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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898
+       Volume XI, 1599-1602
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: January 13, 2005 [EBook #14685]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1493-1898 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the PG Distributed Proofreaders Team
+
+
+
+
+
+THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1493-1898
+
+Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and
+their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions,
+as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the
+political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those
+islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the
+close of the nineteenth century,
+
+
+
+Volume XI, 1599-1602
+
+
+
+Edited and annotated by Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson
+with historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord
+Bourne.
+
+
+
+Contents of Volume XI
+
+
+
+    Preface      9
+    Documents of 1599
+
+            Ordinances enacted by the Audiencia of Manila
+            (_concluded_). Francisco Tello, and others;
+            Manila, June, 1598-July, 1599      21
+            The hospital for Indians at Manila. Domingo
+            de Santiago and Antonio Valerio; Manila,
+            July 3      82
+            Letters from the royal fiscal to the
+            king. Hieronimo de Salazar y Salcedo; Manila,
+            July 21      86
+            Letter from the king of Borneo to Governor
+            Tello. Soltan Adil Sula; [June?] translated
+            July 27      120
+            Letters to the king. Francisco Tello; Manila,
+            July 14 and August 7      123
+            Letters to Tello. Felipe III; Denia, August
+            16  129
+
+    Documents of 1600
+
+            The pacification of Mindanao. [Unsigned and
+            undated; 1600?]      135
+            Oliver van Noordt's attack on Luzón. Francisco
+            Tello, and others; Manila, October-December
+            140
+
+    Documents of 1601
+
+            Report to the governor, on the battle
+            with the Dutch. Antonio de Morga; Manila,
+            January 5.  173
+            Annual letters from the Philippine
+            Islands. Francisco Vaez, S.J.; [Manila?],
+            June 10.  191
+            Letter to Felipe III. Diego Garcia, S.J.;
+            Manila, July 8.  223
+            Letter from the fiscal to Felipe III. Hieronimo
+            de Salazar y Salcedo; Manila, July 16.  228
+            Complaint of the cabildo of Manila against
+            Morga. Gonzalo Ronquillo de Vallesteros,
+            and others; Manila, July 20.  235
+            Letter to Felipe III. Antonio de Morga;
+            Manila, July 30.  251
+            Grant to Jesuit school in Cebú. Council of
+            Indias; Valladolid, December 11.  257
+
+    Documents of 1602
+
+            Instructions to Pedro de Acuña. Felipe III;
+            Zamora, February 16.  263
+            Two royal decrees. Felipe III; Zamora,
+            February 16.  289
+            Pintados menaced by Mindanao pirates. Juan
+            Juarez Gallinato, and others; off Mindanao,
+            May 29-June 4.  292
+            Letters to Felipe III. L. P. Dasmariñas,
+            and others; Manila, June 8-July 10.  302
+
+    Bibliographical Data.  317
+
+
+
+
+
+Illustrations
+
+
+
+    Title-page of _De rebus Iaponicis_, compiled by John Hay,
+    S J. (Antverpiæ, M. DC. V); photographic facsimile, from copy
+    in Library of Congress.  187
+    Title-page of _Relatione breve_, by Diego de Torres (Milano,
+    MDCIII); photographic facsimile, from copy in library of
+    Harvard University.  189
+
+
+
+
+
+Preface
+
+
+During the three years or more covered in this volume (1599-1602),
+the most notable occurrence is the coming to the archipelago (in 1600)
+of the fleet commanded by the Dutch adventurer Oliver van Noordt,
+bent on plunder and the damage of the Spanish settlements there:
+but he is defeated and driven away, although with heavy loss to the
+Spaniards. This event, with the quarrels which it arouses in Manila,
+and fears of like danger in the future, disturb the colony for several
+years. The people, both Spaniards and Indians, are also in constant
+dread of the Moro pirates, who ravage the coasts of the Pintados
+(Visayas) Islands, encouraged to commit these depredations by the late
+withdrawal of Spanish troops from Mindanao. In the face of all these
+difficulties, the government is also embarrassed by the poverty of
+the local treasury; its funds are wasted by unnecessary expenses and
+salaries, and lessened by frauds in the customs duties, and by other
+violations of the laws regarding trade. There are too many officials,
+both secular and religious; and the former are often incompetent or
+corrupt. The Indians are demoralized by having learned the use of
+the white men's money; their native industries are neglected, which
+causes scarcity and high prices of goods and supplies. New impulse
+and wider scope are given to the missions conducted by the Jesuits,
+who begin the task of gathering the scattered Indian converts into
+mission villages, thus more easily to civilize and christianize the
+natives. A new governor for the islands is appointed, Pedro de Acuña.
+
+In this volume is completed the document begun in _Vol_. X, "Ordinances
+of the Audiencia enacted in 1598-99;" here are presented those for the
+first half of the year 1599. The alcaldes-mayor must, in collecting the
+taxes, observe the royal tariffs. To remedy the exorbitant charges for
+fees in the inferior courts, all suits appealed to the Audiencia must
+be accompanied by a sworn statement of the fees thus paid. The bonds
+accepted in law-suits must be more reliable. Auditors are given special
+powers in expediting the cases of persons imprisoned. Interpreters
+are not allowed to trade with the natives, except in the presence of
+a magistrate. The accounts of guardians of minors shall be examined
+by the probate judge. Attorneys are restricted in bringing new suits
+between Indians. Goods sold at auction for the benefit of the royal
+treasury must be knocked down to the highest bidder, and for cash
+only. Lawyers are ordered to follow the customs of the natives,
+where these are involved in lawsuits. Collection of tributes shall
+not be made by the alcaldes-mayor; and appointments for the post of
+collector must be approved by the Audiencia. Various acts prescribe
+the duties of officials of the Audiencia, and its procedures in
+certain cases; also limits of action by attorneys. The officials
+of the Audiencia shall give bonds each year. Cases involving twenty
+pesos or less shall not be brought to trial. Directions are given for
+the trial of suits between Indians. The alguazils-mayor must make
+the rounds of the city at night. All accounts due to or from the
+royal treasury shall be closed up and balanced within the next four
+months. Officials of the Audiencia shall not go outside of the city
+without permission. Certain punishments are prescribed for the Chinese
+inhabitants--for vicious practices, for making or clipping coin,
+and for buying stolen goods from Indians. All natives residing in
+Manila who have not some employment are ordered to leave the city at
+three days' notice. The duties of the late Alvaro Çambrano, deceased,
+are to be assumed by others of the auditors. Provision is made for due
+inspection, appraisal, and sale of merchandise brought from China. All
+Indians belonging to the royal encomiendas must pay their tributes,
+even when they reside in Manila. The sum of three hundred pesos is
+appropriated to furnish and adorn the chapel of the Audiencia. The
+Chinese are forbidden to have godchildren, a practice which has led to
+many evils; and the Christians are ordered to follow the occupations
+which they had exercised before their conversion. Officials whose
+terms of office expire must furnish residencia before receiving any
+further appointment.
+
+On July 3, 1599, one of the Franciscans in charge of the hospital for
+the Indians at Manila writes to the king, asking further grants of
+aid for its work. The governor and bishop are directed by the king
+to advise him as to the needs of the hospital. A letter from the
+royal fiscal to the king (July 21) displays the needs of the royal
+exchequer in the islands, and suggests means for supplying these. He
+complains of the burden imposed on the colony by the support of an
+archbishop and three bishops. Much is wasted in salaries, for useless
+or nominal services. Salazar y Salzedo advises that the offices and
+their salaries be both reduced. Especial loss and injury to the royal
+income arises from the frauds and violations of law which are practiced
+in the Mexican trade. The payment of tributes by the Indians in money
+is demoralizing them; they no longer pursue their former usual labors,
+and their products are now scarce and high-priced. They ought to be
+compelled to work, at agriculture, stock-raising, and mining. The
+treasury needs more money, and more Indians should be assigned to the
+crown. Encomiendas are fraudulently assigned by the governors. The
+erection of wooden churches in the encomiendas is another source
+of useless expense; these should be built of stone or brick. Certain
+offices should be taken from their present incumbents, and conferred on
+men of character and standing. The fiscal complains of lax management
+of the treasury by its officials, and calls for an investigation;
+and the same with the cabildo of Manila. Other charges where public
+moneys are involved should be inspected by the crown, and the waste
+of those funds should be checked. Even all these reforms will not
+provide all the funds for necessary expenses; the fiscal therefore
+proposes that the crown monopolize the trade in spices and raw silk,
+which would bring immense profits to the royal treasury. Another letter
+from the fiscal to the king, of the same date, makes recommendations
+as to certain affairs of government. He urges that the auditors
+should make regular official inspection of the administration of
+justice throughout the islands. He complains that the profits of
+trade are absorbed by the officials and their dependents, leaving
+the citizens poor. Offices and other sources of profit must not be
+bestowed on those dependents, but on the citizens; and the officers
+of the ships that carry goods to Nueva España should not be appointed
+there, but in the islands. The ships should be more strictly inspected.
+
+The ruler of Borneo sends (June. 1599) to Governor Tello a gift,
+accompanied by a letter in which he expresses firm friendship for the
+Spaniards. In a letter dated July 14, Tello complains that Morga is
+hostile to him, and even writes anonymous letters against the governor;
+the latter defends himself against these attacks. On August 7 he
+reports to the king the arrival of English ships at Maluco, and his
+intention of sending reenforcements to the Spanish fort there, and
+to that in Cebu. He is asking aid from the viceroy of Nueva España,
+and is trying to manufacture more artillery at Manila. Two letters
+from Felipe III to Tello are dated August 16, 1599. The king commends
+his proceedings in certain matters, and orders the viceroy of Nueva
+España to send hereafter only useful colonists to the Philippines. He
+also desires Tello to advise him whether the duties on Chinese goods
+can be increased.
+
+A brief account of the pacification of Mindanao (1600?) furnishes
+some additional information as to events there, up to 1600. The
+troops have been withdrawn from this island, owing to an alarm
+of danger from English pirates; but these prove to be peaceable
+Dutch merchants. In October of that year, certain foreign vessels
+(thought to be English) enter the bay of Albay, and Antonio de Morga
+is ordered by the Audiencia to fortify the port of Cavite and pursue
+the enemy. Instructions for this latter proceeding are furnished to
+him by the governor (December 10). He in turn gives instructions
+to his admiral, Joan de Alcega. Then follows an account not only
+of the battle between the Spanish and the Dutch fleets, but also
+of Van Noordt's entire voyage to the Philippines. The battle ends,
+on the whole, disastrously for Van Noordt. Among the plunder found
+on the Dutch ships is a commission granted to Esaias de Lende as a
+privateer against the Spaniards in the Indias. Suit being brought
+against the admiral Alcega for deserting the flagship in the battle
+with Van Noordt, Morga presents therein his version of the affair
+(January 5, 1601)--throwing the blame for the loss of the flagship
+on Alcega's disobedience to the orders previously given him by Morga.
+
+Francisco Vaez reports (June 10, 1601) to the general of the Jesuit
+order the status of Jesuit missions in the islands. He relates
+the deaths of certain priests and brethren while engaged in the
+performance of their duties, and proceeds to a detailed report of
+each mission station. The Jesuit church at Manila has been ruined by
+earthquakes. The fathers of the college there are accomplishing much
+good by their labors, especially among those in prison, the soldiers,
+and the children. Several instances of the devotion and piety of
+converts are related. The losses and calamities which have befallen
+the people have made them more inclined to religion. The sodalities
+introduced among the natives arouse their devotion and enthusiasm. At
+Antipolo a hospital has been begun, as well as a school for boys. At
+Cebú also a school has been opened; and the labors of the Jesuits are
+highly acceptable to the people, and commended by the bishop. Many
+Indians are being converted by them. Connected with the residence
+at Cebú is that of Bohol. Here Father Valerio Ledesma has persuaded
+the savages to leave the mountains and settle near the river, under
+the care of the missionaries; they have built a church, and are fast
+becoming converted. Other missionaries in Bohol report many hundreds
+of baptisms. Various miraculous cures of illness are related. Good
+news comes from Samar also; nearly four thousand have been baptized,
+nearly all adults. In Dulac a boys' school has been established, and
+many conversions have occurred. At Alangala there are three Indian
+chapels. Vaez asks for more missionaries in this so promising field. A
+few days later (July 8) the official visitor of the Jesuit missions,
+Diego Garcia, writes to Felipe III. He recommends that seminaries
+for the instruction of heathen boys be stablished as a means for
+hastening the conversion of the natives; and that the Indians be
+gathered into settlements. Garcia asks that the Jesuit college at
+Manila be authorized to graduate students from its classes; and closes
+by recommending to the king's favor Morga and other officials.
+
+The fiscal, Salazar y Salcedo, declares (July 16, 1601) that Tello
+is shielding Morga, and despatches to the king a full report of the
+investigation which he has made of the conflict with the Dutch. A
+memorial to the king is sent (July 20, 1601) by the cabildo of
+Manila, making various complaints in regard to the conduct of Doctor
+de Morga. The order given by him and Tello for the abandonment of
+Mindanao has caused the natives of that region to commit piracies in
+the islands under Spanish rule. Morga has obtained official positions
+for his relatives and friends, contrary to the royal ordinances. One
+of these men, being utterly incompetent, has failed to drive back the
+Mindanao pirates, who have consequently inflicted much damage. Through
+various machinations, Morga succeeded in depriving Ronquillo of
+the command of the fleet, in the battle with Van Noordt; but in the
+conflict he showed himself incompetent to command the troops, and a
+coward at the approach of danger; and, in consequence, his flagship
+was wrecked, with the loss of many Spaniards and of valuable military
+supplies. Moreover, the enemy being allowed to escape, the islands are
+more exposed to future attacks from them. The writers of this letter
+are sending documents to prove their charges; they also accuse Morga of
+writing anonymous letters. A letter from Morga to the king (July 30)
+relates his services in the naval battle, and the unfaithfulness of
+Joan de Alcega to his trust in that and other instances. Morga asks
+to be relieved from his post in the Philippines, and sent to some
+other country. On December 11, 1601, the Jesuit school at Cebu is
+aided by a royal grant for the erection of buildings.
+
+Governor Tello is superseded by Pedro de Acuña, and the latter is
+provided with instructions (February 16, 1602) by the king. He must
+consult with the viceroy of Nueva España regarding the measures
+to be taken for the settlement of the islands; and the viceroy has
+been ordered to aid the governor therein. Acuña is directed to look
+after the defense of the coasts, and the maintenance of a garrison
+in Mindanao. He must do what he can to dispense with offices and
+salaries which are superfluous, for which the king makes various
+recommendations. The frauds which have been committed in the shipment
+of goods to Nueva España, and in the payment of duties thereon, must
+be stopped. Irregularities and frauds in the assignment of encomiendas
+must also cease. These and various other matters are discussed by the
+king, in pursuance of the recommendations made by the royal fiscal
+in July, 1599. Official inspection of affairs in the islands must
+be made by the auditors; and the royal officials must put a stop to
+the importation from America of money for investment in the China
+trade. The cathedral at Manila must be completed, and the hospitals
+aided; and nuns will be sent for Santa Potenciana. The Jesuit seminary
+for Indian boys should be cared for; and Acuña is to ascertain its
+condition and needs. He must investigate the question of abolishing
+the Parian, and see that religious teachers are provided for the
+natives of the Ladrones Islands. Agriculture must be encouraged in
+the Philippines. Two royal decrees (dated February 16) command the
+viceroy of Nueva España to send to the Philippines more colonists,
+who shall be persons of good character; and two nuns, to take charge
+of the seminary of Santa Potenciana at Manila. Captain Gallinato
+sends to the governor at Manila (June 4, 1602) warning of a large
+plundering expedition which is about to sail from Mindanao to ravage
+the Pintados Islands. The Joloans are also hostile, and ready to attack
+the Spaniards; and the natives of Terrenate are aiding the Mindanaos.
+
+Luis de Dasmariñas writes to Felipe III (June 8, 1602), urging that the
+Spaniards reconquer the fortress of Maluco, to protect the Philippines
+from attack by "those demons of English and Dutch heretics." Doctor
+de Morga again informs the king (June 30) of his services in the
+conflict with Van Noordt, and in still another letter (July 8) of
+the attacks which his enemies are making upon him in regard to that
+affair. The Augustinian officials at Manila notify the king (July 4)
+of the election of Pedro Arce as provincial of their order in the
+islands; and explain their refusal to receive a visitor recently sent
+to the islands from Nueva España. A letter from the fiscal details
+(July 10) the measures taken to compel payment by Governor Tello of
+the debts owed by him in Sevilla; he has property in Nueva España,
+but none in the islands.
+
+_The Editors_
+
+December, 1903.
+
+
+
+
+
+Documents of 1599
+
+
+
+    Ordinances enacted by the Audiencia of Manila
+    (_concluded_.) Francisco Tello, and others; January-July, 1599.
+    The hospital for Indians at Manila. Domingo de Santiago and
+    Antonio Valerio; July 3.
+    Letters from the royal fiscal to the king. Hieronimo de
+    Salazar y Salcedo; July 21.
+    Letter from the king of Borneo to Governor Tello. Soltan Adil
+    Sula; [June?] translated July 27.
+    Letters to the king. Francisco Tello; July 14 and August 7.
+    Letters to Tello. Felipe III; August 16.
+
+
+
+_Sources_: All these documents save one are obtained from MSS. in the
+Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla; the second of the king's letters
+(August 16) is from the "Cedulario Indico" in the Archivo Histórico
+Nacional, Madrid.
+
+_Translations_: The first of these documents is translated by Arthur
+B. Myrick, of Harvard University; the second, by Emma Helen Blair;
+the third, and part of the sixth, by Robert W. Haight; the fourth,
+by James A. Robertson; the fifth, by Norman F. Hall, of Harvard
+University, and José M. and Clara M. Asensio; the first letter in
+the sixth, by Alfonso de Salvio, of Harvard University.
+
+
+
+
+
+Ordinances Enacted by the Audiencia of Manila (_concluded_)
+
+
+
+_An act ordering the alcaldes-mayor and their officials to observe
+the royal tariff._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas, in the
+collection of taxes by the alcaldes-mayor of the provinces of these
+islands, and by their notaries and officials, there is great excess
+and disorder, from failing to observe his Majesty's royal tariffs,
+whence arise many difficulties and obstacles to the service of God
+our Lord, and of his Majesty: therefore, to remedy these evils,
+they ordered, and they did so order, that all the alcaldes-mayor,
+both now and henceforth, in all of the provinces of these said
+islands, shall observe and cause to be observed the royal tariff of
+his Majesty and his royal Audiencia; and, in conformity with it,
+shall levy and cause to be levied the taxes to them appertaining,
+as also shall their notaries and officials--levying on the natives
+a third less than on the Spaniards, according to the declaration
+thereof in the said tariff; and that each one of them shall have a
+copy of this tariff. They shall neither use nor levy the said taxes
+by any other tariffs, under penalty of a fine of one hundred pesos
+for the treasury of his Majesty and the expenses of justice. By this
+act they so provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez de Almazan_
+The licentiate _Zambrano_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+_Proclamation_: In the city of Manila, on the twenty-second of January,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors
+of the royal Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands, who signed their
+names to the above act, declared and proclaimed it in public session.
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that there shall be no suits without the filing of
+a sworn memorandum of the fees that the parties have paid._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia, Court, and Chancillería of these Philipinas Islands
+declared that, whereas it has come to their knowledge that certain
+persons--not only Spaniards, but Indians and Sangleys--who bring
+suits in this royal Audiencia and outside of it, in the provincial
+and ordinary tribunals, complain of the large sums that are charged
+by the courts, in great excess of what they are ordered to charge
+by the royal tariffs; and that the notaries of the said tribunals,
+contrary to orders, send the appealed suits to this royal Audiencia,
+without placing at the end of them the fees they have paid; therefore,
+in order to remedy the aforesaid evil, and to put an end to complaints
+of similar acts of injustice, they ordered, and they did so order, both
+the officials of this royal Audiencia and the others in the provincial
+and the ordinary tribunals, and those outside of this city, now and
+henceforth, not to bring or send any suit to be reviewed in the court
+of this royal Audiencia, unaccompanied by a memorandum, signed and
+sworn to by the parties to the suit, of what they have spent thereon,
+and to what persons they have given the money; and not to bring any
+suit for revision in any other manner, under penalty of a fine, for
+each time when they shall disobey this order, of ten pesos for his
+Majesty's treasury, to be equally divided between the treasury and the
+court--to which, from that moment, they are considered as condemned. By
+this act they so provided and ordered, and they signed the same.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almazan_
+The licentiate _Alvaro Zambrano_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+_Proclamation_: In the city of Manila, on the twenty-second day of
+the month of January, one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine,
+the president and auditors of the royal Audiencia and Chancillería
+of these Philipinas Islands, who signed their names to the above act,
+declared and proclaimed it in public session.
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the clerk of court who receives the bonds
+of suitors shall accept only reliable bonds, and at his own risk;
+and that his residencia in regard to the said office shall be taken._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas in the
+suits that are brought and considered in this royal Audiencia it
+is sometimes necessary to order the parties to give bonds, which
+are accepted by the clerk of court of this royal Audiencia, without
+his knowing whether they are good or not: therefore as some trouble
+and annoyance might result from this, and it is expedient to avoid
+this, and, where bonds are concerned, to require the residencia, they
+ordered, and they did so order, that now and henceforth the said clerk,
+in all suits in which bonds are ordered to be given, shall accept only
+honest, reliable, and valuable bonds, under the penalty of having them
+charged to his own account and risk if they are not so. He shall give
+reliable bonds therefor, and shall likewise undergo the residencia of
+his said office; and shall pay whatever is adjudged and decided against
+him, and any public demands which shall be lodged against him, as he
+is obliged to do by law. Thus it was provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almazan_
+The licentiate _Albaro Cambrano_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+_Proclamation_: In the city of Manila, on the twenty-second day of
+the month of January, one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine,
+the president and auditors of the royal Audiencia and Chancillería
+of these Philipinas Islands, who signed their names to the above act,
+declared and proclaimed it in public session.
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the auditors who regularly review the charges
+against prisoners may make what decisions shall be necessary in
+the suits of prisoners por sala, until their sentences shall be
+pronounced._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancillería of these Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas, in despatching suits of the prisoners in the royal prison of
+this court, there might be some delay on account of there being many
+persons imprisoned _por sala_ who are never released during the review
+of cases made, from which they receive great harm by protracting their
+release: therefore, the president and auditors agreed, and they did so
+resolve, that, now and henceforth, when they shall review the cases in
+the royal prison of this court, on the Saturdays appointed therefor,
+they may release those who were arrested _por sala_, if arrested
+therein by alcaldes of the court; and that, likewise, they may issue
+the acts which shall seem fitting to them concerning the regulation
+of criminal cases, until they are definitely concluded by sentence,
+so that the cases of the said prisoners may be despatched with the
+greater celerity.
+
+By this act they so ordered, provided, and decreed.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almazan_
+The licentiate _Alvaro Cambrano_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+_Proclamation_: In the city of Manila, on the twenty-second day of
+the month of January, one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine,
+the president and auditors of the royal Audiencia and Chancillería
+of these islands, who signed their names to the above act, declared
+and proclaimed it in public session.
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the interpreters shall not trade or traffic
+with the natives._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancillería of these Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas it has come to their knowledge that the interpreters, as a
+result of their occupation as interpreters, and being for the most part
+friendly to the natives, seek and attempt to acquire, with trinkets
+and other illegal means, jewels, slaves, and other things, at lower
+prices than they are valued by the said natives: therefore, in order
+to put a stop to the aforesaid evil by applying a remedy for it, they
+resolved, ordered, and decreed, that now and henceforth, no interpreter
+shall buy from the said natives any jewels, slaves, or other valuables,
+except in the presence of the magistrate, under penalty of confiscation
+of what shall have been bought by the interpreter violating this law,
+half of which is immediately to be applied to his Majesty's treasury,
+and the other half to the expenses of justice; and furthermore, he
+shall not be allowed to exercise the said office any longer. By this
+act they so provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almazan_
+The licentiate _Cambrano_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-second day of the month of
+January, one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and
+auditors of the royal Audiencia and Chancillería of these Philipinas
+Islands, who signed their names to the above act, declared and
+proclaimed it in public session. Diego de Mercado and Juan Garcia,
+interpreters, were present and were notified.
