence, and they have the advantage that the buyer of +the receipts of non-licensed stores is not protected by the courts.</p> + +<p>In the office of the company were samples of eleven market qualities +of rice, and before them, by way of showing respect to the great food +staple, was set the <i>gohei</i> of cut +<span class="pagenum">Page 186<a name="Page_186" id="Page_186"></a></span> +white paper seen in Shinto +shrines. Outside the office, girl porters carried the bales of rice to +and fro. Close to the store was a river in which some of the dusty, +perspiring porters were washing and cooling themselves with a +simplicity to which Western civilisation is not yet equal. Opposite +them men were fishing by casting in draw nets from the shore just as +in biblical pictures the apostles are represented as doing.</p> + +<p>The company has a rice market where farmers were putting their +business in the dealers' hands. Each dealer has to deposit 5,000 yen +with the State. The dealer who buys rice from a farmer has better +polishing machinery than the farmer possesses. Therefore he can give +the rice a more uniform appearance. By decreasing the weight of the +rice during the polishing he gives it he is also able to lessen the +sum payable for carriage and he has the value of the offal.</p> + +<p>In order to visit farmers I rode some distance into the country. +<a name="FNanchor_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159"><sup>[159]</sup></a> +The village, which was of the Zen sect, was at work cleaning out and +straightening the stream which, as is usual in many villages, ran +through the middle of it. I was impressed during my visit not only by +the readiness and intelligence with which my questions were answered +but by the good humour with which a stranger's inquiries concerning +personal matters was received. I had another thought, that I might not +have found a group of Western farmers so well informed about their +financial position as these simple, primitively clad men.</p> + +<p>Our <i>kuruma</i> route to and from the village had been through one great +tract of well-adjusted rice fields. Adjustment was not difficult in +this region because half the land belongs to the Homma family, which +has given much study to the art of land-holding. For two centuries the +clan by charging moderate rents and studying the interests of its +tenants has maintained happy relations with them.</p> + +<p>For many years a plan has been in operation by which 200 one-<i>tan</i> +paddy-fields are cultivated by the agents or managers of the estate, +by tenants selected by their fellow tenants for merit, by tenants +chosen by the landlord for +<span class="pagenum">Page 187<a name="Page_187" id="Page_187"></a></span> +diligence and by others picked out because +of their interest in agriculture. In order to increase the zest of +competition the cultivators are divided into a black and a white +company. The names of those who raise the most and best rice are +published in the order of their success, farm implements are +distributed as prizes, the clever cultivators are invited to the +landlord's New Year entertainment to the agents and managers, and at +that feast "places of distinction are given."</p> + +<p>There is also a system of rewarding the best five-years averages. A +competition takes place between what are called "dress fields" because +those who get the best results from them receive a ceremonial dress +bearing the inscription, "Prosperity and Welfare." The honour of +wearing these robes in the presence of their landlord at his annual +feast is valued by these simple countrymen.</p> + +<p>Through the introduction by the landlord of horse labour and +ploughs—implements with which the farmers were formerly +unacquainted—second cropping of part of the paddies has become +possible. There is an elaborate system of "progressive reduction" and +"average reduction" of rents in a bad season, by which, it was +explained, "the industrious tenant enjoys a larger reduction than an +idle one." "Tenants are grouped in fives, which help one another in +their work and in cases of misfortune." In their agreement with their +landlord, tenants promise that "wrong-doing shall be mutually +reprimanded and counsel shall be given one to another." "Again, if a +tenant falls ill, has his house burnt or meets with misfortune, +assistance shall be given by his fellows." During the war with Russia +the following instructions were issued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>Those enlisted in the army shall render their service at +the cost of their lives.<br /> +Those who stay at home shall do their best, complying +with the principles laid down by the Minister of Agriculture.<br /> +Relatives of soldiers at the front shall be helped and +sympathised with.<br /> +All shall subscribe to war bonds as much as possible.<br /> +All shall practise thrift and economy in accordance with +their social standing.<br /> +Musical entertainments shall be given up for two years.<br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 188<a name="Page_188" id="Page_188"></a></span> +Methods proved to be effective in cultivation shall be +reported.<br /> +In the warm, cloudy days insects multiply rapidly.<br /> +Think of your brothers at the front, struggling against one +of the mighty military powers of the world, and be ashamed +to be vanquished by hordes of insects or masses of vegetable +growth in your fields. For the purpose of destroying +insects an ample supply of oil is to be had at the experimental +farm, as during last year; and payment therefor +may be deferred until after harvest.</p> +</div> + +<p>A communication to agents and managers says: "Comport yourselves in a +way suitable to the dignity of an agent of the clan. Bear in mind the +privileges and favours you enjoy, and exert yourselves to requite +these favours. Respect the name and the coat-of-arms of the clan." In +the neighbourhood there are about a hundred families bearing the name +of Homma.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_158" id="Footnote_158"> +[158]</a> In the three years 1916-18 the percentage of conscripts +suffering from trachoma was 15.8.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_159" id="Footnote_159"> +[159]</a> For farmers' budgets, see <a href="#APPN_13">Appendix XIII</a> (end).</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 189<a name="Page_189" id="Page_189"></a></span></p> + +<h3>BACK AGAIN BY THE EAST COAST</h3> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXII</h2> + +<h4>"BON" SONGS AND THE SILENT PRIEST</h4> + +<h4>(YAMAGATA, AKITA,<a name="FNanchor_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160"> +<sup>[160]</sup></a> AOMORI, IWATE, MIYAGI, FUKUSHIMA AND IBARAKI)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The worst of our education is that it looks askance, +looks over its shoulder at sex.—R.L.S.</p></div> + +<p>A village headman, encountered in the train just as we were leaving +Yamagata prefecture, gave me some insight into the life of his little +community. The fathers of two-score families were shopkeepers and +tradesmen—- that is, tradesmen in the old meaning of the word. There +were also a few labourers. About two hundred and fifty families owned +land and some of them rented additional tracts. Another sixty were +simply tenants. The poorer farmers were also labourers or artisans. +Most of them were "comfortable enough." There were, however, half a +dozen people in the village who were helped from village funds. Of the +middle-grade farmers "it might be said that they do not become richer +or poorer."</p> + +<p>The headman had formed a society which sent its members to visit +prefectures more developed agriculturally. This society had engaged an +instructor from without the prefecture and he had taught horse tillage +and the management of upland fields and had made model paddies. Five +stallions had been obtained and a simple adjustment of paddy-land had +been brought about. As a result the rice yield had risen.</p> + +<p>This headman had also had addresses delivered in the village for the +first time. Further, after buying a number +<span class="pagenum">Page 190<a name="Page_190" id="Page_190"></a></span> +of books, he had visited +all the villagers in turn and shown them the books and had said to +each of them, "I wish you to buy a book and, after reading it, to give +it to the library." "And," he told me, "none of them objected." Soon a +valuable library came into existence.</p> + +<p>This admirable functionary felt some satisfaction at having been able +to abate the custom according to which the young men, with the tacit +permission of their parents, had gone into the neighbouring town after +harvest "to visit the immoral women." "They used to spend as much as 5 +yen," said our headman. He had started worthier forms of after-harvest +relaxation, and "the cost of the amusement days is now only 50 or 60 +sen."</p> + +<p>When we got on the main line again and pursued our way farther north, +it was through even stouter snow shelters and through many tunnels. +Not a few miserable dwellings were to be seen as we passed into Akita +prefecture. We broke our journey after some hours' travelling to stay +the night at a rather primitive hot spring inn four or five miles up +in the hills. A slight rain was falling. Four passengers at a time +made the ascent to the hotel, squatting on a mat in an old +contractor's wagon, pushed along roughly laid rails by two perspiring +youths in rain-cloaks of bark strips. At the inn, on going to the +bath, I found therein a miscellaneous collection of people of both +sexes from grandparents to grandchildren. One bather enlivened us by +performances on the flute, which, if a musical instrument must be +played in a bath, seems as suitable as any. In this rambling inn there +were many farmers who, by preparing their own food and doing for +themselves generally, were holiday-making at bedrock prices.</p> + +<p>As it was the <i>Bon</i> season, when the spirits of the dead are supposed +to return, I was a witness of the method adopted to help the ghosts to +find their old homes. At the top of a 30 or 40 ft. pole a lantern is +fixed with a pulley. Fastened up beside the lantern is a bunch of +green stuff, cryptomeria in many cases. The lantern is lighted each +evening for a week. Having heard a good deal about the suppression of +<i>Bon</i> dances and songs I was interested when a fellow-guest began +talking about them. He had seen many <i>Bon</i> dances +<span class="pagenum">Page 191<a name="Page_191" id="Page_191"></a></span> +and had heard many +<i>Bon</i> songs. There can be no doubt that there has been some +unenlightened interference with the <i>Bon</i> gathering. The country +people seem to be suffering from the determination of officialdom to +make an end of everything in country as well as town that may be +considered "uncivilised" by any foreigner, however ill instructed. In +towns the sexes are not accustomed to meet, but country people must +work together; therefore they find it natural to dance and sing +together. As to the <i>Bon</i> songs, it is common sense that expressions +which may be regarded as outrageous and indecent in a drawing-room may +not be so terrible on a hilltop among rustics used to very plain +speech and to easy recognition of natural facts that are veiled from +townspeople. My chance acquaintance at the inn recited a number of +<i>Bon</i> songs and next morning brought me some more that he had +remembered and had been kind enough to write down. They merely +established the fact that bucolic wit is as elemental in Japan as in +other lands. Most of the songs had a Rabelaisian touch, some were +nasty, but nearly all had wit. The following is an entirely harmless +example:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span>Mr. Potato of the Countryside<br /></span> +<span>Got his new European suit.<br /></span> +<span>But a potato is still a potato.<br /></span> +<span>He took one and a half <i>rin</i><a name="FNanchor_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161"> +<sup>[161]</sup></a> out of his bag<br /></span> +<span>And bought <i>amé</i><a name="FNanchor_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162"> +<sup>[162]</sup></a> and licked at it.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Here are three others:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span>Tip-toe, tip-toe,<br /></span> +<span>Creaks the floor.<br /></span> +<span>Girl made prayer,<br /></span> +<span>Dreading ghost.<br /></span> +<span>But 'twas her lover<br /></span> +<span>Who stealthily came.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span>Dancer, dancer,<br /></span> +<span>Do not laugh at me.<br /></span> +<span>My dance is very bad,<br /></span> +<span>But I only began last year.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="pagenum">Page 192<a name="Page_192" id="Page_192"></a></span> +<span>How thin a thin-legged man may be<br /></span> +<span>If he does not take his <i>miso</i> soup.<a name="FNanchor_163"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_163"><sup>[163]</sup></a><br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>The quality of these dramatic songs will be entirely missed if the +reader does not bear in mind the mimetic skill of the amateur Japanese +dancer and his power as a contortionist. Clever dancers often use +their powers in a humorous pretence of clumsiness. Of the freer sort +of songs I may quote two:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span>Never buy vegetables in Third Street,<a name="FNanchor_164"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_164"><sup>[164]</sup></a><br /></span> +<span>You'll lose 30 sen and your nose.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span>Onions from a basket hanging in the <i>benjo</i><a name="FNanchor_165"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_165"><sup>[165]</sup></a><br /></span> +<span>Were cooked in <i>miso</i><a name="FNanchor_166"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_166"><sup>[166]</sup></a> and given to a blind man,<br /></span> +<span>But that chap was greatly delighted.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Some of the other songs may be described, I suppose, as obscene, if +obscene be, as the dictionary says, "something which delicacy, purity +and decency forbid to be exposed"; but "delicacy, purity and decency" +must be considered in relation to climate, work and social usage. What +one feels about some critics of <i>Bon</i> songs and dances is that they +need a course of <i>The Golden Bough</i>. Such an illustration as <i>Bon</i> +songs furnish of the moral and mental conditions from which country +folk must raise themselves is of value if rural sociology is a real +thing. There is far too much theorising about the countryman and the +countrywoman, far too much idealising of them and far too much rating +of them as clods. If country people of all lands are free-spoken let +us be neither hypercritical nor hypocritical. A big gap seems to yawn +between the paddy-field peasant in his breech clout and the immaculate +clubman, but what difference is there between the savour of the +average <i>Bon</i> song and of many a smoking-room jest which is not to the +credit of the peasant? At an inn in Naganoken a Japanese artist on +holiday showed me his sketch book. Among his drawings was a +representation of a shrine festival which he had witnessed in a remote +village. A festival car was +<span class="pagenum">Page 193<a name="Page_193" id="Page_193"></a></span> +being pushed by a knot of youths and by +about an equal number of young women and all of them were nude. But no +enlightened person believes that either decency or morals depends on +clothing, or would expect to find more essential indecency and +immorality in that village than in a modern city. What one would +expect to find would be marriages between physically well-developed +men and women.</p> + +<p>How the race moves on is shown in the famous tale of a saintly Zen +priest which I first heard in that little hill inn but was afterwards +to see in dramatic form on the stage of a Tokyo theatre. An unmarried +girl in the village in which the priest's temple was situated was +about to have a child. She would not confess to her angry father the +name of her lover. At last she attributed her condition to the greatly +honoured priest. Her father was astonished but he was also glad that +his daughter was in the favour of so eminent a man. So he went to the +priest and said that he brought him good tidings: the girl whom he had +deigned to notice was about to have a child. The father went on to +express at length his sense of obligation to the priest for the honour +done to his family. All the priest said in reply was, <i>So desuka</i>? (Is +that so?) Soon after the birth of the child the girl besought her +father to marry her to a certain young farmer. The father, proud of +the association with the priest, refused. Finally the girl told her +parent that it was not the priest but the young farmer who was the +father of her child. The parent was aghast and chagrined as he +recalled the terms in which he had addressed the saintly man. He +betook himself at once to the temple and expressed in many words his +feelings of shame and deep contrition. The priest heard him out, but +all he said was, <i>So desuka</i>?</p> + +<p>Yamagata signifies "shape of a mountain" and Akita means "autumn rice +field." Although Akita prefecture is mountainous there is a greater +proportion of level land in it than in Yamagata. I find "Rice, rice, +rice" written in my notebook. An agricultural expert gave me to +understand that fifteen per cent. of the farmers were probably living +on rents or on the dividends of silk factories, that 55 or 60 per +cent. were of the middle grade with an annual +<span class="pagenum">Page 194<a name="Page_194" id="Page_194"></a></span> +income of 300 yen, that +25 or 30 per cent. had about 150 yen—the lowest sum on which a family +could be supported—and that there were 3 or 4 per cent. of farm +labourers who earned less than 150 yen. There had been much paddy +adjustment and the prefecture was spending 300,000 yen a year for the +encouragement of adjustment and the opening of new paddies. In the +case of newly opened fields, tenants had contracts, but ordinary +tenancies were by word of mouth generation after generation. A great +deal of agricultural instruction was given by the prefecture, the +counties and the villages, and in 30 years the rice crop had been +doubled although the area had remained about the same. In order to +secure help in the work of rural amelioration a gathering of Buddhist +priests and another of Shinto priests had been lectured to at the +prefectural office. Nearly 300,000 yen had been spent in twelve months +on afforestation. The following year a special effort was to be made +to spend 500,000 yen. A society raised young trees and sold them at +cheap rates to farmers. Every young men's association in the +prefecture had land and had planted trees. It was in Akita that I +first saw peat in Japan. There are said to be 7,000 acres of it in the +country.</p> + +<p>The prefecture of Aomori forms the northern tip of the mainland. Apart +from its enormous forest area and the railroad stacks of sawn lumber, +what caught my eye were the apple orchards and the number of farmers +on horseback or seated in wagons. Who that has been in Japan has not a +memory of narrow winding roads along which men and women and young +people are pulling and pushing carts? Here many farming folk rode. I +was told that Akita produced apples and potatoes to the value of a +million yen each and that there were ten co-operative apple societies. +Much of the fruit went to Russia.</p> + +<p>Having passed through the city of Aomori we started to come down the +east coast. An agricultural authority said that the net profit of a +dry farm, that is a farm without any paddy, was almost negligible. +Because of low prices, cattle keeping had decreased to half what it +used to be. (The only cattle I saw from the train were on the road +with harness on their backs.) Only 18 yen could be got for a +<span class="pagenum">Page 195<a name="Page_195" id="Page_195"></a></span> +two-year-old; the Aomori cattle were indeed the cheapest in Japan. The +expert added, "There are no buyers; only robbers."</p> + +<p>But the dealers were not the only robbers. Boats came from Hokkaido +and stole cattle from the prefecture to the number of a hundred a +year. Sometimes horses were taken too, but horse thefts were rare +"because you cannot kill a horse and sell it for meat." The average +price of a two-year-old not thus illicitly vended was 70 yen. (It was +a little less in the next prefecture of Iwate and in Hokkaido.) Half +of the stallions belonging to the "Bureau of Horse Politics" of the +Ministry of Agriculture were bought in Aomori.</p> + +<p>The farmers by the lake that we passed on our way south were described +as "very poor," for their soil was barren and their climate bad. Their +crops were only a third of what could be raised in another part of the +prefecture. The agriculture of all the prefectures through which I now +journeyed south to Tokyo suffer from the cold temperature of the sea. +The east-coast temperature drops in winter to 7 degrees below +freezing.<a name="FNanchor_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167"> +<sup>[167]</sup></a> "Living is more and more difficult," said someone to +me. "The number of tenants increases because farmers get into debt and +have to sell their land. Millet and buckwheat are much eaten. Although +the temperature is 5 per cent. colder in Hokkaido, the people do worse +here because our soil is barren and there is no profitable winter +occupation like lumbering. Only 10 per cent. of the rural population +save anything. In bad times 65 per cent. of the families get into +debt."</p> + +<p>At Morioka in Iwate prefecture I visited the excellent higher +agricultural college, where there were 300 students. The competition +for places, as at every educational institution in Japan, was keen. +The number who sat at the last entrance examinations—the average age +was twenty—was 317, of whom only 80 got in. There were 15 professors +and 10 assistants. The charge to students +<span class="pagenum">Page 196<a name="Page_196" id="Page_196"></a></span> +was 300 yen for a year of +ten months. The annual cost of the college to the Government was +70,000 yen. Of the foreign volumes among the 20,000 books in the +library 50 per cent. were German, 30 per cent. English and 20 per +cent. American.</p> + +<p>An apiary of a single skep in a roped-off enclosure was an +illustration of unfamiliarity with bees. It seemed strange to find +that in this up-to-date and efficient institution the biggest +implement for cutting grass which was in use, a sickle of course, had +a blade no longer than 8 inches. Hung up at the back of a shed I +noticed a rusty scythe. When I tried to show what it could do it was +suggested that the implement was "too heavy, too difficult and too +dangerous."</p> + +<p>Iwate is the poorest of the northern prefectures, for bad weather so +often comes when the rice is in flower. As many as 40 per cent. of the +people were just making ends meet. Another 40 per cent. were always +dogged by poverty. Millet was the food of 10 per cent. of the farmers; +millet, salted vegetables and bean soup were the meagre diet of 5 per +cent; the staple food of the remainder was barley and rice. There are +few temples in Iwate compared with the rest of Japan. "Education is +more backward than in other prefectures," someone said. "The farmers +are not able. Too much <i>saké</i> is drunk." Farmers come in to Morioka to +sell charcoal and wood and I saw some of them turning into the <i>saké</i> +shops.</p> + +<p>There was talk in praise of millet. Though low socially in the dietary +of Japan, it has merits. It withstands cold and even salt spray. It +ripens earlier than rice and so may sometimes be harvested before a +spell of bad weather. It yields well, it will store for some time, its +taste is "little inferior to rice and better than that of barley" and +it contains more protein than rice. It is cooked after slight +polishing and the straw provides fodder. "In the north-east, where +millet is most eaten," I was told, "there are people who are 5 ft. 10 +ins. to 6 ft. and there are many wrestlers." The seeds in the handsome +heavy ears of millet are about the size of the letter O in the +footnote type of this book.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 197<a name="Page_197" id="Page_197"></a></span> +In the train a farmer who knew the prefecture spoke of <i>Bon</i> songs +and dances: "The result of the action against them was not good. The +meeting of young men and women at the <i>Bon</i> gatherings was in their +minds half the year in prospect and half in retrospect. Bearing in +mind the condition of the people, even the worst <i>Bon</i> songs are not +objectionable. But when the people become educated some songs will be +objectionable."</p> + +<p>Visitors to a poor prefecture like Miyagi must be surprised to see so +much adjusted paddy. There is more adjusted paddy in Miyagi than in +any other prefecture. Some 90,000 acres have been taken in hand and a +large amount of money has been spent. The work has been carried out +largely by way of giving wages to farmers during famine. A new tunnel +brought water to 6,000 acres. "The bad climate of Miyagi cannot be +mended," I was told; "all that can be done is to seek for the earliest +varieties of rice, to sow early, to work as diligently as possible and +to deal with floods by embanking the rivers and by tree planting." As +many as 7,000 people go from Miyagi to Hokkaido in a year. It seems to +point to a certain amount of fecklessness that 15 per cent. of them +return.</p> + +<p>One man I spoke with during my journey south gave a vivid impression +of the influence of young men's associations. "Before they started," +said he, "the young men spent their time in singing indecent songs, in +gambling, in talking foolishly, and twice or thrice a year in +immorality. A young widow has sometimes been at fault; the +parents-in-law need her help and village sentiment is against her +remarriage. The suppression of <i>Bon</i> dances has done more harm than +good by keeping out of sight what used to be said and done +openly<a name="FNanchor_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168"><sup>[168]</sup> +</a>. Two or three priests are active in this prefecture. Where +the Shinshu sect is strong you will find little divorce. But the +influence of Buddhism has been stationary in recent years. There is +some action by missionaries of the Japanese +<span class="pagenum">Page 198<a name="Page_198" id="Page_198"></a></span> +Christian church, but the +number of Christians among real rustics is very small."</p> + +<p>At Sendai it was pleasant to see a prefectural office—or most of +it—housed in a Japanese building instead of a dreadful edifice "in +Western style." In feudal times the building was a school. Portraits +of daimyos and famous scholars of the Sendai clan surround the +Governor's room, and adjoining it is the <i>tatami</i>-covered apartment in +which the daimyo used to sit when he was present at the examinations. +Among the portraits is one of a retainer which was painted in Rome, +where he had been sent on a mission of inquiry.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus053"></a> +<img src="images/053.jpg" width="356" height="400" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Scarecrow.—A sketch by Professor +Nasu.</span></p> +</div> + +<p>In his scarecrow-making the Japanese farmer seems to have great faith +in the Western-style cap, felt hat, or even umbrella, if he can get +hold of one. Ordinarily, the bogey man has a bow with the arrow +strung. Occasionally a farmer seeks to scare birds by means of +clappers which he places in the hands of a child or an old man who +sits in a rough shelter raised high enough to overtop the rice. Now +and then there is a clapper connected with a string to the farm-house. +I have also seen a row of bamboos carried across a paddy field with a +square piece of wood hanging loosely against each one. A rope +connecting all the bamboos with one another was carried to the +roadway, and now and then a passer-by of a benevolent disposition, or +with nothing better to do, or, it may be, standing in some degree of +relationship to the paddy-field proprietor, gave the rope a tug. Then +all the bamboos bent, and as they smartly +<span class="pagenum">Page 199<a name="Page_199" id="Page_199"></a></span> +straightened themselves +caused the clappers to give forth a sound sufficiently agitating to +sparrow pillagers in several paddies.</p> + +<p>On leaving Miyagi we were once more in Fukushima, with notes on which +this account of a trip to the north of Japan and back again began. +This time, instead of journeying by routes through the centre of the +prefecture, as in coming north, or as in the visit paid to Fukushima +in the Tokyo-to-Niigata journey, I travelled along the sea coast. When +we had passed through Fukushima we were in Ibaraki, a characteristic +feature of which is swamps. Drainage operations have been going on +since the time of the Shogunate. There is in this prefecture the +biggest production of beans in Japan, and we have come far enough +south to see tea frequently. In the lower half of the prefecture we +are in the great Kwanto plain, the prefectures in which are most +conveniently surveyed from Tokyo.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_160" id="Footnote_160"> +[160]</a>[160] Some Yamagata notes and those relating to Akita are conveniently +included in this Chapter, but these two prefectures are on the west +coast.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_161" id="Footnote_161"> +[161]</a> A <i>rin</i> is the tenth part of a sen, which in its turn is a +farthing.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_162" id="Footnote_162"> +[162]</a> A kind of barley sugar.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_163" id="Footnote_163"> +[163]</a> Bean soup.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_164" id="Footnote_164"> +[164]</a> A street in Akita in which many prostitutes live.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_165" id="Footnote_165"> +[165]</a> Closet.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_166" id="Footnote_166"> +[166]</a> Bean paste.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_167" id="Footnote_167"> +[167]</a> The warm black current from the south flows up the east and west +coasts. Some distance north of Tokyo, the east-coast current meets the +cold Oyashiro current from Kamchatka, and is turned off towards +America.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_168" id="Footnote_168"> +[168]</a> See <i>A Free Farmer in a Free State</i>, pp. 173-4, for an account +of the custom in Zeeland by which peasants preserved themselves from +the calamity of childless marriage.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 200<a name="Page_200" id="Page_200"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXIII</h2> + +<h4>A MIDNIGHT TALK</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>True religion is a relation, accordant with +reason and knowledge, which man establishes with the infinite life +surrounding him, and it is such as binds his life to that infinity, +and guides his conduct.—<span class="smcap">Tolstoy</span></p></div> + +<p>One of the most instructive experiences I had during my rural journeys +occurred one night when I was staying at a country inn. At a late hour +I was told that the Governor of the prefecture was in a room overhead. +I had called on him a few days before in his prefectural capital. He +was a large daimyo-like figure, dignified and courteous, but seemingly +impenetrable. There was no depth in our talk. His aloof and +uncommunicative manner was deterring, but by this time I had learnt +the elementary lesson of unending patience and freedom from hasty +judgment that is the first step to an advance in knowledge of another +race. I felt that I should like to know more about the man inside this +Excellency. No one had told me anything of his life.</p> + +<p>Now that he was in the same inn with me it was Japanese good manners +to pay him a visit. So I went upstairs with my travelling companion, +telling him on the way that we should not remain more than five +minutes. We were wearing our bath kimonos. The Governor was also at +his ease in one of these garments. He was kneeling at a low table +reading. We knelt at the other side, spoke on general topics, asked +one or two questions and began to take our leave. On this the Governor +said that he would like very much to ask me in turn some questions. We +spoke together until one in the morning, his Excellency continually +expressing his unwillingness for us to go. He spoke rapidly and with +such earnestness that I was balked of understanding what he said +sentence by sentence. The +<span class="pagenum">Page 201<a name="Page_201" id="Page_201"></a></span> +next day my companion wrote out a summary +of what the Governor had said and I had tried to say in reply. As a +brief report of a talk of three hours' duration it is plainly +imperfect. The artless account is of some interest, however, because +it furnishes an impression at once of an engaging simplicity and +sincerity in the Japanese character and of the pressure of Western +ideas.</p> + +<p><i>Governor</i>: "There have died lately my mother, my wife and one of my +daughters. Some of my officials come to me and ask what consolation I +am getting. What do I feel at first when such things happen? Am I +content under such misfortune? I feel that I should be happy if I +could believe something and tell it to them. I am tormented by the +conflict of my scientific and religious feelings. How is the relation +of science and religion in your mind? Are you tormented or are you +composed and peaceful even when meeting such misfortune as mine?"</p> + +<p><i>Myself</i>: "It is certain that it is not well to torment ourselves, for +grief is loss.<a name="FNanchor_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169"> +<sup>[169]</sup></a> As to science, it did not drive away religion. +Science seeks after truth in all matters, but there are truths which +are to be searched out through our feeling, conscience and instinct. +Religion has to do with these truths. It is quite good for religion if +all superstition, dogma and ignorance are cleared away by science. +Concerning a future life, we are hampered in our thinking by our +traditions, prejudices, deep ignorance and poor mental strength and +training; and much energy is needed in the world for present service. +Some have thought of an immortality which is that a man's sincere +influence, his unselfish manifestations, those things which are the +essence of a man's existence, will live on; in other words, that the +best of a life is immortal; but not in the way of ghosts. As to the +memory, example and achievement of the dead it is sure that we are +aided by them."</p> + +<p><i>Governor</i>: "If we sacrifice ourselves for the public good +<span class="pagenum">Page 202<a name="Page_202" id="Page_202"></a></span> +it is the best that we can do in this world. But are you composed at the sad +news concerning the <i>Lusitania</i>? If you think that event was directed +by divine destiny then you can be composed and may not complain."</p> + +<p><i>Myself</i>: "Such an accident may only be by divine destiny in the sense +that everything in this world, the saddest misery, the greatest +misfortunes, are suffered in the development of mankind, so that even +this War is unquestionably for the final betterment of the whole +world."</p> + +<p><i>Governor</i>: "Please say what is God."</p> + +<p><i>Myself</i>: "'If I could tell you what God is, I should be God myself.' +Many of my own countrymen have been taught that God is 'Spirit, +infinite, eternal, unchangeable in His Being, wisdom, power, holiness, +justice, goodness and truth.' There are those who would say that God +may be the total developing or bettering energy, and that we are all +part of God. Some people have a more personal conception of God, the +sum of all goodness. May not his Excellency consider the peasant's +idea of a Governor of a prefecture? The peasant's idea of a Governor +is greater than that of any particular Governor. His Excellency's good +works are not done by himself alone, but by all the good energies +inherent in the Governorship. Those energies are unseen but real. The +Japanese army and navy triumphed by the virtue of the Emperor—by the +virtue of ideas."</p> + +<p><i>Governor</i>: "The thought of <i>Sensei</i><a name="FNanchor_170"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_170"><sup>[170]</sup></a> is quite Oriental."</p> + +<p><i>Myself</i>: "All religions are from Asia."</p> + +<p><i>Governor</i>: "This world where stars move, flowers blossom and decay, +spring and autumn come, and people are born and die is too full of +mystery, but I can feel some intelligence working through it though +incomprehensible."</p> + +<p><i>Myself</i>: "Alas, people will try to explain that +incomprehensibleness."</p> + +<p><i>Governor</i>: "What you have said is what I have been accepting to this +day. It satisfies my reason, but I feel in my heart something lacking. +I seek for a warmer interpretation of the world, for a more heartfelt +relation with cosmos. Several of my officials themselves lost their dear +<span class="pagenum">Page 203<a name="Page_203" id="Page_203"></a></span> +children recently. They cannot with heart and brain accept their +loss, and they ask my direction."</p> + +<p><i>Myself</i>: "In the New Testament one thing is taught, God is Love. We +can be composed if we feel that God is love. The Gospel of John is the +most tender story in the world."</p> + +<p><i>Governor</i>: "It may be difficult for all people to come to the same +point and agree altogether. We must solve a great problem by +ourselves."</p> + +<p><i>Myself</i>: "We have opportunities of doing some good works in this +life. Therefore we must go on till we die and we must be content at +being able to do something good, directly or indirectly, in however +small measure. 'Earth is not as thou ne'er hadst been,' wrote an +Englishwoman poet of great scientific ability<a name="FNanchor_171"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_171"><sup>[171]</sup></a> who died while yet +a young woman."</p> + +<p><i>Governor</i>: "I think of Napoleon dying tormented on St. Helena, and +the peaceful attitude of Socrates though being poisoned by enemies. +But Socrates had done many good things, yet he was poisoned."</p> + +<p><i>Myself</i>: "Socrates had done what he could for his country and the +world, yet by his brave death he could add one thing more."<a name="FNanchor_172"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_172"><sup>[172]</sup></a></p> + +<p>The Governor said that he "got comfort from our talk," but this did +not perfectly reassure me. The next evening, however, I found a +parboiled Governor alone in the bath and he greeted me very warmly. +Without our interpreter we could say nothing that mattered, but we +were glad of this further meeting in the friendly hot water. It seemed +that our midnight talk would be memorable to both of us.</p> + +<p>It is convenient to copy out here the following dicta on religion and +morals which were delivered to me at various times during my journeys:</p> + +<p>A. "The weakest deterrent influence among us is, 'It is wrong.' A +stronger deterrent influence is, 'Heaven will punish you.' The +strongest deterrent influence of all is, 'Everybody will laugh at +you.'"</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 204<a name="Page_204" id="Page_204"></a></span> +B. "In Japan all religions have been turned into sentiment or +æstheticism."</p> + +<p>C. (<i>after speaking appreciatively of the ideas animating many +Japanese Christians</i>): "All the same I do not feel quite safe about +trusting the future of Japan to those people."</p> + +<p>D. "We Japanese have never been spiritually gifted. We are neither +meditative and reflective like the Hindus nor individualistic like the +Anglo-Saxons. Nevertheless, like all mankind we have spiritual +yearnings. They will be best stirred by impulses from without."</p> + +<p>E. (<i>in answer to my enquiry whether a Quakerism which compromised on +war, as John Brights male descendants had done, might not gain many +adherents in Japan</i>): "Other sects may have a smaller ultimate chance +than Quakerism. One mistake made by the Quakers was in going to work +first among the poorer classes. The Quakers ought to have begun with +the intellectual classes, for every movement in Japan is from the +top."</p> + +<p>F. "You will notice what a number of the gods of Japan are deified +men. There is a good side to the earth earthy, but many Japanese seem +unable to worship anything higher than human beings. The readiest key +to the religious feeling of the Japanese is the religious life of the +Greeks. The more I study the Greeks the more I see our resemblance to +them in many ways, in all ways, perhaps, except two, our lack of +philosophy and our lack of physical comeliness."</p> + +<p>G. "As to uncomeliness there are several Japanese types. The refined +type is surely attractive. If many Japanese noses seem to be too +short, foreigners' noses seem to us to be too long. The results of +intermarriage between Western people and Japanese who are of equal +social and educational status and of good physique should be closely +watched."</p> + +<p>H. "In our schools an hour or two a week is reserved for culture, but +the true spirit of culture is lacking. The Imperial Rescript on +education is very good moral doctrine, but the real life's aim of many +of us is to be well off, to have an automobile, to become a Baron or +to <span class="pagenum">Page 205<a name="Page_205" id="Page_205"></a></span> +extend the Empire. We do not ask ourselves, 'For what reason?'"</p> + +<p>I. "I conduct certain classes which the clerks of my bank must attend. +The teaching I give is based on Confucian, Christian and Buddhist +principles. I try to make the young men more manful. I constantly urge +upon them that 'you must be a man before you can be a clerk.'"</p> + +<p>J. (<i>a septuagenarian ex-daimyo</i>): "Confucianism is the basis of my +life, but twice a month I serve at my Shinto shrine and I conduct a +Buddhist service in my house morning and evening. It is necessary to +make the profession that Buddha saves us. I do not believe in +paradise. It is paradise if when I die I have a peaceful mind due to a +feeling that I have done my duty in life and that my sons are not bad +men. Unless I am peaceful on my deathbed I cannot perish but must +struggle on. Therefore my sons must be good. I myself strove to be +filial and I have always said to my sons, 'Fathers may not be fathers +but sons must be sons.'"</p> + +<p>K. (<i>the preceding speaker's son expressing his opinion on another +occasion</i>): "My father as a Confucian is kind to people negatively. We +want to be kind positively because it is right to be kind. As to +filial obedience, even fathers may err; we are righteous if we are +right. My father is a Shintoist because it is our national custom. He +wants to respect his ancestors in a wide sense and he desires that +Japan, his family and his crops may be protected."</p> + +<p>L. "I wish foreigners had a juster idea about 'idols'. There is a +difference between frequenters of the temples believing the figures to +be holy and believing them to be gods. Every morning my mother serves +before her shrine of Buddha but she does not believe our Buddha to be +God. She would not soil or irreverently handle our Buddha, but it is +only holy as a symbol, as an image of a holy being. My mother has said +to me, 'Buddha is our father. He looks after us always; I cannot but +thank him. If there be after life Buddha will lead me to Paradise. +There is no reason to beg a favour.' My mother is composed and +peaceful. All through her life she has met calamities and troubles +serenely. I admire her very much. She is a +<span class="pagenum">Page 206<a name="Page_206" id="Page_206"></a></span> +good example of how +Buddha's influence makes one peaceful and spiritual. But such +religious experience may not be grasped from the outside by +foreigners."</p> + +<p>M. "When I am in a temple or at a shrine I realise its value in +concentrating attention. The daily domestic service before the shrine +in the house also ensures some religious life daily. Many of my +countrymen no doubt regard religion as superstition; they know little +of spiritual life. For some of them patriotism or humanitarian +sentiments or eagerness to seek after scientific truth takes the place +of religion. Most men think that they can never comprehend the cosmos +and say, 'We may believe only what we can prove. Let us follow not +after preachers but after truth.' I believe with your Western +philosophers who say that the cosmos is not perfect but that it is +moving towards perfection. Many think that this War shows that the +cosmos is not perfect. Spiritual life is living according to one's +purest consciousness. But what is of first importance is our actions. +It is not enough merely to strive after moral development. One must +strive after economic and social development. Some religious people +think only of the spiritual life and have no sympathy with economics. +The labours of such religious people must be of small value."</p> + +<p>In later Chapters the views of other thoughtful Japanese are noted +down as they were communicated to me.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_169" id="Footnote_169"> +[169]</a> "The strength that is given at such times arises not from +ignoring loss or persuading oneself that the thing is not that <i>is</i>, +but from the resolute setting of the face to the East and the taking +of one step forwards. Anything that detaches one, that makes one turn +from the past and look simply at what one has to do, brings with it +new strength and new intensity of interest."— +<span class="smcap">Haldane.</span></p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_170" id="Footnote_170"> +[170]</a> Teacher, instructor, master, or a polite way of saying +"You"—the usual title by which I was addressed.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_171" id="Footnote_171"> +[171]</a> Constance Naden.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_172" id="Footnote_172"> +[172]</a> "The <i>Phaedo</i> was bought for us by the death of +Socrates."—<span class="smcap">Quiller Couch.</span></p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus054"></a> +<img src="images/054.jpg" width="222" height="400" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">THE BLIND HEADMAN AND HIS COLLECTING-BAG.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus055"></a> +<img src="images/055.jpg" width="222" height="400" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">MR. YANAGHITA IN HIS CORONATION CEREMONY ROBES.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus056"></a> +<img src="images/056.jpg" width="226" height="400" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">PORTABLE APPARATUS FOR RAISING WATER.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus057"></a> +<img src="images/057.jpg" width="229" height="400" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">VILLAGE SCHOOL WITH PORTRAIT OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus058"></a> +<img src="images/058.jpg" width="360" height="600" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">RIVER-BEDS IN THE SUMMER<br /> +From which may be imagined the power of the water in time of flood.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 207<a name="Page_207" id="Page_207"></a></span></p> + +<h3>THE ISLAND OF SHIKOKU</h3> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXIV</h2> + +<h4>LANDLORDS, PRIESTS AND "BASHA" (TOKUSHIMA, KOCHI AND KAGAWA)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The most capital article, the character of the +inhabitants.—<span class="smcap">Tytler</span></p></div> + +<p>In travelling southwards I noticed between Kyoto and Osaka that farms +were being irrigated from wells in the primitive way by means of the +weighted swinging pole and bucket. Along the coast to the south, +indeed as far as Hiroshima, there have been great gains from the sea, +and in the neighbourhood of Kobe there are three parallel roads which +mark successive recoveries of land. Before crossing the Inland Sea at +Okayama to Shikoku (area about 1,000 square miles) I visited one of +the new settlements on recovered land. The labour available from a +family was reckoned as equal to that of two men, and as much as 4 to 5 +<i>chō</i> was allotted to each house. It will be seen how much larger is +this area—5 <i>chō</i> is 12½ acres—than the average Japanese farming +family must be content with, a little less than 3 acres. The company +supplied houses, seeds, manures, etc., and after all expenses were met +the workers were allowed 25 per cent, of the net income of their +summer crop and 35 per cent, of the net income of their second crop. +The cultivation was directed by the company. There had been 300 +applications for the last twenty houses built. An experiment station +was maintained, and a campaign against a rice borer had been of +benefit to the amount of about 10,000 yen. I found the company's +winnowing machine discharging its chaff into the furnace of the +rice-drying apparatus.</p> + +<p>One of the experts of the company came with me for some +<span class="pagenum">Page 208<a name="Page_208" id="Page_208"></a></span> +distance in the train in order to discuss some of his problems. He thought +agricultural work could be done in less back-breaking ways. He wanted +a small threshing machine which would be suitable not only for +threshing small quantities of rice or corn but for easy conveyance +along the narrow and easily damaged paths between the rice fields. If +he had such a machine he would like to improve it so that it would lay +out the threshed straw evenly, so making the straw more valuable for +the many uses to which it is put. He wished to see a machine invented +for planting out rice seedlings and another contrivance devised for +drying wheat. The company's rice-drying machine handled 200 <i>koku</i> of +rice a day, but there were difficulties in drying wheat. (In many +places I noticed the farmers drying their corn by the primitive method +of singeing it and thus spoiling it.)<a name="FNanchor_173"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_173"><sup>[173]</sup></a></p> + +<p>On the Inland Sea, aboard the smart little steamer of the Government +Railways, my companion spoke of the extent to which sea-faring men, a +conservative class, had abandoned the use of the single square sail +which one sees in Japanese prints; the little vessels had been +re-rigged in Western fashion. But many superstitions had survived the +abolished square sails. The mother of my fellow-traveller once told +him that, when she crossed the Inland Sea in an old-style ship and a +storm arose, the shipmaster earnestly addressed the passengers in +these words, "Somebody here must be unclean; if so, please tell me +openly." The title of the book my companion was reading was <i>The +History of the Southern Savage</i>. Who was the "Southern Savage"? The +word is <i>namban</i>, the name given to the early Portuguese and Spanish +voyagers to Japan. (The Dutch were called <i>komojin</i>, red-haired men.) +In looking through the official railway guide on the boat I saw that +there was a list of specially favourable places for viewing the moon. +An M.P. passenger told me that the average cost of getting returned to +the Diet was 10,000 yen<a name="FNanchor_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174"> +<sup>[174]</sup></a>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 209<a name="Page_209" id="Page_209"></a></span> +The difficulties of communication in Shikoku are so considerable that +I was compelled to leave the two prefectures of Tokushima and Kochi +unvisited. Kochi is without a yard of railway line. In the prefecture +of Ehime most of my journey had to be made by <i>kuruma</i>. Communication +between the four prefectures of Shikoku—the one in which I landed was +Kagawa—is largely conducted by coasting steamers and sailing craft. +An interesting thing in Kochi is the area by the sea in which two +crops of rice are grown in the year. Tokushima holds a leading place +in the production of indigo. At one place in the hills the adventurous +have the satisfaction of crossing a river by means of suspension +bridges made of vine branches.</p> + +<p>The streets of Takamatsu, the capital of Kagawa, are many of them so +narrow that the shopkeepers on either side have joint sun screens +which they draw right across the thoroughfares. Here I found the carts +hauled by a smallish breed of cow. The placid animals are handier in a +narrow place and less expensive than horses. They are shod, like their +drivers, in <i>waraji</i>. In Shikoku the cow or ox is generally used in +the paddies instead of the horse. "It is slower but strong and can +plough deep," one agricultural expert said. "It eats cheaper food than +the horse, which moves too fast in a small paddy. Cows and oxen are +probably not working for more than seventy-five or eighty days in the +year."</p> + +<p>At Takamatsu I had the opportunity of visiting a daimyo's castle. I +was impressed by its strength not only because of the wide moats but +because of the series of earthen fortifications faced with cyclopean +stonework through which an invading force must wind its way. There was +within the walls a surprisingly large drilling ground for troops and +also an extensive drug garden. The present owner of the castle +proposed to build here a library and a museum for the town. I was glad +of the opportunity to ascend one of the high pagoda-like towers so +familiar in Japanese paintings. I was disillusioned. Instead of +finding myself in beautiful rooms for the enjoyment of marvellous +views and sea breezes I had to clamber over the roughest cob-webbed timbers. +<span class="pagenum">Page 210<a name="Page_210" id="Page_210"></a></span> +One storey was connected with another by a stair of rude +planking. Such pagodas were built only for their military value as +lookouts and for their delightful appearance from the outside.</p> + +<p>The town now enjoyed as a park of more than ten acres the grounds of a +subsidiary residence of the daimyo. The magnificent trees, with lakes, +rivulets and hills fashioned with infinite art,<a name="FNanchor_175"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_175"><sup>[175]</sup></a> and the +background of natural hill and woodland, made in all a possession +which exhibited the delectable possibilities of Japanese gardening. An +occasional electric light amid the trees gave an effect in the evening +in which Japanese delight. Some of the old carp which dashed up to the +bridges when they heard our footsteps seemed to be not far short of 3 +ft. long.</p> + +<p>Except for a small patch of sugar cane in Shidzuoka—it is grown +practically on the sea beach where it is visible from the express—the +visitor to Japan may never see sugar cane until Shikoku is reached. +The value of the crop in the whole island is about 800,000 yen. The +tall cane is conspicuous alongside the more diminutive rice. In this +prefecture an experiment is being made in growing olives.</p> + +<p>Kagawa is remarkable in having had until lately 30,000 pond reservoirs +for the irrigation of rice fields. Under the new system of rice-field +adjustment many of the ponds are joined together. Because in Shikoku +flat tracts of land or tracts that can be made flat are limited in +number the farmers have to be content with small pieces of land. The +average area of farm in Kagawa outside the mountainous region is less +than two acres. When the farms are near the sea, as they commonly are, +the agriculturists may also be fishermen.</p> + +<p>The number of place names ending in <i>ji</i> (temple) proclaims the former +flourishing condition of Buddhism. Shikoku is a great resort of +white-clothed pilgrims. Sometimes it is a solitary man whom one sees +on the road, sometimes a company of men, occasionally a family. Not +seldom the pilgrim or his companion is manifestly suffering from some +affection which the pilgrimage is to cure. In +<span class="pagenum">Page 211<a name="Page_211" id="Page_211"></a></span> +the old days it was not +unusual to send the victim of "the shameful disease" or of an +incurable ailment on a pilgrimage from shrine to shrine or temple to +temple. He was not expected to return. In Shikoku there are +eighty-eight temples to Buddha and the founder of the Shingon sect, +and it is estimated that it would mean a 760 miles' journey to visit +them all.</p> + +<p>We went off our route at one point where my companion wished to visit +a gorgeous shrine. A guidebook said that people flocked there "by the +million," but what I was told was that last year's attendance was +80,000. The street leading to the approach to the shrine was in a +series of steps. On either side were the usual shops with piled-up +mementoes in great variety and of no little ingenuity, and also, on +spikes, little stacks of <i>rin</i>—the old copper coin with a square hole +through the middle—into which the economical devotee takes care to +exchange a few sen. We climbed to the shrine when twilight was coming +on. At the point where the series of street steps ended there began a +new series of about a thousand steps belonging to the shrine. A +thousand granite steps may be tiring after a hot day's travel in a +<i>kuruma</i>. All the way up to the shrine there were granite pillars +almost brand new, first short ones, then taller, then taller still, +and after these a few which topped the tallest. They were +conspicuously inscribed with the names of donors to the shrine. A +small pillar was priced at 10 yen. What the big, bigger and biggest +cost I do not know. I turned from the pillars to the stone lanterns. +"They burn cedar wood, I believe," said my companion. But soon +afterwards I saw a man working at them with a length of electric-light +wire.</p> + +<p>The great shrine was impressive in the twilight. There was a platform +near, and from it we looked down from the tree-covered heights through +the growing darkness. Where the lights of the town twinkled there was +a subsidiary shrine. A bare-headed, kimono-clad sailor stepped forward +near us and bowed his head to some semblance of deity down there. +Various fishermen had brought the anchors of their ships and the oars +of their boats to show forth their thankfulness for safety at sea. In +the murkiness I was +<span class="pagenum">Page 212<a name="Page_212" id="Page_212"></a></span> +just able to pick out the outlines of a bronze +horse which stands at the shrine, "as a sort of scape-goat," my +companion explained. "It is probably Buddhist," he said; "but you can +never be sure; these priests embellish the history of their temples so."</p> + +<p>It was at the inn in the evening that someone told me that in the town +which is dependent on the shrine there were "a hundred prostitutes, +thirty geisha and some waitresses." Late at night I had a visit from a +man in a position of great responsibility in the prefecture. He was at +a loss to know what could be done for morality. "Religion is not +powerful," he said, "the schools do not reach grown-up people, the +young men's societies are weak, many sects and new moralities are +attacking our people, and there are many cheap books of a low class."</p> + +<p>Next day I laid this view before a group of landlords. They did not +reply for a little and my skilful interpreter said, "they are thinking +deeply." At length one of them delivered himself to this effect: +"Landowners hereabouts are mostly of a base sort. They always consider +things from a material and personal point of view. But if they are +attacked and made to act more for the public good it may have an +effect on rural conditions which are now low."</p> + +<p>I enquired about the new sects of Buddhism and Shintoism, for there +had been pointed out to me in some villages "houses of new religions." +"New religions in many varieties are coming into the villages," I was +told, "and extravagant though they may be are influencing people. The +adherents seem to be moral and modest, and they pay their taxes +promptly. There is a so-called Shinto sect which was started twenty +years ago by an ignorant woman. It has believers in every part of +Japan. It is rather communistic."<a name="FNanchor_176"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_176"><sup>[176]</sup></a> None of the landlords who +talked with me believed in the possibility of a "revival of Buddhism." +One of them noted that "people educated in the early part of Meiji are +most materialistic. It is a sorrowful circumstance that the officials +ask only materialistic questions of the villagers."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 213<a name="Page_213" id="Page_213"></a></span> +I asked one of the landlords about his tenants. He said that his +"largest tenant" had no more than 1.3 <i>tan</i> of paddy. It was explained +that "tenants are obedient to the landowner in this prefecture." Under +the system of official rewards which exists in Japan, 1,086 persons in +the prefecture had been "rewarded" by a kind of certificate of merit +and nine with money—to the total value of 26 yen.</p> + +<p>When I drew attention to the fact that the manufacture of <i>saké</i> and +<i>soy</i> seemed to be frequently in the hands of landowners it was +explained to me that formerly this was their industry exclusively. +Even now "whereas an ordinary shop-keeper is required by etiquette to +say 'Thank you' to his customer, a purchaser of <i>saké</i> or <i>soy</i> says +'Thank you' to the shop-keeper."</p> + +<p>The flower arrangement in my room in the inn consisted of an effective +combination of <i>hagi</i> (<i>Lespedeza bicolor</i>, a leguminous plant +which is grown for cattle and has been a favourite subject of Japanese +poetry), a cabbage, a rose, a begonia and leaf and a fir branch.</p> + +<p>A landowner I chatted with in the train showed me that it was a +serious matter to receive the distinction of growing the millet for +use at the Coronation. One of his friends who was growing 5 <i>sh=o</i>, +the actual value of which might be 50 or 60 sen, was spending on it +first and last about 3,000 yen.</p> + +<p>I enquired about the diversions of landowners. It is easy, of course, +to have an inaccurate impression of the extent of their leisure. Only +about 1 per cent, have more than 25 acres.<a name="FNanchor_177"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_177"><sup>[177]</sup></a> Therefore most of +these men are either farmers themselves or must spend a great deal of +time looking after their tenants. Still, some landowners are able to +take things rather easily. The landowners I interrogated marvelled at +the open-air habits of English landed proprietors. They were greatly +surprised when I told them of a countess who is a grandmother but +thinks nothing of a canter before breakfast. The mark of being well +off was often to stay indoors or at any rate within garden walls, +which necessarily enclose a very small area. (Hence the fact that one +object of Japanese gardening +<span class="pagenum">Page 214<a name="Page_214" id="Page_214"></a></span> +is to suggest a much larger space than +exists.) A good deal of time is spent "in appreciating fine arts." +Ceremonial tea drinking still claims no small amount of attention. (In +many gardens and in the grounds of hotels of any pretensions one comes +on the ostentatiously humble chamber for <i>Cha-no-yu</i>.) No doubt there +is among many landowners a considerable amount of drinking of +something stronger than tea, and not a few men sacrifice freely to +Venus. Perhaps the greatest claimant of all on the time of those who +have time to spare is the game of <i>go</i>, which is said to be more +difficult than chess. One cannot but remark the comparatively pale +faces of many landowners.</p> + +<p>As we went along by the coast it was pointed out to me that it was +from this neighbourhood that some of the most indomitable of the +old-time pirates set sail on their expeditions to ravage the Chinese +coast. They visited that coast all the way from Vladivostock, now +Russian (and like to be Japanese), to Saigon, now French. There are +many Chinese books discussing effectual methods of repelling the +pirates. In an official Japanese work I once noticed, in the +enumeration of Japanese rights in Taiwan (Formosa), the naïve claim +that long ago it was visited by Japanese pirates! The Japanese +fisherman is still an intrepid person, and in villages which have an +admixture of fishing folk the seafarers, from their habit of following +old customs and taking their own way generally, are the constant +subject of rural reformers' laments.</p> + +<p>I spent some time in a typical inland village. The very last available +yard of land was utilised. The cottages stood on plots buttressed by +stone, and only the well-to-do had a yard or garden; paddy came right +up to the foundations. Now that the rice was high no division showed +between the different paddy holdings. I noticed here that the round, +carefully concreted manure tank which each farmer possessed had a +reinforced concrete hood. I asked a landowner who was in a comfortable +position what societies there were in his village. He mentioned a +society "to console old people and reward virtue." Then there was the +society of householders, such as is mentioned in Confucius, which met +in the spring and autumn, and ate +<span class="pagenum">Page 215<a name="Page_215" id="Page_215"></a></span> +and drank and discussed local +topics "with open heart." There were sometimes quarrels due to +<i>saké</i>. Indeed, some villagers seemed to save up their differences +until the householders' meeting at its <i>saké</i> stage. At householders' +meetings where there was no <i>saké</i> peace appeared to prevail. The +householders' meeting was a kind of informal village assembly. That +assembly itself ordinarily met twice a year. There were in the +village, in addition to the householders' organisation, the usual +reservists' association, the young men's society and agricultural +association. As to <i>kō</i>, from philanthropic motives my informant was a +member of no fewer than ten.</p> + +<p>My host told me that he spent a good deal of time in playing <i>go</i>, but +in the shooting season (October 15 to April 15) he made trips to the +hills and shot pheasants, hares, pigeons and deer. In the garden of +his house two gardeners were stretched along the branches of a pine +tree, nimbly and industriously picking out the shoots in order to get +that bare appearance which has no doubt puzzled many a Western student +of Japanese tree pictures. Each man's ladder—two lengths of bamboo +with rungs tied on with string—was carefully leant against a pole +laid from the ground through the branches. Many of the well-cared-for +trees in the gardens and public places of Japan pass the winter in +neat wrappings of straw.</p> + +<p>I visited a farm-house and found the farmer making baskets. When I was +examining the winnowing machine my companion reminded me smilingly +that when he was a boy he was warned never to turn the wheel of the +winnowing machine when the contrivance had no grain in it or a demon +might come out. There was a properly protected tank of liquid manure +and a well-roofed manure house. The family bath in an open shed was of +a sort I had not seen before, a kind of copper with a step up to it. +Straw rope about three-quarters of an inch in diameter was being made +by the farmer's son, a day's work being 40 yds. At another farm a +woman showed me the working of a rough loom with which she could in a +day make a score of mats worth in all 60 sen. From the farmer's house +I went to the room of the young men's association and looked over its +<span class="pagenum">Page 216<a name="Page_216" id="Page_216"></a></span> +library. I was impressed by the high level of civilisation which this +village seemed to exhibit in essentials.</p> + +<p>When we continued our journey we saw two portable water wheels by +means of which water was being lifted into a paddy. Each wheel was +worked by a man who continually ascended the floats. The two men were +able to leave their wheels in turn for a rest, for a third man was +stretched on the ground in readiness for his spell. It seems that a +man can keep on the water tread-mill for an hour. The two wheels +together were lifting an amazing amount of water at a great rate. When +the pumping is finished one of these light water wheels is easily +carried home on a man's shoulders.</p> + +<p>Farther on I saw in a dry river bed a man sieving gravel in an +ingenious way. The trouble in sieving gravel is that if the sieve be +filled to its capacity the shaking soon becomes tiring. This man had a +square sieve which when lying on the ground was attached at one side +by two ropes to a firmly fixed tripod of poles. When the sieve was +filled the labourer lifted it far enough away from the tripod for it +to be swinging on one side. Therefore when he shook the sieve he +sustained a portion only of its weight.</p> + +<p>As we rode along I was told that the largest taxpayer in the county +"does not live in idleness but does many good works." The next largest +taxpayer "labours every day in the field." When I enquired as to the +recreations of moneyed men I was told "travelling, <i>go</i> and poem +writing."</p> + +<p>As we rode by the sea a trustworthy informant pointed out to me an +islet where he said the young men have the young women in common and +"give permission for them to marry." There is a house in which the +girls live together at a particular time and are then free from the +attentions of the youths. Children born are brought up in the families +of the mothers but there is some infanticide. In another little island +off the coast there are only two classes of people, the seniors and +the juniors. Any person senior to any other "may give him orders and +call him by his second name." (The surname comes first in Japanese +names.)</p> + +<p>Our route led us along the track of the new railway line which was +penetrating from Kagawa into Ehime. Not +<span class="pagenum">Page 217<a name="Page_217" id="Page_217"></a></span> +for the first time on my +journeys was I told of the corrupting influence exerted on the +countryside by the imported "navvies," if our Western name may be +applied to men who in figure and dress look so little like the big +fellows who do the same kind of work in England. Although these +navvies were a rough lot and our ancient <i>basha</i> (a kind of +four-wheeled covered carriage) was a thing for mirth, we met with no +incivility as we picked our way among them for a mile or two. I was a +witness indeed of a creditable incident. A handcart full of earth was +being taken along the edge of the roadway, with one man in the shafts +and another pushing behind. Suddenly a wheel slipped over the side of +the roadway, the cart was canted on its axle, the man in the shafts +received a jolt and the cargo was shot out. Had our sort of navvies +been concerned there would have been words of heat and colour. The +Japanese laughed.</p> + +<p>The reference to our venerable <i>basha</i> reminds me of a well-known +story which was once told me by a Japanese as a specimen of Japanese +humour. A <i>basha</i>, I may explain, has rather the appearance of a +vehicle which was evolved by a Japanese of an economical turn after +hearing a description of an omnibus from a foreigner who spoke very +little Japanese and had not been home for forty years. The body of the +vehicle is just high enough and the seats just wide enough for +Japanese. So the foreigner continually bumps the roof, and when he is +not bumping the roof he has much too narrow a seat to sit on. +Sometimes the <i>basha</i> has springs of a sort and sometimes it has none. +But springs would avail little on the rural roads by which many +<i>basha</i> travel. The only tolerable place for Mr. Foreigner in a +<i>basha</i> is one of the top corner seats behind the driver, for the +traveller may there throw an arm round one of the uprights which +support the roof. If at an unusually hard bump he should lose his hold +he is saved from being cast on the floor by the responsive bodies of +his polite and sympathetic fellow-travellers who are embedded between +him and the door. The tale goes that a tourist who was serving his +term in a <i>basha</i> was perplexed to find that the passengers were +charged, some first-, some +<span class="pagenum">Page 218<a name="Page_218" id="Page_218"></a></span> +second-and some third-class fare. While he +clung to his upright and shook with every lurch of the conveyance this +problem of unequal fares obsessed him. It was like the persistent +"punch-in-the-presence-of-the-passengare." What possible advantage, he +pondered, could he as first class be getting over the second and the +second class over the third? At length at a steep part of the road the +vehicle stopped. The driver came round, opened the door, and bowing +politely said: "Honourable first-class passengers will graciously +condescend to keep their seats. Second-class passengers will be good +enough to favour us by walking. Third-class passengers will kindly +come out and push." And push they did, no doubt, kimonos rolled up +thighwards, with good humour, sprightliness and cheerful grunts, as is +the way with willing workers in Japan.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_173" id="Footnote_173"> +[173]</a> At Anjo agricultural experiment station I saw eighteen kinds of +small threshing machines at from 13 to 18 yen. There were husking +machines of three sorts. A rice thresher was equal to dealing with the +crop of one <i>tan</i>, estimated at 2 <i>koku</i> 4 <i>to</i>, in three hours.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_174" id="Footnote_174"> +[174]</a> See <a href="#APPN_46">Appendix XLVI</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_175" id="Footnote_175"> +[175]</a> It is quite possible that the trees had also come into their +positions artificially. There are no more skilful tree movers than the +Japanese.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_176" id="Footnote_176"> +[176]</a> It has recently come into collision with the authorities. +Another sect with Shinto ideas was also started by a woman.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_177" id="Footnote_177"> +[177]</a> See Appendix <a href="#APPN_47">XLVII</a>.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 219<a name="Page_219" id="Page_219"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXV</h2> + +<h4>"SPECIAL TRIBES"</h4> + +<h4>(EHIME)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A frank basis of +reality.—<span class="smcap">Meredith</span></p></div> + +<p>In the prefecture of Ehime our journey was still by <i>basha</i> or +<i>kuruma</i> and near the sea. The first man we talked with was a <i>gunchō</i> +who said that "more than half the villages contained a strong +character who can lead." He told us of one of the new religions which +taught its adherents to do some good deed secretly. The people who +accepted this religion mended roads, cleaned out ponds and made +offerings at the graves of persons whose names were forgotten. I think +it was this man who used the phrase, "There is a shortage of +religions."</p> + +<p>I had not before noticed wax trees. They are slighter than apple +trees, but often occupy about the same space as the old-fashioned +standard apple. The clusters of berries have some resemblance to +elderberries and would turn black if they were not picked green. +<a name="FNanchor_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178"><sup>[178]</sup></a> +Occasionally we saw fine camphor trees. Alas, owing to the high price +of camphor, some beautiful specimens near shrines, where they were as +imposing as cryptomeria, had been sacrificed.</p> + +<p>I began to observe the dreadful destruction wrought in the early ear +stage of rice not by cold but by wind. The wind knocks the plants +against one another and the friction generates enough heat to arrest +further development. The crops affected in this way were grey in +patches and looked as if hot water had been sprayed over them. In one +county the loss was put as high as 90 per cent. Happily farmers +generally sow several sorts of rice. Therefore paddies come into ear +at different times.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 220<a name="Page_220" id="Page_220"></a></span> +The heads of millet and the threshed grain of other upland crops were +drying on mats by the roadside, for in the areas where land is so much +in demand there is no other space available. Sesame, not unlike +snapdragon gone to seed, only stronger in build, was set against the +houses. On the growing crops on the uplands dead stalks and chopped +straw were being used as mulch.</p> + +<p>I noticed that implements seemed always to be well housed and to be +put away clean. Handcarts, boats and the stacks of poles used in +making frameworks for drying rice were protected from the weather by +being thatched over.</p> + +<p>We continued to see many white-clad pilgrims and everywhere touring +students, as often afoot as on bicycles. I noted from the registers at +many village offices that the number of young men who married before +performing their military service seemed to be decreasing. In one +community, where there were two priests, one Tendai and the other +Shingon, neither seemed to count for much. One was very poor, and +cultivated a small patch near his temple; the other had a little more +than a <i>chō</i>. The custom was for the farmers to present to their +temple from 5 to 10 <i>shō</i> of rice from the harvest.</p> + +<p>In connection with the question of improved implements I noticed that +a reasonably efficient winnowing machine in use by a comfortably-off +tenant was forty-nine years old—that is, that it dated back to the +time of the Shogun. The secondary industry of this farmer was +dwarf-plant growing. He had also a loom for cotton-cloth making. There +were in his house, in addition to a Buddhist shrine, two Shinto +shrines. After leaving this man I visited an ex-teacher who had lost +his post at fifty, no doubt through being unable to keep step with +modern educational requirements. He had on his wall the lithograph of +Pestalozzi and the children which I saw in many school-houses.</p> + +<p>On taking the road again I was told that the local landlords had held +a meeting in view of the losses of tenants through wind. Most had +agreed to forgo rents and to help with artificial manure for next +year. I found taro being grown in paddies or under irrigation. Not only the +<span class="pagenum">Page 221<a name="Page_221" id="Page_221"></a></span> +tubers of the taro but its finer stalks are eaten. I saw +gourds cut into long lengths narrower than apple rings and put out to +dry. I also noticed orange trees a century old which were still +producing fruit. Boys were driving iron hoops—the native hoop was of +bamboo—and one of the hoop drivers wore a piece of red cloth stitched +on his shoulder, which indicated that he was head of his class. One +missed a dog bounding and barking after the hoop drivers. Sometimes at +the doors of houses I noticed dogs of the lap-dog type which one sees +in paintings or of the wolf type to which the native outdoor dog +belongs. The cats were as ugly as the dogs and no plumper or happier +looking. When I patted a dog or stroked a cat the act attracted +attention.</p> + +<p>We saw a good deal of <i>hinoki</i> (ground cypress), the wood of which is +still used at Shinto festivals for making fire by friction.</p> + +<p>We were able to visit an Eta village or rather <i>oaza</i>. Whether the Eta +are largely the descendants of captives of an early era or of a low +class of people who on the introduction of Buddhism in the seventh or +eighth century were ostracised because of their association with +animal eating, animal slaughter, working in leather and grave digging +is in dispute. No doubt they have absorbed a certain number of +fugitives from higher grades of the population, broken samurai, +ne'er-do-weels and criminals. The situation as the foreigner discovers +it is that all over Japan there are hamlets of what are called +"special tribes." In 1876, when distinctions between them and Japanese +generally were officially abolished, the total number was given as +about a million. Most of these peculiar people, perhaps three-quarters +of them, are known as Eta. But whether they are known as Eta or Shuku, +or by some other name, ordinary Japanese do not care to eat with them, +marry with them or even talk with them. In the past Eta have often +been prosperous, and many are prosperous to-day, but a large number +are still restricted to earning a living as butchers and skin and +leather workers, and grave diggers. The members of these "special +tribes," believing themselves to be despised without cause, usually +make some effort to hide the fact that they are Eta.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 222<a name="Page_222" id="Page_222"></a></span> +Shuku seem to be living principally in hamlets of a score or so of +houses in the vicinity of Osaka, Kyoto and Nara, and are often +travelling players, or, like some Eta, skilled in making tools and +musical instruments. There seems to be a half Shuku or intermarried +class. Many prostitutes are said to be Shuku or Eta. I was told that +most of the girls in the prostitutes' houses of Shimane prefecture are +from "special tribes," and that they are "preferred by the +proprietors" because, as I was gravely informed, "they do not weary of +their profession and are therefore more acceptable to customers." As +prostitutes are frequently married by their patrons, it is believed +that not a few women from "special villages" are taken to wife without +their origin being known. Unwitting marriage with an Eta woman has +long been a common motif in fiction and folk story. Many members of +the "special tribes" go to Hokkaido and there pass into the general +body of the population. The folk of this class are "despised," I was +told by a responsible Japanese, "not so much for themselves as for +what their fathers and grandfathers did." The country people +undoubtedly treat them more harshly than the townspeople, but a man of +the "special tribes" is often employed as a watchman of fields or +forests. I was warned that it was judicious to avoid using the word +Eta or Shuku in the presence of common people lest one might be +addressing by chance a member of the "special tribes."</p> + +<p>Except that the houses of the village we were visiting looked possibly +a trifle more primitive than those of the non-Eta population outside +the <i>oaza</i>, I did not discern anything different from what I saw +elsewhere. The people were of the Shinshu sect; there was no Shinto +shrine. At the public room I noticed the gymnastic apparatus of the +"fire defenders." The hamlet was traditionally 300 years old and one +family was still recognised as chief. According to the constable, who +eagerly imparted the information, the crops were larger than those of +neighbouring villages "because the people, male and female, are always +diligent."</p> + +<p>The man who was brought forward as the representative +<span class="pagenum">Page 223<a name="Page_223" id="Page_223"></a></span> +of the village +was an ex-soldier and seemed a quiet, able and self-respecting but sad +human being. His house and holding were in excellent order. None of +his neighbours smiled on us. Some I thought went indoors needlessly; a +few came as near to glowering as can be expected in Japan. I got the +impression that the people were cared for but were conscious of being +"hauden doon" or kept at arm's length.<a name="FNanchor_179"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_179"><sup>[179]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Our next stop was for a rest in a fine garden, the effect of which was +spoilt in one place by a distressing life-size statue of the owner's +father. When we took to our <i>kuruma</i> again we passed through a village +at the approaches to which thick straw ropes such as are seen at +shrines had been stretched across the road. Charms were attached. The +object was to keep off an epidemic.</p> + +<p>The indigo leaves drying on mats in front of some of the cottages were +a delight to the eye. There were also mats covered with cotton which +looked like fluffy cocoons. On the telegraph wires, the poles of which +all over Japan take short cuts through the paddies, swallows clustered +as in England, but it is to the South Seas, not to Africa, that the +Japanese swallow migrates. When the telegraph was a newer feature of +the Japanese landscape than it is now swallows on the wires were a +favourite subject for young painters.</p> + +<p>We crossed a dry river bed of considerable width at a place where the +current had made an excavation in the gravel, rocks and earth several +yards deep. It was an impressive illustration of the power of a heavy +flood.</p> + +<p>I found in one mountainous county that only about a sixth of the area +was under cultivation. A responsible man said: "This is a county of +the biggest landlords and the smallest tenants. Too many landowners +are thinking of themselves, so there arise sometimes severe conflicts. +Some 4,000 tenants have gone to Hokkaido." The conversation got round +to the young men's societies and I was told a story of how an Eta +village threatened by floods had been saved by the young men of the +neighbouring non-Eta village working all night at a weakened embankment. +<span class="pagenum">Page 224<a name="Page_224" id="Page_224"></a></span> +Some days later an Eta deputation came to the village and +"with tears in their eyes gave thanks for what had been done." The +comment of a Japanese friend was: "In the present state of Japan +hypocrisy may be valuable. The boys and the Eta were at least +exercising themselves in virtue."</p> + +<p>Four villages in this county have among them eight fish nurseries, the +area of salt water enclosed being roughly 120 acres. I looked into +several cottages where paper making was going on.<a name="FNanchor_180"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_180"><sup>[180]</sup></a></p> + +<p>I also went into two cotton mills. In both there were girls who were +not more than eleven or twelve. "They are exempted from school by +national regulation because of the poverty of their parents,"<a name="FNanchor_181"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_181"><sup>[181]</sup></a> I was told.</p> + +<p>As we passed the open shop fronts of the village barbers I saw that as +often as not a woman was shaving the customer or using the patent +clippers on him.</p> + +<p>We looked at a big dam which an enterprising landowner was +constructing. Three hundred women were consolidating the earthwork by +means of round, flat blocks of granite about twice the size of a +curling stone. Round each block was a groove in which was a leather +belt with a number of rings threaded on it. To each ring a rope was +attached. When these ropes were extended the granite block became the +hub of a wheel of which the ropes were the spokes. A number of women +and girls took ropes apiece and jerked them simultaneously, whereupon +the granite block rose in the air to the level of the rope pullers' +heads. It was then allowed to fall with a thud. After each thud the +pullers moved along a foot so that the block should drop on a fresh +spot. The gangs hauling at the rammers worked to the tune of a +plaintive ditty which went slowly so as to give them plenty of +breathing time. It was something like this:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span>Weep not,<br /></span> +<span>Do not lament,<br /></span> +<span>This world is as the wheel of a car.<br /></span> +<span>If we live long,<br /></span> +<span>We may meet again on the road.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 225<a name="Page_225" id="Page_225"></a></span> +None of the sturdy earth thumpers seemed to be overworked in the +bracing air of the dam top, and they certainly looked picturesque with +their white and blue towels round their heads. Indeed, with all the +singing and movement, not to speak of the refreshment stalls, the +scene was not unlike a fair. When we got back to the road again we +passed through a well-watered rice district which was equal to the +production of heavy crops. Only three years before it had been covered +by a thick forest in which it was not uncommon for robbers to lurk. +The transformation had been brought about by the construction of a dam +in the hills somewhat similar to the one we had just visited.</p> + +<p>I could not but notice in this district the considerable areas given +up to grave-plots. No crematoria seemed to be in use. There had been a +newspaper proposal that in areas where the population was very large +in proportion to the land available for cultivation the dead should be +taken out to sea. Where land is scarce one sees various expedients +practised so that every square foot shall be cropped. I repeatedly +found stacks of straw or sticks standing not on the land but on a +rough bridge thrown for the purpose over a drainage ditch. In this +district land had been recovered from the sea.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_178" id="Footnote_178"> +[178]</a> For an account of a vegetable wax factory, see <a href="#APPN_48">Appendix XLVIII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_179" id="Footnote_179"> +[179]</a> For further particulars of Eta in Japan and America, see +<a href="#APPN_49">Appendix XLIX</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_180" id="Footnote_180"> +[180]</a> See <a href="#APPN_50">Appendix L</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_181" id="Footnote_181"> +[181]</a> In 1918 net profits of 33 million yen were made by cotton +factories. The factories are anticipating sharp competition from +China.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 226<a name="Page_226" id="Page_226"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXVI</h2> + +<h4>THE STORY OF THE BLIND HEADMAN</h4> + +<h4>(EHIME)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The thing to do is to rise humorously +above one's body which is the veritable rebel, not one's +mind.—<span class="smcap">Meredith</span></p></div> + +<p>It is delightful to find so many things made of copper. Copper, not +iron, is in Japan the most valuable mineral product after coal. +<a name="FNanchor_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182"><sup>[182]</sup></a> +But there are drawbacks to a successful copper industry. Several times +as I came along by the coast I heard how the farmers' crops had been +damaged by the fumes of a copper refinery. "There are four copper +refineries in Japan, who fighted very much with the farmers," it was +explained. The Department of Agriculture is also the Department of +Commerce and "it was embarrassed by those battles." The upshot was +that one refinery moved to an island, another rebuilt its chimney and +the two others agreed to pay compensation because it was cheaper than +to install a new system. The refinery which had removed to an island +seven miles off the coast I had been traversing had had to pay +compensation as well as remove. I saw an apparatus that it had put up +among rice fields to aid it in determining how often the wind was +carrying its fumes there. The compensation which this refinery was +paying yearly amounted to as much as 75,000 yen. It had also been +compelled to buy up 500 <i>chō</i> of the complaining farmers' land. When +we ascended by <i>basha</i> into the mountains we looked down on a copper +mine in a ravine through which the river tumbled. The man who had +opened the original road over the pass had had the beautiful idea of +planting cherry trees along it so that the traveller might enjoy the +beauty of their blossoms in spring +<span class="pagenum">Page 227<a name="Page_227" id="Page_227"></a></span> +and their foliage and outlines the +rest of the year. The trees had attained noble proportions when the +refinery started work and very soon killed most of them. They looked +as if they had been struck by lightning.</p> + +<p>Some miles farther on, wherever on the mountain-side a little tract +could be held up by walling, the chance of getting land for +cultivation had been eagerly seized. It would be difficult to give an +impression of the patient endeavour and skilful culture represented by +the farming on these isolated terraces held up by Galloway dykes. +Elsewhere the heights were tree-clad. In places, where the trees had +been destroyed by forest fires or had been cleared, amazingly large +areas had been closely cut over for forage. One great eminence was a +wonderful sight with its whole side smoothed by the sickles of +indomitable forage collectors. In some spots "fire farming" had been +or was still being practised. Here and there the cultivation of the +shrubs grown for the production of paper-making bark had displaced +"fire farming." I saw patches of millet and sweet potato which from +the road seemed almost inaccessible.</p> + +<p>On the admirable main road we passed many pack ponies carrying immense +pieces of timber. Speaking of timber, the economical method of +preserving wood by charring is widely practised in Japan. The +palisades around houses and gardens and even the boards of which the +walls or the lower part of the walls of dwellings are constructed are +often charred. The effect is not cheerful. What does have a cheerful +and trim effect is a thing constantly under one's notice, the habit of +keeping carefully swept the unpaved earth enclosed by a house and +buildings as well as the path or roadway to them. This careful +sweeping is usually regarded as the special work of old people. Even +old ladies in families of rank in Tokyo take pleasure in their daily +task of sweeping.</p> + +<p>When we had crossed the pass and descended on the other side and taken +<i>kuruma</i> we soon came to a wide but absolutely dry river bed. The high +embankments on either side and the width of the river bed, which, +walking behind our <i>kuruma</i>, it took us exactly four minutes to +<span class="pagenum">Page 228<a name="Page_228" id="Page_228"></a></span> +cross, afforded yet another object lesson in the severity of the +floods that afflict the country. The rock-and rubble-choked condition +of the rivers inclines the traveller to severe judgments on the State +and the prefectures for not getting on faster with the work of +afforestation; but it is only fair to note that in many places +hillsides were pointed out to me which, bare a generation ago, are now +covered with trees. Within a distance of twenty-five miles hill +plantations were producing fruit to a yearly value of half a million +yen. As for the cultivation on either side of the roadway, along which +our <i>kurumaya</i> were trotting us, I could not see a weed anywhere.</p> + +<p>A favourite rural recreation in Ehime, as in Shimane on the mainland, +is bull fighting. It is not, however, fighting with bulls but between +bulls: the sport has the redeeming feature that the animals are not +turned loose on one another but are held all the time by their owners +by means of the rope attached to the nose ring. The rope is gripped +quite close to the bull's head. The result of this measure of control +is, it was averred, that a contest resolves itself into a struggle to +decide not which bull can fight better but which animal can push +harder with his head. That the bulls are occasionally injured there +can be no doubt. The contests are said to last from fifteen to twenty +minutes and are decided by one of the combatants turning tail. There +is a good deal of gambling on the issue. In another prefecture of +Shikoku the rustics enjoy struggles between muzzled dogs. A taste for +this sport is also cultivated in Akita. A certain amount of dog and +cock fighting goes on in Tokyo.</p> + +<p>At an inn there was an evident desire to do us honour by providing a +special dinner. One bowl contained transparent fish soup. Lying at the +bottom was a glassy eye staring up balefully at me. (The head, +especially the eye, of a fish is reckoned the daintiest morsel.) There +was a relish consisting of grapes in mustard. A third dish presented +an entire squid. I passed honourable dishes numbers two and three and +drank the fish soup through clenched teeth and with averted gaze.</p> + +<p>I interrogated several chief constables on the absence +<span class="pagenum">Page 229<a name="Page_229" id="Page_229"></a></span> +of assaults on women from the lists of crimes in the rural statistics I had +collected. Various explanations were offered to me: if there were +cases of assault they were kept secret for the credit of the woman's +family; no prosecution could be instituted except at the instance of +the woman, or, if married, the woman's husband; women did not go out +much alone; the number of cases was not in fact as large as might be +imagined, because the people were well behaved. An official who had +had police experience in the north of Japan declared that the south +was more "moral and more civilised and had higher tastes." In Ehime, +for example, there was very little illegitimacy and fewer children +still-born than in any other prefecture. Nevertheless four offences +against women had occurred in villages in Ehime within the preceding +twelve months.</p> + +<p>One of the most interesting stories of rural regeneration I heard was +told me by a blind man who had become headman of his village at the +time of the war with Russia. His life had been indecorous and he had +gradually lost his sight, and he took the headmanship with the wish to +make some atonement for his careless years. This is his story:</p> + +<p>"Although I thought it important to advance the economic condition of +the village it was still more important to promote friendship. As the +interests of landowners and tenants was the same it was necessary to +bring about an understanding. I began by asking landowners to +contribute a proportion of the crops to make a fund. I was blamed by +only fourteen out of two hundred. But the landowners who did blame me +blamed me severely, so much so that my family<a name="FNanchor_183"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_183"><sup>[183]</sup></a> were uneasy. I went +from door to door with a bag collecting rice as the priests do. My +eccentric behaviour was reported in the papers. The anxiety of my +household and relatives grew. My children were told at the school that +their father was a beggar. During the first harvest in which I +collected I gathered about 40 <i>koku</i> (about 200 bushels). In the +fourth year a hundred tenants came in a deputation to me. They said: +'This gathering of rice is for our benefit. But you gather +<span class="pagenum">Page 230<a name="Page_230" id="Page_230"></a></span> +from the landowners only. So please let us contribute every year. Some of us +will collect among ourselves and bring the rice to you, so giving you +no trouble.' I was very pleased with that. But I did not express my +pleasure. I scolded them. I said: 'Your plan is good but you think +only of yourselves. You do not give the landowners their due. When you +bring your rent to them you choose inferior rice. It is a bad custom.' +I advised them to treat their landowners with justice and achieve +independence in the relation of tenant and landowner. They were moved +by my earnestness.</p> + +<p>"In the next year the tenants exerted themselves and the landowners +were pleased with them. Thus the relation of landlord and tenant +became better. The landowners in their turn became desirous of showing +a friendly feeling toward the tenants. Some landlords came to me and +said, 'If you wish for any money in order to be of service to the +tenants we will lend it to you without interest.' I received some +money. I lent money to tenants to buy manure and cattle, to attack +insect pests, to provide protection against wind and flood and to help +to build new dwellings nearer their work. By these means the tenants +were encouraged and their welfare was promoted. The landlords were +also happier, for the rice was better and the land improved. The +landlords found that their happiness came from the tenants. There was +good feeling between them. The landlords began to help the tenants +directly and indirectly. Roads and bridges and many aids to +cultivation were furnished by the landlords. A body of landlords was +constituted for these purposes and it collected money. My idea was +realised that the way of teaching the villages is to let landlords and +tenants realise that their interests agree and they will become more +friendly."</p> + +<p>The co-operative credit society which the blind headman established +not only buys and sells for its members in the ordinary way but hires +land for division among the humbler cultivators. One of the +departments of the society's work is the collection of villagers' +savings. They are gathered every Sunday by school-children. One lad, I +found from his book, had collected on a particular Sunday 5 sen +each—5 +<span class="pagenum">Page 231<a name="Page_231" id="Page_231"></a></span> +sen is a penny—from two houses and 10 sen each from another +two dwellings. The next Sunday he had received 5 sen from one house, +10 sen from two houses, 30 sen and 50 sen from others and a whole yen +from the last house on his list. The subscriber gets no receipt but +sees the lad enter in his book the amount handed over to him, and the +next Sunday he sees the stamp of the bank against the sum. Some 390 +householders out of the 497 in the village hand over savings to the +boy and girl collectors, whose energy is stimulated with 1 per cent. +on the sums they gather. In five years the Sunday collections have +amassed 60,000 yen. The previous year had been marked by a bad harvest +and large sums had been drawn out of the bank, but there was still a +sum of 14,000 yen in hand.</p> + +<p>In this village there had been issued one of the economic and moral +diaries mentioned in an earlier chapter. The diary of this village has +two spaces for every day—that is, the economic space and the moral +space. The owner of this book had to do two good deeds daily, one +economic and the other moral, and he had to enter them up. Further, he +had to hand in the book at the end of the year to the earnest village +agricultural and moral expert who devised the diary and carefully +tabulates the results of twelve months' economic and moral endeavour. +One might think that the scheme would break down at the handing in of +the diary stage, but I was assured that there were good reasons for +believing that a considerable proportion of the 440 persons who had +taken out diaries would return them.</p> + +<p>There is an old custom by which Buddhist believers, in companies of a +dozen or so, meet to eat and drink together. As a good deal is eaten +and drunk the gatherings are costly. Our blind headman met the +difficulty of expense in his village by getting the companies of +believers to cultivate together in their spare time about three acres +of land. His object was to associate religion and agriculture and so +to dignify farming in the eyes of young men. He also wished to provide +an object lesson in the results of good cultivation. The profits +proved to be, as he anticipated, so considerable as to leave a balance +after defraying the cost of the social gathering. The headman +prevailed on the cultivators to +<span class="pagenum">Page 232<a name="Page_232" id="Page_232"></a></span> +keep accurate accounts and they made +plain some unexpected truths: as for example, that a <i>tan</i> of paddy +did not need the labour of a man for more than twenty-three days of +ten hours, and that the net income from such an area was a little more +than 16 yen, and that thus the return for a day's labour was 73 sen. +It was demonstrated, therefore, that labour was recompensed very well, +and that instead of farming being "the most unprofitable of +industries"—for in Japan as in the West there are sinners against the +light who say this—it was reasonably profitable.</p> + +<p>But if rice called for only twenty-three days' labour per +<i>tan</i>—nearly all the farmers' land was paddy—and the whole holding +numbered only a few <i>tan</i>, it was also plain that there were many days +in the year when the farmer was not fully employed. From this it was +easy to proceed to the conviction that the available time should be +utilised either in secondary employments, or in, say, draining, which +would reduce the quantity of manure needed on the land. So the farmers +began to think about drainage and the means of economising labour. +They began to realise how time was wasted owing to most farmers +working not only scattered, but irregularly shaped pieces of land. So +the rice lands were adjusted, and everybody was found to have a trifle +more land than he held before, and the fields were better watered and +more easily cultivated. Only from sixteen to seventeen days' labour +instead of twenty-three were now needed per <i>tan</i><a name="FNanchor_184"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_184"><sup>[184]</sup></a> and the crops +were increased. There is now no exodus from this progressive village.</p> + +<p>Concerning his blindness the headman said that it was more profitable +for him to hear than to see, for by sight "energy might be diverted." +He had recited in every prefecture his personal experience of rural +reform. He asserted that while conditions varied in every prefecture, +there was, generally speaking, labour on the land for no more than 200 +days in the year. He deplored the disappearance of some home +employments. He did not + +<span class="pagenum">Page 233<a name="Page_233" id="Page_233"></a></span> +approve of the condition of things in the +north where women worked as much in the fields as their husbands and +brothers. Women were "so backward and conservative." The biggest +obstacles to agricultural progress were old women. To introduce a +secondary industry was to take women from the fields.</p> + +<p>I spoke with an agricultural expert, one of whose dicta was that +"students at normal schools who come from town families are not so +clever as students from farmers' families." He told me that 10,000 +young men in his county had sworn "to act in the way most fitting to +youths of a military state [sic], to buy and use national products as +far as possible and so to promote national industry."</p> + +<p>What was wrong with some farming, according to an official of a county +agricultural association whom I met later, was that the farmers +cultivated too intensively. They used too much "artificial." A +prefectural official, speaking of the possibility of extending the +cultivated area in Japan, said that in Ehime there were 6,000 <i>chō</i> +which might be made into paddies if money were available. As to +afforestation, 100,000 yen a year, exclusive of salaries, was spent in +the prefecture. As a final piece of statistics he mentioned that +whereas ten years before pears were grown only in a certain island of +the prefecture, the production of a single county was now valued at +half a million yen yearly.</p> + +<p>I spent a night at a hot spring. It is said that the volume of water +is decreasing. What a situation for a town which lives on a hot spring +if the hot-water supply should suddenly stop! I heard of another +hot-spring resort at which the water is gradually cooling: it is +warmed up by secret piping.</p> + +<p>I have not troubled my readers with many stories of the jostling of +past and present, but I noticed in an electric street car at Matsuyama +a peasant trying to light his pipe with flint and tinder. As he did +not succeed a fellow-passenger offered him a match. He was so inexpert +with it that he still failed to get a light and he had to be handed a +cigarette stump.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 234<a name="Page_234" id="Page_234"></a></span> +In riding down to the port in the street car I borrowed for a few +moments a schoolboy's English reader. It seemed rather mawkish. A book +of Japanese history which I was also allowed to look at was full of +reproductions of autographs of distinguished men. "They make the +impression very strong," I was told.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_182" id="Footnote_182"> +[182]</a> See <a href="#APPN_38">Appendix XXXVIII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_183" id="Footnote_183"> +[183]</a> That is, not only his household but his relatives.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_184" id="Footnote_184"> +[184]</a> Adding to the 17 days' labour for the rice crop, 13 days' labour +for the succeeding barley crop, the total was 30 days' labour per +<i>tan</i> against the general Japan average of 39 days per <i>tan</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 235<a name="Page_235" id="Page_235"></a></span></p> + +<h3>THE SOUTH-WEST OF JAPAN</h3> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXVII</h2> + +<h4>UP-COUNTRY ORATORY</h4> + +<h4>(YAMAGUCHI)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I have confidence, which began with hope and +strengthens with experience, that humanity is gaining in the stores of +mind.—<span class="smcap">Meredith</span></p></div> + +<p>The main street of an Inland Sea island we visited was 4 ft. wide. +Because it was the eve of a festival the old folk were at home +"observing their taboo." The islander who had been the first among the +inhabitants to visit a foreign country was only fifty. The local +policeman made us a gift of pears when we left.</p> + +<p>At another primitive island querns were in use and "ordinary families" +were "only beginning to indulge in tombstones." In contrast with this, +the constable told us that a small condensed-milk factory had been +started. (This constable was a fine, dignified-looking fellow, but so +poor that his toes were showing through his blue cloth <i>tabi</i>.) The +condensed-milk factory must have been responsible for some surprises +to the cows when they were first milked in its interests. I heard a +tale of the first milking of an elderly cow. She had ploughed paddies, +carried hay and other things and had drawn a cart. But it took five +men and a woman to persuade her that to be milked into a clay pot was +a reasonable thing.</p> + +<p>The third island we explored lies in such a situation in the Inland +Sea that sailing ships used to be glad to shelter under it while +waiting for a favourable wind. Someone had the evil thought of +providing it with prostitutes, and, until steam began to take the +place of sails, the number of these women established in the island +was large. Even now, +<span class="pagenum">Page 236<a name="Page_236" id="Page_236"></a></span> +although the whole population numbers only a +hundred families, there are thirty women of bad character. These poor +creatures were conspicuous because of their bright clothing and +dewomanised look. A scrutiny of the islanders old and young yielded +the impression that the whole place was suffering from its peculiar +traffic. There were two houses, one for registering the women and the +other for investigating their state of health, and the purpose of the +buildings was bluntly proclaimed on the nameboards at their doors.</p> + +<p>When we got out to sea again the newest Japanese battleship doing her +trials was pointed out to me, but I was more interested in a large +fishing boat running before the wind. A sturdy woman was at the helm +and her naked young family was sprawling about the craft.</p> + +<p>Someone spoke of villagers of the mainland "failing to realise that +they now possessed the privilege of self-government." I was reminded +of the pleasant way of the headman of a village assembly in the +Loochoos, Japan's oldest outlying possession. He assembles or used to +assemble his colleagues in his courtyard and appear there with a draft +of proposed legislation. They bowed and departed and the Bill had +become an Act.</p> + +<p>Although we were already within the territorial waters of Hiroshima +prefecture, we determined not to make the mainland at once but to stay +the night at the famous island which is called both Miyajima (shrine +island) and Itsukushima (taboo island), and is considered to be one of +the three most noteworthy sights in Japan. Photographs and drawings of +the shrine with its red colonnades on piles by the shore and its big +red <i>torii</i> standing in the sea are as familiar as representations of +Fuji. It used to be the custom to prevent as far as possible births +and deaths occurring on the island. Even now, funerals, dogs and +kuruma are prohibited. The iron lanterns of the shrine and galleries +and a hundred more in the pine tree-studded approaches are undoubtedly +"a most magnificent spectacle at full tide on a moonless night"; but +what of the subservience to the profitable foreign tourist seen in +this shrine notice?—</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 237<a name="Page_237" id="Page_237"></a></span> +<i>Zori</i> (straw sandals), <i>geta</i> (wooden pattens) and all footgear +<i>except shoes and boots</i> are forbidden.<br /> +</p> + +<p>One is attracted by the idea of listening to music and watching dances +which came from afar in the seventh or eighth centuries, but the +business-like tariff,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span>Ordinary music, 12 sen to 5 yen,<br /></span> +<span>Special music and dance, 10 yen and upwards,<br /></span> +<span>Lighting all lanterns, 9 yen,<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>is calculated to take one out of the atmosphere of Hearn's dreams. The +deities of the shrine get along as best they can with the raucous +sirens of the tourist steamers, the din of the motor boats and the +boom of the big guns which are hidden at the back of the island and +make of Miyajima and its vicinity "a strategic zone" in which +photography, sketching or the too assiduous use of a notebook is +forbidden. Alas, I had myself arrived in a steamer which blew its +siren loudly, and in the morning I crossed from the holy isle to the +mainland in a motor launch.</p> + +<p>The name of Yamaguchi prefecture, which is at the extreme end of the +mainland and has the sea to the south, the east and the north, is not +so familiar as the name of its port, Shimoneseki. It was mentioned to +me that the farmers of Yamaguchi worked a smaller number of days than +in Ehime, possibly only a hundred in the year. The comment of my +companion, who had visited a great deal of rural Japan, was that 150 +full days' work was the average for the whole country.<a name="FNanchor_185"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_185"><sup>[185]</sup></a></p> + +<p>I was told that here as elsewhere there was an unsound tendency to +turn sericulture from a secondary into a primary industry. "Experts +are not always expert," confessed an official. "Our farmers have had +bitter experience. Experts come who have learnt only from books or in +other districts, so they give unsuitable counsel. Then they leave the +prefecture for other posts before the results of their unwisdom are +apparent."</p> + +<p>The same official told me of a "little famine" in one county which had +imprudently concentrated its attention +<span class="pagenum">Page 238<a name="Page_238" id="Page_238"></a></span> +on the production of grape +fruit to the annual value of about a million yen. When a storm came +one spring there was almost a total loss. "The river and the sea were +covered with fruit, fishing was interfered with, and the county town +complained of the smell of the rotting fruit." It seems that many of +the suffering orange growers were samurai who found fruit farming a +more gentlemanly pursuit than the management of paddies. Like rural +amateurs everywhere, "some of them would do better if they knew more +about the working of the land."</p> + +<p>Rice was being assailed by a pest which survived in the straw stack +and had done damage in the prefecture to the amount of 30,000 yen.