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the probate judge shall examine the accounts
+of guardians of minors in this court._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancillería of these Philipinas Islands declared
+that, whereas in this court there are many minors--encomenderos,
+and others--whose property and effects are in charge of guardians
+and curators; and because the said property might be spent and
+dissipated without these guardians being able afterward to give
+an account thereof to their said minors, which would result to
+the great harm and prejudice of the latter: therefore, to remedy
+the aforesaid, they resolved, and they did so resolve and decree,
+that the common probate judge, now or hereafter, in these islands be
+empowered to examine, not only in trust but on the party's petition,
+the accounts of all the guardianships and curatorships of minors in
+this court, and of the administration and conservation of the same;
+and he may proceed against those of whom he may be suspicious, or who
+administer and manage dishonestly, or waste, the goods and effects of
+the said minors; and may make in the case all the inquiries suitable
+and necessary, until he shall hand down a definite decision in such
+cases--for which, and for everything annexed to and pertaining to it,
+they gave him the requisite power and authority, in the sufficiency
+required by law. By this act they so voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almazan_
+The licentiate _Cambrano_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that no one shall keep on his hat or sit down,
+while the auditor is taking his deposition._
+
+In the city of Manila, in the Philipinas Islands, on the seventh of
+January, one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and
+auditors of the royal Audiencia of the said islands declared that,
+whereas certain persons have been imprisoned in the royal prison of
+this court, for criminal cases, who, when their depositions were being
+taken, sat down and remained with their heads covered, which is in
+disrespect of royal justice; and as it is fitting to apply a remedy to
+the aforesaid, now and henceforth, therefore, they ordered, and they
+did so order, that each and every one, of whatever rank and condition,
+who may be imprisoned on criminal charges, shall, when his deposition
+is being taken before any auditor of this royal Audiencia, stand
+and bare his head, until such time as his deposition is ended. And,
+in order that this may come to the knowledge of everyone, it shall be
+made known to the commissioners and attorneys of this royal Audiencia,
+who shall give notice of the provisions of this act to such persons,
+whenever occasion shall arise, so that it may be observed. By this
+act they so provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almazan_
+The licentiate _Cambrano_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that no attorney shall enter a petition in a new
+suit between Indians, without first communicating it to the auditor
+for that week._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas in this
+royal Audiencia there are brought and considered suits and causes for
+small amounts among the natives of these islands, in which they incur
+heavy costs, whereby they receive great injury and vexation: therefore,
+they ordered, and they did so order, that no prosecuting attorney of
+this royal Audiencia shall bring therein a new suit or petition for
+an Indian, without first and foremost bringing it before this royal
+Audiencia, or before the auditor for the week, in order that the latter
+may determine whether the suit be a proper one--under a penalty of a
+fine of six pesos of common gold, immediately upon the conviction of
+anyone who may disobey this decree; one-third to go to the receiver of
+fines, another third to the royal hospital, and the other third to the
+poor in the prison. By this act they so declared ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the royal officials, in the sale of gold and
+other goods, from the royal exchequer, see that it be done for cash,
+and not auctioned to creditors of the exchequer, in order that the
+latter may receive their money_.
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas on account
+of his Majesty's royal exchequer of these islands being, as it now is,
+embarrassed with many debts, it cannot succeed in paying its creditors
+what it thus owes them--which results from the fact that some of the
+said creditors, in order to have their accounts paid to them, present
+themselves at the royal auctions which are held for the sale of gold,
+cotton cloth, and other goods collected from the tributes pertaining
+to the royal crown, and bid on such articles, at higher prices than
+would be given if they were paying in cash, in order to receive what
+the royal exchequer owes them; and that if such things as this were
+allowed to continue, the said royal exchequer would not be able to meet
+certain necessary matters which continually occur in the service of
+the king, our sovereign, and of which consideration should be taken:
+therefore, they declared that they ordered, and they did so order,
+the official judges of the royal exchequer of the king our sovereign
+in these islands, that now and henceforth, in the auctions and sales
+which may be made of any royal property, it shall be made over to the
+person or persons who bid the highest, being knocked down to them
+and paid for immediately. They shall admit or receive in no other
+way any other bid which may be made by the said creditors. By this
+act they so declared and ordered, and signed the same.
+
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almazan_
+The licentiate _Albaro Çambrano_
+
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the advocates and attorneys of this royal
+Audiencia shall follow the customs of the natives._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas in suits
+brought by natives of these islands, wherein they consider in this
+royal Audiencia questions of slavery, divisions of inheritances,
+slaves, marriage-dowries, and other things, it is fitting that the
+advocates and attorneys of this royal Audiencia follow the customs
+of the said natives, observed formerly and now in the said suits:
+therefore, in order that they may be observed as his Majesty orders,
+and that to that end they may keep a copy in their possession, in order
+that they may know and observe them, they ordered, and they did so
+order, that the said advocates and attorneys in all suits at present
+pending in this royal Audiencia, as in those which shall be brought
+and continued henceforth, touching the said natives, shall approve and
+adhere to the said customs which the Indians were thus accustomed to
+follow and do follow; and they shall take a copy of the said customs
+which are set down in the books [1] of the royal Audiencia resident in
+these islands. They ordered that all the aforesaid persons should be
+notified of this act, in order that they may observe and execute it,
+under penalty of the loss to the parties; and, besides that, their
+consciences were charged with it, and it was declared that they would
+be judged guilty for any laxity or neglect which should thus occur. By
+this act it was so decreed, and they ordered it to be registered.
+
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almazan_
+The licentiate _Albaro Cambrano_
+
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+
+_An act declaring that no use shall be made of the tariff made by
+this royal Audiencia._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas it has been
+provided and ordered that the court clerk and other officials of the
+Audiencia and ordinary courts shall collect their fees in conformity
+with the tariff of the royal Audiencia of the City of Mexico in Nueva
+España: therefore, they ordered, and they did so order, that this be
+observed and executed exactly as the king, our sovereign, commands;
+and that the said officials may not use the tariff which the Audiencia
+made concerning the said fees, which is to be withdrawn. No one of
+the persons herein mentioned shall collect fees in conformity with
+it, under the penalties imposed upon those who collect excessive
+fees. This act shall be made known to all the officials whom it
+concerns. So they declared, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the alcaldes-mayor shall not make collections,
+nor shall they be given to the official judges; and that the collectors
+appointed must be approved by this royal Audiencia._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the
+royal Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas,
+on account of the alcaldes-mayor of the provinces of these islands
+collecting, personally or by their agents, the tributes from the
+natives in their jurisdiction who pertain to the royal crown,
+by commission granted therefor by the officials of the royal
+exchequer, there have resulted many injuries and inconveniences,
+both to the said natives and the said royal exchequer: therefore,
+because it is necessary to avoid the said injuries, and apply a
+remedy to the aforesaid evil, they ordered, and they did so order,
+that the officials of the royal exchequer of the king our sovereign
+should be notified, so that in no way or manner, now and henceforth,
+shall they grant the collections, directly or indirectly, to the said
+alcaldes-mayor, nor shall the latter have any part of that which is
+granted to the collectors. Therefore, the said collectors shall take
+oath in due legal form, that they will make the said collection,
+taking it for themselves alone, without granting any part to the
+said alcaldes-mayor. The latter shall not collect the tribute under
+penalty of deprivation of their offices. The said collectors shall
+deliver in kind to the royal exchequer the tributes that they shall
+collect from the said natives, unless the said officials shall order
+otherwise, for the augmentation of the royal exchequer. And in order
+that the collectors sent may be fit and proper persons, it is ordered
+that those appointed to the office by the said royal officials shall
+present themselves before this royal Audiencia, in order that they
+may be there approved. The said royal officials shall cause this to be
+done, under a penalty of a third part of their salary for that year,
+which must be paid immediately upon conviction of disobedience to
+this decree. The said collectors shall be vested with the authority
+of justice. By this act it was so declared, ordered, and decreed.
+
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Albaro De Cambrano_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almaçan_
+
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the attorney for minors shall not bring a suit,
+without first communicating it to the judge for minors._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas in this
+court there are many minors, whose goods and property are in the
+charge of their guardians, who might spend and dissipate the said
+goods beyond the use and profit of the said minors, which would be to
+their great injury: therefore, because by the attorney and defender
+of the said minors entering any suits and petitions with regard to
+the aforesaid minors without giving notice thereof, or communicating
+with the judge for minors, many inconveniences may result, as a remedy
+for this, they resolved and ordered that the said attorney for minors
+shall bring no suit for a minor against his guardian, without first
+communicating it to the judge who sits or shall sit for minors, that
+the latter may order what he deems advisable. By this act it was so
+ordered, ordained, and decreed.
+
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almaçan_
+The licentiate _Albaro Çambrano_
+
+
+Before me:    _Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that all the officials, both of this royal Audiencia
+and the ordinary courts, shall be present at the review of charges
+against prisoners._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh day of the month of January,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors
+of the royal Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands, declared that,
+whereas by the absence of the alcaldes-in-ordinary of this city, and
+of the clerk, reporter, alguazils-mayor, attorneys, commissioners,
+notaries-public, and other officials, not only of this royal Audiencia
+but of the lower court of this city, from the review of charges against
+prisoners, many prisoners are not at liberty--from which it follows
+that they are vexed and annoyed by long imprisonments and other great
+injuries and inconveniences; besides the fact that, in many suits,
+they are unable to administer and provide justice on account of not
+being present at the said review: therefore, because it is advisable
+to institute a reform in this matter, they ordered, and they did so
+order, that now and henceforth, every week on the days set apart for
+the review of prison charges, the said alcaldes-in-ordinary, the
+alguazils-mayor of the court and the city, the clerk and reporter
+of this royal Audiencia, the attorneys and commissioners thereof,
+the solicitors of the royal offices, the native interpreters, and
+the notaries-public, bailiffs, alguazils, and other officials of
+this royal Audiencia and the ordinary court, shall be present at
+the said review with all punctuality--except the reporter of this
+royal Audiencia, who is not obliged to be present at the said review,
+unless he has no suit to attend to--under a penalty of a fine of one
+peso for every offense, for each one of the aforesaid officials, as
+soon as they declared him convicted and did convict him. They ordered
+that the receiver of fines of this royal Audiencia shall observe the
+aforesaid most carefully for the proper execution and fulfilment of
+this act--which, in order that no one may pretend ignorance of it,
+shall be made known to all the persons whom it concerns. By this act
+it was so provided, ordered, and affirmed.
+
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almaçan_
+The licentiate _Albaro Cambrano_
+
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the royal official judges in the fulfilment of
+their duties shall observe the instructions, decrees, and ordinances
+of his Majesty._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the nineteenth of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancillería of these Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas by the ordinances, decrees, and instructions of his Majesty,
+orders have been given to the official judges of the royal exchequer
+of these islands, regarding their obligations in the exercise
+and discharge of their duties, and, because it is fitting that
+his Majesty's orders in those decrees be observed and fulfilled,
+they ordered, and they did so order, that the said royal officials
+should be notified that in the exercise of their offices they should
+observe the said royal ordinances, decrees, and instructions of the
+king our sovereign, who has given them, as they are held, exercised,
+and observed, and as they must be exercised and observed, by the royal
+official judges of the City of Mexico in Nueva España, especially
+section seventeen of the said royal ordinance. By this act they so
+provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me: _Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+
+_An act ordering the commissioners to be present at all sessions of
+the Audiencia._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the
+royal Audiencia of the Filipinas Islands declared that, whereas,
+although by the royal ordinances the commissioners of this royal
+Audiencia are obliged to be present at the assemblies, they are not
+there; and thus many cases that come up, both civil and criminal,
+are delayed in settlement, so that considerable harm and annoyance
+result to the parties concerned; and furthermore, that official
+and fiscal cases are delayed, because the said commissioners to all
+appearances do not employ therein the necessary diligence: therefore,
+to remedy this condition of affairs, they decreed and ordered that,
+now and henceforth, all the said commissioners, unless they have
+legitimate occupation or obstacle, shall be present without fail
+in the hall at all the sessions of the Audiencia with the greatest
+punctuality, so that in all matters there may be the prompt action
+which is desirable, under penalty of a fine of one peso from him who
+shall disobey this decree, the fine to be applied immediately upon
+condemnation, in this manner--six reals to the poor in the prisons,
+and two for the bailiff who has to execute the decree. By this act
+they so provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:    _Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that orders shall be given regarding the sworn
+memoranda of the collector of fines._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancillería of these Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas Pedro Fernandez de Sanctofimia, attorney in the cases of
+the Audiencia, is appointed by this royal Audiencia to collect its
+fines, and ordered to assess the fines imposed upon its officials and
+other persons who do not observe the royal ordinances, and all other
+ordinances, decrees, and provisions, to the amount that must be levied
+for each fine--for, by not executing the penalties thereof daily,
+there are many oversights and no little remissness in the fulfilment
+of each one's obligations: therefore, in order that the requisite
+system be observed in everything, they decreed that, by giving the
+said Pedro Fernandez de Sanctofimia the present sworn memorandum
+of fines to be imposed upon everyone, he shall immediately receive
+his orders thereby regarding what he is commanded to levy for each
+fine. The latter he shall do immediately, as the said memorandum shall
+indicate, without any investigation or mandate preceding. The orders
+that he shall so give shall be executed by the bailiff or alguazil
+of this royal Audiencia, whenever they shall be issued. Whatever
+the latter shall collect he shall deliver to the said collector of
+fines, who shall take charge of it, and enter it carefully in a book,
+that he may give strict and clear account of each fine collected. And
+they charged each other's consciences with the fulfilment of all the
+above. By this act they so provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:    _Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing the making of a book in which shall be entered
+the decrees sent and to be sent by his Majesty to these islands,
+in order that they may be observed and executed._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first day of the month of January,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors
+of the royal Audiencia and Chancillería of these Philipinas Islands
+declared that, whereas the king our sovereign, by his royal ordinances,
+ordains and orders a book to be made, in which to inscribe the decrees
+that he has sent, and shall send, to these islands, and that it contain
+an account of their execution: therefore, they thereupon ordered, and
+they did so order, the said book to be made, and entrusted it to the
+clerk of the court. He shall inscribe therein all the decrees that
+the king our sovereign has sent and will send to these islands, so
+that henceforth a detailed account of their observation and execution
+shall be kept, as his Majesty orders. By this act they so provided,
+ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_That interlocutory decisions shall be concluded at one demand from
+each party._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the
+royal Audiencia and Chancillería of the Philipinas Islands declared
+that, whereas his Majesty ordains and commands by one of the royal
+ordinances for this royal Audiencia, that interlocutory decisions
+shall be concluded, in trial and review, at one demand from each of
+the parties, and that the clerk of court receive [no] other demands:
+therefore, in order that the aforesaid be exactly executed, they
+ordained and decreed that the attorneys of this royal Audiencia shall
+conclude the said interlocutory decisions in trial and review, at one
+demand from each party, without giving or presenting more demands,
+with the warning that any others presented shall not be admitted. The
+clerk of court is warned in the present that he shall not receive
+them under penalty of a fine of two pesos, to be employed as it shall
+seem proper, and delivered into the charge of the collector of fines
+of this royal Audiencia, upon whom the execution of the above shall
+be most carefully charged. And they ordered it to be proclaimed,
+and especially to the said attorneys. So they provided, ordered,
+and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act providing that no proceedings shall be conducted in suits
+between Indians, without a decree from this royal Audiencia._
+
+On the twenty-first of January, one thousand five hundred and
+ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal Audiencia
+of the Philipinas Islands, declared that, whereas, in one of his
+royal ordinances, the king, our sovereign, commands the aforesaid
+president and auditors that, in suits and civil and criminal cases
+between Indians, the usual proceedings shall not be conducted or
+issued, except in cases decreed and ordered by an act of this royal
+Audiencia: therefore, in order that the aforesaid shall be exactly
+fulfilled, they ordained and decreed that it should be communicated
+to the said attorneys of this royal Audiencia, that when, in the name
+of any natives, they shall bring suits against other natives, before
+bringing these suits they shall notify this royal Audiencia--in order
+that, if thought best, they may be docketed, and if not, that the cost
+and expense may be avoided. Those which shall be prosecuted shall be
+docketed by formal decree of this royal Audiencia, and in no other
+manner. They must strive to be brief and precise in everything. The
+notaries both of this royal Audiencia and the other jurisdictions
+thereof are ordered, in the collection of fees from said natives,
+to employ great moderation, and to despatch their business promptly,
+in order that all his Majesty's orders and decrees may be observed
+and fulfilled. Moreover, they commanded that the aforesaid notaries
+be notified of this act. So they provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the attorneys shall go, within three days, to
+the office of the clerk of court, to settle suits that are concluded._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancillería of these Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas, on account of the non-appearance of the attorneys of this
+royal Audiencia at the office of the clerk of court for this royal
+Audiencia, to settle and otherwise regulate suits and cases which are
+concluded, in order that they may be reviewed and decided, there is
+great delay in their revision and decision, so that the interested
+parties are subjected to great harm and annoyance: therefore,
+to remedy this, they ordered, and they did so order, that all the
+attorneys of this royal Audiencia shall be notified that, whenever
+the said suits are concluded, wherever they shall be brought, within
+the three days first following they shall appear at the office of
+the above-mentioned clerk of court, and there settle and dispose of
+them, so that there shall be nothing wanting, and that they may have
+the necessary despatch--being warned that, if they do not thus come
+within the said term, the said clerk can settle the said processes,
+and send them to the reporter for him to review them in court. And if,
+by the said attorneys' negligence, the parties suffer any harm, the
+said attorneys shall pay them for it in their persons and goods. By
+this act they so declared, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the notaries shall not collect their fees
+entirely from each of the parties, but that each one shall pay the
+part he owes._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first day of the month of January,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors
+of the royal Audiencia and Chancillería of these Philipinas Islands
+declared that, whereas it has come to their knowledge that both the
+notaries and the reporter [_relator_] [2] of this royal Audiencia and
+of the other jurisdictions of this court, collect fees for the trial of
+suits and other acts thereof in entirety from each of the parties at
+whose petition they may take action, saying that they should pay them
+entirely: therefore, because the aforesaid proceeding is to the great
+harm and damage of the parties, to make them thus pay what they do not
+owe, and since the aforesaid evil should be remedied, they ordered,
+and they did so order, now and henceforth, that the said notaries
+and reporter, or either of them, shall not collect in any way, or in
+any case, the fees owed by one of the said parties from the others,
+but that each one shall pay what he owes. On account of not paying the
+total fees, the party who would wish his suit to be tried, shall not
+have it delayed; but, as soon as he has paid his share, his suit shall
+be despatched with all celerity. And they declared that they charged,
+and they did so charge, their consciences with this; and furthermore,
+that whoever shall disobey this decree shall be convicted and sentenced
+to pay a fine four times as great as the sum thus exacted, for his
+Majesty's treasury, in addition to the fines which those who exact
+excessive fees incur. By this act they so declared, ordered, and
+decreed; and that this act shall apply to any person whom it concerns.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the attorneys shall not speak in suits wherein
+they shall not have been authorized to do so._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first day of the month of January,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors
+of the royal Audiencia and Chancillería of these Philipinas Islands
+declared that, whereas the attorneys of this royal Audiencia often take
+it upon themselves to speak and make allegations in suits in which they
+have no authority, and in which they have not appeared as parties to
+the said case, certain nullifications can be created--for which reason
+the said case may be brought again, and the parties thereto subjected
+to considerable injury and expense: therefore, to obviate the said
+injuries and other inconveniences of reconsideration, they ordered,
+and they did so order, that, now and henceforth, neither the said
+attorneys nor any one of them shall take it upon himself to speak,
+nor shall they speak in any suit or case, unless authorized therefor
+by the party in whose favor they shall speak, or unless he has proved
+himself to be a party to the suit--under penalty that he who shall
+disobey this decree shall incur a fine of four pesos of common gold,
+as soon as he shall be judged guilty thereof; three of them to be given
+to the royal hospital for Spaniards, and one to the bailiff in charge
+thereof. And under the said penalty, the clerk of court is ordered
+not to give any one of the said attorneys any suits or petitions,
+unless empowered thereto by the parties concerned. By this act they
+so ordered, declared, and decreed.
+
+Before me:     _Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the evidence that the clerk of court cannot
+take be entrusted by commission of this royal Audiencia, and assigned
+by the members thereof, to the notarial commissioner of examinations._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first day of the month of January,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors
+of the royal Audiencia and Chancillería of the Philipinas Islands
+declared that, whereas, conformably to the royal ordinances, all
+the evidences in suits and cases pending in this royal Audiencia,
+are committed to the clerk of court; and whereas, on account of the
+volume of business incumbent upon his said office, he cannot receive
+them all, and commits them to the notaries: therefore, because the
+aforesaid taking of evidence cannot be done unless authorized by this
+royal Audiencia, under the direction of its members, they ordered,
+and they did so order, that in regard to evidence which the said clerk
+of court cannot take immediately in interrogatories and petitions,
+by virtue of which such evidence must be taken, an act be passed by
+which his duty may be committed by this royal Audiencia and assigned by
+its members to a commissioner of examinations, the latter to receive
+and examine the said evidence, and to take the oaths of witnesses
+thereto. The said commissioner shall give a receipt to the parties for
+the fees which he shall collect from them for said evidence, and at
+the foot of the evidence he shall in like manner sign his name. The
+clerk of court shall not receive any fees for such evidence; and
+under no circumstances whatever shall the said evidence be taken in
+any other way, except as herein stated, under penalty that evidence
+given in any other way shall be null and void; and the commissioner
+receiving it shall incur a penalty of one hundred pesos of common gold,
+as soon as he shall have been judged guilty, the fine to be applied
+in equal parts to the royal treasury and court-rooms of this royal
+Audiencia. By this act they so declared, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:     _Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the officials of this royal Audiencia shall give
+bonds at the beginning of every year, and that likewise, they shall
+give them for the time during which they have already held office._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first day of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancillería of these Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas, in order to conform to the decrees and provisions of his
+Majesty, and to be just with the parties entering suits, the officials
+of this royal Audiencia are under obligation to give bonds that they
+will undergo residencia for the right exercise and discharge of their
+duties, at the beginning of each year: therefore, because hitherto they
+have not given bonds for the time while they have exercised their said
+offices, and because they should give them, both for the aforesaid time
+and for the future, they resolved and ordered that the commissioners
+of examination, attorneys, assessor of taxes, collector of fines,
+deputies of the alguazil-mayor, and the prison warden of this court,
+shall each one of them, within fifteen days after being notified of
+this act, give safe and reliable bonds, before the undersigned clerk
+of court, that they will undergo residencia for the use and exercise
+of their offices, and pay everything which may be adjudged against
+them in the matter, and also in the suits which may be instituted
+against them. They are also warned that after the said term of office
+has expired, they shall exercise the said offices no longer, which
+shall be immediately declared vacant, and other persons appointed
+thereto. Likewise, within the said term and under the said penalty,
+they shall give bonds for all the time during which they have already
+exercised the said offices in the royal Audiencia, for which they have
+not given them. In the future, they shall be notified and ordered to
+renew the said bonds at the beginning of every year, under the said
+penalty. By this act they so provided, enacted, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that cases of twenty pesos or less shall not be
+brought to trial; and that the notary shall not take a larger fee
+than one-half peso from each party._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first day of the month of January,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors
+of the royal Audiencia and Chancillería of the Philipinas Islands
+declared that, whereas so many suits involving twenty pesos or less
+are wont to be begun, and as much time is consumed therein as if they
+were affairs of greater magnitude, whence there results to the parties
+concerned great harm and damage by reason of the great cost and expense
+wasted therein, beside the long and tedious delays in the collection
+of their debts: therefore, to remedy that, they agreed and ordered
+that, now and henceforth, no trial shall be made of cases amounting to
+twenty pesos or less, unless they are briefly and summarily disposed
+of; and that the notary before whom they are brought shall not take
+for his fee more than four reals only from each party, even if they
+make many investigations in the matter--under penalty that all that
+they take above that sum they shall return to the parties concerned,
+together with four times as much for his Majesty's treasury. By this
+act they so provided, ordered, and decreed; and the notaries whom
+its fulfilment concerns shall be notified.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act concerning the order that the alcaldes-mayor are to follow
+in trying Indian suits._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of these Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas his
+Majesty has ordered, in his royal decrees and ordinances, that the
+suits of the Indians shall be treated summarily, and that processes
+issued within the limit of the law shall not be so conducted that
+the said Indians waste their substance by incurring too heavy costs:
+therefore, in order that the royal will of the king our sovereign
+might be exactly fulfilled, they resolved and ordered that the
+alcaldes-in-ordinary and the alcaldes-mayor and other magistrates and
+notaries, in suits of the Indians, shall observe their instructions
+and the following articles.
+
+First, when any Indian--whether man or woman--shall enter suit for
+liberty, or any other matter, against another Indian without giving
+a _traslado_, [3] the said magistrate shall order the Indian sued
+to appear before him and take oath as to the truth of the demands
+of the plaintiff. If he shall confess it, justice shall be done by
+settling the case; and if he deny it, the case shall be reserved for
+evidence within a short time, with obligation for publication and
+conclusion. The said magistrates shall order that, as soon as both
+parties name their witnesses, the latter shall be brought into court,
+and an oath taken from them to tell the truth, and they shall cause
+them to tell by word of mouth what they know. After they have thus
+testified, the substance of their depositions shall be recorded,
+in this form: "So and so of such an age, capable or incapable as a
+witness, said so and so under oath;" and the same shall be done with
+the other witnesses in the same order. The evidences of both parties
+being taken, and the time-limit having expired, a just finding shall
+be determined. If either of the parties appeal, the alcaldes-mayor
+shall hear them in the court of appeals; and the witnesses named by
+either party shall be subpoenaed, and shall give their evidence in the
+same form as set forth above, the case being admitted to trial within
+a short time, with obligation for publication and conclusion--at the
+expiration of which the process shall be sent to this royal Audiencia
+to be settled, the original parties being summoned for all trials,
+the time and place being appointed by the court.
+
+Second. _Item_: If the suit be a criminal suit, the complaint and
+charge shall be received. If there is guilt, the person shall be
+arrested, and the prisoner's declaration taken. The charge shall
+be formulated against him, and the case admitted to trial within a
+short period, with obligation for publication and conclusion; and
+within the probatory limit the testimonies given in the preliminary
+process shall be verified, other new ones received, if there be any,
+and the defendant's plea taken. The time having expired, the case
+shall be decided. If any of the parties shall appeal, the original
+process shall be sent to the Audiencia; because in this way the said
+natives will avoid heavy expense and cost, and the cases will be more
+quickly decided. In criminal cases, no other form of process shall
+be used than that which is appointed for civil cases.
+
+Third. _Item_: If the suit be to the amount of three pesos, or
+less, the judgment shall be so summary that only the substance of
+the whole matter is to be written, together with the decision, in a
+report. The original shall be retained by the notary, and if either
+of the parties shall desire an authenticated copy, it shall be given
+them as a safeguard of their rights. And in suits for the said amount,
+only one real, and no more, may be collected between judge and notary.
+
+Fourth. _Item_: That if the judge shall attest the testimonies in any
+civil or criminal suit by flourishes and signatures that he may make,
+he cannot collect any fees; since there are none due him except for
+the acts that he shall draw up and sign.
+
+Fifth. In order that the said instructions be exactly observed and
+fulfilled, they declared that they order, and they did so order, the
+alcaldes-in-ordinary and the notaries-public to be informed thereof,
+and testimony thereof to be sent to all the alcaldes-mayor, whose
+consciences they declared they charged, and they did so charge, with
+the fulfilment thereof. Furthermore, in the residencias which shall
+be taken from them, he who shall not have fulfilled this decree, or
+caused it to be fulfilled, shall be punished and with great rigor. So
+they provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:     _Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the alguazils-mayor and their deputies shall
+make the rounds every night._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first day of the month of January,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors
+of the royal Audiencia and Chancillería of the Philipinas Islands
+declared that, whereas it has come to their knowledge that neither
+do the alguazils-mayor of this court and city, nor their deputies,
+make their rounds throughout the city, as they are under obligation to
+do--as a result of which, murders, robberies, and other lawless acts
+and crimes occur daily, to the great injury of the citizens: therefore,
+to remedy this state of affairs and provide this community with the
+necessary guard and order, they ordered, and they did so order, the
+said alguazils-mayor and their deputies to be notified that they must
+make their rounds during the night, as they are under obligation to do
+in this city, without fail, under penalty of a fine of ten pesos of
+common gold--to be applied, as soon as anyone shall be condemned for
+disobeying this decree, in equal shares to the two royal hospitals
+of this city--for the Spaniards and for the natives--in addition to
+the loss and interest to any parties which may result and occur. By
+this act, they so provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that there shall be in the courtroom, a list of
+the charges fixed by the royal tariff, and that each notary shall
+keep one in his house._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first day of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancillería of the Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas the king our sovereign, in his royal ordinances, decrees
+and orders that a list of the charges fixed by the royal tariff be
+placed in the court-room, and that likewise each notary whom it shall
+concern shall keep a copy in his house, for its better observation
+and execution: therefore, in order that the aforesaid may be exactly
+fulfilled, they ordered, and they did so order, a complete copy of
+the said royal tariff to be made by this royal Audiencia. It shall
+be set forth in a list, and placed in the court-room; and all the
+notaries and persons mentioned therein, and those whom it may concern,
+shall make a copy, and keep the same in their houses and affixed to a
+tablet in some public place, where it may be seen by those transacting
+business. This they shall do and fulfil within one week after this
+act shall have been made known to them, under penalty of a fine of
+six pesos of common gold; and anyone incurring this penalty shall
+pay this sum immediately--half of which shall be set aside for the
+poor in the prisons, and the other half for the Spanish hospital in
+this city--beside incurring and undergoing the penalties contained
+in the said royal ordinances. By this act they so provided, ordered,
+and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that within four months the royal officials shall
+close up the accounts held by the royal treasury._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first day of the month of January,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors
+of the royal Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas it has come to their knowledge that in the royal accountancy
+of the king our sovereign there are, at this very day, many accounts
+to be balanced and closed of individuals who owe the royal treasury a
+large sum of gold pesos, and others to whom money is due--whence has
+resulted, and results, the lack therein of the system and management
+which should be observed in the said royal exchequer: therefore,
+in order that on this account no losses may result, and that the
+matter may receive its due consideration, they ordered, and they
+did so order, that the official judges of the royal treasury of
+the king our sovereign, in these islands, within the four months
+first following the day on which they shall have been notified of
+this act, shall balance and close each and every account that the
+royal treasury holds with any individuals of these islands. They
+are warned that whoever shall not so fulfil and execute his orders,
+after the expiration of said time, will be charged with everything,
+and ordered to pay all accounts not balanced and liquidated. By this
+act they so declared, ordered and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that all the officials of the royal Audiencia shall
+take copies of the royal ordinances._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first day of the month of January,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors
+of the royal Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas, in one of the royal ordinances, it is ordered that all the
+officials of this royal Audiencia, and other persons whom they concern,
+shall keep in their possession a copy of the said ordinances; therefore
+they ordered, and they did so order, that within thirty days after the
+publication of this act, each of the said officials shall take a copy
+of the said royal ordinances and keep it in his possession; and each
+one, so far as he is concerned, shall observe and execute them, as his
+Majesty orders therein, under the penalties therein contained--under
+the penalty that if, after the expiration of said time, the said copy
+has not been made, they shall be immediately convicted and fined in
+the sum of six pesos of common gold, the latter being applied to the
+court-rooms of this royal Audiencia. By this act they so declared,
+ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that no alcalde-in-ordinary, notary, commissioner,
+attorney, or any other official of this royal Audiencia, or of the
+ordinary court, shall go outside this city without license._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first day of the month of
+January, one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and
+auditors of the royal Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared
+that, whereas the alcaldes-in-ordinary of this city, notaries,
+commissioners, attorneys, and other officials, both of this royal
+Audiencia and of the ordinary court, whenever they see fit, leave
+the city without license--whence results much harm to the litigants,
+on account of the delay and unsatisfactory conduct of their business,
+beside many other inconveniences resulting therefrom: therefore, to
+remedy this evil, they decreed and ordered that, now and henceforth,
+no alcalde-in-ordinary, commissioner, attorney, notary-public,
+or other official of this royal Audiencia or of the ordinary court,
+shall go anywhere outside of this city, without the express permission
+of this royal Audiencia, under a penalty of a fine of six pesos of
+common gold, in which sum anyone adjudged guilty of the contrary shall
+be immediately fined--one-half for the poor in the prison, and the
+other half for the poor in the Spanish hospital--beside the loss and
+interest which may result to the parties concerned on account of the
+delay in justice. By this act they so proclaimed, ordered and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_Ordinances and laws for the Sangleys._
+
+We, the president and auditors of the royal Audiencia and Chancillería
+of these Philipinas Islands. Whereas it has been learned by experience
+in this city that the Sangleys residing in the islands and their
+neighborhood have had and maintain among them a custom of practicing,
+and they do practice an abominable sin against nature, not only with
+the Chinese, but with the Moro and Indian boys of these islands,
+by which God, our Lord, is greatly disserved; and, whereas, the said
+Chinese have had and have the habit and custom of bringing from China,
+or making in this city, money of base metal, and they pare and clip the
+royal money, to the great fraud and injury of the royal exchequer; and
+although they have seen that some are punished for this, they have not
+taken warning; and whereas, the said Sangleys, who are infidels, ally
+themselves with the Christian Indian women, and have lawless carnal
+intercourse with them; and whereas, besides the aforesaid crimes, the
+said Sangleys are wont to buy from slaves and Indians golden jewels,
+trinkets, clothes, and other articles which are stolen: therefore,
+to supply a remedy for all that, and in order that such crimes and
+disorders shall cease, now and henceforth, we command the following
+orders to be observed in everything.
+
+_Laws._--First, we ordain and command that none of the said Chinese
+Sangleys, or any other persons whatsoever, shall commit or practice
+the said abominable sin against nature, or try to commit it. Whoever
+shall do so shall incur the penalty of being burned alive by fire,
+beside having all his goods confiscated to the treasury of his Majesty.
+
+_Item_: We ordain and command that none of the said Sangleys shall
+dare to make or coin any sort of silver or gold money, or of any other
+metal, nor shall they clip or scrape money already made, or make use
+of it, under the penalties contained in the above ordinance.
+
+_Item_: We ordain and command that none of the aforesaid shall cohabit
+or have carnal intercourse with any [Spanish?] woman or Christian
+Indian woman, under the penalty that, in such case, he shall incur
+a punishment of two hundred lashes and ten years in the galleys,
+as criminals sentenced to row, without pay, and of the confiscation
+of one-half his property, to be applied as above stated.
+
+Further, we ordain and command, that none of the said Sangleys,
+for any reason or consideration, shall buy from negro slaves or
+freemen, Indians or mulattoes, any gold jewels, trinkets, garments,
+or any other articles which they sell; but when the said Sangleys go
+to them, they shall arrest them and take them before the magistrate,
+under penalty that whoever shall disobey this decree shall fall under
+and incur the penalties incurred by robbers, and said penalties will
+be rigorously executed on their persons and goods.
+
+And in order that the aforesaid shall be observed and executed without
+remission of penalty, and so that no one may pretend ignorance, we
+order that these ordinances shall be publicly proclaimed in the public
+square, in all other public places of this city, in the Sangley Parian,
+and in the village of Tondo, in order that everyone may know of them;
+and in each one of the said places a copy of them, written in the
+Chinese language, shall be posted. No person shall dare to remove the
+said placards, under penalty of two hundred lashes. We order all the
+alcaldes-mayor of the environs of this city to have them published and
+made known to the natives. We request and charge all the religious to
+give instructions to the said Indians, and cause them to understand
+these laws and ordinances, and the penalties attached thereto. Given
+in the city of Manila, on the twenty-sixth of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine.
+
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almaçan_
+The licentiate _Albaro  Çambrano_
+
+By order of the royal Audiencia:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_That the official judges shall not grant collections to any collectors
+who have not rendered an account and payment of collections that have
+been in their charge._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-seventh of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas it has come
+to their knowledge that the official judges of the royal exchequer
+of the king our sovereign, in these said islands, grant commissions
+to certain collectors to make collections from the encomiendas that
+pertain to his Majesty's royal crown, who, by virtue thereof, make the
+collections; and that it often happens that, without their rendering
+any account and payment of them, the said officials again grant them
+commissions to make the collections, to the great harm and prejudice
+of the royal exchequer, from which many difficulties may result:
+therefore, in order to correct the aforesaid evil, they ordered,
+and they did so order, that the official judges, now and henceforth,
+shall under no consideration grant commissions to any collectors to
+make any collections for the royal exchequer and crown, without their
+having rendered account and payment of former collections entrusted
+to them--under penalty of paying out of their own pockets what such
+collectors shall appear to owe the royal estate, as soon as such is
+evident, besides undergoing and incurring a fine of two hundred pesos
+of common gold (this fine to be applied to the royal treasury of the
+king our sovereign), to which sum, from that moment, they declared that
+they condemned, and they did so condemn, any one who should disobey
+this decree. By this act it was so provided, ordered, and affirmed.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+
+The other honorable auditors signed the above.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the clerk of court shall bring to the first
+meeting a minute of the fiscal suits._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-eighth of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas in the
+archives of the office of the present clerk of court, many fiscal suits
+are pending, as well as others which have been concluded, in which
+his Majesty's royal office is interested; but, not knowing which ones
+are concluded, the others are not concluded and finished: therefore,
+in order that those that are concluded may be known and settled,
+they ordered, and they did so order, me, the undersigned clerk of
+court, to bring a copy and minutes of those that are concluded, and
+[of the suits now pending,] to the next session which shall be held,
+in order that they may examine them and provide what is most advisable
+therein. By this act it was so provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that a book be made in which to enter the fines
+applied to the poor of the prison and other pious works, and to the
+courts, and the manner of their distribution._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-eighth of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancillería of the Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas the aforesaid Audiencia imposes certain fines of small amounts,
+some of which are applied to the poor of the prison, and others to the
+courts and other pious works: therefore, because it is advisable that
+there should be an account and report of these moneys, and of their
+source and the manner of their distribution, they ordered, and they
+did so order, a book to be made in which to enter the said penalties,
+applied as aforesaid, with the day, month, and year, in what cases
+they are imposed, and likewise a report of how they are expended and
+distributed; and this shall be done with all clearness, so that the
+aforesaid may be evident for all time. This act is to be placed at
+the beginning of said book. So they provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing the collection of all the debts which are in any
+way owed to the royal treasury of the king our sovereign._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the thirtieth of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president, and auditors of the
+royal Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas
+the licentiate Geronimo de Salazar y Salzedo, fiscal of this royal
+Audiencia for his Majesty, has made them a report, declaring that the
+royal treasury of the king our sovereign, in these islands, cannot
+succeed in paying many of its debts, on account of failure to collect
+many that have been due it for some time past; and has besought and
+supplicated them to order that the royal official judges shall, within
+twenty days, exert all possible diligence to collect everything that
+is due the said royal treasury for any reason whatever: therefore,
+in order to provide a remedy for the aforesaid difficulty, they
+ordered, and they did so order, that the said official judges should
+be notified that, within the two months next following the date on
+which this act shall be made known to them, they shall collect all the
+debts that are in any manner owed to the royal treasury, from all and
+any persons whatsoever, and from their goods, exerting therein all
+necessary diligence. They are to proceed with the necessary rigor
+to do this effectively, being warned that if they do not collect
+the said debts, to be liquidated within the said period, all that
+shall remain uncollected they will be obliged to pay out of their
+own property. For the debts which shall not have been liquidated,
+they shall observe and execute the act of this royal Audiencia, which
+has been made known to them, under the penalty thereof. By this act
+they so provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+[No signature.]
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that it shall be proclaimed in this city, in the
+public places thereof, that within three days all natives residing
+therein, not servants or otherwise employed, shall leave this city._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the eleventh of February, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the
+royal Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas the
+licentiate Geronimo de Salazar y Salzedo, his Majesty's fiscal in
+this royal Audiencia, protector of the natives of these said islands,
+has made a report to the effect that there are many natives who are
+vagabonds in this city, as a result of which they fall into various
+vices dangerous to this community; and that rice and other provisions
+have become high-priced and scarce; and as a remedy, he has requested
+and petitioned the aforesaid president and auditors to provide in
+this regard what is most advisable: therefore, they declared that they
+ordered, and they did so order, that, within three days from the date
+of this act, it shall be proclaimed to all and whatever natives are and
+reside in this city, who are not employed as servants to the Spaniards,
+or in some known occupation, that they must leave the city and return
+to their own villages, to remain and live therein. Nor shall any other,
+now and henceforth, remain in this city, under penalty, to anyone who
+shall disobey this decree--for the first time, of one hundred lashes;
+and for the second offense, one year of service at the oar in his
+Majesty's galleys, without pay--on whom they declared that, as soon as
+they condemned them (and they did so condemn them), the said penalty
+shall be executed without leniency. In order that it may come to the
+notice of all the said natives, and that no one may pretend ignorance,
+this act shall be proclaimed in the Tagal language, in this city, in
+the public places thereof, and in the hamlet of Tondo, and testimony
+shall be taken thereof. Thus they declared, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act concerning the order which the alcaldes-in-ordinary and the
+alguazil-mayor of this court must observe in their seats._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the fifth of March, one thousand five hundred
+and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal Audiencia of
+the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas some dissensions and
+difficulties have occurred between the alcaldes-in-ordinary of this
+city and the alguazil-mayor of the court of this royal Audiencia, in
+the churches and public places where they have met, in regard to the
+seats and places which each shall occupy, and their precedence--so
+that it has resulted in their coming to blows, to the great scandal
+and indecorum of their offices, and particularly in contempt of this
+said royal Audiencia: therefore it is necessary in this matter to
+provide some regulation to be kept and observed in like cases by the
+aforesaid officials, so that the said disturbances shall cease. In
+order that the said alcaldes-in-ordinary of this city shall keep
+their known seats and places, and that they may be separate from
+the said alguazil-mayor and from the ministers of this said royal
+Audiencia, they declared that they ought to order, and they did so
+order, that, when the alguazil-mayor of this court shall be present
+in any of the churches of this city, without the president, auditors,
+and fiscal, or any others whom he might join, he shall not take any
+seat or bench belonging to the alcaldes-in-ordinary or regidors (nor
+shall any other individuals occupy them, or sit in them, or intrude
+themselves among them in any part or place that shall be given them),
+but shall place and keep his chair and seat in some distinct and
+fitting place, as does the president, the Audiencia, or any of the
+members thereof. Likewise, in the processions and parades through the
+streets, funerals, betrothals, passage of retinues, and other like
+occasions on which the towns-people gather, the said alguazil-mayor of
+the court, finding himself alone, without any of the aforesaid persons
+whom he might accompany, shall refrain from going in company with them
+[the alcaldes] in any manner--whether invited, or of his own accord;
+whether the city's alcaldes go as a municipal body, or as individuals
+to such functions; or whether they are not present at them. Meantime
+the question is being considered and consulted as to what is to be
+done and observed in all the above matters, and what it is advisable
+to do in the future, and whether this royal Audiencia should make any
+further provision. All the above shall be observed and fulfilled by
+the said alguazil-mayor of the court, and the alcaldes-in-ordinary
+of this city, without their having any wrangling or differences, or
+any scandal--being warned that, if they do so, proceedings will be
+instituted against the guilty persons who violate the order; and they
+shall be punished to the full extent of the law. By this act they so
+voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almaçan_
+
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the taxing officer of this royal Audiencia shall
+be notified to fix the costs in the suits, either personally, or by
+some other intelligent person whom he shall name for this purpose._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the sixteenth of March, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas it has
+come to their notice that the taxing officer of this royal Audiencia
+does not fix the costs in the suits that are brought there: therefore,
+because it is advisable that the above officer fulfil the obligation
+of his office, as his Majesty ordains and commands, and that the
+inconveniences which arise from this be avoided, they ordered, and
+they did so order, that the said taxing officer should be notified
+that, now and henceforth, in whatever processes shall be brought for
+consideration in this royal Audiencia, whether definitive or under
+any plea whatever, the costs shall be fixed by him (thus complying
+with the tenor of the royal ordinance treating of this matter),
+either personally, or by some other intelligent person whom he shall
+designate for the said purpose, and shall appoint in his place, who
+shall be a person fit for the said service. They ordered the clerk
+of court of this royal Audiencia to be present at those suits which
+shall be brought for consideration in the manner above mentioned,
+before the said taxing officer, in order that he may fix the costs
+therein; and, regarding the aforesaid, they charged one another's
+consciences. By this act they so voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that Doctor Antonio de Morga shall take the
+residencia, for the months of January and February, of the deputy
+regidors, within the limit of ten days._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the sixteenth of March, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the
+royal Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas,
+for the past months of January and February of the present year,
+up to the present time, no residencia for the use and exercise of
+their offices has been taken of the deputy regidors of this city,
+it is fitting and necessary that it be taken immediately: therefore
+they appointed, and they did so appoint, Doctor Antonio de Morga,
+auditor of this royal Audiencia, for a term of ten days, to take the
+said residencia for the said months of the said appointed regidors,
+who have filled their said offices, proceeding therein as the king
+our sovereign decrees and commands in his royal ordinance. For this
+they granted him the authority and commission as fully as is required
+by law. By this act they so voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_.
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that Doctor Antonio de Morga, auditor of this
+royal Audiencia, shall audit the accounts of the city for the past
+year, 1598._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the sixteenth day of the month of March,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors
+of the royal Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas the auditing of the accounts of this city for the past year,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-eight, was committed to the
+licentiate Albaro Çambrano, late auditor of this royal Audiencia
+(whom may God keep in His holy glory!), and because by his end and
+death the auditing, continuation, and balancing of the accounts,
+as his Majesty orders and commands in his royal ordinance, have
+been neglected: therefore, they appointed, and they did so appoint,
+in place of the said licentiate Alvaro Çambrano, Doctor Antonio de
+Morga, auditor of this royal Audiencia, to audit the said accounts,
+and to continue and finish them according to the order given to the
+said licentiate Albaro Çambrano--for which, they granted, and they
+did so grant, him authority and commission as fully as is required
+by law. By this act they so voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that, on account of the end and death of the
+licentiate Albaro Çambrano (whom may God keep!), the licentiate
+Tellez Almaçan is to continue, close, and complete the accounts of
+the royal exchequer._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the sixteenth of March, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancillería of the Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas the licentiate Albaro Çambrano, late auditor of this royal
+Audiencia (whom may God have in His holy glory!), to whom was assigned
+the auditing of the accounts of his Majesty's royal exchequer--which
+are at present being audited by the royal judicial officials--is now
+dead and passed from this present life: therefore, in order that on
+this account the auditing may not be delayed and fail of prosecution,
+as is fitting, and as the king our sovereign commands in his royal
+ordinance, in place of the licentiate Albaro Çambrano they appointed,
+and they did so appoint, the licentiate Tellez de Almaçan, auditor
+of this royal Audiencia, to continue, close, and finish the said
+auditing, according to the commission given to the said licentiate
+Albaro Çambrano, for which they gave him commission in legal form. By
+this act, they so voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+
+Before me:     _Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the city shall give information regarding its
+place of seating in the cathedral of this city._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the sixteenth of March, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancillería of the Philipinas Islands declared that,
+in order to assign to the cabildo, magistracy, and administration of
+this city the place of seating that it must keep in the cathedral:
+in order to ascertain the custom hitherto followed in the aforesaid
+matter, and in order to provide what is necessary concerning it,
+they ordered, and they did so order, the said cabildo, magistracy,
+and administration of this city to give an account of the part and
+place in which it has been regularly seated in the cathedral of this
+city--both in the time when the royal Audiencia formerly resided in
+these islands, and after his Majesty ordered it to be suppressed--in
+order that, upon examination, the necessary provisions may be made. By
+this act they so voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+
+Before me:     _Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act concerning the royal magazines._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the eighteenth of March, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the
+royal Audiencia and Chancillería of the Philipinas Islands, having
+examined the opinion of the official judges of the royal exchequer
+of these islands, on the question of building magazines in which
+to store the merchandise coming from China to this city, and having
+investigated other matters connected with the aforesaid, and further
+matter which is contained in the decree of the king our sovereign,
+ordering that this said Audiencia attend to the matter: they declared
+(in conformity with the opinion of Joan de Bustamante, accountant of
+the royal exchequer) that at present, and until experience further
+shows what it is most advisable to enact in this matter, the said
+Chinese merchandise shall be registered and appraised on the same
+vessels on which it was brought, as has been done hitherto. In order
+that there may be good accounts and reports, and less opportunity for
+fraud in the royal customs, they ordered that the official judges of
+his Majesty in these islands, as soon as each ship enters this harbor
+and anchors therein, shall go out to inspect it, registering and
+appraising all the merchandise and other things in the cargo. They
+shall exert diligence in the matter and make their inspection with
+the punctuality advisable, so that the said merchandise, or any part
+of it, may not be discharged or concealed. In order that this may
+be enforced more effectually, the necessary guards shall be placed
+on the said ships and in the bay, who are to be trustworthy persons,
+to the satisfaction of the said president and auditors of this royal
+Audiencia, by whom they shall be approved and appointed, The said
+official judges shall have, as a reward for their occupation and
+labors, one third part of the confiscations which are levied upon any
+merchandise found and seized because it had been hidden on the said
+ships, or withdrawn from them without registration or appraisal. They
+shall also be charged that they shall not allow or consent that,
+while the said merchandise is on the said ships, either the royal
+officials or their assistants, or any other person--Spanish, Sangley,
+or native--shall take, buy, or transport the said merchandise in large
+or small quantities, for cash or on credit; but that the merchants
+thereof, who brought the merchandise from China on the said ship,
+after making registry and appraisal, may take them ashore freely and
+where they will, without any obstacle or hindrance from anyone--with
+the warning that, if any one of them do not so observe and fulfil
+this act, he shall be proceeded against with the full rigor of the
+law. They ordered that a commission, in due form, be given to the said
+guards, both in order that they may wield the authority of justice,
+and that there be no other guards but those who are so nominated by
+this royal Audiencia; those hitherto acting as guards shall exercise
+the said duty no longer, under the penalties incurred by those who
+so act without power or commission in the matter. This act shall be
+made known to his Majesty's officials, and the chief clerk of mines,
+and the regidors, for those who are at present guards; and it shall
+be added to the other acts and investigations made by virtue of the
+said royal decree of his Majesty. By this act, they so voted, ordered,
+and decreed.