</p> + +<p>In this prefecture and two others during our tour my companion +delivered addresses to farmers under the auspices of the National +Agricultural Association. The burden of his talk was their duty as +agriculturists in the new conditions which were opening for the +nation. His three audiences numbered about 700, 1,000 and 1,500. They +were composed largely of picked men. At the first gathering the +audience squatted; at the next chairs were provided; at the third +there were school forms with backs. What I particularly noticed was +the easy-going way in which the meetings were conducted. No gathering +began exactly at the time announced, although one of the audiences had +been encouraged to be in time by the promise of a gift of mottoes to +the first hundred arrivals. At each meeting the Governor of the +prefecture was the first speaker. At one meeting the Governor arrived +about 8.30 a.m., made his speech and departed. When my friend had been +introduced to various people in the anteroom, had drunk tea and had +smoked and chatted a little, he was taken to the platform half an hour +or three quarters after the conclusion of the Governor's speech. +Nothing had happened at the meeting in the interval. The idea was that +the wait would help the audience's digestion of the speech it had had +and the speech it was going to have. There was no formal introduction +of the orator. He just mounted the platform and spoke for two hours.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus059"></a> +<img src="images/059.jpg" width="600" height="468" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">SCHOOL SHRINE FOR EMPEROR'S PORTRAIT.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus060"></a> +<img src="images/060.jpg" width="600" height="479" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">THE AUTHOR ADDRESSING, THROUGH AN INTERPRETER, LAFCADIO +HEARN DEATH-DAY MEETING AT MATSUE.</p> +</div> + +<p>At the second meeting the Governor awaited our arrival +<span class="pagenum">Page 239<a name="Page_239" id="Page_239"></a></span> +but "went on" alone. The star speaker meanwhile refreshed himself in the +anteroom with tea, tobacco and conversation as before. In a few +minutes the Governor, having done his turn, rejoined us, and my friend +proceeded to the meeting to deliver his speech, the Governor taking +his departure.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus061"></a> +<img src="images/061.jpg" width="600" height="475" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">A PEASANT PROPRIETOR'S HOUSE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus062"></a> +<img src="images/062.jpg" width="600" height="452" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">GRAVESTONES REASSEMBLED AFTER PADDY ADJUSTMENT.</p> +</div> + +<p>At the third meeting the Governor and the speaker of the day did enter +the hall together, but before the Governor had finished his +introductory harangue my companion took himself off to the anteroom to +refresh himself with a cigar and a chat. When the Governor concluded +and returned to the anteroom there was conversation for a few minutes, +and then my friend and his Excellency went into the meeting together. +This time the Governor stayed to the end.</p> + +<p>In his three speeches my friend said many moving things and his +audiences were appreciative. But no one presumed to interrupt with +applause. At the end, however, there was a hearty round of +hand-clapping, now a general custom at public gatherings. On the +conclusion of each of his addresses the orator stepped down from the +platform and made off to the hall, for no one dreamt of asking +questions. When he was gone an official expressed the thanks of the +audience and there was another round of applause. Then everybody +connected with the arrangement of the meeting gathered in the anteroom +and one after the other made appreciative speeches and bows. I +marvelled at the orator's toughness. Before he went on the platform he +had been pestered with unending introductions and beset by +conversation. But I do not know that my friend felt any strain. Nor +did the fashion in which the speakers wandered on and off the +platform, and thus, according to our notions, did their utmost to damp +the enthusiasm of the meetings, seem to have any such effect. Once in +an oculist's consulting clinic in Tokyo I was struck by the fact that +when water was squirted into the eyes of a succession of patients of +both sexes and various ages, they did not wince as Western people +would have done.</p> + +<p>I was told that school fees go up a little when the price of rice is +high; also of the "negatively good" effects +<span class="pagenum">Page 240<a name="Page_240" id="Page_240"></a></span> +of young men's associations. +During the period of our tour efforts were being made to +systematise these organisations. The Department of Agriculture wanted +a farmer at the head of each society, the War Office an ex-soldier. +There can be no doubt that the militarists have been doing their best +to give the societies the mental attitude of the army.</p> + +<p>In the country we were entering, the horse had taken the place of the +ox as the beast of burden. Two men of some authority in the prefecture +agreed that it was difficult to think of tracts in the south-west that +would be suitable for cattle grazing. There was certainly no "square +<i>ri</i> where the price of land was low enough to keep sheep." As to +cattle breeding and forestry, one of them must give way. It was +necessary to keep immense areas under evergreen wood for the defence +of the country against floods. With regard to the areas available for +afforestation, for cattle keeping and for cultivation respectively, it +was necessary to be on one's guard against "experts" who were disposed +to claim all available land for their specialties.</p> + +<p>When we took to an automobile for the first stage of our long journey +through Yamaguchi and Shimane—the railway came no farther than the +city of Yamaguchi—I noticed that just as the bridges are often +without parapets, the roads winding round the cliffs were, as in +Fukushima, unprotected by wall or rail. This was due, no doubt, to +considerations of economy, to a widely diffused sense of +responsibility which makes people look after their own safety, and +also, in some degree, to stout Japanese nerves. That our driver's +nerves were sound enough was shown by the speed at which he drove the +heavy car round sharp corners and down slippery descents where we +should have dropped a few hundred feet had we gone over.</p> + +<p>At our first stopping-place I saw a photograph showing a Shinshu +priest engaged with the girl pupils of a Buddhist school in tree +planting. Our talk here was about the low incomes on which people +contrive to live. A little more than a quarter of a century ago the +family of a friend of mine, now of high rank, was living in a county +town on 5 yen a month! There were two adults and three children. +<span class="pagenum">Page 241<a name="Page_241" id="Page_241"></a></span> +Rent was 1.20 yen and rice came to 1.80 yen. Even to-day an ex-Minister may +have only 1,500 yen a year. Many ex-Governors are living quietly in +villages. We went to call upon one of them who was getting great +satisfaction out of his few <i>tan</i>. Among other things he told us was +that there were five doctors and one midwife in the community. These +doctors do not possess a Tokyo qualification. They have qualified by +being taught by their fathers or by some other practitioner, and they +are entitled to practise in their own village and in, perhaps, a +neighbouring one.</p> + +<p>It was thoughtless of me, after inquiring about the doctors, to ask +about the gravedigger. I was told that when there was no member of a +"special tribe" available it was the duty of neighbours to dig graves. +A community's displeasure was marked by neighbours refraining from +helping to dig an unpopular person's grave. (One might have expected +to hear that such a grave would be dug with alacrity.) Families which +had run counter to public opinion had had to "apologise" before they +could get neighbourly help at the burial of their dead.</p> + +<p>Only one family in the village, I learnt from the headman, was being +helped from public funds. This family consisted of an old man and his +daughter, who, owing to the attendance her father required, could not +go out to work. The village provided a small house and three pints of +rice daily. The headman in his private capacity gave the girl, with +the assistance of some friends, straw rope-making to do and paid a +somewhat higher price than is usual.</p> + +<p>Of last year's births in the village 10 per cent. had been legally and +5 per cent. actually illegitimate. Four or five births had occurred a +few months after marriage.</p> + +<p>We ate our lunch in the headman's room in the village office. Hanging +from the ceiling was a sealed envelope to be opened on receipt of a +telegram. Some member of the village staff always slept in that room. +The envelope contained instructions to be acted upon if mobilisation +took place.</p> + +<p>When we had gone on some distance I stopped to watch a farmer's wife +and daughter threshing in a barn by pulling +<span class="pagenum">Page 242<a name="Page_242" id="Page_242"></a></span> +the rice through a row of +steel teeth, the simple form of threshing implement which is seen in +slightly different patterns all over Japan. (It is the successor of a +contrivance of bamboo stakes.) The women told me that one person could +thresh fourteen bushels a day. The implement cost 2½ yen from +travelling vendors but only 1½ yen from the co-operative society. +While we talked the farmer appeared. I apologised to him for +unwittingly stepping on the threshold of the barn—that is, the +grooved timber in which the sliding doors run. It is considered to be +an insult to the head of the house to tread on the threshold as in +some way "standing on the householder's head."</p> + +<p>This man had a bamboo plantation, and he told me, in reply to a +question, that the bamboo would shoot up at the rate of more than a +foot in twenty-four hours. (During the month in which this is dictated +I have measured the growth of a shoot of a Dorothy Perkins climber and +find that it averages about quarter of an inch in twenty-four hours.)</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_185" id="Footnote_185"> +[185]</a> See <a href="#APPN_12">Appendix XII</a>.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 243<a name="Page_243" id="Page_243"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXVIII</h2> + +<h4>MEN, DOGS AND SWEET POTATOES</h4> + +<h4>(SHIMANE)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Nothing but omniscience could suffice to answer all the +questions implicitly raised.—<span class="smcap">J.G. Frazer</span></p></div> + +<p>When we descended from the hills we were in Shimane, a long, narrow, +coastwise prefecture through which one travels over a succession of +heights to the capital, Matsue, situated at the far end. Two-thirds of +the journey must be made on foot and by <i>kuruma</i>.<a name="FNanchor_186"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_186"><sup>[186]</sup></a> Some talk by +the way was about the farmers going five or six miles daily to the +hills to cut grass for their "cattle," the average number of cattle +per farmer being 1.3 hereabouts. It seemed strange to see buckwheat at +the flowering stage reached by the crops seen in Fukushima several +months before. The explanation was that buckwheat is sown both in +spring and autumn.</p> + +<p>In the old days notable samurai, fugitives from Tokyo, had kept +themselves secluded in the rooms we occupied at Yamaguchi. In Shimane +we had small plain low-ceiled rooms in which daimyos had been +accommodated. Not here alone had I evidences of the simplicity of the +life of Old Japan.</p> + +<p>I was wakened in the morning by the voice of a woman earnestly +praying. She stood in the yard of the house opposite and faced first +in one direction and then in another. A friend of mine once stayed +overnight at an inn on the river at Kyoto. In the morning he saw +several men and a considerable number of women praying by the +waterside. They were the keepers and inmates of houses of ill-fame. +The old Shinto idea was that prayers might be +<span class="pagenum">Page 244<a name="Page_244" id="Page_244"></a></span> +made anywhere at other +times than festivals, for the god was at the shrine at festivals only. +Nowadays some old men go to the shrine every morning, just as many old +women are seen at the Buddhist temples daily. Half the visitors to a +Shinto shrine, an educated man assured me, may pray, but in the case +of the other half the "worship" is "no more than a motion of respect." +My friend told me that when he prayed at a shrine his prayer was for +his children's or his parents' health.</p> + +<p>At a county town I found a library of 4,000 volumes, largely an +inheritance from the feudal regime. Wherever I went I could not but +note the cluster of readers at the open fronts of bookshops. +<a name="FNanchor_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187"><sup>[187]</sup></a></p> + +<p>On our second day's journey in Shimane I had a <i>kuruma</i> with wooden +wheels, and in the hills the day after we passed a man kneeling in a +<i>kago</i>, the old-fashioned litter. When we took to a <i>basha</i> we +discovered that, owing to the roughness of the road, we had a driver +for each of our two horses. We had also an agile lad who hung on first +to one part and then another of the vehicle and seemed to be essential +in some way to its successful management. The head of the hatless +chief driver was shaved absolutely smooth.</p> + +<p>It was a rare thing for a foreigner to pass this way. My companion +frequently told me that he had difficulty in understanding what people +said.</p> + +<p>We saw an extinct volcano called "Green Field Mountain." There was not +a tree on it and it was said never to have possessed any. The whole +surface was closely cut, the patches cut at different periods showing +up in rectangular strips of varying shades. Wherever the hills were +treeless and too steep for cultivation they were carefully cut for +fodder. In cultivable places houses were standing on the minimum of +ground. More than once we had a view of a characteristic piece of +scenery, a dashing stream seen through a clump of bamboo.</p> + +<p>When our basha stopped for the feeding of the horses, they had a tub +of mixture composed of boiled naked barley, rice chaff, chopped straw +and chopped green stuff. I noticed near the inn a doll in a tree. It +had been put there +<span class="pagenum">Page 245<a name="Page_245" id="Page_245"></a></span> +by children who believe that they can secure by so +doing a fine day for an outing. When we started again we met with a +company of strolling players: a man, his wife and two girls, all with +clever faces. We also saw several peasant anglers fishing or going +home with their catch. A licence available from July to December cost +50 sen.</p> + +<p>At a shop I made a note of its signs, the usual strips of white wood +about 8 ins. by 3, nailed up perpendicularly, with the inscriptions +written in black. One sign was the announcement of the name and +address of the householder, which must be shown on every Japanese +house. A second stated that the place was licensed as a shop, a third +that the householder's wife was licensed to keep an inn, a fourth that +the householder was a cocoon merchant, a fifth that he was a member of +the co-operative credit society, a sixth that he belonged to the Red +Cross Society, a seventh that his wife was a member of the Patriotic +Women's Society,<a name="FNanchor_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188"> +<sup>[188]</sup></a> the eighth, ninth and tenth that the shopkeeper +was an adherent of a certain Shinto shrine, a member of a Shinto +organisation and had visited three shrines and made donations to them. +An eleventh board proclaimed that he was of the Zen sect of Buddhism. +Finally, there was a box in which was stored the charms from various +shrines.</p> + +<p>We passed a company of villagers working on the road for the local +authority. The labourers were chiefly old people and they were taking +their task very easily. Farther along the road men and women were +working singly. It seemed that the labourers belonged to families +which, instead of paying rates, did a bit of roadmending. The work was +done when they had time to spare.</p> + +<p>For some time we had been in a part of the country in which the ridges +of the houses were of tiles. At an earlier stage of our journey they +had been either of straw or of earth with flowers or shrubs growing in +it. The shiny, red-brown tiles give place elsewhere to a +slate-coloured variety. +<span class="pagenum">Page 246<a name="Page_246" id="Page_246"></a></span> +The surface of all of these tiles is so +smooth that they are unlikely to change their hard tint for years. +Meanwhile they give the villages a look of newness. Their use is +spreading rapidly. Shiny though the tiles may be, one cannot but +admire the neat way in which they interlock. One day when I wondered +about the cost involved in recovering roofs with these tiles, a woman +worker who overheard me promptly said that, reckoning tiles and +labour, the cost was 60 or 70 sen per 22 tiles. In the old days tiled +porticoes were forbidden to the commonalty. They were allowed only to +daimyos who also used exclusively the arm rests which every visitor to +an inn may now command. Besides arm rests I have frequently had +kneeling cushions of the white brocade formerly used only for the +<i>zabuton</i> of Buddhist priests.</p> + +<p>In the county through which we were passing the fine water grass, +called <i>i</i>, used for mat making, is grown on an area of about 78 +<i>chō</i>. It is sown in seed beds like rice and is transplanted into +inferior paddies in September. (The grass is better grown in Hiroshima +and Okayama.)</p> + +<p>I saw a beautiful tree in red blossom. The name given to it is "monkey +slip," because of the smoothness of its skin, which recalled the name +of that very different ornament of suburban gardens, "monkey puzzle."</p> + +<p>During this journey we recovered something of the conditions of +old-time travel. There were chats by the way and conferences at the +inn in the evening and in the morning concerning distances, the kind +of vehicles available, the character of their drivers, the charges, +the condition of the road, the probable weather and the places at +which satisfactory accommodation might be had. What was different from +the old days was that at every stopping-place but one we had electric +light. Part of our journey was done in a small motor bus lighted by +electricity. Like the automobile we had hired a day or two before, it +was driven—by two young men in blue cotton tights—at too high a +speed considering the narrowness and curliness of the roads by which +we crossed the passes. The roads are kept in reasonably good +condition, but they were made for hand cart and <i>kuruma</i> traffic.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 247<a name="Page_247" id="Page_247"></a></span> +We passed an island on which I was told there were a dozen houses. +When a death occurs a beacon fire is made and a priest on the mainland +conducts a funeral ceremony. By the custom of the island it is +forbidden to increase the number of the houses, so presumably several +families live together. In the mountain communities of the mainland, +where the number of houses is also restricted, it is usual for only +the eldest brother to be allowed to marry. The children of younger +brothers are brought up in the families of their mothers.</p> + +<p>We passed at one of the fishing hamlets the wreck of a Russian cruiser +which came ashore after the battle of Tsushima. Two boat derricks from +the cruiser served as gate posts at the entrance of the school +playground.</p> + +<p>A familiar sight on a country road is the itinerant medicine vendor. +He or his employer believes in pushing business by means of an +impressive outfit. One typical cure-all seller, who had his medicines +in a shiny bag slung over his shoulders, wore yellow shoes, cotton +drawers, a frock coat, a peaked cap with three gold stripes, and a +mysterious badge. On his hands he had white cotton gloves and as he +walked he played a concertina. A common practice is to leave with +housewives a bag of medicines without charge. Next year another call +is made, when the pills and what not which have been used are paid for +and a new bag is exchanged for the old one.</p> + +<p>The use of dogs to help to draw <i>kuruma</i> is forbidden in some +prefectures, but in three stages of our journey in Shimane we had the +aid of robust dogs. During this period, however, I saw, attached to +<i>kuruma</i> we passed, three dogs which did not seem up to their work. +Dogs suffer when used for draught purposes because their chests are +not adapted for pulling and because the pads of their feet get tender. +The animals we had were treated well. Each <i>kuruma</i> had a cord, with a +hook at the end, attached to it; and this hook was slipped into a ring +on the dog's harness. The dogs were released when we went downhill and +usually on the level. Several times during each run, when we came to a +stream or a pond or even a ditch, the dogs were released for a bathe. +They invariably leapt into +<span class="pagenum">Page 248<a name="Page_248" id="Page_248"></a></span> +the water, drank moderately, and then, if +the water was too shallow for swimming, sat down in it and then lay +down. Sometimes a dog temporarily at liberty would find on his own +account a small water hole, and it was comical to see him taking a +sitz bath in it. When the sun was hot a dog would sometimes be +retained on his cord when not pulling in order that he might trot +along in the shade below the <i>kuruma</i>. The dog of the <i>kuruma</i> +following mine usually managed when pulling to take advantage of the +shade thrown by my vehicle. A <i>kurumaya</i> told me that he had given 8 +yen for his dog. Dogs were sometimes sold for from 10 to 15 yen. The +difficulty was to get a dog that had good feet and would pull. The +dogs I saw were all mongrels with sometimes a retriever, bloodhound or +Great Dane strain.</p> + +<p>I made enquiries about another county town library. There were 18,000 +volumes of which 300 consisted of European books and 600 of bound +magazines. The annual expenditure on books, and I presume magazines, +was 600 yen.</p> + +<p>We passed a "special tribe" hamlet. Here the Eta were devoting +themselves to tanning and bamboo work. I was told of other "peculiar +people" called Hachia, also of a hawker-beggar class which sells small +things of brass or bamboo or travels with performing monkeys.</p> + +<p>Water from hot springs is piped long distances in water pipes made of +bamboo trunks, the ends of which are pushed into one another. A turn +is secured by running two pipes at the angle required into a block of +wood which has been bored to fit.</p> + +<p>When we got down to the sand dunes there were windbreaks, 10 or 15 ft. +high, made of closely planted pines cut flat at the top. Elsewhere I +saw such windbreaks 30 ft. high. On the telegraph wires there were big +spiders' webs about 4 ft. in diameter.</p> + +<p>As we sped through a village my attention was attracted by a funeral +feast. The pushed-back <i>shoji</i> showed about a dozen men sitting in a +circle eating and drinking. Women were waiting on them. At the back of +the room, making part of the circle, was the square coffin covered by +a white canopy.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 249<a name="Page_249" id="Page_249"></a></span> +While passing a Buddhist temple I heard the sound of preaching. It +might have been a voice from a church or chapel at home.</p> + +<p>Shortly afterwards I came on a memorial to the man who introduced the +sweet potato into the locality 150 years before. This was the first of +many sweet-potato memorials which I encountered in the prefecture and +elsewhere. Sometimes there were offerings before the monuments. +Occasionally the memorial took the form of a stone cut in the shape of +a potato. There is a great exportation of sweet potatoes—sliced and +dried until they are brittle—to the north of Japan where the tuber +cannot be cultivated.<a name="FNanchor_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189"> +<sup>[189]</sup></a></p> + +<p>While we rested at the house of a friend of my companion we spoke of +emigration. There are four or five emigration companies, and it is an +interesting question just how much emigration is due to the initiative +of the emigrants themselves and how much to the activity of the +companies. The chief reason which induces emigrants to go to South +America is that, under the contract system, they get twice as much +money as they would obtain, say, in Formosa.<a name="FNanchor_190"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_190"><sup>[190]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Our host did not remember any foreigner visiting his village since his +boyhood, though it is on the main road. It took nearly four days for a +Tokyo newspaper to arrive. This region is so little known that when a +resident mentioned it in Tokyo he was sometimes asked if it was in +Hokkaido.</p> + +<p>I was interested to see how many villages had erected monuments to +young men who had won distinction away from home as wrestlers.</p> + +<p>I had often noticed bulls drawing carts and behaving as sedately as +donkeys, but it was new to see a bull tethered at the roadside with +children playing round it. Why are the Japanese bulls so friendly?</p> + +<p>In the mountainous regions we passed through I saw several paddies no +bigger than a hearthrug. At one spot a land crab scurried across the +road. It was red in colour and about 2½ ins. long.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 250<a name="Page_250" id="Page_250"></a></span> +At a village office the headman's gossip was that priests had been +forbidden by the prefecture to interfere in elections. We looked +through the expenses of the village agricultural association. For a +lecture series 5 yen a month was being paid. Then there had been an +expenditure by way of subsidising a children's campaign against +insects preying on rice. For ten of the little clusters of eggs one +may see on the backs of leaves 4 rin was paid, while for 10 moths the +reward was 2 rin. The association spent a further 10 yen on helping +young people to attend lectures at a distance. The commune in which +those things had been done numbered 3,100 people. There had been two +police offences during the year, but both offenders were strangers to +the locality.</p> + +<p>In a cutting which was being made for the new railway, girl labourers +were steering their trucks of soil down a half-mile descent and +singing as they made the exhilarating run. The building of a railway +through a closely cultivated and closely populated country involves +the destruction of a large amount of fertile land and the rebuilding +of many houses. The area of agricultural land taken during the +preceding and present reigns, not only for railways and railway +stations but for roads, barracks, schools and other public buildings, +has been enormous. "The owner of land removed from cultivation may +seem to do well by turning his property into cash," a man said to me. +"He may also profit to some extent while the railway is building by +the jobs he is able to do for the contractor, with the assistance of +his family and his horse or bull; but afterwards he has often to seek +another way of earning his living than farming."</p> + +<p>We neared railhead on a market day and many folk in their best were +walking along the roads. Of fourteen umbrellas used as parasols to +keep off the sun that I counted one only was of the Japanese paper +sort; all the others were black silk on steel ribs in "foreign style" +except for a crude embroidery on the silk.</p> + +<p>When we got into the town it was as much as our <i>kurumaya</i> could do to +move through the dense crowd of rustics in front of booths and shops. +Once more I was +<span class="pagenum">Page 251<a name="Page_251" id="Page_251"></a></span> +impressed by the imperturbability and natural +courtesy of the people. At the station quite a number of farmers and +their families had assembled, not to travel by the train but to see it +start.</p> + +<p>During the short journey by train I noticed lagoons in which fish were +artificially fed. At an agricultural experiment station in the place +at which we alighted there were two specimen windmills set up to show +farmers who were fortunate enough to have ammonia water on their land +the cheapest means of raising it for their paddies. The tendency here +as elsewhere was to apply too much of the ammonia water. All rubbish +on this extensive experiment station was carefully burnt under cover +in order to demonstrate the importance not only of getting all the +potash possible but of preserving it when obtained.</p> + +<p>Farmers who are without secondary industries are short of cash except +at the times when barley, rice and cocoons are sold, and in certain +places they seem to have taken to saving money on salt. An old man +told us with tears in his eyes how he had protested to his neighbours +against the tendency to do without salt. An excuse for attempting to +save on salt, besides the economical one, was the size of the salt +cubes. Neighbours clubbed together to buy a cube, and thus a family, +when it had finished its share, had to wait until the neighbours had +disposed of theirs and market day came round.<a name="FNanchor_191"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_191"><sup>[191]</sup></a></p> + +<p>I saw a monument erected to the memory of "a good farmer" who had +planted a wood and developed irrigation.</p> + +<p>We made a stay at the spot where, on a forest-clad hill overlooking +the sea, there stands in utter simplicity the great shrine of Izumo. +The customary collection of shops and hotels clustering at the town +end of the avenue of <i>torii</i> cannot impair the impression which is +made on the alien beholder by this shrine in the purest style of +Shinto architecture. In the month in which we arrived at Izumo the +deities are believed to gather there. Before the shrine the Japanese +visitor makes his obeisance and his offering at the precise spot—four +places are marked—to which his rank permits him to advance. (This +inscription may be read: +<span class="pagenum">Page 252<a name="Page_252" id="Page_252"></a></span> +"Common people at the doorway.") The +estimate which an official gave me of the number of visitors last +year, 40,000, bore no relation to the "quarter of a million" of the +guide book. But it had been a bad year for farmers. Forty-seven +geisha, who had reported the previous year that they had received +35,000 yen—there is no limit to what is tabulated in Japan—now +reported that they had gained only half that sum in twelve months, +"the price of cocoons being so low that even well-to-do farmers could +not come." I noticed that there was a clock let into one of the +granite votive pillars of the avenue along which one walks from the +town to the shrine. As I glanced at the clock it happened that the +sound of children's voices reached me from a primary school. I +wondered what time and modern education, which have brought such +changes in Japan, might make of it all.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_186" id="Footnote_186"> +[186]</a> The railway has now been extended in the direction of Yamaguchi.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_187" id="Footnote_187"> +[187]</a> See <a href="#APPN_51">Appendix LI</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_188" id="Footnote_188"> +[188]</a> Protests have been made against the way in which the country +people are dunned for subscriptions to these semi-official +organisations. A high agricultural authority has stated that in Nagano +the farmers' taxes and subscriptions to the Red Cross and Patriotic +Women Societies are from 65 to 70 per cent. of their expenditure as +against 30 to 35 per cent. spent on outlay other than food and +clothing.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_189" id="Footnote_189"> +[189]</a> <i>Satsuma-imo</i> is sweet potato. Our potato is called <i>jaga-imo</i> +or <i>bareisho</i>. <i>Imo</i> is the general name.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_190" id="Footnote_190"> +[190]</a> See <a href="#APPN_52">Appendix LII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_191" id="Footnote_191"> +[191]</a> The Salt Monopoly profits are estimated at 314,204 yen for +1920-21.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 253<a name="Page_253" id="Page_253"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXIX</h2> + +<h4>FRIENDS OF LAFCADIO HEARN</h4> + +<h4>(SHIMANE, TOTTORI AND HYOGO)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Those who suffer learn, those who love know.— +<span class="smcap">Mrs. Havelock Ellis</span></p></div> + +<p>At Matsue, with which the name of Lafcadio Hearn will always be +associated, I chanced to arrive on the anniversary of his death. His +local admirers were holding a memorial meeting. As a foreigner I was +honoured with a request to attend. First, however, I had the chance of +visiting Hearn's house. Matsue was the first place at which Hearn +lived. He always remembered it and at last came back there to marry. +Except that a pond has been filled up—no doubt to reduce the number +of mosquitoes—the garden of his house is little changed.</p> + +<p>The most interesting feature of the meeting was old pupils' grateful +recollections of Hearn, the middle-school teacher. The gathering was +held in a room belonging to the town library in the prefectural +grounds, but neither the Governor nor the mayor was present. A +sympathetic speech was made by a chance visitor to the town, the +secretary-general to the House of Peers. He recalled the antagonism +which the young men at Tokyo University, himself among them, felt +towards the odd figure of Hearn—he had a terribly strained eye and +wore a monocle—when he became a professor, and how very soon he +gained the confidence and regard of the class.</p> + +<p>I had often wondered that there was no Japanese memorial to Hearn, and +when I rose to speak I said so. I added that it was rare to meet a +Japanese who had any understanding of how much Hearn had done in +forming the conception of Japan possessed by thousands of +<span class="pagenum">Page 254<a name="Page_254" id="Page_254"></a></span> +Europeans and Americans. The fault in so many books about Japan, I went on, was +not that their "facts" were wrong. What was wrong was their authors' +attitude of mind. I had heard Japanese say that Hearn was "too +poetical" and that some of his inferences were "inaccurate." That was +as might be. What mattered was that the mental attitude of Hearn was +so largely right. He did not approach Japan as a mere "fact" collector +or as a superior person. What he brought to the country was the +humble, studious, imaginative, sympathetic attitude; and it was only +by men and women of his rare type that peoples were interpreted one to +the other.</p> + +<p>In that free-and-easy way in which meetings are conducted in Japan it +was permissible for us to leave after another speech had been made. +The proceedings were interrupted while the promoters of the gathering +showed us a collection of books and memorials of Hearn, arranged under +a large portrait, and accompanied us to the door of the hall. I do not +recall during the time I was in Japan any other public gathering in +honour of Hearn, and I met several prominent men who had either never +heard his name or knew nothing of the far-reaching influence of his +books. But some months after this Matsue meeting there was included +among the Coronation honours a posthumous distinction for +Hearn—"fourth rank of the junior grade."<a name="FNanchor_192"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_192"><sup>[192]</sup></a></p> + +<p>During this journey I attended a dinner of officials and leading +agriculturists and had the odd sensation of making a short +after-dinner speech on my knees. At such a dinner the guests kneel on +cushions ranged round the four walls of the room, and each man has a +low lacquer table to himself, and a geisha to wait on him. When the +geisha is not bringing in new dishes or replenishing the <i>saké</i> +bottle, she kneels before the table and chatters entertainingly. +<span class="pagenum">Page 255<a name="Page_255" id="Page_255"></a></span> +The governors of the feast visit the guests of honour and drink with them. +In the same way a guest drinks with his neighbour and with his +attendant geisha. I have a vivid memory of a grave and elderly +dignitary who at the merry stage of such a function capered the whole +length of the room with his kneeling-cushion balanced on the top of +his head. There is a growing temperance movement in Japan but a +teetotaller is still something of an oddity. My abstinence from <i>saké</i> +was frequently supposed to be the result of a vow.</p> + +<p>Although the average geisha may be inane in her patter and have little +more than conventional grace and charm, I have been waited on by girls +who added real mental celerity, wit and a power of skilful mimicry to +that elusive and seductive quality that accounts for the impregnable +position of their class. At one dinner impersonations in both the +comic and the tragic vein were given by a girl of unmistakable genius. +Frequently a plain, elderly geisha will display unsuspected mimetic +ability. Alas, behind the merry laugh and sprightliness of the girls +who adorn a feast lurks a skeleton. One is haunted by thoughts of the +future of a large proportion of these butterflies. No doubt most +foreigners generalise too freely in identifying the professions of +geisha and <i>joro</i>. In the present organisation of society some geisha +play a legitimate rôle. They gain in the career for which they have +laboriously trained an outlet for the expression of artistic and +social gifts which would have been denied them in domestic life. At +the same time the degrading character of the life led by many geisha +cannot be doubted. Apart from every other consideration the temptation +to drink is great. The opening of new avenues to feminine ability, the +enlarged opportunities of education and self-respect and the +increasing opening for women on the stage—from which women have been +excluded hitherto—must have their effect in turning the minds of +girls of wit and originality to other means of earning a living than +the morally and physically hazardous profession of the geisha.</p> + +<p>When we left Matsue by steamer on our way to Tottori prefecture I saw +middle-school eights at practice. An +<span class="pagenum">Page 256<a name="Page_256" id="Page_256"></a></span> +agriculturist told me of the +custom of giving holidays to oxen and horses. The villagers carefully +brush their animals, decorate them and lead them to pastures where, +tethered to rings attached to a long rope, "they may graze together +pleasantly." One of the islands we visited bore the name of the giant +radish, Daikon, which is itself a corruption of the word for octopus. +The island devoted itself mainly to the growing of peonies and +ginseng. The ginseng is largely exported to China and Korea, but there +is a certain consumption in Japan. Ginseng is sometimes chewed, but is +generally soaked, the liquid being drunk. Ginseng is popularly +supposed to be an invigorant, and Japanese doctors in Korea have +lately declared that it has some value. The root is costly, hence the +proverb about eating ginseng and hanging oneself, i.e. getting into +debt.</p> + +<p>In walking across the island I passed a forlorn little shrine. It was +merely a rough shed with a wide shelf at the back, on which stood a +row of worn and dusty figures, decked with the clothes of children +whose recovery was supposed to have been due to their influence. It +was raining and the shelter was full of children playing in the +company of an old crone with a baby on her back. Further on in the +village I came across a new public bath. The price of admission was +one sen, children half price.</p> + +<p>A small port was pointed out to me as being open to foreign trade. +Everybody is not aware that in Japan there is a restriction upon +foreign shipping except at sixty specified places.<a name="FNanchor_193"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_193"><sup>[193]</sup></a> The reason +given for the restriction is the unprofitableness of custom houses at +small places. One day, perhaps, the world will wake up to the +inconvenience and financial burden imposed by the custom-house system +of raising revenue.</p> + +<p>We stayed the night at a little place at the eastern extremity of the +Shimane promontory where there is a shrine and no cultivation of any +sort is allowed "for fear of defilement." Waste products are taken +away by boat. I marked a contrast between theoretical and practical +holiness. Our inn overlooked a special landing-place +<span class="pagenum">Page 275<a name="Page_257" id="Page_257"></a></span> +where, because a "sacred boat" from the shrine +is launched there, a notice had been put +up forbidding the throwing of rubbish into the sea. A few minutes +after the board had been pointed out to me I saw an old man cast a +considerable mass of rubbish into the water not six feet away from it. +When we visited the shrine three pilgrims were at their devotions. The +next morning when our steamer left and the chief priest of the shrine +was bidding us adieu my attention was attracted by loud conversation +in the second storey of an inn, the <i>shoji</i> of which were open. Our +pilgrims, two of whom were bald, had spent the night at an inn of bad +character and were now in the company of prostitutes in the sight of +all men. One pilgrim had a girl on his knee, another was himself on a +girl's knee and a third had his arm round a girl's neck. In this +"sacred" place of 2,000 inhabitants there were forty "double license" +girls, five being natives. A few years ago all the girls were natives. +A "double license" girl means one who is licensed both as a geisha and +a prostitute. The plan of issuing "double licenses" is adopted at +Kyoto and elsewhere. As to the pilgrims to whom I have referred, +someone quoted to me the saying, "It is only half a pilgrimage going +to the shrine without seeing the girls."</p> + +<p>Returning to the custom of launching a sacred boat it is not without +significance that many Japanese deities have some connection with the +sea. Even in the case of the deities of shrines a long way from the +sea the ceremony of "going down to the sea" is sometimes observed. +Sand and sea water are sent for in order to be mixed with the water +used to cleanse the car in which the figure of the deity is drawn +through the streets.</p> + +<p>The social and financial position of tenants was illustrated by an +incident at an inn. As the maid came from the country I asked her if +her father were a tenant or an owner. My companion interrupted to tell +me that the question was not judiciously framed because the girl would +"think it a disgrace to own that her father was a tenant." The name of +a tenant used long ago to be "water drinker." This waiting-maid was a +good-looking and rather clever girl. I was dismayed when my friend +told me that she had +<span class="pagenum">Page 258<a name="Page_258" id="Page_258"></a></span> +said to him quite simply that she had thoughts of becoming a <i>joro</i>. +She thought it would be a "more interesting life."</p> + +<p>When we reached Tottori prefecture we found ourselves in a country +which grows more cotton than any other. Japanese cotton (grown on +about 400 <i>chō</i>) is unsuitable for manufacture into thread, but +because of its elasticity is considered to be valuable for the padding +of winter clothing and for <i>futon</i> and <i>zabuton</i>. Their softness is +maintained by daily sunning.</p> + +<p>At a county office I noted that the persons who were receiving relief +were classified as follows: Illness, 26; cripples, 17; old age, 16; +schoolboys, 12; infancy, 1.</p> + +<p>In the course of our journey a Shinto priest was pointed out to me as +observing the priestly taboo by refusing tea and cake. I noticed, +however, that he smoked. I was told that when he was in Tokyo he +purified himself in the sea even in midwinter. I did not like his +appearance. Nor for the matter of that was I impressed by the +countenances of some Buddhist priests I encountered in the train from +time to time. "Thinking always of money," someone said. But every now +and again I saw fine priestly faces.</p> + +<p>I have noted down very little in regard to the crops and the +countryside in Tottori. Things seemed very much the same as I had seen +in Shimane. At an agricultural show in the city of Tottori the +varieties of yam and taro were so numerous as to deceive the average +Westerner into believing that he was seeing the roots of different +kinds of plants. A feature of the show was a large realistic model of +a rice field with two life-size figures.</p> + +<p>In the evening I talked with two distinguished men until a late hour. +"We are not a metaphysical people," one of them said. "Nor were our +forefathers as religious as some students may suppose. Those who went +before us gave to the Buddhist shrine and even worshipped there, but +their daily life and their religion had no close connection. We did +not define religion closely. Religion has phases according to the +degree of public instruction. Our religion has had more to do with +propitiation and good fortune than with morality. If you had come here +a century ago you would have been unable to find even then religion +<span class="pagenum">Page 259<a name="Page_259" id="Page_259"></a></span> +after another pattern. If it be said that a man must be religious in +order to be good the person who says so does not look about him. I am +not afraid to say that our people are good as a result of long +training in good behaviour. Their good character is due to the same +causes as the freedom from rowdiness which may be marked in our +crowds."</p> + +<p>"What is wanted in the villages," said the other personage, "is one +good personality in each." I said that the young men's association +seemed to me to be often a dull thing, chiefly indeed a mechanism by +means of which serious persons in a village got the young men to work +overtime. "Yes," was the response, "the old men make the young fellows +work."</p> + +<p>The first speaker said that there had been three watchwords for the +rural districts. "There was Industrialisation and Increase of +Production. There was Public Spirit and Public Welfare. There was The +Shinto Shrine the Centre of the Village. We have a certain conception +of a model village, but perhaps some hypocrisy may mingle with it. +They say that the village with well-kept Buddhist and Shinto shrines +is generally a good village."</p> + +<p>"In other words," I ventured, "the village where there is some +non-material feeling."</p> + +<p>The rejoinder was: "Western religion is too high, and, I fear, +inapplicable to our life. It may be that we are too easily contented. +But there are nearly 60 millions of us. I do not know that we feel a +need or have a vacant place for religion. There is certainly not much +hope for an increase of the influence of Buddhism."</p> + +<p>As we went along in the train I was told that on a sixth of the rice +area in Tottori there had been a loss of 70 per cent. by wind. When a +man's harvest loss exceeds this percentage he is not liable for rates +and taxes. A passenger told me about "nursery pasture." This is a +patch of grass in the hills to which a farmer sends his ox to be +pastured in common with the oxen of other farmers under the care of a +single herdsman. It is from cattle keeping on this modest scale that +the present beef requirements of the country are largely met.<a name="FNanchor_194"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_194"><sup>[194]</sup></a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 260<a name="Page_260" id="Page_260"></a></span> +Although the opinions expressed to me by Governors of prefectures +have been frequently recorded in these pages, I have not felt at +liberty to identify more than one of the Excellencies who were good +enough to express their views to me. A friend who knew many Governors +offered me the following criticism, which I thought just: "They are +too practical and too much absorbed in administration to be able to +think. Often they read very little after leaving the university. They +have seldom anything to tell you about other than ordinary things, and +they seldom show their hearts. You cannot learn much from Governors +who have nothing original to say or are fearful or live in their frock +coats or do not mean to show half their minds or are practising the +old official trick of talking round and round and always evading the +point. One fault of Governors is that they are being continually +transferred from prefecture to prefecture. You have no doubt yourself +noticed how often Governors were new to their prefectures. But with +all the faults that our Governors have, there are not a few able, good +and kind men among them and they are not recruited from Parliament but +must be members of the Civil Service. One of the most common words in +our political life is <i>genshitsu</i>, 'responsibility for one's own +words.' If Governors fear to assume the responsibility of their own +views they are only of a part with a great deal of the official +world."</p> + +<p>We turned away from the northern sea coast and struck south in order +to cross Japan to the Inland Sea en route for Kobe and Tokyo.</p> + +<p>As we came through Hyogo prefecture my companion pointed to hill after +hill which had been afforested since his youth. One of the things +which interested me was the number and the tameness of the kites which +were catching frogs in the paddies.</p> + +<p>Before I left Hyogo I had the advantage of a chat with one who for +many years past had thought about the rural situation in Japan +generally. He spoke of "the late Professor King's idealising of the +Japanese farmer's condition." He went on: "While King laid stress on +the ability to be self-supporting on a small area he ignored +<span class="pagenum">Page 261<a name="Page_261" id="Page_261"></a></span> +the extent to which many rural people are underfed. The change in the +Meiji era has been a gradual transference from ownership to tenancy. +Many so-called representative farmers have been able to add field to +field until they have secured a substantial property and have ceased +to be farmers. An extension of tenancy is to be deplored, not only +because it takes away from the farmer a feeling of independence and of +incentive, but because it creates a parasitic class which in Japan is +perhaps even more parasitic than in the West. A landowner in the West +almost invariably realises that he has certain duties. In Japan a +landowner's duties to his neighbourhood and to the State are often +imperfectly understood.</p> + +<p>"On the other hand the position of the farmer has been very much +improved socially. A great deal of pity bestowed by the casual foreign +visitor is wasted. The farmer is accustomed to extremes of heat and +cold and to a bare living and poor shelter. And after all there is a +great deal of happiness in the villages. It is hardly possible to take +a day's <i>kuruma</i> ride without coming on a festival somewhere, and +drunkenness has undoubtedly diminished."</p> + +<p>I spoke with an old resident about the agricultural advance in the +prefecture. "In fifteen years," he said, "our agricultural production +has doubled. As to the non-material condition of the people, generally +speaking the villagers are very shallow in their religion. Not so long +ago officials used to laugh at religion, but I don't know that some of +them are not now changing their point of view. Some of us have thought +that, just as we made a Japanese Buddhism, we might make a Japanese +Christianity which would not conflict with our ideas."</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_192" id="Footnote_192"> +[192]</a> This is, I am officially informed, the highest rank ever +bestowed on a foreigner; but then Hearn was naturalised. In 1921 an +appreciation of "Koizumi Yakumo" was included by the Department of +Education in a middle-school textbook. Curiously enough, the fact that +Hearn married a Japanese is overlooked. Owing to the fact that Hearn +bought land in Tokyo which has appreciated in value his family is in +comfortable circumstances.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_193" id="Footnote_193"> +[193]</a> Coastwise traffic is also forbidden to foreign vessels, as is +traffic between France and Algeria to other than French vessels.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_194" id="Footnote_194"> +[194]</a> See <a href="#APPN_53">Appendix LIII</a>.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 262<a name="Page_262" id="Page_262"></a></span></p> + +<h3>TWO MONTHS IN TEMPLE</h3> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXX</h2> + +<h4>THE LIFE OF THE PEASANTS AND THEIR PRIESTS</h4> + +<h4>(NAGANO)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The condition of the lower orders is the true +mark.—<span class="smcap">Johnson</span></p></div> + +<p>The Buddhist temple in which I lived for about two months stands on +high ground in a village lying about 2,500 ft. above sea-level in the +prefecture of Nagano and does not seem to have been visited by +foreigners. It is reached by a road which is little better than a +track. No <i>kuruma</i> are to be found in the district, but there are a +few light two-wheeled lorries. Practically all the traffic is on +horseback or on foot. There is a view of the Japanese Alps and of +Fuji.</p> + +<p>Running through the village<a name="FNanchor_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195"> +<sup>[195]</sup></a> is a river. Most of the summer it may +be crossed by stepping stones, but the width of the rocky bed gives +some notion of the volume of water which pours down after rains and on +the melting of the snow. Two or three miles up from the village a +considerable amount of water is drawn off into two channels which have +been dug, one on either side of the river, at a gentler slope than +that at which the stream flows. The rapid fall of the river is +indicated by the fact that these channels reach the village more than +100 ft. above the level at which the river itself enters it. The +channels, cut as they have been through sharply sloping banks packed +with boulders and +<span class="pagenum">Page 263<a name="Page_263" id="Page_263"></a></span> +big stones, and strengthened throughout by banking, +in order to cope as far as possible with the torrents which rage down +the hillside in winter, represent a vast amount of communal labour. By +the side of each channel the excavated earth and stones have been used +to make a path for pack horses. The water which comes down these +channels serves not only for the ordinary uses of the village but for +irrigating the rice fields and for driving the many water wheels, the +plashing and groaning of which are heard night and day.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus063"></a> +<img src="images/063.jpg" width="500" height="334" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">THE BUDDHIST TEMPLE (WITH SHINTO SHRINE ON THE LEFT) IN +WHICH THIS CHAPTER WAS WRITTEN</p> +</div> + +<p>The whole area of the <i>oaza</i> is officially recorded as 800 <i>chō</i>, but +the real area may be double, or even more than that. About 40 per +cent. is cultivated either as paddy or as dry land. The remaining 60 +per cent., from which 18 <i>chō</i> may be deducted for house land, is +under grass and wood. Half of this grass and woodland belongs to the +<i>oaza</i> and half to private persons. The grass is mostly couch grass +and weeds. In places there is a certain amount of clover and vetch. Of +the 200 families, numbering about 1,700 people, less than a dozen are +tenants. Of the others, +<span class="pagenum">Page 264<a name="Page_264" id="Page_264"></a></span> +a third cultivate their own land and hire +some more. The remaining two-thirds cultivate their own land and hire +none. The outstanding crop beyond rice is mulberry. A considerable +amount of millet and buckwheat is also grown.</p> + +<p>The village is obviously well off. The signs are: successful +sericulture, the large quantity of rice eaten, the number of +well-looking horses (the millet seems to be grown largely for them, +but they also receive beans and wheat boiled), the fact that no +attempt is made to collect the considerable amount of horse manure on +the roads, the cared-for appearance of the temple and shrines, the +almost complete absence of tea-houses, the ease with which new land +may be obtained and the contented look of the people.</p> + +<p>One does not expect to find in a remote and wholly Buddhist village +many other animals than horses, and in this community the additional +live stock consists of ten goats (kept for giving milk for invalids), +two pigs and a number of poultry. A working horse over four years was +worth 150 yen. The value of land<a name="FNanchor_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196"> +<sup>[196]</sup></a> is to be considered in relation +to local standards of value. It is doubtful if the priest, who seemed +to be comfortably off, is in receipt of more than 250 yen a year. The +midwife, who belongs to the oldest family and has been trained in +Tokyo, gets from 2 to 2½ yen per case. As new land is always +available on the hillsides there is very little emigration to the +towns, but twenty girls are working in the factories in the big +silk-reeling centre twelve miles off. The hillside land which is owned +by the village is not sold but rented to those who want it. To make +new paddies is primarily a question of having enough capital with +which to buy the artificial manure required for the crops.</p> + +<p>I was given to understand that no one in the village was poor enough +to need public help, but that the school fees of twelve children were +paid by the community. This is a system peculiar to Nagano, which is a +progressive prefecture vying with other prefectures to increase the +percentage of school attendance. One of the signs of the well-off +character of the village which appears when one is able to investigate +a little is that the +<span class="pagenum">Page 265<a name="Page_265" id="Page_265"></a></span> +place is a favourite haunt of beggars, who, I am +told—every calling is organised—have made it over to the less +fortunate members of their fraternity. The village has enough money to +spend to make it worth while for tradesmen from a distance to open +temporary shops every <i>Bon</i> season and at the New Year festival. A man +in an average position may lay out 200 yen on his daughter's wedding. +A farmer who knew his fellow-villagers' position pretty closely said +he thought that the position of tenant farmers was "rather well." In +the whole village there might be seventy or eighty householders who +had some debt, but it was justifiable. In an ordinary year about 150 +farmers would have something to lay by after their twelve months' +work. Perhaps fifty farmers, if the price of rice or of cocoons were +low, might be unable to save; but ordinarily they would have something +in their pockets. About half the farmers are engaged in sericulture—I +noticed cocoons offered at the shrine. The other half sell their +mulberry leaf crop to their neighbours. The village, which is perhaps +400 years old, is increasing in population by about forty every year. +The family which is said to have founded the village is still largely +represented in it.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus064"></a> +<img src="images/064.jpg" width="500" height="364" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">FIRE ENGINE AND PRIMITIVE FIGURES</p> +</div> + +<p>The village has as many as six fire engines, which can be moved about +either on wheels or on runners according to the weather, and as many +look-out ladders and fire-alarm bells. The young men's association has +no fewer than half a dozen buildings, the property of the village. +Five of them are little more than sheds and seem to be used on wet +days as nurseries and playrooms +<span class="pagenum">Page 266<a name="Page_266" id="Page_266"></a></span> +for children. The sixth is the +village theatre, playing at which appears to have been abandoned for +some years. Travelling players give their shows where they will. The +theatre stands in a space encircled by large trees opposite the chief +shrine of the village. There is also here a smaller shrine (fox god) +and some tombstones.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus065"></a> +<img src="images/065.jpg" width="500" height="243" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">YOUNG MEN'S CLUB ROOM</p> +</div> + +<p>Before the chief shrine are two large leaden lanterns. At the base of +these a considerable strip of metal has been torn away. This unusual +destruction by village lads caused me to make enquiry. I found that +the boys had merely enlarged a hole made by adults. The destruction +had been wrought in order to remove the inscription on the lanterns. +It was said that the local donor had meanly omitted to make the +customary gift to the shrine to cover the small expense of lighting +the lanterns on the occasion of festivals. It was the feeling of the +villagers, therefore, that he should not be allowed to blazon his name +in connection with a shabby gift.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus066"></a> +<img src="images/066.jpg" width="500" height="328" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">MEMORIAL STONES</p> +</div> + +<p>There is a ceremony about half a dozen times a year at the chief +shrine, which is about a century old. The Shinto priest, who seemed to +be a genuine antiquary, was of opinion that the structure inside the +shrine might have been +<span class="pagenum">Page 267<a name="Page_267" id="Page_267"></a></span> +built two hundred years ago. In addition to +this chief shrine and the small shrine near it, there are two other +shrines in the village, one in the temple yard (god of happiness) and +the other (horse god) in an open space of its own.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus067"></a> +<img src="images/067.jpg" width="500" height="303" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">ROOF PROTECTED AGAINST STORMS BY STONES</p> +</div> + +<p>But perhaps the most remarkable thing about the non-material life of +this village is the fact that it contains no fewer than 400 carved +stones of a more or less religious character. A few are Buddhist; some +are memorials to priests or teachers; several bear that representation +of a man and a woman facing one another (p. 265) which is one of the +oldest mystic emblems; the majority are devoted apparently to the +horse god. Every man who loses a horse erects a stone. There are two +persons in the village who can carve these stones at a cost of about 2 +yen. Some stones which are painted red are dedicated to the fire god. +The 400 stones of which I am speaking do not include grave stones. +These are seen everywhere, many of them just by the wayside. Nearly +every family buries in its own ground. Some burial places with stones +of many forms dating back for a long period of years are extremely +impressive. At the <i>Bon</i> season the grass on every burying ground is +carefully cut.</p> + +<p>All the shop-keepers seem to own their own houses and all but three +have some land. There are three <i>saké</i> shops, two of which sell other +things than <i>saké</i>, two general shops, two cake and sweet shops, two +tobacco shops, a lantern shop and a barber. There are eight +carpenters, four stonecutters, five plasterers and wall builders, five +woodcutters, two roof makers, two horse shoers, and in the winter a +blacksmith. (The cost of putting on four shoes is 60 sen.) All these +artisans own their own houses and all have land.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 268<a name="Page_268" id="Page_268"></a></span> +As to the health of the village there are two doctors who come every +other day. One was qualified at Chiba and the other at Sendai. They +make no charge for advice and the price of medicine is only 10 sen +unless the materials are expensive. I suppose they may receive +presents. They also probably have a piece of land. There is no +veterinary surgeon, but one is to be found in the village which +composes the other half of the commune.</p> + +<p>A physician who had been born in the village and was staying for a few +days with the Buddhist priest who was my host, thought that 90 per +cent. of the villagers ate no meat whatever and that only 50 or 60 per +cent. ate fish, and then only ceremonially, that is at particular +times in the year when it is the custom in Japan to eat fish. The +villagers who did eat meat or fish did not take it oftener than twice +or thrice a month. The canned meat and canned fish in the +shops—Japanese brands—were used almost entirely for guests. The +doctor expressed the opinion of most Japanese that "people who do not +eat meat are better tempered and can endure more." I have heard +Japanese say that "foreigners are short-tempered because they eat so +much meat."</p> + +<p>We spoke of the considerable consumption of pickles, highly salted or +fermented. For example, in the ordinary 25-sen <i>bento</i> (lunch) box +there are three or four different kinds of pickles. The doctor said +that pickles were not only a means of taking salt and so appetisers to +help the rice down, but digestives; fermented pickles supplied +diastase which enabled the stomach to deal promptly with the large +quantities of rice swallowed.</p> + +<p>I asked for the doctor's opinion as to the prevalence of tumours, +displacements and cancer among women who labour in the fields and have +to bring up children and do all the housework of a peasant's dwelling. +The doctor replied that he was disposed to think that cases of the +ailments I spoke of were not numerous. Cancer was certainly rare. He +knew that in Japan rickets, goitre and gout were all less common than +in the West. He expressed the opinion that childbirth was easier than +in the West. It was a delight to see the fine carriage of the women +and girls <span class="pagenum">Page 269<a name="Page_269" id="Page_269"></a></span> +astride on the high saddles of the horses.<a name="FNanchor_197"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_197"><sup>[197]</sup></a> Both sexes +in the district wear over their kimonos blue cotton trousers, +something like a plumber's overall only tighter in the legs. The women +are certainly strong. One day I saw a woman carrying uphill on her +back two wooden doors about 6 ft. by 5 ft. 6 ins. An old woman I met +on the road volunteered her view that women were "stronger" than men. +She was very much concerned to know how foreigners could live without +eating rice. She said—and this is characteristically Japanese—that +she envied me being able to travel all over the world.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus068"></a> +<img src="images/068.jpg" width="278" height="500" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">OFF TO THE UPLAND FIELDS</p> +</div> + +<p>The Buddhist temple is built wholly of wood and the roof is thatched. +Whenever there was an earthquake the timbers seemed to crackle rather +than creak. The temple is relatively new and seems to have been built +with materials given by the villagers and by means of a gift of 1,000 +yen. The workmanship was local and a good deal of it was faulty. This +may have been due to lack of experience, but it is more likely that +the cause was limited funds. The plan and proportions of the building +are excellent and the carving is first-rate. The right of +"presentation to the living" is in the hands of the village. The +priest and his family live in a large house on one side of the temple. +On the other side is a small Shinto shrine to which the priest seems +to give such attention as is necessary. The temple is Shingon. There +is a sermon once a +<span class="pagenum">Page 270<a name="Page_270" id="Page_270"></a></span> +year only, or "when some famous man comes." The +actual temple in which the priest, who showed me a fine collection of +robes, conducts his services is between forty and fifty mats in area. +Behind it is the room in which the <i>ihai</i> or tablets of the dead are +arranged. This part of the building is covered on the outside with +plaster in the manner of a <i>kura</i> (godown) so as to be fire-proof. On +either side of the actual temple are rooms very much as in a spacious +private house. There are two of eighteen and fifteen mats, two of +twelve and ten mats and two small ones. There is also a wide covered +<i>engawa</i> (verandah) in front and at the sides. A small kitchen and +what the auctioneers call the usual offices complete the building.</p> + +<p>Right round the temple there is a nice garden which keeps the priest's +man, a picturesque, sweet-tempered, guileless old fellow, occupied +much of his time. The priest conducted a service twice a day, at 5:30 +in the morning and at 7:30 in the evening. When he fell ill and had to +be carried in a litter to the nearest town for an operation, we missed +his beautiful chanting and expert sounding of the deep-toned gong of +the sanctuary. The great bell in the court-yard was struck by the +priest's boy at sundown. The priest kept the old rule against meat. He +and his wife would not eat even cake or biscuits because they feared +that there might be milk and butter in them. The couple were very kind +to us and we enjoyed a delightfully quiet life in the lofty sunny +temple rooms. I should judge that <i>Otera San</i> (Mr. Temple) was +respected in the village. His wife was a bustling woman of such +sweetness and simplicity of nature as can only be found in a far +valley.</p> + +<p>I have mentioned that the total incomings of the priest are probably +about 250 yen. He receives no salary but has his house free. He must +"discuss about anything wanted in the temple." I do not suppose he had +to ask anybody whether he might lodge us or not. He receives +considerable gifts of rice, perhaps to the value of 120 yen, at any +rate enough for the whole year. He has also the rent of the "glebe," +which consists of 12 <i>tan</i> of paddy, 2 <i>tan</i> of dry field and 10 <i>tan</i> +of woodland. Then there are the gifts which are made to him at +funerals and for the services he +<span class="pagenum">Page 271<a name="Page_271" id="Page_271"></a></span> +conducts at the villagers' houses on +the days of the dead. One day during the <i>Bon</i> season every household +sent a little girl or boy with a present to the priest. In return +these small visitors were given sweets. During the <i>Bon</i> season some +very old men of the village came and worshipped at the Shinto shrine +and were entertained with <i>saké</i> by the priest on the <i>engawa</i> of his +temple. The amount in the collecting box in front of the little Shinto +shrine in the temple yard, largely in <i>rin</i>, would not be more than 10 +or 15 sen in the year. Most of the contributions are in the form of +pinches of rice. The priest may give 10 yen a year to his man who +works about the temple and his house and accompanies him to funerals +and to the memorial services at the villagers' dwellings; but this +servitor, like his master, no doubt receives presents.</p> + +<p>The Shinto priest is probably not so well off as the Buddhist priest. +The village makes a small payment to him twice a year. At New Year 3 +yen in all may be flung in the collecting box at the shrine, but the +priest has presents made to him when he goes to see ailing folk and +when he officiates at the building of a new house. Most people when +they are ill seem to send for the Shinto priest. But he explained to +me that he does not expect a sick man to "worship only." He is +accustomed to say to the people, "Doctor first, god second," from +which I was to conclude, one who heard told me, that the priest was +"rather a civilised man." The Shinto priest had succeeded a relative +in his position. The village had found its Buddhist priest in a +neighbouring district.</p> + +<p>The Buddhist priest told me that every year 150 or 160 men and women +made a pilgrimage to a famous shrine some few miles off. The custom +was for every house to be represented in the pilgrimage. Half a dozen +people in the year might go on personal pilgrimages and fifty or so +might visit a little shrine on a neighbouring mountain.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_195" id="Footnote_195"> +[195]</a> The village consists of about 270 houses. It is joined +administratively to another village, about two miles off, in order to +form a <i>mura</i> (commune). The village I am about to describe is an +<i>oaza</i> (large hamlet), which is made up in its turn of two <i>aza</i> +(small hamlets). These aza are themselves divided into six <i>kumi</i> +(companies), which are again sub-divided, in the case of the largest, +into four.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_196" id="Footnote_196"> +[196]</a> See <a href="#APPN_54">Appendix LIV</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_197" id="Footnote_197"> +[197]</a> The horses wear basket-work muzzles to prevent them nibbling the +crops. By way of compensation for these encumbrances they have head +tassels and belly cloths to keep off the flies.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 272<a name="Page_272" id="Page_272"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXXI</h2> + +<h4>"BON" SEASON SCENES</h4> + +<h4>(NAGANO)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>As moderns we have no direct affinity; as individuals we have +a capacity for personal sympathy.—<span class="smcap">Matthew Arnold</span></p></div> + +<p>I had the good fortune to be in the village during the <i>Bon</i> season. +The idea is that the spirits which are visiting their old homes remain +between the 11th and 14th of August. The 11th is called <i>mukae bon</i> +and the 14th <i>okuri bon</i>. (<i>Mukae</i> means going to meet; <i>okuri</i> to see +off.) On the 11th the villagers burned a piece of flax plant in front +of their houses. That night the priest said a special prayer in the +temple and used the cymbals in addition to the ordinary gong and drum. +The prayer seemed peculiarly sad. Before the shrines in their houses +the villagers placed offerings. One was a horse made out of a +cucumber, the legs being bits of flax twig and the tail and mane the +hair-like substance from maize cobs. There were also offerings of real +and artificial flowers and of grapes. In one house I visited I saw +<i>geta</i>, <i>waraji</i>, kimonos, pumpkins, caramels and pencils. Strings of +buck-wheat macaroni were laid over twigs of flax set in a vase. The +<i>ihai</i> (name-plates of the dead) seemed to be displayed more +prominently than usual. (They are kept in a kind of small oratory +called <i>ihaido</i>, and after a time several names are collected on a +single plate.) <i>Mochi</i> (rice-flour dumpling) is eaten at this time. On +the 12th and 14th the priest called at each house for two or three +minutes.</p> + +<p>I asked if the villagers really believed that their dead returned at +the <i>Bon</i> season. The answer was, "Only the old men and young children +believe that the dead actually come, but the young men and young +women, when they see +<span class="pagenum">Page 273<a name="Page_273" id="Page_273"></a></span> +the burning of the flax-plant and the other +things that are done, think of the dead; they remember them solemnly +at this time." And I think it was so. The stranger to a Japanese +house, in which there is not only a Shinto shelf but a Buddhist +shrine—where the name plates of the dead for several generations are +treasured—cannot but feel that, when all allowances are made for the +dulling influences of use and wont, the plan is a means of taking the +minds of the household beyond the daily round. The fact that there is +a certain familiarity with the things of the shrine and of the Shinto +shelf, just as there is a certain freedom at the public shrines and in +the temple, does not destroy the impression. When a man has taken me +to his little graveyard I have been struck by the lack of that +lugubriousness which Western people commonly associate with what is +sacred. The Japanese conception of reverence is somewhat different +from our own. As to sorrow, the idea is, as is well known, that it is +the height of bad manners to trouble strangers with a display of what +in many cases is largely a selfish grief. A manservant smiled when he +told me of his only son's death. On my offering sympathy the tears ran +down his face.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus069"></a> +<img src="images/069.jpg" width="269" height="450" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">FARMER'S WIFE</p> +</div> + +<p>When the <i>Bon</i> season ended on the fourteenth all the flowers and +decorations of the domestic shrines were taken early in the morning to +the bridge over the diminished river and flung down. The idea is +perhaps that they are carried away to the sea. (As a matter of fact +there was so little water that almost everything flung in from the +bridge remained in sight for weeks until there was a storm.) When the +flowers and decorations had been cast from the +<span class="pagenum">Page 274<a name="Page_274" id="Page_274"></a></span> +bridge the people went off to worship at the graves. Many coloured +streamers of paper, written on by the priest, were flying there.</p> + +<p>The <i>Bon</i> dances took place five nights running in the open space +between the Shinto shrine and the old barn theatre. Nothing could have +been duller. The line from <i>Ruddigore</i> came to mind, "This is one of +our blameless dances." The first night the performers were evidently +shy and the girls would hardly come forward. Things warmed up a little +more each night and on the last night of all there was a certain +animation; but even then the movement, the song and the whole scheme +of the dance seemed to be lacking in vigour. What happened was that a +number of lads gradually formed themselves into a ring, which got +larger or smaller as the girls joined it or waited outside. The girls +bunched together all the time. None of the dancers ever took hands. +The so-called dancing consisted of a raising of both arms—the girls +had fans in their hands—and a simple attitudinising. The lads all +clapped their hands together in time, but in a half-hearted kind of +way; the girls struck the palms of their left hands with their fans. +The boys were in clean working dress. Some had towels wound round +their heads, some wore caps and others hats. The girls were got up in +all their best clothes with fine <i>obi</i> and white aprons. The music was +dirge-like. It was not at all what Western people understand to be +singing. The performers emitted notes in a kind of falsetto, and these +five or six notes were repeated over and over and over again. The only +word I can think of which approximately describes what I heard, but it +seems harsh, is the Northern word, yowling. First the lads yowled and +then the girls responded with a slightly more musical repetition of +the same sounds. For all the notice the boys appeared to take of the +girls they might not have been present. The lads and lasses were no +doubt fully conscious, however, of each other's presence. The dancing +took place on the nights of the full moon. But it was cloudy, and, +owing to the big surrounding trees, the performance was often dimly +lit.</p> + +<p>To me the dancing was depressing, but that is not to say +<span class="pagenum">Page 275<a name="Page_275" id="Page_275"></a></span> +that the dancers found it so. Dancing began at eight o'clock and went on till +midnight. "They would not be fit for their work next day if they +danced later," a sober-minded adult explained. This was only one +suggestion among many that the dance has been devitalised under the +respectabilising influence of the policeman and village elders who had +forgotten their youth. To the onlooker it did not seem to matter very +much whether the dance, as it is now, continues or not. Occasionally +one had an impression that it had once been a folk dance of vigour and +significance. But the present-day performance might have been +conceived and presented by a P.S.A. All this is true when the dance is +contrasted with an English West-country dance or a dance in Scotland +at Hallowe'en. But it must be remembered that the <i>Bon</i> dance during +the first nights is in the nature of a lament for the dead. There is +something haunting in the strange little refrain, though it is +difficult to hum or whistle it. Perhaps the whole festival is too +intimately racial to be fully understood by a stranger. By the end of +the festival, on the night of merrymaking in honour of the village +guardian spirit, things were livelier. Some of the lads had evidently +had <i>saké</i> and even the girls had lost their demureness.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus070"></a> +<img src="images/070.jpg" width="199" height="450" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">MOTHER AND CHILD</p> +</div> + +<p>After the Buddhist <i>Bon</i> season was over it was the turn of Shinto, +and the village children were paraded before the shrine. A number of +Shinto priests in the neighbourhood took a leading part in making the +customary offerings and the local priest read a longish address to the +guardian spirit +<span class="pagenum">Page 276<a name="Page_276" id="Page_276"></a></span> +of the village. Respectful correctness rather than +devoutness is the phrase which one would ordinarily be disposed to +apply to the ceremonies at a Shinto shrine, but the local priest was +reverential. The ceremonies of the day evidently meant a great deal to +him. The children paid a well-drilled attention. They also sang the +national anthem and a special song for the day under the leadership of +the school teacher, who played on a portable harmonium which sounded +as portable harmoniums usually sound. The whole proceedings wore a +semi-official look.</p> + +<p>Happily there was nothing semi-official about the wrestling to which +we were invited later in the day. A special little platform had been +put up for us. The ring was made on rice chaff and earth. The +wrestlers squatted in two parties at opposite sides of the ring. They +did not wear the straw girdles of the professionals. Each man had a +wisp of cotton cloth tied round his waist and between his legs. One of +the best things about the wrestling was the formal introduction of the +competitors. A weazened little man with a tucked-up cotton kimono and +bare legs, but with the address and dignity of a "Nō" player, +proclaimed the names and styles—it seems that the wrestlers have a +fancy to be known by the names of mountains and rivers—in a fashion +which recalled the tournament. There was also another personage, with +a Dan Leno-like face and an extraordinary gift of contorting his legs, +who played the buffoon, and gyrated round the dignified M.C., who +remained unmoved while the audience laughed. It was evidently the +right thing for the prizes—they were awarded at the end of each +bout—to be presented as comically as possible; and some of the +Shakespearean humours which appealed so powerfully to the groundlings +at the Globe were enacted as if neither space nor time intervened +between us and the Elizabethans.</p> + +<p>The bouts were not so fast as professional wrestlers are accustomed +to, but they were none the less exciting. The result was invariably in +some doubt and often entirely unexpected. The usual rule was that he +who threw his man twice was the winner. In some events, immediately a +wrestler had been thrown, a succession of other contestants rushed at +the victor, one after the other, without allowing +<span class="pagenum">Page 277<a name="Page_277" id="Page_277"></a></span> +him time even to straighten his back. +Some of the competitors were poorly developed but +the lankiest and skinniest were often excellent wrestlers. At an +interval in the wrestling the committee flung hard peaches to +wrestlers and spectators. I wanted to make some little acknowledgment +of the kindness of the young men's association in providing us with +our little platform, and it was suggested that autographed fans at +about a penny three-farthings apiece for about forty wrestlers would +be acceptable. This gift was announced on a long streamer. The funny +man of the ring also made a speech of welcome. I may add that the +young men's association had fitted up on the way to the scene of the +wrestling a number of special lanterns which bore efforts in English +by a student home for the holidays.</p> + +<p>I was told that the people of the village were "honest, independent +and earnest," and I am disposed to think that this may be true of most +of them. As to honesty, we had the satisfaction of living without any +thought of <i>dorobo</i> (robbers). It is a great comfort to be able at +night to leave open most of the <i>shoji</i> and not to have to pull out +the <i>amado</i> (wooden shutters) from their case. The nature of our +possessions was well known not only in the village but throughout the +district, for there was seldom a day on which a knot of grown-ups or +children did not come to peer into our rooms. The inspection was +accompanied by many polite bows and friendly smiles. On a festival day +the crowd occasionally reached about fifty.</p> + +<p>There were formerly several teahouses in the village, but under the +influence of the young men's association all houses of entertainment +but two had been closed. These two had become "inns." In one of these +the girl attendant was the proprietor's daughter; in the other there +was a solitary waitress. One of the abolished teahouses had taken +itself two miles away, where possibly it still had visitors. There +seemed to be two public baths in the village, both belonging to +private persons. The charge was 1 sen for adults and 5 <i>rin</i> for +children. At one of the baths I noticed separate doors for men and +women; in the bath itself the division between the sexes was about two +feet high.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 278<a name="Page_278" id="Page_278"></a></span> +The smallest subdivision of the village is called <i>kumi</i> or company. +Each of these has a kind of manager who is elected on a limited +suffrage. The managers of the <i>kumi</i>, it was explained, are "like +diplomatists if something is wanted against another village." The +<i>kumi</i> also seems to have some corporate life. There is once a month a +semi-social, semi-religious meeting at each member's house in turn. +The persons who attend lay before the house shrine 3 or 5 sen each or +a small quantity of rice for the feast. The master of the house +provides the sauce or pickles. I heard also of a kind of <i>kō</i> called +<i>mujin</i>, a word which has also the meaning of "inexhaustible." By such +agencies as these money is collected for people who are poor or for +men who want help in their business or who need to go on a journey.</p> + +<p>We have seen that the village is by every token well off. What are its +troubles? Undoubtedly the people work hard. I imagine, however, that +there are very many districts where the people work much harder. The +foreigner is too apt to confuse working hard with working +continuously. Whether outdoors or indoors, whether at a handicraft or +at business, an Oriental gives the impression of having no notion of +getting his work done and being finished with it. The working day +lasts all day and part of the night. Whether much more is done in the +time than in the shorter Western day may be doubted. During the brief +silk-worm season many of the women of the village in which I stayed +are afoot for a long day and for part of the night, but the winter +brings relief from the strain of all sorts of work. Owing to the snow +it is practically impossible to do any work out of doors in January, +February and March. The snow may stop work even in December. Here, +then, is a natural holiday. Whether with their men indoors the women +have much of a holiday is uncertain. But indoors should not be taken +too exactly. There is some hunting in the winter. Deer come within two +miles and hares are easily got.</p> + +<p>Well-off though the village is, there is a strong desire to increase +incomes. The people are working harder than they have done in the past +because the cost of living has risen. +<span class="pagenum">Page 279<a name="Page_279" id="Page_279"></a></span> +An attempt is to be made to +increase secondary employments. Corporately, the village is said to +possess 10,000 yen in cash in addition to its land. It is said that +this money is lent out to some of the more influential people. What +the security is and how safe the monetary resources of a village +loaned out in this way may be I do not know, but there is obviously +some risk and I gathered that some anxiety existed.</p> + +<p>The people of the village, like a large proportion of the population +of the prefecture, are distinctly progressive. Nagano is full of what +someone called "a new rural type" of men who read and delight in going +to lectures. Lectures are a great institution in Nagano. For these +lectures country people tramp into a county town in their <i>waraji</i> +carrying their <i>bento</i>. To these rustics a lecture is a lecture. A +friend of mine who is given to lecturing spoke on one occasion for +seven hours. It is true that he divided the lecture between two days +and allowed himself a half hour's rest in the middle of each three and +a half hours' section. He started with an audience of 500. On the +first day at the end of the second part of the lecture it was noticed +that the audience had decreased by about 70. On the second day about +100 people in all wearied in well-doing. But it was the townsfolk, not +the country people, who left.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus071"></a> +<img src="images/071.jpg" width="450" height="433" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">A CRADLE</p> +</div> + +<p>I found upon enquiry that in the village in which I had been living +there had been one arrest only during the +<span class="pagenum">Page 280<a name="Page_280" id="Page_280"></a></span> +previous year. The charge +was one of theft. Half a dozen other people had got into trouble but +their arrests had been "postponed." Two of these six delinquents had +"caused fire accidentally," two had been guilty of petty theft, and +the remaining two had sold things of small value which did not belong +to them. During the twelve months there had been no charges of +immorality and no gambling. Perhaps, however, there may have been +police admonitions. It seemed to have been a long time since there had +been a case of what we should call illegitimacy or of a child being +born in the first months of a young couple's marriage. Someone +mentioned, however, that the girls who went to the silk factories +were, as a consequence of their life there, "debased morally and +physically."</p> + +<p>A notable thing in the village was four fires, two the month before we +arrived and two while we were there. They were suspected to have been +the work of a person of weak intellect. (As in our own villages half a +century ago, there is in every community at least one "natural.") On +the night of the first fire we were awakened about 3 a.m. by shouting, +by the clanging of the fire bell and by the booming of the great bell +in the temple yard. The fire was about four houses away. It was a +still night and the flames and sparks went straight up. As the +possibility of the wind shifting and the fire spreading could not be +entirely excluded we quickly got our more important possessions on the +<i>engawa</i>—at least a young maidservant did so. The continual +experience which the Japanese have of fires makes them self-possessed +on these occasions, and this girl had <i>futon</i>, bags, etc., neatly tied +in big <i>furoshiki</i> (wrapping cloths) in the shortest possible time. It +was only when she was satisfied that our belongings were in readiness +for easy removal that she went to look after her own. The +matter-of-fact, fore-sighted, neat way in which she got to work was +admirable. With great kindness one of the elders of the village came +hurriedly to the temple, evidently thinking we should feel alarmed, +and cried out, "<i>Yoroshii, Yoroshii</i>" ("All right").</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus072"></a> +<img src="images/072.jpg" width="284" height="600" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">FIRE ALARM AND OBSERVATION POST</p> +</div> + +<p>As I stood before the blaze what struck me most was the orderliness +and quiet of the crowd and the way in +<span class="pagenum">Page 281<a name="Page_281" id="Page_281"></a></span> +which whatever help was needed +was at once forthcoming without fuss. The fire brigades were working +in an orderly way and everything was so well managed that the scene +seemed almost as if it were being rehearsed for a cinema. One +difference between what I saw and what would be seen at home at a fire +was that the scene was well lighted from the front, for the members of +the fire brigades carried huge lanterns on high poles. From the mass +of old wet reed in the roadway I judged that the first act of the +firemen had been to use their long hooks to denude the roof of the +burning house of its thatch, which in the lightest wind is so +dangerous to surrounding dwellings. Nobody in the village is insured, +but the neighbours seem to meet about a third of the loss caused by a +fire. It is an illustration of local values that a larger subscription +than 2 yen would not be accepted from me. In connection with this fire +someone mentioned to me that incendiarism is specially prevalent +<span class="pagenum">Page 282<a name="Page_282" id="Page_282"></a></span> +in some prefectures, while in others the use of the knife is the usual +means of wiping out scores. The phrase used by a person who threatens +arson is, "I will make the red worm creep into your roof."</p> + +<p>During the winter there is too much drinking—"generally by poor +men"—but there is said to be less of this than formerly. Some people +stop their newspaper in the summer and resume taking it during the +greater leisure of the winter. It has been noted, among other small +matters, that the local vocabulary has expanded during the past +fifteen years. During our stay the young midwife, who was going to +America to join her husband, was eager to give her service in the +kitchen for the chance of improving her English. We also gave help in +the evenings thrice a week to one of the school teachers who had +managed to obtain a fair reading knowledge of English. The earnestness +with which these two people studied was touching. While I was in the +village the young men's association began the issue of a magazine. +Lithographic ink was brought to me so that I might contribute in +autograph as well as in translation. The association, which receives +10 yen a year from the village, cultivates several plots of paddy and +dry land. The bigger schoolboys drilled with imitation rifles, +imitation bayonets and imitation cartridges. I felt that I should know +more about the villagers if I could learn, like Synge, their topics of +conversation when no stranger was present. One day while strolling +with a friend I asked him what was being said by two girls who were +working among the mulberries and were hidden from us by a hedge +(hedges only occur round mulberry plots). He told me that one was +enhancing to her companion the tremendous dignity of the Crown Prince +by exaggerating grotesquely the size of the house he lived in, which +reminded me of the servant who told her friend that "Queen Victoria +was so rich that she had a piano in her kitchen." Generally the +conversational topics of the villagers seemed to be people and prices. +Undoubtedly, I was told, the subjects which were most popular, +"because they provoked hilarity," were family discords and sexual +questions. One man with whom I spoke about the morality of the village +said cautiously, "They say there are some moneylenders here."</p> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 283<a name="Page_283" id="Page_283"></a></span></p> + +<h3>IN AND OUT OF THE TEA PREFECTURE</h3> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXXII</h2> + +<h4>PROGRESS OF SORTS</h4> + +<h4>(SHIDZUOKA AND KANAGAWA)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I am not of those who look for perfection amongst +the rural population.—<span class="smcap">Borrow</span></p></div> + +<p>The torrents that foam down the slopes of Fuji are a cheap source of +electricity, and, though the guide book may not stress the fact, it is +possible that the first glimpse of the unutterable splendours of the +sacred mountain may be gained in the neighbourhood of a cotton, paper +or silk factory. The farmers welcomed the factories when they found +that factory contributions to local rates eased the burden of the +agricultural population. The farmers also realised that to the +factories were due electric light, the telephone, better roads and +more railway stations. The farmers are undoubtedly better off. They +are so well off indeed that the district can afford an agricultural +expert of its own, children may be seen wearing shoes instead of +<i>geta</i>, and the agriculturists themselves occasionally sport coats cut +after a supposedly Western fashion. But the people, it was insisted, +have become a little "sly," and girls return from the factories less +desirable members of the community.</p> + +<p>Mention of these matters led an agricultural authority whom I met +during my trip in Shidzuoka to deliver himself on the general question +of the condition of the farmer in Japan. He expressed the opinion that +10 per cent. of the farmers were in a "wretched condition." Big +holdings—if any holdings in Japan can be called big—were getting +bigger; it was an urgent question how to secure the position +<span class="pagenum">Page 284<a name="Page_284" id="Page_284"></a></span> +of the owners of the small and the medium-sized classes of holding. The fact +that many rural families were in debt, not for seed or manure but for +food spoke for itself. The amounts might seem trivial in Western eyes, +but when the average income was only 350 yen a year a debt of 80 yen +was a serious matter; and 80 yen was the average debt of farming +families in the prefecture of Shidzuoka. No one could say that the +farmers were lazy: they were working hard according to their lights. +They were working too hard, perhaps, on the limited food they got. +There could be no doubt that the physical condition of the countryman +was being lowered.</p> + +<p>Again, there was the fact of the rural exodus—the phrase sounded +strangely in the middle of a Japanese sentence. As to the causes, the +first unquestionably was that the farmer had not enough land on which +to make a living. If the farmer could have 5 acres or thereabouts he +would be well off. But the average area per farmer in the prefecture +in which we were travelling was a little less than 2½ acres. High +taxes were another cause of the farmer's present condition. Then a +year's living would be mortgaged for the expenses of a marriage +ceremony. At a funeral, too, the neighbours came to eat and drink. +They took charge of the kitchen and even ordered in food. (After a +Japanese feast the guests are given at their departure the food that +is left over.) Further, some farmers wasted their substance on the +ambitions of local politics. Again, conscripts who had gone off to the +army hatless and wearing straw shoes came home hatted and sometimes +booted. Military service deprived farmers of labour, and their boys +while away asked their parents for money. Conscription pressed more +heavily on the poor because the sons of well-to-do people continued +their education to the middle school, and attendance at a middle +school entitled a young man to reduction of military service to one +year only.<a name="FNanchor_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198"><sup>[198]</sup></a></p> + +<p>The countryside was suffering from the way in which importance was +increasingly attached to industry and commerce. Many M.P.s were of the +agricultural class, but they were chiefly landlords, and they were often share +<span class="pagenum">Page 285<a name="Page_285" id="Page_285"></a></span> +holders and directors of industrial companies. There was +very little real Parliamentary representation of the farming class and +it had not yet found literary expression. There were signs, however, +that some landlords were realising that industry and agriculture were +not of equal importance. But the farmers were slow to move. The +traditions of the Tokugawa epoch survived, making action difficult. +Finally, there was the drawback to rural development which exists in +the family system. But that, as Mr. Pickwick said, comprises by itself +a difficult study of no inconsiderable magnitude, and we must return +to it on another occasion.</p> + +<p>In one of my excursions I went over a large agricultural school, the +boast of which was that of all the youths who had passed through it, +twenty only had deserted the land. I met the present scholars marching +with military tread, mattocks on shoulders, to the school paddies.</p> + +<p>I noticed schoolgirls wearing a wooden tablet. It was a good-conduct +badge. If a girl was not wearing it on reaching home her parents knew +that her teacher had retained it because of some fault; if she was not +wearing it at school her teacher knew that her parents had kept it +back for a similar reason. The girls when they come to school have +often baby brothers or sisters tied on their backs. Otherwise the +girls would have to stay at home in order to look after them. I asked +a schoolmaster what happened when children were kept at home. He said +that when a child had been absent a week he called twice on the +parents in order to remonstrate. If there was no result he reported +the matter to the village authorities, who administered two warnings. +Failing the return of the truant a report was made by the village +authorities to the county authorities. They summoned the father to +appear before them. This meant loss of time and the cost of the +journey. Should the parent choose to continue defiant he was fined 5 +to 10 yen for disobedience to authority and up to 30 yen for not +sending his child to school.</p> + +<p>I found that a local philanthropic association had provided the +speaker's school with a supply of large oil-paper-covered umbrellas so +that children who had come unprovided could go home on a rainy day +without a parent, elder brother +<span class="pagenum">Page 286<a name="Page_286" id="Page_286"></a></span> +or sister having to leave work to +bring an umbrella to school.</p> + +<p>In the playground of this school there was a low platform before which +the children assembled every morning. The headmaster, standing on the +platform, gravely saluted the children and the children as gravely +responded. The scholars also bowed in the direction of Tokyo, in the +centre of which is the Emperor's palace. An inscription hanging in the +school was, "Exert yourself to kill harmful insects." In another +school there was a portrait of a former teacher who had covered the +walls of the school with water-colours of local scenery. I noticed in +the playground of a third school a flower-covered cairn and an +inscribed slab to the memory of a deceased master. Every school +possesses equipment taken from the enemy during the Russo-Japanese +war, usually a shell, a rifle and bayonet and an entrenching spade.</p> + +<p>In this prefecture I heard of young men's associations' efforts to +discourage "cheek binding," which is the wearing of the head towel in +such a way as to disguise the face and so enable the cheek binder to +do, if he be so minded, things he might not do if he were +recognisable.</p> + +<p>One day I made my headquarters in a town that had just been rebuilt +after a fire. Within four hours the blaze aided by a strong wind had +consumed 1,700 houses and caused the deaths of nine persons. The +destruction of so many dwellings is wrought by bits of paper or +thatch, or the light pieces of wood from the <i>shoji</i>, which are +carried aflame by the wind, setting fire to several houses +simultaneously.</p> + +<p>Beside street gutters I came across little stone <i>jizō</i>, the +cheerful-looking guardian deities of the children playing near; but +they looked as incongruous in the position they occupied as did a +small shrine which was standing in the shadow of a gasometer.</p> + +<p>I heard of contracts under which girls served as nurse girls in +private families. A poor farmer may enter into a contract when his +girl is five for her to go into service at eight. He receives cash in +anticipation of the fulfilment of the contract.</p> + +<p>I was assured by a man competent to speak on the matter +<span class="pagenum">Page 287<a name="Page_287" id="Page_287"></a></span> +that a certain small town was notorious for receiving boys who had been +stolen as small children from their homes in the hills. Up to 30 yen +might be given for a boy. There might be a dozen of such unfortunates +in the place. Happily many of the children obtained by this "slave +system," as my informant called it, ran away as soon as they were old +enough to realise how they had been treated.</p> + +<p>I visited a well-known rural reformer in the village which he and his +father had improved under the precepts of Ninomiya. The hillside had +been covered with tea, orange trees and mulberry; the community had +not only got out of debt but had come to own land beyond its +boundaries; gambling, drunkenness and immorality, it was averred, had +"disappeared"; there were larger and better crops; and "the habit of +enjoying nature" had increased. The amusements of the village were +wrestling, fencing, <i>jūjitsu</i>, and the festivals.</p> + +<p>I heard here a story of how a bridge which was often injured by stores +was as often mysteriously repaired. On a watch being kept it was found +that the good work was done by a villager who had been scrupulous to +keep secret his labours for the public welfare. Another tale was of a +poor man who bought an elaborate shrine and brought it to his humble +dwelling. On his neighbours suggesting that a finer house were a +fitter resting-place for such a shrine, the man replied: "I do not +think so. My shrine is the place of my parents and ancestors, and may +be fine. But the place in which the shrine stands is my place; it need +not be fine."</p> + +<p>In travelling the roads notices are often seen on official-looking +boards with pent roofs. But all of these notices are not official; one +I copied was the advertisement of a shrine which declared itself to be +unrivalled for toothache. The horses on the roads are sometimes +protected from the sun by a kind of oblong sail, which works on a +swivel attached to the harness. Black velvety butterflies as big as +wrens flit about. (There are twice as many butterflies and moths in +Japan as at home.) Snakes, ordinarily of harmless varieties, are +frequently seen, dead or alive.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 288<a name="Page_288" id="Page_288"></a></span> +Many of the people one passes are smoking, usually the little brass +pipe used both by men and women, which, like some of the earliest +English pipes, does not hold more tobacco than will provide a few +draws. The pipe is usually charged twice or thrice in succession. One +notices an immense amount of cigarette smoking, which cannot be +without ill effect. There is a law forbidding smoking below the age of +twenty. It is not always enforced, but when enforced there is a +confiscation of smoking materials and a fining of the parents. The +voices of many middle-aged women and some young ones are raucous owing +to excessive smoking of pipes or cigarettes.</p> + +<p>I looked into a school and saw the wall inscription, "Penmanship is +like pulling a cart uphill. There must be no haste and no stopping." +Here, as in so many places, I saw the well-worn cover and much-thumbed +pages of <i>Self Help</i>. I may add a fact which would be in its place in +a new edition of Smiles's <i>Character</i>. As a simple opening to +conversation I often asked if a man had been in Europe or America. His +answer, if he had not travelled, was never "No." It was always "Not +yet."</p> + +<p>In these country schools most of the songs are set to Western tunes. +Such airs as "Ye Banks and Braes," "Auld Lang Syne," "Annie Laurie," +"Home, Sweet Home" and "The Last Rose of Summer" are utilised for the +songs not only of school children but of university students. Few of +the singers have any notion that the music was not written in their +own land. A Japanese friend told me that all the airs I mentioned +"seem tender and touching to us," and I remember a Japanese +agricultural expert saying, "Reading those poems of Burns, I believe +firmly that our hearts can vibrate with yours."</p> + +<p>As I have denied myself the pleasure of dwelling on Japanese scenic +beauties, I may not pause to bear witness to the faery delights of +cherry blossom which I enjoyed everywhere during this journey. But I +may record two cherry-blossom poems I gathered by the way. The first +is, "Why do you wear such a long sword, you who have come only to see +the cherry blossoms?" The second is, "Why fasten your horse to the +cherry tree which is in full bloom, when the +<span class="pagenum">Page 289<a name="Page_289" id="Page_289"></a></span> +petals would fall off if +the horse reared?" A Japanese once told me that a foreigner had +greatly surprised him by asking if the cherry trees bore much fruit.</p> + +<p>Orange as well as tea culture is a feature of the agricultural life of +the prefecture. As in California and South Africa, ladybirds have been +reared in large numbers in order to destroy scale. I saw at the +experiment station miserable orange trees encaged for producing scale +for the breeding ladybirds. The insects are distributed from the +station chiefly as larvae. They are sent through the post about a +hundred at a time in boxes. The ladybird, which has, I believe, eight +generations a year, and as an adult lives some twenty days, lays from +200 to 250 eggs, 150 of the larvae from which may survive. Alas for +the released ladybirds of Shidzuoka! Scale is said to be disappearing +so quickly that they are having but a hard life of it.</p> + +<p>In the neighbouring prefecture of Kanagawa I paid a visit to a +gentleman who, with his brother, had devoted himself extensively to +fruit and flower growing. Their produce was sent the twenty-six hours' +journey by road to Tokyo, where four shops were maintained. A +considerable quantity of foreign pears had been produced on the +palmette verrier system. The branches of the extensively grown native +pear are everywhere tied to an overhead framework which completely +covers in the land on which the trees stand. This method was adopted +in order to cope with high winds and at the same time to arrest +growth, for in the damp soil in which Japanese pears are rooted, the +branches would be too sappy. Foreign pears are not more generally +cultivated because they come to the market in competition with +oranges, and the Japanese have not yet learnt to buy ripe pears. The +native pear looks rather like an enormous russet apple but it is as +hard as a turnip, and, though it is refreshing because of its +wateriness, has little flavour. Progress is being made with peaches +and apricots. Figs are common but inferior. A fine native fruit, when +well grown, is the <i>biwa</i> or loquat. And homage must be paid to the +best persimmons, which yield place only to oranges and +tangerines.<a name="FNanchor_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199"><sup>[199]</sup></a> +In the north the apples are good, +<span class="pagenum">Page 290<a name="Page_290" id="Page_290"></a></span> +but most orchards +are badly in need of spraying. Experiments have been made with dates. +Flowers have a weaker scent than in Europe. A rose called the +"thousand <i>ri</i>"—a <i>ri</i> is two and a half miles—has only a slight +perfume two and a half inches away, and then only when pulled. I met +with no heather—it is to be seen in Saghalien, which has several +things in common with Scotland—but found masses of sweet-scented +thyme.</p> + +<p>One of the horticulturists to whom I have referred was something of an +Alpinist and was married to a Swiss lady. They had several children. I +also met an American lady who had had great experience of fruit +growing in California, had married a Japanese farmer there, and had +come to live with him in a remote part of his native country. From +such alliances as these there may come some day a woman's impressions +of the life and work of women and girls on the farms and in the +factories of rural Japan. Many a visitor to the country districts must +have marked the dumbness of the women folk. Women were often present +at the conversations I had in country places, but they seldom put in a +word. I was received one day at the house of a man who is well known +as a rural philanthropist—he has indeed written two or three +brochures on the problems of the country districts—but when he, my +friend and I sat at table his wife was on her knees facing us two +rooms off. Every instructed person knows that there is a beautiful +side to the self-suppression of the Japanese woman—many moving +stories might be told—and that the "subservience" is more apparent +than real. But there is certainly unmerited suffering. The men and +women of the Far East seem to be gentler and simpler, however, than +the vehement and demonstrative folk of the West, and conditions which +appear to the foreign observer to be unjust and unbearable cannot be +easily and accurately interpreted in Western terms. At present many +women who are conscious of the situation of their sex see no means of +improvement by their own efforts. But the development of the women's +movement is proceeding in some directions at a surprising pace. Many +young men are sincerely desirous to do their part in bringing about +greater freedom. They realise what is +<span class="pagenum">Page 291<a name="Page_291" id="Page_291"></a></span> +undoubtedly true that not a few things which urgently need changing +in Japan must be changed by men and women working together.</p> + +<p>Money has always been forthcoming, officially, semi-officially and +privately, for sending to America and Europe numbers of intelligent +young men and women. So disciplined and studious are most of these +young people that their country has had back with interest every yen +of the funds so wisely provided. We have much to learn from Japanese +methods in this matter of well-considered post-graduate foreign +travel.<a name="FNanchor_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200"><sup>[200]</sup></a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_198" id="Footnote_198"> +[198]</a> See <a href="#APPN_63">Appendix LXIII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_199" id="Footnote_199"> +[199]</a> See <a href="#APPN_55">Appendix LV</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_200" id="Footnote_200"> +[200]</a> See <a href="#APPN_56">Appendix LVI</a>.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 292<a name="Page_292" id="Page_292"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXXIII</h2> + +<h4>GREEN TEA AND BLACK</h4> + +<h4>(SHIDZUOKA)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Things I would know but am forbid<br /> +By time and briefness.