+
+
+Before me:     _Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that tribute be collected for the king, our
+sovereign, from all the Indians found settled and dwelling in this
+city and within its bounds, who belong to his Majesty's encomiendas._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-second of March, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancillería of the Philipinas Islands examined the
+petition of the licentiate Geronimo de Salazar y Salzedo, fiscal for
+his Majesty in this royal Audiencia, that the collectors of the royal
+tributes of the king our sovereign, in this city and its environs,
+may collect tribute from all the Indians who are found therein,
+notwithstanding any obstacle or excuses whatever which may be offered
+by the said Indians, or by any encomenderos. Considering that for
+many years the Indians have dwelt and resided in this city, and that
+their tribute belongs and pertains to his Majesty, they declared
+that they ordered, and they did so order, that the collectors of
+the royal tribute shall collect their tributes from all the Indians
+found settled and dwelling in this city and within its bounds, who
+belong to the encomiendas of his Majesty. The said Indians shall
+not pay other encomenderos, nor shall such encomenderos collect any
+tribute from them, under penalty of returning to the said Indians what
+they shall have collected from them. In order that the provisions
+of this act be observed, enforced, and executed, they ordered it
+to be publicly proclaimed in this city and its limits, in both the
+Tagal and the Castilian languages. They committed the execution and
+enforcement of it to the official judges of the king our sovereign
+in these islands. The aforesaid president and auditors also ordered
+that, if any persons claim to have any right contrary to the matter
+herein contained, they are to appear before this royal Audiencia,
+to petition before it for whatever is fitting in their case. By this
+act they so voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+
+Before me:    _Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the alguazils, as soon as they arrest
+delinquents, shall give notice thereof to one of the auditors and to
+the commissioners, who shall formulate their cases and bring them to
+the office of the clerk of court._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the third of April, one thousand five hundred
+and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal Audiencia
+of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas it is continually
+happening that the alguazils of this court arrest delinquents whose
+cases the notaries and commissioners undertake, and, without giving
+notice to the aforesaid president and auditors, or taking such cases
+to the office of the present secretary, they allow them to remain in
+their possession, and the said prisoners to remain in jail, without any
+note or account of their imprisonment, whence result vexations to the
+said prisoners, and the said alguazils and commissioners do not fulfil
+the obligation which rests upon them: therefore, to find a remedy
+for this and other annoyances which may result from it, they ordered,
+and they did so order, that now and henceforth, as soon as the said
+alguazils shall arrest any delinquent, they shall give notice thereof
+to one of the above-mentioned persons, in order that he may take the
+fitting action in regard to the said imprisonment. Any commissioner
+who shall undertake the cause of said prisoner or prisoners shall
+immediately take it to the office of the present clerk of court,
+so that in this manner there may be the necessary system. Whatever
+one or the other may do shall be despatched with all promptness and
+punctuality, and no favor--under penalty of a fine of six pesos for
+anyone who shall disobey this decree, to be given the poor in the
+prison. By this act they so voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almaçan_
+
+
+Before me:
+
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the royal officials shall give Doctor Antonio
+de Morga three hundred pesos from treasury fines, for ornaments and
+other things necessary for the chapel._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the tenth of May, one thousand five hundred
+and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal Audiencia
+and Chancillería of the Philipinas Islands, being in session, declared
+that, whereas the chapel of this royal Audiencia is in great want and
+need of many things that are very necessary and indispensable, for
+its vestments, decoration, and furniture; and whereas, through lack
+of money, the said needs have not as yet been supplied: therefore,
+to make provision for them, they ordered, and they did so order, that
+the official judges of the royal exchequer of the king our sovereign,
+in these islands, shall, from any treasury fines in their charge,
+immediately give and deliver to Doctor Antonio de Morga, auditor
+of this royal Audiencia, three hundred pesos of common gold, which
+he shall expend in providing the said chapel with the things most
+necessary for it, systematically and carefully. They ordered that he
+be given a warrant for the said purpose, in due form. By this act,
+they so voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that secretaries of this court and government may
+be attended by slaves with swords._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the thirteenth of May, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the
+royal Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas,
+in conformity with the decrees and ordinances given by his Majesty
+for his royal Chancillería of Nueva España, residing in the City of
+Mexico, and for other audiencias throughout the Yndias, he orders
+that secretaries of the court and the government shall have, as a
+retinue and guard, slaves with swords, conformably to the dignity
+and gravity of their office: therefore, in order that the same be
+done in this court, in regard to the secretaries of this court and
+government, and in order to preserve the preeminence and exemptions
+which they may and should enjoy here, they ordered, and they did so
+order, that, now and henceforth, the said secretaries of this court
+and government may freely bring into this court, as their retinue,
+the said slaves with swords, according to the usual custom in the said
+royal Chancillería of the City of Mexico, and other chancillerías of
+the Yndias, without the interposition--by any person, of whatever
+estate, quality, or rank--of any hindrance or impediment whatever,
+under the penalties provided by law. Thus they voted, and ordered it
+to be recorded as an act, and signed it in my presence.
+
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the Sangleys shall not be allowed to have
+godchildren, on account of the injury which may result therefrom._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventeenth of May, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the
+royal Chancillería of these Philipinas Islands, having examined the
+information which was referred to this royal Audiencia by Estevan
+de Marquina, alcalde-mayor of the village of Tondo and its presidio,
+regarding the custom which the Christian Sangleys of that jurisdiction
+have among themselves, of receiving and having a great number of
+godchildren, both Christian and infidel, in order to have them
+ready for any emergency that may arise, and to employ them as false
+witnesses--to which they lend themselves with great facility, and at
+little cost--and for other evil purposes and intents, exchanging with
+them favors and assistance in their affairs; and whereas, on account
+of these and other causes which have come to light, and as is quite
+evident from the said information, that district is ruined and divided
+into factions, and that it would be advisable, for its reform, to
+suppress this custom of having godchildren, and that they should not
+continue it, under severe penalties: therefore, they declared that
+they ordered, and they did so order, that, now and henceforth, the
+Sangleys of these islands shall in no manner have or avail themselves
+of the said godchildren; nor use their names, nor those of any others,
+in order to have them for their partisans or accomplices in any kind of
+transaction which might occur, as they have been wont to do hitherto;
+nor shall they regard them as such, or receive others in their place;
+and they shall give up immediately all those that they had. The others
+who are infidels shall do the same, so that there shall remain no
+remembrance of the said intercourse--under penalty that any Sangley,
+of any rank whatever, who shall be known to have continued it and to
+have the said godchildren or godparents, shall be condemned to row
+in the galleys for four years, in a place prescribed, without pay,
+as soon as they are adjudged guilty thereof. The said alcalde-mayor
+of Tondo and its presidio, and all other magistrates whatever, are
+ordered to take especial care in the fulfilment and execution of this
+act. They shall cause it to be published, in order that all persons
+may know of it, and none plead ignorance--for which purpose an order
+shall be given in due form, and this act inserted therein. Thus they
+voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the Christian Sangleys, and all those who
+may become Christians in the future, shall practice and exercise the
+occupations that they had before they became Christians._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventeenth of May, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia, Court, and Chancillería of the Philipinas Islands, having
+examined this information which was remitted to this royal Audiencia
+by Estevan de Marquina, alcalde-mayor of the village of Tondo and its
+presidio, concerning the advisability and importance that the Christian
+Sangleys living in the said village of Tondo, and in the other villages
+of its jurisdiction, and those who become Christians in the future,
+shall not abandon the occupations which they had before they became
+Christians, as they have been accustomed to do, but shall continue
+to exercise and practice them in the same manner as before--for,
+by thus abandoning their occupations, that people are unoccupied
+and slothful, and spend their time in games and vicious amusements,
+whence result the harm and trouble which may be considered: they
+declared that, in order to remedy that state of affairs, they ought
+to order, and they did so order, that, now and henceforth, the said
+Sangleys shall practice and exercise the occupations which they had
+practiced and exercised before they became Christians, and shall,
+under no consideration, abandon them--this being understood to apply
+to those becoming Christians in the future, and to those who have
+been Christians for six years previous to the present--under penalty
+that whoever disobeys this decree shall be sentenced to row in the
+galleys for four years, in a place prescribed, without pay, to which
+they declared that they delivered them, and they did so deliver them,
+immediately as condemned persons. They declared that they ordered,
+and they did so order, the alcalde-mayor of Tondo and of the Parian,
+and other magistrates of this city and of these islands, to take great
+care in the execution and fulfilment of the aforesaid, under penalty
+of being punished. Thus they voted, ordered, and decreed. They ordered
+that the said magistrates, each in his own jurisdiction, should make
+the necessary inquiries, in order to ascertain who are the Sangleys
+that come under the provisions of this act, and the occupations which
+they follow.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that no alcaldes-mayor or other magistrates shall
+leave their jurisdictions without undergoing residencia; and that
+those who shall not have done so, or given a report of the convictions
+and fines and tenths of gold which shall have been in their charge,
+shall not be appointed._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the fifteenth of June, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that they have been
+informed that it is customary to appoint as alcaldes-mayor, and
+to other offices of justice, some persons who have not undergone
+residencia for offices that they have held before, or who have not
+rendered account of the treasury fines and expenses of justice and
+war which have been in their charge; also that other persons come to
+this city after their terms of office have expired, without waiting
+to furnish the said residencias, or being present at them, as is
+required--whence it results that his Majesty's royal exchequer is
+defrauded, since it does not have the income of the said fines and
+tenths of gold. On the other hand, the said residencias not being
+taken, as is required, nor the public claims before them paid to
+their owners, and many other annoyances resulting, of some importance:
+therefore, since it is advisable to remedy the aforesaid condition,
+they ordered, and they did so order, now and henceforth, the decree
+according to the laws of these realms, providing that no persons who
+have held other offices be appointed to offices of the justiciary,
+until they have furnished residencia of those that they previously
+held, which shall have been examined and passed upon; and that such
+persons shall have deposited, first and foremost, in his Majesty's
+royal treasury, all the fines and condemnations which shall have
+been in their charge, with tenths of gold and other things of which
+they must give account, together with the payment of these and of
+any other sums which they shall have been sentenced to pay in their
+residencias. In order that they may furnish these, they must be present
+in person, during the time prescribed by law, without leaving their
+jurisdictions--being warned that if any person absent himself from
+the jurisdiction where he holds office, without first furnishing
+residencia, it will not be received or heard by the prosecutor, and
+he will be compelled to return to furnish it in his own person. In
+order that the provisions of this act may be strictly enforced,
+they ordered that his Majesty's fiscal register the letters-patent
+which shall have been given to the said offices of justice; so that
+whatever is ordained by the said royal laws, and provided by this
+act, he may claim when the officials shall be appointed, and the
+necessary residencias be taken. Likewise there is to be delivered
+to the government secretary of these islands a copy of this act, so
+that in the patents of those who shall be appointed the fulfilment
+of what is herein contained shall be formally inserted as a clause,
+and his Majesty's said fiscal shall register the said patents. They
+cannot continue to exercise their offices without first making the said
+investigation, exactly observing the provisions of this said act; and
+the accountant of the royal exchequer shall likewise register it; so
+that whoever shall not have given an account of the said fines, tenths
+of gold, and other matters which shall have been in his charge, shall
+not take his office. By this act, they so voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+In the city of Manila, on the thirteenth of July, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, I, Pedro Hurtado Desquibel, clerk of court
+for the royal Audiencia, Chancillería, and Court of these Philipinas
+Islands, certify and attest that, from the eighth of June, of the past
+year, one thousand five hundred and ninety-eight, to the present day,
+the date of this testimony, the president and auditors of this said
+royal Audiencia, have from time to time agreed upon and enacted the
+acts [4] which are herein copied, for good government, both officially
+and at the petition of his Majesty's fiscal, as in them and each one
+of them is declared. The copies are true and exact, and, in order
+that it may be evident that it is by order of the aforesaid, I gave
+the present copy--the witnesses to its transcription, correction, and
+revision being Pedro Muñoz de Herrera, Joan de Harana, and Alonso de
+Saavedra, citizens of this city. In witness of which, I have affixed
+my seal in witness of the truth.
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+[_Endorsed_: "Filipinas, 1599." "Acts for the good government of
+those islands."]
+
+
+
+
+The Hospital for Indians at Manila
+
+
+May Jesus, our salvation, dwell in the soul of your royal
+Majesty. Although I am but wretched dust and ashes, I make bold to
+write this letter since I am, in company with two other religious of
+the Order of our seraphic father St. Francis, appointed to minister
+in this royal hospital of your royal Majesty (which is called the
+hospital of Sancta Ana) for the natives; in it all the natives of all
+these islands are cared for, and it is situated in this city of Manila.
+
+Favors were granted to this hospital by our most Catholic king and
+sovereign, never sufficiently to be praised, your royal Majesty's
+father, Don Phelipe (whom may God keep in His heaven!); he allowed it
+one thousand five hundred fanegas of rice, one thousand five hundred
+fowls, two hundred pieces of cloth from Ylocos, five hundred ducados
+in money, and four toneladas of freight--this last being worth, one
+year with another, four hundred pesos. With this income (and we have
+no other), usually as many as two hundred poor persons are supported
+and cared for in this hospital; besides these, there are three or
+four religious who care for the sick and administer the sacraments,
+and a considerable number of other people who are in the service of
+the hospital. So small is the income, sacred Majesty, and so many are
+the poor who come for help, that often we suffer great hardships; for
+it is the glory of this hospital not only to belong to your Majesty,
+but also not to turn away any one who comes to it to be treated.
+
+For this reason we religious who are in this hospital, as servants of
+the poor who are cared for in it, entreat your royal Majesty with the
+utmost humility that you will grant us aid so that we can treat these
+poor people with somewhat more convenience; and we especially entreat
+your royal Majesty that you will favor us by commanding that the said
+four toneladas of freight be continued to us, as we are accustomed
+to ship the goods free of customs duties or any other dues, whether
+in this city of Manila or in Nueva España, or in any other parts of
+your Majesty's realms where your ships enter.
+
+In this your royal Majesty will render a great service to God our
+Lord; and may He preserve for us your royal Majesty, with increase
+of His holy grace, and life and prosperity, as your loyal servants
+desire. At Manila, July 3, 1599. Your royal Majesty's humble servant,
+
+_Domingo de Santiago_.
+
+[_Endorsed_: "Manila; to his Majesty; Domingo de Santiago, for the
+hospital of Santa Ana at Manilla. Referred by his Majesty, who directs
+that the archbishop and governor shall send information regarding
+the treatment of the sick in this hospital, and whether its income
+is sufficient for its needs. They shall also ascertain how its funds
+are disbursed, and if the accounts are audited; and if anything is
+lacking that is absolutely necessary, let them advise what and how
+much should be provided, in their opinion."]
+
+
+Catholic and Royal Majesty:
+
+Antonio Valerio, steward of the royal hospital which the discalced
+religious of our seraphic father St. Francis founded in the city of
+Manila, with royal expenditures and some alms, for the cure and healing
+of all these natives of all these Philipinas Islands which belong
+to your royal Majesty. I declare that although in this hospital we,
+three religious and myself, serve for the love of God our Lord--by our
+services saving the salaries of physician, surgeon, apothecary, and
+other officers; and I performing the duties of steward, and the said
+religious treating, as they do, all the sick, besides administering the
+sacraments--the work of this hospital is continually increasing to such
+an extent, by its aiding so many sick persons, and from so many places,
+that although the gifts which your royal Majesty has made to this your
+hospital are great, they are not sufficient to meet the necessary
+expenses to which the said hospital is liable. For the usual number
+of those who are cared for in it ranges from one hundred and sixty
+to two hundred poor persons; besides, most of the poor people of this
+city are provided from this hospital with ointments and medicines for
+their ailments. On account of these expenses the hospital is unable
+to accomplish many works which should be done--for instance, a house
+for the workmen and servants, the improvement of the vegetable-garden,
+and other things necessary for the treatment of the sick.
+
+For these reasons I entreat and supplicate your royal Majesty, with the
+utmost humility, on my own part and on that of the said poor who are
+treated in the hospital, that you will do us the favor of adding some
+further charity to the grants which you have made to this hospital, for
+the supply of the many wants which arise every day and are increasing.
+
+Still further, I entreat and supplicate your royal Majesty that the
+favor which the Catholic and royal Majesty, Don Phelipe our lord,
+the father of your royal Majesty (whom may God our Lord keep in His
+heaven!), granted to us, by commanding that we be allowed to send
+four toneladas of freight in his royal ships, be also continued to
+us free from customs duties and any other dues which pertain to your
+royal Majesty, whether in this city of Manila or in Nueva España,
+or in any other part of your realms.
+
+Moreover, since the minister of this hospital is always a father who
+is a priest, who will administer the sacraments not only to the sick
+who come to the said hospital for treatment, but to all the people
+who serve therein or who reside on the stock-farm which belongs to
+the hospital, as well as to many other people in all this city and
+in the islands who usually come to this hospital for confession;
+and besides this, your Majesty pays from his royal treasury the
+archbishop, qura, and canons of the cathedral of Manila for their
+labors in ministering to the Indians, in all matters for which the
+tithes are not sufficient--I entreat your royal Majesty to command
+your royal officials in this city of Manila that they recompense
+the said archbishop, cura, and canons in such manner that they shall
+not enter the stock-farm of the said hospital to collect tithes and
+firstfruits, since hitherto they have never entered there. And in
+all things I entreat the royal Majesty of your royal Majesty, etc.
+
+
+
+
+
+Letters from the Royal Fiscal to the King
+
+
+
+Sire:
+
+After having given an account to your Majesty, in so far as concerns my
+office of fiscal of this royal Audiencia of these Philipinas Islands,
+of the affairs of justice, by another letter which accompanies this,
+it seemed best to me to give one concerning those things which touch
+the royal exchequer, in the following manner.
+
+1. The royal exchequer of your Majesty in these islands is not
+sufficient by a large sum to supply the salaries and expenses which are
+here paid out and incurred. For before the royal Audiencia came here,
+the archbishop and bishops drew from Mexico fifteen, twenty, and some
+years thirty thousand pesos apiece; but, even with all this, all those
+who had to draw money from the royal treasury were complaining and
+irregularly paid. Many works were neglected, and necessary expenses
+were abandoned. With the new stipends and salaries of an archbishop,
+three bishops, four auditors, and a fiscal, which amount to twenty-four
+thousand pesos, we must cut down much more. All that sum, which is
+the salary of powerful people, must be maintained; and therefore we
+must suffer wretched service, and abandon, as has been done, works
+and affairs in which there should be no lack. For some remedy and
+alleviation of this difficulty, I will point out some expedients which,
+in my opinion--as one who understands the present state of affairs, and
+has some knowledge of the country--your Majesty, if you are so pleased,
+can use, employing such of them as appear to be most expedient.
+
+2. I find no basis on which people could rest their opinion that
+there should be in these islands the said archbishop and bishops;
+for the population of them all does not exceed six hundred Spanish
+citizens, and the one bishop who was in this city was sufficient. One
+is sufficient for all matters which might arise of which the prelates
+take cognizance, or which are necessary, for they are very few and
+unimportant; and those who appeal to the metropolitan go to Mexico
+and return in one year. The three provinces in which were lately
+erected the three bishoprics are so near this city that one can come
+from them in ten or twelve days; and in the one which has the largest
+settlement of Spaniards there are not more than a hundred citizens,
+or even so many--namely, in Zubu. The other two, which are Camarines
+and Cagayan, do not amount, each one, to seventy Spaniards. In
+each one there is a curate, who administers the sacraments to
+the Spaniards; and convents of friars, who administer them to the
+Indians who live in the said villages and their neighborhood. If the
+prelate who is chosen in Manila is a religious of proved integrity,
+and industrious, he can very well attend to these matters easily,
+and without overwork. Whatever has been said or may be said to your
+Majesty to the contrary, either arises from ignorance of the matter
+or from private designs, and does not aim at expediency.
+
+[_In the margin_: "There is nothing to answer."]
+
+3. By a decree of your Majesty which came in the past year,
+ninety-eight, the governor of these islands was commanded to
+discontinue a number of false musters which were being paid, and
+additions to the expenses of the royal treasury. Without mentioning
+the decree, he pronounced an edict in which he commanded the officials
+of the royal exchequer of your Majesty to erase them from the royal
+books, and pay them no more. Afterward, with different pretexts and by
+various means other salaries and additional expenses were incurred,
+which it had never been customary to pay--as, for instance, paying
+salaries to the captains, alferez, and other officers of war for the
+citizens in the villages. The governor appointed, as alferez of the
+captain of the town of Arevalo, Don Juan Fajardo; and designated as
+his salary that of the post of musketeer, for which he served in the
+said post of alferez. Having appealed it before the Audiencia, after
+examination and review there, he was commanded to pay the said salary
+for the time while he had served in the post of alferez. Captain
+Francisco Rrodriguez, as he was of the troops from Zubu, when he
+was alcalde-mayor there was ordered by the said governor to give
+a hundred pesos of additional cost. He appealed from this, and his
+case is pending in the Audiencia. Although these things appear of
+little importance, so far as events hitherto are concerned, they
+may be very important for the future; for, as they are said to be
+confirmed by the Audiencia the governors will take it as a precedent,
+in order to be able to make the same move with the other captains
+and alferezes. The expenses of the royal treasury will thus suffer
+a large increase, and in matters which never have been done nor are
+now necessary. It would be well, if your Majesty were so pleased,
+to command that all the wages, salary, and additional expenses which
+have been given in the said manner be returned to the royal treasury
+by the person who ordered them, and that henceforward none should
+by any means be granted; and, if it be expedient to give any, your
+Majesty should be informed and a royal order for that purpose awaited.
+
+4. In some provinces where there was one alcalde-mayor only, they
+have been so multiplied that now there are three, and each one with
+a deputy--all with salaries from the royal exchequer. To some of them
+the governors give, beside the salary, additional expenses, amounting
+to a hundred pesos; because such alcaldes-mayor are captains of the
+citizens, in the manner explained in the clause before this. Likewise
+some of the said alcaldes-mayor have Spanish alguazils, although not
+with salaries, and although there are royal decrees directing the
+governor to check this, and not allow offices to increase. It would
+be fitting for your Majesty to command, if you so please, that these
+alcaldes-mayor be reduced to the following:
+
+In the province of Laguna, one alcalde-mayor with three hundred
+pesos of salary, which is the ordinary amount. On the opposite coast
+of Mauban, one corregidor; this is the district next to the said
+Laguna. He should have two hundred pesos of salary. In the province
+of Camarines, another alcalde-mayor, with the same salary of three
+hundred pesos. Another alcalde-mayor, who has recently been appointed
+in the said province for the island of Catanduanes, should be removed;
+and the said alcalde-mayor of Camarines should care for that, as
+he used to do. In the province of Cagayan, another alcalde-mayor,
+with the same salary. In that of Ylocos, another alcalde-mayor, with
+the same salary. In Pangasinan, another alcalde-mayor, with the said
+salary. In the province of Panpanga, another alcalde-mayor, with the
+proper salary, who should administer the jurisdiction of the district
+of Bulacan, which borders upon it; all this was formerly under one
+alcalde. The one who was lately added in Bulacan should be removed.
+
+In the village of Tondo and the bay of this city of Manila (all of
+which is the suburbs and outskirts of the city), the governors keep
+another alcalde-mayor and lieutenant, although the whole of it is
+within the five leagues which, by your Majesty's grace, this city
+of Manila has as a jurisdiction--whose alcaldes-in-ordinary used to
+administer justice in all the districts of the said alcaldía-mayor
+of Tondo. Now they have no more than within the walls of the city,
+although they are vested with authority and can make arrests
+outside. It would be well, if such be your Majesty's pleasure, to
+discontinue this alcaldía-mayor of Tondo, and let it be served by
+the two alcaldes-in-ordinary from this city of Manila, each one six
+months of the year, while the other one is present in this city. In
+this way, with the provincial judge, there will be quite sufficient
+people to administer justice in the civil cases; and in the criminal
+cases there are the auditors and the said alcalde-in-ordinary. In this
+way the salary of the alcalde-mayor of Tondo will be saved, which is
+now paid from the royal treasury; and this city will consider it as a
+singular grace and favor. So likewise will the Indians, for they will
+be better treated and less annoyed by this form of government; because
+the man who is appointed to the said alcaldía must make his living from
+it, and on that account must do things which are illegal--but, as he
+is usually a retainer of the governor, the latter shields him in the
+matter. This will cease with the alcaldes-in-ordinary, for they perform
+their duties without any selfish considerations, being always men of
+honor and rich, who do not seek the offices through greed for money.
+
+In the province of Zubu there used to be only one alcalde-mayor;
+but about two years ago another was added in the islands of Leyte,
+Çamar, and Babao, which are close to Zubu. It was done to the great
+displeasure of the citizens of Santisimo Nombre de Jesus, which was
+the first city founded and settled in these islands; for the said
+three islands were under the jurisdiction of the alcalde-mayor
+resident in the said city, and with the other one they would be
+greatly annoyed and molested, since most of the citizens who reside
+in the said city are encomenderos in the said islands of Leyte,
+Çamar, and Babao. The alcalde-mayor of these islands takes them from
+the said city and enters suits against them. He takes them to the
+said islands as prisoners; and, as they have their property there,
+and must needs go there every year for the collection of tributes
+from their encomiendas, they cannot refuse to go; and thus the said
+alcalde-mayor molests them as encomenderos, and he of Çubu, on the
+other hand, as citizens. As this is so, if your Majesty be pleased,
+the said alcalde-mayor of the said three islands might be removed,
+and they put under the jurisdiction of the said island of Çubu,
+whose alcalde-mayor could very well serve all of them.
+
+On the river of Butuan, which is on the confines of this island of
+Zubu and close to the island of Mindanao, is another corregidor, with
+a salary of two hundred pesos. In the island of Calamianes is another
+corregidor, with the ordinary salary. In the district of Oton is an
+alcalde-mayor, with a salary of three hundred pesos. In Panay is a
+corregidor, with two hundred pesos salary. All the alcaldes-mayor
+and corregidors besides those mentioned should be done away with;
+and no alcalde-mayor or corregidor should have a deputy except when
+he is absent, and such deputy should not be given a salary.
+
+[_In the margin_: "If there is any reform to be made, have the new
+governor act therein, and advise us of his action. _Idem. Idem. Idem_
+in this matter."]
+
+5. One of the things in which, I have understood, the royal exchequer
+of your Majesty has been the most defrauded and the citizens of these
+islands the most aggrieved, is in the freighting and despatching of
+vessels which go from here to Nueva España with merchandise; for the
+governors have, for some years past, assigned to this duty various
+special friends and confidants of themselves, and even at times their
+own servants. The said persons lade in the ships their own property,
+and even that of their relatives and friends--and likewise, it is
+said, of any person who will pay them for it. This transaction and
+negotiation is of great profit for them, and a great fraud upon the
+royal exchequer; for all the merchandise which they lade in this way,
+outside of the amount allotted, goes without paying your Majesty the
+royal duties, and is not a part of the cloth which is assigned to the
+citizens in the general allotment which is made to them. As a remedy
+for this, it will be well that in the future, when the allotment
+of the cloth is made, there should be present and superintend it,
+besides the governor and the other persons who are appointed, an
+auditor and royal official in rotation, each year, commencing with
+those longest here. As soon as the said allotment shall be finished,
+the royal official shall take a copy of it, and the persons to whom
+allotment is made of the said cloth shall come with their invoices, to
+bale it and pay the royal duty in the presence of the royal officials,
+who should give warrants for it. One or two of the officials should be
+present at the port of Cavite, which is the landing-place of ships,
+two leagues from this city; and there should be also present on the
+ship, during its lading, the freighters who are ordinarily appointed,
+and an auditor, so that no cloth will be allowed to be laded except it
+be that contained in the said allotment. That which is thus authorized
+shall be vouched for by warrants from the said royal officials that
+the duties are paid. So great has been the irregularity in this
+matter that, by having it checked by these strict methods, there
+would probably be a great gain to the royal treasury.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Write to the new governor about the information
+given in this letter, and the complaints that are made; and have him
+remedy this evil, appointing for this persons who are of satisfactory
+record, and taking care that all this be done with justice--and,
+if it seem best to him, being sometimes present in person at the
+inspection."]
+
+6. From the payment of tributes by the Indians in the usual currency
+there have resulted and still result many inconveniences, losses,
+injuries, and diminutions to the royal exchequer; for formerly they
+paid the eight reals of tribute each year in kind, which they gathered
+on their lands. A short time ago they were given the alternative of
+paying it in coin if they wished; and since then they have ceased
+to cultivate the land, make linen fabrics, raise fowls and cattle,
+or obtain gold from the mines and rivers, with which articles they
+used to pay the said tribute. A great part of those articles usually
+remained with them, because they had all the year for trading and
+labor, by which the country was supplied with many provisions at a low
+cost, and clothing of various kinds of linen, with which they were
+dressed. The encomenderos sailed with these things to Nueva España;
+and it was not necessary to pay the Chinese what was brought thence in
+return, and have them carry it off to their country, as they now do,
+in exchange for the said cloths which they sell. There was a great
+quantity of gold which was also taken to Nueva España, and from that
+your Majesty was paid the tenths, which amounted each year to six
+or eight thousand pesos--not counting another larger quantity which
+was paid by the tributaries of the encomiendas which are under the
+royal crown. By reason of the said Indians not paying in kind, so
+little gold has come to be mined, that in the past year, ninety-eight,
+from tributes and tenths even, the amount which was collected on your
+Majesty's account was not a thousand pesos. From this there follows
+another inconvenience, in that, as the natives of these islands are
+inclined to laziness and to the vices attendant upon that, since
+they can easily pay the tribute for one year with ten reals in coin,
+they seek and pay it, and dress themselves with two or three pieces
+of cloth, which cost somewhat more. As they find these for sale by
+the Chinese, they themselves do not manufacture them. It would be
+expedient, in order that these inconveniences may cease, as well as
+others which may be seen to result from this matter, that henceforth
+these Indians should be compelled to agricultural labors and the
+raising of cattle, according to the conditions of the provinces where
+they live, and to taking gold from the mines and rivers. If this were
+put in force, a great deal would be gained by it; for there is a large
+quantity in the said mines, rivers, and placers. In this way a great
+part of the trade with the Chinese would cease, and the returns from
+what was carried to and sold in Nueva España, from both gold and cloth,
+would remain in this country, and would not be taken away to China,
+as it now is. The said Indians would be compelled to this, in such
+manner that, with the practice and profit which they would get from
+it, in a few years they and their descendants would do it of their
+own will, without compulsion. The principal thing to be done in order
+to start the Indians to do this is, to have them pay the tribute in
+the kind which they raise and harvest.
+
+[_In the margin_: "With this report write to the new governor to
+call together the Audiencia, the ecclesiastical prelates who are
+present in Manila, and the superiors of the religious orders; and
+have him communicate with those who could not conveniently go there,
+getting their opinion in writing; and have all of them confer as to
+what is expedient and ought to be done in this matter--taking into
+consideration the fact that the Indians should not be annoyed or
+aggrieved; and that their object should be the cultivation of crops
+and other things which the land bears; and that for this purpose
+the tribute should be paid in kind, and the valuation should be as
+equitable as possible. Whatever they may resolve in regard to this
+matter, the governor shall cause to be executed, and advise us as to
+what he does, seeing to it that the Indians labor and are not idle."]
+
+7. With the reestablishment of the said royal Audiencia, the expenses
+of the royal treasury have been increased by more than sixteen
+thousand five hundred pesos in the salaries of four auditors and one
+fiscal. Wherefore it would be well, were your Majesty so pleased,
+to command that the encomiendas or repartimientos of Indians which
+may in the future be vacated, up to the amount of ten thousand pesos,
+be placed under the royal crown, as an aid to the payment of the said
+salaries; and that, until these are so placed, the governors shall not
+be able to assign any person an encomienda or repartimiento of Indians.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Have the governor and Audiencia send an information
+in this matter, and the archbishop a separate one."]
+
+8. I have understood that the governors have been accustomed to
+assign encomiendas in this country in a manner to suit their own
+purposes. Thus, if any person possesses an encomienda which ends
+with his life, they add a reserve in such wise that they make
+the encomiendas hereditary and perpetual for their relatives, so
+that they may resign them, and allow the governor to assign them to
+whomsoever they will. On the other hand, they have an agreement with
+the governor that he shall assign it to the person designated by the
+one who resigns it. That this matter may be the better understood,
+I shall relate a case in which it happened. A certain captain, Juan
+Maldonado Borrocal, one of the conquerors of these islands, holding a
+repartimiento as an encomienda, went from here to the court in Spain;
+and there married a widow, and returned with her to these islands. He
+died, and conformably to the law of succession, the wife succeeded
+to the encomienda. The latter had a son by her former husband,
+and as, on her death, the said encomiendas would remain vacant, she
+resigned them, and the governor assigned them anew to the son, who
+was a boy. Neither he nor his father had served in these islands. It
+is easy to imagine how this pleased the old soldiers who had shed
+their blood on the said encomiendas to conquer them, and some were
+eager for that repartimiento. Accordingly it is easy to see how much
+remedy there was left, when the governor granted the said encomiendas
+contrary to what your Majesty has ordered. To correct this, it would
+be fitting that your Majesty order that such resignation should not
+be made in any manner; and that in such cases the governor cannot
+assign any repartimiento of Indians.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Have the decrees which are despatched for the
+settlement of these matters duplicated, also those that direct that
+appointments cannot be made by resignation and renunciation of the
+said encomiendas; order that these be exactly observed and complied
+with; and let it be again ordered that encomiendas which have been
+resigned shall not be filled by the governor, but that he shall
+advise his Majesty, who may order according to his pleasure in the
+matter. If he appoints to them, they shall be null and declared void;
+and the fiscal shall advise concerning them."]
+
+9. In the building of churches on the encomiendas of these islands
+your royal treasury is subjected to excessive expenses by their being
+made, as they are, of wood. Your Majesty pays, for those which stand
+on the encomiendas belonging to your royal crown, two-thirds of the
+cost--one-third as encomendero, and another as king and lord. In those
+possessed by private citizens you pay one-third as king. As woods in
+this country decay very easily, they rot within five or six years,
+and it is necessary to build the said churches over again. Besides, it
+often happens that when they are finished they are soon burned down. It
+would be well for the said churches henceforth to be built of stone
+or brick; for, with little more than what it costs to build them of
+wood, they can be built of stone or brick and will last for many years.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Let the Audiencia investigate this."]
+
+10. The custom has been introduced of supplying wine for the
+celebration of the mass to the priests of all the orders--not only to
+those which are in the encomiendas of the royal crown, but to those in
+private ones. As I understand it, your Majesty is under no obligation
+to furnish it, except to those who minister in the four convents of
+Manila, and to the curates of Spaniards and Indians there, and to those
+who are in your Majesty's missions; and the encomenderos are obliged
+to furnish them with the said wine on their own encomiendas. Your
+Majesty will order the action in this matter which is most fitting
+to your royal service.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Write to the governor to order that the secular
+clergy, and those who give instruction in private encomiendas, are
+not to be given wine on his Majesty's account for the celebration
+of mass."]
+
+11. During the time of the last royal Audiencia, several offices of
+regidor were sold; but of those who bought them at that time two
+only have come here. Governor Gomez Perez, by virtue of a clause
+of his instructions, appointed, above those which had been bought,
+enough to amount in all to twelve regidors, from the worthiest men
+of this city. Some of them left in his time, and others in the time
+of his son, and finally in that of Governor Don Francisco Tello;
+others the latter removed. Thereupon he appointed to several of the
+said offices unsatisfactory persons, for his own interests. Some
+of these despise the said offices. As it is understood that these
+appointments were not by honorable means, it would be well if these
+offices were sold--not by auction, but putting upon them a moderate
+price, and having them given, with the supervision and approval of
+the Audiencia, to the men of most merit and best character. There
+should not be more than eight regidors; for, with the other persons
+who, by reason of their offices, have votes in the cabildo--namely,
+the three royal officials, the two wardens of the fortresses, and the
+alguacil-mayor of the city--there are fourteen votes, which, in a place
+of three hundred citizens, is a sufficient number. As those appointed
+understand that they must pay money for the appointments and gifts,
+in this way they will be given to suitable persons; and this should
+always be done, so long as they are appointed here, and are not free
+to attend to their duties as they should--because the governors have
+had the power to take their offices away without cause, whenever it
+might appear best to them. The most just way would be to sell them,
+and use the proceeds to aid the royal treasury in its needs.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Have this sent to the new governor, so that the
+regidors who were appointed wrongly, or are not proper persons,
+may be removed; and let others be appointed (such as possess the
+qualifications and capacity), up to the number of eight in all. Let
+him advise us of his action."]
+
+12. After Governor Gomez Perez Dasmariñas came, there was offered from
+the royal exchequer of your Majesty to the accountant Andres Cauchela
+(who was proprietary), and to Captain Gomez de Machuca--who, on the
+death of Juan Baptista Rroman, treasurer and factor, was appointed to
+the said offices by the said Gomez Perez--to these two was assigned
+the making of a report on all matters which concerned the treasury,
+to bring before the said governor. It is understand that there were
+some matters needing correction, for those same officials have written
+this. This also appears probable from the manner in which the person
+who was appointed for that office by the said governor conducted
+himself. He signed the account without seeing or examining the reports,
+or even noticing whether the charges were made, and if everything had
+been collected that should be, nor that which concerned the merchandise
+and the royal warehouses. Nor did he afterward audit any account. For
+this reason, and because he grew rich during the time while the said
+offices were held, it would be well to inspect them, and again take
+charge of said accounts of money, and audit those of merchandise
+which still remain to be examined. If your Majesty be so pleased,
+a warrant might be sent to make the said investigation from the time
+when Licentiate Geronimo Erbez del Corral took the account. It could
+be entrusted to one of the auditors of this royal Audiencia; but the
+fact must be considered that Doctor Antonio de Morga is a great friend
+of Captain Gomez de Machuca, who was factor and treasurer, and who
+would have to be investigated by him. Likewise it would be expedient
+to send a warrant for an accountant to audit and revise the accounts.
+
+[_In the margin_: "A person shall be named by the lord president of
+the Audiencia to investigate these officials; and the governor shall
+name, with the consent of the investigator, an accountant to examine
+the accounts."]
+
+13. Your Majesty commanded by a decree that the office of treasurer
+of the royal exchequer of these islands be abolished, as it entails
+no duties whatever, and the two offices of factor and accountant are
+sufficient; accordingly, the duties of the treasurer were performed
+by the factor. On account of the death of Juan Baptista Rroman, who
+exercised these offices, your Majesty again appointed to the said
+office of treasurer Captain Hernando Davila. So far as I know, your
+Majesty was not made aware that a command had been issued to abolish
+it, since no mention of that is made in the commission of Captain
+Hernando Davila. The office is a superfluous one, and, as I say, has
+no duties; for everything which has to be done here pertains to the
+offices of factor and accountant. It would be well, if your Majesty
+is so pleased, to command that when this office of treasurer shall
+become vacant, in whatever manner, no other person shall be appointed
+to it; but that it shall be merged with that of the factor, as was
+formerly done. In this way the royal treasury will be relieved from
+paying two thousand pesos, which the said treasurer draws as a salary.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Let the new governor inform us concerning this."]
+
+Governor Gomez Perez Dasmariñas established a monopoly on cards,
+so that the proceeds therefrom could be used to fortify this city;
+and the cabildo of the city collected that, along with the rest of
+its property, and expended it in other matters, and not in that for
+which it was imposed. Accordingly, in this tax, as well as in the
+administration of the said monopoly, there have been interests of
+great importance for those who had the power in this community, as
+will be evident when it is inspected and investigated. For three years
+past nothing of importance has been done on the wall, although there
+were many places which needed repairing and finishing, which would
+be a great detriment and danger in time of war. It would likewise
+be well to send a warrant to make investigations and audit accounts,
+concerning both the said monopoly and the other properties of the city.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Let the person who is charged with the residencia
+of the governor be entrusted with that of the cabildo, and see that
+that is taken and an account of everything. He shall give an account
+to the governor of all which results from this, and of the amount
+of this impost, so that it may be converted to the use for which it
+was imposed."]
+
+15. By an ordinance of this royal Audiencia the president and two
+auditors thereof are commanded to audit, at the beginning of each
+year, the accounts of the royal officials, and to finish them in
+two months, with the additional amount, for expenses, of twenty-five
+thousand maravedis for each auditor. In the time of the former royal
+Audiencia this was done; and they named an accountant each year,
+to whom they gave fifty thousand maravedis beside. Since that time,
+what has happened is as follows: Governor Gomez Perez Dasmariñas,
+at the beginning of the year ninety-five, without an order from
+your Majesty, created an accountant-in-ordinary of accounts for this
+purpose, with a salary of five hundred pesos, and a secretary with two
+hundred and fifty pesos, for which they were to secure the approval
+of your Majesty--which they have not done in the past. The accounts
+were audited in two months--or at the most, in three. Accordingly it
+is not necessary, for so small an account as we have here, to incur
+a thousand pesos of expense each year to audit them. It could be done
+for a hundred thousand maravedis, as was formerly done. Your Majesty
+will command in this as is most fitting for the royal service.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Send this to the new governor, that he may examine
+into and adjust the matter as appears best to him, and advise us of
+what action he takes."]
+
+16 The office of secretary of the cabildo has been given by the
+governors to whom they thought best. In this way they learn what
+goes on in the cabildo, which is a great evil. It would be better to
+have this sold; and accordingly, he who held it--being a proprietor,
+and one who could not be removed during good behavior--would be free
+to remain silent.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Let the governor and Audiencia investigate this."]
+
+17. The office of secretary of the registries has been held by the
+secretaries of the governors. As a result of this, claims for justice
+have been relinquished in several grievances of great importance,
+to the loss both of the Chinese who come to trade here, and of the
+citizens of the city. It would be well to sell this office, under
+condition that he who buys it cannot be the secretary or in any wise
+the servant of the governor at that time acting. As Rroque Espino de
+Caceres, who is serving it at present, has begged for your Majesty's
+confirmation, and is a person worthy of it, as appears from the
+informations made in this royal Audiencia, in its opinion this favor
+might be extended to him, as he seeks it, with the said condition,
+and with that of a moderate price for the royal treasury.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Tell the new governor that it is not expedient that
+this office should be held by a secretary or servant of the governor,
+or a subordinate of the auditors and ministers of the Audiencia;
+and that from worthy persons there he shall appoint three, in whom he
+believes is found the necessary ability for this office, so that his
+Majesty may select the one who may seem best to him. In the meantime
+let him appoint as best he can, and without inconvenience."]
+
+18. In the island of Zubu there is a notary-public who bought the
+office from your Majesty. The cabildo there have written to me that
+there is need of still another, and that accordingly it might be
+sold. Therefore, if your Majesty pleases, you might order another
+notaryship sold in said island of Zubu.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Have the governor and Audiencia send an information
+regarding this, and what offices have been sold in those islands,
+at what price, and to what persons."]
+
+19. The city of Nueva Segovia, of the province of Cagayan, the chief
+city of that bishopric, has no notary-public named by your Majesty,
+but only one appointed by the governor, for the cases which there
+arise. This is a great inconvenience, as wills and other writings
+cannot be sworn to before him, from which results damage to the
+citizens. It would be well, if your Majesty were so pleased, to sell
+a notary-public's office there.
+
+20. The office of depositary-general of this city of Manila, on
+account of the governors having appointed to it persons who were their
+confidants, is embarrassed with some difficulties, which would cease if
+the office were sold, and the royal treasury would be benefited. Your
+Majesty will command whatever is most expedient for your royal service.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Let the governor and Audiencia inform us whether
+it is well to sell the office, and who can be found for it; and,
+in case that it is not well to sell it, what persons there are of
+character, worth, and conscience which fit them to take the commission
+for it. Let the royal officials also give information."]
+
+21. About four years ago the preaching of the bulls was commenced here,
+and the governor appoint a treasurer for them; and it is also said that
+there came a decree from your Majesty directing that the account be
+audited every year by a royal official, and that the proceeds from them
+be remitted. Thus far, no royal official has taken the said accounts;
+and I have been informed that in sending the proceed thereof there
+has not been much punctuality, and that the money has been employed in
+uses and investments for certain private persons. For the correction
+of all this, it would be well that from now on an auditor should
+audit the said accounts of the said treasurer, and cause the balance
+which is found to be placed in the royal treasury, charging it as
+a separate account to the royal officials; then, in the first ships
+which leave, it may be sent to Nueva España, invested in merchandise,
+whereby it will be doubled, with no more risk than if it were taken
+in coin. The latter is never taken because what has to be sent is
+invested, and turned into money in Mexico, and amounts to twice as
+much. The profit which can be made in this way might better be, for
+so good a work as that for which the alms of the said bulls is applied.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Let a copy of this clause be given to Señor the
+licentiate Valtodano, to be examined in the council for the crusade."]
+
+22. Since, even if your Majesty should be pleased to command everything
+done as above, it will still be necessary to bring money from Mexico
+for the costs, expenses, and salaries incurred in these islands;
+and as it is not well that, in order to cover them, it should be
+necessary for your Majesty to employ more property than they amount to,
+it has seemed best to me to seek some other methods for this--which,
+if they should appear expedient for the service of your Majesty,
+and can be carried out with no scruples of conscience, will not only
+render unnecessary the bringing of money from outside these islands,
+but even will make it possible to aid other great expenses which your
+Majesty has. The means which I have found are the following. Your
+Majesty pays a stipend to all the citizens and inhabitants of the
+fortified town which you hold in the island of Tidore, which is one
+of the Malucas Islands. In order to make these payments, aid is sent
+every year from Yndia by a galleon; and a quantity of cloth is brought
+from the royal customs treasury at Goa. With this the said citizens
+are all given their "quarters," as they call them. [5] This cloth is
+disposed of among the natives, who trade provisions for it.
+
+It is a law of Yndia and of Maluco that no person can lade or take
+away cloves from those islands in any manner, unless it be for your
+Majesty, under penalty of loss of the ship and rigging; from which
+the profit resulting to the royal exchequer amounts to a third of
+what is laded, so great is the freight charge. Certain Portuguese
+came to these islands in their own ships. They take away a quantity
+of cloves and sell it to merchants, who in turn sell it to Chinese
+and other persons, who secretly ship it to Nueva España--whence
+it is taken to the provinces of Peru, the new realm of Granada,
+Tierra Firme, Guatimala, and other regions. From this there result
+three losses to the royal exchequer. In the first place, since the
+cloves are carried from the Malucas by the hand of a third party,
+your Majesty loses the third due on embarcation. In the second place,
+it is laded here for Nueva España secretly, and without paying the
+duties or freight charges. In the third place, when it has arrived
+at Nueva España, Peru, and other regions, that which is brought from
+the realms of Castilla loses its value.
+
+All this expense which your Majesty suffers in providing for that
+fortress, and these losses, could be remedied as follows. Your Majesty
+has in the island of Panay, one of these Filipinas, which borders on
+the Malucas Islands, a number of tributary Indians who pay the larger
+part of their tribute in cleaned rice. After their harvest they have
+a great deal of rice wine, which is made in these islands, and these
+are the provisions necessary for the Malucas. If, conformably to
+what has been said, there were built on your Majesty's account two
+patages in the island of Panay--such as are commonly built in the
+said island by the encomenderos, to sell to the said Portuguese in
+these islands, and which cost about five hundred pesos--two thousand
+fanegas of cleaned rice, and six hundred jars [_tinajas_] of wine could
+be loaded in them. The rice would be collected for your Majesty from
+your royal tributes, at two reals and six maravedis. Each tinaja of
+wine, with cask and all, is valued at four reals, on board. Likewise
+two hundred pesos of fine Sangley earthenware is sufficient, which is
+to be used as follows. These two patages must, while going to Maluco,
+of necessity take water at the port of La Caldera, and the earthenware
+is to be left in the Spanish camp which is there, so that with it they
+may buy from the natives five hundred quintals of cinnamon, taking
+care to dry it. In the meantime the two patages resume their voyage,
+having left this earthenware, and continue with the rice and wine to
+the fortress of the said Malucas. They will deliver to the warden there
+half of it, to pay those expenses or quarters to the citizens. With
+the other half they will buy four hundred _baxes_ of cloves, making
+two thousand four hundred quintals, at six quintals to the bax; [6]
+this would be brought on your Majesty's account to these islands. Then
+they are obliged to go back to the said port of La Caldera, where they
+will take on the cinnamon bought with the earthenware; and all will
+be brought to the port of Cavite, to be embarked on the ships which
+your Majesty sends on the voyage from here to Nueva España. When they
+have arrived there, the royal officials at the port of Acapulco will
+send a third of the said cloves and cinnamon to Mexico, and two-thirds
+to Piru and its provinces. If sold at retail, it would be worth three
+hundred pesos a quintal; going to private persons, in quantity, it is
+usually worth two hundred pesos; consequently, in this way there would
+be a great profit gained. I am ready to say that it would be worth
+to your Majesty almost as much as all the income from the customs
+of all Portuguese Yndia. For this purpose your Majesty will have
+to keep a factor in the said island of Panay, to collect tributes,
+despatch the ships to La Caldera and Maluco, and receive them there;
+and to correspond with the royal officials in this city so that they
+may embark all this spice for Nueva España, and with the factor who
+must be at Acapulco, so that he may make the distribution.
+
+This transaction is so profitable that several of the governors who
+have been in these islands have taken the trouble to send an armed
+galley merely to make this purchase of cinnamon at the port of La
+Caldera, until in the time of Doctor Santiago de Vera this trade
+was abandoned. Being aware of the profit in it, Guido de Lavezaris
+(who governed these islands on the death of the adelantado Miguel
+Lopez de Legazpi) prohibited trading and trafficking in spices in
+these islands for any person except the officials of your Majesty,
+who were to receive, buy, and lade the spices for Mexico, all on the
+account of your royal exchequer; this was done. In consequence of this,
+he likewise forbade that any island or any province whatsoever where
+there were cloves, cinnamon, or other spices should be assigned in
+encomiendas. Accordingly, from that time on, the transportation of
+spices by private persons to Nueva España was cut off. All this with
+the lapse of time, and the interest of certain persons, has been
+neglected, so that, it is understood, a great quantity of spice is
+taken to Nueva España every year.
+
+23. The other expedient which occurs to me is that the income from silk
+to the kingdom of Granada is registered as seventy-two millions, with
+the condition that no twisted or loose silk can be taken to the Yndias,
+which does not come from the said kingdom--although, indeed, to fill up
+this quantity, there is sometimes added silk from the kingdom of Murcia
+and Andalucia; but it passes through the custom-house of Granada, pays
+its duties, and is sealed there. In order that there may be no fraud in
+this, there is in Sevilla an administrator and a commissioned judge,
+who is ordinarily one of the alcaldes of the criminal court of the
+royal Audiencia. From the kingdom of China a quantity of crude silk
+is brought in bundles to these islands, and is taken to Nueva España,
+where it is woven into fabrics, and part of it is dyed. This silk
+is usually worth in this city a hundred and fifty pesos, although at
+present it sells at two hundred and forty pesos a pico.
+
+From the transportation of this silk the royal exchequer suffers
+the following losses. In the first place, the silks brought from
+Castilla, whether woven or loose, are worth less; and accordingly
+the royal duties do not amount to so much. In the second place,
+there are not so many silks brought as would come if these were
+lacking. Although these pay duties, there is a loss in this, as
+duties are not so great as those from Castilla pay. Crude silk is
+neither necessary nor useful for ordinary maintenance or support;
+and accordingly it seems best that your Majesty should, if such be
+your pleasure, obviate these losses which are occurring, and obtain
+satisfaction for them in some way and meet the great expenses which
+you have here. Your Majesty should leave liberty, as you always have
+done, for your vassals to trade in all merchandise with China in
+all kinds of goods; but should have monopolized and forbidden this
+trade in crude silk, commanding that no ship which comes from China
+shall neglect to bring five picos of crude silk, which is a very
+small quantity. They should be paid a reasonable price for it. In
+this way there would be the profit which they make in bringing it
+from China here, whence it is sent to Mexico; and, sold at retail,
+there will be the profit on it of four hundred per cent. There come
+usually from China to this city thirty ships and some years fifty,
+so that the profit on this would be large; and there would remain to
+the citizens of these islands a great deal of merchandise with which
+to trade, without their missing these goods. There would be enough to
+cover all the expenses, salaries, and other things which are necessary
+in these islands, and must be paid from the royal treasury--which, with
+all the money that is sent from Mexico, has not enough money to cover
+all the very important expenses affecting the proper guard, protection,
+and defense of these islands. This is all that occurs to me at present
+to say concerning matters relating to the royal exchequer, for its
+welfare. I shall continue always to watch for what is most fitting for
+the royal service of your Majesty, and shall attempt to further it;
+and such is always my desire. May God protect your Majesty many years,
+with a greater increase of kingdoms and seigniories, according to the
+needs of Christendom. In the city of Manila, which is in the island
+of Luzon, the principal one of the Filipinas Islands. July 21, 1599.