<br /> +<span class="smcap"> Laurence Binyon</span></p></div> + +<p>More than half of the tea grown in Japan comes from the hilly +coast-wise prefecture of Shidzuoka through which every traveller +passes on his journey from Kobe or Kyoto to Tokyo. He sees a terraced +cultivation of tea and fruit carried up to the skyline. But there is +more tea on the hills than the passenger in the train imagines. When +viewed from below much of the tea looks like scrub. In various parts +of southern Japan patches of tea may be noticed growing on little +islands in the paddies, but tea is a hill plant and it is on the sides +of hills and on the plateaus at the top of them that the plantations +are to be found.</p> + +<p>Tea looks not unlike privet and grows or is made to grow like box to a +height which can be conveniently picked over. The rows of neat-looking +plants are half a dozen feet apart. The first picking may take place +when the bush is three or four years old. Bushes may last forty, fifty +or even a hundred years, but the ordinary life of tea is between +twenty and thirty. A bush is usually cut back every ten years or so. A +good deal depends on the pruning. After each picking the bushes are +cut over with the shears just as we trim box. These trimmings may be +used to make an inferior tea for farmhouse consumption, or they may be +utilised in the manufacture of caffeine or theine—the two products +are indistinguishable. Usually the bushes are cut round-topped, but +occasionally they are roof-shaped and sometimes they are like giant +green toadstools.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 293<a name="Page_293" id="Page_293"></a></span> +The characteristic feature of a tea district beyond the rows of tea +bushes is the chimney piping of the farmhouses which manufacture their +own tea. (The word manufacture is used in the original sense, for +farmhouse tea is hand-made.) In a country where the houses are +chimneyless these galvanised iron chimneys are conspicuous.</p> + +<p>The picking of the tea seems to be done almost entirely by women and +children. The pickers are supposed to take only the three leaves at +the tips. But the pickers mostly take bigger pieces, for the somewhat +higher price given for good picking is not enough to secure three-leaf +stuff only. It is not absolutely necessary, however, that the leaves +gathered should be all of such a choice sort.</p> + +<p>Women and girls come from a distance to pick tea. Picking is regarded +as "polite labour by the daughters of the higher middle class of +farmers." It has also the attraction that farmers' sons have a way of +visiting tea gardens in order to "pick up wives." The girls certainly +give would-be husbands every chance of seeing what they can do, for +they are at work for a long day, often of from twelve to fourteen +hours. In such a day it is possible, I was told, to pick 50, 80 or +even 100 lbs. of leaves. One man put the rate as from 50 to 120 pieces +a minute. Four pounds of leaves make a pound of tea.</p> + +<p>In one district the first picking may take place during the first +three weeks of May. In colder districts it is proceeding until the end +of the month. The second season is from the end of June until the +beginning of July. The third is in August. The bushes, after producing +their three crops of leaves, bear in November their seeds, which are +about three-quarters of an inch in diameter and are worth about a sen +a pound. Oil is pressed from them.</p> + +<p>Good tea depends on climate and soil, careful cutting over and good +manuring. In some places I saw soya bean being grown between the rows +as green manuring. Like so many other crops, tea is or ought to be +sprayed. The northern limit of tea is Niigata, where the bushes must +be protected from the snow, which may fall in that prefecture to a +great depth. The region in which tea cannot be +<span class="pagenum">Page 294<a name="Page_294" id="Page_294"></a></span> +grown is that in which +the temperature falls below zero for two months. Tea is not grown, as +in India and Ceylon, by tea planters, but in small areas and as a +side-line at that. I never saw a plantation of more than five acres. +Most areas are much smaller. The chief reason for this is that tea is +largely manufactured on the day on which it is picked and the capacity +of a farmer's tea manufacturing equipment is limited. In Shidzuoka +nearly a quarter of the tea is hand rolled and three-quarters made by +machinery. Elsewhere in Japan half the crop may be hand rolled.</p> + +<p>When leaves are sold to factors the transactions take place in booths +opened by them in the tea districts. It is a busy scene in the region +of the cottage factories. One is on a wide plateau covered almost +entirely with rows of tea plants. Here and there are parties of +chattering pickers, their heads protected by the national towel. +Against the blue hilltops on the horizon stand out the cottages of the +farmers with chimney-pipes smoking, the booths of the dealers, and, in +every patch of tea, the thatched roof over the precious sunken pot of +liquid manure by which the tea bushes have so often benefited. On the +road one passes women with baskets on their backs, like Scotch +fish-wives with their creels, men carrying two baskets suspended from +a pole across one shoulder, or a man and his wife hauling a barrow, +all heavy-laden with newly picked leaves. Small horse-drawn wagons +carry the manufactured tea in big, well-tied, pink paper bales. On the +whole, although the labour is hard it seemed a better life having to +do with the fragrant tea than with the rice of the sludge ponds in the +valley below.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus073"></a> +<img src="images/073.jpg" width="280" height="350" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">RACK FOR DRYING RICE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus074"></a> +<img src="images/074.jpg" width="278" height="350" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">VILLAGE CREMATORIUM.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus075"></a> +<img src="images/075.jpg" width="280" height="350" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">DOG HELPING TO PULL JINRIKISHA.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus076"></a> +<img src="images/076.jpg" width="275" height="350" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">AUTHOR, MR. YAMASAKI AND YOUNGEST INHABITANTS.</p> +</div> + +<p>The tea produced in Japan is principally green tea. Most of this is of +the kind called <i>sencha</i>—<i>Chao</i> means tea. An inferior article made +out of older and tougher leaves is called <i>bancha</i>. The custom is for +the maid who serves <i>bancha</i> to heat the leaves over the charcoal fire +just before infusing. This gives it an agreeable roasted flavour. It +is often served in a darker shade of porcelain than is used for +ordinary tea. There are also the finer teas, <i>kikicha</i> (powdered tea) +and <i>gyokuro</i> (jewelled dewdrops), which is +<span class="pagenum">Page 295<a name="Page_295" id="Page_295"></a></span> +the best kind of <i>sencha</i>. +Black tea was being made experimentally when I first arrived +in Japan. Brick tea (pressed to the consistency and weight of wood) +may be green or black. Most of the exported tea, other than brick tea, +goes to America.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus077"></a> +<img src="images/077.jpg" width="303" height="450" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">"TORII" AT FOX-GOD SHRINE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus078"></a> +<img src="images/078.jpg" width="298" height="450" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">RECORD OF GIFTS TO A TEMPLE.</p> +</div> + +<p>It is unnecessary to state that the Japanese tea-tray does not include +a sugar basin, cream jug or spoons. It does include, however, a squat +oval jug into which the hot water from the kettle is poured in order +to lower the temperature below boiling point. Boiling water would +bring out a bitter flavour from the tea. Made with water just below +boiling point the tea is deliciously soft, even oily, and has a +flavour and aroma which cream and sugar would ruin. It is certainly +refreshing, and, when drunk newly infused, relatively harmless. +<i>Bancha</i> is made with hotter water than other tea. The handleless cups +hold about half of what our teacups contain.<a name="FNanchor_201"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_201"><sup>[201]</sup></a> Tea is not the only +plant used for making "tea." One drinks in some parts infusions of +cherry, plum or peach blossom.</p> + +<p>The processes of tea manufacture in farmers' outhouses and in +factories are described in school-books, and I need not transcribe my +impressions.<a name="FNanchor_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202"> +<sup>[202]</sup></a> But I may note that some of the money the tea farmer +earns for the country is spent in his interests. There is in Shidzuoka +a well-directed prefectural experiment station which exercises itself +over problems of tea production. Every tea grower and tea dealer in +the prefecture must belong to the prefectural tea guild. He must also +belong to his county tea guild. The rules of the guilds—there is a +central guild in Tokyo—have the force of law. Evil doers in the tea +industry have their product confiscated. Tea dealers who do not carry +their guild membership card are fined. It is not difficult to discover +colouring in tea if it is rubbed on white paper. The Government's part +in subduing tea colouring was to seize all the dye stuff it could lay +hold of which could be used for colouring tea.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 296<a name="Page_296" id="Page_296"></a></span> +The future of green tea depends almost entirely on the demand from +the growing population of Japan, but a taste for the "foreign style" +black tea—with condensed milk—is spreading. The cheap labour of +India and China and the big plantations and factories of India have +diminished the Japanese green tea trade and the effort to produce +black tea is also met by foreign competition. I was told that China +tea receives much sunshine while growing, and that there was most hope +for Japanese black tea when made from leaves grown in the extreme +south. There is a difference between the Chinese and the Japanese tea +plant and it cannot be got over by importing Chinese plants, for the +climate of Japan simply Japanises the imported sort.</p> + +<p>I found in the United States that green tea is bought, as it is no +doubt sold in Shidzuoka, on appearance. American housewives were +paying for an appearance that matters little in an article that is not +to be looked at but soaked. Not only is much extra labour required for +sifting the leaf several times in order to obtain a good appearance, +but the bulk is reduced from 5 to 10 per cent. The drinking quality of +the tea also suffers, for the largest leaf has usually the best cup +quality. If teas were bought for cup quality only they might be at +least from 5 to 10 per cent. cheaper.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_201" id="Footnote_201"> +[201]</a> At many stations one used to have handed into the carriage for +less than a penny a pot of tea and a cup—you are entitled to keep +both pot and cup if you like. The tea-seller's kettle of water is kept +hot with charcoal. Tea is freshly infused in each customer's pot.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_202" id="Footnote_202"> +[202]</a> For statistics and theine percentages, +see <a href="#APPN_57">Appendix LVII</a>.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 297<a name="Page_297" id="Page_297"></a></span></p> + +<h3>EXCURSIONS FROM TOKYO</h3> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXXIV</h2> + +<h4>A COUNTRY DOCTOR AND HIS NEIGHBOURS</h4> + +<h4>(CHIBA)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>What was yet wanting must be sought by fortuitous and +unguided excursions and gleaned as industry should find or chance should +offer.—<span class="smcap">Johnson</span></p></div> + +<p>When I first went to Chiba, the peninsular prefecture lying across the +bay from Tokyo, many carriages in the trains were heated by iron +<i>hibachi</i><a name="FNanchor_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203"> +<sup>[203]</sup></a> with pieces of old carpet thrown over them. It is on the +Chiba trains that the recruits of that section of the army which has +to do with the operation of the railways learn their business. It is +in part of Chiba—and also in a district in Tokyo prefecture—that the +earliest rice is grown. Chiba also contains more poultry than any +other prefecture.<a name="FNanchor_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204"> +<sup>[204]</sup></a> It has the further distinction of having tried +to issue truthful crop statistics.<a name="FNanchor_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205"> +<sup>[205]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Wherever one goes in Japan one is impressed by the large consumption +of fish—fresh, dried, and salted. Thin slices of raw fish make one of +the tasty dishes at a Japanese meal. The foreigner, forgetting the +Western relish for oysters and clams, is repelled by this raw fish, +but a liking for it seems to be quickly acquired. In Tokyo the slices +of raw fish are cut from the meaty bonito (tunny), but <i>tai</i> (bream) +is also used. Bonito also provides the long narrow steaks, dried to a +mahogany-like hardness, which are known as <i>katsubushi</i>. This +<i>katsubushi</i> keeps indefinitely and is +<span class="pagenum">Page 298<a name="Page_298" id="Page_298"></a></span> +grated or shaved with a kind +of plane and used much as the Western cook employs Parmesan cheese.</p> + +<p>I heard a man in Chiba combating very strongly the idea of there being +a connection between leprosy and fish eating. As to leprosy, it is +doubtful if the belief expressed by the Chinese name for the disease, +"heavenly punishment," has disappeared. There are at least 24,000 +lepers in Japan, and as a well-known Japanese work of reference +casually remarks, "the hospitals can at present accommodate only 5 per +cent. of them."</p> + +<p>I could not but compare the undulating countryside, on which so vast +an amount of labour had been expended, with what it would have been +under European treatment and the influence of an European +climate—possibly picturesque pasture with high hedges. The congeries +of rice fields was fringed, where the water supply had given out, with +upland cultivation. On the low mud walls which separated the paddies +beans grew except at a boundary corner, where a tea or mulberry bush +served as a landmark. In looking down or up the little valleys one saw +how completely the houses had been brushed aside to the foot of the +low hills so that no land cultivable as paddies should be wasted. This +intensely developed countryside was not however ideal land. It was +often much too sandy. Not a few paddies had to depend to some extent +on the water they could catch for themselves. A naturally draughty and +hungry land was yielding crops by a laborious manurial improvement of +its physical and chemical condition, by wonders being wrought in rural +hydraulics and by unending industry in cultivation and petty +engineering.</p> + +<p>It might be supposed that beauty had gone from the countryside. Some +of what the land agents call the amenities of the district had +certainly disappeared. There seemed to be nowhere for the pedestrian +to sit down in order to refresh himself with those rural sights and +sounds which exhilarate the spirit. But this marvellously delved, +methodised and trimmed countryside had a character and a stimulus of +its own. It reflected the energy and persistence that had subdued it. +I saw nothing ugly. The tidied rice plots, shaped at every possible +curve and angle, and +<span class="pagenum">Page 299<a name="Page_299" id="Page_299"></a></span> +eloquent of centuries of unremitting toil; the +upland beyond them, worked to a skilled perfection of finish; the +nesting houses which nowhere offended the eye; the big still ponds +contrived by the rude forefathers of the hamlet for water storage or +the succour of the rice in the hottest weather; the low hilltops green +with pine because cultivation could not ascend so far, and hiding here +and there a Shinto sanctuary: such a countryside was satisfying in its +own way.</p> + +<p>In Chiba, as in other prefectures, one is impressed by the way in +which the exertions of many generations have resulted in the levelling +of wide areas and even the complete removal of small hills. In many +places one can still see low hills in process of demolition. In Tokyo +itself several small hills have been carried off in recent years.</p> + +<p>I was in Chiba several times and I remember to have noticed one winter +day with what considered roughness the paddies had been dug in order +to receive from frost and sun the benefits which are as good as a +manuring. Some notion of the strength of the weather forces at work +may be gathered from the fact that, though I was walking without an +overcoat and was glad to shade my eyes by pulling down the brim of my +hat, the frost of the two previous nights had produced ice on the +paddies an inch thick.</p> + +<p>Sometimes at the irrigation reservoirs one may see notice boards +announcing that these water areas are stocked with <i>koi</i> (carp). This +fish is also kept in the paddies. The carp are put in as yearlings or +two-year-olds, when the paddies are flooded, and a score out of every +hundred come out in the autumn—assuming the happiest conditions—ten +inches or so long. Carp culture flourishes in the sericulture +districts, where the pupæ which remain when the cocoons are unwound +are thrown to the fish; but pupæ fed carp have a flavour which +diminishes their value. Indeed paddy-field fish, which on the whole +must have a rather troubled existence, do not bring the price of river +carp. Other fish than carp, eels for instance, are also kept in +paddies.<a name="FNanchor_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206"><sup>[206]</sup></a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 300<a name="Page_300" id="Page_300"></a></span> +I visited a vigorous personality who was at once a landowner and +rural oculist, as his father and grandfather had been before him. He +had graduated at Tokyo and had kept himself abreast of German +specialist literature. There was accommodation for about a hundred +patients in the buildings attached to his house. He believed in the +efficacy in eye cases of "the air of the rice fields," not to speak of +the shrine which overlooks the patients' quarters. As the number of +blind people in Japan is appalling,<a name="FNanchor_207"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_207"><sup>[207]</sup></a> it was interesting to hear +the opinion that the chief causes were gonorrhœa, inadequate attention +at birth, insufficient nourishment in childhood and nervous +disease—all more or less preventible. Nearly a quarter of my host's +patients had had their eyes wounded by rice-stem points while stooping +in the paddies. As the people are hurt in the busy season they often +put off coming for help until it is too late.</p> + +<p>The landowner-oculist's premises were lighted by natural gas from a +depth of 900 ft. According to a fellow-guest, who happened to be an +expert in this matter, natural gas is to be had all over Japan. +<a name="FNanchor_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208"><sup>[208]</sup></a></p> + +<p>The room in which I slept belonged to a part of the house which was of +great age, but by my <i>futon</i> there was laid an electric torch.</p> + +<p>A pleasant thing during my visit was the presence of a dozen +intelligent, kindly students who early in the evening came and knelt +in a semicircle round us, "in order to profit by our talk." One of +them, a son of the house, an athlete (and now, after travelling in +Europe, his father's successor), did all sorts of services for me +during my stay, in the simple-hearted fashion that shows such an +attractive side of the Japanese character. One question asked by the +students was, "For what reasons does <i>Sensei</i> believe that the +influence of women in public life would be good?" Another enquiry was, +"Which are the best London and Paris papers?" These lads could hardly +hope to get through the university before they were twenty-five or +twenty-six. Yet, compared with our undergraduates, they had very +little time for general reading, discussions +<span class="pagenum">Page 301<a name="Page_301" id="Page_301"></a></span> +and outdoor sports. I +remember a man of some experience in the educational world saying to +me, "Our students do not read enough apart from their studies; it is +their misfortune." They have not only the burden of having to learn +nearly several thousand ideographs,<a name="FNanchor_209"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_209"><sup>[209]</sup></a> three scripts and Japanese +and Chinese pronunciation. They have to acquire Western languages, +which, owing to their absolute dissimilarity from Oriental +tongues—for example, the word for "I" is <i>watakushi</i>—must be learnt +entirely from memory. It is not that the Japanese student does not +begin early as well as leave off late. A professor once said to me, +"For some little time after I first went to school I was still fed +from the bosom of my mother." In some ways it is no doubt a source of +strength for Japan that her men can spend from their earliest years to +the age of twenty-six on the acquirement of knowledge and +self-discipline—the privileges of the student class and the +generosity of their families and friends and the public at large are +remarkable—but the disadvantages are plain. No sight seems stranger +to a new arrival in Japan than that of so many men in their middle or +late twenties still wearing the conspicuous kimono and German bandsman +cap of the student.</p> + +<p>To return to our host, he told us that tenants were "getting clever." +They were paying their rent in "worse and worse qualities of rice." +The landlords "encouraged" their tenants with gifts of tools, clothes +or saké in order that they might bring them the best rice, but the +tenants evidently thought it paid better to forgo these benefits and +market their best rice. This raises the question whether rent ought +nowadays to be paid in kind. Rural opinion as a whole is in favour of +continuing in the old way, but there is a clear-headed if small +section of rural reformers which is for rent being paid in cash.</p> + +<p>One thing I found in my notes of my talk with the +<span class="pagenum">Page 302<a name="Page_302" id="Page_302"></a></span> +landowner-oculist I hesitated to transcribe without confirmation. +Speaking of the physique +of the people, he had said that few farmers could carry the weights +their fathers and grandfathers could move about. But later on a high +agricultural authority mentioned to me that it had been found +necessary to reduce the weight of a bale of rice from 19 to 18 +<i>kwamme</i> and then to 15—1 <i>kwamme</i> is 8.26 lbs.</p> + +<p>In the <i>oaza</i> in which I was staying there were eighty families. +Seventy were tenants. Under a savings arrangement initiated by my +host, the hamlet, including its five peasant proprietors, was saving +120 yen a month. On the other hand, more than half the tenants were in +debt "in connection with family excesses," such as weddings, births +and burials. But there might be unknown savings. I should state that +the villagers seemed contented enough.</p> + +<p>For some reason or other I was particularly struck by the sturdiness +of the small girls. This was interesting because Chiba had for long an +evil reputation for infanticide, and under a system of infanticide in +the Far East it would be supposed—I have heard this view stoutly +questioned—that more girls die than boys. The landowner-oculist was +of opinion that in stating the causes of the low economic condition of +his tenants the abating of infanticide must be put first. People no +longer restricted themselves to three of a family. The average area +available locally was only 6 <i>tan</i> of paddy and 1.2 <i>tan</i> of dry land. +In a one-crop district in which there was work for only a part of the +year this area was obviously insufficient and there was not enough dry +land for mulberries. Then taxation was now 2½ yen per bale of rice +(<i>hyō</i>). A third of the rice went in rent.</p> + +<p>I tried to find out what the <i>oaza</i> might be spending on religion. The +Shinto priest seemed to get 5 sen a month per family, which as there +are eighty families would be 48 yen yearly. The Buddhist priest had +land attached to his temple and money was given him at burials and at +the <i>Bon</i> season. The <i>oaza</i> might spend 100 yen a year to send five +pilgrims as far away as Yamagata, on the other side of Japan. The +priests did not seem to count for much. "Their only concern with the +public," I was informed, "is +<span class="pagenum">Page 303<a name="Page_303" id="Page_303"></a></span> +to be succoured by it. They are living very painfully. +The Buddhist priests have to send money to their sect +at Kyoto." In one of my strolls I passed the Shinto priest carrying a +rice basket and looking, as my companion said, "just like any other +man." At a shrine I saw a number of bowls hung up. A hole cut in the +bottom of each seemed a pathetic symbol of need, material or +spiritual.</p> + +<p>The keeper of the teahouse in the <i>oaza</i> had been given a small sum by +our host to take himself off, but in the village of which the <i>oaza</i> +formed a part there were two teahouses, where ten times as much was +spent as was laid out on religion. No one had ever heard of a case of +illegitimacy in the <i>oaza</i> but there had been in the twelve months +three cases which pointed to abortion. It was five years since there +had been an arrest. The young men's association helped twice a year +families whose boys had been conscripted.</p> + +<p>According to what I was told in various quarters, some landowners in +Chiba did a certain amount of public work but most devoted themselves +to indoor trivialities. The fact that two banks had recently broken at +the next town, one for a quarter of a million yen, and that a +landowner had lost a total of 30,000 yen in these smashes, seemed to +show that there was a certain amount of money somewhere in the +district. No one appeared to "waste time on politics." In ten years +"there had been one or two politicians," but "one member of Parliament +set a wholesome example by losing a great deal of money in politics." +As to local politics, election to the prefectural assembly seemed to +cost about 500 yen. Membership of the village assembly might mean "a +cup of <i>saké</i> apiece to the electors."</p> + +<p>I was assured that this hamlet was above the economic level of the +county. The belief was expressed that it could maintain that position +for three or four years. "I do not feel so much anxiety about the +present condition of the people," my host said; "they are passive +enough: but as to the future it is a difficult and almost insoluble +question."</p> + +<p>"The condition of our rural life is the most difficult question in +Japan," said a fellow guest.</p> + +<p>In one of the farmers' houses a girl, with the assistance +<span class="pagenum">Page 340<a name="Page_304" id="Page_304"></a></span> +of a younger brother, was weaving rough matting for baling up artificial +manure. Near them two Minorcas were laying in open boxes. In this +family there were seven children, "three or four of whom can work." +The hired land was 8 <i>tan</i> of paddy and 2½ of dry. There was +nothing to the good at the end of the year. Indeed rice had had to be +borrowed from the landlord. The family was therefore working merely to +keep itself alive. But it looked cheerful enough. Looking cheerful is, +however, a Japanese habit. The conditions of life here were what many +Westerners would consider intolerable. But it was not Westerners but +Orientals who were concerned, and what one had to try to guess was how +far the conditions were satisfactory to Eastern imaginations and +requirements. The people at every house I visited—as it happened to +be a holiday the mending of clothing and implements seemed to be in +order—were plainly getting enjoyment from the warm sunshine. +Undoubtedly the long spells of sunshine in the comparatively idle +period of the year make hard conditions of life more endurable.</p> + +<p>In a very small house which was little more than a shelter, the father +and mother of a tenant were living. It is not uncommon for old +peasants to build a dwelling for themselves when they get nearly past +work, or sometimes after the eldest son marries.</p> + +<p>I found a 1-<i>chō</i> peasant proprietor playing <i>go</i> and rather the worse +for saké, though it was early in the morning. A 3-<i>chō</i> proprietor was +living in a good-sized house which had a courtyard and an imposing +gateway.</p> + +<p>On the thatch of one house I noticed a small straw horse perhaps two +feet long. On July 7 such a horse is taken by young people to the +hills, where a bale of grass is tied on its back. On the reappearance +of the figure at the house, dishes of the ceremonial red rice and of +the ordinary food of the family are set before it. "The offering of +other than horse food indicates," it was explained, "that the desire +is to keep the straw animal as a little deity." Finally the horse is +flung on the roof.</p> + +<p>I went some distance to visit an <i>oaza</i> of twenty families. It was +described to me as "well off and peaceful." Alas, +<span class="pagenum">Page 305<a name="Page_305" id="Page_305"></a></span> +one peasant proprietor had gone to Tokyo, where he had made money, and on his +return had built his second son a house with Tokyo labour instead of +with the labour of his neighbours. So the <i>oaza</i> was "excited with +bitter inward animosity." Like our own hamlets, these <i>oaza</i> in the +sunshine, seemingly so peaceful, whisper nothing to townsfolk of their +bickerings and feuds.</p> + +<p>One of the thatched mud houses I came to was at once a primitive +co-operative sale-and-purchase society and the clubhouse of the old +people of the <i>oaza</i>. The rent the old folk received from the society +was enough to maintain the building. The oldsters gather from time to +time in order to eat, drink and make merry with gossip and dancing. +Dancing is a possibility for old people because it is swaying, sliding +and attitudinising, with an occasional stamp of the foot, rather than +hopping and whirling. One of the best amateur dances I have seen was +performed by a grandsire. Such clubhouses, places for the comfort of +the ageing and aged, are found in many villages. Young people are not +admitted. The subscription to this particular clubhouse was 2 yen and +3 <i>sho</i> of saké on joining and 2 yen a year.</p> + +<p>As we went on our way there was pointed out to me a house the owner of +which had sold half a <i>tan</i> of land for 120 yen and was drinking +steadily. He had tried to make money by opening an open-air village +theatre which owing to rain had been a failure.</p> + +<p>I visited an <i>oaza</i> where all the land belonged to the man I called +upon. He assured me that most of his tenants "made ends meet." The +remainder had a deficiency at the end of the year due to "lack of will +to save" and to their "lack of capital which caused them to pay +interest to manure dealers." A co-operative society had just been +started.</p> + +<p>In looking at a map of the village to which some of these <i>oaza</i> +belonged I noticed many holdings tinted a special colour. These were +called "jump land." They consisted of land subdued from the wild by +strangers. The properties were regarded as belonging to the <i>oaza</i> in +which their cultivators lived.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 306<a name="Page_306" id="Page_306"></a></span> +I walked through a bit of woodland which had formerly been held in +common and had been divided up, amid felicitations no doubt, at the +rate of half a tan each to every family. But the well-to-do people +soon got hold of their poorer neighbours' portions.</p> + +<p>In a roughish tract I came on burial grounds. One portion was set +apart for the eight families which recognised the chief landlord as +their head. The graves of lowlier folk seemed to occur anywhere. Each +grave was covered by a pyramidal mound of sandy earth with a piece of +twig stuck in it. Sometimes a tree had been planted and had grown. A +child's grave had some tiny bowls of food and a clay doll before a +little headstone. By way of shelter for these offerings there was hung +on the headstone a peasant's wide straw hat. A large beehive-shaped +bamboo basket over another grave was a reminder of the time when a +grave needed such protection in order to save the body from wild +animals.</p> + +<p>I saw at a distance in the midst of paddies two tree-covered mounds, a +large one and a small one. They looked like the grave mounds I had +seen in China, but it was suggested that they were probably on an old +frontier line and marked spots at which ceremonies for scaring off +disease were performed.</p> + +<p>In one place I found the people planting plum trees in order to meet +their communal taxation. It was reckoned that the yield of one tree +when it came into full bearing would defray the taxes of a +moderate-sized family.</p> + +<p>An open space in a wood was pointed out to me as the spot on which +dead horses were formerly thrown to the dogs and birds. Nowadays +notice was given to the Eta that a dead horse was to be cast away, and +they came and, after skinning the animal, buried the body. Farther +off, on the high road, I saw an 8 ft. high monument to a local steed +that had died in Manchuria.</p> + +<p>One of my further visits to Chiba was in the spring. The paddies, +which had been fallow since November, were under water; but much of +the stubble had been turned over with the long-bladed mattock. The +seed beds from which the rice is transplanted to the paddies were a vivid +<span class="pagenum">Page 307<a name="Page_307" id="Page_307"></a></span> +green. On the high ground I saw good clean crops of barley and +wheat, beans and peas, on soil of very moderate quality.</p> + +<p>The name of Funabashi at a station reminded me of a Japanese friend +having told me that it was "famous for a shrine and a very immoral +place." But I afterwards heard that the keeper of that shrine, "acting +from conscientious motives, gave up his lucrative post and died a poor +man." It is said of one of the most sacred places in Japan that it is +also the "most immoral." Kyoto which contains nine hundred shrines is +also supposed to harbour several thousand women of bad character.</p> + +<p>I passed a place where 25,000 Russian prisoners had been detained. +There was an old peasant there who told his son that he could not +understand why so many Japanese went abroad at such great cost to see +the different peoples of the world. If they would only stay at home, +he said, they would see them all in turn, for first there had been the +Chinese prisoners, then the Russians and now there were the Germans.</p> + +<p>In the uplands it was peaceful and restful to walk through the shady +lanes between the tree-studded homesteads or along the road passing +between plots of mulberry, tea, vegetables or grain, cultivated with +the care given to plants in a garden. In the herbage by the roadside, +but not among the crops I need hardly say, I noticed dandelions, sow +thistles, Scots thistles, plantains and some other familiar weeds.</p> + +<p>In the paddies some men wore only a narrow band of red cotton between +their legs joined to a waist string, which, though convenient wear in +paddies, was comically conspicuous. I recall a friend's story of a +little foreign girl of seven who stayed with her mother in a Japanese +hamlet and struck up a friendship with a kindly old peasant. One hot +summer day the child came home carrying all her scanty garments over +her arm, and covered with mud to the waist. In answer to her mother's +enquiries the child said, "Well, mother, Ito San has all his clothes +off, and I could not go into the paddy to help him with mine on."</p> + +<p>I visited an elementary school which was little more than +<span class="pagenum">Page 308<a name="Page_308" id="Page_308"></a></span> +a shed. The roofing was of bark and the paper-covered window shutters were of the +roughest. It said much for the stamina of the children that they could +sit there in bleak weather. An attempt had been made to shut off the +classes from one another by pieces of thin cotton sheeting fastened to +a string. But such essential furniture, from a hygienic point of view, +as benches with backs had been provided, for it is considered by the +national educational authorities that kneeling in the Japanese manner +is inimical to physical development. I noticed, also, that when the +children sang they had been taught to place their hands on their hips +in order that their chests might benefit from the vocal exercise. The +earnestness and kindliness of the men and women teachers were evident. +All the teachers came to school bare-foot on <i>geta</i>. +<a name="FNanchor_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210"><sup>[210]</sup></a></p> + +<p>The sea was not far off and we went to the beach where there was +nothing between us and America. My companion and I were carried over +shallows on the backs of fishermen, wonderful bronze-coloured figures. +Above high-water mark heaps of small fish were drying. They were to be +turned into oil and fish-waste manure. I saw an earthenware vase with +a hole in the bottom like a flowerpot and found that it was used, with +a rope attached to the rim, for catching octopus. When the octopus +comes across such a vase on the sea bottom he regards it as a shelter +constructed on exactly the right principles and takes up his abode +therein. He is easily captured, for he refuses to let go his vase when +it is brought to the surface. Indeed the only way to dislodge him is +to pour hot water through the hole in the bottom of his upturned +tenement.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_203" id="Footnote_203"> +[203]</a> The Japanese firepot, which is made of wood or porcelain as well +as metal, contains pieces of charcoal smouldering in wood ash.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_204" id="Footnote_204"> +[204]</a> I saw poultry of the table breeds which we call Indian Game or +Malay; the Japanese call them Siamese.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_205" id="Footnote_205"> +[205]</a> See <a href="#APPN_58">Appendix LVIII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_206" id="Footnote_206"> +[206]</a> In 1918 carp was produced to the value of a million and a half +yen and eels to the value of nearly a million.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_207" id="Footnote_207"> +[207]</a> <a href="#APPN_59">See Appendix LIX</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_208" id="Footnote_208"> +[208]</a> <a href="#APPN_60">See Appendix LX</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_209" id="Footnote_209"> +[209]</a> To cite a word already used in these pages, there are half a +dozen words spelt <i>ko</i> and as many as fourteen spelt <i>kō</i>, but all +have a different ideograph. When the prolongation of the educational +course by the ideographs is dwelt on, it is wholesome for us to +remember Professor Gilbert Murray's declaration that "English spelling +entails a loss of one year in the child's school time." Other +authorities have considered the loss to be much more.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_210" id="Footnote_210"> +[210]</a> For statistics of stamina, heights and weights of children, see +<a href="#APPN_61">Appendix LXI</a>.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 309<a name="Page_309" id="Page_309"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXXV</h2> + +<h4>THE HUSBANDMAN, THE WRESTLER AND THE CARPENTER</h4> + +<h4>(SAITAMA, GUMMA AND TOKYO)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We are here to search the wounds of the realm, not to +skim them over.—<span class="smcap">Bacon</span></p></div> + +<p>One day in the third week of October when the roads were sprinkled +with fallen leaves I made an excursion into the Kwanto plain and +passed from the prefecture of Tokyo into that of Saitama.<a name="FNanchor_211"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_211"><sup>[211]</sup></a> The +weather now made it necessary for Japanese to wear double kimonos. +During the middle of the day, however, I was glad to walk with my +jacket over my arm, and many little boys and girls were running about +naked. The region visited had a naturally well-drained dark soil, +composed of river silt, of volcanic dust and of humus from buried +vegetation, and it went down to a depth beyond the need of the longest +<i>daikon</i> (giant radish). Sweet potatoes and taro were still on the +ground, and large areas, worked to a perfect tilth, had been sown or +were in course of preparation for winter wheat and barley; but the +most conspicuous crop was <i>daikon</i>. There were miles and miles of it +at all sorts of stages from newly transplanted rows to roots ready for +pulling. There is <i>daikon</i> production up to the value of about a +million yen. In addition to the roots sent into Tokyo, there is a +large export trade in <i>daikon</i> salted in casks.</p> + +<p>I came into a district where there was a system of alternate grain and +wood crops. The rotation was barley and wheat for three or four years, +then fuel wood for about fifteen. The tendency was to lengthen the +corn period in the rotation.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 310<a name="Page_310" id="Page_310"></a></span> +The women even as near Tokyo as this wore blue cotton trousers like +the men. One farm-house I entered was a century old but it had not +been more than forty years on its present site. It had been +transported three miles. I was once more impressed by the low standard +of living. If by this time I had not been getting to know something of +the ways of the farmers I should have found it difficult to credit the +fact that a household I visited was worth ten thousand yen.</p> + +<p>Sweet potatoes are here much the most important crop. They were +bringing the farmer in Tokyo a little over a yen the 82 lbs. bale. The +consumer was paying double that. Not a few of the farmers were +cultivating as much as 5 <i>chō</i> or even 8 <i>chō</i>, for there was little +paddy. Even then, I was told, "it's a very hard life for a third of +the farmers." The reason was that there was no remunerative winter +employment.</p> + +<p>Before the Buddhist temple, where there was preaching twice a year, +were rows of little stone figures, many of which had lost their heads. +The heads were in much demand among gamblers who value them as +mascots. Among some mulberry plots belonging to different owners I saw +a little wooden shrine, evidently for the general good. It was there, +it was explained, "not because of belief but of custom." The evening +was drawing in and Fuji showed itself blue and mystical above the dark +greenery of the country. As I gazed a sweet-sounding gong was struck +thrice in the temple. Three times a day there is heard this summons to +other thoughts than those of the common task.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus079"></a> +<img src="images/079.jpg" width="400" height="399" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">INSIDE THE "SHOJI."</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus080"></a> +<img src="images/080.jpg" width="399" height="400" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">AUTOMATIC RICE POLISHER.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus081"></a> +<img src="images/081.jpg" width="383" height="600" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">THE AUTHOR (AND THE KODAK HOLDER) IN THE CRATER OF A +VOLCANO.</p> +</div> + +<p>My companion entered into conversation with a decent middle-aged +pedestrian, neatly but poorly dressed, and found that he was a man who +had formerly pulled his <i>kuruma</i> in Tokyo. The man had found the work +of a <i>kurumaya</i> too much for him and had withdrawn to his village to +open a tiny shop. But he had been taken ill and had been removed to +hospital. When he came out he found that his wife was in poverty and +that his eldest son had been summoned to serve in the army. Now his +wife had become ill and he was on his way to a distant relative to ask +him to take charge of a small child and to help him with a +<span class="pagenum">Page 311<a name="Page_311" id="Page_311"></a></span> +little money to start some petty business. My companion gave him a yen and +deplored the fact that poor people should fail to take advantage of +the law releasing from service a son required for the support of a +parent. They failed occasionally to find friends to represent their +case to the authorities.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus082"></a> +<img src="images/082.jpg" width="353" height="550" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">A WAYSIDE MONUMENT.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus083"></a> +<img src="images/083.jpg" width="600" height="432" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">THE GIANT RADISH OR "DAIKON," WHICH IS USED AS A PICKLE.</p> +</div> + +<p>While waiting at the station we talked with another old man. He had +come to see his daughter whose husband had been called up for two +years' service. She was living of course with her parents-in-law. He +said that his daughter would have no difficulty in keeping the farm +going during the young man's absence, but his being away was "a great +loss."</p> + +<p>The old man, who squatted at our feet as he spoke, went on to tell us +about a young man of his village who had served his term in the navy +but thought of remaining for another term. "Gran'fer" thought it a +good opening for him; he would not only get his living and clothes +but—and this is characteristic—"see the world and send back +interesting letters." The ancient was specially interested in the +sailor, he said, because his wife had "given milk" to the adventurer +when an infant.</p> + +<p>It is difficult to enter a village which has not its pillar or its +slab to the memory of a youth or youths who perished in the Russian or +Chinese wars.<a name="FNanchor_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212"> +<sup>[212]</sup></a> But in the severe struggle with Russia the villages +did more than give their sons and build memorials to them when they +were killed. They tried, in the words of an official circular of that +time, "to preserve the spirit of independence in the hearts of the +relieved and to avoid the abuses of giving out ready money." There was +the secret ploughing society of the young men of a village in Gumma +prefecture. "Either at night or when nobody knew these young men went +out and ploughed for those who were at the front." In one prefecture +the school children helped in working soldiers' farms. In villages in +Osaka and Hyogo prefectures there was given to soldiers' families the +monopoly of selling <i>tofu</i>, matches and other articles. Some of +<span class="pagenum">Page 312<a name="Page_312" id="Page_312"></a></span> +the societies which laboured in war time were the Women's One Heart +Society, the Women's Chivalrous Society, the National Backing Society +and the Nursing Place of Young Children of those Serving at the Front.</p> + +<p>In the train we talked of the hardiness induced by not being the slave +of clothing. When it rains <i>kuruma</i> men and workmen habitually roll up +their kimonos round their loins, or if they are wearing trousers, take +them off.<a name="FNanchor_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213"> +<sup>[213]</sup></a> Of course no Japanese believes in catching cold through +getting his feet wet. This is a condition which is continually +experienced, for the cotton <i>tabi</i> are wet through at every shower. +Some years back it was not uncommon in walking along the sea-beach at +night to find fishermen sleeping out on the sand. An old man told me +that it used to be the custom in his sea-shore hamlet for all members +of a family to sleep on the beach except fathers, mothers and infants.</p> + +<p>On my return from the country I found myself in a company of earnest +rural reformers who were discussing a plan of State colonisation for +the inhabitants of some villages where everything had been lost in a +volcanic eruption. Families had been given a tract of forest land, 15 +yen for a cottage, 45 yen for tools and implements and the cost of +food for ten months (reckoned at 8 sen per adult and 7 sen per child +per day). During the evening I was shown the figure of a goddess of +farming venerated by the afflicted folk. The deity was represented +standing on bales of rice, with a bowl of rice in her left hand and a +big serving spoon in her right.</p> + +<p>The gathering discussed the question of rural morality. As to the +relations of the young men and women of the villages, to which there +has necessarily been frequent references in these pages, the reader +must always bear in mind the way in which the sexes are normally kept +apart under the influence of tradition. In nothing does this Japanese +countryside differ more noticeably from our own than in the fact that +joyous young couples are never seen +<span class="pagenum">Page 313<a name="Page_313" id="Page_313"></a></span> +arming each other along the road +of an evening. Thousands of allusions in our rural songs and poetry, +innumerable scenes in our genre pictures, speak of blissful hours of +which Japan gives no sign. There is no courting; there are in the +public view no "random fits of Daffi'." An unmarried young man and +young woman do not walk and talk together. A young man and woman who +were together of an evening would be suspected of immorality. Even +when married they would not think of linking arms on the road. I was a +beholder of a family reunion at a railway station in which a young +wife met her young husband returned from abroad. There were merely +repeated bows and many smiles. The view taken of kissing in Japan is +shown by the fact that an issue of a Tokyo periodical was prohibited +by the police because it contained an allusion to it. We are helped to +understand the Japanese standpoint a little if we remember how +repugnant to English and American ideas is the Continental custom of +men kissing one another. Kissing is understood by the Japanese to be a +sexual act, as is shown by their word for it.</p> + +<p>Early in November in the neighbourhood of Tokyo, where three crops are +taken in the year and sometimes four or five, I found between the rows +of growing winter barley two lines of green stuff which would be +cleared off as the barley rose. The barley was sown in clumps of two +dozen or even thirty plants, each clump being about a foot apart, and +liberally treated with liquid manure. In Saitama 100 bushels per acre +has been produced by a good farmer. The clump method of sowing is +believed to afford greater protection against the weather. (Outside +the volcanic-soil area ordinary sowing in rows is common.) The +volcanic soil, as one sees in spots where excavations have been made, +is originally light yellow. The humus introduced by the liberal +applications of manure has made it black.</p> + +<p>I came upon a hollow in some low hills, studded with trees and +overlooking Tokyo Bay, which had been secured for the building of an +elaborate series of temples at a cost of three million yen. Acres of +grounds were being laid out with genius. The buildings were of that +beautiful simplicity which marks the edifices of the Zen sect. The +<span class="pagenum">Page 314<a name="Page_314" id="Page_314"></a></span> +construction was in the hands of some of the cleverest master +craftsmen in Japan. The work was to be spread over four years. A great +hoarding displayed thousands of wooden tablets bearing the names and +the amounts of the subscriptions of the faithful. In one of the +completed temples a kindly priest was preaching. He added to the force +of his gestures by the use of a fan. He was being attentively listened +to by an intelligent-looking congregation. I caught the injunction +that in the attainment of goodness aspiration was little worth without +will.</p> + +<p>The method of announcing subscriptions on hoardings was also adopted +outside the new primary school near by. The subscriptions were from a +hundred yen to one yen. The charge to scholars at this school, I +found, was 10 sen per month during the first compulsory six years and +30 sen during the next two years.</p> + +<p>Just after Christmas I walked again into the country. There were miles +of dreary brown paddies with the stubble in puddles. On the non-paddy +land there was the refreshing green of young corn which seemed greatly +to enjoy being treated as a garden plant in a deep exquisitely worked +soil with never a weed in an acre. But children were kept from school +because their parents could not get along without their help. Many of +the school teachers seemed as poor as the farmers. As I passed the +farm-houses in the evening they seemed bleak and uninviting. In the +fire hole<a name="FNanchor_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214"> +<sup>[214]</sup></a> of every house, however, there was a generous blaze and +the bath tub out-of-doors was steaming for the customary evening hot +dip in the opening.</p> + +<p>In my host's house I noticed an old painting of a forked <i>daikon</i>. +Such malformed roots used to be presented to shrines by women desirous +of having children.</p> + +<p>In the office of one village I visited I was permitted to examine the +dossiers of some of the inhabitants. Among a host of other particulars +about a certain person's origin and condition I read that he was a +minor when his father died, that such and such a person acted as his +guardian, that the guardianship ended on such and such a date, and +<span class="pagenum">Page 315<a name="Page_315" id="Page_315"></a></span> +that his widowed mother had a child nine years after her husband's death.</p> + +<p>In not a few places I found that the tiny shrines of hamlets (<i>aza</i>) +had been taken away and grouped together at a communal shrine with the +notion of promoting local solidarity. At one such combination of +shrines I saw notice boards intimating that "tramps, pedlars, +wandering priests and other carriers of subscription lists and +proselytisers" were not received in the village. It was explained that +a community was sometimes all of one faith: "therefore it does not +want to be disturbed by tactless preachers of other beliefs."</p> + +<p>At an inn there was a middle-aged widow who served there as waitress +in the summer but in the winter returned to Tokyo, where she employed +a number of girls in making <i>haori</i> tassels. (She gave them board and +lodging and clothes for two years, and, after that period, +wages.<a name="FNanchor_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215"><sup>[215]</sup> +</a>) Remembering what I had written down about courting, I +asked for her mature judgment on our rural custom of "walking out." +She was amused, but, in that way the Japanese have of trying to look +at a Western custom on its merits, she said, after consideration, that +there was much to be said for the plan. "In Japan," she declared, "you +cannot know a husband's character until you are married. On the whole, +I wish I had been a man." In order to catch our train we had to leave +this inn the moment our meal was finished, although the widow quoted +to us the adage, "Rest after a meal even if your parents are dead."</p> + +<p>On a morning in May I went into the country to visit a friend who was +taking a holiday in a ramshackle inn 4,000 ft. up Mount Akagi. I +continually heard the note of the <i>kakkō</i> (cuckoo). On the higher +parts of the mountain there were azaleas at every yard, some quite +small but others 12 or even 15 ft. high. Many had been grazed by +cattle. Big cryptomeria were plentiful part of the way up, but at the +top there were no trees but diminutive oaks, birches +<span class="pagenum">Page 316<a name="Page_316" id="Page_316"></a></span> +and pines, stunted and lichen covered, the topmost branches broken off by the +terrific blasts which from time to time sweep along the top of the +extinct volcano.</p> + +<p>One of the products of rural Japan is the wrestler. <i>Sumo</i>, which is +going on in every school and college of the country, exhibits its +perfect flower twice a year in the January and May ten-days-long +tournaments in the capital. The immense rotunda of the wrestlers' +association suggests a rather rickety Albert Hall and holds 13,000 +people.<a name="FNanchor_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216"><sup>[216]</sup> +</a> On the day I went in I paid 2 yen and had only standing +room. Everybody knows the more than Herculean proportions of the +wrestlers in comparison with the rest of their countrymen. The +rigorous training, Gargantuan feeding and somewhat severe discipline +of the wrestlers enable them to grow beyond the average stature and to +a girth, protected by enormously developed abdominal muscles, which +reinforces strength with great weight.<a name="FNanchor_217"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_217"><sup>[217]</sup></a></p> + +<p>I had often the opportunity at a railway station or in a train to +witness the easy carriage and magnificent pride of these massive, +good-tempered men. There is not in the world, probably, a more +remarkable illustration than they afford of what superior physical +training and superior feeding can do. At first sight, indeed, these +gigantic creatures seem to belong to a different race. It is no wonder +that they should be so commonly proteges of the rich and +distinguished. When an eminent wrestler retired in the year in which I +first saw a good wrestling bout the ceremony of cutting his hair—for, +like Samson, the wrestler wears his hair long—was performed by a +personage who combined the dignities of an admiral and a peer. There +is nothing of the bruiser in the looks of the smooth-faced wrestlers. +Many, however, are the bruises to their bodies and to their +self-esteem which they receive in their disciplinary progress from the +contests of their native villages through all the grades of their +profession to the highest rank. Their sexual morality is commonly of +the lowest.</p> + +<p>In my own hamlet at home in England I have seen the +<span class="pagenum">Page 317<a name="Page_317" id="Page_317"></a></span> +shoemaker, tailor and carpenter successively pass away; the only craftsman left +is the smith. In Japan the hereditary craftsman survives for a while. I +watched in my house one day the labours of such a worker. He was not +arrayed in a Sunday suit fallen to the greasy bagginess of everyday +wear, topped by a soiled collar. He appeared in a blue cotton +jacket-length kimono and tight-fitting trousers of the same stuff, and +both garments, which were washed at least once a week, were admirably +fitted to their wearer's work. Almost the same rig was worn by our own +medieval and pre-medieval workmen. The carpenter had on the back of +his coat the name of his master or guild in decorative Chinese +characters in white. There are nowadays in the cities many inferior +workers, but all the men who came to my house worked with rapidity and +concentration, hardly ever lifting their eyes from their jobs. The +dexterity of the Japanese workman is seldom exaggerated. To his +dexterity he adds the considerable advantage of having more than two +hands, for he uses his feet together or singly. His supple big toes +are a great possession. We have lost the use of ours, but the Japanese +artisan, accustomed from his youth to <i>tabi</i> with a special division +for the big toe, and to <i>geta</i>, which can be well managed only when +the big toe is lissom, uses his toes as naturally as a monkey, with +his paws and mouth full of nuts, gives a few to his feet to hold. The +first sight of a foot holding a tool is uncanny.</p> + +<p>The pitiful thing is that a modest, polite, cheerful, industrious, +skilful, and in the best sense of the word artistic hereditary +craftsmanship is proving only too easy a prey to the new industrial +system. It is a sad reflection that the country which, owing to her +long period of seclusion, had the opportunity of applying to all the +things of common life so remarkable a skill and artistry, should be so +little conscious of the pace at which her industrial rake's progress +is proceeding, so insensible to the degree to which she is prodigally +sacrificing that which, when it is lost to her, can never be +recovered. It is no doubt true that when our own handicrafts were +dying we also were insensitive. But because the Middle Ages in England +encountered the industrial system gradually we suffered our loss more slowly +<span class="pagenum">Page 318<a name="Page_318" id="Page_318"></a></span> +than Japan is doing. Because, too, we never had in our +bustling history the long periods of immunity from home and foreign +strife by which Japanese craftsmanship profited so wonderfully, we may +not have had such large stores of precious skill and taste to squander +as New Japan, the spendthrift of Old Japan's riches, is unthinkingly +casting away.</p> + +<p>It is at Christmas at home that we have in the Christmas tree our +reminder of the country. It is on New Year's Day that in Japan a pine +tree is set up on either side of the front gate, but there are three +bamboos with it, and the four trunks are all beautifully bound +together with rope. If the ground be too hard for the trees to be +stuck in the ground, they are kept upright by having a dozen heavy +pieces of wood, not unlike fire logs, neatly bound round them. The +pines may be about 10 ft. high, the bamboo about 15 ft. To the trees +are affixed the white paper <i>gohei</i>. Over the doorway itself is an +arrangement of straw, an orange, a lobster, dried cuttlefish and more +<i>gohei</i>. A less expensive display consists of a sprig of pine and +bamboo. Poor people have to be content with a yard-high pine branch +with a French nail through it at either side of their doorway. I have +been ruralist enough to harbour thoughts of the extent to which the +woods are raided for all this New Year forestry. Some prefectures, in +the sincerity of their devotion to afforestation, forbid the New Year +destruction of pine trees.</p> + +<p>I remember the gay and elaborate dressing of the horses during the New +Year holidays. I saw one driver of a wagon who was not content with +tying streamers on every part of his horse where streamers could be +tied: he had also decorated himself, even to the extent of having had +his head cropped to a special pattern, tracts of hair and bare scalp +alternating.</p> + +<p>It was pleasant to learn that a fine chrysanthemum show arranged in an +open space in Tokyo was free to the public. Some plants, by means of +grafting, bore flowers of half a dozen different varieties. Several +plants had been wondrously trained into the form of <i>kuruma</i>, etc. Not +a few of the varieties exhibited were, according to our ideas, atrocious +<span class="pagenum">Page 319<a name="Page_319" id="Page_319"></a></span> +in colouring, but many were beautiful and all were marvels +of cultivation. Even greater manipulative and horticultural skill was +represented in the chrysanthemums I saw at the Imperial garden party. +A chief of a department of the Ministry of Agriculture told me that +from a chrysanthemum growing in the ground it was possible to have a +thousand blooms.</p> + +<p>In a Japanese room the timber upright alongside the <i>tokonoma</i> is +always a tree trunk in the rough. If it be cherry it has its bark on. +The contrast with the finely finished wood of the rest of the room is +arresting. It is said that the use of the unplaned upright is not more +than three or four hundred years old and that it had its origin in +<i>Cha-no-yu</i> affectations of simplicity.</p> + +<p>I was visited one evening by an agricultural official who had returned +from a visit to Great Britain. He spoke of the "lonelyism" of our best +hotels. In a Japanese hotel of the same class one's room is so simple +and the view of the garden is so refreshing that, with the beautiful +flower arrangement indoors, the frequent change of <i>kakemono</i>, the +serving of one's meals in a different set of lacquer and porcelain +each day and the willing and smiling service always within the call of +a hand clap, there comes a sense of restfulness and peace. The +drawback which the Western man experiences is the lack of any means of +resting his back but by lying down and the inability to read for long +while resting an elbow on an arm rest which is too low for him. +<a name="FNanchor_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218"><sup>[218]</sup></a> A +Japanese often reads kneeling before a table.</p> + +<p>Here I am reminded to say that the development of the desire for books +and newspapers in the rural districts is a noticeable thing, if only +because it is new. It is not so long ago that reading was considered +to be an occupation for old men and women and for children. The +samurai had few books and the farmers fewer still. But the idea of +combining cultivation and culture was not unknown. I have heard a +rural student humbly quote the old saying, <i>SE-kō U-doku</i> +<span class="pagenum">Page 320<a name="Page_320" id="Page_320"></a></span> +(literally, "Fine weather—farming—Rainy weather—reading").</p> + +<p>I have a rural note of one of my visits to the <i>Nō</i>. +<a name="FNanchor_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219"><sup>[219]</sup></a> One farce +brought on an inferior priest of a sect which is now extinct but +surely deserves to be remembered for its encouragement of mountain +climbing. This "mountain climber," as he was called, was hungry and +climbed a farmer's tree in order to steal persimmons. (The actor got +on a stool, obligingly steadied by a supposedly invisible attendant, +and pretended to clamber up a corner post of the stage.) While he was +eating the persimmons he was discovered by their owner. The farmer was +a man of humour and said that he thought that "that must be a crow in +the tree." So the poor priest tried to caw. "No," said the farmer, "it +is surely a monkey." So the priest began to scratch after the manner +of monkeys. "But perhaps," the farmer went on, "it is really a kite." +The priest flapped his arms—and fell. The farmer thought that he had +the priest at his mercy. But the priest, rubbing his beads together, +put a spell on him and escaped. The word <i>Nō</i> is written with an +ideograph which means ability, but <i>Nō</i> also stands for +agriculture.<a name="FNanchor_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220"><sup>[220]</sup></a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_211" id="Footnote_211"> +[211]</a> The Kwanto plain (73 by 96 miles) includes most of Tokyo and +Saitama prefecture, and also the larger part of Kanagawa and Chiba and +parts of Ibaraki, Gumma and Tochigi.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_212" id="Footnote_212"> +[212]</a> The characters on these slabs are beautifully written. They have +usually been penned by distinguished men.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_213" id="Footnote_213"> +[213]</a> The Japanese man wears below his kimono or trousers a pair of +bathing shorts. Peasants frequently wear in the fields nothing but a +little cotton bag and string.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_214" id="Footnote_214"> +[214]</a> Poor households ordinarily use, instead of movable <i>hibachi</i>, a +big square box in an opening in the floor and resting on the earth.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_215" id="Footnote_215"> +[215]</a> When I was in Tokyo, tradesmen's messenger boys received only +their food, lodging and clothing and an occasional present, with help +no doubt in starting a linked business when they were out of their +time. Now such youths, as a development of the labour movement, are on +a wage basis and receive 20 yen a month.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_216" id="Footnote_216"> +[216]</a> The place has since been burnt down. A bigger building has been +erected.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_217" id="Footnote_217"> +[217]</a> See <a href="#APPN_62">Appendix LXII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_218" id="Footnote_218"> +[218]</a> There is also the occasional whiff of the <i>benjo</i>; but, as an +agricultural expert said, "It is not a bad thing that a people which +is increasingly under the influence of industrialism should be +compelled to give a thought to agriculture." There are European +countries famous for their farming whose sanitary experts are +evidently similarly minded.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_219" id="Footnote_219"> +[219]</a> The fact that Dr. Waley's scholarly book is the third work on +the <i>Nō</i> to be published in England in recent years is evidence that a +knowledge of a form of lyrical drama of rare artistry is gradually +extending in the West.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_220" id="Footnote_220"> +[220]</a> Hence the names of the two national agricultural organisations, +Teikoku Nōkai, that is the Imperial Agricultural Society, and Dai +Nippon Nōkai, that is the Great Japan Agricultural Society.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 321<a name="Page_321" id="Page_321"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXXVI</h2> + +<h4>"THEY FEEL THE MERCY OF THE SUN"</h4> + +<h4>(GUMMA, KANAGAWA AND CHIBA)</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I find the consolation of life in things with which +Governments cannot interfere, in the light and beauty the earth puts forth +for her children. If the universe has any meaning, it exists for +the purposes of soul.—Æ</p></div> + +<p>One December night there walked into my house a professor of +agricultural politics, clad in tweeds and an overcoat, and with him a +man who wore only a cotton kimono and a single under-garment. The +sunburnt forehead of this man showed that he was not in the habit of +wearing a hat. There is a smiling Japanese face which to many +foreigners is merely irritating. It is not less irritating when, as +often happens, it displays bad teeth ostentatiously gold-stopped. This +man's smile was sincere and he had beautiful teeth. His hands were +nervous and thin, his bearing was natural and his voice gentle. Here, +evidently, was an altruist, perhaps a zealot, probably a celibate. He +was introduced as a rural religionist from Gumma prefecture set on +reforming his countrymen. It is important to know the strength of the +reforming power which Japan is itself generating: here was a man who +for eight years had lived a life of poverty in remote regions and had +shaped his life by three heroes, "St. Francis, Tolstoy and Kropotkin." +He believed that the way to influence people was "to work with them." +He lived on his dole as a junior teacher in an elementary school. His +food, which he cooked himself, was chiefly rice and <i>miso</i>. He had +been a vegetarian for ten years. He was twenty-nine.</p> + +<p>He said that as far as the people of his village—largely peasant +proprietors who hired additional land—were +<span class="pagenum">Page 322<a name="Page_322" id="Page_322"></a></span> +concerned, "It is happy +for them if they end the year without debt." I asked how the men in +the village who owned land but did not work it spent their time. The +reply was: "They are chattering of many things, very trivial things, +and they disturb the village. They drink too much and they have +concubines or women elsewhere."</p> + +<p>"If an ordinary peasant went to the next town to see women there," the +speaker continued, "young men of the village would go and give him a +good knock. In former times 'waitresses' were highly spoken of in the +village, but not now. There are some young men who may go at night to +a house where there are young girls in the family and open the door. +Sometimes they bring cucumbers. Cucumbers are symbols. Some do this +out of fun and some sincerely to express their feelings. If the young +men who do such a thing do it out of fun they are given a good knock +by members of that house when discovered. If they are sincere the +members of the family will smile. There are in our village of 6,000 +inhabitants only four illegitimate children."</p> + +<p>As to the influences exerted for the betterment of the people the +follower of St. Francis was convinced that "when Buddhist influence, +Shintoism, Confucianism and the good customs of our race are all mixed +together so that you cannot discern one from the other we have some +living power." His own religion was "that of St. Francis combined with +Buddhism."</p> + +<p>Speaking generally of rural people my visitor said: "They are falling +into miserable conditions, are in effect spending what was accumulated +by their ancestors. Their houses are not so practical and cost more. +They think they live better but their physical condition is not +better. The number who cannot earn much is increasing." I was told of +a growing habit among village boys of running off to Tokyo without +their parents' permission. And bands of girls came to the district to +help in the silk-worm season "often without their parents' approval."</p> + +<p>Many villagers consulted my visitor on all sorts of subjects until he +had almost no leisure. Some wanted counsel about the future of their +children, some desired +<span class="pagenum">Page 323<a name="Page_323" id="Page_323"></a></span> +advice about the family debt, some wanted to +know how to put an end to quarrels and some asked "how a man will be +able to be easy-minded." The ordinary result of the primary school +system was "a mass of many informations in young brains and they +cannot tell wisdom from knowledge. The result is that they are +discontented with their hard lot. They grow up wishing to rob each +other within the bounds of the law. They want to live comfortably +without hard work. Good customs which were the crystallisation of the +experience of our race are dying away."</p> + +<p>My visitor had met an old woman on the road clad miserably. She earned +as a labourer on a farm, beside her board and lodging, 25 sen daily. +Of this sum she handed to a fellow-villager whom she trusted 20 sen. +He gave away many clothes to the poor and her contribution was used +with the money he expended. "If," said she, "one shall give to God a +small thing in darkness then it is accepted to its full value, but, if +it be known, it is accepted only at a small value." She was "content +and quite happy."</p> + +<p>This woman and many others in the district had a primitive kind of +religion. They observed the days called "waiting for the sun" and +"waiting for the moon." "The same-minded people gather. The one most +deeply experienced tells something to those assembled and they begin +to be imbued with the same spirit. It is some kind of transformed +worship of the sun god. They feel the mercy of the sun. They do not +worship the heavenly bodies but as the symbol of the merciful +universe. These people take meals together several times in a year. +They talk not only on spiritual but on common things and about the +news in the papers. It may seem to a stranger that what they talk is +foolish, but they have a wonderful power to attract the essential out +of those trifles."</p> + +<p>"The fundamental power which made Japan what it is," the speaker went +on with animation, "is not institutions and statesmen, but those +primitive religious acts. The people strongly resembling the old woman +I spoke of may be only 1 per cent., but almost all villagers are imbued +<span class="pagenum">Page 324<a name="Page_324" id="Page_324"></a></span> +with such religious notions and feel thankfulness, and on rare +occasions a latent sentiment springs from their hearts. Their religion +may be connected with Buddhism or Shintoism; it is not Buddhism or +Shintoism, however, but a primitive belief which in its manifestation +varies much in different villages. For example, in one village the +good deeds of an ancient sage are told. The time when that priest +lived and particulars about him are getting dimmer and dimmer, but his +influence is still considerable. Though many people are worshipped in +national and prefectural shrines the influence of those enshrined is +small compared with the influence of a man or woman of the past who +was not much celebrated but was thought to be good by the rustic +people.</p> + +<p>"Think of the way in which the memory of the maid-servant Otake is +worshipped by the peasants through one-half of Japan. That was a pious +and illuminated person who worked very hard. As her <i>uta</i> (poem) says, +'Though hands and feet are very busy at work, still I can praise and +follow God always because my mind and heart are not occupied by +worldly things.' She ate poor food and gave her own food to beggars. +So when a countryman wastes the bounty of nature he is still +reprimanded by the example of that maid-servant. She is more respected +than many great men."</p> + +<p>My visitor thought a religious revival might happen under the +leadership of a Christian or of a Buddhist, or of a man who "united +Buddhism and Christianity" or "developed the primitive form of faith +among the lower people." He thought there were "already men in the +country who might be these leaders." He said that much might happen in +ten years. "Materialism is prevalent everywhere, but people will begin +to feel difficulties in following their materialism. When they cannot +go any further with it they will begin to be awakened."</p> + +<p>And then this young man who sincerely desires to do something with his +life and has at any rate made a beginning went his way. Up and down +Japan I met several single-hearted men not unlike him.</p> + +<p>One day I made an excursion from Tokyo and came on an +<span class="pagenum">Page 325<a name="Page_325" id="Page_325"></a></span> +extraordinary avenue of small wooden red painted <i>torii</i>, gimcracky things made out +of what a carpenter would call "two by two stuff." By the time I got +to the shrine to which the <i>torii</i> led I must have passed a thousand +of these erections. In one spot there was a stack of <i>torii</i> lying on +their sides. The shrine was in honour of the fox god and there was a +curious story behind it. Twenty years before a man interested in the +"development" of the district had caused it to be given out that +foxes, the messengers of the god Inari, had been seen on this spot in +the vicinity of a humble shrine to that divinity. The farmers were +continually questioned about the matter. It was suggested that the god +was manifesting his presence. In the end more and more worshippers +came, and, with the liberal assistance of the speculator, a fine new +shrine was erected in place of the shabby one. His hand was also seen +in the building of a big burrow—of concrete—for the comfort of the +god's messenger. The top of the burrow also furnished an excellent +view of the surrounding district, and teahouses were built in the +vicinity. Indeed in a year or two quite a village of teahouses came +into existence. The place, which was on the sea-coast, had become a +kind of Southend or Coney Island, and attracted thousands of visitors.</p> + +<p>A large proportion of these teahouses would have great difficulty in +establishing a claim to respectability. Numbers of lamps which crowded +the space before the shrine were the gifts of women of bad character +and the inscriptions on these gifts bore the <i>addresses and +profession</i> of the donors. The final irony was the provision of a tram +service for the convenience of those who wished to worship at another +altar than that of the fox god. Although most of the visitors found +the chief attraction of the place in the teahouses,<a name="FNanchor_221"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_221"><sup>[221]</sup></a> they were +none the less devout. Every visitor to the teahouses worshipped at the +shrine.</p> + +<p>What do those who bow their heads and throw their Coppers in the +treasury pray for? "Well-being to my +<span class="pagenum">Page 326<a name="Page_326" id="Page_326"></a></span> +family and prosperity to my +business" was, I was told, a common form of invocation. Even among not +a few reasonably well educated people there is a conviction that +prayers made at the altar of the fox god are peculiarly efficacious. +Kanzō Uchimura, who accompanied me on this trip, improved the occasion +by saying in his vigorous English: "You in the West have some +difficulty, no doubt, in understanding the fierceness of the +indignation with which Old Testament prophets denounce heathen gods. +When you behold such an exhibition as this you may be helped to +understand. Here is impurity under divine protection, and this place +may fairly be called a fashionable shrine. The visitor to Japan often +vaunts himself on being broadminded. He regards heathendom as only +another sect and he desires to be respectful to it. But I want to show +you that it is not a case of only another sect but often a case of +gross and demoralising superstition and priestly countenancing of +immorality. Heaven forbid that I should deny the beauty of the idea of +the foxes being the messengers of divinity or that I should suggest +that some religious feelings may not inspire and some religious +feeling may not reward the sincere devotion of the countryman to his +fox god, but how much does it amount to in sum?"</p> + +<p>I thought of what Uchimura had said when one day, in the course of a +walk with his critic, Yanagi (Chapter XI), I was shown a shrine +pitifully bedizened by the <i>waraji</i> (straw sandals) and <i>ema</i> +<a name="FNanchor_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222"><sup>[222]</sup></a> +of a thousand or more pilgrims who were suffering or had recovered from +syphilis.<a name="FNanchor_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223"><sup>[223]</sup></a></p> + +<p>During our conversation Yanagi said: "Shintoism is not of course a +religion at all. It draws great strength from the national instinct +for cleanliness manifested by +<span class="pagenum">Page 327<a name="Page_327" id="Page_327"></a></span> +people living in a hot climate. The +religion of poor people is largely custom; I complain of educated +people not that they are sceptical but that they are not sceptical +enough. They simply don't care. According to Mr. Uchimura, there is +only one way to God and that is through Christianity. But there are +many ways. A personal religion like Christianity is more effective +than Buddhism, but it does not follow that Christianity is better than +Buddhism. I find I get to like Mr. Uchimura more and more and his +views less and less. It is not his theoretical Christianity but his +courageous spirit which attracts. He is a courageous man and we have +very great need of morally courageous men. Although Christianity is +impossible without Christ, Buddhism is possible without Buddha. A +variety of religions is not harmful, and we have to take note of the +Christian temperament and the Buddhistic temperament. Orientals can +only be appealed to by an Oriental religion. Christianity is an +Oriental religion no doubt, but it has been Westernised. It must +always be borne in mind that Buddhistic literature is in a special +language and that it is difficult for most people to get a general +view of Buddhism."</p> + +<p>In further talk the speaker said that in Japan the individual had not +been separated from the mass. But it was difficult to exaggerate the +swiftness of the national development. The newer Russian writers were +"certainly as well known in England, possibly better known." As to +Tolstoy alone, there were at least fifty books about him. But it had +to be admitted that, generally speaking, the Japanese development +though rapid had not gone deep. In painting there was dexterity and +technique but few men knew where they were going. Their work was +"surface beautiful." They had not passed the stage of Zorn.</p> + +<p>We spoke of conscription and I said that it had not escaped my +attention that many young men showed an increasing desire to avoid +military service. From a single person I had heard of youths who had +escaped by looking ill—through a week's fasting—by impairing their +eyesight by wearing strong glasses for a few weeks, by contriving to +be examined in a fishing village where the standard of +<span class="pagenum">Page 328<a name="Page_328" id="Page_328"></a></span> +physique was high, or by shamming Socialist.<a name="FNanchor_224"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_224"><sup>[224]</sup></a> Many Japanese bear +uncomplainingly the heavy burden of the military system. But the +others are to be reckoned with.</p> + +<p>Said one of these to me: "We Japanese are not inherently a warlike +people and have no desire to be militarists; but we are suffering from +German influence not only in the army but through the middle-aged +legal, scientific and administrative classes who were largely educated +in Germany or influenced by German teaching. This German influence may +have been held in check to some extent, perhaps, by the artistic +world, which has certainly not been German, except in relation to +music, and after all that is the best part of Germany. Many young +people have taken their ideas largely from Russia; more from the +United States and Great Britain. But Germany will always make her +appeal on account of her reputation with us for system, order, +industry, depth of knowledge, persistence and nationalism."</p> + +<p>On the family system, the study of which was more than once urged upon +me in connection with the rural problem, this statement was made to me +by an agricultural expert: "I will tell you the story of an official +whose salary was that of a Governor. His father was a farmer. The +farmer borrowed money to educate his son. When the son became an +official he paid the money back, but on the small salaries he received +this repayment was a strain. Then two brothers came to his house +frequently for money, and when they received it spent it in ridiculous +ways. This begging has gone on for nine years. My friend has to live +not like an Excellency but like a <i>gunchō</i>. He cannot treat his wife +and children fairly. But of the money he gives to his brothers he +says, 'It is my family expense.'"</p> + +<p>I also heard this story: "A married B. B died without having any +children. A next married B's sister, C. Then, because of the necessity +of having a male heir for the maintenance of his family, and because +he thought it was unlikely that his wife C would have children as her +dead sister B had had none, he adopted his wife's younger brother, D. +<span class="pagenum">Page 329<a name="Page_329" id="Page_329"></a></span> +But the wife C did have children. Consequently, not only is A's wife +his sister-in-law and his eldest 'son' his wife's brother, but his +children are his eldest 'son's' nephews. The eldest of these children, +E, is legally the younger son. He says, 'I am glad that instead of an +uncle I have an elder brother. I am much attached to him and he is +attached to me. I am not sorry to be younger instead of elder brother, +for when my father dies my adopted brother will become head of the +family and he must then bring up his younger brothers and sisters, +manage the family fortunes, bear the family troubles and keep all the +cousins and uncles in good humour by inviting them occasionally and at +other times by visiting them and giving them presents.'<a name="FNanchor_225"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_225"><sup>[225]</sup></a></p> + +<p>"It is obvious that our family system, for speaking in criticism of +which officials have been dismissed from their posts, puts too much +stress on the family and too little on the individual. The family is +the unit of society. Any member of it is only a fraction of that unit. +For the sake of the family every member of it must sacrifice almost +everything.<a name="FNanchor_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226"> +<sup>[226]</sup></a> Sometimes the development of the individual character +and individual initiative is checked by the family system. An eldest +son is often required to follow his father's calling irrespective of +his tastes. Nowadays some eldest sons go abroad, but their departure +attracts attention and you seldom find such a thing happening among +farmers. The family system, by which all is subordinated to family, is +convenient to farmers for it means increased labour and economy of +living. Sometimes there may be two married sons living at home and +then there is often strife. Generally speaking, the family system at +one and the same time keeps young men from striking out in the world +and compels their early marriage so that the helping hands to the +family may be more numerous. The family system concentrates the +attention on the family and not on society. There is no energy left +for society.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 330<a name="Page_330" id="Page_330"></a></span> +"Again, the family system gives too much power to relatives and leads +to disagreeable interference. In the case of a marriage being proposed +between family A and family B, the families related to A or B who will +be brought into closer connection by the marriage may object. On the +other hand, the family system has the advantage that the relatives who +interfere may also be looked upon for help. Not a few people are all +for maintaining the family system. But the spirit of individualism is +entering into some families and here and there children are beginning +to claim their rights and to act against relatives' wishes. One hears +of farmers sending boys, even elder sons, to the towns, and for their +equipment borrowing from the prefectural agricultural bank instead of +spending on the development of their business."</p> + +<p>At a Christmas-day luncheon I met four students of rural problems, two +of whom were peers, one a governor of an important prefecture, and a +fourth a high official in the agricultural world. One man, speaking of +the family system, said "the success of agriculture depends on it." +"In my opinion," someone remarked, "the foundation of the family +system is common production and common consumption, so when these +things go there must be a gradual disappearance of the family system." +"No," came the rejoinder, "the only enemy of the family system is +Western influence." "Yes," the fourth speaker added, "an enemy whose +blows have told."</p> + +<p>Someone suggested that the Japanese rural emigrant always hoped to +return home, that is if he could return with dignity—does not the +proverb speak of the desirability of returning home in good clothes? +One of the company said that he had seen in Kyushu rows of +white-washed slated houses which had been erected by returned +emigrants. "But they were successful prostitutes. Often, however, +these girls invest their money unwisely and have to go abroad again."</p> + +<p>Everybody at table agreed that there was in the villages a slow if +steady slackening of "the power of the landlord, of the authorities +and of religion," and a development of a desire and a demand for +better conditions of life. One +<span class="pagenum">Page 331<a name="Page_331" id="Page_331"></a></span> +who proclaimed himself a conservative +urged that changes of form were too readily confounded with changes of +spirit. The change in thought in Japan, he said, was slow, and some +occurrences might be easily misjudged. I said that that very day I had +heard from my house the drone of an aeroplane prevail over the sound +of a temple bell, happening to speak of <i>The Golden Bough</i>, I asked my +neighbour, who had read it, if to a Japanese who got its penetrating +view some things could ever be the same again. He answered frankly, +"There are things in our life which are too near to criticise. Do you +know that there are parts of Japan where folklore is still being +made?"</p> + +<p>I was invited one evening to dinner to meet a dozen men conspicuous in +the agricultural world. Priests were apologised for because most of +them were "very poor men and also poorly educated." Very few had been +even to a middle school. Many priests read Chinese scriptures aloud +but they did not understand what they were reading.</p> + +<p>One man reported that an old farmer had said to him that paddy-field +labour was harder than dry-land labour, but young men did not go off +to Tokyo because of the severity of the work; they went away because +of "the bondage of rural life."</p> + +<p>How much has the economic stress affected old convictions? How general +and how eager is the Japanese resolution to Westernise farther? None +of the rural sociologists had given any thought apparently to a new +factor in the rural problem: the way in which compulsory military +service, in taking farmers' sons to the cities as soldiers and +bluejackets, is giving them an acquaintance with neo-Malthusianism. In +Tokyo and other large cities certain articles are prominently +advertised on the hoardings. It is of some importance to consider what +will be the effect of this knowledge in competition with the national +appreciation of large families.<a name="FNanchor_227"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_227"><sup>[227]</sup></a> Is it likely that an intensely +"practical" people, which has bolted so much of European and American +"civilisation," will be wholly uninfluenced by the Western practice of +limitation of offspring? What +<span class="pagenum">Page 332<a name="Page_332" id="Page_332"></a></span> +is to-day the actual strength of the +social needs which have produced the large Japanese family?<a name="FNanchor_228"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_228"><sup>[228]</sup></a> +Whatever middle-aged Japanese may think, the matter is not in their +hands, but in the hands of the younger generation. Most Western +economists would no doubt argue that if fewer babies arrived in Japan +there would not be so many farmers' boys and university graduates bent +on emigrating.</p> + +<p>Without the voluntary limitation of families, however, the number of +children born is likely to be diminished by the increased cost of +living and by the postponement of marriage. I know Japanese men who +were married before they were twenty; the younger generation of my +friends is marrying nearer thirty.<a name="FNanchor_229"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_229"><sup>[229]</sup></a></p> + +<p>There is reason to believe that the population has not increased of +recent years at the old rate.<a name="FNanchor_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230"> +<sup>[230]</sup></a> A responsible authority expressed +the opinion to me that the necessities of the population are unlikely +to overtake the means of production in the near future. +<a name="FNanchor_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231"><sup>[231]</sup></a></p> + +<p>The Japanese are intensely practical, but they have, as we have seen, +another side. If that other side is not +<span class="pagenum">Page 333<a name="Page_333" id="Page_333"></a></span> +"spiritual," in the sense in +which the word is largely used in the West, it is at least regardful +of other considerations than the "practical." It is with thoughts of +that vital side of the national character that I recall a story told +me by Dr. Nitobe of the last days of the Forty-seven Ronin. It is well +authenticated. When the Ronin had slain their dead lord's persecutor +and had given themselves up to the authorities, they were found worthy +of death. But the Shogun was in some anxiety as to what might justly +be done. He sent privily to a famous abbot saying that it was at all +times the duty of the Shogun to condemn to death men who had committed +murder. Yet it was the privilege of a priest to ask for mercy, and in +the matter of the lives of the Ronin the Shogun would not be unwilling +to listen to a plea for mercy. The abbot answered that he sympathised +deeply with the Ronin, but because he so sympathised with them he was +unwilling to take any steps which might hinder the carrying out of the +sentence. It was true, he said, that there were old men among the +Ronin, but many, of them were young men—one was only fifteen—and it +had to be borne in mind that if they escaped death at the hands of the +law it was hardly likely that during the whole course of their +after-lives they could hope to escape committing sin of some sort or +another. At the moment they had reached a pinnacle of nobility which +they could never pass and it was a thing to be desired for them that +they should die now, when they would live to all posterity as heroes. +The happiest fate for the Ronin was a righteous death, and as their +admiring sympathiser the abbot expressed his unwillingness to do +anything which might have the effect of saving them from so glorious +an end.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_221" id="Footnote_221"> +[221]</a> Someone said to me, "I have in mind one village where there is a +poorly cared-for school and a score of teahouses giving employment to +nearly two hundred people."</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_222" id="Footnote_222"> +[222]</a> "Small boards with crude designs painted on them. They may be +prayers, thank-offerings or protective charms. A shrine where many +thanks <i>ema</i> have been left is clearly that of a god ready to hear and +answer prayer. Worshippers flock to the place and the accumulation of +painted boards—whether prayers or thanks—increases."— +<span class="smcap">Frederick Starr</span>, <i>Transactions of the Asiatic +Society of Japan</i>, vol. xlviii.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_223" id="Footnote_223"> +[223]</a> The percentage in conscripts in 1918 was 2.2 per cent, against +2.5 per cent, in 1917 and 2.7 per cent, in 1916. ("Not less than 10 +per cent. of the population of our large towns are infected with +syphilis and a much larger proportion with gonorrhœa."— +<span class="smcap">Sir James Crichton-Browne</span>.) The figures for +the general population of Japan must be higher.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_224" id="Footnote_224"> +[224]</a> See <a href="#APPN_63">Appendix LXIII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_225" id="Footnote_225"> +[225]</a> It sometimes happens that an adopted son is dismissed with "a +sufficient monetary compensation" when a real son is born.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_226" id="Footnote_226"> +[226]</a> I met a fine ex-daimyo, who after the Restoration had served as +a prefectural governor. He was so generous in giving money to public +objects in his prefecture that his family compelled him to resign +office.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_227" id="Footnote_227"> +[227]</a> See <a href="#APPN_30">Appendix XXX</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_228" id="Footnote_228"> +[228]</a> It is only within the last quarter of a century that the +authorities have taken a stand against infanticide. There is no +traditional dislike of an artificial diminution of progeny, for many +of the fathers and grandfathers of the present generation practised +it. Methods of procuring abortion were also common. A certain plant +has a well-known reputation as an abortifacient. A young peer and his +wife are now conducting a campaign on behalf of smaller families, and +the discussion has advanced far enough for a magazine to invite Dr. +Havelock Ellis to express his views.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_229" id="Footnote_229"> +[229]</a> According to the 1918 figures the ages at which men and women +married were as follows per 1,000: before 20, m. 37.6, w. 259.0; +20-25, m. 304.9, w. 434.8; 26-30, m. 347.9, w. 159.4; 31-35, m. 145.1, +w. 67.3; 36-40, m. 70.0, w. 37.1; 41-45, m. 41.8, w. 21.4; 46-50, m. +22.8, w. 10.5; 51-55, m. 14.7, w. 6.0; 56-60, m. 7.3, w. 2.5; 61 and +upwards, m. 7.9, w. 2.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_230" id="Footnote_230"> +[230]</a> See <a href="#APPN_30">Appendix XXX</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_231" id="Footnote_231"> +[231]</a> See Appendices <a href="#APPN_25">XXV</a> and <a href="#APPN_80">LXXX</a>; +also page 363 for the reasons operating against emigration. Mr. J. Russell Kennedy, of +Kokusai-Reuter, declared (1921) that it was "a myth that Japan must +find an outlet for surplus population; Japan has plenty of room within +her own border," that is, including Korea and Formosa as well as +Hokkaido in Japan. Mr. S. Yoshida, Secretary of the Japanese Embassy +in London, in an address also delivered in 1921, stressed the value of +the fishing-grounds and the mercantile marine as openings for an +increased population. "The resources of the sea," he said, "give Japan +more room for her population than appears."</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 334<a name="Page_334" id="Page_334"></a></span></p> + +<h2>REFLECTIONS IN HOKKAIDO</h2> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXXVII</h2> + +<h4>COLONIAL JAPAN AND ITS UN-JAPANESE WAYS</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Above all, this is not concerned with +poetry.—<span class="smcap">Wilfred Owen</span></p></div> + +<p>When the traveller stands at the northern end of the mainland<a name="FNanchor_232"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_232"><sup>[232]</sup></a> of +Japan he is five hundred miles from Tokyo. In the north of Hokkaido he +is a thousand miles away. Hokkaido, the most northerly and the second +biggest of the four islands into which Japan is divided, is curiously +American. The wide straight streets of the capital, Sapporo,<a name="FNanchor_233"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_233"><sup>[233]</sup></a> laid +out at right angles, the rough buggies with the farmer and his wife +riding together, the wooden houses with stove stacks, and, instead of +paper-covered <i>shoji</i>, window panes: these things are seen nowhere +else in Japan and came straight from America. It was certainly from +America that the farmers had their cries of "Whoa." One of the best +authorities on Hokkaido has declared that the administrative and +agricultural instructors whom America sent there from about the time +of the Franco-Prussian war "gave Japan a fairer, kindlier conception +of America than all her study of American history."</p> + +<p>In Old Japan there is always something which speaks of the centuries +that are gone; in Sapporo there is nothing that matters which is fifty +years old. One of the most +<span class="pagenum">Page 335<a name="Page_335" id="Page_335"></a></span> +remarkable facts in the agricultural +history of Japan is that a country with a teeming population and an +intensive farming should have left entirely undeveloped to so late a +period as the early seventies a great island of 35,000 square miles +which lies within sight of its shores. The wonder is that an attempt +on Yezo<a name="FNanchor_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234"> +<sup>[234]</sup></a> was not made by the Russians, who, but for the vigorous +action of a British naval commander, would undoubtedly have taken +possession of the island of Tsushima, 700 miles farther south and +midway between Japan and Korea. Up to the time of the fall of the +Shogun the revenue of the lords of Yezo was got by taxing the harvest +of the sea and the precarious gains of hunters. The Imperial Rescript +carried by the army which was sent against certain adherents of the +Shogun who had fled there said: "We intend to take steps to reclaim +and people the island."<a name="FNanchor_235"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_235"><sup>[235]</sup></a> It is doubtful if at that period the +population was more than 60,000<a name="FNanchor_236"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_236"><sup>[236]</sup></a> (including Ainu).<a name="FNanchor_237"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_237"><sup>[237]</sup></a></p> + +<p>When Count Kuroda was put at the head of the Colonial Government he +went over to America and secured as his adviser-in-chief the chief of +the Agricultural Department at Washington. Stock, seeds, fruit trees, +implements and machinery, railway engines, buildings, practically +everything was American in the early days of Hokkaido. During a +ten-year period, in which forty-five American instructors were sent +for, five Russians, four Britons, four Germans, three Dutchmen and a +Frenchman were also imported.<a name="FNanchor_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238"> +<sup>[238]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Governor Kuroda had a million yen placed at his disposal for ten years +in succession, and a million yen was a big sum in those days. Before +long there were flour mills, breweries, +<span class="pagenum">Page 336<a name="Page_336" id="Page_336"></a></span> +beet-sugar factories, canning +plants, lead and coal mining and silk manufacturing and an experiment +in soldier colonisation which owed something to Russian experiments in +Cossack farming. An agricultural school grew into a large agricultural +college; and this agricultural college has lately become the +University of Hokkaido, with nearly a thousand students.<a name="FNanchor_239"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_239"><sup>[239]</sup></a> How much +of a pioneer Sapporo College was may be gathered from the fact that +when I was in Hokkaido 67 out of the 140 men who were members of the +faculty had been themselves taught there. Dean Sato (Japan's first +exchange lecturer to American universities), Dr. Nitobe (Japanese +Secretary of the League of Nations) and Kanzō Uchimura were among the +first students. There have always been American professors at +Sapporo—its first president came from Massachusetts—and the +professorship of English has always been held by an American.</p> + +<p>The 50 acres of elm-studded land in which the University buildings +stand are a surprise, for the elm grows nowhere else in Japan but +Hokkaido.<a name="FNanchor_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240"> +<sup>[240]</sup></a> The extent of the University's landed possessions is +also unexpected. There are two training farms of 185 and 260 acres +respectively, beautifully kept botanic gardens, a tract of 15,000 +acres on which there are already more than a thousand tenants, and +300,000 acres of forests in Hokkaido, Saghalien and Korea. Four or +five times as many students as can be admitted offer themselves at +Sapporo.</p> + +<p>There is in Hokkaido an agricultural and rural life conceived for a +country where stock may be kept and a farmer does not need to practise +the superintensive farming of Old Japan. At the first University farm +I looked over it was clear that not only American but Swedish, German +and Swiss farming practice had had its influence. No longer was the +farmer content with mattocks, hoes and flails. A silo dominated the +scene, and maize, eaten from the cob in +<span class="pagenum">Page 337<a name="Page_337" id="Page_337"></a></span> +Old Japan, was a crop for stock.<a name="FNanchor_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241"> +<sup>[241]</sup></a> I also noticed crops of oats and rye.</p> + +<p>I arrived in Hokkaido in the last week of August in a linen suit and +was glad to put on a woollen one. By September 29 it was snowing. +Snow-shoes were shown among the products of the island at the +prefectural exhibition. Canadians have likened the climate of Hokkaido +to that of Manitoba. Hokkaido is on the line of the Great Lakes, but +the cold current from the North makes comparisons of this sort +ineffective. It is only in southern Hokkaido that apples will grow. +Thirty years ago wolves and bear were shot two miles from Sapporo and +bear may still be found within ten miles.</p> + +<p>The sea fisheries of Hokkaido are valuable but agriculture and +forestry are greater money makers. Even without forestry agriculture +is well ahead of factory industry, which is also eclipsed by mining. +Industry is aided by the presence of coal. Among manufactures, brewing +stands out even more conspicuously than wood-pulp making or canning. +One of the three best-known beers in Japan comes from Hokkaido. +<a name="FNanchor_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242"><sup>[242]</sup></a> +In contrast with the situation in Old Japan, where the land is half +paddy and half upland, there is in Hokkaido only a ninth of the +cultivated land under rice.<a name="FNanchor_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243"> +<sup>[243]</sup></a> When I was in Hokkaido there were +600,000 <i>chō</i> under cultivation, a hundred and fifty times more than +there were in 1873. The line marking the northern or rather the +north-eastern limit of rice shows roughly a third of the island on the +northern and eastern coasts to be at present beyond the skill of rice +growers. There is always uncertainty with the rice crop in Hokkaido. +As the growing period is short, half the rice is not transplanted but +sown direct in the paddies. A bad crop is expected once in seven +years. In such a season there is no yield and even the straw is not +good.</p> + +<p>Immigrants get 5 <i>chō</i>, but if they are without capital they first go +to work as tenants. There are contractors in the +<span class="pagenum">Page 338<a name="Page_338" id="Page_338"></a></span> +towns who supply labourers to farmers and factories at busy times. When newcomers have +capital and are keen on rice growing and are families working without +hired labour, they are strongly recommended not to devote more than +2-1\2 <i>chō</i> to rice—from 3 to 5 <i>chō</i> are +the absolute limit—against 1-1\2 or 2 <i>chō</i> to other crops. +When the holder of a 5-<i>chō</i> holding +prospers he buys a second farm and more horses and implements, and +hires labour for the busy period. But 10 or 15 <i>chō</i> is considered as +much as can be worked in this way. If the area is more than 10 or 15 +<i>chō</i> it is difficult to get labour in the busy season, for it is the +busy season for everybody. Labourers from a distance can be got only +at an unprofitable rate. It is first the lack of capital and then the +lack of labour which prevents the farmer extending his holding. +<a name="FNanchor_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244"><sup>[244]</sup></a> +The limit of practical mixed farming is 30 <i>chō</i>. (Stock farming is +for milk rather than for meat, and more than one condensed-milk +factory is in operation.) Even in Hokkaido large farming, as it is +understood in Great Britain and America, is not easy to find. +<a name="FNanchor_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245"><sup>[245]</sup></a></p> + +<p>On my journey north from Sapporo the first thing which brought home to +me the colonial character of the agriculture was the tree stumps +sticking up in the paddies. The second was the extent to which the +rivers were still uncontrolled. The longest river in Japan, 260 miles +long, is in Hokkaido. There was obviously a vast moorland area in need +of draining. Peat—there are 300,000 <i>chō</i> of it—may be a standby +when the waste of timber that is going on brings about a shortage of +fuel other than coal. From poor peat soil, which was growing oats, +buckwheat and millet, we passed to land capable of producing rice, and +saw ploughing with horses. One region had been opened for only twenty +years, but already the farmers had cultivated the hillsides in the +assiduous fashion of Old Japan.</p> + +<p>From Ashigawa we made some excursions in a prim <i>basha</i> to places +which were always several miles farther on than they were supposed to +be and were usually reached by tracks covered with stones from 6 to 9 +ins. long and having ruts a foot deep.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 339<a name="Page_339" id="Page_339"></a></span> +We visited a large estate with 350 tenants who were mostly working +2½ <i>chō</i>, though some had twice as much. Nearly all of these +tenants appeared to have one or two horses, although the estate +manager had advised them to use oxen or cows as more economical +draught animals. When I remembered the distance the farmers were from +the town and the state of the roads, and noticed the satisfaction +which the men we passed displayed in being able to ride, it was easy +to believe that the possession of a horse might have its value as a +means of social progress. During the last ten years half the tenants +had made enough to enable them to buy farms. The tenants on this +estate had two temples and one shrine.<a name="FNanchor_246"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_246"><sup>[246]</sup></a></p> + +<p>I visited a fifteen-years-old co-operative alcohol factory with a +capital of 300,000 yen. Of its materials 80 per cent. seemed to be +potato starch waste and 20 per cent. maize. The product was 6,000 or +7,000 <i>koku</i> of alcohol. The dividend was 8 per cent. On the waste a +large number of pigs was fed. The animals were kept in pens with +boarded floors within a small area, and I was not surprised to learn +that three or four died every month. Starch making, which produces the +waste used by the alcohol factory, is managed on quite a small scale. +An outfit may cost no more than 30 or 50 yen. I went over a small +peppermint-making plant. Most of the peppermint raised in Japan—it +reaches a value of 2 million yen—is grown in Hokkaido.</p> + +<p>One day in the eastern part of the island I met in a small hotel, +which was run by a man and his wife who had been in America, several +old farmers who had obviously made money. They declared that formerly +only 20 per cent. of the colonists succeeded, but now the proportion +was more than 65 per cent. I imagine that they meant by success that +the colonists did really well, for it was added that it was rare in +that district for people to return to Old Japan. One of the company +said that not more than 5 per cent. returned. "Land is too expensive +at home," he continued; "when a Japanese comes here and gets some, he +works hard." +<span class="pagenum">Page 340<a name="Page_340" id="Page_340"></a></span> +A good man, they said, should make, after four or five +years, 70 to 100 yen clear profit in a year.</p> + +<p>I rather suspect that the men I talked with had made some of their +money by advancing funds to their neighbours on mortgage. They all +seemed to own several farms. When I asked how religion prospered in +Hokkaido they said with a smile, "There are many things to do here, so +there is no spare time for religion as in our native places." There is +a larger proportion of Christians in Hokkaido than on the mainland. +One village of a thousand inhabitants contained two churches and a +Salvation Army barracks. It was reputed, also, to have eight or ten +"waitresses" and five saké shops. It is said that a good deal of +<i>shochu</i>, which is stronger than saké, is drunk.</p> + +<p>The roughest <i>basha</i> ride I made was to a place seven miles from +railhead in the extreme north-east. Such roads as we adventured by are +little more than tracks with ditches on either side. The journey back, +because there were no horses to ride, we made in a narrow but +extraordinarily heavy farm wagon with wheels a foot wide and drawn by +a stallion. Shortly after starting there was a terrific thunderstorm +which soaked us and hastened uncomfortably the pace of the animal in +the shafts. When the worst of the downpour was over, and we had faced +the prospect of slithering about the wagon for the rest of the +journey, for the stallion had decided to hurry, a farmer's wife asked +us for a lift and clambered in with agility. My companion and I were +then sitting in a soggy state with our backs against the wagon front +and our legs outstretched resignedly. The cheery farmer's wife, who +was wet too, plopped down between us and, as the bumps came, gripped +one of my legs with much good fellowship. She was a godsend by reason +of her plumpness, for we were now wedged so tight that we no longer +rocked and pitched about the wagon at each jolt. And no doubt we dried +more quickly. Providence had indeed been good to us, for shortly +afterwards we passed, lying on its side in a <i>spruit</i>, the <i>basha</i> +that had carried us on our outward journey.