+
+The licentiate _Hieronimo de Salazar y Salcedo_
+
+
+
+
+Sire:
+
+Since I have given to your Majesty an account of the affairs of
+the administration of justice and of the royal exchequer of these
+Philipinas Islands by two other letters which accompany this, I
+will here discuss affairs of government. The thing which seems to me
+most necessary to do for the good government of these islands--and
+especially for correcting the great excesses which are wont to be
+committed by some of the religious who have Indian missions in their
+charge; and by the alcaldes-mayor, corregidors, deputies, and other
+magistrates, and the encomenderos of Indian repartimientos--is that,
+at least every two years, an auditor of the royal Audiencia of these
+islands, commencing with the oldest of them, should make a visitation
+over all the country in his jurisdiction, as is provided by the
+ordinances thereof, and in the form which I wrote to your Majesty in
+July of the past year, ninety-eight. Although the auditors oppose this,
+it is to avoid the great labor, expense, and danger to health, by sea
+and enemies, which they must undergo and pass through. Accordingly,
+if your Majesty pleases, a reasonable allowance for their expenses
+might be made, and soldiers given them to accompany and guard them,
+with good vessels, at the expense of the royal exchequer, if the
+cost should not be covered by the penalties inflicted during the
+visitation. Your Majesty will be pleased to order in this what is
+most expedient.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Write to the governor to have this visitation
+carried out in the pacified country, and where there is no obstacle,
+conformably to the ordinance. And have him see to it that they do
+not send soldiers with the auditor, and that he does not take people
+who would be oppressive to the Indians; and let him take care that
+this visitation be effectual--for which purpose let him command to
+be built, and furnished to the auditor, a vessel of suitable size,
+to go outside of the island of Luzon, at his Majesty's expense. As
+to the reimbursement which ought to be made beside what is conceded
+to them by the ordinance, and the decrees of his Majesty, let him
+inform us of his opinion." "Have sent a duplicate of the last decree
+despatched in regard to this visitation."]
+
+The main object of your Majesty's royal decrees, provisions, and orders
+given to your governors of these islands, is the prosperity of the
+citizens thereof; for in that way they become established and settled
+and the islands populated. The governors have not always attended
+to this as they should, for they have regarded this, which is their
+principal obligation, as accessory and dependent upon their private
+interests in order that they may become rich with what the citizens
+are to gain, as is already well known. And so little is the profit,
+and so poor the subsistence, of those who live here, and so much is
+their living interfered with by the governors, and the relatives and
+dependents whom they bring with them, that, as a result, so little is
+left for the citizens that they cannot in twenty years make the profit
+and gain which is acquired in a few years by some of those whom the
+said governors bring with them. This has often been experienced. For
+the remedy of this I suggest the following things.
+
+The lading of the ships which go to Nueva España, the allotment of
+space in them, and other matters touching this, should be conducted
+according to, and after the manner directed by, clause five of the
+letter which accompanies this, regarding matters which concern
+the royal exchequer. No cloth should be laded except that which
+goes according to the allotment; nor should the governor have any
+authority therein, because, as the superintendents of lading are
+persons appointed by him and in his confidence, with letters and
+orders which he gives, much other cloth is laded after the allotment
+is made. For the most part this belongs to persons who are underlings,
+kinsmen, or creatures of the governor, and must necessarily occupy
+space belonging to the cloth of the citizen, who is thus obliged to
+give up his cargo. What I describe is the ordinary way that things go.
+
+[_In the margin_: "This is provided for in the same clause; and let
+the governor be charged particularly with the remedy of this."]
+
+In the appointment of offices and means of gain, both of justice
+and of war, and other offices in the country, the said governors
+should observe what your Majesty has ordered in so many commands and
+royal decrees--namely, that "they shall be given only to citizens;
+and if he appoints to them his creatures or kinsmen, or those of
+the auditors or fiscal, or of their wives, the royal Audiencia shall
+check him without any reserve or hesitancy. The fiscal thereof shall
+oppose him, and take all possible measures to this end." This should
+be charged upon the consciences of all; and the government notary
+should be ordered to put upon all commissions of offices of justice
+or war, or of encomiendas of Indians, or of any other positions of
+profit whatsoever, which are to be received, the reason therefor,
+so that the said fiscal may know and understand whether there is any
+objection to giving the said commission. If any such objection is made,
+let it remain with the commission, and dispose of it by appealing
+from the governor to the royal Audiencia, where the question will
+be decided on examination and review. In the meantime the said title
+shall not be assumed, for there are many people in these islands whom
+we are bound to remunerate merely for their own services and those of
+their fathers, because they are poor and needy, and what we have to
+give is so little that, even if it were divided among the citizens,
+many of them would have to remain unprovided for.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Tell the governor that in this matter he must
+observe exactly what is ordered by decrees and provisions; and,
+according to his instructions, shall prefer the most deserving and
+those longest in the country."]
+
+By order of your Majesty, the viceroy of Nueva España appoints the
+general, admiral, captains, masters, and other officers of the ships
+which are despatched from here to that province with merchanise, at the
+time when the said ships return thence. The persons so appointed bring
+so large a quantity of money unregistered in the ships as, it may be
+readily seen, they can do, with the power attached to their offices,
+since they are the servants and underlings of the said viceroy;
+accordingly, when they have arrived here they invest their money,
+and lade the goods in the said ships, although they are prohibited
+from doing so. This is another opportunity, almost equal to that of
+the governors who come. That this may be used by the said citizens, it
+would be fitting that the said general, admiral, masters, and officers
+of the ships be appointed here, in the sessions of the Audiencia, by
+vote of the president and auditors; and that those appointed should
+be citizens of this city of Manila, or of some of the other towns of
+these islands. The salaries which hitherto have been given to the said
+general and admiral in Nueva España should be diminished. With the
+little which is given here to those who are appointed, and from the
+profits which they will make, there will result no little benefit;
+since every year, in the ships which are to go, there would be five
+or six men, and they would return with a profit large enough to
+maintain themselves, and face the enemy. The ships would be better
+administered and governed, by persons who understand that better,
+through the continual practice which they have in these islands in
+maritime and military affairs; for at times persons come in the said
+offices who have no experience whatever in the one branch or the other,
+which is ordinarily the cause of much loss.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Place the decree with the letters of the governor
+and Audiencia."]
+
+The troops of war which are raised in Nueva España to be taken to
+these islands would best be taken by the captains who levied them to
+the port of Acapulco, one of the captains being commissioned for this,
+with some moderate addition for expenses. In the said port they should
+hand them over to the general of those ships, and the said captain
+should not come to these islands. In this way would be obviated the
+damage which is done by their bringing cargoes, and the cost of their
+coming and returning, which are not necessary for so few troops as
+come. When the troops arrive here they should be allotted among the
+companies of infantry of this camp.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Conformably to this, let the viceroy be ordered
+to do so."]
+
+There is great carelessness in appointing artillerymen for the said
+ships, for a ship which carries one piece of artillery has had
+six artillerymen appointed, whereas one ordinary gunner would be
+sufficient. If your Majesty be pleased, it would be well to command
+that for each piece of artillery no more than one artilleryman should
+be appointed; because, besides their cost to the royal exchequer, they
+are likewise a damage to this community, on account of the quantity
+of money which they bring and carry back invested to Nueva España.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Have a letter written to the viceroy together with
+this report, that, if this be so, it appears excessive, and he shall
+correct it."]
+
+In the ships which come from Nueva España a great deal of money is
+brought which is not registered. Beside not paying in Acapulco the
+duties of two and a half per cent, which are due to your Majesty,
+there results to this commonwealth a great deal of damage; for this
+money belongs for the most part to merchants and citizens of Piru
+and Mexico. Although in the sale which is made of the said ships,
+when they arrive at the port of Cavite, investigation is made--as I
+did this year, when I asked permission from the Audiencia to go to the
+inspection of the ships which came--and although I went there, only a
+very small quantity of this money was found, on account of the great
+care which was taken to hide it. At times, it even belongs to the most
+powerful people here; consequently those who are bringing it are very
+bold, and it is necessary to inspect the vessels before they arrive
+at the said port. It would be expedient for your Majesty to command
+that the fiscal of the said Audiencia should always be present at
+the making of this inspection, so that he can take all measures which
+appear to him suitable for that purpose, and can make the inspection
+before the ships arrive at the port, wherever he may wish. All the coin
+or silver bullion which is seized for registry should be applied for
+the royal treasury, some moderate portion being given to the person
+who denounces the culprit, so that there may be persons to do this.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Write to the governor that it is understood that
+this practice has become established, and let him try to prevent
+and correct it. Let the fiscal accompany the royal officials
+in the inspection of those ships, at the point which may appear
+most convenient to them, and let all which is discovered without
+registration, and contrary to the decree, be rigorously confiscated;
+and let them give to the informer such part as may seem best to
+the Audiencia."]
+
+At present nothing else occurs of which your Majesty should be advised
+in matters concerning the government. I shall continually look out for
+what is most expedient for it, and will advise you of what should be
+done. May God protect your Majesty, according to His power, with a
+larger increase of kingdoms and seigniories, according to the needs
+of Christendom. Manila, July 21, 1599.
+
+The licentiate _Hieronimo de Salazar y Salzedo_
+
+[_Endorsed:_ "Examined and answered."]
+
+
+
+
+
+Letter from the King of Borneo to Governor Tello
+
+
+The contents of this letter, written this year, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, by the king of Burney to his Highness
+Don Francisco Tello, knight of the Order of Santiago, governor and
+captain-general of the Philipinas Islands for the king our sovereign,
+and president of the royal Audiencia and Chancillería resident therein,
+and translated by a good and exact interpreter, are as follows.
+
+Soltan Adil Lula:
+
+Letter of friendship sent by the king of Burney to Don Francisco Tello,
+captain-general of the fortress of the city of Manila, because of the
+information I have received that he governs that city exceedingly well,
+not only for the service of God, but furnishing justice to the regions
+about, with protection to the poor--whereat I have rejoiced greatly,
+and all the nobles and natives of my kingdom have done the same.
+
+I received the letter that your Lordship sent me through Hernando,
+Don Francisco Tael, and Don Joan Solit. It gave me much happiness,
+for I understood thoroughly the message conveyed by it to me from
+your Lordship. I am exceedingly rejoiced in heart and mind, for I
+desire fast friendship with the captain-general of Manila. Therefore,
+I request that, when my vassals go to Manila, you will give them
+kind treatment; and I shall do the same when men from Manila come
+to my country. This is in token of friendship, and if this is always
+observed, I shall be very glad, and likewise if you will have pity on
+the Burneys. I received two Burneys, whom the Spaniards had captured;
+they arrived at my court. And, inasmuch as your Lordship orders me,
+in your letter that I receive, to send any Sangleys that I might
+have here to Manila, I am now sending two who were captured by the
+Camutones; one is named Bonzhuan and the other Adali. I am sending
+them to your Lordship as a token of lasting friendship with the
+Burneys. Furthermore, I am sending five taes of camphor, of Burney
+weight, and three large Burney mats. And that your Highness may not
+jest at my present, know that I am sending you a [_word uncertain
+in MS_.]
+
+The above translation was made by Constantino Xuarez and Miguel Yaat, a
+native of Burney. They declared it to have been thoroughly and exactly
+made, without any change of sense. They signed the same before me,
+Estevan de Marquina, alcalde-mayor of Tondo and its district, for the
+king our sovereign. July twenty-seven of the said year, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine. [7]
+
+_Estevan de Marquina_
+
++
+
+_Constantyno Xuarez_
+[_Miguel Yaat_]
+
+
+[_Endorsed_: "Original letter written by the king of Burney to Don
+Francisco Tello, governor of the Phelippinas, translated from the
+Burney tongue into Castilian."]
+
+
+
+
+Letters from Francisco Tello to the King
+
+
+
+Sire:
+
+I have striven for your Majesty's service in this government to the
+extent of my ability, and I have done my duty with much care and
+diligence. I have punished certain individuals, as it seemed proper
+to do; and hence it has resulted that I have rivals--as have all of
+us who have governed, and are engaged in your Majesty's service in the
+Indias. Although in all things I have always been favorable to Doctor
+Morga--who was my lieutenant-general, and who is now auditor of this
+royal Audiencia--I have been informed by many persons that he has
+spoken ill of my proceedings, and has even opened the way for others
+to write evil of me to your Majesty. I have never paid any attention
+to this, since I felt that my actions proved my innocence; nor have I
+ever thought it necessary to write to your Majesty about this matter,
+although some things seemed to affect my honor; for, having been bred
+in honor, I thought that in the end the truth must come to light,
+and could not be obscured, [_MS. worn_] the royal service could not
+be hindered here. [But now I feel] [8] myself compelled to speak of
+this, because a letter was written [to] the auditor, Tellez Almacan,
+in September of last year, which was a slanderous libel, without
+signature; and I have another which was written this year, at the port,
+to the auditor Don Antonio Maldonado, in the name of a friar. The
+handwriting of it must be Doctor Morga's, although it is disguised,
+[for so it was considered] by the auditor Almaçan, who is writing to
+your Majesty about this, as also is the fiscal of this Audiencia. I
+beg your Majesty to commission whomsoever your Majesty deems best,
+to investigate this matter, for it is not just that this evil act be
+passed by in silence. I assure your Majesty that I have seriously
+tried, and am still trying, not to be offended by their insults in
+this land; and that in the Audiencia, not only have I kept, and still
+maintain, great harmony, but I am also trying to harmonize the auditors
+and the fiscal; for now they are not in accord, and many [of them]
+have disputes and all [come to me,] and I reconcile them. In order
+that your Majesty may know the manner in which I have served you, and
+my method of procedure in this government, and in order that it may
+be seen that [_MS. worn_] whatever may have been reported, or shall
+be reported, to your Majesty in another way, I have wished to make,
+before this same Doctor Morga, the report that I am sending to your
+Majesty, from the most honorable people of this land, in order that
+you may understand better my zeal for your Majesty's royal service,
+and the good of this realm. May our Lord preserve the Catholic person
+of your Majesty, as is befitting. Manila, July 14, 99.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+
+[_Endorsed:_ "Governor Don Francisco Tello, July 14. Let this be
+kept until that which is mentioned here arrives, and then let it
+be presented."]
+
+
+
+
+Sire:
+
+I wrote your Majesty by the ships sailing from here to Nueva
+España this year, about the news I had from Malaca concerning the
+English ships which had come to Sunda, and had made a settlement and
+fortification there; and that I was awaiting a more detailed account
+of the enemy's designs from the commandant of Malaca, and everything
+else relating to the subject. [9] Advices have now come from the
+commandant of Maluco that two English ships had arrived there, and had
+formed an alliance with Terrenate, as your Majesty will be informed
+in greater detail by the copies of his letters which I enclose, and
+also those of the king of Tidore and the people of that stronghold,
+requesting in strong terms that I send them aid. [10]
+
+I then called a council of war to consider the disposition of the
+affairs of these islands, and what was to be done therefor--since
+affairs are in the condition which I have described to your Majesty
+in other letters. As there are but few and badly-armed troops, and so
+few supplies with which we could send help, it was unanimously agreed
+to give no aid whatever to Maluco, but to undertake the no small task
+of preserving this land. Notwithstanding, I am thinking of sending
+reenforcements of supplies, powder, ammunition, and other military
+supplies such as can be given, also a dozen musketeers. As that land
+belongs to your Majesty, it is but just that your Majesty's servants
+and vassals should make all possible efforts to aid it. I assure
+your Majesty that if you are not pleased to provide this realm with a
+goodly number of well-armed troops and with money from Nueva España,
+according to the demands made by him who shall be governor--who, since
+this fort is placed in his keeping, can well be entrusted with twenty
+thousand pesos more, in control of the officials of your Majesty's
+royal exchequer--we may find ourselves hard pressed. I fulfil my
+duty by giving account thereof to your Majesty, and by defending
+this land as occasion may arise therefor. In whatever I find to do,
+here or elsewhere, I shall strive to serve your Majesty well; but
+if on account of my little strength, I should be somewhat remiss,
+I beg your Majesty to understand that I could do no more.
+
+At the news of the English, it was urgently necessary to aid Cebu. But
+as we did not have it to send, and the presidio of La Caldera,
+[11] with its eighty Spanish soldiers (who go more than a legua by
+water), [12] was in danger; and since the English and Terrenatans are
+confederated, they may attack the fort, and if the water is cut off
+from them the Spaniards are lost--I have resolved, with the approval
+of the council of war, immediately to withdraw those troops with
+their artillery; and that they, after burning their fort, shall go to
+Cebu. When it shall appear to me that a favorable opportunity occurs,
+they can return to La Caldera, from which, according to orders, it
+is necessary that punishment be inflicted on the king of Jolo for
+the crimes, and the murders of Spaniards committed in this land.
+
+I am writing to the viceroy of Nueva España the information I have
+received of the hostile ships; I am asking for reenforcements, [13]
+and that the ships which return next year must sail very cautiously,
+as perchance the enemy might be awaiting them at the mouth of the
+channel, or outside of it. Moreover, he should send the duties
+and freight-charges that are paid at Acapulco from the Chinese
+merchandise. Your Majesty has ordered that this money be returned to
+us, but it has never been done. If it were sent to this royal treasury,
+this kingdom would not suffer its present necessity and danger.
+
+For some time past I have exercised great care and diligence in the
+founding of artillery, [14] and it is being more carefully done. Four
+out of five medium-sized pieces, which were being founded, have
+resulted well, and I am very well pleased. The said founding is being
+continued by native Indians, and I have a quantity of metals for said
+work in the royal warehouses of your Majesty. May God our Lord preserve
+the royal Catholic person of your Majesty. Manila, August 7, 1599.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+
+
+
+
+
+Letters from Felipe III to Tello
+
+
+
+The King: To Don Francisco Tello, my governor and captain-general of
+the Filipinas Islands, and president of my royal Audiencia therein
+established. Your letter of June 23 of last year, 98, has been
+received. I understand by it that quiet and peace has been restored
+in Mindanao, and that you were examining the papers brought by the
+master-of-camp, to see whether any of the subdued people were to be
+punished or not. Keep me informed of what you shall do in that respect.
+
+You speak also of other insurrections among the Canbales Indians in
+Panpanga, who were already pacified; and of your intention of taking to
+that city [Manila] an Indian who has been the chief of those people,
+in order to remove him to a location where his presence would be less
+dangerous. This is well; do what is needed and keep me informed of
+the proceedings.
+
+We have considered what you say of your caution and forethought
+concerning the fears which Japan is wont to cause; also your behavior,
+friendship, and correspondence with certain chiefs of that country,
+whom you have entertained. It is well to continue these efforts,
+and to give us notice of what takes place.
+
+What you say about retiring two companies is commendable; nevertheless,
+if you think best in the future to increase one of them, do so, and
+make the necessary provisions. Keep me informed of the measures that
+you shall take.
+
+I am writing to the viceroy of Nueva España, that I have assisted you
+with what is necessary, and shall ask him to see that the people whom
+he sends to those islands be useful and carry weapons. He shall take
+care to punish the captains for their excesses. You shall do the same
+in what concerns you.
+
+In regard to the needs of the soldiers, which you attribute to their
+not having, and the impossibility of providing them with, encomiendas
+for a long time; and as it concerns the temporary employments which
+you give them instead of the servants, and even these employments
+are not sufficient for all--you shall observe the instructions, laws,
+and ordinances which you possess. You shall see that the distribution
+of what is available be made among worthy men who have served in
+that land.
+
+As to the remedy which you propose in the marriage of elderly women,
+and encomenderas of the land, you shall introduce no innovation. But
+you shall enable marriages freely to take their proper course. At
+Denia, August 16, 1599.
+
+_I The King_
+
+By order of the king our sovereign:
+
+_Juan de Ybarra_
+
+
+
+The King: To my governor and captain-general of the Philippinas
+Islands, and the president and auditors of my royal Audiencia
+thereof. I have understood that the Chinese Indians who trade in that
+country bring thither each year eight hundred thousand pesos' worth
+of merchandise, and often more than a million; and that in the ten
+days which they spend in that country they make more than a hundred
+per cent, and that in the last year, ninety-eight, it was said that
+they secured two hundred per cent. Since in their own country they
+pay increased duties, and since so great profit comes to them from
+the merchandise which they bring to those islands, while they pay me
+no more than three per cent in duties, which is the amount formerly
+imposed by Governor Don Gonzalo Ronquillo, it would be just that
+they should pay the said duties proportionately to the profits;
+and accordingly these might be increased by at least another three
+per cent. As I wish to be informed more minutely concerning what is
+expedient in this matter, and whether an increase of the said duties
+would or could result in any inconvenience whatsoever, and for what
+reason; and, in case that there is no objection, to what extent the
+duty can be increased--I command you to send a report thereof, with
+your opinion. Done at Denia, on the sixteenth of August, of the year
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine.
+
+_I The King_
+
+Countersigned by _Juan de Ybarra_.
+
+Signed by the Council.
+
+I [the King:] to the archbishop of Manila.
+
+[_Endorsed:_ "To the governor and Audiencia of the Philippinas; let
+them give information concerning the report that the duties can be
+raised on the merchandise from China."]
+
+
+
+
+
+Documents of 1600
+
+
+
+    The pacification of Mindanao. [Unsigned and undated; 1600?]
+    Oliver van Noordt's attack on Luzón. Francisco Tello, and
+    others; October-December.
+
+
+
+_Source_: These documents are obtained from MSS. in the Archivo
+general de Indias, Sevilla.
+
+_Translations_: The first document is translated by Robert W. Haight;
+in the second, the commission to Morga is translated by James
+A. Robertson; the instructions to him and to Alcega, by Jose M. and
+Clara M. Asensio; the account of the battle, by Arthur B. Myrick,
+of Harvard University, and James A. Robertson.
+
+
+
+
+The Pacification of Mindanao
+
+
+_Concerning the pacification of the island of Mindanao; in the
+year 1600_
+
+In the relation of the last year you will have learned how occurred
+the death, in the pacification of the island of Mindanao, of Estevan
+Rodriguez de Figueroa, who offered to carry out this pacification
+under the conditions which he stipulated with Gomez Perez Dasmariñas,
+formerly governor of these islands--copies of which were sent to
+his Majesty, and to master-of-camp Juan de Lajara, formerly of
+the said expedition, who succeeded to his place when the camp was
+abandoned, and came to Manila. Don Francisco Tello, governor and
+captain-general of the said Philipinas Islands, who at that time
+had taken possession of the government was considering how to aid
+and stimulate the said pacification at the expense of the heirs
+of Estevan Rodriguez, and with the agreement of the captains and
+persons who were long resident and experienced in war in the said
+islands. Don Juan Ronquillo was appointed commander of the galleys,
+to prosecute the said pacification; and in the meantime, in order to
+be present and continue the expedition, Captain Torivio de Miranda
+was sent forward to encourage and animate the troops, under orders
+to keep them in his charge; and in case the post should be abandoned,
+and a retreat made to Manila, he should detain the troops and return
+to Mindanao. The said Captain Toribio de Miranda having arrived at
+the island of La Caldera, which lies forty leagues from the river of
+Mindanao, there found the whole camp, which was returning from the said
+islands. Conformably to the orders which he had, he turned back and
+fortified the site where they had first been, which was on the river,
+four leagues from the forts of the enemy. Juan Ronquillo, having been
+despatched to Mindanao, had taken the camp in his charge, and begun
+to achieve some success. He achieved a victory in the battle which
+he fought with the Terrenatans, who had entered with eight hundred
+men to give aid to the people of Mindanao. Before these successes,
+he had written a letter in disparagement of that country (a copy of
+which was sent to his Majesty)--on account of which, in a council
+of war which had been held, the general Don Juan Ronquillo had been
+ordered to make a last effort against the Mindanaos, doing them all
+possible damage. He was then to come to the island of La Caldera, and
+there build a fort, to be garrisoned with a hundred Spanish soldiers,
+with artillery, arms, and munitions; and leave them there as a check
+upon Terrenate and Mindanao, in charge of a good soldier, one of the
+captains of the camp, and with the rest return to Manila. Although
+Don Juan Ronquillo received this order, after having won considerable
+victories, he again wrote that he would not abandon that place, even if
+such were the order, because it would not be expedient to retire from
+the camp and comply with what had been ordered, when he was leaving
+the island of Mindanao already pacified--the chiefs, with whom he
+had used gentle means, that they might all be more contented, having
+again rendered submission to his Majesty; and likewise as the king
+of Jolo again rendered obedience and submission. Confiding in this,
+Captain Cristoval Villagra, whom Don Juan Ronquillo had appointed
+commander of the garrison of La Caldera, had sent thirty soldiers to
+the island of Jolo for supplies. They found at this time in Jolo a
+Mindanao chief--an uncle of the king of Mindanao, and a brother-in-law
+of the king of Jolo--who had been driven out of Mindanao because he was
+rebellious. He treacherously killed thirteen Spanish soldiers. When
+news of this was brought, Juan Pacho was sent to take the troops of
+La Caldera in charge; and, when it should seem best to him, to try to
+inflict punishment on the king of Jolo. Having gone out to inflict the
+said punishment with six hundred Spaniards, the enemy unfortunately
+killed the said Juan Pacho and twenty-nine Spaniards, the rest of them
+retiring without any success. This news having come to the governor,
+he sent in place of Juan Pacho Captain Toribio de Miranda, a person
+in whom he had entire confidence, with an order not to attempt any
+punishment until he had force enough for it. After this Captain Toribio
+de Miranda arrived at La Caldera on the twenty-sixth of August in
+ninety-nine. When the garrison was given into his charge he put the
+defensive works in order; and with the arms which he brought, and
+those which he found in the fort, he armed all the troops, amounting
+to a hundred and fourteen soldiers. As directed by an order of the
+governor, he sent a chief of the Pintados to Mindanao with letters to
+the chiefs of the island, in which he informed them that they would be
+protected, favored, and upheld in justice, as vassals of his Majesty,
+and that with this object a garrison had been placed in La Caldera;
+and that to aid in maintaining it, and in covering the expenses
+which they had caused in the war by their disobedience, the largest
+possible quantity of tributes would be collected for his Majesty, and
+that he would send for them shortly--which had not been done earlier
+because the Mindanaos had been so spent and afflicted. Having arrived
+on the second of September at the river of Mindanao, and delivered
+his despatch, this chief was well received, and found the people
+in the settled state in which General Don Juan Ronquillo had left
+them. Adiamora, the main chief of Mindanao, in the name of them all,
+sent him back on the fifteenth of the said month, offering to give
+to his Majesty all the tribute which they could collect.