</p> + +<p>We were three hours in all in the wagon. Our passenger told us that +her husband had several farms and that they +<span class="pagenum">Page 341<a name="Page_341" id="Page_341"></a></span> +were very comfortably off +and very glad that they had come to Hokkaido. When the farmer's wife +had to alight a mile from our destination we chose to walk. Bad roads +are a serious problem for the Hokkaido farmer. In one district, only +fifteen miles from the capital, they are so bad that rice is at half +the price it makes in Sapporo. It is unfortunate that the roads are at +their worst in autumn and spring when the farmer wants to transport +his produce.</p> + +<p>I visited the 700-acre settlement which Mr. Tomeoka has opened in +connection with his Tokyo institution for the reclamation of young +wastrels. His formula is, "Feed them well, work them hard and give +them enough sleep." Among the volumes on his shelves there were three +books about Tolstoy and another three, one English, one American and +one German, all bearing the same title, <i>The Social Question</i>. +Needless to say that <i>Self-Help</i> had its place.</p> + +<p>I liked Mr. Tomeoka's idea of an open-air chapel on a tree-shaded +height from which there was a fine view. It reminded me of the view +from an open space on rising ground near the famous Danish rural high +school of Askov, from which, on Sundays, parties of excursionists used +to look down enviously on Slesvig and irritate the Germans by singing +Danish national songs. Mr. Tomeoka believed in better houses and +better food for farmers and in money raised by means of the <i>kō</i>—"the +rules and regulations of co-operative societies are too complicated +for farmers to understand."</p> + +<p>I saw the huts of some settlers who had weathered their first Hokkaido +winter. Buckwheat, scratched in in open spaces among the trees, was +the chief crop. The huts consisted of one room. Most of the floor was +raised above the ground and covered with rough straw matting. In the +centre of the platform was the usual fire-hole. The walls were matting +and brushwood. I was assured that "the snow and good fires, for which +there is unlimited fuel, keep the huts warm."</p> + +<p>The railway winds through high hills and makes sharp curves and steep +ascents and descents. There are tracts of rolling country under rough +grass. Sometimes these +<span class="pagenum">Page 342<a name="Page_342" id="Page_342"></a></span> +areas have been cleared by forest fires +started by lightning. Wide spaces are a great change from the scenery +of closely farmed Japan. The thing that makes the hillsides different +from our wilder English and Scottish hillsides is that there are +neither sheep nor cattle on them.</p> + +<p>When the culpable destruction of timber in Hokkaido is added to what +has been lost by forest fires, due to lightning or to accident—one +conflagration was more than 200 acres in extent—it is easy to realise +that the rivers are bringing far more water and detritus from the +hills than they ought to do and are preparing flood problems with +which it will cost millions to cope when the country gets more closely +settled. It is deplorable that, apart from needless burning on the +hillsides, the farmers have not been dissuaded from completely +clearing their arable land of trees. On many holdings there is not +even a clump left to shelter the farmhouse and buildings. In not a few +districts the colonists have created treeless plains. In place after +place the once beautiful countryside is now ugly and depressing.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_232" id="Footnote_232"> +[232]</a> The word used by people in Hokkaido for the main island, Hondo +or Honshu (<i>Hon</i>, main; <i>do</i> or <i>shu</i>, land), is <i>Naichi</i> (interior).</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_233" id="Footnote_233"> +[233]</a> From Aomori on the mainland to Hakodate in Hokkaido is a +50-miles sea trip. Then comes a long night journey to Sapporo, during +which one passes between two active volcanoes. The sea trip is 50 +miles because a large part of the route taken by the steamer is +through Aomori Bay. The nearest part of Hokkaido to the mainland is a +little less than the distance between Dover and Calais.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_234" id="Footnote_234"> +[234]</a> Foreigners sometimes confound Yezo (Hokkaido) with Yedo, the old +name for Tokyo.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_235" id="Footnote_235"> +[235]</a> A sixth of Hokkaido still belongs to the Imperial Household. In +1918 it decided to sell forest and other land (parts of Japan not +stated) to the value of 100 million yen. In 1917 the Imperial estates +were estimated at 18¾ million chō of forest and 22¼ million chō +of "plains," that is tracts which are not timbered nor cultivated nor +built on.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_236" id="Footnote_236"> +[236]</a> In 1919 it was 2,137,700.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_237" id="Footnote_237"> +[237]</a> Considerations of space compel the holding over of a chapter on +the Ainu for another volume.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_238" id="Footnote_238"> +[238]</a> Of the 96 foreign instructors in institutions "under the direct +control" of the Tokyo Department of Education in 1917-18, there were +27 British, 22 German, 19 American and 12 French.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_239" id="Footnote_239"> +[239]</a> Hokkaido is one of five Imperial universities. There are in +addition several well-known private universities.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_240" id="Footnote_240"> +[240]</a> Grouse are also to be found in Hokkaido, but no pheasants and no +monkeys. The deep Tsugaru Strait marks an ancient geological division +between Hokkaido and the mainland.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_241" id="Footnote_241"> +[241]</a> It is sometimes eaten, ground to a rough meal, with rice. The +argument is that maize is two thirds the price of rice and more easily +digested.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_242" id="Footnote_242"> +[242]</a> See <a href="#APPN_37">Appendix XXXVII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_243" id="Footnote_243"> +[243]</a> The latest figures for Hokkaido show only a tenth.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_244" id="Footnote_244"> +[244]</a> For farmers' incomes, see <a href="#APPN_13">Appendix XIII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_245" id="Footnote_245"> +[245]</a> For sizes of farms, see <a href="#APPN_64">Appendix LXIV</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_246" id="Footnote_246"> +[246]</a> For a tenant's contract, see <a href="#APPN_65">Appendix LXV</a>.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 343<a name="Page_343" id="Page_343"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXXVIII</h2> + +<h4>SHALL THE JAPANESE EAT BREAD AND MEAT?</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Bon yori shoko</i> (Proof, not argument)</p></div> + +<p>One day in Tokyo I heard a Japanese who was looking at a photograph of +a British woman War-worker feeding pigs ask if the animals were sheep. +Sheep are so rare in Japan that an old ram has been exhibited at a +country fair as a lion. In contrast with Western agriculture based on +live stock we have in Japan an agriculture based on rice.<a name="FNanchor_247"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_247"><sup>[247]</sup></a> But a +section of the Japanese agricultural world turns its eyes longingly to +mixed farming, and so, when I returned to Sapporo from my trip to the +north of Hokkaido, I was taken to see a Government stock farm—with a +smoking volcano in the background. Hokkaido has four other official +farms, one belonging to the Government and one for raising horses for +the army. I was shown, in addition to horses, Ayrshire, Holstein and +Brown Swiss cattle, Berkshire and Yorkshire pigs and Southdown and +Shropshire sheep in good buildings. I noticed two self-binders and a +hay loader and I beheld for the first time in Japan a dairymaid and +collies—one was of a useless show type.</p> + +<p>The extent to which the knack of looking after animals and a liking +for them can be developed is an interesting question. Experts in +stock-keeping with generations of experience behind them will agree +that it is on the answer to this question that the success or +non-success of the Japanese in animal industry in no small measure +depends.</p> + +<p>I have a note of a discussion on the general treatment of domestic +animals in Japan in the course of which it was admitted that they were +"certainly not treated as well as in most parts of Europe, or as in +China." One reason given +<span class="pagenum">Page 344<a name="Page_344" id="Page_344"></a></span> +was that "most sects believe in the +reincarnation of the wicked in the form of animals." The freedom which +dogs enjoyed in English houses seemed strange; my friends no doubt +forgot that Western houses have no <i>tatami</i> to be preserved. It was +contended, however, that cavalry soldiers "often weep on parting from +their horses" and that "people with knowledge of animals are fond of +them." I have myself seen farmers' wives in tears at a horse fair when +the foals they had reared were to be sold and the animals in their +timidity nuzzled them. Westerners who are familiar with the exquisite +and humoursome studies of animal, bird and insect life by Japanese +artists of the past and present day,<a name="FNanchor_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248"> +<sup>[248]</sup></a> are in no doubt that such +work was prompted by real knowledge and love of the "lower creation." +The Japanese have a keen appreciation of the "song" of an amazing +variety of "musical" insects—there are 20,000 kinds of insects. It is +an appreciation not vouchsafed to the foreigner whose nerves are +racked by the insistent bizz of the <i>semi</i> or cicada—there are 38 +kinds of cicada. Everyone will recall Hearn's chapter on the trade in +"singing insects."</p> + +<p>One of my hosts in Aichi had two tiny cages which each contained one +of these creatures. The cages were hung from the eaves. In the evening +when the stone lantern in the garden was lit, and it was desired to +give an illusion of greater coolness after a hot day a servant was +sent up to the roof to pour down a tubful of water in order to produce +the dripping sound of rain; and this at once set the caged insects +chirping.</p> + +<p>The sensitive foreigner is distressed by the way in which newly born +puppies and kittens are thrown out to die because their Buddhist +owners are too scrupulous to kill them. The stranger's feelings are +also worked on by the unhappy demeanour and uncared-for look of dogs +and cats. On chancing to enter in a Japanese city an English home +where there were three dogs I could not but mark +<span class="pagenum">Page 345<a name="Page_345" id="Page_345"></a></span> +how they contrasted +in bearing and appearance with the generality of the animals I had +seen. Yet these dogs were all mongrel foundlings which had been +abandoned near my friend's house or dropped into her garden. No doubt +most Japanese dogs suffer from having too much rice—and polished at +that—and practically no bones. An excuse for the neglect of cats is +that they scratch woodwork and <i>tatami</i> and insist on carrying their +food into the best room.</p> + +<p>Horses are often overloaded and mercilessly driven on hilly +roads.<a name="FNanchor_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249"> +<sup>[249]</sup></a> On the other hand, carters lead their horses. It might be +added that the coolies who haul and push handcarts bearing enormous +loads never spare themselves. I was told more than once of people who +had been too tenderhearted to make an end of old horses. I also heard +of hens which had been allowed to live on until they died of old age. +In some mountain communities it is the custom, when a chicken must be +killed for a visitor's meal, for an exchange of birds to be made with +a neighbour in order that the killing may not be too painful for the +owner.<a name="FNanchor_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250"><sup>[250]</sup></a></p> + +<p>Except in hotels and stores in Tokyo and the cities which cater for +foreigners, one seldom sees such an animal product as cheese. On the +Government farm I found excellent cheese and butter being made. +Untravelled Japanese have the dislike of the smell of cheese that +Western people have of the stench of boiling <i>daikon</i>. Nor is cheese +the only alien food with which the ordinary Japanese has a difficulty. +The smell of mutton is repugnant to him and he has yet to acquire a +taste for milk. The demand for milk is increasing, however. The guide +books are quite out of date. Nearly all the milk ordinarily sold for foreigners +<span class="pagenum">Page 346<a name="Page_346" id="Page_346"></a></span> +and invalids is supplied sterilised in bottles. On the +platforms of the larger railway stations bottles of milk are vended +from a copper container holding hot water. In places where I have been +able to obtain bread I have usually had no difficulty in getting milk. +(The word for bread, <i>pan</i>, has been in the language since the coming +of the Portuguese, and all over Japan one finds sponge cake, +<i>kasutera</i>, a word from the Spanish.) Butter in country hotels is +usually rancid, for the reason, I imagine, that it is carelessly +handled and kept too long and that few Japanese know the taste of good +butter. The development of a liking for bread and butter is obviously +one of the conditions of the establishment of a successful animal +industry. Condensed milk is sold in large quantities, but chiefly to +supplement infants' supplies and to make sweetstuff. The 1919 +production was estimated at 57 million tins.</p> + +<p>One argument for an animal industry is that with an increasing +population the fish supply will not go so far as it has done. It is +said that fish are not to be found in as large quantities as formerly. +Another argument is that the national imports include many products of +animal industry which might be advantageously produced at home. Not +only is more milk, condensed and fresh, being consumed: with the +adoption of foreign clothes in professional and business life and in +the army and navy, more and more wool is being worn<a name="FNanchor_251"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_251"><sup>[251]</sup></a> and more and +more leather is needed for the boots which are being substituted for +<i>geta</i> and also for service requirements. It is contended that for the +emancipation of Japanese agriculture from the <i>petite culture</i> stage +it is essential that a larger number of draught oxen and horses shall +be used. It is equally important, it is suggested, that more manure +shall be made on the farms, so that a limit shall be placed on the +outlay on imported fertilisers. Finally there are those who urge that +the Japanese should be better fed and that better feeding can only be +brought about by an increased consumption of animal products. +<a name="FNanchor_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252"><sup>[252]</sup></a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 347<a name="Page_347" id="Page_347"></a></span> +The possibilities of outdoor stock keeping in Hokkaido are limited by +the fact that snow lies from November to the middle of February and in +the north of the island to the end of March. A high agricultural +authority did not think that the number of cattle in all Japan could +be raised to more than two million within twenty years.<a name="FNanchor_253"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_253"><sup>[253]</sup></a></p> + +<p>In the management of sheep—there were about 5,000 in the whole +country when I was in Hokkaido—there has been failure after failure, +but it is held that the prospects for sheep in Hokkaido are promising. +(The question is discussed in the next Chapter.) At present, owing to +the lack of a market for mutton, pigs, which used to be kept in the +days before Buddhism exerted its influence, seem more attractive to +experimenting farmers than sheep. No one has proposed that sheep +should be kept in ones and twos for milking as in Holland.<a name="FNanchor_254"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_254"><sup>[254]</sup></a> When +milk is needed it is said that goats, of which there are more than +90,000 in Japan, are desirable stock, but I doubt whether more than +500 of these goats are milked.<a name="FNanchor_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255"> +<sup>[255]</sup></a> They are kept to produce meat. +Some people hope that those who eat goat's flesh will come to realise +the superiority of mutton.</p> + +<p>The case for pigs is that sweet potatoes and squash can be fed to +them, that they produce frequent litters, that pork is more and more +appreciated, and that there are 300,000 of them in the country +already. Some confident experts who have possibly been influenced by +the large consumption of pork in China argue that pork may become +equally popular in Japan. There are two bacon factories not far from +Tokyo.</p> + +<p>As in other countries, the argument for doing away with foreign +imports is pushed in Japan to ridiculous lengths. Japan, which aims +above all at being an exporting country, cannot attain her desire +without receiving imports to pay for +<span class="pagenum">Page 348<a name="Page_348" id="Page_348"></a></span> +her exports. <a name="FNanchor_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256"><sup>[256]</sup></a> +The physiological argument for an animal industry is unconvincing. The +Japanese have a long dietetic history as vegetarians who eat a little +fish and a few eggs. There exists in Japan an exceptionally ingenious +variety of nitrogenous foods derived from the vegetable kingdom, and +the Japanese have become accustomed to digest vegetable protein. +<a name="FNanchor_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257"><sup>[257]</sup></a> +It might be suggested, with some show of reason, that in this matter +of the adoption of a meat dietary the Japanese are once more under the +influence of foreign ideas which are a little out of date.<a name="FNanchor_258"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_258"><sup>[258]</sup></a> In +Europe and America there is evidence of a decreasing meat consumption +among educated people, and medical papers are full of counsels to +diminish the amount of meat consumed. There is also in the West an +increasing sensitiveness to the horrors inflicted on animals in +transportation by rail and steamer, and if an animal industry were +established in Japan there would certainly be a great deal of +transportation by rail and steamer from the breeding to the rearing +districts, and from these districts to the slaughtering centres. If +the present advocacy of an animal industry for Japan should triumph +over the reluctance to take animal life inculcated by Buddhism it is +hardly likely to be regarded in the West as a forward step in the +ethical evolution of the Japanese.<a name="FNanchor_259"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_259"><sup>[259]</sup></a> </p> + +<p>I had the good fortune to meet in Sapporo a man who +<span class="pagenum">Page 349<a name="Page_349" id="Page_349"></a></span> +has made a special study of the food of the Japanese people, Professor Morimoto +of the University. He said that he had no doubt that when the Japanese +began to eat bread instead of rice they would develop a taste for meat +as well as butter. With great kindness he placed at my disposal +statistics which he afterwards expanded in a thesis for Johns Hopkins +University. He had investigated the dietary of the families of 200 +tenants of the University farms. Reduced to terms of men per day the +result was:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" +summary="Food and Drink Consumption-200 farm tenants"> +<tr><td> </td><td align="right">Sen.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rice (1.95 <i>go</i>)</td><td align="right">4.2 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Vegetables</td><td align="right">2.2 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">(Naked) barley (3.45 <i>go</i>)</td><td align="right">3.3 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fish</td><td align="right">1.0 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Miso</i></td><td align="right">.7 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Pickles<a href="#Footnote_260"><sup>[260]</sup></a></td> +<td align="right">.6 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sake</td><td align="right">.08</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Shoyu</i> (soy)</td><td align="right">.03</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sugar</td><td align="right">.02</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align="right">——</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align="right">12.13</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>Or at Tokyo prices, 14.3 sen. On averaging, in terms of per man per +day, the food and drink consumption of all Japan, Professor Morimoto +found the result to be:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" +summary="Food and Drink Consumption-All Japanese"> +<tr><td> </td><td align="center">Sen.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Grain</td><td align="right">6.60 </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Legumes</td><td align="right">.39 </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Vegetables</td><td align="right">2.00 </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fish and seaweeds</td><td align="right">.54 </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Beef and veal</td><td align="right">.10 }</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Other animal food</td><td align="right">.03 }</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chicken</td><td align="right">.03 }</td><td align="left">.33</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Eggs</td><td align="right">.13 }</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Milk</td><td align="right">.04 }</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fruits</td><td align="right">.40 </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sugar</td><td align="right">.53 </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Salt</td><td align="right">.20 </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Tea</td><td align="right">.10 </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Alcoholic liquor</td><td align="right">1.50 </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Tobacco</td><td align="right">.45 </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="center">——</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td> +<td align="right">13.04 </td> +<td align="left"><a href="#Footnote_261"><sup>[261]</sup></a></td></tr> +</table> + + +<p>The Professor compares with these totals the 34.4 sen and 39.3 sen per +day which seem to represent the cost of the food of the rank and file +in the navy and army, and three +<span class="pagenum">Page 350<a name="Page_350" id="Page_350"></a></span> +standards of diet issued by the +official Bureau of Hygiene providing for expenditures of 32.1 sen, 33 +sen and 44.4 sen respectively. (All the prices I have cited are dated +1915.) Beef and pork as well as fish are used in the army and navy. +The navy also uses bread.</p> + +<p>Professor Morimoto estimates that a Japanese may be fairly expected to +consume only 80 per cent. of what a foreigner needs, for the average +weight of Japanese is only 13 <i>kwan</i> 830 <i>momme</i> to the European's 17 +<i>kwan</i> 20 <i>momme</i>.</p> + +<p>My personal impression, which I give merely for what it is worth, for +I have made no investigation of the subject, is that, though Japanese +may thrive on meagre fare, they eat large quantities of food when +their resources permit of indulgence. The common ailment seems to be +"stomach ache." This may be due to eating at irregular hours, to an +unbalanced dietary, to the eating of undercooked viands or to +occasional over-eating, or to all of these causes.<a name="FNanchor_262"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_262"><sup>[262]</sup></a> Undoubtedly +there is much room for dietetic reform.</p> + +<p>Professor Morimoto had come to the conclusion "that there is +under-feeding, largely due to a bad choice of foods, that the relation +of the nutritive value of foods to their cost is insufficiently +studied and that cooking can be improved." It is of course an old +criticism of the Japanese table that food is either imperfectly cooked +or prepared too much with a view to appearance. The Professor's +finding was that the Japanese need the addition of meat and bread to +their dietary. As far as meat is concerned he did not convince me. Let +me quote him on the soy bean: "It is a remarkably good substitute for +meat. It is very low in price but its nutritive value is very high. +The essential element of <i>miso</i>, <i>tofu</i> and <i>shoyu</i> is soy bean." +Bread is another matter. The Japanese Navy, presumably +<span class="pagenum">Page 351<a name="Page_351" id="Page_351"></a></span> +because it may +find itself far from Japan, has accustomed its sailors to eat bread, +and a case can certainly be made out for the general population not +relying on rice as a grain food. But, as the large quantities of +barley eaten show, there is no such reliance now. Morimoto urged that +while there might be no difference in the nutritive value of wheat and +rice, rice as usually eaten induced "abnormal distension of the +stomach and poor nutrition." Again, wheat was a world crop, +<a name="FNanchor_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263"><sup>[263]</sup></a> +whereas rice, owing to the Japanese objection to foreign rice, was a +local crop. If the Japanese were users of wheat as well as of rice +they would not have to pay so much for food, when, on the failure of +the rice crop in considerable parts of Japan, the price of rice was +high. "The consumption is about 10 million bushels more than the +production." Further, rice was more costly in cultivation than wheat, +and its production could not be increased so as to keep pace with the +increase in population. The yield, which was 46 million <i>koku</i> in +1904, was only 50 millions in 1912; and 65 millions in 1927 seemed an +excessive estimate. In 1912 the importation of rice was 2 million +<i>koku</i>. But on all these points the reader should take note of the +data on page 84 and in Appendices XXIV and XXV.</p> + +<p>The Professor's concluding point against rice was that it was +expensive to prepare. The washing of the rice in a succession of +waters and the cleaning of the sticky pot in which it was cooked and +of the equally sticky tub in which it was served took a great deal of +time. Then in order to cook rice properly—and the Japanese have +become connoisseurs—the exact proportion of water must be gauged. The +supplies of rice to be cooked were so considerable that the name of +the servant lass was "girl to boil the rice." But when bread was used +instead of rice, said the Professor jubilantly, a baking twice a week +would do. Why, an hour a day might be saved, which in twenty years +would be 73,000 hours, or a whole year, and, reckoning women's labour +as worth 5 sen an hour, that would be a saving of 565 yen!</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_247" id="Footnote_247"> +[247]</a> For statistics of cultivated area and live stock, see <a href="#APPN_66">Appendix +LXVI</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_248" id="Footnote_248"> +[248]</a> One thinks of Takeuchi Seiho who lives in Kyoto, of Toba Sojo +(11th century) for monkeys, frogs and bullocks, and in the Tokugawa +period of Okio for dogs and carp, of Jakchū for fowls and birds, of +Hasegawa Tohaku and Sosen for monkeys, of Kawanabe Kyosai for crows, +and of Kesai and Hokusai for birds, fish and insects.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_249" id="Footnote_249"> +[249]</a> Nevertheless it is well not to be hasty in judgment. On the day +on which this footnote was written, April 7, 1921, I find the +following items in the <i>Daily Mail</i>. On page 4 the Attorney-General +regrets that the law tolerates the "cruel practice" by which 30 +pigeons were killed or injured at a certain pigeon-shooting +competition and expresses inability to bring in legislation. On page +5, col. 2, an M.P. is reported as mentioning a case in which a puppy +had been kicked to death and as asking the Home Secretary whether the +law imposing imprisonment for a short term could not be strengthened. +On the same page, col. 5, a railway porter is reported as having been +fined for flinging three small calves into a farm cart by the tails.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_250" id="Footnote_250"> +[250]</a> For poultry statistics, see <a href="#APPN_67">Appendix LXVII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_251" id="Footnote_251"> +[251]</a> Before the extensive use of <i>yofuku</i> (foreign clothes) the dress +of Japanese men and women was entirely of cotton and silk or of cotton +only. Much of the material from which <i>yofuku</i> are made is no doubt +cotton.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_252" id="Footnote_252"> +[252]</a> See <a href="#APPN_68">Appendix LXVIII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_253" id="Footnote_253"> +[253]</a> The number of cattle, which was 1,342,587 in 1916, was only +1,307,120 in 1918. See also <a href="#APPN_66">Appendix LXVI</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_254" id="Footnote_254"> +[254]</a> For photographs and particulars of the milk sheep, see my <i>Free +Farmer in a Free State</i>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_255" id="Footnote_255"> +[255]</a> The value of the well-bred and well-cared-for goat as a milk and +manure producer is underestimated. The problem of keeping goats in +such a way that they shall not be destructive and shall yield the +maximum of manure is discussed in my <i>Case for the Goat</i>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_256" id="Footnote_256"> +[256]</a> This question as it affects an agricultural country is discussed +in <i>A Free Farmer in a Free State</i>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_257" id="Footnote_257"> +[257]</a> There is a consensus of scientific opinion that "non-meat +eating" races such as the Japanese have longer alimentary tracts than +flesh-eating Europeans. It is difficult to be precise on the subject, +an eminent Western surgeon tells me, for bowels are as contractile as +worms, which at one minute measure 100 units in length and the next +minute have shortened to 30. So much depends on the state at death.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_258" id="Footnote_258"> +[258]</a> On the other hand, the Japanese have taken up many new things at +the point which we in the West have only recently reached. They begin +to produce milk and supply it, not in the milkman's pail, but in +sterilised bottles. They abandon candles and lamps and, practically +skipping gas, adopt electric light or power. The capital invested in +electric enterprises in 1919 was about 700 million yen or seven times +that invested in gas.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_259" id="Footnote_259"> +[259]</a> There is one blameless form of stock keeping which is developing +in Hokkaido. Bees, which have still to make their way in Old Japan, +are now 6,000 hives strong in the northern island, though a start was +made only six or seven years ago.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_260" id="Footnote_260"> +[260]</a> It is illustrative of the extent to which pickle is consumed in +Japan that a family in Sapporo was found to have eaten no fewer than +283 <i>daikon</i> in a year.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_261" id="Footnote_261"> +[261]</a> The reader must put away the impression which this table gives +of a varied dietary. Few Japanese have such a range of food. The +average man habitually lives on rice, bean products (<i>tofu</i>, bean +jelly and <i>miso</i>, soft bean cheese), pickles, vegetables, tea, a +little fish and sometimes eggs. People of narrow means see little of +eggs and not much fish, unless it be <i>katsubushi</i>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_262" id="Footnote_262"> +[262]</a> The watering of vegetables with liquid manure, the usual +practice of the Japanese farmer, and the pollution of the paddies make +salads and insufficiently cooked green stuff dangerous and many water +supplies of questionable purity. Great efforts have been made to +provide safe tap water from the hills. Intestinal parasites are +common. The build of the Japanese makes for strength, but in the urban +areas there is much absence from work on the plea of ill-health. Both +in Japan and in England I have been struck by the fact that when I +made an excursion with an urban Japanese he often tired before I did, +and on none of these trips was I in anything like first-class +condition.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_263" id="Footnote_263"> +[263]</a> Many Japanese look forward to a great production of wheat on the +north-eastern Asiatic mainland under Japanese auspices. In considering +imports of wheat it should be remembered that some of it is used in +soy and macaroni.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 352<a name="Page_352" id="Page_352"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XXXIX</h2> + +<h4>MUST THE JAPANESE MAKE THEIR OWN "YOFUKU"?<a name="FNanchor_264"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_264"><sup>[264]</sup></a> </h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"God damn all foreigners!"<i>—Interrupter +at one of Mr. Gladstone's early meetings at Oxford</i></p></div> + +<p>When I was in Hokkaido sheep were being experimented with at different +places on the mainland, investigators and sheep buyers had gone off to +Australia, New Zealand and South America, and a Tokyo Sheep Bureau of +two dozen officials had been established. Great hopes were built on a +few hundred sheep in Hokkaido.<a name="FNanchor_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265"> +<sup>[265]</sup></a> But I noticed that Government farm +sheep were under cover on a warm September day. Also I heard of +trouble with two well-known sheep ailments. There was talk +nevertheless of the day when there would be a million sheep in +Hokkaido, perhaps three millions. On the mainland I also met high +officials and enthusiastic prefectural governors who dreamed dreams of +sheep farming in Old Japan, where land is costly, farms small, +agriculture intensive, grazing ground to seek, and farmland +necessarily damp. This sheep keeping is conceived as one animal or +perhaps two on a holding as rather unhappy by-products. The notion is +that the wool and manure of a sheep would meet the expense of its keep +and that the mutton would be profit. Hopes of an extension of sheep +breeding resting on such a basis seem to be extravagant. One high +authority told me that it would take twenty or thirty years to develop +sheep keeping.</p> + +<p>The sheep at present in Japan are not living in natural conditions. +They feed on cultivated crops. Sheep could hardly live a week on +natural Japanese pasture. The wild herbage is full of the sharp bamboo grass. In the +<span class="pagenum">Page 353<a name="Page_353" id="Page_353"></a></span> +summer much of the eatable herbage dries up. Not only +must sheep endure the summer heat and insects; they must survive the +trying rainy season. But they must do more than merely endure and +survive. In order to produce good wool it is necessary that they shall +be in good condition. The hair of one's head immediately shows the +effect of imperfect nutrition or unhealthy conditions, and it is the +same with the wool on the back of the sheep.</p> + +<p>It is said that the quality of the wool on the sheep kept in Japan +depreciates. However this may be, it is plain that sheep breeding must +be conducted on a large scale in order to produce wool in commercial +quantities and of even quality. Some notion of the land normally +required for sheep may be estimated from the fact that Australian +pasture carries no more than four sheep per acre.<a name="FNanchor_266"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_266"><sup>[266]</sup></a> </p> + +<p>An improvement of Japanese herbage sufficient to fit it for sheep +would be a heavy task even in small areas. It is not only the herbage +but the rocks below it which are all wrong for sheep, if we are to +judge by the geological formations on which sheep flourish in the +West. If the sheep were put on cultivated land<a name="FNanchor_267"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_267"><sup>[267]</sup></a> or placed on straw +as I saw them in Hokkaido there would be serious risks of foot rot. No +doubt there would also be insect pests to control. If Japan set up +sheep keeping she would no doubt have to devise her own special breed +of sheep, for the well-known Western breeds are artificial products. +Probably the experiments which are being made in China with sheep at +an earlier stage of development are proceeding on the right lines. I +have already spoken of the fact that a Japanese taste for mutton has +yet to be cultivated.</p> + +<p>This is a formidable list of difficulties confronting the new +Governmental Sheep Bureau. No doubt much may be done by a large +expenditure of money and much patience. The Japanese have wrought +marvels before by spending money and having a large stock of patience. +Account must also be taken of the spirit reflected in the speech made to me +<span class="pagenum">Page 354<a name="Page_354" id="Page_354"></a></span> +by a Japanese friend when I read the foregoing paragraph to him:</p> + +<p>"But we are keen to try. If there were no necessity to prepare for +war, when we must have wool for soldiers, sailors and officials, we +might rely on Australia and elsewhere and hope to improve the inferior +and dirty Chinese wool. But thinking of the disease prevailing in +Northern Manchuria and of service needs, we want to try sheep keeping +with some subsidy in Hokkaido and on the mainland in Northern Aomori +where there is much dry wild land and the farmers are often +miserable—there are villages where the people do not wash. We might +provide some of the wool needed by Japan. We have practically met our +needs in sugar, though of course our needs are small compared with +England and America."</p> + +<p>Let us turn from the sheep problem to the factory problem. What are +the difficulties of the woollen industry? In the first place, as we +have seen, there is no home supply of wool worth mentioning. Further, +there is the intricacy of woollen manufacture. Cotton machinery has +been brought to such a pitch of perfection for every operation and +there are in existence so many technical manuals for every department +of cotton manufacture that a certain standardisation of output is not +difficult. The problem of woollen manufacture is much more +complicated. The output cannot be similarly standardised, and there +are many directions in which originality, self-reliance and experience +come into play decisively.</p> + +<p>In the woollen districts of Great Britain the operatives are people +who have been in the trade all their lives, whose parents and +grandparents have been in the trade before them. There is not only an +hereditary aptitude but an hereditary interest. There is not only an +individual interest but an interest of the whole community. The +welfare of a town or city is wrapped up in the woollen industry. This +is not so in Japan. The mill workers in the Tokyo prefecture, for +example, come from remote parts of Japan, and the girls—and +three-quarters of the employees of the woollen industry are girls—are +merely on a three-years contract. The girls arrive absolutely +inexperienced. Even in England +<span class="pagenum">Page 355<a name="Page_355" id="Page_355"></a></span> +it is considered that it takes two or +three years to make a worker skilful. Within the three-years period +for which the Japanese mill girls or their parents contract, as many +as 30 per cent. leave the mills and, appalling fact, from 20 to 25 per +cent. die.<a name="FNanchor_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268"> +<sup>[268]</sup></a> Not more than 10 per cent. renew their three-years +contract. Therefore there is, at present at any rate, little real +skilled labour in the factories. Another difficulty is the absence of +skilful wool sorters. Even before the War a good wool sorter commanded +in England from £3 to £4 a week. One of the things which hampers the +Japanese woollen industry is the prevalence of illness at the +factories. They must have, in consequence, about 25 per cent. more +labour than is needed.</p> + +<p>Generally one would say that the industry at its present stage is not +only weak on the labour side,<a name="FNanchor_269"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_269"><sup>[269]</sup></a> but, where it is efficient, is +skilful rather in imitation than in original design. Everything +produced is an imitation of foreign designs. That is not an unnatural +state of things, however, at the commencement of a new industry.</p> + +<p>With regard to the old complaint of Japanese goods failing to come up +to sample, the shortcoming is often due not to intentional dishonesty +but simply to inability to produce a uniform product. In one factory +an order had to be filled by bringing together work from 300 different +places. The first delivery of the cloth produced for the Russian army +was like the sample, but the later deliveries, though of excellent +material, were not, for the simple reason that the precise raw +materials for the required blending did not exist in Japan.</p> + +<p>One of the marvels of the industry is the high prices obtained in +Japan. The best winter serge was selling in England before the War at +8s. a yard. The Japanese price for winter serge was from 5 to 6 yen. +Before the War it was possible to import cloth at 50 per cent. less +than the local rates. Nevertheless there seemed to be a market for +everything. Japanese cloth lacks finish but it is made out of good +materials and will wear. The factories are compelled to use a better +quality of material in order to get anywhere near the appearance of +imported goods. A +<span class="pagenum">Page 356<a name="Page_356" id="Page_356"></a></span> +foreign manufacturer, "owing to his skill in +manufacture," as it was once explained to me, may produce a cloth of a +certain quality containing only 10 per cent. new wool: the Japanese +manufacturer, in order to produce a comparable article must use 30 per +cent. new wool. Obviously this means that the Japanese factory must +charge higher prices.</p> + +<p>In considering the position of the industry it is natural to ask how +it would be affected if the Japanese factories were able to draw more +largely upon Manchuria for wool. The answer is that the sheep in +Manchuria at present yield what is called "China" wool, which is +suitable only for blankets and coarse cloth.</p> + +<p>To some who feel a sympathy for Japan in her present stage of +industrial development and are inclined to take long views it may seem +a pity that she should contemplate making such a radical change in her +national habits as is represented by the demand for woollen materials +and for meat. Japanese dress, easy, hygienic and artistic though it +is, and admirably suited for wearing in Japanese dwellings, is ill +adapted for modern business life, not to speak of factory conditions. +But it has not yet been demonstrated that Japan is under the necessity +of substituting, to so large an extent as she evidently contemplates +doing, woollen for cotton and silk clothing, and Western clothing for +her own characteristic raiment.<a name="FNanchor_270"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_270"><sup>[270]</sup></a> The cotton padded garment and bed +cover are both warm and clean. It is odd that this new demand on the +part of Japan for woollen material should coincide with movements in +Europe and America to utilise more cotton, for underclothing at any +rate. There is undoubtedly a hygienic case of a certain force against +wool. The same is true of meat. It may well be that the dietary of +many Japanese has not been sufficiently nutritious, but much of the +meat-eating which is now being indulged in seems to be due more to an +aping of foreign ways than to physical requirements. The more meat +<span class="pagenum">Page 357<a name="Page_357" id="Page_357"></a></span> +Japan eats and the more she dresses herself in wool the more she +places herself under the control of the foreigner.<a name="FNanchor_271"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_271"><sup>[271]</sup></a> Whatever +degree of success may attend sheep breeding within the limits imposed +upon it by physical conditions in Japan, the raw material of the +woollen industry must be mostly a foreign product. As far as meat is +concerned, it is difficult to believe that while the agriculture of +Japan is based upon rice production there is room for the production +of meat on a large scale. If the meat and wool are to be produced in +Manchuria and Mongolia we shall see what we shall see. The +significance of the experiment of the Manchuria Railway Company since +1913 in crossing merino and Mongolian sheep and the work which is +being done on the sheep runs of Baron Okura in Mongolia cannot be +overlooked. Ten years hence it will be interesting to examine +industrially and socially the position of the woollen industry<a name="FNanchor_272"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_272"><sup>[272]</sup></a> +and the animal industry in Japan and on the mainland, and the net gain +that the country has made.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_264" id="Footnote_264"> +[264]</a> <i>Yofuku</i> means foreign clothes.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_265" id="Footnote_265"> +[265]</a> In 1920 there were 8,219 sheep in Japan, including 945 in +Hokkaido.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_266" id="Footnote_266"> +[266]</a> A sheep produces about 7 lbs. of wool in the year. But this is +the unscoured weight. In Japan, an expert assured me, it would not +reach more than 56 to 60 per cent. when scoured.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_267" id="Footnote_267"> +[267]</a> "To-day sheep cannot, be kept on arable to leave any reward to +the farmer."—<i>Country Life</i>, August 20, 1921.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_268" id="Footnote_268"> +[268]</a> See <a href="#APPN_69">Appendix LXIX</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_269" id="Footnote_269"> +[269]</a> See <a href="#APPN_70">Appendix LXX</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_270" id="Footnote_270"> +[270]</a> An immense amount of silk is used in Japanese men's clothing. +The kimono, except the cheaper summer kind and the bath kimono +<i>(yukata)</i>, which are cotton, is silk. So are the <i>hakama</i> (divided +skirt) and the <i>haori</i> (overcoat). Japanese women's clothes are +largely silk. The dress of working people is cotton, but even they +have some silk clothing.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_271" id="Footnote_271"> +[271]</a>[271] "By degrees they proceeded to all the stimulations of banqueting +which was indeed part of their bondage."—Tacitus on the Britons under +Roman influence.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_272" id="Footnote_272"> +[272]</a> The industry has already made on the London market an impression +of competence in some directions. For production and exports, see +<a href="#APPN_70">Appendix LXX</a>.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 358<a name="Page_358" id="Page_358"></a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XL</h2> + +<h4>THE PROBLEMS OF JAPAN</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Concerning these things, they are not to be delivered +but from much intercourse and discussion.—<span class="smcap">Plato</span></p></div> + +<p>Emigrants do not willingly seek a climate worse than their own. This +is one of the reasons why the development of Hokkaido has not been +swifter. The island is not much farther from the mainland than +Shikoku, but it is near, not the richest and warmest part of the +mainland, but the poorest and the coldest. If we imagine another +Scotland lying off Cape Wrath, at the distance of Ireland from +Scotland, and with a climate corresponding to the northerly situation +of such a supposititious island, we may realise how remoteness and +climatic limitations have hindered the progress of Hokkaido.</p> + +<p>"Our mode of living is not suited to the colder climate," an +agricultural professor said to me. "Poor emigrants do not have money +enough to build houses with stoves and properly fitting windows."</p> + +<p>To what extent the modified farming methods rendered necessary by the +Hokkaido climate have had a deterring effect on would-be settlers I do +not know. It has never been demonstrated that the Japanese farmer +prefers arduous amphibious labour to the dry-land farming in which +most of the world's land workers are engaged; but the cultivation of +paddy or a large proportion of paddy is his traditional way of +farming. Rice culture also means to him the production of the crop +which, when weather conditions favour, is more profitable than any +other. In Hokkaido, as we have seen, the remunerative kind of +agriculture is mixed farming, and, in a large part of the country, +rice cannot be grown at all. Against objections to Hokkaido on the +ground of the strangeness of its farming +<span class="pagenum">Page 359<a name="Page_359" id="Page_359"></a></span> +may probably be set, however, the cheapness of land there.</p> + +<p>An undoubted hindrance to the colonisation of Hokkaido has been land +scandals and land grabbing. Many of what the late Lord Salisbury +called the "best bits" are in the hands of big proprietors or +proprietaries. Some large landowners no doubt show public spirit. But +their class has contrived to keep farmers from getting access to a +great deal of land which, because of its quality and nearness to +practicable roads and the railway, might have been worked to the best +advantage. In various parts of Japan I heard complaints. "The land +system in Hokkaido," one man in Aichi said to me, "is so queer that +land cannot be got by the families needing it, I mean good land." +Again in Shikoku I was assured that "the most desirable parts of the +Hokkaido are in the hands of capitalists who welcome tenants only." In +more than one part of northern Japan I was told of emigrants to +Hokkaido who had "returned dissatisfied." A charge made against the +large holder of Hokkaido land is that he is an absentee and a city man +who lacks the knowledge and the inclination to devote the necessary +capital to the development of his estate. Of late the rise in the +value of timber has induced not a few proprietors to interest +themselves much more in stripping their land of trees than in +developing its agricultural possibilities.</p> + +<p>The development of Hokkaido may also have been slowed down to some +extent by a lower level of education among the people than is +customary on most of the mainland, by a rougher and less skilful +farming than is common in Old Japan and by the existence of a residuum +which would rather "deal" or "let George do it" or cheat the Ainu than +follow the laborious colonial life. But no cause has been more potent +than a lack of money in the public treasury. I was told that for five +years in succession Tokyo had cut down the Hokkaido budget. Necessary +public work and schemes for development have been repeatedly stopped. +At a time when the interests of Hokkaido demand more farmers and there +is a general complaint of lack of labour, at a time when there are +<span class="pagenum">Page 360<a name="Page_360" id="Page_360"></a></span> +persistent pleas for oversea expansion, there are in Japan twice or +thrice as many people applying for land in the island as are granted +entry. The blunt truth is that the State has felt itself compelled to +spend so much on military and naval expansion that the claims of +Hokkaido for the wherewithal for better roads, more railway line and +better credit have often been put aside.<a name="FNanchor_273"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_273"><sup>[273]</sup></a> </p> + +<p>One thing is certain, that slow progress in the development of +Hokkaido gives an opening to the critics of Japan who doubt whether +her need for expansion beyond her own territory is as pressing as is +represented by some writers. However this may be, Hokkaido is stated +to take only a tenth of the overplus of the population of Old Japan. +The number of emigrants in 1913 was no larger than the number in 1906. +A usual view in Hokkaido is that the island can hold twice as many +people as it now contains. "When 3,625,000 acres are brought into +cultivation," says an official publication, "Hokkaido will be able +easily to maintain 5,000,000 inhabitants on her own products."</p> + +<p>Very much of what has been achieved in Hokkaido has been done under +the stimulating influence of the Agricultural College, now the +University. The northern climate seems to be conducive to mental +vigour in both professors and students. If in moving about Hokkaido +one is conscious of a somewhat materialistic view of progress it may +be remembered that an absorption in "getting on" is characteristic of +colonists and their advisers everywhere. It is not high ideals of life +but bitter experience of inability to make a living on the mainland +which has brought immigrants to Hokkaido. As time goes on, the rural +and industrial development may have a less sordid look.<a name="FNanchor_274"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_274"><sup>[274]</sup></a> At +<span class="pagenum">Page 361<a name="Page_361" id="Page_361"></a></span> +present the visitor who lacks time to penetrate into the fastnesses +of Hokkaido and enjoy its natural beauties brings away the unhappy +impression which is presented by a view of man's first assault on the +wild.</p> + +<p>But he must still be glad to have seen this distant part of Japan. He +finds there something stimulating and free which seems to be absent +from the older mainland. It is possible that when Hokkaido shall have +worked out her destiny she may not be without her influence on the +development of Old Japan. Those of the settlers who are reasonably +well equipped in character, wits and health are not only making the +living which they failed to obtain at home; they are testing some +national canons of agriculture. Face to face with strangers and with +new conditions, these immigrants are also examining some ideals of +social life and conduct which, old though they are, may not be +perfectly adapted to the new age into which Japan has forced herself. +One evening in Hokkaido I saw a lone cottage in the hills. At its door +was the tall pole on which at the <i>Bon</i> season the lantern is hung to +guide the hovering soul of that member of the family who has died +during the year. The settler's lantern, steadily burning high above +his hut, was an emblem of faith that man does not live by gain alone +which the hardest toil cannot quench. In whatever guise it may express +itself, it is the best hope for Hokkaido and Japan.</p> + +<p>During my stay in the island I had an opportunity of meeting some of +the most influential men from the Governor downwards; also several +interesting visitors from the mainland. We often found ourselves +getting away from Hokkaido's problems to the general problems of rural +life.</p> + +<p>Of the good influences at work in the village, the first I was once +more assured, was "popular education and school ethics, a real +influence and blessing." The second was "the disciplinary training of +the army for <span class="pagenum">Page 362<a name="Page_362" id="Page_362"></a></span> +regularity of conduct." ("The influence of officers on +their young soldiers is good, and they give them or provide them with +lectures on agricultural subjects and allow them time to go in +companies to experimental farms.")</p> + +<p>Someone spoke of "the influence of the religion of the past." "The +religion of the past!" exclaimed an elderly man; "in half a dozen +prefectures it may be that religion is a rural force, but elsewhere in +the Empire there is a lack of any moral code that takes deep root in +the head. After all Christians are more trustworthy than people +drinking and playing with geisha."</p> + +<p>On the other hand a prominent Christian said: "There is a weakness in +our Christians, generally speaking. There is an absence of a sound +faith. The native churches have no strong influence on rural life. +There is often a certain priggishness and pride in things foreign in +saying, 'I am a Christian.'"</p> + +<p>Another man spoke in this wise: "I have been impressed by some of the +following of Uchimura. They seem ardent and real. But I have also been +attracted by strength of character in members of various sects of +Christians. The theology and phraseology of these men may be curious, +may be in many respects behind the times, but their religion had a +beautiful aspect.<a name="FNanchor_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275"> +<sup>[275]</sup></a> Many of our people have got something of +Christian ethics, but are no church-goers. Some Japanese try to +combine Christian principles with old Japanese virtues; others with +some soul supporting Buddhistic ideas. We must have Christianity if +only to supply a great lack in our conception of personality. People +who have accepted Christianity show so much more personality and so +much more interest in social reform."</p> + +<p>When we returned to agricultural conditions, one who spoke with +authority said: "In Old Japan the agricultural system has become +dwarfed. The individual cannot raise the standard of living nor can +crops be substantially increased. The whole economy is too small. +<a name="FNanchor_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276"><sup>[276]</sup></a> +The people +<span class="pagenum">Page 363<a name="Page_363" id="Page_363"></a></span> +are too close on the ground. They must spread out to +north-eastern Japan, to Hokkaido, Korea and Manchuria. The population +of Korea could be greatly increased. There is an immense opening in +Manchuria, which is four or five times the area of the Japanese Empire +and sparsely populated. There is also Mongolia."<a name="FNanchor_277"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_277"><sup>[277]</sup></a> </p> + +<p>"But in Korea," one who had been there said, "there are the Koreans, +an able if backward people, to be considered—they will increase with +the spread of our sanitary methods among a population which was +reduced by a primitive hygiene and by maladministration. And as to our +people going to the mainland of Asia, we do not really like to go +where rice is not the agricultural staple, and we prefer a warm +country. In Formosa, where it is warm, we are faced by the competition +of the Chinese at a lower standard of life.<a name="FNanchor_278"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_278"><sup>[278]</sup></a> The perfect places +for Japanese are California, New Zealand and Australia, but the +Americans and Australasians won't have us. I do not complain; we do +not allow Chinese labour in Japan. But we think that we might have had +Australasia or New Zealand if we had not been secluded from the world +by the Tokugawa régime, and so allowed you British to get there first. +It is not strange that some of our dreamers should grudge you your +place there, should cherish ideas of expansion by walking in your +footsteps. But it is wisdom to realise that we cannot do to-day what +might have been done centuries ago or make history repeat itself for +our benefit. It is wiser to seek to reduce the amount of +misapprehension, prejudice and—shall I say?—national feeling in +Japan and America and Australasia, and try to procure ultimate +accommodation for us all in that way. But not too much reduce, +perhaps, for, in the present posture of the world, nationalist +<span class="pagenum">Page 364<a name="Page_364" id="Page_364"></a></span> +feeling and—we do not want premature inter-marriage—racial feeling +are still valuable to mankind."</p> + +<p>A speaker who followed said: "Remember to our credit how our area +under cultivation in Old Japan continually increases.<a name="FNanchor_279"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_279"><sup>[279]</sup></a> Bear in +mind, too, what good use we have made of the land we have been able to +get under cultivation—so many thousand more <i>chō</i> of crops than there +are <i>chō</i> of land, due, of course, to the two or three crops a year +system in many areas."<a name="FNanchor_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280"> +<sup>[280]</sup></a> </p> + +<p>"As for the situation the emigrants<a name="FNanchor_281"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_281"><sup>[281]</sup></a> leave behind them in Old +Japan," resumed the first speaker, "the experiment should be tried of +putting ten or so of tiny holdings<a name="FNanchor_282"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_282"><sup>[282]</sup></a> under one control, and an +attempt should be made to see what improved implements and further +co-operation<a name="FNanchor_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283"> +<sup>[283]</sup></a> can effect. I suppose the thing most needed on the +mainland is working capital at a moderate rate. Think of 900 million +yen of farmers' debt, much of it at 12 per cent. and some of it at 20 +per cent.! I do not reckon the millions of prefectural, county and +village debt. Of what value is it to raise the rice crop to 3 or 4 +<i>koku</i> per <i>tan</i> (60 or 80 bushels per acre)<a name="FNanchor_284"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_284"><sup>[284]</sup></a> if the moneylender +profits most? The farmers of Old Japan are undoubtedly losing land to +the moneyed people.<a name="FNanchor_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285"> +<sup>[285]</sup></a> Every year the number of farmers owning their +own land decreases<a name="FNanchor_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_286"> +<sup>[286]</sup></a> and the number of tenants increases and more +country people go to the towns.<a name="FNanchor_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_287"> +<sup>[287]</sup></a> And, as an official statement +says, 'the physical condition of the army conscripts from the rural +districts is always superior to that of the conscripts of the urban +districts.'"</p> + +<p>Some Western criticism of Japanese agriculture cannot be +overlooked.<a name="FNanchor_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_288"> +<sup>[288]</sup></a> Criticism is naturally invited by (1) +<span class="pagenum">Page 365<a name="Page_365" id="Page_365"></a></span> +Japanese devotion to what is in Western eyes an exotic crop—but owing to +exceptional water supplies, favourable climatic conditions and +acquired skill in cultivation, the best crop for all but the extreme +north-east of Japan;<a name="FNanchor_289"></a><a href="#Footnote_289"> +<sup>[289]</sup></a> (2) the small portions in which much of that +crop is grown—of necessity; (3) the primitive implements—not +ill-adapted, however, to a primitive cultural system; (4) the +non-utilisation of animal or mechanical power in a large part of the +country—due as much to physical conditions as to lack of cheap +capital; (5) what is spoken of as "the never-ending toil"—against +which must be set the figures I have quoted showing the number of +farmers who do not work on an average more than 4 or 5 days a week; +and (6) the moderate total production compared with the number of +producers—which must be considered in reference to the object of +Japanese agriculture and in relation to a lower standard of living. +Japanese agriculture, as we have seen, has shortcomings, many of which +are being steadily met; but with all its shortcomings it does succeed +in providing, for a vast population per square <i>ri</i>, subsistence in +conditions which are in the main endurable and might be easily made +better.</p> + +<p>Paddy adjustment has clearly shown that paddies above the average size +are more economically worked than small ones, but these adjusted +paddies are on the plains and a large proportion of Japanese paddies +have had to be made on uneven or hilly ground where physical +conditions make it impossible for these rice fields to be anything +else than small and irregular. Japanese agriculture is what it is and +must largely remain what it is because Japan is geologically and +climatically what it is, and because the social development of a large +part of Japan is what it is. Comparisons with rice culture in Texas, +California and Italy are usually made in forgetfulness of the fact +that the rice fields there are generally on level fertile areas, in +America sometimes on virgin soil. In Japan rice culture extends to +poor unfavourable land because the people want to have +<span class="pagenum">Page 366<a name="Page_366" id="Page_366"></a></span> +rice everywhere.<a name="FNanchor_290"></a><a href="#Footnote_290"> +<sup>[290]</sup></a> The Japanese have cultivated the same paddies for +centuries, Some American rice land is thrown out of cultivation after +a few years. In fertile localities the Japanese get twice the average +crop. It must also be remembered that Japanese paddies often produce +two crops, a crop of rice and an after-crop. Japanese technicians are +well acquainted with Texan, Californian and Italian rice culture, and +Japanese have tried rice production both in California and Texas.</p> + +<p>"They talk of Texan and Italian rice culture," said one man who had +been abroad on a mission of agricultural investigation, "but I found +the comparative cost of rice production greater in Texas than in +Japan. Some Japanese farmers who went to Texas were overcome by weeds +because of dear labour. In Italian paddies, also, I saw many more +weeds than in ours. It is rational, of course, for Americans and +Italians to use improved machinery, for they have expensive labour +conditions, but we have cheap labour. The Texans have large paddies +because their land is cheap, but ours is dear. In these big paddies +the water cannot be kept at two or three inches, as with us. It is +necessarily five inches or so, too deep, and the soil temperature +falls and they lose on the crops what they gain by the use of +machinery. Further, it must be remembered that we are not producing +our rice for export. It is a special kind for ourselves, which we +like;<a name="FNanchor_291"></a><a href="#Footnote_291"> +<sup>[291]</sup></a> but foreigners would just as soon have any other sort. We +have no call, therefore, to develop our rice culture in the same +degree as our sericulture, which rests mainly on a valuable oversea +trade."</p> + +<p>"On this general question of improvement of implements and methods," +said another member of our company, "we +<span class="pagenum">Page 367<a name="Page_367" id="Page_367"></a></span> +must use machinery and +combine farming management when industrial progress drives us to it; +but why try to do it before we are compelled? Concerning horses, the +difficulty which some farmers have in using them is the difficulty of +feeding them economically. Concerning cereals, our consumption is not +less than that of Germany, but Germany imports more than twice the +cereals we do, so there would seem to be something to be said for our +system."</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="illus084"></a> +<img src="images/084.jpg" width="449" height="450" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">CUTTING GRASS</p> +</div> + +<p>"Some revolutionising of Japanese farming is necessary, in combined +threshing, for instance," the expert who had opened our discussion +said. "This combined threshing is now seen in several districts, and +combined threshing will be extended. But there is the objection to the +threshing machine that it breaks the straw and thus spoils it for +farmers' secondary industries. It should not be impossible to invent +some way of avoiding this, but the threshing machine is also too heavy +for narrow roads between paddies. It is difficult to deliver the crops +to the machine in sufficient bulk. Necessity may show us ways, but +small threshing machines are not so economical. Of course we must have +much more co-operative buying of rural requirements, and certainly +there is room in some places for the Western scythe made smaller, but +our people, as you have seen, are dexterous with their extremely +sharp, short sickle, and fodder is often cut on rather difficult +slopes, from which it is not easy to descend loaded, with a scythe. +Some foreigners who speak so positively about machinery for paddies, +and for, I suppose, the sloping uplands to which our arable farming is +relegated, do not really grasp the physical conditions of our +agriculture. And they are always forgetting the warm dankness of our climate. +<span class="pagenum">Page 368<a name="Page_368" id="Page_368"></a></span> +They forget, too, that implements for hand use are more +efficient than machinery, and, if labour be cheap, more economical. +They forget above all that we are of necessity a small-holdings +country."</p> + +<p>Is it such a bad thing to be a small-holdings country? Does the rural +life of countries which are pre-eminently small-holding, like Denmark +and Holland, compare so unfavourably with that of England? I wonder +how much money has been sunk—most of it lost—during the past quarter +of a century in attempts to increase small holdings in England.</p> + +<p>"Because we have much remote, wild, uncultivated land," the speaker I +have interrupted continued, "that is not to say that most of it, often +at a high elevation, or sloping, or poor in quality, as well as +remote, can be profitably broken up for paddies. Much of this land can +be and ought to be utilised in one fashion or another, but we have +found some experiments in this direction unprofitable, even when rice +was dear. But it may be said, Why break up this wild land into +paddies? Why not have nice grassy slopes for cattle as in Switzerland? +But our experts have tried in vain to get grass established. The heavy +rains and the heat enable the bamboo grass to overcome the new fodder +grass we have sown. The first year the fodder grass grows nicely, but +the second year the bamboo grass conquers. In Hokkaido and Saghalien +we are conquering bamboo grass with fodder grass. The advice to go in +largely for fruit ignores the fact of our steamy damp climate, which +encourages sappy growth, disease and those insects which are so +numerous in Japan. We cannot do much more than grow for home +consumption."</p> + +<p>"The advice to draw the cultivation of our small farms under group +control has not always been profitable when followed by landlords," +one who had not yet spoken remarked. "They have not always made more +when they farmed themselves than when they let their land. All the +world over, land workers do better for themselves than for others. +Proposals further to capitalise farming which, with a rural exodus +already going on, would have the effect of driving people off the land +who are employed on it healthily +<span class="pagenum">Page 369<a name="Page_369" id="Page_369"></a></span> +and with benefit to the social +organism, do not seem to offer a more satisfactory situation for +Japan. No country has shown itself less afraid of business combination +than Japan, and the world owes as much to industry as to agriculture, +and I am not in the least afraid of machinery and capital; but +production is not our final aim. Production is to serve us; we are not +to serve production. If people can live in self-respect on the land +they are better off in many ways than if they are engaged in industry +in some of its modern developments."</p> + +<p>"The world is also better off," my interpreter in his notes records me +as saying when I was pressed to state my opinion. "The day will come +when the uselessness and waste of a certain proportion of industry and +commerce will be realised, when the saving power of an export and +import trade in unnecessary things will be questioned and when the +cultivator of the ground will be restored to the place in social +precedence he held in Old Japan. With him will rank the other real +producers in art, literature and science, industry and commerce. The +industrialisation of the West and its capitalistic system have not +been so perfectly successful in their social results for it to be +certain that Japan should be hurried more quickly in the industrial +and capitalistic direction than she is travelling already.<a name="FNanchor_292"> +</a><a href="#Footnote_292"><sup>[292]</sup></a> If she +takes time over her development, the final results may be better for +her and for the world. I have not noticed that Japanese rural people +who have departed from a simple way of life through the acquirement of +many farms or the receipt of factory dividends have become worthier. +On the question of the alleged over-population of rural Japan, one +Japanese investigator has suggested to me that as many +<span class="pagenum">Page 370<a name="Page_370" id="Page_370"></a></span> +as 20 per cent. could be advantageously spared from agricultural labour. But he +was not himself an agriculturist or an ex-agriculturist. He was not +even a rural resident. Further, he conceived his 20 per cent. as +entering rural rather than urban industry.</p> + +<p>"A great deal of afforestation and better use of a large proportion of +forest land, much more co-operation for borrowing and buying, improved +implements where improved implements can be profitably used, animal +and mechanical power where they can be employed to advantage, paddy +adjustment to the limit of the practical, more intelligent manuring, a +wider use of better seeds,<a name="FNanchor_293"></a><a href="#Footnote_293"> +<sup>[293]</sup></a> the bringing in of new land which is +capable of yielding a profit when an adequate expenditure is made upon +it, a mental and physical education which is ever improving—all +these, joined to better ways of life generally, are obvious avenues of +improvement, in Northern Japan particularly, not to speak of +Hokkaido.<a name="FNanchor_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_294"> +<sup>[294]</sup></a> But it is not so much the details of improvement that +seem urgently to need attention. It is the general principles. I have +been assured again and again by prefectural governors and agricultural +experts—and in talking to a foreigner they would hardly be likely to +exaggerate—that considered plans for the prevention of disastrous +floods, for the breaking up of new land, for the provision of loans +and for the development of public intelligence and well-being were +hindered in their areas by lack of money alone. The degree to which +rural improvements, with which the best interests of Japan now and in +the future are bound up, may have been arrested and may still be +arrested by erroneous conceptions of national progress and of the ends +to which public energy and public funds<a name="FNanchor_295"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_295"><sup>[295]</sup></a> may be wisely devoted is +<span class="pagenum">Page 371<a name="Page_371" id="Page_371"></a></span> +a matter for patriotic reflection.<a name="FNanchor_296"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_296"><sup>[296]</sup></a> No impression I have gained +in Japan is sharper than an impression of ardent patriotism. For good +or ill, patriotism is the outstanding Japanese virtue. What some +patriots here and elsewhere do not seem to realise, however, is what a +quiet, homely, everyday thing true patriotism is. The Japanese, with +so many talents, so many natural and fortuitous advantages, and with +opportunities, such as no other nation has enjoyed, of being able to +profit by the social, economic and international experience of States +that have bought their experience dearly and have much to rue, cannot +fairly expect to be lightly judged by contemporaries or by history. If +the course taken by Japan towards national greatness is at times +uncertain, it is due no doubt to the fascinations of many +will-o'-the-wisps. There can be one basis only for the enlightened +judgment of the world on the Japanese people: the degree to which they +are able to distinguish the true from the mediocre and the resolution +and common-sense with which they take their own way."</p> + +<p>"Our rural problems," a sober-minded young professor added, after one +of those pauses which are usual in conversations in Japan, "is not a +technical problem, not even an economic problem. It is, as you have +realised, a sociological problem. It is bound up with the mental +attitude of our people—and with the mental attitude of the whole +world."</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_273" id="Footnote_273"> +[273]</a> A high authority assured me that 100 million yen (pre-War +figures) could be laid out to advantage. A Japanese economist's +comment was: "Why not touch on the extraordinary proportion of land +owned by the Imperial Household and also by the State for military +purposes?"</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_274" id="Footnote_274"> +[274]</a> In driving through what seemed to be one of the best streets in +Sapporo, I noticed that some exceptionally large houses were the +dwellings of the registered prostitutes. Each house had a large +ground-floor window. Before it was a barrier about a yard high which +cleared the ground, leaving a space of about another yard. Such of the +public as were interested were able, therefore, to peer in without +being identified from the street, for only their legs and feet were +visible. In Tokyo and elsewhere this exhibition of girls to the public +has ceased. The place of the girls is taken by enlarged framed +photographs. I found on enquiry that the Sapporo houses are so well +organised as to have their proprietors' association. At a little town +like Obihiro an edifice was pointed out to me containing fifty or more +women.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_275" id="Footnote_275"> +[275]</a> The classification is 101,671 Protestants, 75,983 Roman +Catholics and 36,265 Greek Church.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_276" id="Footnote_276"> +[276]</a> "'Spade farming' is an apt designation of the system of farming +or rather of cultivation, for little is done in the way of raising +stock."—<span class="smcap">Professor Yokoi</span>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_277" id="Footnote_277"> +[277]</a> See <a href="#APPN_30">Appendix XXX</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_278" id="Footnote_278"> +[278]</a> But surely the basic reason against a large emigration of +farmers and artisans to Formosa, or to Manchuria, Mongolia or Korea, +with the intention of working at their callings, is that the standard +of living is lower there? The chief attraction of America and +Australasia is that the standard of living is higher. The question of +over-population must be considered in relation to the facts in +Appendices XXV, XXX and LXXX, and on page 331. It is not established +that the Japanese have now, or are likely to have in the near future, +a pressing need to emigrate.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_279" id="Footnote_279"> +[279]</a> See <a href="#APPN_72">Appendix LXXII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_280" id="Footnote_280"> +[280]</a> See <a href="#APPN_73">Appendix LXXIII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_281" id="Footnote_281"> +[281]</a> See <a href="#APPN_74">Appendix LXXIV</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_282" id="Footnote_282"> +[282]</a> Between 1909 and 1918 the average area of holdings rose from +1.03 to 1.09 <i>chō</i> or from 2.52 to 2.67 acres or 1.02 to 1.08 +hectares.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_283" id="Footnote_283"> +[283]</a> There were in 1919 some 13,000 co-operative societies of all +sorts. The number increases about 500 a year.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_284" id="Footnote_284"> +[284]</a> For rise in production per <i>tan</i>, see <a href="#APPN_75">Appendix LXXV</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_285" id="Footnote_285"> +[285]</a> See <a href="#APPN_76">Appendix LXXVI</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_286" id="Footnote_286"> +[286]</a> See <a href="#APPN_77">Appendix LXXVII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_287" id="Footnote_287"> +[287]</a> See <a href="#APPN_78">Appendix LXXVIII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_288" id="Footnote_288"> +[288]</a> See, for example, C.V. Sale in the <i>Transactions of the Society +of Arts</i>, 1907, and J.M. McCaleb in the <i>Transactions of the Asiatic +Society of Japan</i>, 1916.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_289" id="Footnote_289"> +[289]</a> For the question, is rice the right crop for Japan? See <a href="#APPN_79">Appendix +LXXIX</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_290" id="Footnote_290"> +[290]</a> Dr. Yahagi in an address delivered in Italy pointed out to his +audience that Japan had 15 times as large an area under rice as Italy +and that, while the Italian harvest ranged between 42 and 83 +hectolitres per hectare, the Japanese ranged between 55 and 130. The +area under rice in the United States in 1920 was 1,337,000 acres and +the yield 53,710,000 bushels. The area under rice has steadily +increased since 1913, when it was only 25,744,000 bushels.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_291" id="Footnote_291"> +[291]</a> A well-informed Japanese who read this Chapter doubted the +ability of his countrymen to distinguish between native and Korean, +Californian or Texan rice. Saigon is another matter. See <a href="#APPN_24">Appendix +XXIV</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_292" id="Footnote_292"> +[292]</a> "Some of our statesmen," notes a Japanese reader of this +Chapter, "are carried away by ideas of an industrial El Dorado." Such +men have no understanding of the relation of rural Japan to the +national welfare. They are as blind guides as the Japanese who, caught +by the glamour of the West, threw away the artistic treasures of their +forefathers and pulled down beautiful temples and <i>yashiki</i>. Japan has +much to gain from a wise and just industrial system, but not a little +of the present industrialisation is an exploitation of cheap labour, a +destruction of craftsmanship and social obligation, and an attempt to +cut out the foreigner by the production of rubbish.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_293" id="Footnote_293"> +[293]</a> The chairman of Rothamsted declares as I write that the standard +of English farming could be raised 50 per cent. Hall and Voelcker have +estimated that 20 million tons of farmyard manure made in the United +Kingdom is wasted through avoidable causes.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_294" id="Footnote_294"> +[294]</a> For a discussion of the question of inner colonisation versus +foreign expansion, see <a href="#APPN_80">Appendix LXXX</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_295" id="Footnote_295"> +[295]</a> For figures bearing on the relative importance of agriculture, +commerce and industry, see <a href="#APPN_81">Appendix LXXXI</a>. +For armaments, see <a href="#APPN_33">Appendix XXXIII</a>.</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_296" id="Footnote_296"> +[296]</a> There are many Britons who now reflect that millions which have +gone into Mesopotamia might have been better spent by the Ministries +of Health and Education.</p> +</div> + + +<p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 372<a name="Page_372" id="Page_372"></a></span> +</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span>The blessing of her sun-warmed days;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Her sea-spun cloak of wet;<br /></span> +<span>Her pointing valleys, veiled in haze,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Where field and wood have met;<br /></span> +<span>When we have gone our differing ways<br /></span> +<span class="i2">These we shall not forget.<br /></span> +<span class="i7">L.T., in <i>The New East</i>.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 373<a name="Page_373" id="Page_373"></a></span> +</p> + +<h2>APPENDICES</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The sermon was bad enough, but the appendix was + abominable.—<span class="smcap">Mr. Bowdler</span>.</p></div> + +<p> </p> + +<p> <br /> +<a name="APPN_1" id="APPN_1"> +<b>THE INCOME OF A MINISTER OF STATE FROM THE LAND[I].</b></a> The speaker began +by inheriting 3 <i>chō</i> (7½ acres). He farmed a <i>chō</i> of rice field +and about a third of a <i>chō</i> of dry land. With rent from the part he +let, with gains from the part he farmed and with interest on 2,000 yen +spare capital, he had at end of the year a balance of 370 yen. With +the money gained from year to year more and more land was bought. At +the time of his talk with me he owned 8 <i>chō</i>. His net income, after +deducting cost of living, was 1,200 yen (including 500 yen from the +land that was let). In the future, when he farmed 7 <i>chō</i> (15½ +acres), he believed that his balance would be 4,500 yen, which is the +salary of a Governor! Or was, until the rise in prices when Governors' +salaries were raised about another 1,000 yen, with an additional +allowance of from 600 to 400 yen in the case of some prefectures. See +also <a href="#APPN_3">Appendix III</a>.</p> + +<p> <br /> +<a name="APPN_2" id="APPN_2"> +<b>"GETA" [II].</b></a> + The <i>geta</i> is a flat piece of hard wood, about the length +of the foot but a little wider, with two stumpy pieces fastened +transversely below it. The foot maintains an uncertain and, in the +case of a novice whose big toe has not been accustomed to separation +from its fellows, a painful hold by means of a toe strap of thick rope +or cotton. To persons unused from childhood to the special toe grip +and scuffle of the <i>geta</i>, it seems odd to associate with this +difficult clattering footgear the idea of "luxury." But no pains are +spared by the <i>geta</i> makers in choosing fine woods and pretty cords.</p> + +<p> <br /> +<a name="APPN_3" id="APPN_3"> +<b>BUDGETS OF LARGE PROPERTY OWNERS [III].</b></a> +Two landlords, A and B, kindly allowed me to look into their budgets:</p> + + + +<h4>A</h4> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">80 <i>chō</i> of rural land</td><td align="right">320,000 yen</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">20 <i>chō</i> of rural land</td><td align="right">60,000 yen</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">20,000 <i>tsubo</i> of city land</td><td align="right">130,000 yen</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Negotiable instruments</td><td align="right">150,000 yen</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dwelling and furniture</td><td align="right">150,000 yen</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">___________</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Total property</td><td align="right">810,000 yen</td></tr></table> + + + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 374<a name="Page_374" id="Page_374"></a></span></p> + +<p> </p> +<div class="censmcap">Expenditure of Past Year</div> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" summary="A's Expenditure of past year"> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">yen</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">House</td><td align="right">2,100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Food and drink</td><td align="right">1,350</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Clothing</td><td align="right">1,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Social intercourse</td><td align="right">1,500</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Public benefit</td><td align="right">800</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Miscellaneous</td><td align="right">1,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Taxes</td><td align="right">5,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">________</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">12,750</td></tr></table> + +<p> </p> +<h4>B</h4> + +<p>owns 62 <i>chō</i> 4 <i>tan</i> and receives in rent 623 <i>koku</i> 7 <i>to</i>. Members +of family, 11; servants, 8.</p> + +<p> </p> +<div class="censmcap">Expenditure of Past Year</div> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" summary="Expenditure of Past Year"> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">yen</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">House</td><td align="right">519</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Food and drink (18 sen each per day for <br />members of family; 13 sen each for servants)</td> +<td align="right">1,102</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fuel</td><td align="right">156</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Light</td><td align="right">36</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Clothing</td><td align="right">770</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Education (3 middle-school boys at 20 yen per month;<br /> 3 primary-school boys and girls at 2 yen)</td> +<td align="right">312</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Social intercourse</td><td align="right">120</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Amusements (journey, 100 yen; summer trip, 231;<br /> others, 50)</td> +<td align="right">381</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Miscellaneous (servants, 480 yen; medicine, 150; <br />other things, 150)</td> +<td align="right">780</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Donations</td><td align="right">300</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Taxes</td><td align="right">3,976</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">______</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">8,451</td></tr> +</table> + +<p> </p> + +<p> <br /> +<a name="APPN_4" id="APPN_4"> +<b>THE "BENJO" [IV].</b></a> +I never noticed a case in which earth was thrown +into the domestic closet tub according to Dr. Poore's system. I have +come across attempts to use deodorisers, but the application of a +germicide is inhibited because of the injury which would be caused to +the crops. Farmers are chary about removing night soil which has been +treated even with a deodoriser. I ventured to suggest more than once +that Japanese science should be equal to evolving a deodoriser to +which the farmer, who in Japan seems to be so easily directed, could +have no objection. The drawback to using Dr. Poore's system is that +the added earth would greatly increase the weight of the substance to +be removed. There would be the same objection to the use of <i>hibachi</i> +ash (charcoal ash), but there is not enough produced to have any +sensible effect. The truth is that there is no lively interest in the +question of getting rid +<span class="pagenum">Page 375<a name="Page_375" id="Page_375"></a></span> +of the stink for everyone has become +accustomed to it. The odour from the <i>benjo</i>—the politer word is +<i>habakari</i>—which is always indoors, though at the end of the <i>engawa</i> +(verandah), often penetrates the house. (<i>Engawa</i> [edge or border] is +the passage which faces to the open; <i>roka</i> is a passage inside a +house between two rooms or sometimes a bridgelike passage in the open, +connecting two separate buildings or parts of a house.) Emptying day +is particularly trying. This much must be said, however, that the +farmers' tubs are washed, scrubbed and sunned after every journey and +have close-fitting lids. And primitive though the <i>benjo</i> is, it is +scrupulously clean. Also, if it is always more or less smelly, it is +contrived on sound hygienic principles. There is no seat requiring an +unnatural position. The user squats over an opening in the floor about +2 ft. long by 6 ins. wide. This opening is encased by a simple +porcelain fitting with a hood at the end facing the user. The top of +the tub is some distance below the floor. In peasants' houses there is +no porcelain fitting. Manure is so valuable in Japan that farmers +whose land adjoins the road often build a <i>benjo</i> for the use of +passers-by. Although the traveller in Japan has much to endure from +the unpleasant odour due to the thrifty utilisation of excreta, the +Japanese deserve credit for the fact that their countryside is never +fouled in the disgusting fashion which proves many of our rural folk +to be behind the primitive standard of civilisation set up in +Deuteronomy (chap, xxiii. 13). The Western rural sociologist is not +inclined to criticise the sanitary methods of Japan. He is too +conscious of the neglect in the West to study thoroughly the grave +question of sewage disposal in relation to the needs of our crops and +the cost of nitrogenous fertilisers. See also <a href="#APPN_20">Appendix XX</a>.</p> + +<p> <br /> +<a name="APPN_5" id="APPN_5"> +<b>AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS [V].</b></a> +In Mr. Yamasaki's school there was dormitory +accommodation for 200 youths, some 40 lived in teachers' houses, +another 15 were in lodgings, and 45 came daily from their parents' +homes. Lads were admitted from 14 to 16 and the course was for 3 +years. The students worked 30 hours weekly indoors and the rest of +their time outside. Upper and lower grade agricultural schools number +280 with 23,000 students. In addition there are 7,908 agricultural +continuation schools with more than 430,000 pupils. The ratio of +illiteracy in Japan for men of conscription age (that is, excluding +old people and young people), which had been over 5 per cent. up to +1911, was reported to be only 2 per cent. in 1917.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 376<a name="Page_376" id="Page_376"></a></span> + <br /><a name="APPN_6" id="APPN_6"> +<b>CRIME [VI].</b></a> In 1916 the chief offences in Japan were:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" summary="Chief offences in Japan, 1916"> +<tr><td align="left">Dealt with at police station </td><td align="right">445,502</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gambling and lotteries</td><td align="right">81,649</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Larceny</td><td align="right">81,063</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fraud and usurpation</td><td align="right">49,772</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Assaults</td><td align="right">19,022</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Robbery</td><td align="right">10,383</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Arson</td><td align="right">9,533</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Accidental assaults</td><td align="right">3,277</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Obscenity</td><td align="right">2,796</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wilful injury</td><td align="right">2,032</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Murder</td><td align="right">1,886</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Abortion</td><td align="right">1,252</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Abduction</td><td align="right">907</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rioting</td><td align="right">813</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Official disgrace</td><td align="right">481</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Military and naval</td><td align="right">387</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Desertion</td><td align="right">315</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Forgery</td><td align="right">307</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coining</td><td align="right">206</td></tr> +</table> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_7" id="APPN_7"> +<b>PROSTITUTES [VII].</b></a> The chief of police was good enough to let me have +a copy of the form to be filled up by girls desiring to enter the +houses in the prefecture. It is under nine heads: 1. The reason for +adopting the profession. 2. Age. 3. Permission of head of household. +If permission is not forthcoming, reason why. 4. If a minor, proof of +permission. 5. House at which the girl is going to "work." 6. Home +address. 7. Former means of getting a living. 8. Whether prostitute +before. If so, particulars. 9. Other details.</p> + +<p>When I was in Japan there were reputed to be about 50,000 <i>joro</i> +(prostitutes), about half that number of geisha and about 35,000 +"waitresses."</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_8" id="APPN_8"> +<b>PHILANTHROPIC AGENCIES [VIII].</b></a> In 1917 the number of paupers, tramps +and foundlings relieved by the State did not exceed 10,000. The number +of institutions was 730 (of which 40 were run by foreigners), with the +expenditure of about 5½ million yen.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_9" id="APPN_9"> +<b>CHANGES IN RURAL STATUS [IX].</b></a> It seemed that during 47 years 18 +tenants had become peasant proprietors, 14 peasant proprietors had +become landowners (that is men who make their living by letting land +rather than by working it), 8 tenants had stepped straightway into the +position of landowners, 7 landowners had fallen to the grade of +peasant proprietors and 7 more to that of tenants, while 114 +householders had changed their callings or had gone to Hokkaido.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_10" id="APPN_10"> +<b>HOURS OF WORK PER DAY [X].</b></a> One of these villages showed that during +January and February it worked 6 hours, during March and April 8 +hours, from May to August 12½ hours, during September and October +9½ hours, and during November and December 9 hours. There was a +further record of labour at night. In January and February it worked +from 6:30 p.m. to 10 p.m., during March and April and September and +October +<span class="pagenum">Page 377<a name="Page_377" id="Page_377"></a></span> +from 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. and in November and December from 7 +p.m. to 10 p.m. As in the period from May to August inclusive the day +working hours were from 5 a.m. to 7:30 p.m., there then was no night +labour.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_11" id="APPN_11"> +<b>DILIGENT PEOPLE AND OTHERS [XI].</b></a> The adults of the village were +classified as follows: Diligent people, men 294, women 260; average +workers, men 270, women 236; other people, men 242, women 191. One +supposes that, in considering the women's activities, all that was +estimated was the number of hours spent in agricultural work or in +remunerative employment in the evening.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_12" id="APPN_12"> +<b>FARM AREAS AND DAYS WORKED IN THE YEAR [XII].</b></a> The information +concerned three typical peasant proprietors, A, B and C, living in the +same county. The areas of their land are given in <i>tan</i>:<br /> </p> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="Farm areas and days worked in the year"> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Where farming</td><td align="left">Paddy</td> +<td align="left">Dry</td><td align="left">Homestead</td><td align="left">Rented</td> +<td align="left">Children</td><td align="left">Parents</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">A</td><td align="center">In hills</td><td align="center">6</td> +<td align="center">3</td> +<td align="center">1</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">3</td> +<td align="center">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">B</td><td align="center">On plain</td><td align="center">6.6</td> +<td align="center">2.6</td><td align="center">.5</td><td align="center">2 paddy</td> +<td align="center">3</td><td align="center">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">C</td><td align="center">Near town</td><td align="center">6</td> +<td align="center">4</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">-</td> +<td align="center">3</td><td align="center">-</td></tr></table> + + +<p>Next we are told the number of days that not only A, B and C but their +wives and their parents worked and did not work during the year:<br /> </p> + + +<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="Accounting of Days for three families"> + +<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"> </td><td align="center">Agriculture</td> +<td align="center">Domestic<br />Work</td> +<td align="center">National<br />Holidays<br />and Festivals</td> +<td align="center">Illness</td><td align="center">Remaining<br />Days</td></tr> + +<tr><td rowspan="3" align="center">Husbands</td><td>{A</td><td align="center">254</td><td align="center">28</td> +<td align="center">25</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">52</td></tr> + +<tr><td>{B</td><td align="center">239</td><td align="center">37</td> +<td align="center">25</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">64</td></tr> + +<tr><td>{C</td><td align="center">231</td><td align="center">49</td> +<td align="center">19</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">64</td></tr> + +<tr><td rowspan="3" align="center">Wives</td><td>{A</td><td align="center">239</td><td align="center">54</td> +<td align="center">7</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">64</td></tr> + +<tr><td>{B</td><td align="center">150</td><td align="center">128</td> +<td align="center">26</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">64</td></tr> + +<tr><td>{C</td><td align="center">141</td><td align="center">174</td> +<td align="center">9</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">41</td></tr> + +<tr><td rowspan="3" align="center">Fathers</td><td>{A</td><td align="center">144</td><td align="center">47</td> +<td align="center">85</td><td align="center">18</td><td align="center">72</td></tr> + +<tr><td>{B</td><td align="center">205</td><td align="center">69</td> +<td align="center">40</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">51</td></tr> + +<tr><td>{C</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">-</td> +<td align="center">-</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">-</td></tr> + +<tr><td rowspan="3" align="center">Mothers</td><td>{A</td><td align="center">15</td><td align="center">324</td> +<td align="center">6</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">20</td></tr> + +<tr><td>{B</td><td align="center">82</td><td align="center">220</td> +<td align="center">23</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">41</td></tr> + +<tr><td>{C</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">-</td> +<td align="center">-</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">-</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p> <br />It will be seen that men only were ill! [See next page.]</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 378<a name="Page_378" id="Page_378"></a></span> +For average of hours worked elsewhere, see page 232 and page 237.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_13" id="APPN_13"> +<b>FARMERS' EARNINGS AND SPENDINGS [XIII].</b></a> If the reader should feel that +the following details are lacking in comprehensiveness or +definiteness, he should understand that reports of a national and +authoritative character on the economic condition of the farmer were +not available. There existed certain reports of the Ministry of +Agriculture, but they were subjected to criticism. The National +Agricultural Association had set on foot an elaborate enquiry as to +the condition of the "middle farmer," but it was suggested that too +much reliance was placed on arithmetical calculations and too little +on known facts. I have had to rely, therefore, on official and private +investigations made in various prefectures and villages, and I give a +selection for what they are worth. Of the general condition of the +agricultural population the reader is offered the impressions recorded +in my different Chapters.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Incomes And Expenditures Of Peasant Proprietors</span>.—</p> + +<p>The incomes and expenditures of the three households referred to in +<a href="#APPN_12">Appendix XII</a> were:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" summary="Incomes and expenditures of three households"> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">Income</td><td align="center">Expenditure</td> +<td align="center">Balance in hand</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">yen</td><td align="center">yen</td> +<td align="center">yen</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">A</td><td align="center">477</td><td align="center">449</td> +<td align="center">28</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">B</td><td align="center">915</td><td align="center">838</td> +<td align="center">77</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">C</td><td align="center">971</td><td align="center">703</td> +<td align="center">68</td></tr></table> + +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Household Expenditures</span>.—The household expenditures of the +three families were, in yen:<br /></p> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" summary="Household expenditures for three families"> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">A</td><td align="center">B</td> +<td align="center">C</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">yen</td><td align="center">yen</td> +<td align="center">yen</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Food</td><td align="right">192.76</td><td align="right">216.64</td> +<td align="right">189.57</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">House</td><td align="right">2.32</td><td align="right">2.24</td> +<td align="right">1.20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Clothes</td><td align="right">18.72</td><td align="right">15.16</td> +<td align="right">10.08</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fuel</td><td align="right">12.72</td><td align="right">13.53</td> +<td align="right">21.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Tools and furniture</td><td align="right">10.97</td> +<td align="right">160.18</td><td align="right">1.66</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Social intercourse</td><td align="right">9.58</td> +<td align="right">--</td><td align="right">6.05</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Education</td><td align="right">1.56</td><td align="right">--</td> +<td align="right">4.15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Amusement</td><td align="right">3.30</td><td align="right">2.03</td> +<td align="right">18.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Unforeseen</td><td align="right">7.85</td><td align="right">13.72</td> +<td align="right">22.33</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Miscellaneous</td><td align="right">6.43</td><td align="right">7.71</td> +<td align="right">11.15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right">______</td><td align="right">______</td> +<td align="right">______</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right">266.21</td><td align="right">431.21</td> +<td align="right">285.19</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 379<a name="Page_379" id="Page_379"></a></span></p> + +<p>It will be observed that the expenditure of B under the heading of +furniture, 160 yen, is out of all proportion with the expenditures of +A and C, 10 yen and 1 yen respectively. This is due to the fact that B +had to provide a bride's chest for a daughter.</p> + +<p>A balance sheet given me by a peasant proprietor in Aichi (5<i>tan</i> of +two-crop paddy and 5 <i>tan</i> of upland) showed a balance in hand of 27 +yen.</p> + +<p>An agricultural expert said to me, "The peasant proprietors are the +backbone of the country, but the condition of the backbone is not +good. The peasant proprietors can make ends meet only by secondary +employments." The expert showed me average figures for 18 farmers for +1891, 1900 and 1909. The average land of these men was a little over a +<i>chō</i> of paddy and 5 <i>tan</i> of upland and some woodland. They had spent +39, 63 and 86 yen on artificial manures as against 100, 153 and 204 +yen on food. The balance at the end of the year for the three years +respectively was 27, 40 and 29 yen. "The figures reflect the general +condition," I was told.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Incomes and Expenditures of Tenants</span>.—I may also note the +circumstances of the largest and of the smallest tenant in an Aichi +village I visited. The largest tenant family showed a balance in hand, +93 yen; the smallest tenant, 23 yen.</p> + +<p>The accounts of 16 tenants for 1891 showed an average sum of 3 yen in +hand at the end of the year, for 1900 a loss of 5 yen and for 1909 a +gain of 1 yen. These men had an average of 9 <i>tan</i> of paddy and 2 +<i>tan</i> of upland. The man who gave me the data said that in the +north-east of Japan "the condition of the tenants is miserable—eating +almost cattle food." The only bright spot for tenants was that, as +compared with peasant proprietors, they were free to change their +holdings and even their business.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Incomes of Tenants and Peasant Proprietors (Shidzuoka)</span>.—One +tenant, who pays 159 yen in rent and taxes, shows a total income of +374 yen and an expenditure of 538 yen, with a <i>net loss of 164 yen</i>. +"Farmers of this class," notes the local expert on the memorandum he +gave me, "are becoming poorer every year." This tenant spent 2 yen on +medicine and 5 yen on tobacco. ("Nothing else for enjoyment," pencils +the expert.) In addition to parents, a man, a woman and a girl of the +family worked. Food cost 321 yen (cost of fish and meat, 4½ yen) +and clothing 34 yen.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 380<a name="Page_380" id="Page_380"></a></span> +In a "model village," where "the farmers are always diligent," a +small tenant's income was 508 yen and expenditure 527 yen; <i>loss</i>, 19 +<i>yen</i>. Clothes cost 95 yen and food 190 yen. (Cost of fish and meat, +4¾ yen.) There was an expenditure on medicine of 1½ yen and on +tobacco and <i>saké</i> ("only enjoyment") 10 yen.</p> + +<p>Twenty per cent, of the farmers, I was told, "lead a middle-class life +and occupy a somewhat rational area of land." The budgets often of +these men, who own their own land, show a <i>balance of 85 yen</i>. "If +they were tenants they would not be in such a good condition." "We +think the farmer ought to have 2 <i>chō</i>."</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Budgets of Farmers on the Land of the Homma Clan, Yamagata</span> +(page 186).—A tenant had 3 <i>chō</i> of paddy and a small piece of +vegetable land. There lived with him his wife, two sons and the widow +and child of the eldest son. After paying his rent he had 30 <i>koku</i> of +rice left. The cost of production and taxes, 100 yen or a little more, +had to come out of that. This tenant had a debt of 250 yen.</p> + +<p>A sturdy wagoner with a sturdy horse lived with his wife and three +children and his old mother. He hired 1 <i>chō</i> for 28 <i>koku</i> of rice +and his crop was 40 <i>koku</i>. He spent 30 yen on manure and 4 yen went +in taxes.</p> + +<p>A middle-grade farmer owned a house and a little more than 1 <i>chō</i> and +rented 3 <i>chō</i> of paddy and a patch for vegetables. His rent was about +38 <i>koku</i>. He spent 100 yen on manure and 128 yen for taxes, temple +dues and regulation of the paddy. He employed at 2½ <i>koku</i> a man +who lived with the family, also temporary labour for 48 days. His crop +might be 100 <i>koku</i> or more. He had no debt.</p> + +<p>A third man was above the middle grade of farmer. His taxes were 240 +yen and his manure bill 130 yen. His payment for paddy-field +regulation, to continue for ten years, was 60 yen. He had three +labourers and he also hired extra labour for 100 days. He had three +unmarried sons of 40, 29 and 25. There were 260 yen of pensions in +respect of the war service of one son and the death of another.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Income of Peasant Proprietors (Hokkaido)</span>.—The following +statistics for the whole of Hokkaido are based on the experience of +peasant proprietors. The 2½ <i>chō</i> men are rice +<span class="pagenum">Page 381<a name="Page_381" id="Page_381"></a></span> +farmers—rice farming means farming with rice as the principal crop. +The 5-<i>chō</i> men are engaged in mixed farming:</p> + +<p> </p> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" summary="Income of Peasant Proprietors (Hokkaido)"> +<tr><td align="center">Farmer's Area</td><td align="center">Income<br />from<br />Farming</td> +<td align="center">Income<br />from Other<br />Work</td><td align="center">Total</td> +<td align="center">Cost of<br />Cultivation</td><td align="center">Cost of<br />Living</td> +<td align="center">Total<br />Outlay</td><td align="center">Balance.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">yen</td><td align="center">yen</td> +<td align="center">yen</td><td align="center">yen</td><td align="center">yen</td> +<td align="center">yen</td><td align="center">yen</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">2-1/2 chō</td><td align="center">366</td> +<td align="center">43</td><td align="center">409</td><td align="center">107</td> +<td align="center">276</td><td align="center">382</td><td align="center">27</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">5 chō</td><td align="center">441</td> +<td align="center">33</td><td align="center">474</td><td align="center">119</td> +<td align="center">301</td><td align="center">423</td><td align="center">52</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>It will be seen that mixed farming is the more profitable.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Income of Tenants (Hokkaido)</span>.—Professor Takaoka was kind +enough to give me the following summaries of balance sheets of tenants +of college lands in different parts of Hokkaido in 1915. (In all cases +the accounts have been debited with wages for the farmer's family.)</p> + +<p>Five <i>chō</i>. Income, 447 yen; <i>net return, 37 yen</i>. (Rye, wheat, oats, +corn, soy, potatoes, grass, flax, buckwheat and rape. One horse and a +few hens.)</p> + +<p>Five <i>chō</i>. Income, 763 yen; <i>net return, 58 yen</i>. (Rye, wheat, oats, +rape, soy, potatoes, corn, grass, flax and onions. Three cows, one +horse.)</p> + +<p>Ten <i>chō</i>. Income, 1,015 yen; <i>net return, 122 yen</i>. (Same crops with +two cows and one horse and some hired labour.)</p> + +<p>Five <i>chō</i> (peppermint on 3 <i>chō</i>). Income, 882 yen; <i>net return</i>, 93 +<i>yen</i>.</p> + +<p>Three <i>chō</i>. Income, 1,195 yen; <i>net return, 332 yen</i>. (Vegetable +farming. 206 yen paid for labour.)</p> + +<p>Thirty <i>chō</i>. Income, 1,979 yen; <i>net return, 61 yen</i>. (Mixed farming; +632 yen paid for labour.)</p> + +<p>Model <i>5-chō</i> farm without rice. Made 604 yen, and 107 yen <i>net +return</i>, farm capital being 1,487 yen. (208 yen allowed for labour, +interest 128 yen, amortisation 27 yen, and taxes 13 yen.)</p> + +<p>Milk farmer, 12 <i>chō</i> and 90 cattle. Income, 12,280 yen; <i>net return +of 3,641 yen</i>.</p> + +<p>2,120 <i>chō</i> (1,235 forest, 402 pasture, 110 artificial grass and 42 +crops; 111 cattle). Income, 66,205 yen; <i>net return, 1,011 yen</i>. (Milk +and meat farming.)</p> + +<p>Average income and expenditure of 200 tenants of University land whose +budgets Professor Morimoto (see Chapter XXXIV) investigated:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 382<a name="Page_382" id="Page_382"></a></span> +</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Average income and expenditure of 200 tenants of University land"> +<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="center">yen</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Crops</td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"> 451.66</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wages earned</td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">61.33</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Horses</td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">20.09</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Poultry and eggs</td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">.96</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Pigs</td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">.85</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Manure (animal, 35 <i>kwan</i>; human, 14 <i>koku</i></td> +<td align="right"> </td><td align="right">24.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Other income</td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">29.64</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">------</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">589.03</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">yen</td><td align="right"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cultivation, etc.</td><td align="right">206.32</td><td align="right"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cost of living</td><td align="right">303.33</td><td align="right"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">------</td><td align="right"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">509.65</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">------</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Profit</td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">79.38</td></tr> +</table> + +<p> </p> + +<p>The returns of capital yielded the following averages:</p> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" summary="Returns of capital"> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">yen</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Tenant right in respect of 5-16 <i>chō</i></td><td align="right">750.82</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Buildings (32.2 <i>tsubo</i>)</td><td align="right">195.95</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Clothing</td><td align="right">162.82</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Horse (average 1.23)</td><td align="right">108.48</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Furniture</td><td align="right">58.47</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Implements</td><td align="right">51.23</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Poultry (average 2.58)</td><td align="right">1.15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Pigs (average .12)</td><td align="right">.87</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">--------</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Total</td><td align="right">1,329.79</td></tr> +</table> + +<p> </p> + + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_14" id="APPN_14"> +<b>VALUE OF NEW PADDY [XIV].</b></a> More delicious rice could be got, I was +told, from well-fertilised barren land than from naturally fertile +land. The first year the new paddy yielded per <i>tan</i> an average of 1.2 +<i>koku</i>, the second 1.6, the third 2, and this fourth year the yield +would have been 2.3 had it not been for damage by storm.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_15" id="APPN_15"> +<b>AREAS AND CROPS OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF RICE [XV].</b></a> In 1919 there was +grown of paddy rice 2,984,750 <i>chō</i> (2,729,639 ordinary, 255,111 +glutinous) and of upland rice 141,365 <i>chō</i>. Total, 3,126,115 <i>chō</i>. +The yield (husked, uncleaned) was of paddy 61,343,403 <i>koku</i> +(ordinary, 56,438,005; glutinous, 4,905,398); of upland, 1,839,312. +Total, 63,182,715 <i>koku</i>; value, 2,352,145,519 yen.</p> + +<p>In 1877 the area is reputed to have been 1,940,000 <i>chō</i> with a yield +of 24,450,000 <i>koku</i> and in 1882 2,580,000 <i>chō</i> with a yield of +30,692,000 <i>koku</i>. The average of the five years 1910-14 was 3,033,000 +<i>chō</i> with a yield of 57,006,000 <i>koku</i>; of the five years 1915-19, +3,081,867 <i>chō</i> with a yield of 94,817,431 <i>koku</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 383<a name="Page_383" id="Page_383"></a></span> +In a prefecture in south-western Japan I found that 2 <i>koku</i> 5 <i>to</i> +(or 2½ <i>koku</i>, there being 10 <i>to</i> in a <i>koku</i>) per <i>tan</i> was +common and that from 3 <i>koku</i> to 3 <i>koku</i> 5 <i>to</i> was reached. "A good +yield for 1 <i>tan</i>," says an eminent authority, "is 3 <i>koku</i>, or on the +best fields even 4 <i>koku</i>." The average yield in <i>koku</i> per <i>tan</i> for +the whole country has been (paddy-field rice only): 1882, 1.19; +1894-8, 1.38; 1899-1903, 1.44; 1904-8, 1.57; 1909-13, 1.63; 1914-18, +1.86; 1919, 1.99; 1920, 2.05 (ordinary, 2.06; glutinous, 1.92). Upland +rice in 1920, 1.30 as against 1.02 in 1909. All these figures are for +husked, uncleaned rice.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_16" id="APPN_16"> +<b>BARLEY AND WHEAT CROPS [XVI].</b></a> The following table (average of five +years, 1913-17) shows the yields per <i>tan</i> of the two sorts of barley +and of wheat and the average yield all three together in comparison +with the rice yield (all quantities husked):</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Yields of Barley and Wheat Crops"> +<tr><td> </td><td align="center"><i>go</i></td><td> </td><td align="center"><i>go</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Barley</td><td align="left">1,672</td> +<td align="left"> All three together</td><td align="left">1,307</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Naked barley</td><td align="left">1,172</td> +<td align="left"> Rice</td><td align="left">1,808</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wheat</td><td align="left">1,073</td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p> </p> + +<p>Naked barley is grown as an upland crop, as are ordinary barley and +wheat; but it is more largely grown as a second crop in paddies than +either barley or wheat. The barleys are chiefly used for human food +with or without rice. Wheat is eaten in macaroni, sweetstuffs and +bread. It is also used in considerable quantities in the manufacture +of soy, the chief ingredient of which is beans. There was imported in +the year 1920 wheat to the value of 28½ million yen, and flour to +the value of 3¼ million yen. Macaroni is largely made of buckwheat +as well as of wheat. The other grain crop is millet, which is eaten by +the poorest farmers. In 1918, as against 60 million <i>koku</i> of rice, +there were grown 5 million <i>koku</i> of beans and peas. The crops of +barley were 17 million, of wheat 6 million, of millet 3¼ million, +and of buckwheat ¾ million. More than a million <i>kwan</i> of sweet +potatoes were produced and nearly half a million of "Irish" potatoes. +(The figures for barley and wheat are for 1919.)</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_17" id="APPN_17"> +<b>COST AND PRICE OF RICE [XVII].</b></a> The annual figures (from Aichi) for the +years 1894 to 1915 (page 384) show the cost of producing a <i>tan</i> of +rice, that is the summer crop. The amounts per <i>tan</i> are calculated on +the basis of the expenses of a tenant who is cropping 8 <i>tan</i>. The +totals for the winter crop are also given. The figures which appear on +the opposite page were described to me by the farmer concerned as +"compiled on the basis of investigations by the chairman of the +village agricultural association and by its managers and still further +proved and quite trustworthy." It will be seen that the value of the +winter crop is low; a secondary employment is usually a better thing +for the farmer. In one or two places there is a sen or so difference +in the additions which may have been made by the transcriber from the +Japanese original. The difference in amounts of rent is due to +difference in fields rented and also to reduction allowed owing to bad +crops. The difference in the income from crops is usually due to +destruction by hail or wind.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 384<a name="Page_384" id="Page_384"></a></span></p> + + +<h3>COST AND PRICE OF RICE (see page 383)</h3> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="Cost and Price for Rice"> +<tr> +<td align="center"><div class="lil">Year</div></td> +<td align="center"><div class="lil">Yield in <i>koku</i></div></td> +<td align="center"><div class="lil">Reserved for Rent and Seeds (<i>koku</i>)</div></td> +<td align="center"><div class="lil">Market Price per <i>koku</i> (yen)</div></td> +<td align="center"><div class="lil">Gross Income including Straw and Chaff, not usually sold (yen)</div></td> +<td align="center"><div class="lil">Manures (yen)</div></td> +<td align="center"><div class="lil">Taxes and Amortisation of Implements (sen)</div></td> +<td align="center"><div class="lil">Total Outlay (yen)</div></td> +<td align="center"><div class="lil">Net Income from Summer Crop of Rice (yen)</div></td> +<td align="center"><div class="lil">Days of Labour on Summer Crop of Rice</div></td> +<td align="center"><div class="lil">Net Income from Winter Crop (?Barley)</div></td> +<td align="center"><div class="lil">Total Net Income from both Crops.</div></td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> 1894</td><td align="center">2.23</td><td align="center">1.05</td> +<td align="center">7.66</td><td align="center">9.81</td><td align="center">2</td> +<td align="center">21</td><td align="center">2.21</td><td align="center">7.60</td> +<td align="center">2.5</td><td align="center">2.51</td><td align="center">10.11</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> 1895</td><td align="center">2.13</td><td align="center">1.05</td> +<td align="center">8.09</td><td align="center">8.71</td><td align="center">2</td> +<td align="center">21</td><td align="center">2.26</td><td align="center">6.45</td> +<td align="center">21.5</td><td align="center">2.48</td><td align="center">8.92</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> 1896</td><td align="center">1.53</td><td align="center">.80</td> +<td align="center">8.67</td><td align="center">6.89</td><td align="center">2.4</td> +<td align="center">22</td><td align="center">2.58</td><td align="center">4.31</td> +<td align="center">21.5</td><td align="center">3.38</td><td align="center">7.69</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> 1897</td><td align="center">1.88</td><td align="center">1.05</td> +<td align="center">11.53</td><td align="center">10.63</td><td align="center">2.9</td> +<td align="center">23</td><td align="center">3.13</td><td align="center">7.50</td> +<td align="center">21.5</td><td align="center">5.22</td><td align="center">12.72</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> 1898</td><td align="center">2.39</td><td align="center">1.05</td> +<td align="center">14.62</td><td align="center">21.13</td><td align="center">3.2</td> +<td align="center">25</td><td align="center">3.40</td><td align="center">17.73</td> +<td align="center">21.5</td><td align="center">5.50</td><td align="center">23.23</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> 1899</td><td align="center">1.75</td><td align="center">.88</td> +<td align="center">12.05</td><td align="center">11.48</td><td align="center">3.8</td> +<td align="center">30</td><td align="center">4.11</td><td align="center">7.37</td> +<td align="center">21</td><td align="center">2.22</td><td align="center">9.99</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> 1900</td><td align="center">2.14</td><td align="center">1.05</td> +<td align="center">11.11</td><td align="center">13.24</td><td align="center">4.1</td> +<td align="center">31</td><td align="center">4.40</td><td align="center">8.84</td> +<td align="center">21</td><td align="center">4.22</td><td align="center">13.06</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> 1901</td><td align="center">2.10</td><td align="center">1.05</td> +<td align="center">10.53</td><td align="center">12.06</td><td align="center">4</td> +<td align="center">32</td><td align="center">4.35</td><td align="center">7.71</td> +<td align="center">21</td><td align="center">3.87</td><td align="center">11.58</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> 1902</td><td align="center">1.86</td><td align="center">.99</td> +<td align="center">12.99</td><td align="center">12.40</td><td align="center">3.1</td> +<td align="center">38</td><td align="center">3.51</td><td align="center">8.89</td> +<td align="center">21</td><td align="center">4.11</td><td align="center">13</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> 1903</td><td align="center">2.06</td><td align="center">1.04</td> +<td align="center">12.50</td><td align="center">13.85</td><td align="center">3.4</td> +<td align="center">49</td><td align="center">3.79</td><td align="center">10.05</td> +<td align="center">21</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">16.85</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> 1904</td><td align="center">2.24</td><td align="center">1.03</td> +<td align="center">12.20</td><td align="center">16</td><td align="center">2.6</td> +<td align="center">53</td><td align="center">3.11</td><td align="center">9.89</td> +<td align="center">21</td><td align="center">6.06</td><td align="center">15.95</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> 1905</td><td align="center">1.77</td><td align="center">.99</td> +<td align="center">13.42</td><td align="center">11.60</td><td align="center">2.1</td> +<td align="center">46</td><td align="center">2.55</td><td align="center">9.05</td> +<td align="center">21</td><td align="center">6.67</td><td align="center">15.71</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> 1906</td><td align="center">1.96</td><td align="center">1.05</td> +<td align="center">15.15</td><td align="center">15 09</td><td align="center">4</td> +<td align="center">56</td><td align="center">4.61</td><td align="center">10.49</td> +<td align="center">21</td><td align="center">5.79</td><td align="center">16.27</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> 1907</td><td align="center">1.98</td><td align="center">1.14</td> +<td align="center">16.39</td><td align="center">16.69</td><td align="center">4.4</td> +<td align="center">42</td><td align="center">4.83</td><td align="center">11.84</td> +<td align="center">21</td><td align="center">8.60</td><td align="center">20.43</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> 1908</td><td align="center">2.21</td><td align="center">1.14</td> +<td align="center">14.29</td><td align="center">16.80</td><td align="center">5.1</td> +<td align="center">42</td><td align="center">5.54</td><td align="center">11.26</td> +<td align="center">21</td><td align="center">10.79</td><td align="center">22.05</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> 1909</td><td align="center">2.27</td><td align="center">1.14</td> +<td align="center">11.63</td><td align="center">14.39</td><td align="center">3.7</td> +<td align="center">99</td><td align="center">4.64</td><td align="center">9.75</td> +<td align="center">21</td><td align="center">11.49</td><td align="center">21.24</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> 1910</td><td align="center">2.02</td><td align="center">1.14</td> +<td align="center">14.09</td><td align="center">13.37</td><td align="center">4.5</td> +<td align="center">80</td><td align="center">5.27</td><td align="center">8.51</td> +<td align="center">21</td><td align="center">12.41</td><td align="center">20.91</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> 1911</td><td align="center">2.22</td><td align="center">1.14</td> +<td align="center">16.67</td><td align="center">19.72</td><td align="center">4.4</td> +<td align="center">78</td><td align="center">5.13</td><td align="center">14.59</td> +<td align="center">21</td><td align="center">13.49</td><td align="center">28.08</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> 1912</td><td align="center">2.02</td><td align="center">.90</td> +<td align="center">21.74</td><td align="center">26.48</td><td align="center">5.9</td> +<td align="center">75</td><td align="center">6.60</td><td align="center">19.88</td> +<td align="center">21.5</td><td align="center">3.73</td><td align="center">23.6</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> 1913</td><td align="center">2.31</td><td align="center">1.14</td> +<td align="center">20.83</td><td align="center">24.67</td><td align="center">6.5</td> +<td align="center">79</td><td align="center">7.30</td><td align="center">17.37</td> +<td align="center">21.5</td><td align="center">12.62</td><td align="center">30</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> 1914</td><td align="center">2.48</td><td align="center">1.14</td> +<td align="center">12.50</td><td align="center">18.29</td><td align="center">5.8</td> +<td align="center">78</td><td align="center">6.53</td><td align="center">11.75</td> +<td align="center">21.5</td><td align="center">11.54</td><td align="center">23.30</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center"> 1915</td><td align="center">2.36</td><td align="center">1.20</td> +<td align="center">11.77</td><td align="center">14.91</td><td align="center">5.8</td> +<td align="center">82</td><td align="center">6.67</td><td align="center">8.24</td> +<td align="center">21.5</td><td align="center">9.67</td><td align="center">18.91</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<p>This table may be supplemented by the following prices for +(unpolished) rice in Tokyo: 1916, 13 yen 76 sen; 1917, 19 yen 84 sen; +1918, 32 yen 75 sen; 1919, 45 yen 99 sen.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 385<a name="Page_385" id="Page_385"></a></span> +In the spring of 1921 the League for the Prevention of Sales of Rice +ed that rice should not be sold under 35 yen per +<i>koku</i>. The price passed the figure of 35 yen in July 1918. At the +time the League's proposals were made the Ministry of Agriculture was +quoted as stating that the cost of producing rice "is now 40 yen per +<i>koku</i>." The accuracy of the figures on which the Ministry's estimates +are made is frequently called in question.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_18" id="APPN_18"> +<b>CULTIVATED AREA IN JAPAN AND GREAT BRITAIN [XVIII].</b></a> In 1919 there were +in Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales, the Isle of Man and the +Channel Islands) 15,808,000 acres of arable, 15,910,000 of pasture and +13,647,000 of grazing, or a total of 45,365,000 acres out of a total +area of 56,990,000 acres. In Japan there were 15,044,202 acres of +paddy and of cultivated upland, 46,958,000 acres of forest and +8,773,000 acres of waste; total 70,775,000, out of 90,880,000 acres. +The area of the United Kingdom without Ireland is 56,990,080 acres; +that of Japan Proper, 75,988,378 acres. The population of the United +Kingdom without Ireland (in 1911) was 41,126,000, and of Japan Proper +(in 1911) 51,435,000. (See also <a href="#APPN_30">Appendix XXX</a>.)</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_19" id="APPN_19"> +<b>HUMAN LABOUR <i>v</i>. CATTLE POWER [XIX].</b></a> The Department of Agriculture +stated in 1921 that "from 200 to 300, sometimes more than 500 days' +labour [of one man] are required to grow a <i>chō</i> of rice." The area of +paddy which is ploughed by horse or cattle power was 61.89 per cent. +The area of upland so cultivated was only 38.97 per cent. The "average +year's work of the ordinary adult farmer" was put at +<span class="pagenum">Page 386<a name="Page_386" id="Page_386"></a></span> +200 days. The Department estimated an average man's day's work (10 hours) as +follows:</p> + + +<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="Average man's day's work"> +<tr><td align="center">Nature of Work</td><td align="center">Tools used</td> +<td align="center">Output by one Man per Day<br />hectare</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Tillage of paddy</td><td align="left"><i>Kuwa</i> (mattock)</td> +<td align="center">0.06</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> " " "</td> +<td align="center"><i>Fumi-guwa</i> (heavy spade)</td><td align="center">0.1-0.15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Transplanting rice</td><td align="left">Hand work</td> +<td align="center">0.07-0.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Weeding</td><td align="left">Sickle and weeding tools</td> +<td align="center">0.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cutting the rice crop</td><td align="left">Sickle</td> +<td align="center">0.1-0.15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mowing grass</td><td align="left">Sickle (long handle)</td> +<td align="center">0.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> " "</td> +<td align="left">Scythe</td><td align="center">0.5</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>But I have never seen a scythe in use in Japan!</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_20" id="APPN_20"> +<b>MANURE [XX].</b></a> The value of the manure used in Japan in a year has been +estimated at about 220 million yen, but for the three years ending +1916 it averaged 241 millions, as follows:</p> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="Value of the manure used in Japan"> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">Produced or obtained<br /> by the Farmer</td> +<td align="center" colspan="2">Purchased</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align="center">yen</td><td> </td><td align="center">yen</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Compost</td><td align="right">63,500,000</td> +<td align="left">Bean cake</td><td align="left">32,000,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Human waste</td><td align="right">54,000,000</td> +<td align="left">Mixed</td><td align="left">17,000,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Green manure</td><td align="right">9,600,000</td> +<td align="left">Miscellaneous</td><td align="left">16,000,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rice chaff</td><td align="right">5,000,000</td> +<td align="left">Sulphate of ammonia</td><td align="left">15,000,000</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td align="left">Superphosphate</td> +<td align="left">12,000,000</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td align="left">Fish waste</td> +<td align="left">12,000,000</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>Dr. Sato puts the artificial manure used per <i>tan</i> at a sixth of that +of Belgium and a quarter of that of Great Britain and Germany. See +also <a href="#APPN_4">Appendix IV</a>. An agricultural expert once said to me, "Japanese +farmer he keep five head of stock, his own family."</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_21" id="APPN_21"> +<b>SOWING OF RICE [XXI].</b></a> A common seeding time is the eighty-eighth day +of the year according to the old calendar, say May 1 or 2. +Transplanting is very usual at the end of May or early in June. In +Kagawa, Shikoku, I found that rice was sown at the beginning of May or +even at the end of April, the transplanting being done in mid-June. +The harvest was obtained 10 per cent. about September 10th, 30 per +cent. in October and 60 per cent. about the beginning of November. The +winter crop of naked barley was sown in the first quarter of December +and was harvested late in May or early in June, so there was just time +for the rice planting in mid-June.</p> + +<p>In Kochi the first crop is sown about March 15, the seedlings +<span class="pagenum">Page 387<a name="Page_387" id="Page_387"></a></span> +are put out in mid-May and the harvest is ready about August 10. The second +crop, which has been sown in June, is ready with its seedlings from +August 13 to August 15, and the harvest arrives about November 1 and +2. The first crop may yield about 3 <i>koku</i>, the second 1½ <i>koku</i>.</p> + +<p>A good deal depends in raising a big crop on a good seed bed. This is +got by reducing the quantity of seed used and by applying manure +wisely. Whereas formerly as much as from 5 to 7 <i>go</i> of seed was sown +per <i>tsubo</i>, the biggest crops are now got from 1 <i>go</i>.</p> + +<p>The Japanese names of the most widely grown varieties are Shinriki, +Aikoku, Omachi, Chikusei and Sekitori. At an experiment station I +copied the names of the varieties on exhibition there: Banzai, +Patriotism, Japanese Embroidery, Good-looking, Early Power of God, +Bamboo, Small Embroidery, Power of God, Mutual Virtue, Yellow Bamboo, +Late White, Power of God (glutinous), Silver Rice Cake and Eternal +Rice Field.</p> + +<p>There are several thousand <i>chō</i> in the vicinity of Tokyo where, owing +to the low temperature of the marshy soil, the seed is sown direct in +the paddies, not broadcast but at regular intervals and in thrice or +four times the normal quantities.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_22" id="APPN_22"> +<b>RATE OF PLANTING [XXII].</b></a> I have been told that an adult who has the +seedlings brought to his or her hand can stick in a thousand an hour. +The early varieties may be set in clumps of seven or eight plants; +middle-growth sorts may contain from five to six; the latest kind may +include only three or four. The number of clumps planted may be 42 per +<i>tsubo</i>, which, as a <i>tsubo</i> is nearly four square yards, is about ten +per square yard. The clumps are put in their places by being pushed +into the mud. A straight line is kept by means of a rope. The success +of the crop depends in no small degree on skilful planting.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_23" id="APPN_23"> +<b>HOW MUCH RICE DOES A JAPANESE EAT? [XXIII].</b></a> The daily consumption of +rice per head, counting young and old, is nearly 3 <i>go</i>. (A <i>go</i> is +roughly a third of a pint.) A sturdy labourer will consume at least 5 +<i>go</i> in a day, and sometimes 7 or even 10 <i>go</i>. The allowance for +soldiers is 6 <i>go</i>. These quantities represent the rice uncooked. In +recent years more and more rice has been eaten by those who formerly +ate barley or mainly barley. And some who once ate a good deal of +millet and <i>hiye</i> are now eating a certain amount of rice. +<span class="pagenum">Page 388<a name="Page_388" id="Page_388"></a></span> +The average annual consumption per head of the Japanese population (Korea +and Formosa excluded from the calculation) was: 1888-93, 948 <i>go</i>; +1908-13, 1,037 <i>go</i>; 1913-18, 1,050 <i>go</i>. The averages of 25 years +(1888-1912) were: production, 42,756,584 <i>koku</i>; consumption, +44,410,725 <i>koku</i>; deficit, 1,984,970 <i>koku</i>; population, 45,140,094; +per head, 0.980 <i>koku</i>. In 1921 the Department of Agriculture, +estimating a population of 55,960,000 (see <a href="#APPN_30">Appendix XXX</a>) and an annual +consumption per head of 1.1 <i>koku</i> per year, put the national +consumption for a year at about 61,550,000 <i>koku</i>. See also <a href="#APPN_26">Appendix +XXVI</a>.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_24" id="APPN_24"> +<b>IMPORTED AND EXPORTED RICE [XXIV].</b></a> "Good rice" is imported from Korea +and Formosa. The objection is to "Rangoon" rice. But most of the +imported rice does not come from Rangoon but from Saigon. The figures +for 1919 were in yen: China, 283,011; British India, 1,012,979; +Kwantung, 15,053,977; Siam, 29,367,430; French Indo-China, +116,313,525; other countries, 39,918; total, 162,070,840. The exports +in 1919 were in yen: China, 1,354; Australia, 6,570; Asiatic Russia, +165,463; Kwantung, 213,633; British America, 356,600; United States, +476,756; Hawaii, 3,046,598; other countries, 60,707—all obviously in +the main for Japanese consumption. The total imports and exports were +in <i>koku</i> and yen over a period of years:</p> + + +<table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="right" rowspan="2">Year</td><td align="center" colspan="2">Imports</td> +<td align="center" colspan="2">Exports</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"><i>Koku</i></td><td align="center">Value (yen)</td> +<td align="center"><i>Koku</i></td><td align="center">Value (yen)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1909</td><td align="right"> 1,325,243</td><td align="right">13,585,817</td> +<td align="right"> 422,513</td><td align="right">5,867,290 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1910</td><td align="right">918,627</td><td align="right">8,644,439</td> +<td align="right">429,251</td><td align="right">5,900,477 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1911</td><td align="right">1,719,566</td><td align="right">11,721,085</td> +<td align="right">216,198</td><td align="right">3,940,541 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1912</td><td align="right">2,234,437</td><td align="right">30,193,481</td> +<td align="right">208,423</td><td align="right">4,367,824 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1913</td><td align="right">3,637,269</td><td align="right">48,472,304</td> +<td align="right">204,002</td><td align="right">4,372,979 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1914</td><td align="right">2,022,644</td><td align="right">24,823,933</td> +<td align="right">260,738</td><td align="right">4,974,108 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1915</td><td align="right">457,606</td><td align="right">4,886,125</td> +<td align="right">662,629</td><td align="right">9,676,969 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1916</td><td align="right">309,158</td><td align="right">3,087,616</td> +<td align="right">686,479</td><td align="right">11,197,356 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1917</td><td align="right">564,376</td><td align="right">6,513,373</td> +<td align="right">769,129</td><td align="right"> 14,662,546 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1918</td><td align="right">4,647,168</td><td align="right">89,755,678</td> +<td align="right">264,565</td><td align="right">8,321,965 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1919</td><td align="right">4,642,382</td><td align="right"> 162,070,840</td> +<td align="right">95,219</td><td align="right">4,327,690 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1920</td><td align="right">471,083</td><td align="right">18,059,194</td> +<td align="right">116,249</td><td align="right">5,897,675 </td></tr> +</table> + + + +<p>The twenty-five years' average (1888-1912) of excess of import over +export was 1,339,493 <i>koku</i>. See also <a href="#APPN_28">Appendix XXVIII</a>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 389<a name="Page_389" id="Page_389"></a></span> + <br /><a name="APPN_25" id="APPN_25"> +<b>INCREASE OF RICE YIELD AND OF POPULATION [XXV].</b></a></p> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="Increase of Rice Yield and of Population"> +<tr><td> </td><td align="center">1882</td><td align="center">1913</td><td align="center">Percentage of<br />Increase</td> +<td align="center">1918</td><td align="right">Percentage of<br />Increase[A]</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Population</td><td align="right"> 36,700,000</td><td align="right"> 53,362,000</td> +<td align="center">45</td><td align="right">66,851,000</td><td align="center">55</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rice crop (<i>koku</i>)</td><td align="right">30,692,000</td> +<td align="right">50,222,000</td><td align="center">63</td><td align="right">53,893,000</td> +<td align="center">75</td></tr> +</table> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>[Footnote A: 1882-1918. The degree to which the increase in production will + be maintained is of course a matter for discussion. As far as + rice is concerned, it must be borne in mind that there is an + increasing consumption per head.]</p></div> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_26" id="APPN_26"> +<b>FARMERS' DIET [XXVI].</b></a> It is officially stated in 1921 that "the common +farm diet consists of a mixture of cooked rice and barley as the +principal food with vegetables and occasionally fish." The barley is +what is known as naked barley. Ordinary barley is eaten in northern +Japan, but two-thirds of the barley eaten elsewhere is the wheat-like +naked barley, which cannot be grown in Fukushima and the north. The +husking of ordinary barley is hard work. The young men do it during +the night when it is cool. They keep on until cock-crow. Their songs +and the sound of their mallets make a memorable impression as one +passes through a village on a moonlight night. Another substitute for +rice beyond millet is <i>hiye</i> (panic grass). In the south it is +regarded as a weed of the paddies, but in the north many <i>tan</i> are +planted with this heavy-yielding small grain.</p> + + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_27" id="APPN_27"> +<b>TAXATION [XXVII].</b></a> Before 1906 national taxation was 2.5 per cent. of +the legal price of land. In 1900 it was 3.3 per cent., in 1904 5.5 per +cent., in 1911 4.7 per cent, and in 1915 4.5 per cent. But local +taxation increased in greater proportion.</p> + + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_28" id="APPN_28"> +<b>FLAVOUR OF RICE AND PRICE FLUCTUATIONS [XXVIII].</b></a> Japanese rice has a +fatty flavour which the people of Japan like. Therefore the native +rice commands a higher price in Japan than Chinese or Indian rice. +With the exception of a small quantity exported to Japanese abroad, +Japanese rice is consumed in Japan. The supply of it and the demand +for it are exclusively a Japanese affair. Naturally, when the crop +fails the price soars, and when there is a superabundant harvest the +price comes down to the level of foreign rice. Here is the secret of +the enormous fluctuations in the price of +<span class="pagenum">Page 390<a name="Page_390" id="Page_390"></a></span> +Japanese rice with which +the authorities have so often endeavoured to cope.</p> + +<p>The Government granary plan is the third big effort of authority to +manage rice prices. The Okuma Government, under the administration of +which rice went down to 14 yen per <i>koku</i>, had a Commission to raise +prices. The Terauchi Ministry, at a time when prices rose, touching 55 +yen, had a Commission to bring prices down.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_29" id="APPN_29"> +<b>AREA AND CLIMATE [XXIX].</b></a> Japan Proper comprises a main island, three +other large islands in sight of the main island, and +archipelagos—4,000 islets have been counted. The main island, Honshu, +with Shikoku behind it, lies off the coast of Korea; the next largest +and northernmost island, Hokkaido, off the coast of Siberia, and the +remaining sizeable island and the southernmost, Kyushu, off the coast +of China over against the mouth of the Yangtse. The area of this +territory, that is of Japan before the acquirement of Formosa, Korea, +southern Saghalien and part of Manchuria, is about 142,000 square +miles in area, which is that of Great Britain in possession not of one +Wales but of four, or nearly 1 per cent. of the area of Asia. But +there are several million more people in Japan than there are +inhabitants of Great Britain and thrice as many as there are Britons +in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and India. (See also +<a href="#APPN_30">Appendix XXX</a>.) Japan, which lies between the latitudes of Cairo and +the Crimea, may be said to consist of mountains, of which fifty are +active volcanoes, with some land, either hilly or boggy, at the foot +of them. It is nowhere more than 200 miles across and in one place is +only 50. A note on the ocean currents which exercise an influence on +agriculture will be found on page 195. The protection afforded to the +eastern prefectures by mountain ranges is obvious. Generally the +summer temperature of Japan is higher and the winter temperature is +lower than is recorded in Europe and America within the same +latitudes.</p> + +<p>"The mild climate and abundant rainfall," says the Department of +Agriculture, "stimulate a luxuriant forest development throughout the +country which in turn provides ample fountain heads for rivers. The +rivers and streams run in all directions, affording opportunity for +irrigation all over the country. The insular position of the country +renders its humidity high and its rainfall abundant when compared with +Continental +<span class="pagenum">Page 391<a name="Page_391" id="Page_391"></a></span> +countries. The rainy season prevails during the months of +June and July, making this season risky for the harvest of wheat and +barley; on the other hand it affords a beneficent irrigation supply to +paddy-grown rice, which is the most important crop. The characteristic +feature of the climate in the greater part of the islands is the +frequency of storms in the months of August and September. As the +flowers of the rice plant commence to bloom during the same period, +these late summer storms cause much damage."</p> + +<p>The weather in Tokyo in 1918 was as follows:</p> + + +<table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" summary="Tokyo weather data for 1918"> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Jan.</td><td align="left">Feb.</td> +<td align="left">Mar.</td><td align="left">Apl.</td><td align="left">May</td> +<td align="left">June</td><td align="left">July</td><td align="left">Aug.</td> +<td align="left">Sept.</td><td align="left">Oct.</td><td align="left">Nov.</td> +<td align="left">Dec.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rain and<br />snow (mm.)</td><td align="left">10</td> +<td align="left">65</td><td align="left">163</td><td align="left">108</td> +<td align="left">123</td><td align="left">149</td> +<td align="left">82</td><td align="left">78</td><td align="left">202</td> +<td align="left">135</td><td align="left">142</td><td align="left">80</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Temp. (C.)</td><td align="left">1.6</td><td align="left">3.6</td> +<td align="left">6.7</td><td align="left">11.7</td><td align="left">16.7</td> +<td align="left">20.2</td><td align="left">26.0</td><td align="left">26.0</td> +<td align="left">22.6</td><td align="left">16.0</td><td align="left">10.4</td> +<td align="left">3.9</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p>The varied climate of Japan is indicated by the following statistics +for centres as far distant as Nagasaki in the extreme south-west and +Sapporo in Hokkaido:</p> + + +<table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" summary="Weather data for Japanese cities"> +<tr><td> </td><td align="left">Nagasaki</td><td align="left">Kyoto</td><td align="left">Tokyo</td> +<td align="left">Niigata</td><td align="left">Aomori</td><td align="left">Sapporo</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Days of rain or snow</td><td align="left">179</td><td align="left">176</td> +<td align="left">144</td><td align="left">218</td><td align="left">229</td><td align="left">216</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Average temp. (C.)</td><td align="left">14.9</td><td align="left">13.6</td> +<td align="left">13.8</td><td align="left">12.5</td><td align="left">9.4</td><td align="left">7.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Maximum</td><td align="left">36.7</td><td align="left">37.2</td> +<td align="left">36.6</td><td align="left">39.1</td><td align="left">36.0</td><td align="left">33.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Minimum</td><td align="left"><i>5.6</i></td><td align="left"><i>11.9</i> +</td><td align="left"><i>8.1</i></td><td align="left"><i>9.7</i></td><td align="left"><i>19.0</i></td> +<td align="left"><i>25.6</i></td></tr> +</table> + + +<p>The italicised temperatures are below zero. Average dates of last +frost: Tokyo, April 6; Nagoya, April 13; Matsumoto, May 17.</p> + + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_30" id="APPN_30"> +<b>POPULATION OF JAPAN, MANCHURIA AND MONGOLIA [XXX].</b></a> The population of +the Empire according to the 1920 census was 77,005,510, which included +Korea, 17,284,207; Formosa, 3,654,398; Saghalien, 105,765; and South +Manchuria (that is, the Kwantung Peninsula), 80,000. In Old Japan +(Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu with the near islands, and Loo-choos and +Bonins) there were 53,602,043, and in Hokkaido (including Kuriles) +2,359,097.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 392<a name="Page_392" id="Page_392"></a></span> +Tokyo is the largest city, 2,173,000, followed by Osaka, 1,252,000. +Kobe and Kyoto have a little more than half a million; Nagoya and +Yokohama four hundred thousand apiece. Ten other cities have a hundred +thousand odd.</p> + +<p>In the following table the populations and areas of Japan, Great +Britain and the United States are compared:</p> + + +<table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" +summary="Populations and areas of Japan, Gr. Brit. and the U.S.A."> +<tr><td align="center">Country</td><td align="center">Area</td><td align="center">Population</td> +<td align="center">Population <br />per sq. mile</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Japan (excluding Korea, <br />Formosa and Saghalien)</td> +<td align="center">142,000</td><td align="center">55,961,140 (1920)</td><td align="center">394</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">British Isles</td><td align="center">121,636</td> +<td align="center">47,306,664[*] (1921)</td><td align="center">388</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">United States (excluding Alaska <br />and oversea possessions)</td> +<td align="center">3,000,000</td><td align="center">105,683,108 (1920)</td><td align="center">35</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p>* Ireland taken at 1911 census figures.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Japan's 394 per square mile is lowered by the population of Hokkaido +(2,359,097), which is only 66 per square mile. The population of the +three chief Japanese islands is: Honshu, the mainland (41,806,930), +471; Shikoku (3,066,890), 423; and Kyushu (8,729,088), 511. (These +figures are for 1920.) "As regards density per square kilometre," +writes an official of the Imperial Bureau of Statistics in the <i>Japan +Year-book</i>, with the figures antecedent to the 1920 census before him, +"it is calculated at 140 for Japan and this compares as follows with +Belgium (1910) 252, England and Wales (1911) 239, Holland (1909) 171, +Italy (1911) 121, Germany (1910) 120 and France 44. When comparison is +made on the basis of habitable area Japan may be considered to surpass +all as to density, for while in Japan it constitutes only 19 per cent, +of the total area, the ratio is as high as 74 for Belgium, 73 for +England and Wales, 67 for Holland, 76 for Italy, 65 for Germany and 70 +for France." The Professor of Agricultural Science at Tokyo University +says: "The area under cultivation, even in the densely populated +parts, is comparatively smaller than in any other country."</p> + +<p>In a statement issued in 1921 the Department of Agriculture reckoned +the population at 145 per square kilometre and recorded the mean rate +of increase "in recent years" as 12.06 per 1,000. It stated that the +density of the rural population was 44 per square kilometre or 9.42 +per hectare of arable, in +<span class="pagenum">Page 393<a name="Page_393" id="Page_393"></a></span> +other words that the density "is higher +than that of France, Belgium, Switzerland and some other countries +where the agriculture is marked by fairly intensive methods." Mr. +Nikaido, of the Bureau of Statistics, writes in the <i>Japan Year-book</i> +that the annual increase of Japan's population was 14.78 per 1,000 for +1909-13 and 12.06 for 1914-18, "a rate greater than in any civilised +country, with the exception of Germany and Rumania in the pre-War +years."</p> + +<p>The birth rate is high, but so is the mortality. The death rate of +minors is thrice that of Germany and Great Britain. Here the +increasing industrialisation of the country is no doubt playing its +part. The ratio of still births has steadily risen since the eighties. +The ratio of births, other than still births, per 1,000 of population, +which in 1889-93 was 28.6, increased by 1909-13 to 33.7; but the death +rate fell only from 21.1 to 20.6. The ratio of unmarried, 63.22 in +1893, was 66.22 in 1918.</p> + +<p>The following figures for Japan Proper are printed by the <i>Financial +and Economic Annual</i>, issued by the Department of Finance:</p> + + + +<table border="1" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="0" summary="Birth Rate Records for Japan"> +<tr><td align="center">Year.</td><td align="center">Total.</td> +<td align="center">Annual Increase <br />of Population</td> +<td align="center" colspan="2">Average Increase <br />per 1,000 Inhabitants.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1910</td><td align="center">50,716,600</td><td align="center">--</td> +<td align="center">14.09</td><td rowspan="5" align="center">}14.21</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1911</td><td align="center">51,435,400</td> +<td align="center">718,800</td><td align="center">14.17</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1912</td><td align="center">52,167,000</td><td align="center">731,600</td> +<td align="center">14.22</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1913</td><td align="center">52,911,800</td> +<td align="center">744,800</td><td align="center">14.28</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1914</td><td align="center">53,668,600</td><td align="center">756,800</td> +<td align="center">14.30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1915</td><td align="center">54,448,200</td><td align="center">779,600</td> +<td align="center">14.53</td><td rowspan="5" align="center">}14.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1916</td><td align="center">55,235,000</td><td align="center">786,800</td> +<td align="center">14.45</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1917</td><td align="center">56,035,100</td><td align="center">800,100</td> +<td align="center">14.49</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1918</td><td align="center">56,851,300</td><td align="center">816,200</td> +<td align="center">14.57</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1919</td><td align="center">57,673,938</td><td align="center">822,638</td> +<td align="center">14.47</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1920</td><td align="center">55,961,140</td><td align="center">--</td> +<td align="center">--</td><td> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p> </p> + +<p>It will be seen that for the year 1920 there was a big drop. The +population of 55,961,140 for the year 1920 is the actual population as +returned by the census; the figures of the preceding years are +"based," it is explained to me, "on the local registrars' entries. The +national census has demonstrated that the figures were larger than the +actual number of inhabitants, the discrepancies being partly due to +erroneous and duplicate registration and partly to the exodus of +persons to the colonies or foreign countries whilst retaining their +legal domiciles at home. But the table serves to show the rate of +increase." A million and three-quarters is a substantial figure, +<span class="pagenum">Page 394<a name="Page_394" id="Page_394"></a></span> +however, to account for in this way. It would seem reasonable to +suppose that the increased cost of living, marriage at a later age +than formerly and increased mortality due directly or indirectly to +the factory system have arrested the rate of increase of the +population in recent years. For trustworthy figures of the Japanese +population we must await the next census and compare its figures with +those of the 1920 census, the first to be taken scientifically.</p> + +<p>A considerable part of Japan is uninhabitable. Of how much of the +British Isles can this be said? The fact that there are in Japan fifty +more or less active volcanoes, about a thousand hot springs and two +dozen mountains between 12,000 and 8,000 ft. high speaks for itself. +Ben Nevis is only 4,400, Snowdon only 3,500 ft.</p> + +<p>The population of Korea in 1920 (17,284,207) was 239 per square mile. +According to <i>Whitaker</i> for 1921 the population of Manchuria (11 +millions) is 30 per square mile, and of Mongolia (3 millions) 2.8.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_31" id="APPN_31"> +<b>SMALL FARMS DECREASING [XXXI].</b></a></p> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="Small Farm Size by Year"> +<tr><td align="center">Year</td><td align="center">Below 5 <i>tan</i></td> +<td align="center">Over 5 <i>tan</i></td> +<td align="center">Over 1 <i>chō</i></td> +<td align="center">Over 2 <i>chō</i></td> +<td align="center">Over 3 <i>chō</i></td> +<td align="center">Over 5 <i>chō</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1908</td><td align="center">37.28</td><td align="center">32.61</td> +<td align="center">19.51</td><td align="center">6.44</td><td align="center">3.01</td> +<td align="center">1.15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1912</td><td align="center">37.14</td><td align="center">33.25</td> +<td align="center">19.61</td><td align="center">5.96</td><td align="center">2.83</td> +<td align="center">1.21</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1918</td><td align="center">35.54</td><td align="center">33.30</td> +<td align="center">20.70</td><td align="center">6.33</td><td align="center">2.82</td> +<td align="center">1.31</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1919</td><td align="center">35.36</td><td align="center">33.18</td> +<td align="center">20.68</td><td align="center">6.21</td><td align="center">2.83</td> +<td align="center">1.74</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>See also <a href="#APPN_47">Appendix XLVII</a>.</p> + + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_32" id="APPN_32"> +<b>FORESTS [XXXII].</b></a> The following figures for 1918 show, in thousand +<i>chō</i>, the ownership of forests (bared tracts in brackets): Crown, +1,303 (89); State, 7,288 (392); prefectures, cities, towns and +villages, 2,894 (1,383); temples and shrines, 111 (15); 7,186 (1,630); +total, 18,782 (3,509). The largest yield is from sugi (cryptomeria), +pine and <i>hinoki</i> (<i>Charmae-cyparis obtusa</i>).</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_33" id="APPN_33"> +<b>ARMAMENTS [XXXIII].</b></a> 1,505 million yen of the national debt is for +armaments and military purposes against 923 million yen for +reproductive undertakings (railways, harbours, drainage, roads, +steelworks, mining, telephones, etc.), 143 million for exploitation of +Formosa, Korea and Saghalien, +<span class="pagenum">Page 395<a name="Page_395" id="Page_395"></a></span> +123 million for financial adjustment +and 98 million for feudal pensions and feudal debt. Of the expenditure +for 1920-1, 846 million, some 395 million were for the army and navy. +During a period of 130 years the United States Government has spent +nearly four-fifths of its revenue on war or objects related to war.</p> + + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_34" id="APPN_34"> +<b>LANDOWNING AND FARMING [XXXIV].</b></a> Before the Restoration the farmers +were the tenants of the daimyos' vassals, the samurai, or of the +daimyos direct. When the daimyos gave up their lands the Crown made +the farmers the owners of the land they occupied. Its legal value was +assessed and the national land tax was fixed at 3 per cent, and the +local tax at 1 per cent. Various adjustments have since taken place.</p> + +<p>The Japanese Constitutional Labour Party has insisted in a +communication to the International Labour Conference at Geneva that +Japanese tenant farmers are not properly called farmers but that they +are "labourers pure and simple." See <a href="#APPN_76">Appendix LXXVI</a>.</p> + + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_35" id="APPN_35"> +<b>STATE RAILWAYS [XXXV].</b></a> The railways, which were nationalised in 1907, +extended in 1919 to 6,000 miles. There were also nearly 2,000 miles of +light railways (in addition to 1,368 of electric street cars). Most of +the lines are single track. The gauge is 3 ft. 6 in. The Government +has proposed gradually to electrify the whole system.</p> + + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_36" id="APPN_36"> +<b>ILLEGITIMACY [XXXVI].</b></a> In Japan illegitimacy is a question not of +morals but of law. That is to say, it is a question of registration. +If a husband omits to register his marriage he is not legally married. +Thus it is possible for there to be born to a married pair a child +which is technically illegitimate. If the child should die at an early +age it is equally possible for it to appear on the official records as +illegitimate. A birth must be registered within a fortnight. It may be +thought perhaps that it is practicable for the father to register his +marriage after the birth of the child and within the time allowed for +registration. It is possible but it is not always easy. An application +for the registration of the marriage of a man under twenty-five must +bear the signature of his parents and the signature of two persons who +testify that the required consent has been regularly obtained. In the +event of a man's father having "retired," the signature of the head of +the family must be secured. If +<span class="pagenum">Page 396<a name="Page_396" id="Page_396"></a></span> +a man is over twenty-five, then the +signatures of his parents or of any two relatives will suffice. Now +suppose that a man is living at a distance from his birthplace or +suppose that the head of his family is travelling. Plainly, there may +be a difficulty in securing a certificate in time. Therefore, because, +as has been explained, no moral obloquy attaches to unregistered +marriage or to unregistered or legally illegitimate children, +registration is often put off. When a man removes from one place to +another and thereupon registers, it may be that his marriage and his +children may be illegitimate in one place and legitimate in another. +There is a difference between actual and legal domicile. A man may +have his domicile in Tokyo but his citizen rights in his native +village.</p> + + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_37" id="APPN_37"> +<b>SAKÉ AND BEER [XXXVII].</b></a> Saké is sold in 1 or 2 <i>go</i> bottles at from 10 +to 25 sen for 2 <i>go</i>. As it is cheaper to buy the liquor unbottled +most people have it brought home in the original brewery tub. There +are five sorts of <i>saké</i>: <i>seishu</i> (refined), <i>dakushu</i> (unrefined or +muddy), <i>shirozake</i> (white <i>saké</i>), <i>mirin</i> (sweet <i>saké</i>) and +<i>shōchū</i> (distilled <i>saké</i>). <i>Saké</i> may contain from 10 to 14 per +cent. of alcohol; <i>shōchū</i> is stronger; <i>mirin</i> has been described as +a liqueur. Japanese beers contain from 1 to 2 per cent. less alcohol +than English beers and only about a quarter of the alcohol in <i>saké</i>. +More than four-fifths of it is sold in bottles. Beer is replacing +<i>saké</i> to some extent, but owing to the increase in the population of +Japan the total consumption of <i>saké</i> (about 4,000,000 <i>koku</i>) remains +practically the same. In 1919 beer and <i>saké</i> were exported to the +value of 7,200,000 and 4,500,000 yen respectively.</p> + + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_38" id="APPN_38"> +<b>MINERAL PRODUCTION [XXXVIII].</b></a> In 1919 the production was as follows: +gold, 1,938,711 <i>momme</i>, value 9,681,494 yen; silver, 42,822,160 +<i>momme</i>, value 11,131,861 yen; copper, 130,737,861 <i>kin</i>, value +67,581,475 yen; iron, steel and iron pyrites, 169,545,050 <i>kwan</i>, the +value of the steel being 72,666,867 yen; coal, 31,271,093 metric tons, +value 442,540,941 yen.</p> + + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_39" id="APPN_39"> +<b>JAPAN AS SILK PRODUCER [XXXIX].</b></a> In exportation of silk, Japan, which +in 1919 had under sericulture 8.6 of her total cultivated area and +17.1 per cent, of her upland, passed Italy in 1901 and China in 1910. +Her exportation is now twice that of China. In production her total is +thrice that of Italy. +<span class="pagenum">Page 397<a name="Page_397" id="Page_397"></a></span> +France is a long way behind Italy. The +production of China is an unknown quantity.</p> + +<p>As to the advantages and drawbacks of Japan for sericulture the +Department of Agriculture wrote in 1921: "Japan is not favourably +placed, inasmuch as atmospheric changes are often very violent, and +the air becomes damp in the silk-culture seasons. This is especially +the case in the season of spring silkworms, for the cold is severe at +the beginning and the air becomes excessively damp as the rainy season +sets in. The intense heat in July and August, too, is very trying for +the summer and autumn breeds. Compared with France and Italy, Japan +seems to be heavily handicapped, but the abundance of mulberry leaves +all over the land and the comparatively rich margin of spare labour +among the farmers have proved great advantages."</p> + +<p>The length of the sericultural season ranges from 54 days in spring to +31 or 32 days in autumn, but there are variations according to +weather, methods and seed. The season begins with the incubation +period. Then follows the rearing. Last is the period in which the +caterpillars mount the little straw stacks provided for them in order +that they may wind themselves into cocoons. I do not enter into the +technics of the retardation and stimulation of seed in order to delay +or to hasten the hatch according to the movements of the market. +Hydrochloric and sulphuric-acid baths and electricity are used as +stimulants; storage in "wind holes" is practised to defer hatching.</p> + +<p>Cocoons are reckoned both by the <i>kwan</i> of 8¼ lbs. and by the +<i>koku</i> of approximately 5 bushels. The cocoon production in 1918 +worked out at about 16½ bushels per acre of mulberry or 18 bushels +per family engaged in sericulture. About 34 million bushels of cocoons +are produced. In 1919 the production was 270,800,000 kilos. The +average production of a <i>tambu</i> of mulberry field was 1.356 <i>koku</i>. In +1919 a <i>koku</i> was worth on the average 106.81 yen (including double +and waste cocoons). The cost of producing cocoons rose from 4.105 yen +per <i>kwamme</i> in 1916 to 11.284 yen in 1920. The daily wages of +labourers employed by the farmers rose from 62 sen for men and 47 sen +for women in 1910 to 1 yen 93 sen for men and 1 yen 44 sen for women +in 1920. With the slump, the price of cocoons fell below the cost of +production and there was trouble in several districts when wages were +due. The labourers engaged for the silk seasons of 1916 numbered +341,577, of whom 30,000 came from +<span class="pagenum">Page 398<a name="Page_398" id="Page_398"></a></span> +other than their employers' +prefectures. These people migrate from the early to the late districts +and so manage to provide themselves with work during a considerable +period. As many as 5½ per cent, of the persons engaged in the +industry are labourers. Many employment agencies are engaged in +supplying labour.</p> + +<p>It has been estimated that the labour of 19.8 persons (200 per +hectare) is needed for a <i>tambu</i> of mulberry field. The silkworms +hatched from a card of eggs (laid by 100 moths) are supposed to call +for the labour of 49.2 persons (1,456 per kilo, 2.204 lbs.)</p> + +<p>The production of <i>cocoons</i> rose from 0.866 <i>koku</i> per card in 1914 to +1.105 in 1918, or from 4,412,000 to 6,832,000.</p> + +<p>More than three-quarters of the raw silk produced used to be exported. +Now, with the increase of factories in Japan (the figures are for +1918), only 67 per cent, goes abroad, the bulk of it to the United +States, which obtained from Japan, in 1917-18, 75 per cent., and in +1919, it has been stated, 90 per cent, of its total supply. About 28 +per cent, of the world's consumption is supplied by Japan. Whereas in +1915 the output of raw silk was 5,460,000 <i>kwan</i> valued at 217,746,000 +yen, it was in 1918 7,891,000 <i>kwan</i> valued at 546,543,000 yen. While +in 1915-16 the percentage of Japanese exporters to foreign exporters +was 64-4, it had risen in 1919-20 to 77.5. Against 450 <i>chō</i> of +mulberries in 1914 there were in 1918 508,993 <i>chō</i>. The total export +of raw silk and silk textiles to all countries in 1920 was 382 and 158 +million yen respectively. In 1919, 96 per cent. of the raw silk Japan +exported went to the United States and 46 out of 101 million yens' +worth of exported silk textiles (habutal). Japan's whole trade with +the United States is worth 880 million yen a year. But the proportion +of basins in the factories steadily increases. There are nearly five +thousand factories, big and little. A well-informed correspondent +writes to me: "You know of course of the big organisation subsidised +by the Government to control prices and not to make too much silk. The +truth is the silk interest became too powerful and the Government is +not a free agent."</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_40" id="APPN_40"> +<b>TUBERCULOSIS [XL].</b></a> Phthisis and tuberculosis sweep off 22 per cent, +and bronchitis and inflammation of the lungs 18 per cent., or together +more than a third of the population. See also <a href="#APPN_69">Appendix LXIX</a>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 399<a name="Page_399" id="Page_399"></a></span> + <br /><a name="APPN_41" id="APPN_41"> +<b>WOMEN WORKERS [XLI].</b></a> In addition to women and girls working in +agriculture, in the mines, in the factories and & trades there are +said to be 1,200,000 in business and the public services. Teachers +number about 52,000, nurses 33,000, midwives 28,000 and doctors 700.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_42" id="APPN_42"> +<b>FACTORY FOOD AND "DEFIANCE OF HYGIENIC RULES" [XLII].</b></a> +Dr. Kuwata says in the <i>Japan Year-book</i> (1920-1) that "in cotton +mills where machinery is run day and night it is not uncommon when business +is brisk to put operatives to 18 hours' work. In such cases holidays are +given only fortnightly or are entirely withheld. The silk factories in +Naganoken generally put their operatives to 14 or 16 hours' work and +in only a small portion are the hours 13."</p> + +<p>Summarising a report of the Department of Agriculture and Commerce, he +says of the factory workers: "The bulk of workers are female and are +chiefly fed with boiled rice in 43 per cent. of the factories. In +other factories the staple food is poor, the rice being mixed with +cheaper barley, millet or sweet potato in the proportion of from 20 to +50 per cent. In most cases subsidiary dishes consist of vegetables, +meat or beans being supplied on an average only eight times a month. +Dormitories are in defiance of hygienic rules. In most cases only half +to 1 <i>tsubo</i> (4 square yards) are allotted to one person." See also +<a href="#APPN_69">Appendix LXIX</a>.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_43" id="APPN_43"> +<b>CHINESE COMPETITION WITH JAPAN [XLIII].</b></a> +The <i>Jiji</i> called attention in the spring of 1921 to +the way in which spinning mills in China were an +increasing menace to Japanese industry. There were in China 810,000 +spindles under Chinese management, 250,000 under European and 340,000 +under Japanese, a total of 1,430,000, which will shortly be increased +to 1,150,000 against 3,000,000 in Japan only 1,800,000 of which are at +work. The 1919 return was: China, 1,530,000; Japan, 3,200,000.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_44" id="APPN_44"> +<b>HOODWINKING THE FOREIGNER [XLIV].</b></a> +In the <i>Manchester Guardian</i> Japan +Number, June 9, 1921, the managing director of a leading spinning +company, in a page and a half article, states that among the reasons +why a large capitalisation is needed by Japanese factories, beyond the +fact of higher cost of machinery, is the "special protection needed +for Japanese operatives and the special consideration given by the +spinners to the happiness and welfare of their operatives." When will +Japanese believe their best friends when they tell +<span class="pagenum">Page 400<a name="Page_400" id="Page_400"></a></span> +them that such attempts to hoodwink the foreigner achieve no result but to cover +themselves with ridicule?</p> + + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_45" id="APPN_45"> +<b>TOBACCO [XLV].</b></a> In 1918-19 there was produced on 24,439 <i>chō</i> +10,308,089 <i>kwan</i> of tobacco. During the same period 9,681,274 <i>kwan</i> +were taken by the Government, which paid 19,114,803 yen or 1.974 per +<i>kwan</i>. In 1919 there was imported leaf tobacco to the value of +5,288,918 yen. Cigarettes to the value of 589,744 yen were exported. +The profits of the Tobacco Monopoly, estimated at 71 millions for +1919-20, were estimated at 88 millions for 1920-1.</p> + + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_46" id="APPN_46"> +<b>ELECTORAL OFFENCES [XLVI].</b></a> There were candidates at the 1920 election +who spent 50,000 yen. It is not uncommon for the number of persons +charged with election offences to reach four figures. The +qualification for a vote (law of 1918) is the payment of 3 yen of +national tax. Under the old law there were about 25 voters per 1,000 +inhabitants; now there are 54.</p> + + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_47" id="APPN_47"> +<b>SMALLNESS OF ESTATES [XLVII].</b></a> The number of men holding from 5 to 10 +<i>chō</i> was, in 1919, 121,141 and between 10 and 50 <i>chō</i>, 45,978. The +number holding 50 <i>chō</i> (125 acres) and upwards was only 4,226, and +400 or so of these were in Hokkaido. See also <a href="#APPN_31">Appendix XXXI</a>.</p> + + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_48" id="APPN_48"> +<b>VEGETABLE WAX MAKING [XLVIII].</b></a> The wax-tree berries are flailed and +then pounded. Next comes boiling. The mush obtained is put into a bag +and that bag into a wooden press. The result is wax in its first +state. A reboiling follows and then—the discovery of the method was +made by a wax manufacturer while washing his hands—a slow dropping of +the wax into water. What is taken out of the water is wax in a flaked +state. It is dried, melted and poured into moulds. The best berries +yield 13 per cent. of fine wax. The variety of wax grown was <i>oro</i> +(yellow wax). There is another variety. The sort I saw is grafted at +three years with its own variety. The fruitful period lasts for a +quarter of a century. Roughly, the yield is 100 <i>kwan</i> per <i>tan</i>. +Formerly, wax was made from wild trees.</p> + + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_49" id="APPN_49"> +<b>NAMES FOR ETA [XLIX].</b></a> Eta (great defilement) is an offensive name. The +phrase <i>tokushu buraku</i> (special villages), applied to Eta hamlets, is +also objected to. <i>Heimin</i> is the official name, but the Eta are +generally termed <i>shin heimin</i> (new common people), which is again +regarded as invidiously distinguishing them. +The name <i>chihō</i> is now officially +<span class="pagenum">Page 401<a name="Page_401" id="Page_401"></a></span> +proposed for Eta villages. The fact that many Eta have +made large sums during the war has somewhat improved the position of +their class. Some Eta are well satisfied with their name and freely +acknowledge their origin. Year by year intermarriage increases in +Japan. A Home Department official has been quoted as saying that in +1918 as many as 450 marriages were registered between Eta and ordinary +Japanese.</p> + +<p>The population of the village I visited, 1,900 in 300 families, was +getting its living as follows: farming 682, trade 185, industry 31, +day labour 97, travelling players 180, not reported 180. The +Parliamentary voters were 10, prefectural 17, county 19 and village +57. There were 98 ex-soldiers in the community and one man was a +member of the local education committee. The birth rate was above the +local average. The crimes committed during the year were: theft 2, +gambling 2, assault 1, police offences 3. Of the 300 families only one +was destitute, and it had been taken care of by the young women's +society.</p> + +<p>A considerable proportion of the early emigrants to America were Eta. +It is now recognised that it was a short-sighted policy on the part of +the authorities to allow them to go.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_50" id="APPN_50"> +<b>PAPER MAKING [L].</b></a> A paper-making outfit may cost from 60 to 70 yen +only. The shrubs grown to produce bark for paper making are <i>kōzo</i> +(the paper mulberry), <i>mitsumata</i> (<i>Edgworthia chrysantha</i>) and +<i>gampi</i> (<i>Wilkstroemia sikokiana</i>). Someone has also hit on the idea +of turning the bark of the ordinary mulberry to use in paper making.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_51" id="APPN_51"> +<b>LIBRARIES, THE PRESS AND THE CENSORSHIP [LI].</b></a> There are 1,200 +libraries in the country with 4 million books and 8 million visitors +in the year. About 47,000 books are published in a year, of which less +than half, probably, are original works. From one to two hundred are +translations, usually condensed translations. The largest number deal +with politics. There are about 3,000 newspapers and periodicals. In +1917 some 1,200 issues of newspapers and periodicals attracted the +attention of the censor and the sale of 600 books was prohibited. Some +sixty foreign books were stopped.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_52" id="APPN_52"> +<b>JAPANESE IN BRAZIL [LII].</b></a> Emigration to South America has latterly +been arrested through the rise in wages at home. During the past four +years an average of about 3,000 families has gone every twelve months +to Brazil, where about a quarter of a million acres are owned and leased by +<span class="pagenum">Page 402<a name="Page_402" id="Page_402"></a></span> +Japanese. The Japanese Government spends 100,000 yen a year +on giving a grant of 50 yen to each emigrating family up to 2,000 in +number, through the Overseas Colonisation Company. The Brazilian +Government also offers a gratuity.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_53" id="APPN_53"> +<b>CATTLE KEEPING IN SOUTH-WESTERN JAPAN [LIII].</b></a> Tajima, the old province +which comprises about four counties in Tottori, is a large supplier of +"Kobe beef," but it is a cattle-feeding not a grazing district. The +number of cattle in Hyogo is double the cattle population of Tottori, +but no cattle keeper has more than a score of beasts. The usual thing +is for farmers to have two or three apiece. Some of the "Kobe beef" +comes from the prefectures of Hiroshima and Okayama. It is in the +north of Japan, where the people are not so thick on the ground and +cultivation is less intense, that cattle production has its best +chance.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_54" id="APPN_54"> +<b>VALUE OF LAND [LIV].</b></a> The value of land in the hill-village in which I +stayed necessarily varied, but the average price of paddy was given me +as 250 yen per <i>tan</i>. Dry land was half that. Open hill land, that is +the so-called grass land, might be worth 120 yen. The rise in values +which has taken place is illustrated by the following table of +farm-land values per <i>tan</i> in 1919, published by the Bank of Japan:</p> + + + +<table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" summary="Farm land value as of 1919"> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td colspan="3" align="center">Paddy</td><td colspan="3" align="center">Upland</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td align="center">Good</td><td align="center">Ordinary</td> +<td align="center">Bad</td><td align="center">Good</td><td align="center">Ordinary</td> +<td align="center">Bad</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hokkaido</td><td> </td><td align="center">231</td><td align="center">158</td> +<td align="center">95</td><td align="center">115</td><td align="center">62</td> +<td align="center">26</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="4">Honshu<br />(main<br />island)</td><td align="right">{North}</td><td align="center">802</td> +<td align="center">579</td><td align="center">366</td><td align="center">477</td> +<td align="center">295</td><td align="center">170</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">{Tokyo}</td><td align="center">863</td><td align="center">607</td> +<td align="center">406</td><td align="center">673</td><td align="center">442</td> +<td align="center">272</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">{middle}</td><td align="center">1,226</td> +<td align="center">834</td><td align="center">523</td><td align="center">875</td> +<td align="center">565</td><td align="center">313</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">{west}</td><td align="center">1,226</td> +<td align="center">840</td><td align="center">525</td><td align="center">727</td> +<td align="center">443</td><td align="center">244</td></tr> +<tr><td>Shikoku</td><td> </td><td align="center">1,120</td><td align="center">784</td> +<td align="center">470</td><td align="center">752</td><td align="center">450</td> +<td align="center">225</td></tr> +<tr><td>Kyushu</td><td> </td><td align="center">960</td><td align="center">652</td> +<td align="center">416</td><td align="center">538</td><td align="center">300</td> +<td align="center">175</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_55" id="APPN_55"> +<b>FRUIT PRODUCTION [LV].</b></a> The Japanese when they do not eat meat do not +feel the need of fruit which is experienced in the West. But there is +now a steady increase in the fruit crops. For 1918 the figures were +(in thousands of <i>kwan</i>): persimmons, 43,620; pears, 27,730; oranges, +73,660; peaches, 12,810; apples, 6,695; grapes, 6,240; plums (largely +used pickled), 6,190.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_56" id="APPN_56"> +<b>JAPANESE STUDENTS ABROAD [LVI].</b></a> During 1921 more than 200 young +professors or candidates for professorships were sent to Europe and +America by the Ministry of Education. +<span class="pagenum">Page 403<a name="Page_403" id="Page_403"></a></span> +Probably another 300 were studying on funds +(£450 for a year plus fares is the grant which is +made by the Ministry of Education) supplied by the Ministries of +Agriculture, of Railways and of the Army and Navy (often supplemented, +no doubt, by money furnished by their families). If to these students +are added those sent by independent Universities, institutions, +corporations and private firms, the total cannot be fewer than 1,000. +The students stay from six months to two or three years, and when they +return others take their places. Counting diplomatists, business men, +tourists and students there are, of course, more Japanese in Great +Britain than there are British in Japan. There are fifteen hundred +Japanese in London alone.</p> + + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_57" id="APPN_57"> +<b>TEA PRODUCTION [LVII].</b></a> Every prefecture but Aomori produces some tea, +but very little is grown in the prefectures of the extreme north. The +largest producers are in order: Shidzuoka, Miye, Nara, Kyoto, +Kumamoto, Gifu, Kagoshima, Shiga, Saitama, Osaka and Ibariki. In 1919 +Shidzuoka produced 4 million <i>kwan</i>, valued at nearly 13 million yen. +But the statistics of tea production are unsatisfactory. Much tea is +produced and sold locally which is unreported. A great deal of this is +of inferior quality and produced from half-wild bushes. The 1919 +figures are: area, 48,843 <i>chō</i>; number of factories, 1,122,164; green +tea—<i>sencha</i>, 7,205,886 <i>kwan</i>; <i>bancha</i>, 2,580,035 <i>kwan; gyokuro</i>, +75,826 <i>kwan</i>; black, 50,756 <i>kwan</i>; others, 234,868 <i>kwan</i>; <i>sencha</i> +dust, 249,862 <i>kwan</i>; other dust, 486 <i>kwan</i>. Total, 10,397,719 +<i>kwan</i>; value, 33,377,460 yen. There was exported green tea (pan +fired), 12,420,000 yen; green tea (basket fired), 4,575,000 yen; +others, 1,405,000 yen. Of this there went to the United States +consignments to the value of 15,600,000 yen and to Canada of 1,700,000 +yen. In 1918 the export to America was 50,000 tons; in 1919, 30,000; +and in 1920, 23,000; and a further decline is expected in 1921. The +total exports, which were, in 1909, 62 per cent, of the production, +were, in 1918, only 57 per cent, and, in 1919, 37 per cent.</p> + +<p> <br /> +THEINE PERCENTAGES.—The following percentages of theine in black and +green tea were furnished me by the Department of Agriculture:</p> + + +<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" +summary="Caffeine and Tannin content of black and green tea"> +<tr><td> </td><td align="center">Green <br />(Basket Fired)</td> +<td align="center">Green <br />(Pan Fired)</td><td align="center">Black</td> +<td align="center">Oolong </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">Theine</td><td align="center">2.81</td><td align="center">2.22</td> +<td align="center">2.26</td><td align="center">2.35 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">Tannin</td><td align="center">15.08</td><td align="center">14.29</td> +<td align="center">7.32</td><td align="center">16.15 </td></tr></table> + + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 404<a name="Page_404" id="Page_404"></a></span> +Theine or caffeine is a feathery-looking substance which resembles +the material of a silk-worm's cocoon. There is more theine or caffeine +in tea leaves than in coffee.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_58" id="APPN_58"> +<b>MISTAKES IN CROP STATISTICS [LVIII].</b></a> Generally speaking, it may be +said that cereals are under-estimated and cocoons over-estimated. +Cereals may be 20 per cent. under-estimated. The under-estimation may +no doubt be traced back to the time when taxation was on the basis of +the grain yield.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_59" id="APPN_59"> +<b>OCCUPATIONS FOR THE BLIND [LIX].</b></a> A third of the 70,000 sightless are +<i>amma</i>, about a quarter as many practise acupuncture and the +application of the moxa, while nearly the same number are musicians or +storytellers. The blind have petitioned the Diet to restrict the +calling of <i>amma</i> to men and women who have lost their sight.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_60" id="APPN_60"> +<b>WELL SINKING FOR GAS [LX].</b></a> The presence of gas, which is odourless, is +betrayed by the discoloration of the water from which it emanates and +by bubbles.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_61" id="APPN_61"> +<b>HEALTH, HEIGHTS AND WEIGHTS OF SCHOOL CHILDREN [LXI].</b></a> +In 1917-18 the constitutions of 1,193,000 elementary school boys +were reported as 53 per cent. robust, 48 per cent. +medium and 4 per cent. weak. The constitutions of 1,016,000 +elementary school girls were reported 49 per cent. +robust, 48 per cent. medium and 3 per cent. weak. Just as +women are often underfed in Japan, girls may frequently be less well +fed than boys. Elementary school boys of 16 averaged 4.84 <i>shaku</i> in +height and 10.85 <i>kwan</i> in weight. The average height and weight of +512 elementary school girls of the same age were 4.71 <i>shaku</i> and +10.83 <i>kwan</i>.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_62" id="APPN_62"> +<b>HEIGHT AND WEIGHT OF WRESTLERS [LXII].</b></a> In a list of ten famous +wrestlers the tallest is stated to be 6.30 <i>shaku</i> (a <i>shaku</i> is 11.93 +inches) and the heaviest as 33.2 <i>kwan</i> (a <i>kwan</i> is 8.267 lbs.). The +average height and weight of these men work out at 5.84 <i>shaku</i> and +28.4 <i>kwan</i>. By way of comparison it may be mentioned that the +percentage of conscripts in 1918 over 5.5 <i>shaku</i> was 2.58 per cent. +The average weight of Japanese is recorded as 13 <i>kwan</i> 830 <i>momme</i>.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_63" id="APPN_63"> +<b>EXEMPTION FROM AND AVOIDANCE OF CONSCRIPTION [LXIII].</b></a> +The age is 20 and the service two years (with four years in reserve +and ten years depot service). The only son of a parent over 60 +unable to support himself or herself is +<span class="pagenum">Page 405<a name="Page_405" id="Page_405"></a></span> +released. Middle school boys' service is +postponed till they are 25. Students at higher schools and +universities need not serve till 26 or 27. The service of young men +abroad (i.e. elsewhere than China) is similarly postponed. (If still +abroad at 37, they are entered in territorial army list and exempted.) +Young men of education equal to that of middle-school graduates can +volunteer for a year and pay 100 yen barracks expenses and be passed +out with the rank of non-commissioned officers and be liable +thereafter for only two terms of three months in territorial army. +There are about half a million youths liable to conscription annually. +To this number is to be added about 100,000 postponed cases. (In 1917, +47,324 students, 32,263 abroad, 15,920 whereabouts unknown, 5,069 ill, +3,147 criminal causes, 2,477 absentees, family reasons or crime.) +Evasions in 1917: convicted, 234; suspected, 1,582. There are two +conscription insurance companies with policies issued for 69 million +yen. In one place charms against being conscripted are sold—at a +shrine. Desertions in 1916 (7 per cent, officers) 956, of which 258 +received more than "light punishment." The conscripts suffering from +trachoma were 15.3 per cent. and from venereal diseases 2.2 per cent. +Heights (1918): under 5 <i>shaku</i>, 10.95 per cent.; 5-5.3 <i>shaku</i>, 53.34 +per cent.; 5.3-5.5 <i>shaku</i>, 33.13 per cent.; above 5.5 <i>shaku</i>, 2.58 +per cent. In these four classes there was a decrease in height in the +first two of .39 per cent. and .57 per cent. respectively and an +increase in the second two of .80 per cent. and 15 per cent. +respectively.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_64" id="APPN_64"> +<b>HOKKAIDO HOLDINGS [LXIV].</b></a> There are only 28 holdings of more than +1,000 <i>chō</i>, 62 of over 500 <i>chō</i>, 161 over +100 <i>chō</i> and 80 over 50 <i>chō</i>. These large +holdings are used for cattle breeding alone. There are no more +than 620 holdings over 20 <i>chō</i> and only 6,756 over 10. +The number over 5 <i>chō</i> is 51,877, and over 2 <i>chō</i> 62,015. Under the +area of 2 <i>chō</i> there are as many as 40,928. Few of the largest +holdings are worked as single farms. They are let in sections to +tenants.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_65" id="APPN_65"> +<b>CLAUSES IN A TENANT'S CONTRACT [LXV].</b></a> (1) The tenant must make at +least 1 <i>chō</i> of paddy every year. (2) Rent rice must be the best of +the harvest, but the tenant may pay in money. (3) In the following +cases the owner will give orders to the tenants: (<i>a</i>) If tenants do +not use enough manure, (<i>b</i>) If there is disease of plants or insect +pests, (<i>c</i>) If the tenant neglects to mend the road or other +necessary work is neglected. (4) The owner will dismiss a tenant: +(<i>a</i>) If the +<span class="pagenum">Page 406<a name="Page_406" id="Page_406"></a></span> +tenant does not pay his rent without reason, (<i>b</i>) If +the tenant is neglectful of his work or is idle, (<i>c</i>) If the tenant +is not obedient to the owner and does not keep this contract +faithfully. (<i>d</i>) If the tenant is punished by the law. (5) When +tenants leave without permission of absence more than twenty days the +owner can treat as he will crops or buildings. (6) In the following +cases the tenant must provide two labourers to the owner: mending +road, drainage canal or bridges; mending water gate and irrigation +canal; when necessary public works must be undertaken.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_66" id="APPN_66"> +<b>CULTIVATED AREA AND LIVESTOCK [LXVI].</b></a> The area of cultivated land in +Japan (counting paddy and arable) was, in 1919, 15,179,721 acres +(6,071,888 <i>chō</i>). The number of animals kept for tillage purposes was +1,199,970 horses and 1,036,020 homed cattle. The total number of +horses in the country was only 1,510,626 and of horned cattle, +excluding 207,891 returned as "calving" and 12,761 as "deaths," +1,307,120. Sheep, 4,546; goats, 91,777; swine, 398,155. The number of +horned cattle slaughtered in the year was 226,108. Some 86,800 horses +were also slaughtered. In Great Britain (arable, pasture and grazing +area, 63 million acres) there were, in 1919, 11 million cattle, 25 +million sheep, 3 million pigs and 1¾ million horses.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_67" id="APPN_67"> +<b>EGGS AND POULTRY [LXVII].</b></a> Even with the assistance of a tariff on +Chinese eggs and of a Government poultry yard, which distributes birds +and sittings at cost price, there were in 1919 14,105,085 fowls and +11,278,783 chickens. There was an importation of 3½ million "fresh" +eggs.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_68" id="APPN_68"> +<b>MEAT CONSUMPTION [LXVIII].</b></a> The present meat consumption by Japanese is +uncertain, for there were in 1920 +<a name="FNanchor_app1"></a><a href="#Footnote_app1"><sup>[A]</sup></a> + 3,579 foreign residents and +22,104 visitors, and there is an exportation of ham and tinned and +potted foods. The number of animals slaughtered in 1918 was: cattle +and calves, 226,108; horses, 86,800; sheep and goats, 9,587; swine, +327,074. Someone said to me that "the nutritious flesh of the horse +should not be neglected, for the farmer is able to digest tough food."</p> + +<p class="fnp"><a name="Footnote_app1" id="FN_app1">[A]</a> +In 1921 as many as 24,000 foreigners landed in nine months.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_69" id="APPN_69"> +<b>TUBERCULOSIS IN THE MILLS [LXIX].</b></a> When we remember early and +mid-Victorian conditions in English mills and the conditions of the +sweat shops in New York and other American cities (vide "Susan +Lenox"), we shall be less inclined to take a harsh view of industrial +Japan during a period of +<span class="pagenum">Page 407<a name="Page_407" id="Page_407"></a></span> +transition. But it is to the interest of the +woollen industry no less than that of its workers that the fact should +be stated that a competent authority has alleged that 50 per cent. of +the employees in the mills suffer from consumption and that many girls +sleep ten in a room of only ten-mat size. Improvements have been made +lately under the influence of legislation and enlightened +self-interest—the president of the largest company is a man of +foresight and public spirit—but when I was in Japan, as I recorded in +the <i>New East</i> at the time, girls of 13 and 14 were working 11-hour +day and night shifts in some mills.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_70" id="APPN_70"> +<b>WOOLLEN FACTORIES [LXX].</b></a> In the Japanese woollen factory the cost of +the hands is low individually, but expensive collectively. An expert +suggested that it takes half a dozen of the unskilled girls to do the +work of an English mill-girl. It is much the same with male labour. +"An English worker may be expected to produce work equal to the output +of four Japanese hands." Labour for heads of departments is also +difficult to get. There are textile schools and probably a hundred men +are graduated yearly. But the men are not all fitted for the jobs +which are vacant. Therefore, one finds a man acting as an engineer +who, because of his lack of technical experience, is unable to +exercise sufficient control over the men in his charge. A curiosity of +the industry is the high wages which many men of this sort command. +They are really being paid better for inferior work than skilled men +in England. The capital of the factories in 1918 was 46½ million +yen with 32¾ million paid up. Before the War the companies made 8 +per cent, as against the 2½ per cent, which contents the English +manufacturer, who has often side lines to help his profits. There was +more than 100 million yen invested in the woollen textile business, +manufacturing and retail. The industry did well during the War by +supplies of cloth to Russia and of yarn and muslin to countries which +ordinarily are able to supply themselves. In 1918 the production +(woollen fabrics and mixtures) was valued at 85 million yen (muslin, +32; cloth, 21; serges, 19; blankets, 3; flannel, 1; others, 8). The +imports of wool were 60 million and of yarn 251,000. In 1919 the +figures were 61 million and 710,000 respectively. In 1920 the exports +were: woollen or worsted yarns, 1,437,926 yen; woollen cloth and +serges, 3,019,382 yen; blankets, 1,024,540 yen; other woollens, +548,922 yen. The Nippon Wool Weaving Company, which in 1921 +distributed a 20 per cent, ordinary and 20 per cent. extraordinary +dividend, has 15 foreign experts.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 408<a name="Page_408" id="Page_408"></a></span> +<br /><a name="APPN_71" id="APPN_71"> +<b>POPULATION OF HOKKAIDO [LXXI].</b></a> In 1869, 58,467; has risen as follows:</p> + + + +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="right">Year</td><td align="right"> Population</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1874</td><td align="right">174,368</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1884</td><td align="right">276,414</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1894</td><td align="right">616,650</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1904</td><td align="right">1,233,669</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1914</td><td align="right">1,869,582</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1919</td><td align="right">2,137,700</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1920</td><td align="right">2,359,097</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_72" id="APPN_72"> +<b>EXTENSION OF CROP-BEARING AREA OF JAPAN [LXXII].</b></a> There is normally +added to the crop-bearing area about 53,000 <i>chō</i> (132,000 acres) a +year. From the new crop-bearing area every year is deducted the loss +of arable land from floods, the extension of cities and towns and +railways and the building of factories and institutions. This is +reckoned at nearly 8,000 <i>chō</i> in the year. One computation is that +there are 2 million <i>chō</i> (5 million acres) available for addition to +the crop-bearing area, of which 1 million <i>chō</i> would be convertible +into paddies. A decision was taken by the Government in 1919 to bring +250,000 <i>chō</i> under cultivation within nine years from that date, and +by 1920 some 20,000 <i>chō</i> had been reclaimed. Persons who reclaim more +than 5 <i>chō</i> receive 6 per cent, of their expenditure.</p> + +<p>The increase in the area of cultivation has been as follows (in +<i>chō</i>):</p> + + + +<table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" summary="Areas of cultivation by year"> +<tr><td align="right">1905</td><td align="right">2,841,471</td><td align="right">2,540,906</td> +<td align="right">5,382,378</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1906</td><td align="right">2,849,288</td><td align="right">2,551,170</td> +<td align="right">5,400,459</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1907</td><td align="right">2,858,628</td><td align="right">2,639,680</td> +<td align="right">5,498,309</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1908</td><td align="right">2,882,426</td><td align="right">2,684,531</td> +<td align="right">5,566,958</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1909</td><td align="right">2,902,899</td><td align="right">2,777,453</td> +<td align="right">5,680,352</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1910</td><td align="right">2,910,970</td><td align="right">2,804,434</td> +<td align="right">5,715,405</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1911</td><td align="right">2,923,520</td><td align="right">2,836,002</td> +<td align="right">5,759,522</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1912</td><td align="right">2,939,445</td><td align="right">2,880,301</td> +<td align="right">5,819,756</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1913</td><td align="right">2,953,947</td><td align="right">2,902,445</td> +<td align="right">5,856,392</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1914</td><td align="right">2,961,639</td><td align="right">2,916,569</td> +<td align="right">5,878,208</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1915</td><td align="right">2,974,042</td><td align="right">2,948,075</td> +<td align="right">5,922,118</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1916</td><td align="right">2,987,579</td><td align="right">2,971,800</td> +<td align="right">5,959,379</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1917</td><td align="right">3,005,679</td><td align="right">3,012,685</td> +<td align="right">6,018,364</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1918</td><td align="right">3,011,000</td><td align="right">3,070,000</td> +<td align="right">6,081,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1919</td><td align="right">3,021,879</td><td align="right">3,050,008</td> +<td align="right">6,071,887</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p>Whereas the percentage of cultivated land to uncultivated was in 1909 +14.6 per cent., it was in 1918 15.6 per cent.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_73" id="APPN_73"> +<b>USE TO WHICH THE LAND IS PUT [LXXIII].</b></a> Here are the details of the +division of the land in 1909 and 1918:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 409<a name="Page_409" id="Page_409"></a></span> +</p> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="Divisions of Land use in 1909 and 1918"> +<tr><td align="right">Division of the Land</td><td align="right">Years</td> +<td align="center">Area in <i>chō</i><br />in 000's</td> +<td align="center">Percentage of<br />Total Area</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Total area</td><td align="right">1909</td><td align="right">38,847</td> +<td align="right">100.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right">1918</td><td align="right">38,864</td> +<td align="right">100.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Paddy fields</td><td align="right">1909</td><td align="right">2,903</td> +<td align="right">7.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right">1918</td><td align="right">3,011</td> +<td align="right">7.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Upland fields</td><td align="right">1909</td><td align="right">2,777</td> +<td align="right">7.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right">1918</td><td align="right">3,070</td> +<td align="right">7.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Total arable as above</td><td align="right">1909</td> +<td align="right">5,680</td><td align="right">14.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right">1918</td><td align="right">6,081</td> +<td align="right">15.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Meadows and pastures</td><td align="right">1909</td> +<td align="right">39</td><td align="right">0.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right">1918</td><td align="right">43</td> +<td align="right">0.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Grass lands and heather</td><td align="right">1909</td> +<td align="right">1,941</td><td align="right">5.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">(excluding pastures)</td><td align="right">1918</td> +<td align="right">3,509</td><td align="right">9.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Forests</td><td align="right">1909</td><td align="right">22,072</td> +<td align="right">56.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right">1918</td><td align="right">18,783</td> +<td align="right">48.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Dwellings, factories,<br />roads, railways, </td><td align="right">1909</td> +<td align="right">9,115</td><td align="right">23.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> institutions, etc.</td><td align="right">1918</td> +<td align="right">10,448</td><td align="right">27.0</td></tr> +</table> + +<p> </p> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="Areas planted with various crops"> +<tr><td align="right">Crop</td><td align="center"><i>chō</i></td><td align="center">Yield</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Rice (1919)</td><td align="right">3,104,611</td> +<td align="right">60,818,163 <i>koku</i>;<br /> value, 2,891,397,063 yen</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Mulberry (1918)</td><td align="right">508,993</td> +<td align="right">6,832,000 <i>koku</i>;<br /> raw silk, 7,891,000 <i>kwan</i>;<br /> value, 546,543,000 yen</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Tea (1919)</td><td align="right">48,843</td> +<td align="right">10,397,719 <i>kwan</i><br /> value, 33,377,460 yen</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Barley (1919)</td><td align="right">534,279</td> +<td align="right">9,664,000 <i>koku</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Naked Barley (1919)</td><td align="right">646,362</td> +<td align="right">7,995,000 <i>koku</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Wheat (1919)</td><td align="right">548,508</td> +<td align="right">5,611,000 <i>koku</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Soy Bean (1918)</td><td align="right">432,207</td> +<td align="right">3,451,320 <i>koku</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Other Beans (1918)</td><td align="center">—</td> +<td align="right">1,237,000 <i>koku</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Peas (1918)</td><td align="center">—</td> +<td align="right">536,000 <i>koku</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Millets (1918)</td><td align="center">—</td> +<td align="right">2,903,000 <i>koku</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Buckwheat (1918)</td><td align="right">136,313</td> +<td align="right">852,000 <i>koku</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Sweet Potato (1918)</td><td align="right">314,012</td> +<td align="right">918,328,000 <i>kwan</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Irish Potato (1918)</td><td align="right">132,090</td> +<td align="right">323,930,000 <i>kwan</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Rape Seed (1918)</td><td align="right">116,300</td> +<td align="right">856,880 <i>kwan</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Sugar Cane (1918)</td><td align="right">29,367</td> +<td align="right">316,745,596 <i>kwan</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Indigo (1918)</td><td align="right">5,570</td> +<td align="right">2,717,757 <i>kwan</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Hemp (1918)</td><td align="right">11,821</td> +<td align="right">2,564,114 <i>kwan</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Cotton (1918)</td><td align="right">2,930</td> +<td align="right">681,021 <i>kwan</i></td></tr> +</table> + + + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Radish (1917), 576,746,000 <i>kwan</i>; taro (1917), 159,168,000 <i>kwan</i>; +<span class="pagenum">Page 410<a name="Page_410" id="Page_410"></a></span> +burdock (1917), 43,424,000 <i>kwan</i>; turnip (1917), 41,527,000 <i>kwan</i>; onion +(1917), 37,601,000 <i>kwan</i>; carrot (1917), 26,976,000 <i>kwan</i>; cabbage (1917); +19,951,000 <i>kwan</i>; wax-tree seed (1918), 13,761,000 <i>kwan</i>; rush for matting, +(1918), 10,442,000 <i>kwan</i>; flax (1918), 17,300,000 <i>kwan</i>; ginger (1918), +8,189,000 <i>kwan</i>; paper mulberry (1918), 6,964,000 <i>kwan</i>; peppermint +(1918), 3,380,000 <i>kwan</i>; lily (1917), 682,000 <i>kwan</i>; chillies (1918), +441,000 <i>kwan</i>.</p></div> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_74" id="APPN_74"> +<b>EMIGRANTS AND RESIDENTS ABROAD (LXXIV).</b></a> The latest official figures as +to Japanese resident abroad, supplied in 1921 and probably gathered in +1920, are:</p> + + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td> </td><td align="center">Asia</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">China</td><td> </td><td align="right">200,740</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Kwantung</td><td> </td><td align="right">79,307</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Tsingtao</td><td> </td><td align="right">23,555</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Philippines</td><td> </td><td align="right">11,156</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Strait Settlements</td><td> </td><td align="right">10,828</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Russian Asia</td><td> </td><td align="right">7,028</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dutch India</td><td> </td><td align="right">4,436</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hongkong</td><td> </td><td align="right">3,083</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">India</td><td> </td><td align="right">1,278</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Burma</td><td> </td><td align="right">680</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Indo-China</td><td> </td><td align="right">371</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td align="center"><br />Europe</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">England</td><td> </td><td align="right">1,638</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Germany</td><td> </td><td align="right">409</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Holland</td><td> </td><td align="right">375</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">France</td><td> </td><td align="right">342</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Switzerland</td><td> </td><td align="right">87</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Italy</td><td> </td><td align="right">34</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Belgium</td><td> </td><td align="right">12</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sweden</td><td> </td><td align="right">10</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td align="center"><br />North America</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">U.S.A.</td><td> </td><td align="right">115,186</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hawaii</td><td> </td><td align="right">112,221</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Canada</td><td> </td><td align="right">17,716</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mexico</td><td> </td><td align="right">2,198</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Panama</td><td> </td><td align="right">225</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align="right">South America</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Brazil</td><td> </td><td align="right">34,258</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Peru</td><td> </td><td align="right">10,102</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Argentine</td><td> </td><td align="right">1,958</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chile</td><td> </td><td align="right">484</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bolivia</td><td> </td><td align="right">145</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td align="center"><br />Africa</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">South Africa</td><td> </td><td align="right">38</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Egypt</td><td> </td><td align="right">35</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td align="center"><br />Oceania</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Australia</td><td> </td><td align="right">5,274</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">South Seas</td><td> </td><td align="right">3,399</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right">Total</td><td> </td><td align="right">648,915</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p><br />(The comparable return for 1918 was 493,845.) It has been suggested +that these official statistics are incomplete; 7,000 as the number of +Japanese in Russian territory seems low. Even during the War, in 1917, +passports were issued to 62,000 Japanese going abroad. Of these, +according to the <i>Japan Year-book</i>, 23,000 were made out for Siberia. +Professor Shiga has stated that "no small number" of Japanese leave +their country as stowaways.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_75" id="APPN_75"> +<b>RISE IN PRODUCTION PER "TAN" OF PADDY [LXXV].</b></a> The 3 or 4 +<i>koku</i> is reached in favourable circumstances only. The average is +far below this, but it rises, as shown in <a href="#APPN_15">Appendix XV</a>.</p> + +<p>Between 1887 and 1915 the area under barley and wheat rose from +1,591,000 <i>chō</i> to 1,812,000 <i>chō</i>, the yield from 15,822,000 +<i>koku</i> to 23,781,000 <i>koku</i> and the yield per <i>tan</i> from +<span class="pagenum">Page 411<a name="Page_411" id="Page_411"></a></span> +.994 <i>koku</i> to 1.313. Between 1882 and 1914 the increase in the crops of the three +varieties of millet averaged .515 <i>koku</i> per <i>tan</i>. The increased +yield of soy beans was .229 <i>koku</i> per <i>tan</i>, of sweet potatoes 138 +<i>kwamme</i> per <i>tan</i> and of Irish potatoes 138 <i>kwamme</i>.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_76" id="APPN_76"> +<b>LABOURERS [LXXVI].</b></a> When hired labour is required on farms it is +supplied either by relatives and neighbours or by the surplus labour +of strangers who are small farmers or members of a small farmer's +family. According to the Department of Agriculture: "Ordinary fixed +employees are upon an equal social footing. Apprentice labourers are +very numerous. No working class holds a special social position as +such. This is the greatest point of difference between the Japanese +agricultural labour situation and that of Europe." The number of +labourers in October 1920 was:</p> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="Number of labourers in October 1920"> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td align="center">Day</td><td align="center">Seasonal</td> +<td align="center">All the<br />year round</td><td align="center">Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" rowspan="2">Labourers living solely on<br />wages, agricultural and other</td> +<td align="right">male</td><td align="right">119,676</td><td align="right">52,007</td> +<td align="right">49,110</td><td align="right">220,793</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">female</td><td align="right">80,870</td><td align="right">42,193</td> +<td align="right">23,862</td><td align="right">146,925</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td align="right">200,546</td><td align="right">94,200</td> +<td align="right">72,972</td><td align="right">367,718</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" rowspan="2">Labourers who are<br />labourers part of their time</td> +<td align="right">male</td><td align="right">949,266</td><td align="right">407,596</td> +<td align="right">188,369</td><td align="right">1,546,231</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">female</td><td align="right">646,720</td><td align="right">405,131</td> +<td align="right">116,152</td><td align="right">1,168,003</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td align="right">1,595,986</td><td align="right">813,727</td> +<td align="right">304,521</td><td align="right">2,714,234</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Total</td><td> </td><td align="right">1,796,532</td><td align="right">907,927</td> +<td align="right">377,493</td><td align="right">3,081,952</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>In addition to the total of 3,081,952 "there are 32,973 agricultural +labourers who are boys and girls under 14."</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_77" id="APPN_77"> +<b>DECREASE OF FARMERS TILLING THEIR OWN LAND [LXXVII].</b></a> In 1914 the +number of farmers owning their own land was 1,731,247; in 1919 it had +fallen to 1,700,747. In 1914 the number of tenants was 1,520,476; in +1919 it had increased to 1,545,639. That is, there were 30,500 fewer +landowners and 25,163 more tenants. During the period between 1914 and +1919 the number of farmers (landowners and tenants) increased 30,293. +While from 1909 to 1914 the percentage of landowners fell from 33.27 +to 31.73, the percentage of tenant farmers rose from 27.69 to 27.87 +and the percentage of persons partly owner and partly tenant from +39.04 to 40.40. See <a href="#APPN_34">Appendix XXXIV</a>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 412<a name="Page_412" id="Page_412"></a></span> + <br /><a name="APPN_78" id="APPN_78"> +<b>RURAL AND URBAN POPULATIONS [LXXVIII].</b></a> The following table shows the +percentage of the population living in communes under 5,000 and 10,000 +inhabitants in 1913 and 1918:</p> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" +summary="Percentage of Population in small communities"> +<tr><td align="center" rowspan="2">Year</td> +<td colspan="2" align="center">Percentage of Population<br /> living in Communities </td> +<td align="center" rowspan="2">Percentage of Families<br />engaged in Agricultural<br /> +to Total Families in<br />Japan Proper</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">Under 5,000</td> +<td align="center">Under 10,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1913</td><td align="center">50.44</td> +<td align="center">72.39</td><td align="center">57.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1918</td><td align="center">46.23</td> +<td align="center">67.71</td><td align="center">52.3</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align="center">-4.21</td> +<td align="center">-4.68</td><td align="center">-5.3</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p>These figures clearly indicate the decrease of the rural population. +To take 10,000 inhabitants as the demarcation line between urban and +rural population is probably less correct than to take a demarcation +line of 7,500 inhabitants. A mean of the two percentages of +populations living in communities under 5,000 and under 10,000 +inhabitants shows 61.41 per cent, in 1913 and 56.97 per cent, in 1918, +a decrease of 4.44 per cent. The variation between this result and the +preceding one has a simple explanation. About 30 per cent, of the +families engaged in agriculture carry on their farming as an accessory +business. Teachers, priests and mechanics may all have patches of +land. On the other hand, a small number of people have no land. +Therefore, the percentage of the rural population is only slightly +higher than that of the families engaged in agriculture. In 1918 there +were 5,476,784 farming families (to 10,460,440 total families or 52.3 +per cent.), and if we multiply by 5⅓—the average number of persons +per family in Japan is 5.317 (1918)—to find the population dependent +on agriculture, the number is 29,209,514. The total population of +Japan in 1918 was 55,667,711. The Department of Agriculture has stated +that on the basis of the census of 1918 the number of persons in +households engaged in agriculture was 52 per cent. of the population. +According to one set of statistics the percentage of farming families +to non-farming families fell from 64 per cent, in 1904 to 60.3 per +cent. in 1910 and 56 in 1914. We shall probably not be far wrong in +supposing the rural population to be at present about 55 per cent, of +the population. The percentage of persons actually working on the +farms is another matter. As has been seen, some 30 per cent, of the +5½ million farming families are engaged in agriculture as a secondary +<span class="pagenum">Page 413<a name="Page_413" id="Page_413"></a></span> +business only. It may be, therefore, that the 5½ million +families do not actually yield more than 10 million effective farm hands.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_79" id="APPN_79"> +<b>IS RICE THE RIGHT CROP FOR JAPAN [LXXIX].</b></a> Mr. Katsuro Hara, of the +College of Literature, Kyoto University, asks, "Is Japan specially +adapted for the production of rice?" and answers: "Southern Japan is +of course not unfit. But rice does not conform to the climate of +northern Japan. This explains the reason why there have been repeated +famines. By the choice of this uncertain kind of crop as the principal +foodstuff the Japanese have been obliged to acquiesce in a +comparatively enhanced cost of living. The tardiness of civilisation +may be perhaps partly attributed to this fact. Why did our forefathers +prefer rice to other cereals? Was a choice made in Japan? If the +choice was made in this country the unwisdom of the choice and of the +choosers is now very patent."</p> + +<p>Along with this expression of opinion may be set the following +figures, showing the total production of rice and of other grain crops +during the past six years, in thousands of <i>koku</i>:</p> + + + +<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="Production of Grain Crops 1914-19"> +<tr><td align="center">Year</td><td align="center">Barley</td><td align="center">Naked Barley</td> +<td align="center">Wheat</td><td align="center">Barley and Wheat</td><td align="center">Rice</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1914</td><td align="center">9,548</td><td align="center">7,207</td> +<td align="center">4,488</td><td align="center">21,244</td><td align="center">57,006</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1915</td><td align="center">10,253</td><td align="center">8,296</td> +<td align="center">5,231</td><td align="center">23,781</td><td align="center">55,924</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1916</td><td align="center">9,559</td><td align="center">7,921</td> +<td align="center">5,869</td><td align="center">23,350</td><td align="center">58,442</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1917</td><td align="center">9,169</td><td align="center">8,197</td> +<td align="center">6,786</td><td align="center">24,155</td><td align="center">54,658</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1918</td><td align="center">8,368</td><td align="center">7,777</td> +<td align="center">6,431</td><td align="center">22,576</td><td align="center">54,699</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1919</td><td align="center">9,664</td><td align="center">7,995</td> +<td align="center">5,611</td><td align="center">23,271</td><td align="center">60,818</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>From 1910 to 1919 the areas under barleys and wheat were, in <i>chō</i>, +1,771,655-1,729,148, and under rice 2,949,440-3,104,611.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_80" id="APPN_80"> +<b>INNER COLONISATION <i>v</i>. FOREIGN EXPANSION [LXXX].</b></a> +<i>An Introduction to the History of Japan</i> (1921), written by +an Imperial University professor and published by the Yamato Society, +the members of which include some of the most distinguished men in +Japan, says: "It is doubtful whether the backwardness of the north can +be solely attributed to its climatic inferiority. Even in the depth of +winter the cold in the northern provinces cannot be said to be more +unbearable than that of the Scandinavian countries or of north-eastern +Germany. The principal cause of the retardation of progress in +northern Japan lies rather in the fact that it is comparatively +recently exploited.... The northern provinces might have +<span class="pagenum">Page 414<a name="Page_414" id="Page_414"></a></span> +become far more populous, civilised and prosperous than we see them now. +Unfortunately for the north, just at the most critical time in its +development the attention of the nation was compelled to turn from +inner colonisation to foreign relations. The subsequent acquisition of +dominions oversea made the nation still more indifferent."