+
+At this time--news from the chief captain of Malaca having reached
+the governor, to the effect that in the Sunda, [15] a hundred and
+fifty leagues from that port, there had been seen a number of English
+ships, whose designs were not known; and, a little later, word from
+the commander of the fort of Maluco that there were at Terrenate,
+within the port, two English ships with four hundred men and fifty
+pieces of artillery--a council of war was held as to what was best to
+do. The said council decided to withdraw the garrison from La Caldera
+to Zibu, so that the enemy should not take that place; and, if they
+should attempt to do damage to that province, they would find it in a
+state of defense. Accordingly an order was sent to Captain Toribio de
+Miranda to withdraw with the troops, arms, artillery, and munitions,
+dismantling the fort; he was also told that he could return shortly
+to the island with more troops and arms, in order to assist in its
+defense. On the ninth of September Captain Toribio de Miranda arrived
+at Zibu, with all the troops, artillery, arms, and munitions; and at
+the same time General Don Juan Tello arrived at Zibu with a hundred
+men, who came as reënforcement from the city of Manila. Having spent
+six months there and commenced to build a fort of stone, the governor,
+as they had no more news of the English referred to, sent an order to
+the said Don Juan to come to the city of Manila--which he did with the
+hundred men, leaving the province of Zibu in a prosperous condition,
+with the troops which are usually kept there, and those of the garrison
+of La Caldera, which in all amount to two hundred and fifty Spaniards.
+
+After all this, in June of 1600 the governor received news, by way
+of Malaca, that the ships which had passed to the South Sea belonged
+to Dutch merchants, who had come to load with spices in the Maluco
+Islands. Having transacted their business, they had returned to their
+own country by way of Yndia, without doing any damage to the islands
+of the west; it therefore seems that we are safe, notwithstanding
+the news received of those enemies.
+
+
+
+
+
+Oliver van Noordt's Attack on Luzon
+
+
+
+_Commission to Antonio de Morga_
+
+In the city of Manila, on the thirty-first of October of the year
+one thousand six hundred, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancillería of the Philipinas Islands having assembled,
+the president announced to the said auditors that news had been
+received that, on the sixteenth of the current month and year, two
+foreign ships had anchored in the bay of Albay, outside the mouth
+of the channel of these islands; whereupon he sent by land Captains
+Pedro de Arceo, Cobarrubias, and Christoval de Axqueta with seventy
+soldiers--arquebusiers and musketeers--to the place where said ships
+were stationed, in order to make the defense and resistance that
+occasion and opportunity might offer. He also ordered several ships
+to be equipped and prepared at the port of Cavite, so that they could
+attack the said vessels. At this juncture of affairs, it was now
+reported that, on the twenty-fourth of the current month and year,
+the said ships had weighed anchor, left the said bay of Albay, entered
+the channel of Capul, and anchored at the island of Capul, where
+they still were. The enemy's intention, according to the president,
+is to advance upon this city. Accordingly, whatever may happen,
+both in order to resist him, and to prevent among these islands the
+possible effects to them and the vessels about to come from Castilla,
+it is very advisable and necessary to go, with all haste, in pursuit
+of said enemy, and to assure the safety of the vessels and the port
+of Cavite. As has been gathered from recent discussions held in the
+presence of the said president and auditors, with certain captains and
+men of experience, it is necessary to equip the deep-draught vessels
+quickly, and what light vessels can be prepared, so that they may
+attack the enemy. Now in order that the aforesaid preparations may
+be effected and executed with all diligence and precision by all, it
+is advisable for the said president and auditors--the latter acting
+jointly with the said president--to attend personally to this matter,
+on account of its importance; for thus will the despatch be effected
+more quickly, and with the necessary equipment. The president requested
+that, attentive to the aforesaid, they decide and determine the
+course advisable to pursue in this matter. After having considered
+the above proposition, the said president and auditors resolved
+that Doctor Antonio de Morga, auditor of this Audiencia, should go
+immediately to the port of Cavite and take charge of the despatch
+and preparation of the vessels about to go to attack the said enemy,
+and to place the said port in a state of defense. For this purpose
+he shall request the necessary means, which shall be given him as
+may be provided and ordained. The licentiate Tellez Almazan, also
+an auditor of this Audiencia, shall remain in this city to attend to
+what is necessary for its defense, and for the provision of the said
+port of Cavite. The president declares that the commandant at either
+place shall also assist and aid in such work as may be necessary, and
+as occasion may demand, so that by this means all possible diligence,
+together with the requisite haste, may be observed.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almazan_
+
+Before me:   _Pedro Hurtado de Esquivel_
+
+In the city of Manila, on the thirteenth of January in the year
+one thousand six hundred and one, I, Pedro Hurtado de Esquivel,
+clerk of court for the king our sovereign, in his royal Audiencia and
+Chancillería of these Philipinas Islands, at the request and order of
+Doctor Antonio de Morga, of the council of the king our sovereign,
+and his auditor in this said royal Audiencia, had this copy drawn
+from its original, which is in the book of the government of his
+royal Audiencia. It is a true and faithful copy, and agrees with the
+original thereof, witnesses to its copying, correction, and comparison,
+being Pedro Muñoz de Herrera, Joan de Arana, and Miguel de Talledo,
+citizens of Manila.
+
+In testimony thereof, I affix my seal, in witness of the truth.
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquivel_, clerk of court.
+
+[_Endorsed_: "Testimony of the resolution of the Audiencia of the
+Filipinas in respect to the entrance of the Dutch corsair among
+the islands."]
+
+_Instructions given by the governor to Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+
+The course of action to be pursued by Doctor Antonio de Morga, auditor
+of the royal Audiencia of these Filipinas Islands, and captain-general
+of the fleet about to go in pursuit of the English [_sic_] enemy,
+is as follows.
+
+First: Inasmuch as news has been received that the English enemy,
+against whom this expedition is directed, is stationed in the harbor of
+Marayuma, and inasmuch as he might take flight without awaiting attack,
+should he, by any chance, hear of our fleet, it is ordered that our
+fleet, with the least possible delay, shall start in pursuit of the
+enemy, in order to engage and fight him, until, with our Lord's help,
+he is killed or sunk.
+
+_Item_: The engagement with the enemy must be conducted with
+all diligence and care, whether in firing or in boarding his
+ships--whichever may be possible, in accordance with the best and
+readiest opportunity permitted by the weather. Should the enemy take
+flight on sighting our fleet, he must be pursued, until the object
+sought is accomplished.
+
+_Item_: Should the enemy have left this coast when the fleet is
+despatched against him, and should information be received that he
+has gone to any other of these islands, then the fleet shall seek and
+pursue him, until he is captured or sunk. Should the enemy have left
+these islands, he shall be pursued as far as possible, in accordance
+with his [Morga's] judgment, in order that the end desired may be
+attained.
+
+_Item_: Inasmuch as the master-of-camp and the captains present at a
+council of war, held on the second of this current month and year,
+declared that, in their opinion, if no exact information as to the
+course and route taken by the enemy should be received, said fleet
+should follow the coast of Ilocos toward the strait of Zincapura, where
+it is thought the enemy must pass, in order to make his voyage. Yet,
+notwithstanding the said council of war, the said general, in the event
+of receiving no information as to the enemy's course, shall pursue what
+course he considers most advisable, as he is the one in direct charge
+of the matter, and as weather and occasion allow, endeavoring to attain
+the end desired--namely, the pursuit and destruction of the enemy.
+
+_Item_: Should the fleet encounter any enemies whatsoever, pirates
+or others, who may be among the islands, or who shall have left
+them after committing depredations among them--whether English or
+Japanese, Terrenatans or Mindanaos, or from any other nation--they
+must be attacked and punished, in order that some good result may be
+attained in this case also, should opportunity arise.
+
+_Item_: After the capture of the enemy, as it is hoped, God our Lord
+willing, the fleet will return with as many of the enemy as are still
+living, and the captured ships.
+
+_Item_: The booty found in said ships shall be divided among those
+who gain the victory, as is customary on similar occasions.
+
+_Item_: The greatest care must be taken that the crews of the fleet
+are peaceable and well disciplined, in regard to which the regulations
+followed on similar occasions shall be applied.
+
+_Item_: Good management must be exercised in regard to the supplies
+and ammunition carried; and they must be consumed sparingly, especially
+if the fleet leaves these islands.
+
+_Item_: If perchance the fleet shall have engaged the enemy, or
+pursued him outside these islands, it must return to the islands as
+soon as possible after the desired end has been attained. Should
+the weather not permit the return voyage until the coming of the
+monsoon, then he [Morga] shall endeavor to preserve, provide, and
+equip the fleet with all needful things, at his Majesty's expense,
+in order that his voyage may be made with the greatest promptness
+and security possible. Given in the city of Manila, on the tenth of
+December, one thousand six hundred. [16]
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+
+By order of the governor and captain-general,
+
+_Gaspar de Azevo_
+
+
+
+_Instructions given by Doctor Antonio de Morga to Captain Joan
+de Alcega_
+
+The order to be pursued by Captain Joan de Alcega, admiral of this
+fleet of the king our sovereign, in the course of this voyage and
+expedition, is as follows.
+
+[1.] First: Inasmuch as the end for which this fleet has been prepared
+is for the search and pursuit of the English [_sic_] ships, which
+have come but lately among these islands, and, as we are informed,
+are near this place; and as in conformity with the instructions of the
+governor and captain-general of these islands, the said enemy must
+be pursued and followed with all care and diligence wherever found,
+and must be engaged, and captured or sunk: therefore it is necessary
+that the said almiranta [17] proceed very cautiously, and be ready
+with sailors, soldiers, and artillery, in order, on their part,
+to accomplish the said purpose, when opportunity offers.
+
+[2.] Further, the said almiranta shall follow the flagship to leeward,
+unless it be rendered necessary for progress, or because of the
+enemy, to beat to windward. It shall have a care that the other
+smaller vessels of the fleet do not fall behind or deviate from the
+course--this to be without prejudice to their navigation and voyage,
+and their accompanying the flagship, which is the most important thing.
+
+[3.] _Item_: Should opportunity be offered to engage the enemy,
+the almiranta shall endeavor to engage him at the same moment as
+the flagship or alone, in case that flagship is to leeward, or so
+situated that it cannot do the same so quickly; for the flagship will
+endeavor to come to its aid in whatever happens, with all haste and
+speed possible.
+
+4. _Item_: Upon overtaking the two ships of the enemy, efforts shall
+be made to grapple and board their flagship, where their force is
+carried. This same effort shall be made by the flagship of this fleet;
+but in case the flagship of the enemy cannot be overtaken, and their
+almiranta is in such a condition that something may be done with it,
+it shall be attempted.
+
+5. _Item_: Should our fleet attack the enemy and grapple, both
+ships--the almiranta and the flagship--shall endeavor to grapple on the
+same side. But if that cannot be done, care shall be taken that our
+artillery and arquebuses are not turned on our own ships and men. In
+this the greatest possible care and precaution shall be observed.
+
+6. _Item_: Upon grappling the enemy, efforts shall be made to make
+him fast to our ship and to lower his sails, so that he may not
+become separated from us. Before boarding with troops, the nettings
+and deck of the enemy shall be rendered safe by clearing and raking
+them, in order that there may be as little risk as possible to our men.
+
+7. In the course of this voyage in pursuit of the enemy, not a musket
+or arquebus shall be fired, nor a powder-box touched, until after
+his discovery. Neither shall any artillery be fired, for an effort
+must be made to find the enemy at anchor, and to see that he have no
+knowledge of the fleet that is pursuing him.
+
+8. Should the almiranta be in any urgent need that requires aid,
+a shot shall be fired in the direction of the flagship, as a signal
+for help. The same will be done by the flagship in case it encounters
+a like necessity.
+
+9. _Item_: Should the flagship display a flag in the shrouds, it will
+be a signal-call for a council of war, or other matters of importance,
+for which the admiral shall come to the flagship in whatever boat
+may be most convenient.
+
+10. _Item_: One of the two caracoas that accompany the fleet shall
+keep as close to the almiranta as possible, in order to act as tender
+to it and supply its necessities.
+
+11. _Item_: The greatest possible care and caution shall be taken
+in the use of the ammunition and supplies, in order that this voyage
+may be prolonged.
+
+12. _Item_: All these vessels must endeavor to keep together. But if
+one of the vessels should become separated from the others, by storm
+or by any other necessity, no direction for the exact route to be
+followed is given, as the design or course of the enemy is unknown. It
+is observed only that all the vessels are under obligation to seek for
+and pursue the enemy until they shall drive him, if nothing more shall
+be possible, from these islands, and leave the islands safe and free
+from the said enemy. But the best thing for the ship to do that becomes
+separated, as said above, will be to find out the course taken by the
+enemy, and to pursue that same course until it shall rejoin the fleet.
+
+13. _Item_: Inasmuch as the governor and captain-general of these
+islands has given Captain Joan Tello y Aguirre, who is aboard the
+said almiranta, command as captain of infantry of what men I may
+assign him, I do hereby assign to him the infantry troops aboard said
+ship for the time that said expedition shall endure and last. The
+said admiral shall deliver these men to said Captain Joan Tello y
+Aguirre, in order that, as their captain, he may have charge of them,
+and punish and discipline them.
+
+All the above plan must be kept and observed now and henceforth
+throughout the course of this voyage. I give these instructions
+to the said admiral and other persons whom they may concern, in
+conformity with the command that I hold from the said governor and
+captain-general of these islands. In testimony thereof, I affixed my
+signature aboard the flagship, off the island of Mariveles, Wednesday,
+December thirteen, one thousand six hundred. [18]
+
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+
+
+
+
+
+_Account of the battle between Morga and Van Noordt_
+
+
+The license and daring of these heretical enemies of our holy
+religion and faith are so well known to all, that no one can relate
+satisfactorily the misfortunes that they have brought upon us,
+the destructions and deaths that they have caused among us, and the
+rich booty that they have carried away--which God in His righteous
+judgment permitted. As they behold themselves so favored by fortune,
+their greed is increasing continually, and they are continuing to
+prosecute their designs, as was the case when Francisco Draque [19]
+passed the Strait of Magellan and coasted along Chile and Piru, where
+he seized the vessel "San Joan" of Anzona, with a large consignment
+of silver, in the year 1579. Again in the year 1587, they passed the
+straits under the English general Don Tomas Canbler. [20] Within sight
+of the Californias they seized and sacked the vessel "Sanctana," which
+was sailing from these islands to Nueva España with a large cargo of
+silk and gold. Having easily made this seizure, they returned home,
+displaying innumerable banners, streamers, and pennons; and it is
+even affirmed that their sails were of damask. Their countrymen,
+upon seeing them return so rich and prosperous in so short a time,
+were so enthusiastic as to launch a similar undertaking. Among those
+who resolved to make a voyage to these parts was Oliver Daudtnord [21]
+a native of Nostradama [Amsterdam], one of the islands of Olanda and
+Xelanda [Holland and Zeeland]. Being persuaded and informed by the
+boatswain who sailed on the vessel that seized the ship "Sanctana"--to
+whom he gave title as captain and chief pilot--and being attracted
+to privateering, he asked permission of Mauricio, count of Nasao,
+and prince of Orange, [22] in whose dominions the above islands are
+located, to equip four ships. He received permission, whereupon he
+collected as many men and as much of supplies and artillery as he
+deemed necessary. He placed forty of the total of two hundred and
+sixty men aboard two of the ships, which sailed from the port of
+Nostradama--while the other two sailed from the port of Rrotadama
+[Rotterdam]--on the eleventh or twelfth of August, in the year
+1598. They laid their course toward the straits of Magellanes; and
+while skirting the coast of Brasil, the Portuguese there hoisted a
+flag of peace. This being seen by the English and Irish, twelve of
+them went ashore in the shallop, where the Portuguese, who numbered
+perhaps ten or twelve, received them with pleasant countenances, and
+invited them to dine. But while at dinner the Portuguese murdered all
+the Irishmen, among them the chief pilot, upon whom the others relied
+because of his familiarity with the said course and voyage. Thereupon
+the enemy, furious at the manner in which they had been treated,
+landed forty or fifty arquebusiers in order to avenge the injury that
+they had received. The Portuguese, in anticipation of this, intrenched
+themselves very strongly, so that the enemy was unable to enter their
+fort, but was, on the contrary, forced to retire to his boats with a
+loss of six men. They set sail and laid their course for the strait
+[of Magellan], where they arrived a year and seven months from the
+time when they sailed from their own country. When they arrived
+there they encountered many storms and head-winds, and sickness
+to such an extent that they were obliged to transfer the men still
+remaining on one ship to the other three. Then they sunk this vessel,
+and with the three vessels pursued their course, followed continually
+by storms which never left them. They sighted a vessel, which upon
+investigation turned out to be English. By it they were informed
+that another squadron of four vessels had sailed from Yngalaterra
+[England], and that this vessel, being unable to carry so much sail
+as the others, had been left to its fate, and knew naught more of
+the others. The Dutch ships continued their course and sailed ahead,
+so that within a few days they lost sight of this vessel. They passed
+through the strait, where they lost four or five months. After this it
+happened that the general fell out with his admiral, whom he charged
+with negligence of his orders. The admiral was tried, the charges
+sustained, and traitorous misdeeds proved against him; therefore
+he was abandoned on a desert island near the coast of Chile. [23]
+Then the general appointed as admiral one of the most valiant and
+experienced soldiers of his band. He reached the coast of Chile,
+where he made a few captures, although of no especial importance. The
+first was a fragata, [24] which was seized near the island of Sancta
+Maria Domingo de Rramos in the year 1600. They were informed by this
+vessel that two ships had gone to Arica for the king's silver; but
+they were warned that there were war-vessels at Callao. This fragata,
+they say, was carrying three consignments of gold; but our men, upon
+seeing that they were lost, threw it overboard. The enemy seized the
+pilot, who was a Portuguese, and took the fragata along with them,
+together with two negroes who were aboard of her. The latter told
+them that the pilot had had all the gold thrown overboard, whereupon
+they ordered the pilot to be cast into the sea alive. They captured
+at Santiago on the same coast another vessel laden with tallow and
+Cordovan leather [morocco]. Considering that it was worth little to
+them, they burned it, and its crew escaped by swimming, except a few
+Spaniards and natives who perished in the water. The enemy seeing
+that they were acquiring small profit in that neighborhood, decided
+to go up along the coast of Nueva España, and wait at the entrance of
+the Californias for the annual vessels from these islands--the very
+purpose and object for which they had resolved upon their navigation,
+as is evident from the aforesaid. However they abandoned that purpose,
+upon being told by the negroes whom they had brought with them that
+Don Luis de Velazco, viceroy of Piru, had left Lima in person for
+the port of Callao to superintend the preparation of a large fleet,
+as he had been informed that pirates had passed and were along the
+coast. The enemy, fearful of this, and recalling the fact that,
+five years previously, Arricharse de Aquines, [25] an Englishman,
+was defeated and captured by our men, after the greater part of his
+force was killed, decided to abandon their voyage to the Californias,
+and to head for these islands, with the intention of awaiting at the
+Ladrones the shipments of silver from Nueva España to Manila. With
+the said intent, they put to sea, but after sailing for several days,
+they encountered a storm, which brought them all nearly to the verge
+of destruction. One very dark and stormy night they lost sight of
+the almiranta, and never saw it again. Seeing himself without this
+vessel, the general chose as almiranta the fly-boat which he had
+remaining. This was a vessel of perhaps fifty toneladas burden, called
+"La Concordia," under command of a captain called Esias Delende. Then
+they resumed their course, with the same intention of capturing our
+silver, but, if unable to do more, to proceed to Maluco to barter for
+cloves, for which purpose they carried mirrors, knives, basins, and
+other small wares. They reached the Ladrones Islands--our Lord thus
+permitting--four or five days after our vessels had passed. They
+were detained there for several days, where, upon seeing their
+plans frustrated, they burned the fragata that they had brought
+from Piru. Thereupon they set sail and made the principal channel
+of these islands, eighty or ninety leguas from this city of Manila,
+where they stopped--either for iron, or, as our people here said,
+because of a need of provisions; or, as I believe, and as they
+themselves asserted, purposely. In short, instead of going by way of
+Capul, the right and necessary path for the voyage they were making,
+they entered a small bay called Albay, on the Camarines coast, where
+they anchored as if they were in their own harbors, and with as little
+fear and mistrust, as was clearly seen later on. They were hospitably
+received in this district, for our people supplied them with abundance
+of rice, with which to satisfy their need. They paid well for it,
+in order to relieve their necessity--they could not, had they wished,
+pay for more--for the purpose of assuring the natives that they had
+not come to harm them. They told the natives that they were vassals
+of the king Don Phelipe, our sovereign, in whose service and by whose
+permission they were coming. As is proved by those selfsame papers,
+the general showed the natives some counterfeit decrees, with which
+they ought to be satisfied. A messenger was sent to Manila to give
+information of the vessels that had arrived there. The news reached
+here on the nineteenth of October, when Captain Xiron reported that he
+was in the Camarines, and that he had boarded the general's ship, which
+was coming well-supplied with munitions, arms, and artillery. He gave
+information also concerning the number of men who, in his opinion,
+were carried by the two vessels--about ninety men, of whom some
+were sick; and of his dealings with them, and that they claimed to
+be vassals of the king our sovereign. As soon as news of the enemy
+reached this city, Don Francisco Tello, governor of these islands,
+sent soldiers as scouts along the Camarines coast, with orders to
+hide all the provisions, as he was unaware of the generous supply
+that the enemy had. It is quite true, as the English themselves said,
+that they could have had as much as they wanted, by paying for it.
+
+Captain Pedro de Arseo and Captain Christobal de Arseo Etaminchaca,
+both of the infantry, were also ordered to go with a command of men
+along the coast to form ambushes, should the enemy land. But this
+was all to no purpose, for the enemy, in little more than a month,
+came out of the bay and sailed away on one course or another--which
+seemed quite impossible to the people here, because they were confident
+that the enemy could not get out of the bay in which they lay. But it
+finally turned out quite to the contrary; for, as I say, they departed
+and laid their course to Capul, until they cast anchor in a harbor,
+where they are said to have cleaned the ships and sent men ashore to
+burn a small native village. One of the English was left behind there
+among the Indians, who seized and brought him to this city. They took
+his deposition, in which he told some of the things related above.
+
+Toward the last of November, one of the negroes, named Salvador,
+who had escaped by swimming one night near Capul, arrived here. He
+reported that the enemy were directing their course toward Maluco,
+and that meanwhile they were trying to discover if there were any
+plunder among these islands. He said that the capture of the enemy
+would be greatly facilitated by attacking them with a fleet; and
+his advice was not bad. All this time the enemy were coming nearer,
+until they anchored in the port of El Frayle, near Mariveles, where
+they lay very much at ease and without any fear, watching for the
+vessels coming to this city. They captured a fragata, which they
+sank. They took a quantity of flour from a Japanese vessel that was
+on its way here. In order to quiet the Japanese, they gave them a
+sword, and a few trinkets of no particular value. They captured a
+Chinese champan, by which they were informed that the Chinese vessels
+would arrive within a few months, laden with silks and merchandise of
+great value. This news pleased the enemy so highly that they did not
+propose to leave until they should seize some of the Chinese. From
+this place they wrote a letter to Don Francisco Tello, in which they
+declared that the Indians there had stolen a number of fowls from
+them, that his Lordship should order the Indians to make them good,
+and that they were coming to pay their respects to him. It may be
+seen by this how little they feared the governor.
+
+While these things were taking place, the governor had three ships
+fitted out--one from the city of Cebu, to act as flagship; another,
+a galizabra, still in the shipyard--which was launched a few days
+before the departure--called "San Bartolome," to act as almiranta; and
+a Portuguese patache [26] which had come from Malaca--with artillery,
+men, and munitions sufficient to overbalance the greater strength of
+the enemy. Doctor Antonio de Morga, auditor of this royal Audiencia,
+was appointed captain-general of this fleet, an appointment which
+highly displeased the old captains, because in their opinion they
+should have been considered. They thought it unjust that the auditors
+should take part in the affair, especially because it left only
+one auditor in the Audiencia. In the end, however, neither these
+nor other reasons sufficed to prevent his appointment. The general
+appointed as admiral Captain Joan de Alzega, a very courageous soldier,
+of considerable reputation and credit, a Biscayan by birth. Many noble
+and wealthy people assisted in serving his Majesty in this expedition,
+in all about three hundred men, counting the paid soldiers, the seamen,
+and others. They embarked very gallantly, with the resolution and
+intention of attempting not only that undertaking, but another of
+greater weight and difficulty.