</p> + +<p>According to a report of the Hokkaido Government in 1921, the number +of immigrants during the latest three year period was 90,000, and one +and a half million acres are available for cultivation and +improvement.</p> + +<p> <br /><a name="APPN_81" id="APPN_81"> +<b>AGRICULTURE <i>v</i>. COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY [LXXXI].</b></a> +There is supposed to be more money invested in land than in commerce or industry. +Comprehensive figures of a trustworthy kind establishing the relative +importance of agriculture, commerce and industry are not readily +obtained. "This is a question," writes a Japanese professor of +agriculture to me, "which we should like to study very much." +Industrial and commercial figures at the end of and immediately after +the War are not of much use because of the inflation of that period. +The annual value of agricultural production before the War was about +1,800 million yen; it must be by now about 2,500 or 3,000. In 1912, +according to the Department of Finance, the debt of the agricultural +population was 740 million yen. In 1916 the Japan Mortgage Bank and +the prefectural agricultural and industrial banks had together +advanced to agricultural organisations 110 millions and to other +borrowers 273 millions. In 1915 co-operative credit associations had +advanced 45 millions to farmers and 11 millions to other borrowers. +The paid-up capital of companies, was, in 1913, 1,983 million, of +which 27 million was agricultural, and in 1916, 2,434 million, of +which 31 million was agricultural. The reserves were, in 1913, 542 +million, of which 1 million was agricultural, and in 1916, 841 +million, of which 3 were agricultural. (For some reason or other, +"fishing" is included under "agricultural." On careful dissection I +find that of the 45 million of investments credited to agriculture in +1918, only 28 million are purely agricultural.) The land tax is +estimated to yield 73 million yen in 1920-1. It is 2½ per cent. on +residential land, 4.5 per cent. on paddy and cultivated land—3.2 per +cent, in Hokkaido—and 5.5 per cent. on other land—4 per cent. in +Hokkaido.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 415<a name="Page_415" id="Page_415"></a></span></p> +<p> </p> + +<h2>INDEX</h2> + + +<p><i>This Index may be regarded as a Glossary inasmuch as every Japanese +word which occurs in the book will be found in it. The meaning is +usually given on the page the number of which comes first.</i></p> + +<p>132 (2) <i>signifies that there are two references on page 132 to the +subject indexed.</i></p> + +<p><i>Such subjects as Agriculture, Hokkaido, Labour, Paddies, Rice and +Sericulture are indexed at length, but some matters which relate to +them and are of general interest appear in the body of the Index.</i></p> + +<p> <br /> +Abbot and Ronin <a href="#Page_333">333</a><br /> +<br /> +Abiko <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +Ability <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Abortion <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Abortifacient <a href="#Page_332">332</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Abroad, first, <a href="#Page_235">235</a><br /> +<br /> +Accommodation with the West <a href="#Page_363">363</a><br /> +<br /> +Acreage, see Agriculture<br /> +<br /> +Acting <a href="#Page_115">115</a> (2), <a href="#Page_320">320</a><br /> +<br /> +Adjustment <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, + <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, + <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Cost <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cottages <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Graves <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Method and Results <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-2;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Statistics <a href="#Page_72">72</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Admonition, see Police, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> +<br /> +Adoption <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a><br /> +<br /> +Adulteration <a href="#Page_356">356</a><br /> +<br /> +Æ <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a><br /> +<br /> +Aerated waters <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /> +<br /> +Aeroplanes <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> +<br /> +Aestheticism <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br /> +<br /> +Affection, Question by a Japanese, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /> +<br /> +Affinity <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br /> +<br /> +Afforestation, see Deforestation,<br /> +<span class="in1">Floods, Tree planting; <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>-3, + <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, + <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, + <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, +<a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Africa <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +Agriculture, see Adjustment, Animals under different names, Area, Cattle, Crops under different names, +Cultivation Farmers, Grain, Hokkaido, Implements under different names, Land new, Land available, +Land utilised, Manure, Milk, Paddies, Peasant Proprietors, Tenants, Tools, Rice and other crops, +Sericulture, Upland;<br /> +<span class="in1">Advantages <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Accessory business <a href="#Page_412">412</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">American, proposed study of, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Arable <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, (British) <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Areas <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">quarter acre <a href="#Page_89">89</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">one and a quarter acre to five acres <a href="#Page_89">89</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">two <a href="#Page_210">210</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">two and a half <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">three <a href="#Page_10">10</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">five <a href="#Page_284">284</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">seven and a half <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">ten <a href="#Page_10">10</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">twelve and a half <a href="#Page_207">207</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">fifteen <a href="#Page_10">10</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">twenty-five <a href="#Page_213">213</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">one <i>tan</i> <a href="#Page_232">232</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">five <a href="#Page_184">184</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">six <a href="#Page_302">302</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">eight <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">twelve <a href="#Page_270">270</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">fifteen and a half <a href="#Page_373">373</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">one <i>chō</i> <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, + <a href="#Page_377">377</a> (3), <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, + <a href="#Page_385">385</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">one and a half <a href="#Page_379">379</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">two <a href="#Page_380">380</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">two and a half, see Hokkaido,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">three <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">four <a href="#Page_10">10</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">four to four and a half <a href="#Page_338">338</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">four to five <a href="#Page_207">207</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">five <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>-8,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">seven <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, +<a href="#Page_373">373</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">eight <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">ten <a href="#Page_28">28</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">ten to fifteen <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">thirty <a href="#Page_338">338</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">sixty-two <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Associations against landlords <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">v. Armaments <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">an Author on <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Based on rice <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Basis of nation <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Calendar of operations <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Compared with British <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Capitalisation <a href="#Page_368">368</a>-9;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">College <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Criticism of <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, + (backbreaking) <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">v. Commerce and industry <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, + <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Commercial side <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Company <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Consolidation of holdings <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Crop statistics errors <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Encourager" <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Experiment station <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>-7, +<a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Experts <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, + (respect for) <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Foundation and means to an end <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, + <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Foreign <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">v. "Foreign relations" <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Family system <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Faults of <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">like Gardening <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">God of <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Goddess of <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Helpful <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Holdings, Consolidation of <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">How to teach <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Grazing <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, (British) + <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hydraulic engineering <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Industry and Commerce <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;</span><br /> + +<span class="pagenum">Page 416<a name="Page_416" id="Page_416"></a></span> + +<span class="in1">Implements <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Improvement, Principles of <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Land, how used, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Machinery <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>-8-9;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">in praise of <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Methods <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Limitations imposed on <a href="#Page_365">365</a> (2), + <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Merits <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">National Agricultural Society <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Night work <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Number of families engaged in <a href="#Page_412">412</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Relations to national welfare <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, + <a href="#Page_370">370</a>-1;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pasture <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, + (British) <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Petite Culture <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Production not final aim <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Profitable <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Progress <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Remedies <a href="#Page_368">368</a>-9, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Revolutionising <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Religion <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Schools, see Schools, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Shortcomings <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Strikes <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Students not leaving land <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Subsistence provided by <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Small farms decreasing <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tenants' Movement, see Landlords;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Without rice <a href="#Page_381">381</a> (2)</span><br /> +<br /> +Aichi <a href="#Page_1">1</a>-67, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a><br /> +<br /> +"Aiming at being Distinguished" <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +Ainu <a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> +<br /> +Akagi <a href="#Page_315">315</a><br /> +<br /> +Akita <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a><br /> +<br /> +Alimentary tract, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a><br /> +<br /> +Allah <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br /> +<br /> +"All family smiling" <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /> +<br /> +Alpinist <a href="#Page_290">290</a><br /> +<br /> +Alps, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Amado</i> <a href="#Page_277">277</a><br /> +<br /> +"A man's a man," etc. <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Amé</i> <a href="#Page_191">191</a><br /> +<br /> +America,<br /> +<span class="in1">see Hokkaido, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, + <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a> (2);</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rice culture <a href="#Page_365">365</a>-6</span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Amida</i> xxx, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Amma</i> <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /> +<br /> +Ammonia water <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a><br /> +<br /> +Amphibious labour <a href="#Page_358">358</a><br /> +<br /> +Amusements, see Farmers, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, + <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a><br /> +<br /> +Ancestors <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, +<a href="#Page_38">38</a> (3), <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, +<a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +Anchors <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br /> +<br /> +Angelo, Michael, <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Angling <a href="#Page_245">245</a><br /> +<br /> +Anglo-Japanese Alliance <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Anglo-Saxons <a href="#Page_203">203</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Animals<br /> +<span class="in1">Bird artists <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Buddhism and <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Food, see Meat, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Industry <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Knack of looking after <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Liking for <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Power <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tillage <a href="#Page_406">406</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Anjo <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> +<br /> +Anniversaries <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +Antelopes <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /> +<br /> +Anti-Landlord movement <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> +<br /> +Ants <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> +<br /> +Aomori <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, + <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a><br /> +<br /> +Aoyama <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +"A plain householder" <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /> +<br /> +Apostle and artist <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /> +<br /> +Appetiser <a href="#Page_268">268</a><br /> +<br /> +Apples, see Hokkaido, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, + <a href="#Page_402">402</a><br /> +<br /> +Appointments <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Tax <a href="#Page_21">21</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Apprentices <a href="#Page_411">411</a><br /> +<br /> +Apricots <a href="#Page_289">289</a><br /> +<br /> +Aqueduct <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> +<br /> +Archery <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br /> +<br /> +Architecture <a href="#Page_198">198</a><br /> +<br /> +Ardour <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +Area <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">and Habitable compared with other countries <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, + <a href="#Page_392">392</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">per Family <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a> (2)</span><br /> +<br /> +Armaments <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">U.S. expenditure <a href="#Page_394">394</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Armour <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +Arm rest <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a><br /> +<br /> +Army <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, + <a href="#Page_360">360</a> (2), <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Discipline <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Farmer <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Officers and Agriculture <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Railway service <a href="#Page_297">297</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Arnold, Matthew, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br /> +<br /> +Arrests postponed <a href="#Page_280">280</a><br /> +<br /> +Arson <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a><br /> +<br /> +Art <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Degenerated <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Farmer <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hills in <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Korean <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Influence of Western <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-4;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Artists <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sketches at festivals <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Artistry <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Artistic treasures <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Artistic world <a href="#Page_102">102</a>-3-4-5, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Artificials, see Manure<br /> +<br /> +Artisans <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">with land and houses <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">see Farmers</span><br /> +<br /> +"<i>Asahi</i>" <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /> +<br /> +Asama, Mt., <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> +<br /> +Asceticism <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /> +<br /> +Asia, see West and East, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Residents in <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Asiatic Mainland <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Asiatic Society of Japan <a href="#Page_364">364</a></span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Aspiring" young men <a href="#Page_135">135</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Assaults <a href="#Page_282">282</a><br /> +<br /> +Assentation <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> +<br /> +Associations against Landlords <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">for Economical agricultural Students <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Spirit of <a href="#Page_16">16</a></span><br /> +<br /> +"At twenty I found" <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /> +<br /> +Athletics,<br /> +<span class="in1">see under different names, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Attempts to deceive the West <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Attitude<br /> +<span class="in1">for foreign student <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">of world, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</span><br /> + +<span class="pagenum">Page 417<a name="Page_417" id="Page_417"></a></span> + +<span class="in1">to something higher;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">see Materialism, Spirituality</span><br /> +<br /> +Attorney-General, <a href="#Page_345">345</a><br /> +<br /> +Audience, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Australia, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>-3, + <a href="#Page_363">363</a> (2), <a href="#Page_388">388</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Might have possessed, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Author<br /> +<span class="in1">Attitude towards Japan, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">before domestic shrine, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Carried, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Chats in trains, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Fortune", <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">First Englishman in place, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Governor and, <a href="#Page_84">84</a> ;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">on Hearn, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, ;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Some Conclusions, see Hokkaido, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Police, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Reception at Shinto Shrine, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Shinto address to, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Speeches, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, +<a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tree planting, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Welcome, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">at Wrestling match, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Authority<br /> +<span class="in1">Disobedience to, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Power going, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Autobiography of a Farmer-Egotist, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> +<br /> +Autographs, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a><br /> +<br /> +Automobile, see Chauffeur, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +Autumn, <a href="#Page_214">214</a><br /> +<br /> +"Average workers", <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a><br /> +<br /> +Awakening, <a href="#Page_324">324</a><br /> +<br /> +Axholme, Isle of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Aza</i>, <a href="#Page_xxv">xxv</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, +<a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a><br /> +<br /> +Azaleas, <a href="#Page_316">316</a><br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +Babies, <a href="#Page_285">285</a><br /> +<br /> +Backbreaking, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a><br /> +<br /> +Back to the Land, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> +<br /> +Backwardness of North,<br /> +<span class="in1">see Japan, Northern</span><br /> +<br /> +Bacon, <a href="#Page_347">347</a><br /> +<br /> +Bacon, Lord, xii, <a href="#Page_309">309</a><br /> +<br /> +Bactericides, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +"Bad tea has its tolerable," etc., <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /> +<br /> +Bag and string, <a href="#Page_312">312</a><br /> +<br /> +Balls, Black and red, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Bamboo, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, + <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Grass, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, +<a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Mice, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rate of growth, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Shoots, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Work, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Bancha</i>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a><br /> +<br /> +Bankruptcy, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br /> +<br /> +Banks, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, + <a href="#Page_414">414</a><br /> +<br /> +Banqueting, <a href="#Page_357">357</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Banzai</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> +<br /> +Barbers, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a><br /> +<br /> +Barefoot, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> +<br /> +Bark strips, <a href="#Page_190">190</a><br /> +<br /> +Barley, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, +<a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a> (3), <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, +<a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, +<a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Big crop, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Husking, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Naked, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">with and without Rice, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, + <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Production compared with Wheat, <a href="#Page_413">413</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Barons <a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Barriers <a href="#Page_x">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> +<br /> +Barter, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /> +<br /> +Barton, Sir E., <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Basha</i>, see Hokkaido, <a href="#Page_244">244</a> ;<br /> +<span class="in1">story, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Baskets, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br /> +<br /> +Baths <a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, +<a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, + <a href="#Page_116">116</a>-7, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, + <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, + <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"A moral bath", <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Bathing, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, + <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Battleship, <a href="#Page_235">235</a><br /> +<br /> +Bayonets, Imitation, <a href="#Page_282">282</a><br /> +<br /> +Bazin René, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> +<br /> +Beans, see Soya, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, +<a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Cake, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Beardsley, Aubrey, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Bears, see Hokkaido, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /> +<br /> +Beauty, see Hokkaido, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a><br /> +<br /> +"Be diligent", <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Be serious", <a href="#Page_112">112</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Beef, see Kobe beef, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Essence, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Beer, see Hokkaido, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a><br /> +<br /> +Bees, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a><br /> +<br /> +Beggars, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a><br /> +<br /> +Begonia, <a href="#Page_213">213</a><br /> +<br /> +Behaviour, Training in good, <a href="#Page_259">259</a><br /> +<br /> +Belgium, <a href="#Page_386">386</a><br /> +<br /> +Beliefs, see Customs, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;<br /> +<br /> +Believers, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Believer and ne'er do well, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Belly cloths, <a href="#Page_269">269</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Benjo</i>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a><br /> +<br /> +Ben Nevis, <a href="#Page_394">394</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Bento</i> <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a><br /> +<br /> +Bergson, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Beri beri</i>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Berry, Sir G., <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Better living, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Better world, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Bi</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Bible, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br /> +<br /> +Bicycles, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br /> +<br /> +Binyon, L., <a href="#Page_292">292</a><br /> +<br /> +Birches, <a href="#Page_316">316</a><br /> +<br /> +Birds, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a><br /> +<br /> +Births,<br /> +<span class="in1">see Still;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Celebration of, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Forbidden, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rate, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tax, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Biscuits, <a href="#Page_270">270</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Biwa</i>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a><br /> +<br /> +Black and white company, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Black Country, <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /> +<br /> +"Black saké", <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Blacksmith, <a href="#Page_264">264</a><br /> +<br /> +Blake, William, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-6<br /> +<br /> +Blind,<br /> +<span class="in1">see <i>Amma</i>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Advantage of Blindness, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Blind guides, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Headman, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></span><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 418<a name="Page_418" id="Page_418"></a></span> +<br /> +Blood and thunder stories <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /> +<br /> +Boar day <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Boasting <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> +<br /> +Boat, sacred, <a href="#Page_257">257</a><br /> +<br /> +Body <a href="#Page_226">226</a><br /> +<br /> +Boehme <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Bog <a href="#Page_390">390</a><br /> +<br /> +"Bold is the donkey driver" <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br /> +<br /> +Bolting ideas <a href="#Page_331">331</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Bon</i> <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, +<a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>-2, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, + <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Songs and dances <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, + <a href="#Page_197">197</a> (2), <a href="#Page_274">274</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Bonins <a href="#Page_391">391</a><br /> +<br /> +Bonito <a href="#Page_297">297</a><br /> +<br /> +Books <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, + <a href="#Page_401">401</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Cheap <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Faults of many about Japan <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Foreign <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, + <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">In demand <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">In a Village Library <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Shops <a href="#Page_244">244</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Booths <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br /> +<br /> +Boots <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a><br /> +<br /> +Borneo <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Borrow <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a><br /> +<br /> +Borrowing,<br /> +<span class="in1">see Credit, <i>Kō, Tanomoshi</i>; <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, + <a href="#Page_183">183</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Boswell, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> +<br /> +Bottles, tied with rope, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /> +<br /> +Bowing <a href="#Page_44">44</a> (2), <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, + <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br /> +<br /> +Bowels <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a><br /> +<br /> +Bowls, Turning, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">at shrine <a href="#Page_303">303</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Box for letters for Police <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /> +<br /> +Boy<br /> +<span class="in1">Growth of <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Labour <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tradesmen's <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Reformation of <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Running away <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Stolen <a href="#Page_286">286</a> ;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Boy San" <a href="#Page_103">103</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Brazil <a href="#Page_401">401</a><br /> +<br /> +Bread <a href="#Page_80">80</a> (2), <a href="#Page_346">346</a> (2), + <a href="#Page_350">350</a>-1 (2), <a href="#Page_383">383</a><br /> +<br /> +Bream <a href="#Page_297">297</a><br /> +<br /> +Breath <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br /> +<br /> +Brewing, see Hokkaido, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /> +<br /> +Bribery <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>; <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, + <a href="#Page_303">303</a><br /> +<br /> +Bride <a href="#Page_21">21</a>; Chest <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a><br /> +<br /> +Bridges <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Mysteriously repaired, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Suspension <a href="#Page_209">209</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Briefness <a href="#Page_292">292</a><br /> +<br /> +Bright, John, <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br /> +<br /> +Britons, see Hokkaido, <a href="#Page_403">403</a><br /> +<br /> +Broadmindedness <a href="#Page_326">326</a><br /> +<br /> +Brontë, E., <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Brothels <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a><br /> +<br /> +Brother, Eldest, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a><br /> +<br /> +Brotherly union <a href="#Page_94">94</a>-5<br /> +<br /> +Buckwheat, see Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, + <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, + <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"As white as snow" <a href="#Page_111">111</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Buddha <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, + <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a> (2), + <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, + <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>-6;<br /> +<span class="in1">Inferior <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Heads <a href="#Page_310">310</a></span><br /> +<span class="in1">Buddhism <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, +<a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a> (2), + <a href="#Page_63">63</a> (3), <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2"><a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, + <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Animal life <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, + <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">behind the age <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">without Buddha <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Christianity <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>-1, +<a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Definition of <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Difficulty of getting a general view of <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, + <a href="#Page_321">321</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">England and <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">of old time <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Too aristocratic <a href="#Page_1">1</a></span><br /> +<span class="in1">Buddhist <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, + <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Gatherings <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Influence <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Literature <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Real <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sects, under names;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Services <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a> (2), + <a href="#Page_270">270</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Strict <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Y.M.A. <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Y.W.A. <a href="#Page_124">124</a></span><br /> +<span class="in1">—Buddhist Priests,see <i>Bon</i>; <a href="#Page_1">1</a>-7, + <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, + <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;"><a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, + <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, + <a href="#Page_270">270</a> (2)-1-2, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Priest's man <a href="#Page_270">270</a>-1;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Succession to <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wives <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Shrines <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Value of <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Temples, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, + <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, + <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, + <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>-9, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, + <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Architecture <a href="#Page_134">134</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Church" <a href="#Page_134">134</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in1">New, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sleeping in <a href="#Page_x">x</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Two months in <a href="#Page_262">262</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Underground passage <a href="#Page_142">142</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Buffoon <a href="#Page_276">276</a><br /> +<br /> +Bugles <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-17<br /> +<br /> +Bulls <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Fighting <a href="#Page_228">228</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Burden of the Old <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> +<br /> +Burdock <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +Bureau of Horse Politics <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">of Hygiene <a href="#Page_350">350</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Burials, see Graves, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">at Sea <a href="#Page_225">225</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Burnham, Lord, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Burns, Robert, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Bushido</i> <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +Businesses, linked, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Business, My," <a href="#Page_326">326</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Butter <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a><br /> +<br /> +Butterflies <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a><br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +Cabbage <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a><br /> +<br /> +Caffeine <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a><br /> +<br /> +Cairo <a href="#Page_390">390</a><br /> +<br /> +Calendar <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> +<br /> +California <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>-6<br /> +<br /> +Camphor trees <a href="#Page_219">219</a><br /> +<br /> +Canada <a href="#Page_388">388</a><br /> +<br /> +Cancer <a href="#Page_268">268</a><br /> +<br /> +Candles <a href="#Page_340">340</a><br /> +<br /> +Canning, see Hokkaido, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Canned meat and fish <a href="#Page_268">268</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Cape <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a><br /> +<br /> +Capes <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> +<br /> +Cape Wrath <a href="#Page_358">358</a><br /> +<br /> +Capitalism <a href="#Page_368">368</a>-9<br /> +<br /> +Caps <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a><br /> +<br /> +Caramels <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 419<a name="Page_419" id="Page_419"></a></span> +<br /> +Carbon bisulphide <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +"Carelessness" <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> +<br /> +Carlyle, T., <a href="#Page_90">90</a>-1, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Carp, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, + <a href="#Page_299">299</a><br /> +<br /> +Carpenter <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a><br /> +<br /> +Carrier's conversation <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /> +<br /> +Carrot <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +Carts <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Push <a href="#Page_194">194</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Carving <a href="#Page_269">269</a><br /> +<br /> +"Case for the Goat, The," <a href="#Page_347">347</a><br /> +<br /> +Cast <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br /> +<br /> +Cats <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, + <a href="#Page_345">345</a><br /> +<br /> +Cattle, see Cow, Oxen, Bulls, Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>-5, +<a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, + <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, + <a href="#Page_406">406</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Keeping <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, + <a href="#Page_402">402</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Thieves <a href="#Page_195">195</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Cedar wood <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br /> +<br /> +Cells <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> +<br /> +Censorship <a href="#Page_401">401</a><br /> +<br /> +Census <a href="#Page_393">393</a>-4<br /> +<br /> +Cereals <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a><br /> +<br /> +Certificate of merit <a href="#Page_213">213</a><br /> +<br /> +Cezanne <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Chadai</i> <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br /> +<br /> +Chaff <a href="#Page_386">386</a><br /> +<br /> +Chainmakers <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Chairman <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Champagne <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +Changes, seeming, <a href="#Page_331">331</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Cha-no-yu</i> <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a><br /> +<br /> +Character <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, + <a href="#Page_203">203</a>-4-5-6-7, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, + <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, + <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, + <a href="#Page_331">331</a>-2;<br /> +<span class="in1">Nature and <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Weakness of <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wish to give before have anything <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Chinese <a href="#Page_39">39</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Charcoal <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>-3, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> +<br /> +Charitable Institutions <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a><br /> +<br /> +Charms <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, + <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a><br /> +<br /> +Charring <a href="#Page_227">227</a><br /> +<br /> +Chastity <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /> +<br /> +Chauffeur <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a><br /> +<br /> +Chavannes, Puvis de, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Cheek-binding <a href="#Page_286">286</a><br /> +<br /> +Cheerfulness <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a><br /> +<br /> +Cheese <a href="#Page_345">345</a><br /> +<br /> +Chemist, Distinguished, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Chenille <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> +<br /> +Cherries <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Poems <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Refineries <a href="#Page_226">226</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Chestnuts <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /> +<br /> +Chiba <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, + <a href="#Page_321">321</a><br /> +<br /> +Chicken <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a><br /> +<br /> +Chief Constable, Influence of, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Chihō</i> <a href="#Page_400">400</a><br /> +<br /> +Children <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, + <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, + <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Childbirth <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ages of <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Assaults on <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">British exploitation of <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Charm to obtain <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Contracts <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Crimes against <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Marriage <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Politeness <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Services for <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Temple <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">What will he become? <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Workers, see Labour, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Chillies <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> +<br /> +Chimneys <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /> +<br /> +China <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, + <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, + <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, + <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>-7, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">War <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Chinaman in Formosa story <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tea <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Relations with <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Chinese competition <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Labour <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Prisoners <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Scriptures not understood <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sheep and wool <a href="#Page_353">353</a>-4-5-6</span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Cho</i> <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1"><i>Chō</i> <a href="#Page_xxv">xxv</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Chokai, Mount, <a href="#Page_182">182</a><br /> +<br /> +Chopsticks <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /> +<br /> +Chōsen, see Korea<br /> +<br /> +Christ <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, + <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Christianity, see Hokkaido, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, + <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, + <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Christian, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, + <a href="#Page_362">362</a> (3) ;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">a Japanese question <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Buddhism <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, + <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Conceptions <a href="#Page_96">96</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Early <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Essence of <a href="#Page_94">94</a> (2);</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ethics of <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Influence of <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Japanese <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, + <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Personality <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Social reform <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Temperament <a href="#Page_327">327</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Christmas <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Churches <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Chrysanthemum <a href="#Page_318">318</a><br /> +<br /> +Cicada <a href="#Page_344">344</a><br /> +<br /> +Cider champagne <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /> +<br /> +Cigarettes <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a><br /> +<br /> +Cimabue <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /> +<br /> +Cities <a href="#Page_xxv">xxv</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">workers <a href="#Page_87">87</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Civilisation <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, + <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Clan <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> +<br /> +Classes <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a><br /> +<br /> +Cleanliness <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a><br /> +<br /> +Clerks <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +Climate, see Hokkaido, Weather; <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, + <a href="#Page_195">195</a>-6, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, + <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, + <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, + <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a><br /> +<br /> +Cloak <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> +<br /> +Clock <a href="#Page_252">252</a><br /> +<br /> +Clothing, see Farmers, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, + <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, + <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, + <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, + <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>-6-7, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, + <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Advantages and Disadvantages of <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cotton and Silk v. Wool <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Foreign <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, + <a href="#Page_352">352</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Clover <a href="#Page_263">263</a><br /> +<br /> +Clubhouse <a href="#Page_305">305</a><br /> +<br /> +Coal, see Hokkaido, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a><br /> +<br /> +Coasting steamers <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">coastwise traffic <a href="#Page_256">256</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Coat <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 420<a name="Page_420" id="Page_420"></a></span> +Cobbett, William, <a href="#Page_47">ix</a><br /> +<br /> +Cockfighting <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Coffin <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a><br /> +<br /> +Cold <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Catching <a href="#Page_312">312</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Collectors, Boy, <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Colleges <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br /> +<br /> +Colony <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Colouring <a href="#Page_295">295</a><br /> +<br /> +Comeliness <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Comfort <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Bags <a href="#Page_58">58</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Comic interlude <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> +<br /> +Commerce, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Uselessness of some, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Commercial crash <a href="#Page_87">87</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Common good, Work for, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Common humanity <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Common people at the gateway" <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Common purpose in mankind <a href="#Page_56">56</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Commune <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Communal labour <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Communistic <a href="#Page_212">212</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Communities under 5,000 and 10,000 population <a href="#Page_412">412</a><br /> +<br /> +Companies <a href="#Page_414">414</a><br /> +<br /> +Complaint boxes <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +Concentration <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a><br /> +<br /> +Concrete <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a><br /> +<br /> +Concubines <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a><br /> +<br /> +Conduct <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a><br /> +<br /> +Coney Island <a href="#Page_325">325</a><br /> +<br /> +Confucianism <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, +<a href="#Page_205">205</a> (3), <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a><br /> +<br /> +Confusion <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /> +<br /> +Conscience <a href="#Page_201">201</a><br /> +<br /> +Conscription, see Soldiers, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, + <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a> (2), + <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Statistics <a href="#Page_404">404</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Conservative view <a href="#Page_331">331</a><br /> +<br /> +Consolation <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a><br /> +<br /> +Constitutional Party <a href="#Page_395">395</a><br /> +<br /> +"Contagion of foreigners" <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br /> +<br /> +Contentment <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, + <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a><br /> +<br /> +Contracts <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a><br /> +<br /> +Controversy <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +Conversation, Subjects of, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a><br /> +<br /> +Conviction <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a><br /> +<br /> +Cooking <a href="#Page_350">350</a> (2)<br /> +<br /> +Coolies <a href="#Page_345">345</a><br /> +<br /> +Co-operation, see Cocoons, Hokkaido,<br /> +<i>Kō</i>, <i>Tanomoshi</i>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-9 (2), + <a href="#Page_37">37</a> (2), <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, + <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, + <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, + <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, + <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, + <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a> (2), <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, + <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Capital for <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">More <a href="#Page_370">370</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Copper <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, + <a href="#Page_396">396</a><br /> +<br /> +Coronation <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Rice Ceremony <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Millet <a href="#Page_213">213</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Corruption <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a><br /> +<br /> +Cosmos <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a><br /> +<br /> +Cottages, see Houses<br /> +<br /> +Cotton, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, + <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Clothing <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Chinese competition <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Factories <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Industry <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Loom <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Factory Manager's <i>Manchester Guardian</i> article <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Silk v. Wool <a href="#Page_366">366</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Couch grass <a href="#Page_265">265</a><br /> +<br /> +Counsel <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Countess <a href="#Page_213">213</a><br /> +<br /> +Country folk <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a>,<br /> +<span class="in1">Countryman <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a>, + <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, + <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, + <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Countryside <a href="#Page_148">148</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">contrasted with Western <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, + <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">County families and Country-house life <a href="#Page_34">34</a></span><br /> +<br /> +County Agricultural Association <a href="#Page_150">150</a> (2)<br /> +<br /> +Courage, Moral, <a href="#Page_327">327</a><br /> +<br /> +Courbet <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Court lady <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /> +<br /> +Courtesy, see Politeness, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> +<br /> +Cows,<br /> +<span class="in1">see Paddies;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">First milking <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Oxen, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, + <a href="#Page_381">381</a> (2)</span><br /> +<br /> +Crab, Land, <a href="#Page_249">249</a><br /> +<br /> +Cradle <a href="#Page_279">279</a><br /> +<br /> +Craftsmanship <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a><br /> +<br /> +Crashaw <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Crater <a href="#Page_108">108</a>-9<br /> +<br /> +Credit,<br /> +<span class="in1">see Cheap money;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cooperation <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, + <a href="#Page_414">414</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Crematoria <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a><br /> +<br /> +Crest, see <i>Mon</i><br /> +<br /> +Crime,<br /> +<span class="in1">see Police, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, + <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Charges not proceeded with <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Table of crimes <a href="#Page_376">376</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ex-criminals <a href="#Page_143">143</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Crimea <a href="#Page_390">390</a><br /> +<br /> +Crisis, Industrial and Commercial, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br /> +<br /> +Crops <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>-1;<br /> +<span class="in1">see Agriculture, Paddies, Upland;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Area devoted to each <a href="#Page_408">408</a>-9;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Better <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Competitions to increase <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Drying <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Increase compared with area <a href="#Page_364">364</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Crow <a href="#Page_320">320</a><br /> +<br /> +Crowds <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a><br /> +<br /> +Crown Prince <a href="#Page_282">282</a><br /> +<br /> +Cruelty to Animals <a href="#Page_344">344</a>-5<br /> +<br /> +Cryptomeria <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, + <a href="#Page_61">61</a>-2, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, + <a href="#Page_131">131</a>-2, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, + <a href="#Page_394">394</a><br /> +<br /> +Cuckoo <a href="#Page_315">315</a><br /> +<br /> +Cucumbers <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a><br /> +<br /> +Cultivation, see Agriculture, Backbreaking, Cows, Harrowing, Hoes, Horses, + Mattock, Paddy, Pony, Ploughing, Rice, Seed, Spade;<br /> +<span class="in1">Area compared with Great Britain <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Area under <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Doubling population <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Increase of area <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Two or three crops <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Japan and Great Britain <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">in relation to Stock <a href="#Page_406">406</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 421<a name="Page_421" id="Page_421"></a></span> +<span class="in1">Methods to be reported <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">in proportion to Wild <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Prizes <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Too intensive <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">yearly increase of <a href="#Page_408">408</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Culture, see Education, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Curio Collectors <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Curiosity <a href="#Page_279">279</a><br /> +<br /> +Currency <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a><br /> +<br /> +Currents, Warm and Cold, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, + <a href="#Page_195">195</a><br /> +<br /> +Customs <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, + <a href="#Page_322">322</a>-3;<br /> +<span class="in1">Houses unprofitable <a href="#Page_256">256</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in1">World realisation of cost and inconvenience <a href="#Page_256">256</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Cutting out the foreigner <a href="#Page_369">369</a><br /> +<br /> +Cuttle fish, see Squid, Octopus; <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a><br /> +<br /> +Cyanide <a href="#Page_177">177</a><br /> +<br /> +Cymbals <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +"Daffin" <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br /> +<br /> +Dagger <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Daikon</i> <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, + <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a><br /> +<br /> +Daikon (island) <a href="#Page_256">256</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Daily Mail</i> <a href="#Page_345">345</a><br /> +<br /> +Daimyo <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, + <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, + <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">ex-Daimyo <a href="#Page_329">329</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Castle <a href="#Page_209">209</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Dai Nippon Nōkai</i> <a href="#Page_320">320</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Dakushu</i> <a href="#Page_396">396</a><br /> +<br /> +Dam <a href="#Page_224">224</a>-5<br /> +<br /> +Damp <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, + <a href="#Page_372">372</a><br /> +<br /> +Dancing, see <i>Bon</i> Dances; <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, + <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Western <a href="#Page_101">101</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Dandelions <a href="#Page_307">307</a><br /> +<br /> +Danish <i>Hojskōle</i> <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +Dates <a href="#Page_290">290</a><br /> +<br /> +Daumier <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Days,<br /> +<span class="in1">of the Dead, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">of the week <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Suitable <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Worked <a href="#Page_377">377</a>-8;</span><br /> +<br /> +Dead <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Belief in return of <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Days of the <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Return <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tablets of, see <i>Ihai</i>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Memorials of, see Hair, Teeth, Portraits</span><br /> +<br /> +Dealers <a href="#Page_195">195</a><br /> +<br /> +Death<br /> +<span class="in1">Forbidden <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Presents at <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rate <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Minors <a href="#Page_393">393</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Debates <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +Debt, see Farmers; <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, + <a href="#Page_195">195</a> (2), <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, + <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>-3, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, + <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">for Food <a href="#Page_284">284</a></span><br /> +<br /> +"Decency" <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a><br /> +<br /> +Deception of the West <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Deer <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a><br /> +<br /> +Defiled <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Defilement <a href="#Page_256">256</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Deforestation, see Afforestation; <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, + <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a><br /> +<br /> +Deftness <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +Deified men <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Deities and the Sea <a href="#Page_257">257</a><br /> +<br /> +Delacroix <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>De la liberté du travail</i> <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> +<br /> +Delay, Advantage of, <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a><br /> +<br /> +Democracy <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">and religion <a href="#Page_2">2</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Demon <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br /> +<br /> +Demonstrations <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> +<br /> +Demoralised men <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Dengaku</i> <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +Denmark <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">see Danish</span><br /> +<br /> +Denudation of hills, see Deforestation, <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /> +<br /> +"Depths of the people" <a href="#Page_93">93</a><br /> +<br /> +Derricks <a href="#Page_248">248</a><br /> +<br /> +"Despised foreign peasant" <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> +<br /> +Destiny <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> +<br /> +Deuteronomy <a href="#Page_375">375</a><br /> +<br /> +Development, Economic, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Moral <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">National <a href="#Page_327">327</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Social <a href="#Page_206">206</a></span><br /> +<br /> +"Devil-gon" <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> +<br /> +Diagrams <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Diaries <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a><br /> +<br /> +Diastase <a href="#Page_268">268</a><br /> +<br /> +Dibbs, Sir G., <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Diet, see Food<br /> +<br /> +Dietetic reform <a href="#Page_350">350</a><br /> +<br /> +Difficulties <a href="#Page_124">124</a>-5;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Difficulties polish you" <a href="#Page_176">176</a></span><br /> +Digestive <a href="#Page_268">268</a><br /> +<br /> +Dikes, Women's work on, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> +<br /> +Diligence <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Diligent people" <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, + <a href="#Page_377">377</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Diminishing return <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +Dinner <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a><br /> +<br /> +Diplomacy, Farmer and, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a><br /> +<br /> +"Direct action" <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> +<br /> +Discipline <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +Discontent <a href="#Page_323">323</a><br /> +<br /> +Discussion <a href="#Page_358">358</a><br /> +<br /> +Disease <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a><br /> +<br /> +"Disgraceful disease," see Syphilis<br /> +<br /> +Dishonesty <a href="#Page_354">354</a><br /> +<br /> +Displacements <a href="#Page_268">268</a><br /> +<br /> +Distinguished man and demoralised man <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +Dividends, Effect of factory, <a href="#Page_369">369</a><br /> +<br /> +Divorce <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Dō</i> <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1"><i>Do</i> (land) <a href="#Page_334">334</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Doctors <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a> (2), + <a href="#Page_399">399</a> ;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Doctor first, God second," <a href="#Page_271">271</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Dogs <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, + <a href="#Page_344">344</a>-5;<br /> +<span class="in1">Dog day <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Fighting <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">for <i>kuruma</i> <a href="#Page_248">248</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Doing good secretly <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a><br /> +<br /> +Doll in tree <a href="#Page_244">244</a><br /> +<br /> +Domicile <a href="#Page_396">396</a><br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 422<a name="Page_422" id="Page_422"></a></span> +<i>Domori</i> <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> +<br /> +"Do not get angry" <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /> +<br /> +Doorway inscription <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Dorobo</i>, see Robber<br /> +<br /> +Dossiers <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br /> +<br /> +"Double licence" <a href="#Page_257">257</a><br /> +<br /> +Dover and Calais <a href="#Page_334">334</a><br /> +<br /> +Dowries <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br /> +<br /> +Dragon Day <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Drainage see Irrigation, Water; <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, + <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br /> +<br /> +Drapers' stuff <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /> +<br /> +Draughtsmanship <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /> +<br /> +"Drawing water into one's own paddy" <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +Draw nets <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Dreamers <a href="#Page_363">363</a><br /> +<br /> +Dress, see Clothing;<br /> +<span class="in1">Fields, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">of Honour, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Drill <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a><br /> +<br /> +Drinking, see Drunkenness<br /> +<br /> +Drivers' hair cutting <a href="#Page_318">318</a><br /> +<br /> +Drought <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /> +<br /> +Drowning <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Drum <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, + <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br /> +<br /> +Drunkenness <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, + <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, + <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">see Saké <a href="#Page_2">2</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Dürer <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Dutch <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1"> Books <a href="#Page_150">150</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Dwarf trees, see Trees dwarfed; <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br /> +<br /> +Dye <a href="#Page_295">295</a><br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +"Early riser may catch," etc. <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> +<br /> +Early rising <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<br /> +Early Rising Societies <a href="#Page_14">14</a> <i>et seq</i>.<br /> +<br /> +Earnestness <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a><br /> +<br /> +Earth <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +"Earth is not as," etc. <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br /> +<br /> +Earthquakes, see Volcanoes <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> +<br /> +East, see also West and East;<br /> +<span class="in1">Wants the best <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">East and West <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Bridge <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Inharmony <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Supposed difference <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Eastern, Faults of <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ideals <a href="#Page_96">96</a></span><br /> +<br /> +"Easy minded" <a href="#Page_323">323</a><br /> +<br /> +Economic conditions and development <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Economic questions <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Economic superstition <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Economy, see Thrift, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Economy too small <a href="#Page_362">362</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Edgworthia chrysantha</i>, see <i>Mitsumata</i><br /> +Education, see Farmers, Genius, Hokkaido,<br /> +<span class="in1">Schools, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, + <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, + <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, + <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, + <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Burden <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Better <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Competition for places <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ill result of, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, + <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">System, repressed by <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Western <a href="#Page_189">189</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Eels <a href="#Page_299">299</a><br /> +<br /> +Eggs <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, + <a href="#Page_348">348</a>-9, <a href="#Page_406">406</a><br /> +<br /> +Egoist's story <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> +<br /> +Ehime <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a><br /> +<br /> +Eights <a href="#Page_255">255</a><br /> +<br /> +Elder brothers <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a><br /> +<br /> +Eldest son <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a><br /> +<br /> +El Dorado <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> +<br /> +Electoral offences, see Bribery, Corruption<br /> +<br /> +Electricity <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Among trees <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Fuji <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Fan <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Light <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Torch <a href="#Page_300">300</a></span><br /> +<br /> +El Greco <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Elizabethan scenes <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a><br /> +<br /> +Ellis, Dr. Havelock, <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, + <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Mrs. <a href="#Page_253">253</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Ema</i> <a href="#Page_326">326</a><br /> +<br /> +Embanking <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a><br /> +<br /> +Emerson, R.W. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +Emigration, see Hokkaido (Immigrants); <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, + <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a> (2), + <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, + <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>-4;<br /> +<span class="in1">Number of emigrants <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">No pressing need <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Why emigrants do not go to mainland and Formosa <a href="#Page_363">363</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Emperor, see also Imperial train; <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, + <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, + <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Etiquette <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Portrait <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Respect for <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Seeing <a href="#Page_43">43</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Empire, To extend the <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +Endurance <a href="#Page_261">261</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Engawa</i> <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, + <a href="#Page_375">375</a><br /> +<br /> +England: and Buddhism <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">and Christianity <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Greatness of <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Greek Philosophy <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Roman law <a href="#Page_97">97</a></span><br /> +<br /> +English (language) <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, + <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Reader (book) <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Speaking world and Japan <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></span><br /> +<br /> +"Enlarge people's ideas" <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> +<br /> +"Enlarging mind and heart" <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +Entertainers <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /> +<br /> +Epidemics <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Erotic West <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /> +<br /> +Eruption, see Volcano<br /> +<br /> +"Essential out of trifles" <a href="#Page_323">323</a><br /> +<br /> +Estates, see Hokkaido;<br /> +<span class="in1">Smallness of <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Eta</i> <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, + <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">in America <a href="#Page_401">401</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Marriages <a href="#Page_400">400</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Ethical evolution <a href="#Page_348">348</a><br /> +<br /> +Etiquette, see Manners; <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, + <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, + <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, + <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">in roadway <a href="#Page_47">47</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Europe <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Half civilised <a href="#Page_141">141</a></span><br /> +<br /> +European <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 423<a name="Page_423" id="Page_423"></a></span> +<i>Eurya ochnacea</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /> +<br /> +Evening primroses, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /> +<br /> +"Even in this good reign," <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +"Even the devil was once," etc., <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /> +<br /> +"Even the head of a sardine," <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> +<br /> +Evolution, Ethical, <a href="#Page_348">348</a><br /> +<br /> +Excel, Desire to, <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br /> +<br /> +Excreta, see Manure; <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, + <a href="#Page_386">386</a><br /> +<br /> +Excursions, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a><br /> +<br /> +Exercise, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /> +<br /> +"Exert yourself to kill harmful insects," <a href="#Page_286">286</a><br /> +<br /> +Exhibition, see Show;<br /> +<span class="in1">also Burial Life Exhibition; <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, + <a href="#Page_60">60</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Ex-officials, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Ex-preacher, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ex-Public Servants' Association, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Expansion, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>-4;<br /> +<span class="in1">Suggested abandonment of oversea possessions, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Expenditure, see Farmers<br /> +<br /> +Experts, see Agricultural Experts; <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, + <a href="#Page_240">240</a><br /> +<br /> +Exports, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Some useless, <a href="#Page_369">369</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Eyesight, <a href="#Page_327">327</a><br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +Faces, Good will do, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +Factories, see also Tuberculosis, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">ante-Shaftesbury, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Bathing <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Babies <a href="#Page_162">162</a>-3;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Better treatment, more silk, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1"><i>Bon</i>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">British and American conditions, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Child workers, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Chimneys, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Compounds, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>-5, + <a href="#Page_168">168</a> (2);</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Contracts, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>-3, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Cost of a daughter's food," <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Dexterity, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Diet, see Parliament;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Discharged workers, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Dividends and effect of, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, + <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Dormitories, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a> (2)-5, + <a href="#Page_168">168</a> (2), <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Education and Entertainment, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, + <a href="#Page_164">164</a> (2)-5, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Earnestness <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Effect of, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>-3, + <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Empress, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">English parallels, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-8, + <a href="#Page_170">170</a> (2);</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Fair treatment of Employees practicable, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Flag system, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Food, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-2-3 (2)-4, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, + <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Foremen, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>-3, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Girls, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, + <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Government, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>-3;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Health, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-2-3-4 (2);</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Heat, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Holidays, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hours (thirteen, fourteen, sixteen, eighteen), <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, + <a href="#Page_163">163</a> (2)-4-5 (3), <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Illness, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-2-3-4, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Immorality, <a href="#Page_163">163</a> (2);</span><br /> +<span class="in1">International Labour Office, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1"><i>Kemban</i>, see Recruiters, Köfu, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Kuwata, Dr., <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Labour cheap, <a href="#Page_169">169</a> (2), <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Labour docile, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Legislation, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, + <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Married women, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Marriages, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Morale, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mottoes, <a href="#Page_164">164</a> (3)-5;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Number of workers, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Obedience, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Parliament, <a href="#Page_173">173</a> (2);</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Police <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pressure <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Priests and Missionaries, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, + <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Proprietors, <a href="#Page_163">163</a> (2)-4-5, + <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-8;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Recruiters, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-2-3, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sleeping, see Dormitories;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Suwa, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Switzerland, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wages <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-2, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>-5, + <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-8;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Walpole's History, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Washington Conference, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Western responsibility, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Worked like soldiers," <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and daimyo's castle, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and farmers, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>; + Silk <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tea <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Visits to, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Woollen, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>-5-6-7</span><br /> +<br /> +Failures, A country's, due to, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Fairies, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /> +<br /> +Faith, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Faith is the mother," etc., <a href="#Page_136">136</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Fame, Worldly, and good repute, <a href="#Page_324">324</a><br /> +<br /> +Familiarity, <a href="#Page_273">273</a><br /> +<br /> +Family, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Discords, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Excesses," <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Large, Appreciation of, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Size of, see also Limitation of, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, + <a href="#Page_331">331</a> (2), <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Number in, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">System, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, + <a href="#Page_328">328</a>-9, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Famines, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, + <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a><br /> +<br /> +Fans, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br /> +<br /> +Farmers, see also Adjustment, Agriculture, Area per family, Countryman, Debt, Heroic peasant, + Labour, Paddy, Peasant Proprietors, Rice, Tenants, Work;<br /> +<span class="in1">Ability, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Aged mother, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Adjustment, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Artisan, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Attraction of towns, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Copper companies, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Egotist <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and M.P. <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and reading, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and thieving priest, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Attitude towards Science, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">as poets <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Autobiography, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Bondage <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">British, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Capital, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Character needed, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Children clever, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Clothing, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Condition, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, + <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>-4-5, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, + <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a> (2), <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, + <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, + <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Condition improved, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Condition of success, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Days working, <a href="#Page_232">232</a> (3);</span><br /> +<span class="in2">(hand work, heavy spade, long-handled sickle, mattock, + sickle, scythe, weeding <a href="#Page_385">385</a>-6;)</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Debts <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Expenditure, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>-2;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Evicted by Railways, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Families <a href="#Page_412">412</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 424<a name="Page_424" id="Page_424"></a></span> +<span class="in2">for and against Family system <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Fishermen <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Foreign sympathy excessive <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Food <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>-1, + <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">in sericultural districts <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Future <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Holidays, too small,</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Home, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>; <a href="#Page_281">281</a>; + Good humour <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hours worked <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Idealising of <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Importance of Character, Education and Influences + brought to bear on <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Incomes too low <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Lowest on which can live <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">of an M.P. and of a Minister of State <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-10;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Increased expenditure <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Intelligence of <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Knowledge of financial position <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Laboriousness <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Lack of cash <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Large, see Hokkaido;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Limitations imposed by area, practice and + physical conditions <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Long hours, see Day's working, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Metayer system <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Meeting of skilful <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Middle <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, + <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mixed, see Hokkaido;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Monument <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Morality <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">No time to think <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Not able <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Not inferior to a townsman <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pilgrimages <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pluck, industry and need of land <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Poverty <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, + <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pressure on <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Profit, see Hokkaido;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Self-contained existence no longer <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Selling land <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Shall rent be paid in cash? <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Small decreasing, large increasing, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Social precedence, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Spade <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Stories <a href="#Page_24">24</a>-25;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Temporary prosperity <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tenants' movement, see Landlords;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Thatch for implements, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Toil never ending" <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Unrepresented in Parliament <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Why better off <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Why poor <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wives <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Working days <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Yosōgi's story <a href="#Page_66">66</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Farce <a href="#Page_320">320</a><br /> +<br /> +Fashions <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Fasting <a href="#Page_327">327</a><br /> +<br /> +Fat <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> +<br /> +Father and son <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a> (2);<br /> +<span class="in1">Father-in-law <a href="#Page_138">138</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Feast, name of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> +<br /> +Feeling <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">v. Statistics <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Logic <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Feet <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Wet <a href="#Page_312">312</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Fencing and Wrestling, see Wrestling;<br /> +<span class="in1"><a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a> +, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Ferment <a href="#Page_323">323</a><br /> +<br /> +Fertiliser <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Fertility <a href="#Page_92">92</a> (2)</span><br /> +<br /> +Festivals <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, + <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Sketches at, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Feudal ideas <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Pensions and debt <a href="#Page_395">395</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Régime <a href="#Page_244">244</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Field (Upland) <a href="#Page_372">372</a><br /> +<br /> +Figs <a href="#Page_289">289</a><br /> +<br /> +Filial duties <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a> (2)<br /> +<br /> +Filth, see Manure<br /> +<br /> +Fine arts <a href="#Page_214">214</a><br /> +<br /> +Fine days <a href="#Page_245">245</a><br /> +<br /> +Fines <a href="#Page_285">285</a><br /> +<br /> +Fir <a href="#Page_213">213</a><br /> +<br /> +Fire defenders and Fire extinguishing <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, + <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Flies <a href="#Page_136">136</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Fire farming <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, + <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> +<br /> +Fire God <a href="#Page_267">267</a><br /> +<br /> +Fire holes <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br /> +<br /> +Fires, see also Arson; <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, +<a href="#Page_125">125</a>-6, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, + <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a><br /> +<br /> +Fish <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, + <a href="#Page_117">117</a> (2), <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, + <a href="#Page_348">348</a>-9 (2), <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, + <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Ceremonial <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daintiest part <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Eyes <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Fed <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Nurseries <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Soup <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Supply <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Waste <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Fisheries, see also Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a><br /> +<br /> +Fishermen <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Farmers <a href="#Page_210">210</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Fishing <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Boat <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Village <a href="#Page_327">327</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Flags <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> +<br /> +Flail <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> +<br /> +Flax <a href="#Page_272">272</a>-3, <a href="#Page_381">381</a> (2), <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +Fleas <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /> +<br /> +"Flinging water at a frog's back" <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +Flint and tinder <a href="#Page_233">233</a><br /> +<br /> +Floods <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, + <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, + <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a> (2), + <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a><br /> +<br /> +Flowers <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, + <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Arrangement <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, + <a href="#Page_319">319</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Flute <a href="#Page_190">190</a><br /> +<br /> +Folklore being made <a href="#Page_331">331</a><br /> +<br /> +Food, see Farmers, Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, + <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, + <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, + <a href="#Page_374">374</a> (2), <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">and Clothes <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Five <i>sen</i> a day <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Japanese v. foreign <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Lack of <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Production <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Specialities <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tea and Rice <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rice and Pickle <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Taken away by guests <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Unbalanced <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">When travelling <a href="#Page_110">110</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Forage <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>-4, <a href="#Page_367">367</a><br /> +<br /> +Forces which govern behaviour <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Foreign: Apeing Foreign <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Benevolence <a href="#Page_376">376</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Books <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Emulation of <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Fashions <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Influence <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ideas overpowering <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pride in things foreign <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 425<a name="Page_425" id="Page_425"></a></span> +<span class="in1">Tourist <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Under control <a href="#Page_357">357</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Foreigners <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, + <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a> (2), + <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, + <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, + <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Cutting them out <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and idols <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Japanese, Closer relations with <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Waitresses <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hoodwinking <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ill-instructed <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Immorality <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sexual curiosity <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Short-tempered because of Meat-eating <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Smell of <a href="#Page_142">142</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Forests, see Floods; <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, + <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, + <a href="#Page_409">409</a><br /> +<br /> +Forestry, see Hokkaido;<br /> +<span class="in1">Association <a href="#Page_177">177</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Formalin <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Formosa, see Taiwan; <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, + <a href="#Page_390">390</a>-1, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a> (2)<br /> +<br /> +Fortunate days <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +"Fortune" <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br /> +<br /> +Forty-seven Ronin <a href="#Page_333">333</a><br /> +<br /> +Foster mother <a href="#Page_311">311</a><br /> +<br /> +Foundations of Japan in village ix, <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /> +<br /> +Foundlings <a href="#Page_376">376</a><br /> +<br /> +Fowl day <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Fox <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, + <a href="#Page_326">326</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">God <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, + <a href="#Page_325">325</a>-6 (2)</span><br /> +<br /> +France <a href="#Page_397">397</a> (2);<br /> +<span class="in1">and Algeria <a href="#Page_256">256</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Franchise <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, + <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a><br /> +<br /> +Franklin, B., <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +Frankness <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> +<br /> +Frazer, Sir J.G., <a href="#Page_243">243</a><br /> +<br /> +Freedom, see Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Free Farmer in a Free State, A</i>, + <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>-8<br /> +<br /> +Free, Japan very, <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> +<br /> +Frockcoats <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a><br /> +<br /> +Frogs <a href="#Page_48">48</a> (2), <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a><br /> +<br /> +Froissart <a href="#Page_161">161</a><br /> +<br /> +Frontier line <a href="#Page_306">306</a><br /> +<br /> +Frost <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a><br /> +<br /> +Froude, J.A., <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Frugality <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /> +<br /> +Fruit, see Names of; <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, + <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, + <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, + <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Disease <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Growing <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Jelly <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Insects <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Preparations <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Unripe <a href="#Page_150">150</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Fu</i> <a href="#Page_xxv">xxv</a><br /> +<br /> +Fuel, see Charcoal, Coal, Wood; <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a><br /> +<br /> +Fuji <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">and Electricity <a href="#Page_283">283</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Fukushima <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, + <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a><br /> +<br /> +Funabushi <a href="#Page_307">307</a><br /> +<br /> +Fundamental power <a href="#Page_323">323</a><br /> +<br /> +Funerals <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, + <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Forbidden <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Feast <a href="#Page_248">248</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Furniture <a href="#Page_382">382</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Furoshiki</i> <a href="#Page_280">280</a><br /> +<br /> +Fusuma <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Futon</i> <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, + <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a><br /> +<br /> +"Future in the morning" <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Future Life <a href="#Page_201">201</a></span><br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +<i>Gaku</i> <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>-9, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> +<br /> +Galloway dykes <a href="#Page_227">227</a><br /> +<br /> +Gambling <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, + <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Gampi</i> <a href="#Page_401">401</a><br /> +<br /> +Gap between East and West <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> +<br /> +Gardens <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>-4, + <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, + <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Economic <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Garden where virtues, etc." <a href="#Page_177">177</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Gas <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Natural <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, + <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Gasometer and shrine <a href="#Page_286">286</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Geisha <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, + <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, + <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, + <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Gemmai</i> <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Geniuses, Education of, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Genre pictures <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Genshitsu</i> <a href="#Page_259">259</a><br /> +<br /> +Gentleness <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Geology <a href="#Page_365">365</a><br /> +<br /> +Geomancy <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> +<br /> +German prisoners <a href="#Page_307">307</a><br /> +<br /> +Germany, see Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_300">300</a>-1, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, + <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Geta</i> <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, + <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, + <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Getsu-yo-bi</i> <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Gifu <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> +<br /> +Gillie <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> +<br /> +Ginger <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Ginseng</i> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a><br /> +<br /> +Giotto <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Girls, see School girls; <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-4, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, + <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Babies on backs <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Exploitation <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">in hotels and restaurants <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Labourers <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, + <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Porters <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Primitive conditions <a href="#Page_216">216</a> ;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sturdiness <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wages <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Gipsies <a href="#Page_110">110</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Gladstone <a href="#Page_352">352</a><br /> +<br /> +Glamour of West <a href="#Page_369">369</a><br /> +<br /> +Glass, Box for broken, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Globe <a href="#Page_276">276</a><br /> +<br /> +"Glory of the Morning" <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Go</i> (measure) <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1"><i>Gō</i> (chess) <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_214">214</a>-5</span><br /> +<br /> +Goats <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, + <a href="#Page_406">406</a><br /> +<br /> +Godown <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a><br /> +<br /> +Gods <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, + <a href="#Page_202">202</a>-3-4, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">of Agriculture <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">calling down <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Christian view of <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"God damn all foreigners" <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">of Fire <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">of Happiness <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 426<a name="Page_426" id="Page_426"></a></span> +<span class="in1">of Horses <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"If one shall give to God" <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Respect for <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Sea <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"God second" <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sirens and guns <a href="#Page_237">237</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Gogh, Van, <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Gohei</i> <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, + <a href="#Page_318">318</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Gohan</i> <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Goitre <a href="#Page_268">268</a><br /> +<br /> +Gold <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Story <a href="#Page_5">5</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Golden Bough, The</i>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a><br /> +<br /> +Goldsmith, Oliver, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> +<br /> +Gong <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a><br /> +<br /> +Gonorrhœa <a href="#Page_300">300</a><br /> +<br /> +Good:<br /> +<span class="in1">Doing <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Fellowship <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Humour <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Good people are not sufficiently precautious" <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Resolutions, Black and red balls for, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Good wives and good mothers" <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Good Shepherd <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Goodness, Causes of, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Goods, not up to sample, <a href="#Page_354">354</a><br /> +<br /> +Gosen <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /> +<br /> +Gospel <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /> +<br /> +Gourds <a href="#Page_221">221</a><br /> +<br /> +Government, Feeling towards, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Granary <a href="#Page_86">86</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Governors <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, + <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, + <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>-3, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, + <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, + <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Ex- <a href="#Page_241">241</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Goya <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Graduation tax <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> +<br /> +"Grafting, Thinking," <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> +<br /> +Grain <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">and wood crops <a href="#Page_309">309</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Granary <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +Grandfather's story <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> +<br /> +Grapes <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, + <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, + <a href="#Page_402">402</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">in mustard <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Grapefruit <a href="#Page_238">238</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Grass, see Forage; <a href="#Page_381">381</a> (3), <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Land available <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hokkaido and Saghalien <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Bamboo <a href="#Page_352">352</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Gratitude <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> +<br /> +Gravel <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> +<br /> +Graves, see Burial grounds; <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, + <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Stones <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, + <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, + <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Gravedigger <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Unpopular persons <a href="#Page_241">241</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Great Britain <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a><br /> +<br /> +Greece <a href="#Page_95">95</a>-6, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Greek Church <a href="#Page_362">362</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Green, J.K., <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> +<br /> +"Greenfield Mountain" <a href="#Page_244">244</a><br /> +<br /> +Grief <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a><br /> +<br /> +Ground cypress <a href="#Page_221">221</a><br /> +<br /> +"Guid moral fowk" <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> +<br /> +Guilds <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a><br /> +<br /> +Gumma <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Gun</i> xxv;<br /> +<span class="in1"><i>Gunchō</i> <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, + <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, + <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Guns, sirens and gods, <a href="#Page_237">237</a><br /> +<br /> +Gutters <a href="#Page_286">286</a><br /> +<br /> +Gymnastics <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Gyokuro</i> <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a><br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +<i>Habakari</i> <a href="#Page_375">375</a><br /> +<br /> +Habits <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +Hachia <a href="#Page_248">248</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Hagi</i> <a href="#Page_213">213</a><br /> +<br /> +Hair <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, + <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Tied up <a href="#Page_116">116</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Hakama</i> <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Hakumai</i> <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Haldane, Lord, <a href="#Page_201">201</a><br /> +<br /> +Half-civilised <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">dressed <a href="#Page_126">126</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Hall, Sir D., viii, <a href="#Page_370">370</a><br /> +<br /> +Ham <a href="#Page_406">406</a><br /> +<br /> +Hamlets <a href="#Page_xxv">xxvi</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +Hand-claps <a href="#Page_45">45</a>-6, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Hands 153</span><br /> +<br /> +Handicrafts, Japanese and British, <a href="#Page_317">317</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Hantsukimai</i> <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Haori</i> <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a><br /> +<br /> +Happiness <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">God of, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Harakiri</i>, see <i>Seppuku</i>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Hara</i> (prairie) <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> +<br /> +Hara, Professor, <a href="#Page_413">413</a> (2)<br /> +<br /> +Hard work, or better, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> +<br /> +Hare <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Day <a href="#Page_126">126</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Harmoniums <a href="#Page_276">276</a><br /> +<br /> +Harp <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /> +<br /> +Harvest, see Paddy, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Gods and, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Hasegawa, Tohaku, <a href="#Page_344">344</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Hashi</i> <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /> +<br /> +Hata <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1"><i>Hatake</i> <a href="#Page_68">68</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Hats <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, + <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a><br /> +<br /> +Hawaii <a href="#Page_388">388</a><br /> +<br /> +Hawker: beggar <a href="#Page_248">248</a><br /> +<br /> +Hayashi, Baron, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a><br /> +<br /> +Haze <a href="#Page_392">392</a><br /> +<br /> +Headhunters <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> +<br /> +Headman, see Blind Headman, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, + <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, + <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, + <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">and Officials <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Loochoos <a href="#Page_236">236</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Health, see Bureau of Hygiene, Invalids, Physique, Tuberculosis; <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, + <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, + <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, + <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a><br /> +<br /> +Hearn, Lafcadio, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, + <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a><br /> +<br /> +Hearts <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +Heat, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, + <a href="#Page_307">307</a><br /> +<br /> +"Heathen" <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, + <a href="#Page_326">326</a><br /> +<br /> +Heather <a href="#Page_290">290</a><br /> +<br /> +Heaven <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Heavenly punishment" <a href="#Page_298">298</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Hebrew prophets <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br /> +<br /> +Height <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>-5<br /> +<br /> +<i>Heimin</i> <a href="#Page_400">400</a><br /> +<br /> +Hell <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 427<a name="Page_427" id="Page_427"></a></span> +Hemp <a href="#Page_409">409</a><br /> +<br /> +Henley, W.E., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +Hens, Pensions for, <a href="#Page_345">345</a><br /> +<br /> +"Here the Emperor beheld," etc. <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> +<br /> +Herring blessed <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Hibachi</i> <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a><br /> +<br /> +"Hided himself" <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> +<br /> +Highways, Ancient, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /> +<br /> +Hills <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Artificial <a href="#Page_210">210</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Hills removed <a href="#Page_299">299</a><br /> +<br /> +Hindus <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Hinoki</i> <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a><br /> +<br /> +Hiroshima <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a><br /> +<br /> +History: Cannot be repeated <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">of England <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">of the "Southern Savage" <a href="#Page_208">208</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Hiye</i> <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a><br /> +<br /> +Hoes, see Paddy<br /> +<br /> +Hokkaido <a href="#Page_xxv">xxv</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a> (2), <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, + <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>-3, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, + <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Agricultural college, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">American supplies and influence <a href="#Page_334">334</a>(2)-5-6 (2);</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Apples <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ashigawa <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ainu <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Alcohol factory <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Askov <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1"><i>Basha</i> <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Bear <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Beer <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Best bits" <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Beauty <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Brewing <a href="#Page_335">335</a>-6-7;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Britons <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Brothels <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Buckwheat <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Budget cut down <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Buggies <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Canning <a href="#Page_336">336</a>-7;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cattle <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Christians <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Climate <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Collies <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cooperation <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Countryside <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Credit <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cossack farming <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Dairymaid <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Danish songs 341;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Development, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>-9, + <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Drainage <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Dutch <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Education <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Elms <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Farms, Area, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, + <a href="#Page_337">337</a>-8;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Mixed, milk, meat, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, + <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Profits <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>-1-2;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Official farms <a href="#Page_343">343</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Farms, large, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Feed them well" <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Fisheries <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Floods <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Flour mills <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Food <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Foreign practice <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Forestry <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Forest fires <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">French <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Getting on" <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Germans <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Grouse <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Immigrants <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, + <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Grass <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hakadate <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hay <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Horses <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Houses <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hunting <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Huts <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Imperial household <a href="#Page_335">335</a>-6, + <a href="#Page_360">360</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Rescript 336;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Immigration into island, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, + <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Industry <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Influence on Old Japan <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, + <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1"><i>Kō</i> 341;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Kuroda <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Labour difficulties <a href="#Page_337">337</a>-8,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Land scandals <a href="#Page_359">359</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Not available <a href="#Page_360">360</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">System <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Licensed Quarters, see Brothel;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Manitoba <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Maize <a href="#Page_336">336</a>-7;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Milk <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Millet <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mining <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Moneylenders <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Money wanted <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Monkeys <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mortgage <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Nitobe, Dr., <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Oats <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Oxen <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Peat <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Peppermint <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pheasants <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pigs <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Population <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, + <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Potato, see Starch;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Prostitutes <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Railway <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Religion <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Residuum <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rice <a href="#Page_337">337</a>-8, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rivers <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Roads <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, + <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Riding <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Russians <a href="#Page_335">335</a>-6;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rye <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Saké <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Salisbury, Lord, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Salvation Army <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sapporo, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>-4 (2), + <a href="#Page_337">337</a>-8, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sato, Dr., <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Scenery <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Self-binders <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1"><i>Self-help</i> <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sheep <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, + <a href="#Page_352">352</a>-3-4;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Silo <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Stock-keeping <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1"><i>shōchū</i> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Shrine <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Slesvig <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Snow <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Social question" <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Soldier colony <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Sordid" <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Stallion <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Starch factory <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Stimulating and free <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Streets <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sugar-beet factories <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Taxation <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Temples <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tenants <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tolstoy <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tomeoka <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Trees <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Uchimura <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ugliness <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">University <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Value of land <a href="#Page_402">402</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Volcanoes <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, + <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wagon storage <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Whoa" <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Windows <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wolves <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wood pulp <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Yezo <a href="#Page_335">335</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Hokke <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Hokku</i> <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Hokora</i> <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /> +<br /> +Hokusai <a href="#Page_344">344</a><br /> +<br /> +Holidays <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Cheap <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">To cattle <a href="#Page_256">256</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Holiness, Theoretical and practical, <a href="#Page_256">256</a><br /> +<br /> +Holland, see Dutch; <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a><br /> +<br /> +Hollyhocks <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> +<br /> +Home Office <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Home training <a href="#Page_149">149</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Homma <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Hon</i> <a href="#Page_334">334</a><br /> +<br /> +Hondo, see Honshu<br /> +<br /> +Honesty <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a><br /> +<br /> +"Honourable first-class passengers" <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 428<a name="Page_428" id="Page_428"></a></span> +Honours, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Honshu <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>-1-2, <a href="#Page_402">402</a><br /> +<br /> +Hoops <a href="#Page_221">221</a><br /> +<br /> +Hopes for the future <a href="#Page_361">361</a><br /> +<br /> +Horses, see Hokkaido, Paddy; <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, + <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, + <a href="#Page_194">194</a>-5, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, + <a href="#Page_262">262</a>-3-4, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, + <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a> (2), <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, + <a href="#Page_381">381</a> (3) -2 (2), <a href="#Page_406">406</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Bronze <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Day <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Difficulty of feeding <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Dressing <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Fair <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Feed <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Fondness for <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Fly <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">God <a href="#Page_267">267</a> (2), <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Holidays for <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Monuments to <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Power <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Shows <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Slaughtered <a href="#Page_406">406</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Shrine <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Symbol <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Horseman's hair cutting <a href="#Page_318">318</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Hotels, see Inns, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Japanese and English <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Hotel for people of good intentions" <a href="#Page_54">54</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Hot spring <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Story <a href="#Page_233">233</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Houses, see Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, + <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, + <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Beauties of <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Building <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Courtesies <a href="#Page_34">34</a>-5;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">of ill fame, see Brothels;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Miserable <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">New forbidden <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Simplicity <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Transported <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Western "taste" <a href="#Page_34">34</a></span><br /> +<br /> +"How I became a Christian" <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> +<br /> +Humanity <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">New conception of <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Humanitarians <a href="#Page_206">206</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Humidity, see Climate<br /> +<br /> +Humour <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a><br /> +<br /> +Humus <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br /> +<br /> +Hunger <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /> +<br /> +Hunting, see Hokkaido, <a href="#Page_278">278</a><br /> +<br /> +Husband and Wife <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /> +<br /> +Huxley <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a><br /> +<br /> +Hydrangea <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /> +<br /> +Hydraulic works <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> +<br /> +Hygiene, see Health<br /> +<br /> +Hyogo <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, + <a href="#Page_402">402</a><br /> +<br /> +Hypocrisy <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a><br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +<i>I</i> <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +"I am the master of my fate" <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"I remain Japanese" <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"I hear the voice of Spring" <a href="#Page_165">165</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Ibaraki <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a><br /> +<br /> +Idea of a Gap <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Old ideas <a href="#Page_331">331</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Ideographs <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a><br /> +<br /> +Idleness, Correction of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +"Idols" <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +"If you look at a water fowl" <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"If you should advise me" <a href="#Page_175">175</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Ihai</i> <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1"><i>Ihaido</i> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>-3</span><br /> +<br /> +Illegitimacy <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, + <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, + <a href="#Page_395">395</a><br /> +<br /> +Illiteracy <a href="#Page_375">375</a><br /> +<br /> +Illness <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a><br /> +<br /> +Image, see Idols, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +Imitation, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Immorality, see Morality, Women, Primitive conditions; <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, + <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-2, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, + <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, + <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>-2, + <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, + <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, + <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, + <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Foreigners, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Shrine, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>-6</span><br /> +<br /> +Imperial Household, see Hokkaido;<br /> +<span class="in1">Garden Party, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rescript <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-1, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, + <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Poem competition <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Train <a href="#Page_44">44</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Imperturbability <a href="#Page_251">251</a><br /> +<br /> +Implements <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Better, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, + <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cared for, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Primitive, <a href="#Page_365">365</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Imports, Doing away with <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Some useless <a href="#Page_369">369</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Impressions <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +Improvement, Principles of, <a href="#Page_370">370</a><br /> +<br /> +Inari <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a><br /> +<br /> +Incendiarism, see Arson<br /> +<br /> +Incense <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> +<br /> +"Incitement to do well" <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +Income of a Governor, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">of a Minister of State <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Small <a href="#Page_240">240</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Incomprehensibleness <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> +<br /> +Incongruity <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /> +<br /> +Indecency <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a><br /> +<br /> +Independence <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a><br /> +<br /> +India <a href="#Page_388">388</a><br /> +<br /> +Indigo <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a><br /> +<br /> +Individualism <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-2, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, + <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a><br /> +<br /> +Indo-China <a href="#Page_388">388</a><br /> +<br /> +Indoors <a href="#Page_213">213</a><br /> +<br /> +Industry (quality) <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a><br /> +<br /> +Industry, see Hokkaido, Factories, Sericulture;<br /> +<span class="in1">Alleged economic necessity for Sweating <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Industry and Increase of Production" <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cheap labour <a href="#Page_169">169</a>(2), <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cotton factories <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Chinese competition <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Commerce v. Agriculture <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, + <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Crash <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Criticism <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Destruction of Craftsmanship <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Death rate <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Deception of West <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Docile Labour <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Employers' public spirit <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Excuses for shortcomings <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Exploiting <a href="#Page_169">169</a> (2);</span><br /> +<span class="in1">El Dorado <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Female labour <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Foreign competition <a href="#Page_173">173</a>-4;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Handicap of <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Indefensible attitude <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Inexperienced labour <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Inhumanity <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Just claim <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mistakes imitating West <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Net return to Japan <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 429<a name="Page_429" id="Page_429"></a></span> +<span class="in1">Number of workers <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Profits <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rural v. Urban <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Success of <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Uselessness of some <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Unskilled labour <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Welfare work <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wellwishers' fears <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Western lessons <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wisdom, Will it be displayed? <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Woollen, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>-5-6-7</span><br /> +<br /> +Infanticide <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, + <a href="#Page_332">332</a><br /> +<br /> +Infinity <a href="#Page_200">200</a><br /> +<br /> +Inflation <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a><br /> +<br /> +Influence <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, + <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Influential villager <a href="#Page_140">140</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Inhalation <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br /> +<br /> +Inland Sea <a href="#Page_207">207</a>-8, <a href="#Page_235">235</a><br /> +<br /> +Inner colonisation, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>-4<br /> +<br /> +Inn <a href="#Page_108">108</a>-9-10, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>-3, + <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>-5, + <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, + <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">of Cold Spring Water <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Entertainment <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Notices in <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Old days <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rates <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Restfulness <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Transportation of <a href="#Page_182">182</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Inscriptions <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +Insects <a href="#Page_20">20</a> (2), <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, + <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, + <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Fondness for, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Insect powder <a href="#Page_109">109</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Instinct <a href="#Page_201">201</a><br /> +<br /> +Instructions <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /> +<br /> +Insurance <a href="#Page_281">281</a><br /> +<br /> +Intellectuals <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br /> +<br /> +Intelligence <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a><br /> +<br /> +Intercourse <a href="#Page_358">358</a><br /> +<br /> +Interest, see Usury; <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Intermarriage <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, + <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a><br /> +<br /> +International Labour Conference <a href="#Page_395">395</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Understanding, see West and East</span><br /> +<br /> +Interpreter <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +Intestines <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Introduction to the History of Japan</i>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a><br /> +<br /> +Invalids <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a><br /> +<br /> +Ireland <a href="#Page_358">358</a><br /> +<br /> +Iron <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a><br /> +<br /> +Irrigation, see Water, Waterwheels, Wells; <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, + <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, + <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>-1<br /> +<br /> +Ise Shrine <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> +<br /> +Islands <a href="#Page_235">235</a> (3), <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Beacon <a href="#Page_247">247</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Italy <a href="#Page_365">365</a>-6, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>-7<br /> +<br /> +Ito San <a href="#Page_307">307</a><br /> +<br /> +Itsukushima <a href="#Page_236">236</a><br /> +<br /> +Iwate <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>-6<br /> +<br /> +Izumo <a href="#Page_251">251</a><br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +<i>Jaga-imo</i> <a href="#Page_249">249</a><br /> +<br /> +Jakchū, <a href="#Page_344">344</a><br /> +<br /> +James, William, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +Japan, see Japanese;<br /> +<span class="in1">Anti-Ally campaign <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Belief in, a substitute for religion, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Books, good and bad, on <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Germany <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Great Britain <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, + <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Compared with Asia <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Could support double the population <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Course <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Danger of Foreign colonisation <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">English-speaking world and <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Free <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Future, neither a technical nor an economic problem, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Forced into Materialism, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Great Britain and, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mental attitude <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">New and Old <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Northern <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, +<a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a> (2), <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Proper <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Thousand years ago <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">United States and <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Width <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Will o' the wisps <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">World opinion on <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Japanese: Advantages <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Aestheticism and farmer <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Closer relations with foreigners <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Christian church <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Common sense <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Devotional <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Essence of life <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Family, a, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ideas, old, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Judgment on <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Kindness <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Number in Great Britain <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">in London <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Opportunities <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Puzzled <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Japanese spirit," see <i>Yamato damashii</i>, +<a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Talents <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">True v. mediocre, <a href="#Page_371">371</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Jeffries, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Ji</i> <a href="#Page_210">210</a><br /> +<br /> +"<i>Jiji</i>" <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Jinrikisha</i>, see Kurumo; <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Jishu</i> <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Jizō</i> <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a><br /> +<br /> +John, Augustus <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Johns Hopkins <a href="#Page_349">349</a><br /> +<br /> +Johnson, Dr., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, + <a href="#Page_297">297</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Joro</i>, see Prostitutes; <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, + <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Judō</i> <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Jūjitsu</i> <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a><br /> +<br /> +"Jump land" <a href="#Page_305">305</a><br /> +<br /> +Jungle <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +Kagawa <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Kago</i> <a href="#Page_244">244</a><br /> +<br /> +Kaiserism <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Kakemono</i> <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, + <a href="#Page_150">150</a> (2), <a href="#Page_319">319</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Kakkō</i> <a href="#Page_315">315</a><br /> +<br /> +Kambara <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /> +<br /> +Kamchatka <a href="#Page_195">195</a><br /> +<br /> +Kanagawa <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, + <a href="#Page_321">321</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 430<a name="Page_430" id="Page_430"></a></span> +<br /> +<i>Karakami</i> <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> +<br /> +Karuizawa <a href="#Page_143">143</a>-4<br /> +<br /> +<i>Kasutera</i> <a href="#Page_346">346</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Katsubushi</i> <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a><br /> +<br /> +Kawasaki, see Labour<br /> +<br /> +"Keeping up position" <a href="#Page_183">183</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Ken</i> <a href="#Page_xxv">xxvi</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> +<br /> +Kennedy, J. Russell, <a href="#Page_332">332</a><br /> +<br /> +Kepler <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a><br /> +<br /> +Khedive <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Ki-ai</i> <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Kikicha</i> <a href="#Page_294">294</a><br /> +<br /> +Kimonos <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, + <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a> (4), <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, + <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, + <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, + <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Respect for superiors <a href="#Page_125">125</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Kinai <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> +<br /> +Kindergarten <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +Kindness <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a><br /> +<br /> +King, Professor, vii, <a href="#Page_260">260</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Kiri</i> <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +Kissing <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br /> +<br /> +Kitchens of Hongwanji <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> +<br /> +Kites <a href="#Page_260">260</a><br /> +<br /> +Kittens, see Cats; <a href="#Page_345">345</a><br /> +<br /> +Kneeling <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a><br /> +<br /> +Knife <a href="#Page_282">282</a><br /> +<br /> +Knowledge <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Kō</i>, see Hokkaido, <i>Tanomoshi</i>; <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, + <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Ko-aza</i> xxvi<br /> +<br /> +Kobe <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, + <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Kobe beef" <a href="#Page_402">402</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Kochi <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a><br /> +<br /> +Kōfu <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Koi</i>, see Carp<br /> +<br /> +Koizumi Yakumo <a href="#Page_254">254</a><br /> +<br /> +Kokusai-Reuter <a href="#Page_332">332</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Komojin</i> <a href="#Page_208">208</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Konnyaku</i> <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> +<br /> +Korea <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, + <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, + <a href="#Page_363">363</a> (2), <a href="#Page_390">390</a> (2), <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, + <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Folk art <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Secretary of Government <a href="#Page_10">10</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Korai</i> <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Kōri</i> <a href="#Page_105">xxvi</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Koto</i> <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Kōzo</i> <a href="#Page_401">401</a><br /> +<br /> +Kropotkin <a href="#Page_321">321</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Kuge</i> <a href="#Page_102">102</a>-3<br /> +<br /> +<i>Kumi</i> <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Kura</i>, see Godown<br /> +<br /> +Kuriles <a href="#Page_391">391</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Kuruma</i> <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a> (2), <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, + <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">in War time <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Forbidden <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wooden wheels <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1"><i>Kurumaya</i> <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>-3, + <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, + <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Story <a href="#Page_310">310</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Kusunoki Masashige <a href="#Page_66">66</a>-7<br /> +<br /> +Kuwata, Dr., <a href="#Page_399">399</a><br /> +<br /> +Kwanto <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, + <a href="#Page_309">309</a><br /> +<br /> +Kwantung <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Kyōgen</i> <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> +<br /> +Kyosai, Kawanabe, <a href="#Page_344">344</a><br /> +<br /> +Kyōto <a href="#Page_63">xxvi</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, + <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, + <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, + <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, + <a href="#Page_391">391</a>-2;<br /> +<span class="in1">Hongwanji <a href="#Page_2">2</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Kyushu xii, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>-1-2, + <a href="#Page_402">402</a><br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +Labour, see Factories, Farmers, Land, Paternalism, Revolution;<br /> +<span class="in1">Socialism, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Arrests <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Better directed <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ca'-canny <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cheap labour exploited <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Child workers <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, + <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Confederation of Japanese Labour <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Labour contractors, see Hokkaido, Sericulture;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Days in the Year, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a> (2), + <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Employers' public spirit <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">English parallels <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a> (2);</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Factory law <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, + <a href="#Page_171">171</a>-2 (2), <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hours <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>-7, + <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Eleven <a href="#Page_173">173</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Twelve <a href="#Page_170">170</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Fourteen <a href="#Page_171">171</a>-2;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Farmer's Co-operation, see Tenants' movement;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Friend-Love-Society" <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Girls' labour <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Imprisonment <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Increased <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Irregular <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Given <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Kawasaki <a href="#Page_173">173</a>-4;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Matsukata <a href="#Page_173">173</a>-4;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mitsubishi <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Night <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Police <a href="#Page_170">170</a>-1;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Prosecutions <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Publications <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Public meetings <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Public opinion <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, +<a href="#Page_172">172</a>-3;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Seaman's Union <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Strikes, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tenants' Movement <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Trade Unions <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, +<a href="#Page_170">170</a> (2) -1;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wages substituted for apprentice system <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Women workers, see Silk (Factories) <a href="#Page_171">171</a>-2;</span><br /> +<span class="in1"><i>Yu-ai-Kai</i> <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> +<br /> +Labourers, see Girl labourers, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, +<a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>-1, +<a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a><br /> +<br /> +Lacquer <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a><br /> +<br /> +Ladder for tree pruning <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br /> +<br /> +Ladybirds <a href="#Page_289">289</a><br /> +<br /> +Lamb, Henry, <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br /> +<br /> +Lamps <a href="#Page_348">348</a><br /> +<br /> +Land available, see Utilised, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, + <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, + <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Covered by buildings, railways, etc., <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, + <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">City investments in, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">under Cultivation <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Divided up, result, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">New <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>-3, + <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, + <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a> (2), <a href="#Page_225">225</a> (2), + <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Yearly <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Government action, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ownership decrease, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"of Plenteous ears" <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Made over to farmers at Restoration <a href="#Page_395">395</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">from the Sea, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 431<a name="Page_431" id="Page_431"></a></span> +<span class="in2">held by Tradesmen and other, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Utilised, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, + <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Value of, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, + <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Landlady and Players <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br /> +<br /> +Landless <a href="#Page_412">412</a><br /> +<br /> +Landlords, see also Tenants, Hokkaido, Homma; <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, + <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, + <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Area <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, + <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Absentees <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Advice and gifts by <a href="#Page_30">30</a> (2);</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Bad <a href="#Page_58">58</a> (4);</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Budgets <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Boycotted <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Competition for Farmers <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Circuit of village <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cruel <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Expert engaged <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Diversions <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Factory dividends <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">as Farmers, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Idle <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">and Farmers' wives <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Garden parties <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Hided himself" <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Land master" <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Parasitic <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Poets <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Power going from <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rents and Reduction of <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, + <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sharing system, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Storehouses, <a href="#Page_28">28</a> (2);</span><br /> +<span class="in2">and Tenants, <a href="#Page_23">23</a> <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, + <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-8, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, + <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in1"><a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Taxes <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tenant movement <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-8;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Perspiration, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Reformation of village, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Uchimura <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Usurers <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Western and Japanese compared, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Landscape <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /> +<br /> +Lanes <a href="#Page_307">307</a><br /> +<br /> +Lang, A., <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +Language <a href="#Page_301">301</a><br /> +<br /> +Lanterns <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, + <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, + <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>-7<br /> +<br /> +Lark <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /> +<br /> +Laughter <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> +<br /> +Law, William, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Leaders <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +League of Nations, Japanese Secretary, <a href="#Page_336">336</a><br /> +<br /> +"Learning Meeting" <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Learning right ways," etc., <a href="#Page_164">164</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Lectures <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, + <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a><br /> +<br /> +Leeches, see Paddy, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /> +<br /> +"Left behind his tiredness" <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /> +<br /> +Legislation <a href="#Page_236">236</a><br /> +<br /> +Legumes <a href="#Page_349">349</a><br /> +<br /> +Lemonade <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /> +<br /> +Lending, see Borrowing, <i>Kō, Tanomoshi</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, + <a href="#Page_183">183</a><br /> +<br /> +Leonardo <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Leprosy <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Lespedeza bicolor</i> <a href="#Page_213">213</a><br /> +<br /> +Letter in the temple <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +Letters, interesting, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Lettering, Western v. Eastern, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Liberté du travail, De la</i>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> +<br /> +Libraries <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, + <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, + <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, + <a href="#Page_401">401</a><br /> +<br /> +Licensed Quarters, see Brothels<br /> +<br /> +Life <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Aim <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Chaotic <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Desire to enjoy <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Significance of <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Too near to Criticise <a href="#Page_331">331</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Lignite <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> +<br /> +Lighthouse, "At foot it is dark," <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +Lighting <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /> +<br /> +Lily <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +Lime <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br /> +<br /> +Lincoln <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Literature <a href="#Page_369">369</a>; Western <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /> +<br /> +"Livestock, his family," <a href="#Page_386">386</a><br /> +<br /> +Living, Bare, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Better <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cost of <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Standard of <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, + <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"What men live by" <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Living Power" <a href="#Page_322">322</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Lizard story <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Lobster <a href="#Page_318">318</a><br /> +<br /> +Locks <a href="#Page_183">183</a><br /> +<br /> +Locusts <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> +<br /> +Logic v. feeling <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> +<br /> +Loin cloth <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a><br /> +<br /> +London <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Market <a href="#Page_357">357</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Lonely spot <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Lonelyism" <a href="#Page_319">319</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Loochoos <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a><br /> +<br /> +Loquat <a href="#Page_289">289</a><br /> +<br /> +Lorries <a href="#Page_262">262</a><br /> +<br /> +Loss <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br /> +<br /> +Lotus <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> +<br /> +Louse <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /> +<br /> +Love, Not easy to fall in, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Not free <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Four loves <a href="#Page_61">61</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Loyalty <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +L.T. <a href="#Page_372">372</a><br /> +<br /> +Lubin, David, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a><br /> +<br /> +Lucky days <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Lugubriousness, Absence of, <a href="#Page_273">273</a><br /> +<br /> +Lumbering, see Forests; <a href="#Page_194">194</a>-5<br /> +<br /> +Lunacy, see "Natural"<br /> +<br /> +"Lusitania" <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> +<br /> +Luther <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br /> +<br /> +Luxury <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /> +<br /> +Lying <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +Macaroni <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a><br /> +<br /> +McCaleb, J.M., <a href="#Page_364">364</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Machi</i> <a href="#Page_xxv">xxv</a><br /> +<br /> +Mackintoshes <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> +<br /> +Maeterlinck <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Magazines <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a><br /> +<br /> +Mahomedanism <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /> +<br /> +Maid servant <a href="#Page_324">324</a><br /> +<br /> +Maillol <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Maize, see Hokkaido, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, + <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a> (2)<br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 432<a name="Page_432" id="Page_432"></a></span> +<br /> +Malaya <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Mallets <a href="#Page_359">359</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Manchester Guardian</i> <a href="#Page_339">339</a><br /> +<br /> +Man <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Man and Wife" <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Development <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">with a monument <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Study of <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Manfulness <a href="#Page_205">205</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Manchuria <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>-7, + <a href="#Page_363">363</a> (2), <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Railway company <a href="#Page_357">357</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Mangoku doshi</i> <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> +<br /> +Mantles <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> +<br /> +Manners, see Etiquette <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Manual labour <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> +<br /> +Mantegna <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Manure, see <i>Benjo</i>; <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>-3, + <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, + <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, + <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>-2, + <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Artificial <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, + <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Better manuring <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Co-operation <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Manure blessed <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">House <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, + <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Green <a href="#Page_386">386</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Liquid, for Vegetables, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Livestock, his family," <a href="#Page_386">386</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Odour <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Students and <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tanks <a href="#Page_214">214</a>-5;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"White steam rising" <a href="#Page_137">137</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Maples <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> +<br /> +Market, No, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Marmots <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Marriage, see Weddings, Unmarried; <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>-5, + <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, + <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, + <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, + <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, + <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Ages <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Marrying for love, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Remarriage <a href="#Page_197">197</a></span><br /> +<br /> +"Marrow of Japan, The," <a href="#Page_132">xv</a><br /> +<br /> +Masses <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /> +<br /> +Mascots <a href="#Page_310">310</a><br /> +<br /> +Masters and men, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a><br /> +<br /> +Materialism <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>-8, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, + <a href="#Page_324">324</a><br /> +<br /> +Matisse <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Mats, see <i>Tatami</i>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, + <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a><br /> +<br /> +Matsue <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>-4<br /> +<br /> +Matsukata, see Labour<br /> +<br /> +Matsumoto <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a><br /> +<br /> +Matter <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> +<br /> +Matthew, St., <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br /> +<br /> +Mattocks, see Paddies; <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, + <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Wealth and <a href="#Page_136">136</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Meadow <a href="#Page_409">409</a><br /> +<br /> +Meals <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a><br /> +<br /> +Meanness punished <a href="#Page_266">266</a><br /> +<br /> +Meat <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, + <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, + <a href="#Page_356">356</a>-7, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, + <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">and Good Temper <a href="#Page_268">268</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Mechanical power <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a><br /> +<br /> +Medals <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /> +<br /> +Medicine <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, + <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a><br /> +<br /> +Meetings, see Public meetings; <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, + <a href="#Page_254">254</a><br /> +<br /> +Meiji, Emperor, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> +<br /> +Melbourne <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Melons <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Memoirs of the Queen's First Prime Minister</i> <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Memorial stones <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>-2, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, + <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Services <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Days <a href="#Page_50">50</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Mental attitude <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">nimbleness <a href="#Page_17">17</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Mercantile Marine <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Farmer and <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Mercenary spirit <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Merciful universe <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Mercy of the sun" <a href="#Page_321">321</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Meredith <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, + <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a><br /> +<br /> +Merits <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> +<br /> +Mesopotamia <a href="#Page_371">371</a><br /> +<br /> +Metal <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Mines story <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Metaphysical, Not, <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br /> +<br /> +Metayer system <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Methodist <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> +<br /> +Mice and bamboo <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /> +<br /> +Middle Ages <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a><br /> +<br /> +Middle School boys <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, + <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a><br /> +<br /> +Middle men <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> +<br /> +Midwives <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, + <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a><br /> +<br /> +Migration <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a><br /> +<br /> +Mikawa <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> +<br /> +Militarism <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, + <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Military service, see Conscription, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Training <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, + <a href="#Page_285">285</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Milk, see Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, + <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a> (2), <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, + <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>-349, + <a href="#Page_381">381</a> (2);<br /> +<span class="in1">Foster mother <a href="#Page_311">311</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Millet, see Hokkaido <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>-6 (2), + <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, + <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, + <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a><br /> +<br /> +Mimetic skill, <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +Minds, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a><br /> +<br /> +Minerals, see also Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a><br /> +<br /> +Ming <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /> +<br /> +Ministers and Ministries of Agriculture <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, + <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, + <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">of Health and Education (British) <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">of Finance <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">of Railways <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">of State, Income of, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ministers, ex- <a href="#Page_241">241</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Mirror <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Mirin</i> <a href="#Page_396">396</a><br /> +<br /> +Misapprehensions, International, <a href="#Page_363">363</a><br /> +<br /> +Miser <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> +<br /> +Misfortune <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">and Religion, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Miso</i> <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, + <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>-2, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, + <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a> (2), <a href="#Page_350">350</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 433<a name="Page_433" id="Page_433"></a></span> +<br /> +Missionaries <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, + <a href="#Page_197">197</a><br /> +<br /> +Mitsubishi, see Labour<br /> +<br /> +<i>Mitsumata</i> <a href="#Page_401">401</a><br /> +<br /> +"Mixing in the heart" <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /> +<br /> +Miyagi <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a><br /> +<br /> +Miyajima <a href="#Page_236">236</a><br /> +<br /> +Mobilisation <a href="#Page_241">241</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Mochi</i> <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br /> +<br /> +Modesty <a href="#Page_317">317</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Mogusa</i> <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Momi</i> <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Mon</i> <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> +<br /> +Monday <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Money: Etiquette <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Cheap <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, + <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Need of <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Moneylenders, see Usury, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, + <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Money-sharing Club, see <i>Kō, tanomoshi</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Mongolia <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a> (2), <a href="#Page_394">394</a><br /> +<br /> +Monkey, see Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, + <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Monkey day <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Monkey slip" <a href="#Page_246">246</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Moon <a href="#Page_126">126</a> (2), <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, + <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Bowing to <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Moon-seeing flowers" <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Moonlight on mattocks <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Waiting for the Moon" <a href="#Page_323">323</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Morality, see Crime, Immorality, Police;<br /> +<span class="in1"><a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, + <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, + <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-2, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, + <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in1"><a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, + <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Anglo-Saxon sense of <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Moral backbone <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Moral bath" <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Code, Lack of, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Distrust of each other's morality the barrier" <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Morality dependent on material well-being <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, + <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Quality of Eastern <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Not so bad" <a href="#Page_149">149</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Morimoto <a href="#Page_349">349</a><br /> +<br /> +Morioka <a href="#Page_195">195</a>-6<br /> +<br /> +Morley, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> +<br /> +Mosquitoes <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> +<br /> +"Mother, from the bosom of," <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Mother-in-law <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Motor bus <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Launch <a href="#Page_237">237</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Mottoes <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, + <a href="#Page_135">135</a>-6, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, + <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a><br /> +<br /> +Mounds <a href="#Page_306">306</a><br /> +<br /> +Mountains <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, + <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a> (2), <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Mountain climbers" <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mountain maidens <a href="#Page_110">110</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Moxa, see <i>Mogusa</i>; <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<br /> +M.P., see Franchise; <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Ashes of <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and farmers <a href="#Page_92">92</a></span><br /> +<br /> +"Mr. Temple" <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a><br /> +<br /> +M's, Seven, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a><br /> +<br /> +Mud baths <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Mujin</i> <a href="#Page_278">278</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Mukae bon</i> <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br /> +<br /> +Mulberry <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, + <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>-9 (2), + <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>-5, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, + <a href="#Page_287">287</a>,<br /> +<span class="in1"><a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, + <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Area and Yield <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, + <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Paper <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Proverb <a href="#Page_153">153</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Mulch <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Mura</i> <a href="#Page_xxv">xxv</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a><br /> +<br /> +Murdoch, James, Japanese and, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a><br /> +<br /> +Murray, Gilbert, <a href="#Page_301">301</a><br /> +<br /> +Mushrooms <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /> +<br /> +Music <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, + <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Ancient <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Instruments <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Western <a href="#Page_99">99</a> (2), + <a href="#Page_288">288</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Mutton, see also Sheep; <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, + <a href="#Page_347">347</a><br /> +<br /> +Muzzles <a href="#Page_269">269</a><br /> +<br /> +Mysticism <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a><br /> +<br /> +"My wish is that I may perceive" <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +Naden, Constance, <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br /> +<br /> +Nagano <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, + <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a><br /> +<br /> +Nagasaki <a href="#Page_391">391</a><br /> +<br /> +Nagoya <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Naichi</i> <a href="#Page_334">334</a><br /> +<br /> +Naked children <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Nakedness <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, + <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Child story <a href="#Page_307">307</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Namban</i> <a href="#Page_208">208</a><br /> +<br /> +"Name, called by second," <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> +<br /> +"<i>Namu Amida</i>," etc., <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +Napier, Sir W., <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Napoleon <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br /> +<br /> +Nara <a href="#Page_222">222</a><br /> +<br /> +Nasu, Mount <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /> +<br /> +Nasu, Professor S., <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a>, <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a><br /> +<br /> +Nation <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">National Agricultural Societies <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, + <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Backing Society <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Defence <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Feeling <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Funds <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Greatness, Sources of, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Products <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Nationalism <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Nationalists <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Natsu mekan</i> <a href="#Page_238">238</a><br /> +<br /> +Nature <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">and Character <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Feeling towards <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Natural" <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Naturalness <a href="#Page_99">99</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Naval Service <a href="#Page_311">311</a><br /> +<br /> +Navvies <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> +<br /> +Navy <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>-1, + <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Farmer and <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a></span><br /> +<br /> +"Needle in your head" <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +Negation <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /> +<br /> +Neo-Malthusianism <a href="#Page_331">331</a>-2<br /> +<br /> +Nerves <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a><br /> +<br /> +Nets <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +New and modern ideas <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">New ideas <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">New and Old Japan <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">New Age <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"New rural type" <a href="#Page_79">79</a></span><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 434<a name="Page_434" id="Page_434"></a></span> +<br /> +<i>New East</i> <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a><br /> +<br /> +News, see Notice boards, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Newspapers, see Press, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, + <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, + <a href="#Page_319">319</a></span><br /> +<br /> +New Testament <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br /> +<br /> +New Year <a href="#Page_265">265</a><br /> +<br /> +New York <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a><br /> +<br /> +New Zealand <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Nichi</i> <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +"<i>Nichi-Nichi</i>" <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Nichi-yo-bi</i> <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Nightingale, Florence, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Night-soil, see Manure<br /> +<br /> +Night-time <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Nihon no Shinzui</i> xv<br /> +<br /> +Niigata <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, + <a href="#Page_391">391</a><br /> +<br /> +Nikko <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /> +<br /> +Ninomiya <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, + <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a><br /> +<br /> +Nirvana <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +Nitobe, Dr., see Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_333">xv</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a><br /> +<br /> +Nitrogen <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Nō</i> <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a><br /> +<br /> +Nogi, General, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br /> +<br /> +Non-material feeling <a href="#Page_259">259</a><br /> +<br /> +Normal school <a href="#Page_233">233</a><br /> +<br /> +"Normal yield" <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +North America <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +North, backwardness of, see Japan, Northern<br /> +<br /> +North of Japan, see Japan, Northern<br /> +<br /> +Noses <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Note-books <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +"Nothing which concerns a countryman," etc., <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /> +<br /> +Notice boards for news <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Notices <a href="#Page_287">287</a></span><br /> +<br /> +"Not yet" <a href="#Page_288">288</a><br /> +<br /> +Novelist <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Novelists, Russian, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>No wa kuni taihon nari</i> <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /> +<br /> +Nunnery <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Nuns <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_143">143</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Nursery pasture <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Nurseries, see Paddies, Children drowned, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Nurses <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Nursing-place for children of soldiers" <a href="#Page_312">312</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Nutrition poor, see Food<br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +Oaks <a href="#Page_316">316</a><br /> +<br /> +Oars <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br /> +<br /> +Oats <a href="#Page_381">381</a> (2)<br /> +<br /> +<i>Oaza</i> <a href="#Page_xxv">xxvi</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, + <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Obi</i> <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> +<br /> +Obedience <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +Obscenity <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +Oceania <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +Octopus <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a><br /> +<br /> +Oculist <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Oden</i> <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +Offerings <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br /> +<br /> +Officials <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, + <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Official rewards <a href="#Page_213">213</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Ohyakusho no Fufu</i> ix<br /> +<br /> +Oil, see Petroleum; For insects <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> +<br /> +Oiwaké <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /> +<br /> +Okayama <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a><br /> +<br /> +Okio <a href="#Page_344">344</a><br /> +<br /> +Okuma, Prince, <a href="#Page_390">390</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Okunitama no Miko no Kami</i> <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> +<br /> +Okura, Baron, <a href="#Page_357">357</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Okuri bon</i> <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br /> +<br /> +Old age <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, + <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Old farmer to his son <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Old man and officials <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Old men <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Old Miss not frequent" <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Old Japan <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Old People's Clubhouse <a href="#Page_305">305</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Houses <a href="#Page_304">304</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Work <a href="#Page_227">227</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Old Testament <a href="#Page_326">326</a><br /> +<br /> +Olives <a href="#Page_210">210</a><br /> +<br /> +Omelette <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /> +<br /> +Omori <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a><br /> +<br /> +Onions <a href="#Page_381">381</a> (2), <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +"Only half a pilgrimage," etc., <a href="#Page_257">257</a><br /> +<br /> +Open heart <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br /> +<br /> +Oranges <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, + <a href="#Page_289">289</a> (2), <a href="#Page_402">402</a><br /> +<br /> +Order <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Orders, May give him," etc., <a href="#Page_217">217</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Oriental Economist</i> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Oriental religion for Orientals <a href="#Page_327">327</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Originality, supposed lack of <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Oro</i> <a href="#Page_400">400</a><br /> +<br /> +Orphans <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br /> +<br /> +Osaka <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_xxv">xxv</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, + <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, + <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a><br /> +<br /> +Otake <a href="#Page_324">324</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Otera San</i> <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a><br /> +<br /> +"Other people" <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Otsu Yukimichi</i> <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> +<br /> +Out-of-date ideas <a href="#Page_348">348</a><br /> +<br /> +Owen, Wilfrid, <a href="#Page_334">334</a><br /> +<br /> +Overloading <a href="#Page_345">345</a><br /> +<br /> +Over-population, see Population<br /> +<br /> +Overpowering foreign ideas <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /> +<br /> +Overseas Colonisation Co. <a href="#Page_402">402</a><br /> +<br /> +Overwork <a href="#Page_114">114</a><br /> +<br /> +Oxen, see Cows, Cattle, Hokkaido, Holidays, Paddies; <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, + <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Ox-day <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ox-drawn carts <a href="#Page_18">18</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Oyashiro current <a href="#Page_195">195</a><br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +Paddies, see Adjustment, Agriculture, Bull, Cow, Horse, Lime, +Mattock, Plough, Pony, Rice, Straw, <i>Ta</i>, Windmills; +<a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-9, + <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-1-2, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Adjustment <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Appearance <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Area, see Size, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Back breaking <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Beauty <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Blindness <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">At Christmas <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Carp <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Children drowned <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Clothing <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 435<a name="Page_435" id="Page_435"></a></span> +<span class="in1">Cow <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cultivated for centuries <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cultivation in sludge <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Damaged crops <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-7;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Discomfort <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Drying <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Paddy v. Dry field labour <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Floods <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Frost <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Harrowing <a href="#Page_73">73</a>-4;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Harvest <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-7;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hoes <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Horse <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1"><i>I</i> <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Insects <a href="#Page_74">74</a>-5-6;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Italy <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Labour <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-3 <i>et seq</i>., + <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Labour required per <i>tan</i> <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Leeches <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mattock <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, see Mattock;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Model <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ox <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-3, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ploughing <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pony <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pulling Fork <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rent, see Rent, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Reservoirs <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, + <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Scattered <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Second crop <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Seed bed <a href="#Page_74">74</a>-5-6, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Shape <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-1;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Shinto streamers <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sickle <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Size <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, + <a href="#Page_365">365</a>-6, <a href="#Page_360">360</a> (2);</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Soil <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sowing <a href="#Page_74">74</a>-5;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Spade <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">in Spring <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Straw <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Stubble <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Temperature raised <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Transplanting <a href="#Page_74">74</a>-5 (3), 84;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Two hundred and tenth day <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">U.S.A. <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Value <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, + <a href="#Page_408">408</a>-9;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wet <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-7;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Water, Ammonia, Depth, Warm, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, + <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wet Feet <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Weeding <a href="#Page_74">74</a>-5(2);</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wind <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Women <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Work of <a href="#Page_147">147</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pagodas <a href="#Page_209">209</a><br /> +<br /> +Painting <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, + <a href="#Page_327">327</a><br /> +<br /> +Palisades <a href="#Page_227">227</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Pan</i> <a href="#Page_346">346</a><br /> +<br /> +Panic grass, see <i>Hiye</i><br /> +<br /> +Paper <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, + <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a><br /> +<br /> +Paradise <a href="#Page_205">205</a> (2)<br /> +<br /> +Parasites <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a><br /> +<br /> +Parasol, see Umbrellas<br /> +<br /> +Parents <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, + <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /> +<br /> +Park <a href="#Page_210">210</a><br /> +<br /> +Parkes, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Parliament <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Cost of election <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Farmers and <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Parmesan <a href="#Page_298">298</a><br /> +<br /> +Partiality <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> +<br /> +Party feeling, see Politics, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Past and Present <a href="#Page_233">233</a><br /> +<br /> +Paternalism <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Patience <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Patriotism <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Patriotic Women's Society, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Patronage <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> +<br /> +Pattison, Mark, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +Paul, St., <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Paulownia <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +Paupers <a href="#Page_376">376</a><br /> +<br /> +Peace of the world <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Peaceful mind <a href="#Page_205">205</a> (2)</span><br /> +<br /> +Peaches <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, + <a href="#Page_402">402</a><br /> +<br /> +Pears <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, + <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a><br /> +<br /> +Peas <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a><br /> +<br /> +Peasant, of East and West, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Heroic <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hungry <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Lucifer match <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Monuments to <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Peasant Sage of Japan" <a href="#Page_7">7</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Peasant Proprietors, see Tenants; <a href="#Page_138">138</a>-9, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, + <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, + <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, + <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>-9, <a href="#Page_380">380</a> (4), + <a href="#Page_411">411</a><br /> +<br /> +Peat, see Hokkaido, <a href="#Page_194">194</a><br /> +<br /> +Pedlars <a href="#Page_315">315</a><br /> +<br /> +Peers, School, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Qualifications for House of <a href="#Page_176">176</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pencils <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br /> +<br /> +Pensions <a href="#Page_380">380</a><br /> +<br /> +Peonies <a href="#Page_256">256</a><br /> +<br /> +People, Condition of, <a href="#Page_262">262</a><br /> +<br /> +Peppermint <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +Perfection <a href="#Page_283">283</a><br /> +<br /> +Perry, Commander, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +Persimmons <a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, + <a href="#Page_61">61</a> (2), <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, + <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a><br /> +<br /> +Persistence <a href="#Page_328">328</a><br /> +<br /> +Personalities <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> +<br /> +Perspiration <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> +<br /> +Pestalozzi, <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br /> +<br /> +Peter the Great <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +Petroleum <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Phædo</i> <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br /> +<br /> +Pheasants, see Hokkaido, <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br /> +<br /> +Philanthropy, see Charitable institutions; <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a><br /> +<br /> +Philosophy <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, + <a href="#Page_206">206</a><br /> +<br /> +Photographs <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a><br /> +<br /> +Physique <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, + <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, + <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a><br /> +<br /> +Piano <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Pickles <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, + <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a><br /> +<br /> +Picture postcards <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br /> +<br /> +Pigeons <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br /> +<br /> +Pigs, see Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, + <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a> (2), <a href="#Page_406">406</a><br /> +<br /> +Pilgrims <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>-1, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, + <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">and Prostitutes, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pillow <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1"> slip <a href="#Page_109">109</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pine <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, + <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a><br /> +<br /> +Pipes <a href="#Page_288">288</a><br /> +<br /> +Pirates <a href="#Page_214">214</a><br /> +<br /> +Pistol <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> +<br /> +Pitt <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +"Places of distinction" <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Place of the Seven Peaks" <a href="#Page_120">120</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Plains <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Planet <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Plans <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 436<a name="Page_436" id="Page_436"></a></span> +<br /> +Plantain <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a><br /> +<br /> +Plasters <a href="#Page_267">267</a><br /> +<br /> +Plato <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a><br /> +<br /> +Players <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>-5, + <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Playrooms <a href="#Page_260">260</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Ploughing, see Agriculture, Hokkaido, Paddies;<br /> +<span class="in1">Worship of <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, + <a href="#Page_120">120</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Plums <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a><br /> +<br /> +Poe <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +Poel, William, <a href="#Page_114">114</a><br /> +<br /> +Poet <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Poems, see Song, <i>Uta</i>; <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, + <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, + <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, + <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, + <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Poetry <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Poisonous plants <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +Pole and bucket <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Police, see Arrests, Cells, Crime, Postponed offences, Prisoners, Theft; <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, + <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-4, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>-4, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, + <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, + <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Influence of <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Letters for <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Offences <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Shirakaba <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">at Theatre <a href="#Page_115">115</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Politeness <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, + <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a><br /> +<br /> +Politics, see Franchise, "Direct Action"; <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, + <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Local <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Slander <a href="#Page_2">2</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pomegranate <a href="#Page_52">52</a>-3<br /> +<br /> +Ponds, cleaned out free, <a href="#Page_219">219</a><br /> +<br /> +Pony, see Paddies; <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">at Shrine <a href="#Page_116">116</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Poor, see Farmers, Relief; <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, + <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, + <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Cannot remain poor <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Flattery of <a href="#Page_94">94</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Poore, Dr., <a href="#Page_374">374</a><br /> +<br /> +Population, see Birth and Death rates <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Census <a href="#Page_393">393</a>-4;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Compared with Great Britain and U.S.A. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, + <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cost of living and postponement of marriage <a href="#Page_332">332</a> (2);</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Empire and its parts <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Percentage Habitable compared with other Countries <a href="#Page_392">392</a>-3;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">How to support double <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Increase of <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>-3-4;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Increase compared with increase of Rice production <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Means of Production <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Decrease of Rural <a href="#Page_412">412</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">and Rural and Urban compared <a href="#Page_412">412</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sexes <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">per square mile <a href="#Page_392">392</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">per square kilometre compared with Belgium, England and</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Wales, Holland, Italy, Germany and France <a href="#Page_392">392</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Surplus <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, + <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Porcelain <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a><br /> +<br /> +Pork <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a><br /> +<br /> +Port Arthur <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Ports, Open, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Porters <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Porticoes <a href="#Page_246">246</a><br /> +<br /> +Portraits <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, + <a href="#Page_198">198</a><br /> +<br /> +Portuguese <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a><br /> +<br /> +Posterity <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Post-impressionism <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> +<br /> +Potash <a href="#Page_251">251</a><br /> +<br /> +Potatoes <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Irish <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, + <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sweet <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, + <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a> (2), + <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Memorials <a href="#Page_249">249</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pottery <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br /> +<br /> +Poultry <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, + <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, + <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, + <a href="#Page_381">381</a>-2 (2), <a href="#Page_406">406</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Pensions for <a href="#Page_345">345</a></span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Pouring water on a duck's back " + <a href="#Page_48">48</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Poverty, see Poor<br /> +<br /> +Power, Fundamental, <a href="#Page_323">323</a><br /> +<br /> +Prairie <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /> +<br /> +Prayer <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>-4, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, + <a href="#Page_326">326</a><br /> +<br /> +Preaching <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, + <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, + <a href="#Page_314">314</a>-15<br /> +<br /> +Prefecture <a href="#Page_xxv">xxv</a><br /> +<br /> +Prejudice <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a><br /> +<br /> +Pre-nuptial relations, see Immorality<br /> +<br /> +Presents <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a> (2), <a href="#Page_329">329</a><br /> +<br /> +Press, see Newspapers;<br /> +<span class="in1">Brains and circulation of <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Dread of <a href="#Page_41">41</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Prices <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Prices in this book <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>-8;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rise in Prices <a href="#Page_87">87</a>-8</span><br /> +<br /> +Priests, see Buddhist priest, Shinto priest; <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, + <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, + <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, + <a href="#Page_149">149</a> (2), <a href="#Page_180">180</a>-1, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, + <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, + <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Dress <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Priest-craft <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">at Elections <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Good deeds <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ignorance <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">and Illegitimate child <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Income <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Influence, Character and Education <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Silent <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Speech by <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Talk with <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, + <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Thieving <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Thrifty <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wandering <a href="#Page_315">315</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Priggishness <a href="#Page_362">362</a><br /> +<br /> +Primitive belief, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>-4 (2)<br /> +<br /> +Prisoners <a href="#Page_307">307</a><br /> +<br /> +Prize tax <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> +<br /> +Problems <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> +<br /> +Prodigal <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Production <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a><br /> +<br /> +Professors <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> +<br /> +Progress <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Delayed by lack of money <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Erroneous conception of <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">by means of horses <a href="#Page_339">339</a></span><br /> +<br /> +"Proof not argument" <a href="#Page_343">343</a><br /> +<br /> +Prospects <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /> +<br /> +"Prosperity and welfare" <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Prostitutes, see Hokkaido, Immorality; <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, + <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, + <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, + <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, + <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 437<a name="Page_437" id="Page_437"></a></span> +<br /> +"Protection for inoffensive people" <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /> +<br /> +Protein, vegetable, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>-9<br /> +<br /> +Protestants <a href="#Page_362">362</a><br /> +<br /> +Prothero, Sir G.W., <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Proverbs, see Mottoes; <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-8-9, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, + <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, + <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>,<br /> +<span class="in1"><a href="#Page_256">256</a>-7, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, + <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pruning <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br /> +<br /> +P.S.A. <a href="#Page_275">275</a><br /> +<br /> +Psychology of behaviour <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Public benefit <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Energy <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Funds <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Good <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>-3;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Health, see Health, Public;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Public man, Farmers' and Author's view, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-10-11;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Meetings <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, + <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Public Spirit and Public Welfare" <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Opinion <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, + <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Welfare <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Work <a href="#Page_303">303</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pumping, see Water-wheels, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> +<br /> +Pumpkins <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br /> +<br /> +Punishment <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +Puppies <a href="#Page_345">345</a><br /> +<br /> +"Purified in heart" <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Purification <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Puritans <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Purity <a href="#Page_151">151</a></span><br /> +<br /> +"Push, push, push," <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +"Q" <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br /> +<br /> +Quaker <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br /> +<br /> +Quarrelling, see also Family discords; <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a><br /> +<br /> +Queen Victoria <a href="#Page_282">282</a><br /> +<br /> +Querns <a href="#Page_235">235</a><br /> +<br /> +Questions <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">difficulty of, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Questioning, lack of power of, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></span><br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +Rabbits <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<br /> +Race, Factories' effect on, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>-70;<br /> +<span class="in1">Method of gaining knowledge of another <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Racial feeling <a href="#Page_364">364</a></span><br /> +<br /> +"Rael Christians" <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> +<br /> +Rafts <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Railway <a href="#Page_131">131</a>-2, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, + <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>-9, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, + <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, + <a href="#Page_395">395</a><br /> +<br /> +Rain <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, + <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, + <a href="#Page_390">390</a>-1 (3);<br /> +<span class="in1">Rain making <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>-8;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ducked figure <a href="#Page_123">123</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Rake's progress <a href="#Page_317">317</a><br /> +<br /> +Ram <a href="#Page_343">343</a><br /> +<br /> +Rammer <a href="#Page_224">224</a><br /> +<br /> +Ranks <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a><br /> +<br /> +Rape seed <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a> (2), <a href="#Page_409">409</a><br /> +<br /> +Rapids <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Rapid work <a href="#Page_317">317</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Rats <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Rat day <a href="#Page_126">126</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Ravine <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /> +<br /> +Reading <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a><br /> +<br /> +Reality <a href="#Page_219">219</a><br /> +<br /> +"Realm, Wounds of the," <a href="#Page_309">309</a><br /> +<br /> +Reclaimed land, see Land, new<br /> +<br /> +Recreation and Immorality <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /> +<br /> +Red Cross <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a><br /> +<br /> +"Red worm" <a href="#Page_282">282</a><br /> +<br /> +Reed-covered buildings <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> +<br /> +"Reflecting and Examining" <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /> +<br /> +Reformers and Bible <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br /> +<br /> +Reformer "St. Francis" <a href="#Page_321">321</a><br /> +<br /> +"Regent" <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> +<br /> +Reid, Sir G., <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Reincarnation <a href="#Page_344">344</a><br /> +<br /> +Relief, see Kō, Poor, <i>Tanomoshi</i>; <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, + <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a><br /> +<br /> +Religion, see Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, + <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>-1, + <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, + <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, + <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>-9, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, + <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, + <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, + <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">and Agriculture <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">as Custom <a href="#Page_327">327</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"the Depths of the People" <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Religious idea, the deepest <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Morality <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Naturalness <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">New <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Primitive <a href="#Page_323">323</a>-4;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Protecting Science <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Reconciliation of <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Revival <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Science <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Not limited to Sects or Ideas <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Substitutes for <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Taxation <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Advantage of Variety <a href="#Page_327">327</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Western "too high" <a href="#Page_259">259</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Remarriage <a href="#Page_197">197</a><br /> +<br /> +Rembrandt <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +Remoteness <a href="#Page_127">127</a>-8, <a href="#Page_249">249</a><br /> +<br /> +Rents, see Rice, Paddy; <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-9, + <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, + <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, + <a href="#Page_186">186</a>-7, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>-2<br /> +<br /> +Reprimand, see Admonition, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Research work <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br /> +<br /> +Reservists <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br /> +<br /> +Residents abroad <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +Resolutions, see Good resolutions<br /> +<br /> +Respect <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a><br /> +<br /> +"Responsibility for one's words" <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a><br /> +<br /> +"Best after a meal," etc. <a href="#Page_315">315</a><br /> +<br /> +Restoration <a href="#Page_395">395</a><br /> +<br /> +Retainer <a href="#Page_198">198</a><br /> +<br /> +Reunion <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br /> +<br /> +Reverence <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a><br /> +<br /> +"Revolution, Song of," <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +Rewards <a href="#Page_213">213</a><br /> +<br /> +"<i>Ri</i> away" <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Rice, see Adjustment, Agriculture, Aqueduct, Barley, Hokkaido, Implements under their different names, + Irrigation, Millet, Normal yield, Paddies, <i>Ta</i>, Tunnels, Water; <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, + <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>-9, + <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, + <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Aeration of soil <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 438<a name="Page_438" id="Page_438"></a></span> +<span class="in1">America <a href="#Page_365">365</a>-6;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Areas <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, + <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>-3 (2), <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Agriculture based on <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Air of rice fields <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Altitude <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"All members of family smiling" <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Appearance <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Adjustment, see Adjustment, story <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Compared with Barley and Wheat <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, + <a href="#Page_413">413</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Barley substituted for <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Beauty of <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1"><i>Beri beri</i> <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Bowl <a href="#Page_80">80</a>-1;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cakes <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">California <a href="#Page_365">365</a>-6;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ceremonies <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Certificates <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Climate <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Collecting <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Consumption <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, + <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, + <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cooking <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Crop <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, + <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>-5, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>-8, + <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cost of production <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cultivation <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, + <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Daimyo's test <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Dealers <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Deficit <a href="#Page_388">388</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Disease <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Distance apart <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Dog's food <a href="#Page_345">345</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Drying <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, + <a href="#Page_207">207</a>-8;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Ears bend as ripen" <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">more Eaten <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Emigration and <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Etiquette, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Engineering <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Everywhere paddies <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Exports <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Flavour, see Saigon, Rangoon, California, + <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Flowering <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Foreign <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Gemmai <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Girl to boil" <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Goddess <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Glutinous <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>-3;</span><br /> +<span class="in1"><i>Gohei</i> <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1"><i>Gohan</i> <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Government action <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, + <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Granary, see Government action;</span><br /> +<span class="in1"><i>Hakumai</i> <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hand mills <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Hanging ears" <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1"><i>Hantsukimai</i> <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Harvest <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, + <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Heavy cropping power <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Heroic peasants <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Husking <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>-3;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Imports <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, + <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Indigestion <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Insects <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, + <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Italy <a href="#Page_365">365</a>-6;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Japanese v. foreign production <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Kew plants <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Day's labour to produce 1 <i>chō</i> <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Land available <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Last straw" <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">League for Preventing Sales at a Sacrifice <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Licences <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Locusts <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1"><i>Mangoku Doshi</i> <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Manure, see Manure, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Market <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mat for workers <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1"><i>Momi</i> <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Names, see Varieties, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Oatmeal <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-2;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ordinary <a href="#Page_382">382</a>-3;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Paddy" <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Opening a new Paddy <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Phial of old <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Polishing <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-9 (2), <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Porters <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Prefectures where most is grown <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Prices <a href="#Page_85">85</a> (2) -6 (2) -7, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, + <a href="#Page_383">383</a>-4, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Profitable <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Production <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, and population increased 84;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Prizes at shows <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Qualities, see Varieties, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rangoon <a href="#Page_388">388</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Red <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rent rice, Inferiority of, see Rent, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Reservoirs <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Respect for <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Right crop for Japan? <a href="#Page_413">413</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Riots <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rotting <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Saigon <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Salt water, Testing with, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">School fees <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Seasons <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Seed <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, + <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">at Shrine <a href="#Page_116">116</a> (2), <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Soaking pond <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Soft for Invalids <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Song <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sowing <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, Direct <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">State <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Statistics, see Appendix, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Storehouses <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, + <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">at Table <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tastiness <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">for Temple <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Terraces <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Texas <a href="#Page_365">365</a>-6;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Threshing <a href="#Page_77">77</a>-8, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tickets <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Transplanting <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>-7;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tub <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Two hundred and tenth day <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Uncleaned <a href="#Page_382">382</a>-3;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Unpolished <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Upland <a href="#Page_69">69</a> (2), <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, + <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">U.S. area and crop <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Varieties, see Qualities, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, + <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Weeding <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Weight of Bale <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wet <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rice v. Wheat <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wind <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, + <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Winnowing <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Yahagi, Dr., <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Yields <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, + <a href="#Page_382">382</a>-3;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Compared with Increase of Population <a href="#Page_389">389</a></span><br /> +<br /> +"Rich are not so rich" <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Rich cannot remain rich" <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Riches <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Richer after the fire" <a href="#Page_59">59</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Richo <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /> +<br /> +Rickets <a href="#Page_268">268</a><br /> +<br /> +Riding, see Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_194">194</a><br /> +<br /> +Rifles <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Rin</i> <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a><br /> +<br /> +Ring <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Riots <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br /> +<br /> +Rise in prices, see Prices<br /> +<br /> +Rivers, see Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, + <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Beds, see Floods, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></span><br /> +<br /> +R.L.S. <a href="#Page_189">189</a><br /> +<br /> +Roads <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, + <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, + <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Mending free, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in1">for Rates, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Robbers <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a><br /> +<br /> +Robes <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">of Honour <a href="#Page_187">187</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Rodin, <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Roka</i> <a href="#Page_375">375</a><br /> +<br /> +Roman Catholics <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Rome <a href="#Page_198">198</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Ronin</i>, Forty-seven, <a href="#Page_333">333</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Ron yori shoko</i> <a href="#Page_343">343</a><br /> +<br /> +Roof makers <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Roofs <a href="#Page_153">153</a></span><br /> +<br /> +"Room of Patience" <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 439<a name="Page_439" id="Page_439"></a></span> +<br /> +Roosevelt <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br /> +<br /> +Rope, see Straw, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Making <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Straw (Shinto) <a href="#Page_223">223</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Rose <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Rate of growth <a href="#Page_242">242</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Rosebery, Lord, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Rotation <a href="#Page_309">309</a><br /> +<br /> +Rothamsted <a href="#Page_370">370</a><br /> +<br /> +Route plans <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +Rubbish, Production of, <a href="#Page_369">369</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Ruddigore</i> <a href="#Page_274">274</a><br /> +<br /> +Running about <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> +<br /> +Rural, and urban population compared, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Bondage" <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Districts' relation to national welfare <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, + <a href="#Page_370">370</a>-1;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Exodus <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Life, Most difficult question in Japan, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Exhibition <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Aim of Progress <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rake's progress <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sociology <a href="#Page_ix">iv</a>, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, + <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Rush, see <i>I</i>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +Russia, see Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Cruiser <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Novelists <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Prisoners <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">War <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, + <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Writers <a href="#Page_327">327</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Rye <a href="#Page_381">381</a> (2)<br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +Sacred boat <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Grove <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sacredness of work <a href="#Page_94">94</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Sacrifice <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">for father, husband, children, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Sacrilege <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> +<br /> +Saddles <a href="#Page_269">269</a><br /> +<br /> +Sages <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /> +<br /> +Saghalien <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>-1<br /> +<br /> +Saigon, see Rice<br /> +<br /> +Sailing craft <a href="#Page_208">208</a>-9;<br /> +<span class="in1">Ships <a href="#Page_235">235</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Sailors <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br /> +<br /> +Sails, Western for Japanese, <a href="#Page_208">208</a><br /> +<br /> +St. Francis <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>-2<br /> +<br /> +Saints <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /> +<br /> +Saitama <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, +<a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Sakaki</i> <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /> +<br /> +Saké, see Drunkenness; <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, + <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a> (2), + <a href="#Page_118">118</a>-9, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, + <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, + <a href="#Page_254">254</a>-5, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, + <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, + <a href="#Page_349">349</a> (2), <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a><br /> +<br /> +Salads dangerous <a href="#Page_350">350</a><br /> +<br /> +Sale, C.V., xii, <a href="#Page_364">364</a><br /> +<br /> +Salt <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, + <a href="#Page_349">349</a><br /> +<br /> +Salvation Army, see Hokkaido<br /> +<br /> +Samurai <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, + <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, + <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Scholar's kakemono <a href="#Page_150">150</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Sanitary Committee <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /> +<br /> +Sanitation, Western <a href="#Page_375">375</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Sanka</i> <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /> +<br /> +Sappy growth <a href="#Page_368">368</a><br /> +<br /> +Sato, Dr., see Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_386">386</a><br /> +<br /> +Savages <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> +<br /> +Savings <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Bank book <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Collected <a href="#Page_230">230</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Saxby <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Sayings, see Proverbs<br /> +<br /> +Scale <a href="#Page_289">289</a><br /> +<br /> +Scandinavia <a href="#Page_413">413</a><br /> +<br /> +Scapegoat <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br /> +<br /> +Scarecrows <a href="#Page_198">198</a><br /> +<br /> +Scenery <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Characteristic <a href="#Page_244">244</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Schools, see Children, Teachers, Schoolmasters; <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, + <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Agricultural <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Influence of <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Attendance <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, + <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Barefoot drill <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Boys <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Boys' badges <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Buildings <a href="#Page_112">112</a>-3;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Care of <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Children (Heights, weights and physique) <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cleaned by children <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Compulsory attendance <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Co-operative <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Counsels <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Early age of attendance <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ethics <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Farm <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Fees <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, + <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">For girls' <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Girls' badge <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Influence of <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Masters, see Teachers, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, +<a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Maps <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Military relics <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Morality <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mottoes <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Order <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Poor <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Portraits <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pride in <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Punishments <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rainy days <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">in temple <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Truants <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Shrines <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Salutes <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Spartan conditions <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Swedish drill <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Training <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tree planting <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Vacation for helping with crops <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Winter arrangements <a href="#Page_127">127</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Science <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">and Religion <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Farmers <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Scientific truth <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Scientists <a href="#Page_100">100</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Scolding <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /> +<br /> +Scotland <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a><br /> +<br /> +Scott San no Okusan (Mrs. Scott) <a href="#Page_v">v</a><br /> +<br /> +Screen over streets <a href="#Page_209">209</a><br /> +<br /> +Sculpture <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /> +<br /> +Scythe <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a><br /> +<br /> +Sea <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Beach sleeping <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Deities and <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Gains from <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Weed <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, + <a href="#Page_349">349</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Seals <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> +<br /> +Seats <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +Secondary Industries <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, + <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, + <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a><br /> +<br /> +Secret Ploughing Society <a href="#Page_311">311</a><br /> +<br /> +Sects, see under names of; <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br /> +<br /> +Seeds, Better, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Seed" (silkworm eggs), see Sericulture</span><br /> +<br /> +Seiho, Takeuchi <a href="#Page_344">344</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 440<a name="Page_440" id="Page_440"></a></span> +<br /> +<i>Sei-kō U-doku</i> <a href="#Page_310">310</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Seishu</i> <a href="#Page_396">396</a><br /> +<br /> +Self affirmation <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Command <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Control <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, + <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Denial <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Discipline <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Government <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Realisation <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, + <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Respect <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Self supporting but underfed <a href="#Page_261">261</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Self Help</i>, see Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Semi</i> <a href="#Page_344">344</a><br /> +<br /> +Semi-official <a href="#Page_276">276</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Sencha</i> <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a><br /> +<br /> +Sendai <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a><br /> +<br /> +Seniors and juniors <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Sensei</i> <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a><br /> +<br /> +Sentiment <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Latent <a href="#Page_324">324</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Seppuku</i> <a href="#Page_54">54</a>-5, <a href="#Page_333">333</a><br /> +<br /> +Sericulture, see Factories (Silk), Industry, Silk (below); <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, + <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, + <a href="#Page_264">264</a>-5;<br /> +<span class="in1">Advantage to Farmers <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Aptitude <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Beef tea <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Books for young men <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ceremonies <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cocoons <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, + <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">(Co-operation <a href="#Page_22">22</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Killing <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Production and price <a href="#Page_397">397</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Retardation and Stimulation <a href="#Page_397">397</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Shape <a href="#Page_155">155</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Stores <a href="#Page_147">147</a>,</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Where most are produced <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;)</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Co-operation <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Disease <a href="#Page_157">157</a>-8;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Eggs <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>-4, + <a href="#Page_156">156</a>-7, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Feeding <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Girl Collectors <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hatching <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>-8;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hard work <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">How sericulture districts are distinguishable <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Instruction, capacity for, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Japan's advantages and disadvantages <a href="#Page_397">397</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Licences <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Losses <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mating <a href="#Page_155">155</a>-6;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Microscopic examination <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Moths <a href="#Page_155">155</a>-6-7;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mulberry <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>-8;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Nagano <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">New thing <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Prices <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Purification <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pupæ <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rearing <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Risks <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Season <a href="#Page_397">397</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Seed," see Eggs; Prospects of, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Quick profits <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Silkworms, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, + <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Science <a href="#Page_157">157</a>-8;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Soap <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Students <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Temperature <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wind holes <a href="#Page_397">397</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Yamanashi <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="in1">—Silk <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Artificial <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Clothing <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Consumption <a href="#Page_398">398</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Export <a href="#Page_398">398</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Government <a href="#Page_398">398</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Institutes <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Japanese export compared with other countries <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, + <a href="#Page_396">396</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Machinery <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Prefectures in which grown <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Production <a href="#Page_398">398</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Rise in prices <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Testing <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">U.S.A. <a href="#Page_398">398</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">World market <a href="#Page_65">65</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Sermons, see Preaching, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Servants <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a><br /> +<br /> +Service <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">by hosts <a href="#Page_31">31</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Sesame <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br /> +<br /> +Sewing <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Sex <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, + <a href="#Page_282">282</a><br /> +<br /> +Sexes, see Bath, Bathing; <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Balance of <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Curiosity <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Kept apart <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ill-doing little concealed <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Numbers of <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Relations of <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Relations, no liberty in, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sex life and Japanese cults <a href="#Page_97">97</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Shakespearean scenes <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a><br /> +<br /> +Shanghai <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /> +<br /> +Sheep, see Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, + <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>-3-4, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Bureau <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Day <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Milk <a href="#Page_347">347</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Shelley <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Shi</i> <a href="#Page_xxv">xxvi</a><br /> +<br /> +Shidzuoka <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, + <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a><br /> +<br /> +Shiga, Professor, <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +Shikoku <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, + <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>-2, <a href="#Page_402">402</a><br /> +<br /> +Shimane <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a><br /> +<br /> +Shimoneseki <a href="#Page_237">237</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Shin heimin</i> <a href="#Page_400">400</a><br /> +<br /> +Shingon <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, + <a href="#Page_269">269</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Shinjū</i> <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /> +<br /> +Shinshu <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, + <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, + <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a><br /> +<br /> +Shinto <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, + <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, + <a href="#Page_205">205</a> (2), <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Architecture <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ceremonies <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, + <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Deities <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Festival <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Shintoists <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Priests <a href="#Page_82">82</a>-3, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, + <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>. <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, + <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>-3;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sects <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Shelf, value of, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Shrines <a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, + <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, + <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, + <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, + <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a> (2), + <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, + <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, + <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, + <a href="#Page_266">266</a> (3), <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, + <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;<br /> +<span class="in2">"The centre of the village" <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Closing of <a href="#Page_133">133</a>-4;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Produce at <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Seed from <a href="#Page_59">59</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Shipping, Foreign, <a href="#Page_256">256</a><br /> +<br /> +Shirakaba <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /> +<br /> +Shirakawa <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> +<br /> +Shrine, see Buddhist shrine, Shinto Shrine; <a href="#Page_120">120</a> (8), <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, + <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, + <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, + <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, + <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Advertisement of <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and gasometer <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and immorality <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, + <a href="#Page_325">325</a>-6;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Bowls at, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Communal <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Family <a href="#Page_38">38</a>-40;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mothers before <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Shōchū</i> <a href="#Page_396">396</a><br /> +<br /> +Shoes, see Boots, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>-4, + <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Shogun</i> <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, + <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 441<a name="Page_441" id="Page_441"></a></span> +<br /> +<i>Shōji</i>, see Hokkaido for Windows; <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, + <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a><br /> +<br /> +Shonai <a href="#Page_182">182</a><br /> +<br /> +Shooting <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br /> +<br /> +Shopkeepers <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Diligent <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">With land <a href="#Page_267">267</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Shorts, Bathing, <a href="#Page_312">312</a><br /> +<br /> +Shows, see Rural Life Exhibition; <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, + <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, + <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Shōyū</i>, see Soy<br /> +<br /> +<i>Shu</i> <a href="#Page_334">334</a><br /> +<br /> +Shuku <a href="#Page_222">222</a><br /> +<br /> +Siam <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a><br /> +<br /> +Siberia <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +Sick relief <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br /> +<br /> +Sickles, see Paddies; <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, + <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a><br /> +<br /> +Sieve <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br /> +<br /> +"Sight of a good man enough" <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Signs, Shop, <a href="#Page_245">245</a><br /> +<br /> +"Silent Trade" <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /> +<br /> +Silver <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a><br /> +<br /> +Silver Birch Society <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Si monumentum</i> <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> +<br /> +Simplicity <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">of living <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">in Old Japan <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Sincerity <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, + <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"On the edge of the mattock" <a href="#Page_136">136</a></span><br /> +<br /> +"Sinful man, I am," <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +Singapore <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> +<br /> +Singing <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a><br /> +<br /> +Sirens, guns and gods, <a href="#Page_237">237</a><br /> +<br /> +Sitting <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +Skating <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /> +<br /> +Ski-ing <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +Skill <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Skill in manufacture" <a href="#Page_356">356</a></span><br /> +<br /> +"Slave system" <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Slaves of their husbands" <a href="#Page_143">143</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Sledge <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">on beach <a href="#Page_312">312</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Sleep <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> +<br /> +"Sly" <a href="#Page_283">283</a><br /> +<br /> +Smallholders' incomes <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Smallholdings, see Farmer;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and country <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Condition of success <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">in Great Britain <a href="#Page_368">368</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Smells, see Manure;<br /> +<span class="in1">"They smell" <a href="#Page_142">142</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Smiling <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a><br /> +<br /> +Smoking <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, + <a href="#Page_288">288</a><br /> +<br /> +Smollett <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /> +<br /> +Snail <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /> +<br /> +Snakes <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Day <a href="#Page_126">126</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Snapping turtle <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> +<br /> +Snow, see Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, + <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, + <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Shelters <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, + <a href="#Page_190">190</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Snowdon <a href="#Page_394">394</a><br /> +<br /> +Soap <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br /> +<br /> +Social Conditions <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Development <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ideals <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Intercourse <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Obligation exploited <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Reform and Christianity <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Question, see Hokkaido, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Status, changes in, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Socialism <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">League <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Society <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Restrictions <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Societies <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"For Aiming at being Distinguished" <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"for Developing Knowledge" <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"for Knowledge and Virtue" <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">for Rice cultivation by Schoolboys <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">for Visiting other Prefectures <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">of householders <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">of primary school graduates <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">to reward virtue <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">to console old people <a href="#Page_214">214</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Sociologist, A joy to <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Rural <a href="#Page_85">85</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Socrates <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br /> +<br /> +Soda water <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /> +<i>Sō desuka?</i> <a href="#Page_193">193</a><br /> +<br /> +Soil <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">and farmers' character <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Barren <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Dark <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Improvement of <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Volcanic <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>-4</span><br /> +<br /> +Sojo, Toba <a href="#Page_344">344</a><br /> +<br /> +Soldiers, see Conscripts; <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, + <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">farms <a href="#Page_311">311</a></span><br /> +<br /> +"Something that doth linger" <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /> +<br /> +Son, see Eldest brother;<br /> +<span class="in1">Eldest, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and father <a href="#Page_205">205</a> (2);</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Son's death <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Son tiller" <a href="#Page_37">37</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Son</i>, <a href="#Page_xxv">xxvi</a>,<br /> +<span class="in1"> <i>-chō</i> <a href="#Page_140">140</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Song <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">of insects <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">of Revolution <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">of rice planters <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Western <a href="#Page_288">288</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Sorrow <a href="#Page_273">273</a><br /> +<br /> +Sosen <a href="#Page_344">344</a><br /> +<br /> +Soul <a href="#Page_321">321</a><br /> +<br /> +Soups <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /> +<br /> +South America <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, + <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">South Seas <a href="#Page_223">223</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Southend <a href="#Page_329">329</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Soy</i> <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, + <a href="#Page_381">381</a> (2), <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Soya bean <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, + <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Spade, see Paddies; <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Farming <a href="#Page_362">362</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Spanish <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Spaniards <a href="#Page_208">208</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Sparrows <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a><br /> +<br /> +Speaking <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Way of, to peasants, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Special tribes <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a><br /> +<br /> +Speculation <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Speculator and shrine <a href="#Page_325">325</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Speech, see Author, Lectures, Speaking; <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, + <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Unnecessary <a href="#Page_26">26</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Spelling, English, <a href="#Page_301">301</a><br /> +<br /> +Spiders' big webs <a href="#Page_248">248</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 442<a name="Page_442" id="Page_442"></a></span> +<br /> +Spirea <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /> +<br /> +Spirit <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, + <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Spirits <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Spirit meeting <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">of Japan <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Spiritual betterment <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Dryness <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Spirituality <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, + <a href="#Page_322">322</a>-3, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Why slackened <a href="#Page_100">100</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Spitting pot <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a><br /> +<br /> +Spontaneity <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Spraying <a href="#Page_290">290</a><br /> +<br /> +Spring <a href="#Page_214">214</a><br /> +<br /> +Squashes <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a><br /> +<br /> +Squid, see Cuttlefish, Octopus; <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Stage, movable, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Women on, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Standard of living, see Living standard; <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>-9, + <a href="#Page_380">380</a>-1-2;<br /> +<span class="in1">and Emigration <a href="#Page_363">363</a></span><br /> +<br /> +"Standing on householder's head" <a href="#Page_242">242</a><br /> +<br /> +"Standing Peasant" <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /> +<br /> +Stanhope, Lady Hester, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Starr, Dr., <a href="#Page_326">326</a><br /> +<br /> +State Colonisation <a href="#Page_312">312</a>; Statesmen<br /> +<span class="in1">and Industrialism <a href="#Page_369">369</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Statistics, see Appendix; <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">and Feeling <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mistakes in <a href="#Page_404">404</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Statues <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a><br /> +<br /> +Stealing, see Thefts, Crime;<br /> +<span class="in1">Boys, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Steel <a href="#Page_396">396</a><br /> +<br /> +Steps <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br /> +<br /> +Sterilisation <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a><br /> +<br /> +Steward's broom, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /> +<br /> +Still births <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a><br /> +<br /> +Stockades <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /> +<br /> +Stock-keeping, see Hokkaido, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /> +<br /> +Stomach-ache <a href="#Page_350">350</a> (2), <a href="#Page_351">351</a><br /> +<br /> +Stones, cutters, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Memorial <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pile of <a href="#Page_110">110</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Storehouses <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +Storeys <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Storms <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a><br /> +<br /> +Stoves <a href="#Page_358">358</a><br /> +<br /> +Strachey, J. St. Loe <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Strategic zone <a href="#Page_237">237</a><br /> +<br /> +Straw, see Hats, Cloaks, Mantles; <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, + <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Rope <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sleeping in <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wrappings for trees <a href="#Page_215">215</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Stream, Cleaning, <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Streamers <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> +<br /> +Streets, Narrow, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a><br /> +<br /> +Strindberg <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Stroking <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> +<br /> +Students <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, + <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Abroad <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Character <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Grants to, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Guild <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Holidays <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Promises to one another <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sympathetic attitude <a href="#Page_254">254</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Sty <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +Subscriptions <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a> (2), + <a href="#Page_315">315</a><br /> +<br /> +Subservience <a href="#Page_231">231</a><br /> +<br /> +Sugar <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a> (2), + <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a><br /> +<br /> +Suicide <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">for love <a href="#Page_102">102</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Sulphate of ammonia <a href="#Page_386">386</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Sulphur <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sulphuric acid water <a href="#Page_177">177</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Summer <a href="#Page_390">390</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Sumo</i>, see Wrestlers<br /> +<br /> +Sun, <a href="#Page_126">126</a> (2), <a href="#Page_372">372</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">God worship <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Waiting for the, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sunshine <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-7, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"and rice may be found," etc., <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sunday <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Sung <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +Superior person <a href="#Page_254">254</a><br /> +<br /> +Superphosphate <a href="#Page_386">386</a><br /> +<br /> +Superstition <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a> (3), <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, + <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a><br /> +<br /> +"Surface beautiful" <a href="#Page_327">327</a><br /> +<br /> +Suspension bridges <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Suwas <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Suwa Lake <a href="#Page_152">152</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Swallows <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Swamps <a href="#Page_199">199</a><br /> +<br /> +Swearing <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +Sweat and be saved <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +Swedenborg <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Sweeping earth <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Symbolical <a href="#Page_135">135</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Sweethearts <a href="#Page_302">302</a><br /> +<br /> +Sweets <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, + <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Shop girls <a href="#Page_17">17</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Swine, see Pigs<br /> +<br /> +Swiss <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Switzerland <a href="#Page_368">368</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Swords <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> +<br /> +Symbolism, Foreign, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Sympathy <a href="#Page_272">272</a>-3<br /> +<br /> +Synge, J.M., <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a><br /> +<br /> +Syphilis, see Gonorrhœa, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, + <a href="#Page_326">326</a><br /> +<br /> +System <a href="#Page_328">328</a><br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +<i>Ta</i> <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Tabi</i> <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a><br /> +<br /> +Table, One long, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br /> +<br /> +Tablets <a href="#Page_314">314</a> (3)<br /> +<br /> +Tabu <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>-6, <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br /> +<br /> +Tacitus <a href="#Page_357">357</a><br /> +<br /> +Tagore <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Tai</i> <a href="#Page_297">297</a><br /> +<br /> +Taiko, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Taisho</i> <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> +<br /> +Taiwan, see Formosa<br /> +<br /> +Tajima <a href="#Page_402">402</a><br /> +<br /> +Takamatsu <a href="#Page_209">209</a><br /> +<br /> +Takaoka, Professor, <a href="#Page_381">381</a><br /> +Talking foolishly <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Talking with my wife" <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Talk <a href="#Page_201">201</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Taming <a href="#Page_248">248</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Tan</i>, see Agriculture<br /> +<br /> +Tang <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 443<a name="Page_443" id="Page_443"></a></span> +<br /> +Tangerines <a href="#Page_289">289</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Tanomoshi</i> <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br /> +<br /> +Taoist <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Taro</i> <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, + <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a><br /> +<br /> +Task, Summons from common, <a href="#Page_310">310</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Tatami</i>, see Mats; <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, + <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a><br /> +<br /> +Taxation <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, + <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, + <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, + <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, + <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Voluntary <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Freedom from <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">and Religion <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Largest taxpayer <a href="#Page_216">216</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Tea <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, + <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, + <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, + <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">and cake <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Experiment stations <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Export <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Growing and making <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Prefectures <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, + <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tea Ceremony, see <i>Cha-no-yu</i>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Houses <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, + <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a> (2), <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, + <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, + <a href="#Page_325">325</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Teachers, see Schools, Schoolmasters; <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, + <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, + <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a><br /> +<br /> +Technology <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +Teeth <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a><br /> +<br /> +Teetotalism <a href="#Page_255">255</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Teikoku Nōkai</i> <a href="#Page_320">320</a><br /> +<br /> +Telegraph wire <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Temper, Better without meat, <a href="#Page_268">268</a><br /> +<br /> +Temperance, see Teetotalism<br /> +<br /> +Temperature, see Heat; <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>-1<br /> +<br /> +Temples, see Buddhist temples, Buddhism; <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, + <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-8 (2), + <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, + <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, + <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>-4, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Bell <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Dues <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Government attitude, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">New, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Priest's house in <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Services <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Schools <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Temples, Shrines and English church" <a href="#Page_100">100</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Ten years hence, see Time; <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, + <a href="#Page_357">357</a><br /> +<br /> +Tenants, see Agriculture, Hokkaido, Farmers, Landlords; <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, + <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a> (2), + <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>-5, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, + <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, + <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, + <a href="#Page_301">301</a>-2, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, + <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">as "Labourers" <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Condition of <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>-5, +<a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a> (3)-1;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Contract <a href="#Page_405">405</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Common interests with landlord <a href="#Page_229">229</a>-30;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Eating cattle food <a href="#Page_379">379</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Gifts to landlord <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Movement against landlords, see Tenants' movement (Landlords);</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Rewarded <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sly <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Transference to Peasant Proprietorship <a href="#Page_29">29</a>-30 (2), + <a href="#Page_31">31</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Tendai <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br /> +<br /> +Tenison <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a><br /> +<br /> +Tennis <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Tera</i> <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> +<br /> +Terauchi <a href="#Page_390">390</a><br /> +<br /> +Terence <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /> +<br /> +Terracing <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a><br /> +<br /> +Texas <a href="#Page_365">365</a>-6<br /> +<br /> +Thanks not to be accepted <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +Thatch <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a><br /> +<br /> +Theatre <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">and Police <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Moving <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Stamp on hands <a href="#Page_115">115</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Theft, see Crime; <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, + <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a> (2)<br /> +<br /> +Theine <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, 403<br /> +<br /> +Theology <a href="#Page_362">362</a>; Natural <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> +<br /> +Thermometer <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /> +<br /> +"They feel the mercy of the sun" <a href="#Page_321">321</a><br /> +<br /> +"Thirteen a perilous age" <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +Thistles <a href="#Page_307">307</a><br /> +<br /> +Thompson, Francis, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +"Those who suffer learn," etc., <a href="#Page_253">253</a><br /> +<br /> +"Thou also dwellest," <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /> +<br /> +"Though hands and feet," etc., <a href="#Page_324">324</a><br /> +<br /> +Thought changes really slow <a href="#Page_331">331</a><br /> +<br /> +Threshing <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Machinery, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Threshold <a href="#Page_242">242</a><br /> +<br /> +Thrift <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, + <a href="#Page_30">30</a>-1, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, + <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-1, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Thunderbolts <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> +<br /> +Thyme <a href="#Page_290">290</a><br /> +<br /> +Tidal waves <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a><br /> +<br /> +Tidiness <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Tiger-day <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Tiles <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a><br /> +<br /> +Timber <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, +<a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a><br /> +<br /> +Time, see Ten years hence; <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a><br /> +<br /> +Tintoretto <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +"Tipped with fire" <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +Tipping <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br /> +<br /> +Toast <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +Tobacco <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, +<a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a><br /> +<br /> +Tochigi <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a><br /> +<br /> +Toes <a href="#Page_317">317</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Tōfu</i> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, + <a href="#Page_350">350</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Tokobashira</i>, see Tree in room<br /> +<br /> +<i>Tokonoma</i> <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a><br /> +<br /> +Tokugawa Iyesato, Prince, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Tokugawa period <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, + <a href="#Page_363">363</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Tokushu buraku</i> <a href="#Page_400">400</a><br /> +<br /> +Tokushima <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a><br /> +<br /> +Tokyo <a href="#Page_xxv">xxvi</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, + <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-2, + <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, + <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, + <a href="#Page_260">260</a> <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, + <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, + <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, + <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, + <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a> (2);<br /> +<span class="in1">Population <a href="#Page_392">392</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">University <a href="#Page_145">145</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Tolstoy, see Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, +<a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a><br /> +<br /> +Tombstones <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> +<br /> +"Too near to criticise" <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Too poetical" <a href="#Page_254">254</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Tools, see Paddies, Implements; <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, + <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 444<a name="Page_444" id="Page_444"></a></span> +<br /> +Top, Movement from, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Torii</i> <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a><br /> +<br /> +Torrens <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Tottori <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a><br /> +<br /> +Tourist steamers <a href="#Page_237">237</a><br /> +<br /> +Towels <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, + <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a><br /> +<br /> +Town life, True character of, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Townsman envied <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Townsman v. Countryman <a href="#Page_233">233</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Toyama <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Toyo-ashiwara</i>, etc., <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Trachoma</i> <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a><br /> +<br /> +Trade Unions, see Labour;<br /> +<span class="in1">U.S. and <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tradesmen <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tradesmen's boys <a href="#Page_315">315</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Tradition, Family, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /> +<br /> +Traherne, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Training, Home, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /> +<br /> +Tramps <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Transactions of Society of Arts</i>, see Asiatic; <a href="#Page_364">364</a><br /> +<br /> +Translations <a href="#Page_401">401</a><br /> +<br /> +Travel, see Trips; <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Counsel <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Old time <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Postgraduate <a href="#Page_29">29</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Trees, see Varieties of, under names, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, + <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Cutting down <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Dwarfed <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Homesteads studded <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">in the house <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Moving <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mushrooms <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Planting, see Afforestation, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, + <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">in Room <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Symbolical <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pictures <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Trimmed <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">in Winter <a href="#Page_215">215</a></span><br /> +<br /> +"Tremble and correct their conduct" <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br /> +<br /> +Trips <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +Troubler of Israel <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /> +<br /> +Trousers <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, + <a href="#Page_312">312</a><br /> +<br /> +Truth <a href="#Page_161">161</a><br /> +<br /> +Tsingtao <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Tsushima <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a><br /> +<br /> +Tuberculosis <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a><br /> +<br /> +Tunnels <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, +<a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, + <a href="#Page_197">197</a><br /> +<br /> +Tumours <a href="#Page_268">268</a><br /> +<br /> +Turnips <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +Twelve hours' day, U.S. and, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Types (Racial) <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Typhoons <a href="#Page_93">93</a><br /> +<br /> +Tytler <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +Uchimura, Kanzō, see also Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_90">90</a>-7, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, +<a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>-7, + <a href="#Page_362">362</a><br /> +<br /> +Ueda Sericulture College <a href="#Page_158">158</a>-9<br /> +<br /> +Umbrellas <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a><br /> +<br /> +Unclean <a href="#Page_208">208</a><br /> +<br /> +Undercooking <a href="#Page_350">350</a><br /> +<br /> +Underfeeding <a href="#Page_350">350</a><br /> +<br /> +Understanding, see West and East<br /> +<br /> +Uninhabitable, see also Area habitable; <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">compared with Great Britain <a href="#Page_394">394</a></span><br /> +<br /> +United States <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">and British Interests in Far East <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Japan <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Government <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and twelve hours' day <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Steel Corporation <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Universe <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a><br /> +<br /> +Universities <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a><br /> +<br /> +Unmarried <a href="#Page_393">393</a><br /> +<br /> +Unworldliness <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> +Upland, see also Rice; <a href="#Page_372">372</a> ;<br /> +<span class="in1"><i>Hata</i> <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Area <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Area ploughed by cattle <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Profit of <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Value of <a href="#Page_402">402</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Upper class reformers <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +Usury <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, +<a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Uta</i> <a href="#Page_324">324</a><br /> +<br /> +Utilisation of waste, see Waste; <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +Vacation, see Schools<br /> +<br /> +<i>Valerius</i> <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> +<br /> +Valleys <a href="#Page_372">372</a><br /> +<br /> +Van Eyck <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Van Gogh <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Vaughan <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Veal <a href="#Page_349">349</a><br /> +<br /> +Vegetable protein <a href="#Page_348">348</a>-9<br /> +<br /> +Vegetables <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, +<a href="#Page_349">349</a> (2), <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">at Shrine <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Salted <a href="#Page_196">196</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Vegetarianism <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, +<a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, + <a href="#Page_348">348</a><br /> +<br /> +Venus <a href="#Page_214">214</a><br /> +<br /> +Vetch <a href="#Page_263">263</a><br /> +<br /> +Veterinary surgeon <a href="#Page_268">268</a><br /> +<br /> +Views <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /> +<br /> +Village activities <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Association for promoting morality <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Callings <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cleaning stream <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Conditions <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Discords <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Founders <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Funds <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Histories <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ideal <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Improvement of <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Library <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Mobilisation <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Meetings <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Model <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Number of Houses in <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Office <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Praised and rewarded <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Reformed <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Return to <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Revenue <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Signs of being well off <a href="#Page_263">263</a>-4;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Signs of good <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Tax free <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Troubles <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Unified by removal of graves <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wanted one good personality in <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Villagers, not educated enough to understand, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, + <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Savings <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in2">Taxes in work <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Worthy <a href="#Page_22">22</a></span><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 445<a name="Page_445" id="Page_445"></a></span> +<br /> +Village Agricultural Association <a href="#Page_22">22</a>-3, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, + <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, + <a href="#Page_380">380</a><br /> +<br /> +Village assembly <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br /> +Villages, see Famine, Revenue, Sanitary Committee, Societies, Taxation;<br /> +<span class="in1"><a href="#Page_xxv">xxvi</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, + <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Vine branches <a href="#Page_209">209</a><br /> +<br /> +Virtue, see Morality; <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Supreme <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Taught by hands <a href="#Page_50">50</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Vladivostok <a href="#Page_214">214</a><br /> +<br /> +Voelcker, Dr., <a href="#Page_370">370</a><br /> +<br /> +"Voice of one," etc., <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> +Volcanic ash <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Eruption grants <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Soil <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Volcanoes, see Earthquakes, Hokkaido; <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, + <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, + <a href="#Page_394">394</a><br /> +<br /> +Voters, see Franchise; <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a><br /> +<br /> +Votive pillars <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">clock <a href="#Page_252">252</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Vow <a href="#Page_255">255</a><br /> +<br /> +Vulgar words <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +Waist string <a href="#Page_307">307</a><br /> +<br /> +Waitresses <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, + <a href="#Page_376">376</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">and Foreigners <a href="#Page_101">101</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Waley, A., <a href="#Page_320">320</a><br /> +<br /> +"Walking out" <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a><br /> +<br /> +Wall builders <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Wall charts <a href="#Page_124">124</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Wallace, Robert, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a><br /> +<br /> +Wallas, Graham, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +War <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, + <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">and this book <a href="#Page_xxv">xxv</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>-8;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Bonds <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">China <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Counsels <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Great War <a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Russia, see Russia, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, + <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Waraji</i> <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, +<a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, + <a href="#Page_326">326</a><br /> +<br /> +Washing <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Washouts <a href="#Page_182">182</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Waste <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">of time <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Planting of, see Afforestation;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Utilisation of <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Wastrels, see Hokkaido<br /> +<br /> +<i>Watakushi</i> <a href="#Page_301">301</a><br /> +<br /> +Watchword <a href="#Page_259">259</a><br /> +<br /> +Water <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>-3, +<a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>-9, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Colours <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Dangerous <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Water drinker" <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hot piped <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Pollution <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">On roof <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wheels <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Splashing quarrels <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Works <a href="#Page_52">52</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Wax and trees <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a><br /> +<br /> +Weather, see Climate; <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, + <a href="#Page_391">391</a><br /> +<br /> +Weddings, see Marriages; <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, +<a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Tax <a href="#Page_21">21</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Weeds, see Paddies; <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, +<a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, + <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Weeding in happiness" <a href="#Page_137">137</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Week <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +"Weep not," etc., <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Weeping <a href="#Page_25">25</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Weights <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Lifting <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Measures <a href="#Page_xxv">xxv</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Welcome tea <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br /> +<br /> +Well off <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a> (2), <a href="#Page_370">370</a><br /> +<br /> +Wells <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Wells, H.G., <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a><br /> +<br /> +West and East, Elemental things <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Glamour <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Importance of problem <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Real barrier <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a></span><br /> +<span class="in2">Western art <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Costumes <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Dancing <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Civilisation <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Eroticism <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Ideas <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Influence <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, + <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Literature <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Music <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Painting <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Philosophy <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sculpture <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Thought <a href="#Page_55">55</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Wet, see Climate<br /> +<br /> +"What a happy life" <a href="#Page_183">183</a><br /> +<br /> +Wheat <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a> (2), <a href="#Page_381">381</a> (2), +<a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>-10;<br /> +<span class="in1">Compared with Rice <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Imports <a href="#Page_383">383</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Whitman, Walt, <a href="#Page_99">99</a> (2), <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +"Why do you wear," etc., <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Why fasten your horse," etc., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Widows <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a><br /> +<br /> +Wild people <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Wilkstroemia Sikokiana</i>, see Gampi<br /> +<br /> +Will <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br /> +<br /> +Windbreaks <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Mills <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Taxes <a href="#Page_259">259</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Windows <a href="#Page_358">358</a><br /> +<br /> +Winnowing <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br /> +<br /> +Winter <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, + <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Crop <a href="#Page_384">384</a>-5-6</span><br /> +<br /> +Wisdom or Riches <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> +<br /> +Wit <a href="#Page_191">191</a><br /> +<br /> +Wives, see Marriage, Wedding; <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Please teach her" <a href="#Page_6">6</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Women, see Farmers' wives, Nurses, Paddies, Porters, Teachers, Wives;<br /> +<span class="in1"><a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, + <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Barbers <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">British Exploitation of <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Carriage of <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Children on back <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Women's Chivalrous Society <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Clothing <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Cooking <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Crime against <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">on dam and dyke <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Diseases <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Exploitation of <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Fisher women <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Individualism <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Influence of Christianity <a href="#Page_94">94</a> (2), + <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Kindness <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Labourers <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Women's Movement <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Men <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, + <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">New openings for <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Number of Workers <a href="#Page_168">168</a>-9, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">One Heart Society <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Overworked <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Press <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Praying <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Priest <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Priest <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Primitive conditions <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum">Page 446<a name="Page_446" id="Page_446"></a></span> +<span class="in1">Obstacles to Agricultural progress <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Public life <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Same implements as husband <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Savings not used by men <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Story of old woman <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Religious Association <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Self-suppression <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Strength <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Suffering <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Trousers, see Trousers, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">compared with Western <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Western costumes <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wives, see Wives, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Work <a href="#Page_278">278</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Wood <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, + <a href="#Page_372">372</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Cutters <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Divided up, Result, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">and Grain crops <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Preservation <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Quantity needed <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Utensils <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Wealth of <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Workers <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">White (Shinto) <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Wool <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>-3-4-5-6-7;<br /> +<span class="in1">v. Cotton and Silk <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Woollen factories compared with English <a href="#Page_354">354</a>-7;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Industry <a href="#Page_354">354</a>-5-6-7, <a href="#Page_407">407</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Woolman, John, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a><br /> +<br /> +Work, for common good <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">to Gain influence <a href="#Page_321">321</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Good <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Hard <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">"Make the young fellows" <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Sacredness of <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Workers <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, City <a href="#Page_87">87</a>-8;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Workmen good <a href="#Page_317">317</a></span><br /> +<br /> +World, Attitude, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Better world <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Worship <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, + <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a><br /> +<br /> +"Would that my daughter," etc. <a href="#Page_183">183</a><br /> +<br /> +"Wounds of the realm" <a href="#Page_309">309</a><br /> +<br /> +Wren <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> +<br /> +Wrens <a href="#Page_287">287</a><br /> +<br /> +Wrestlers <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, +<a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, + <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a><br /> +<br /> +Wrist development <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +Writing <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">"Penmanship is like," etc., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></span><br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +Yahagi, Dr., <a href="#Page_366">366</a><br /> +<br /> +Yam <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br /> +<br /> +Yamagata <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, +<a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, + <a href="#Page_380">380</a><br /> +<br /> +Yamaguchi <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a><br /> +<br /> +Yamanashi <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> +<br /> +Yamasaki, N., <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, +<a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, +<a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Yamato damashii</i> <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +Yamato Society <a href="#Page_413">413</a><br /> +<br /> +Yanagi, M., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>-106, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>-7;<br /> +<span class="in1">Mrs. <a href="#Page_99">99</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Yangtse <a href="#Page_390">390</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Yashiki</i> (mansion) <a href="#Page_369">369</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Yashiro</i> <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> +<br /> +Yeats, W.B., <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Yeddo, see Tokyo, Yezo; <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a><br /> +<br /> +Yields, see Agriculture, Crops and names of<br /> +<br /> +Y.M.A. 7, <a href="#Page_15">15</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, + <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, + <a href="#Page_120">120</a> (2), <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, + <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, + <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, + <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, + <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">Criticism of <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a> (2), <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Official action <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Y.M.C.A. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Y.W.A. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">Y.W.C.A. <a href="#Page_15">15</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Yo</i> <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Yofuku</i>, see Foreign clothes<br /> +<br /> +Yokohama <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a><br /> +<br /> +Yokoi, Dr., <a href="#Page_362">362</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Yoroshii</i> <a href="#Page_280">280</a><br /> +<br /> +Yoshida, S., <a href="#Page_332">332</a><br /> +<br /> +Yosōgi <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Young, Arthur, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a><br /> +<br /> +Young men <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;<br /> +<span class="in1">and Women, see Sexes, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="in1">with a mission <a href="#Page_324">324</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Yukata</i> <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a><br /> +</p> + + +<p> <br /> +<i>Zabuton</i> <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, + <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br /> +<br /> +Zeeland <a href="#Page_197">197</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Zen</i> <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, + <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, + <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br /> +<br /> +Zig-zag tracks <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Zori</i> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a><br /> +<br /> +Zorn <a href="#Page_327">327</a><br /> +</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">Page 447<a name="Page_447" id="Page_447"></a></span> +<br /> +[Transcriber's Notes:<br /> +<br /> +The following typographical errors or inconsistencies were corrected:<br /> +<br /> +Page xv (Introduction), 315: The name Kanzō Uchimura did not have a<br /> +macron over the o, but it did in the index and two other locations in<br /> +the text, and it was confirmed from another source, so the macrons<br /> +were edited in.<br /> +<br /> +Page xv (Introduction): The term 'kōri' (division of a prefecture) did<br /> +not have the macron, but it did in the index; also confirmed from<br /> +another source, so put the macron character in.<br /> +<br /> +In four places, the term 'gunchō' (head of a county) did not have a<br /> +macron over the o, but in five other places, it did, so I have edited<br /> +the word on pages 51, 52, and 56, and in the index.<br /> +<br /> +Page 55: Changed 'familar' to 'familiar'.<br /> +<br /> +Page 125: The term 'jizō' did not have a macron over the o, but it did<br /> +in another location and in the index, so I edited it.<br /> +<br /> +Page 226: Changed 'instal' to 'install'.<br /> +<br /> +Page 315: The term 'kakkō' (cuckoo) did not have a macron over the o,<br /> +but it did in the index, and I determined from another source that it<br /> +should have the macron, so I edited it.<br /> +<br /> +Index: various hyphenated words did not have hyphens in the index<br /> +entries, edited in the hyphens.<br /> +<br /> +Index: Entry for borrowing, reference to kō missing the macron.<br /> +Corrected it.<br /> +<br /> +Index: Entry for 'Cimabue' should not have accented e (confirmed from<br /> +another source) so corrected it.<br /> +<br /> +Index: Entry for 'furoshiki' had two i's at the end; confirmed with<br /> +another source it should only have one i at the end; corrected.<br /> +<br /> +Index: Entry for 'genshitsu' was mis-spelled, confirmed from another<br /> +source, corrected. Index: Entry for phrase 'Getsu-yo-bi' was mis-spelled,<br /> +obvious from the text in the book, so corrected.<br /> +<br /> +Index: Entry for 'gohei' was misspelled; corrected it.<br /> +<br /> +Index: Entry for 'Hasegawa, Tohaku' misspelled vs. referenced page.<br /> +Also confirmed spelling from another source. Corrected index entry.<br /> +<br /> +Index: Entry for 'Kusunoki Masashige' misspelled vs. referenced page.<br /> +Also confirmed spelling from another source. Corrected index entry.<br /> +<br /> +Index: phrase 'Okunitama-no-miko-no-kami mis-spelled, corrected.'<br /> +<br /> +Index: entry for phrase 'Sei-kō U-doku' did not have a macron but in<br /> +the book it did, so edited the index entry.<br /> +<br /> +Index: entry for phrase 'Tokushu buraku' was mis-spelled, confirmed<br /> +from another source, corrected.<br /> +<br /> +Index: entry for tools: 'implements' misspelled, corrected.<br /> +<br /> +Index: entry for word 'yofuku' had macron over the o here, but not<br /> +anywhere in the book, so it was made consistent by using a normal o.<br /> +<br /> +Index: The name 'Yosōgi' had the macron over the first o instead of the<br /> +second one, inconsistent with the other index listing and the chapter<br /> +text, so the index entry was corrected. The Chapter title does not use<br /> +a macron at all, and has been left as printed.<br /> +<br /> +Index: Entry for 'Yukata' should not have a macron on the u - verified<br /> +this from another source, made correction.]<br /> +</p> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14613 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/14613-h/images/001.jpg b/14613-h/images/001.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a99928 --- /dev/null +++ b/14613-h/images/001.jpg diff --git a/14613-h/images/002.jpg b/14613-h/images/002.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb204f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/14613-h/images/002.jpg diff --git a/14613-h/images/003.jpg b/14613-h/images/003.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..08543d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/14613-h/images/003.jpg diff --git a/14613-h/images/004.jpg b/14613-h/images/004.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e8ac757 --- /dev/null +++ b/14613-h/images/004.jpg diff --git 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