+
+The general was impatient for the fleet to depart, and accordingly set
+sail on Tuesday, the twelfth of December. The flagship and almiranta
+left, without waiting for the Portuguese vessel, or allotting it
+sufficient crew or munitions, taking advantage of a tide which was
+discovered at the time of their departure, which was favorable to
+them. Accordingly they began their voyage. As they left the bay,
+beyond the river of Canas, three leguas from the harbor, the shallop
+which was carried on the stern of the almiranta went to the bottom,
+and drowned two seamen who were in it. They continued their voyage,
+and that night cast anchor at Mariveles, where they lay the rest of
+the night. In the morning they were informed by the alferez Albarran,
+who was stationed on that island as sentinel, that the enemy were
+anchored at Azebu, five or six leagues from there. Upon receiving
+this news, on that same day (St. Lucy's) our men began to spread the
+_pavesades_, [27] and ballasted the flagship a trifle more. They were
+all in the highest of spirits, and so eager were they to come to close
+quarters with the enemy, that every hour's delay seemed a hundred
+years to them. At midnight, or a little later, on St. Lucy's day,
+the flagship weighed anchor without notifying its almiranta. The
+latter, seeing the flagship make sail, followed. Without waiting
+for the small Portuguese vessel, they followed the course of the
+enemy, and at dawn the next day, which was the fourteenth of the
+said month, they discovered them. They investigated and ascertained
+beyond all doubt that it was the enemy. Their only fear was lest the
+latter might escape from them. Our men thought that if but once the
+enemy were grappled, they could overcome ten vessels. However, in a
+little while they were made to see the difference between fighting
+in imagination and actually using their hands in real earnest. In
+short, as above stated, our flagship was leading the advance; and
+when the enemy saw it, he ordered his almiranta to weigh anchor and
+reconnoiter. The order was obeyed, and although the almiranta put out
+to sea but a little distance, it recognized them as armed vessels,
+which was reported to the general. The latter ordered the almiranta to
+keep a sharp lookout and to run close-hauled; and, if it was apparent
+that the two vessels were approaching to attack them, to return to
+his assistance. But his intent was to see if he could not in any way
+separate their force, because he said that, ship for ship, his force
+was the abler. Since our flagship was drawing nearer and outstripping
+the almiranta, it was overtaking the enemy, who put to sea with his
+flagship and waited close-hauled. He fired a shot, which carried
+away part of the tops and the main halyard on our flagship. Ours
+returned the fire, but struck the water. When they almost touched
+our ship, the enemy fired another shot, which destroyed a pump and
+killed two or three Indians. Thereupon our men crowded on all sail,
+and attacked with the greatest determination that was ever seen--for,
+as they say, they were going with all sails set. Our ship grappled with
+its opponent, so that our men could board easily. With the vessels in
+this condition, shots were fired on both sides. About twelve of our
+men leaped aboard the enemy's ship. The enemy retreated to the bow,
+where they intrenched themselves, and made loopholes, through which
+they fired their muskets--although, being fearful lest our almiranta
+should come up to grapple with them, they did but little damage,
+before they were compelled to strike their own colors and hoist
+ours in their place. At this moment our almiranta came up with the
+intention of boarding on the other side. Thereupon our men who were
+aboard the enemy's ship cried out: "Victory! victory! for the king
+of España! Pass on ahead! Do not fire and kill us, for the ship has
+surrendered already." However, the admiral, Joan de Alezega, caused two
+pieces to be fired and a discharge of his musketry and arquebuses upon
+the enemy. It is understood that with one piece of this broadside,
+he did the enemy considerable injury, as was proved. As soon as
+the admiral understood that our men were advising him to pass on,
+and that the enemy's almiranta was fleeing under a press of canvas,
+he bore away in pursuit of it.
+
+The enemy's flagship, seeing that our almiranta had departed, began
+to serve their artillery more rapidly, and their musketry from the
+bow, so that they inflicted considerable loss upon those of our men
+who boarded their ship with only shields on their arms, and their
+swords. In this way they would have defeated the enemy if they
+had attacked with fifty men in a body. Instead of taking such good
+counsel, they boarded in parties of threes, while the enemy continued
+to wound and kill them. Even this lack of system and concord did not
+stop here, but it is understood that the enemy pierced our flagship
+with a ball at the water-line. Our men, flushed with the exultation
+of the victory they had won at first, and confused by much shouting,
+did not hasten to repair the damage; for they were people who did
+not like to be ordered, and their general could do nothing with them,
+as they were all captains and men of distinction. On account of this,
+and as the ship was so occupied by the sailors' berths, they could not,
+or did not, notice the shot which our ship received. When they did
+perceive it by the rising of the water to the second deck, they all
+became frightened; and, instead of boarding the enemy's ship, with
+the thought that if they were losing a ship, they were gaining one,
+they began to devise means of escape. Accordingly some leaped into
+the enemy's small boat without orders from the general, whereby a few
+escaped, while others had recourse to our own small boat. Thus eight or
+ten of them contrived to escape, without waiting for anything else. A
+little before this, they addressed the general, Antonio de Morga,
+saying: "Escape, your Grace, for the ship is sinking." He answered
+that it was not suitable to his reputation to leave his ship and not
+die with all the others, from which answer it was understood that,
+in case the ship went down, he was confident of his own strength and
+dexterity. The rest of our men--it may be seen what sort of men they
+were--seeing that the vessel was settling little by little, and that
+the enemy did not cease to serve their guns, huddled together in fright
+as they saw their ship filling with water--a state of affairs which
+would make others undertake not only the exploit of boarding the ship
+and mastering it, but even more difficult enterprises. In short, by the
+just judgments of God, which our sinful countrymen so well deserved,
+He disturbed their minds and deserted them, so that they would make no
+effort, excepting a few--of whom I shall make particular mention below,
+because they deserve it. There was one who, in order that he might
+take them with him, ordered a gold chain and other jewels brought
+to him. Seeing things in this condition and the danger so evident,
+a father of the Society, by name Father Santiago, took a crucifix
+in his hands, and commenced to call out to the Christian Spaniards:
+"Where is that courage of yours? See, this is the cause of God! Die,
+die like good soldiers of Jesus Christ! If you do not care to be food
+for fishes, consider that the lesser of the two evils which threaten
+us is to board that ship of the enemy, for if we are losing one ship,
+we are gaining another." After this exhortation, several men hastened
+to board their enemy's ship. Those who did not do it were prevented
+by two reasons: first, because they saw a fire breaking out on the
+enemy's ship, caused by some charges of powder which they set off
+purposely to terrify our men, and make them believe that they were
+about to blow up the ship; the second, because our pilot told them
+that, although the ship was so full of water up to the second deck,
+all hands could be saved even if the ship were lost, as the distance
+from there to the island of Fortuna was little more than one-half
+legua, and, if they would cast loose from the enemy and crowd on sail,
+their purpose would be just as well effected. The idea of escaping with
+their lives seemed very attractive to all, and accordingly this plan
+was immediately put into execution. They began to cut the cables and
+to cast loose from the enemy. In a few moments our ship started off
+in such a way that they saw the dead bodies of drowned men floating
+about between decks. The general, upon seeing this, began to strip
+off his clothing, at the persuasion of a private servant of his named
+Josepe Denaveda, who gave him a mattress of [_MS. worn_] on which the
+two naked men threw themselves into the sea. Many others did likewise,
+though only a few reached shore. Our ship gave a lurch and foundered,
+carrying down with it all those whom fear of their inability to swim
+prevented from taking to the water--some of whom were armed--so that
+the majority of the men were carried down with the ship. Many who were
+very good swimmers were dragged to the bottom by the force of the
+suction. All our men who were still on the surface tried by all the
+means in their power to save their lives. It was the unhappy fate of
+some of them to reach the enemy's ship itself where those heretics
+hastened to receive them with pikes, and speared them with great
+cruelty. Among those they wounded Captain Gomez de Molina with a lance;
+however he continued to swim thus wounded, until he reached the shore,
+where he died from loss of blood, at the water's edge. In this way
+many died, and those who escaped took shelter on the island of Fortuna,
+eighteen leguas from the city, until some vessels might pass by.
+
+At this moment the small Portuguese ship, seeing the outcome, laid
+its course to Malaca, because it had arrived only at that moment. Our
+ship had grappled with the enemy for six hours, from eight in the
+morning until two in the afternoon, when the former foundered.
+
+Admiral Joan de Alcaga, who was chasing the enemy's almiranta, overtook
+it, and after he had fired two or three volleys of his artillery,
+musketry, and arquebuses, he grappled it on its stern-quarter on the
+starboard side. Our men immediately boarded the enemy, the said admiral
+being among the first. The enemy defended themselves well, serving
+their artillery and thrice setting a fire purposely with some powder
+cartridges, but our men hastened to put out the fire with buckets
+of water. The enemy seeing the strength of their assailants and how
+unfortunately the action was turning out, because the best of them
+were killed, honorably surrendered. Admiral Joan de Alcaga agreed,
+and so they were captured with nineteen men alive. On our side only
+one man was killed by a gun-shot, one Joan Baptista de Mondragon,
+a nephew of the precentor in the cathedral at Manila. Another from
+the Canarias was drowned while trying to jump from one ship to the
+other. Some were seriously wounded; the captain and master of our
+almiranta, Joan Lopez de Serra, was shot through the thigh, and a
+certain Calderon was shot through one side of his shoulder and part
+of his arm. There were others wounded, but none seriously. Some booty
+was found on the vessel, two pipes of oil and two of wine, a number
+of basins, candlesticks, and brass mortars, iron in plates and bars,
+and some other small wares of little value. They captured twelve pieces
+of artillery--eight heavy and excellent pieces of cast iron, and four
+small ones. Among other things captured, was found a small iron coffer
+which was kept in the after-cabin, and in which the admiral carried the
+papers and commissions which the prince of Orange had given him when
+he appointed him captain of that ship. One was in his own tongue and
+the other in ours, which is the one copied at the end of this relation.
+
+One or two charts were found, which they brought for Piru; these the
+holy Inquisition has in its possession. Then Admiral Joan de Alcega
+ordered a few sailors to be transferred to the ship surrendered by
+the enemy, and set them to making repairs in order to take it into
+Manila; for its main mast and rigging were lost, and our men in
+boarding left nothing standing by which they could navigate. They
+took it to an island near by, called Luban, While there, our men
+sighted a dismantled ship which seemed to be coming toward them,
+which they took to be the enemy's flagship, which was already ours,
+and that it was being sent, like their own, to be repaired. Their
+expectation was not unfounded, for they had seen our men in it and
+heard them shouting, "Victory!" so that it seemed to them that nothing
+else could be possible. But in actual truth it was the enemy, who was
+coming, upon seeing his almiranta, to see if he could assist it. But
+when the enemy saw the two ships close together, and heard no noise
+of guns, he tacked about, and hitherto nothing has been known of his
+whereabouts. It is believed that his flagship was badly injured and
+battered, since it did not wait, although victorious by having sent
+our flagship to the bottom. However, we may give credit to some who
+said that when they were in the water, they saw the crew of the enemy
+casting lances at our men who were swimming, whom they could overtake.
+
+Our almiranta, after its recent success, set sail to return to Manila,
+where they thought that our flagship was calmly lying at anchor. They
+arrived at Mariveles and there they heard of the misfortune our
+people had suffered. The admiral sent a messenger to the governor of
+this city to procure his orders, and to tell him that he was waiting
+there. He was ordered to follow instantly and pursue the enemy as far
+as Malaca, or wherever else he might hear that he was. Immediately
+he received another order to cruise among those islands--when, if he
+should not find the enemy, he was to return. This he did after sending
+the survivors of the enemy to this city. The admiral himself came
+later to the city, and the governor ordered him to be arrested, but
+afterward set him at liberty. I do not know what justification there
+was for either act. After all this, the governor, with perfect justice,
+notwithstanding the word that Admiral Joan de Alcega had pledged to
+them, ordered all the prisoners to be garroted. [28] This sentence
+was fulfilled and executed upon thirteen of them because the rest
+were boys. The latter, who are not young children, are divided among
+the monasteries, with I know not what end in view. Twelve [of those
+executed] died good Catholics and converts, and with many tears, so
+that the religious were obliged to administer the most holy sacrament
+of the eucharist to them. The Confraternity of La Sancta Misericordia
+buried them with great charity. The only one who refused conversion
+was the English admiral [Lambert Biezman], the most stubborn fellow
+[29] and the most obstinate heretic I have ever seen in my life.
+
+According to the reports received, a total of one hundred and
+thirty-seven men were killed or drowned.
+
+_Copy of the commission which was found in the iron box_
+
+(This is a faithful and exact copy of a letter and patent, written
+lengthwise on white parchment in large letters, and illuminated with
+letters of gold. The first line is covered with a pendent seal of
+red wax, the size of a consecrated wafer. This document appears to
+have been issued by Mauricio de Nashau, who styles himself "Prince
+of Orange," as commission for the captain or second in command of a
+certain armed fleet, and is countersigned by J. Melander; its tenor
+is as follows. [30])
+
+Mauricio, Prince of Orange; Count of Nasau, Catzenelleboghen, and
+Bietz; Marquis of Veer and Flissinge; governor, captain-general,
+and admiral of the United Provinces of Flandes, etc.: To all who see
+or hear these presents, our affectionate greeting, etc. Whereas, in
+order to contract friendship with certain foreign nations and kingdoms,
+and for many other considerations, we have seen fit to send a goodly
+number of vessels, in good order and well equipped, to the coasts
+of Asia, Africa, and America, and the islands of Eastern Yndia, to
+make treaties and carry on trade with the subjects and inhabitants
+thereof; and because we have been informed that the Spanish and
+the Portuguese are hostile to the subjects of these provinces, and
+obstruct their navigation and commerce in those parts, contrary
+to all natural right of all cities and nations; we have found it
+necessary to entrust, to certain valiant and experienced captains,
+the task of executing this our intention. Being well-informed of the
+fidelity and experience of Esaias de Lende, we have appointed him
+captain of the ship named "La Concordia," of about fifty toneladas
+register, with very detailed and explicit orders to go to the said
+islands, to resist and make war on, and to harm and injure as far
+as possible, all the said Spanish and Portuguese, and any others
+who attempt to obstruct them in their duties, and in the performance
+of everything which shall be further commanded by their admiral and
+captain-general, Olivier van Noordt. That he may execute this, his
+commission and charge, with greater facility and readiness, we have
+ordered that he shall raise as many men as he shall deem necessary,
+and as shall be entrusted to him by the said admiral. We strictly
+order these men to obey and respect the said captain, and to obey all
+his orders to them in the name of the said admiral. In everything
+else he shall do all that a good and faithful captain is bound and
+obliged to do--always excepting that neither he nor any of his men
+shall dare to do any harm or injury to the subjects of his imperial
+Majesty, or those of the kings of Francia, Anglatierra, Escocia,
+Denemarqua, Suedia, and Polonia, or of the princes of the Empire,
+[31] or of any other rulers who are friends of these provinces, or
+inclined to the true Christian religion. Therefore we request and
+require all the said kings and princes, and all other states, and
+all persons whom the said Esaias de Lende shall encounter; and we
+also give express orders to all admirals, vice-admirals, colonels,
+captains, and other military men on sea or land, and others who are
+under the government of these provinces and owe them obedience--to
+recognize him as captain of the said ship, and to allow him, with
+the said ship and crew, not only to go and trade wherever he shall
+please, but also to assist him, and extend him all favor, aid,
+and succor, from which we shall receive great and especial favor
+and satisfaction. We will render favors to them on like occasions,
+and our people will perform for them the services for which they are
+under obligation. Given at La Haya [The Hague], on the twelfth of
+May in the year one thousand five hundred and ninety-eight.
+
+_Maurici de Nashau_
+
+By order of his Excellency:
+
+_J. Melander_
+
+[This is followed by a certificate (dated February 6, 1601) of the
+accuracy of the copy, with the statement that the original had been
+delivered to the royal notary for copying by Doctor Antonio de Morga.]
+
+
+
+
+
+Documents of 1601
+
+
+
+    Report to the governor, on the battle with the Dutch. Antonio
+    de Morga, January 5.
+    Annual letters from the Philippine Islands. Francisco Vaez,
+    S.J.; June 10.
+    Letter to Felipe III. Diego Garcia, S.J.; July 8.
+    Letter from the fiscal to Felipe III. Hieronimo de Salazar
+    y Salcedo; July 16.
+    Complaint of the cabildo of Manila against Morga. Gonzalo
+    Ronquillo de Vallesteros, and others; July 20.
+    Letter to Felipe III. Antonio de Morga; July 30.
+    Grant to Jesuit school in Cebú. Council of Indias; December 11.
+
+
+
+
+_Sources_: All these documents save one are obtained from MSS. in the
+Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla; the second is taken from John Hay's
+compilation _De rebus Iaponicis, Indicis, et Pervanis_ (Antverpiæ,
+M. DC. v.), pp. 950-968, from the copy in the Library of Congress.
+
+_Translations_: The first and fourth of these documents are translated
+by Norman F. Hall, of Harvard University; the second, by Henry
+B. Lathrop, of the University of Wisconsin; the third, fifth, and
+sixth, by Robert W. Haight; the seventh, by James A. Robertson.
+
+
+
+
+Morga's Report to the Governor on the Battle with the Dutch
+
+
+_Copy of a petition of Dr. Antonio de Morga to the governor, in which
+he gives an account of all that happened in the expedition against
+the Dutch corsair, presented as soon as he returned from it._
+
+This is a copy well and faithfully made from a petition which it
+seems was presented by Dr. Antonio de Morga, auditor of the royal
+Audiencia of these islands, to Don Francisco Tello, knight of the
+Order of Santiago, who is governor and captain-general of these
+islands. This is in connection with a suit brought by order of the
+said governor against Joan de Alcega, admiral of the royal fleet
+which went against the Dutch enemy which was sailing among these
+islands. The said auditor was commander-in-chief of this fleet,
+and the admiral was the said Joan de Alcega, who deserted the royal
+flagship in time of battle. It runs as follows:
+
+I, Dr. Antonio de Morga, auditor of the royal Audiencia and
+Chancilleria of these Philipinas Islands, say that in the month of
+October just passed, in the year one thousand six hundred, there
+came to these Islands for the purpose of robbery one Oliver de Nor,
+corsair and a heretic, and a native of the states of Flandes, with
+two men-of-war well provided with men, artillery, and munitions. One
+of the two ships was large and strong, and was the flagship; the
+other, smaller and of less importance and strength, was the admiral's
+ship. With these he had entered the South Sea through the Strait of
+Magallanes, and skirted the coast of Chile; and then came and anchored
+outside the entrance to these islands, in the bay of Alvay. After
+making inquiries about affairs in these islands, and finding that
+there was no fleet, and no arrangement by which one that could molest
+him could be created, he passed by Capul and proceeded on his way
+until he reached the mouth of the bay of this city of Manila. There
+he made some captures and committed some robberies on vessels which
+entered, and he was hoping to commit greater ones on the ships which
+are expected this year, both from China and from Nueva España, with
+the money belonging to these islands. On this account your Lordship,
+together with the royal Audiencia, by a decree in due form dated the
+last day of the aforesaid month of October, commanded me to go to
+the port of Cavite and to place it and keep it in a state of defense;
+and likewise to finish some vessels which had been begun there in the
+dockyard, and to prepare and put in order those which could be used
+quickly for a fleet to go out and resist and punish the enemy. By
+working personally day and night, without having anything given to
+me for it, I put all this into operation with the greatest diligence
+and care, in thirty-two days. When I came to this city to give your
+Lordship an account of the good condition of the fleet--in order that
+it might be immediately arranged who was to go out in it, and the
+soldiers and seamen who were to embark--considering the fact that
+the corsair still remained near this bay, your Lordship, influenced
+by urgent causes and reasons, ordered and commanded me in writing,
+in the name of our lord the king, to set out with the volunteers of
+this city, who were placed at my disposal for this expedition. It was
+understood that I was to conduct this expedition, and, with another
+body composed of hired soldiers from this district, was to go out as
+quickly as possible in search of the enemy, and was to fight with him
+until I overcame him or sent him to the bottom. There were many other
+conditions which are contained more fully in the letter of instructions
+which your Lordship gave me, signed and sealed, to which I refer. In
+fulfilment of this, and only for the service of God and of our lord
+the king (which service your Lordship commended to me so strongly),
+leaving my house and quiet life, leaving my wife and nine children,
+I obeyed your Lordship's command. At my own cost, without having
+anything supplied from the royal treasury either to myself or to the
+volunteers who were with me, and who formed the larger part of all
+the body, I embarked on the fleet on the twelfth day of the month of
+December of the aforesaid year, taking as flagship the vessel "San
+Diego," which is of about two hundred tons burden; and in its convoy
+the ship "San Bartolome" as admiral's ship, of the same burden,
+in command of the captain Joan de Alçega, admiral of the fleet,
+and other small vessels for the service of the fleet.
+
+That same day I set sail from the port of Cavite in search of the
+enemy; and on the following Thursday, the fourteenth of December,
+I came in sight of him. Both ships of his fleet were anchored near
+the mouth of the bay at the point of Balagtigui, with his boats at
+the stern. The flagship of the enemy, from behind, was very easily
+seen to be a strong vessel, but the admiral's ship was not. When
+he discovered the two ships of the royal fleet and saw that we were
+keeping together, in order jointly to board and attack his flagship,
+he weighed anchor; and, after sending the said admiral's ship out
+to sea under all sail, in order to divide us, thinking that one of
+our ships would go after it, he with his flagship luffed toward our
+vessels, in order to get to windward of us, which he was not able
+to accomplish. On the contrary, when I discovered the number and
+excellence of his artillery, with which he began to cannonade me, I
+saw that success must consist in coming hand to hand with him as soon
+as possible, with both of our vessels, according to the arrangement
+which I had made on the day before, the thirteenth of December, when
+I had given orders and instructions to that effect in writing to the
+said admiral. So with my flagship I boarded the corsair's flagship,
+and grappled with it side to side, on the port quarter of the enemy,
+in the expectation that my admiral would do the same on the other
+side, as he was perfectly able to do. At the first volley from the
+artillery and arquebuses I swept the deck of the enemy, unrigged
+his main and mizzen masts, sent his yards and shrouds into the sea,
+burned his sails, and won and took into my power the flag at the
+topmast, the standard and flag at the stern, and the others which the
+ship bore. Then I sent on board of him a band of men with arms and a
+banner of infantry, who captured the poop and the cabin and took the
+shallop or long-boat which it had at the stern. All the enemy retired
+below the harpings and coverings at the bow. Seeing from there that my
+admiral was already coming upon them, and that they could not defend
+themselves, they sent to ask protection for their lives, and to say
+that they would surrender; and I granted their request, in order to end
+the battle with the least possible loss and with the greatest safety.
+
+At this time the admiral's ship of my fleet ought to have boarded the
+enemy as I had done, according to his duty, and to the order which he
+had from me; and, without orders from me, ought not to have passed by,
+and still less to have gone in pursuit of, the opposing admiral's
+ship which was going out to sea. These orders, for many reasons,
+I could not be expected to give him, especially at that time, until
+the flagship had completely surrendered and a guard had been placed
+over it and over the people on it, which would be impossible with my
+ship alone. Nevertheless our admiral aforesaid, for some reasons of
+his own which he had, passed by, and with all sail started to pursue
+and overtake the admiral's ship of the corsair. When the enemy on the
+flagship saw this, and that they were alone, and that, on account of
+the superiority of his ship and artillery, he might hope to defend
+himself, he turned a deaf ear to the terms which I sent him; and he
+not only did not surrender, but he put himself on the defensive, and
+fought with me with all the fury of his artillery and of his musketry,
+from both sides of the ship, and with fire contrivances, with which
+he was well supplied. The battle lasted six hours, with both ships
+lashed side to side, but in all this time my admiral aforesaid did not
+leave his course, or return to succor or help me. On the contrary he
+began, in our sight, to fight with the admiral's ship of the enemy,
+which he had overtaken, and he easily captured it because it was
+a very small ship, with about twenty-two men, including boys and
+the sick; and after it had surrendered he remained there, instead
+of returning to help me in time of battle. The enemy killed ten or
+twelve Spaniards of my men, and some Indians of the service, and on
+his side most of his men died; so that, being still so hard pressed,
+he himself set fire to his ship of his own accord, at the stern,
+where our men were on the poop with the banner. The fire so increased
+there that we feared that both ships were going to be consumed.
+
+Furthermore, my flagship, which was not a strong one, having been made
+especially for the merchant trade, sprang a leak at the bow with the
+force of the artillery which had been fired in this long combat; and it
+made water so fast that nothing could be done, because we had no pumps,
+as they had been knocked to pieces by one of the enemy's shot. On this
+account, by the advice and counsel of the chief pilot and of the seamen
+who understood the situation, I was asked to loosen myself from the
+enemy and to go to save my ship (or at least the artillery and men
+on it) at the island of Fortun, which was to leeward of us a legua
+and a half away, and which they said we could reach quickly. When
+I saw the opinion of the aforesaid men and the danger which my ship
+was in, both from the fire on the enemy and from the risk of sinking,
+I followed the advice; and, having withdrawn the men and the banner
+that I had on the poop-castle of the corsair's ship, which was left,
+as I have said, so broken and disabled, I started for the aforesaid
+island of Fortun to make repairs; but the water which the ship was
+taking in increased so that all at once the ship sank.
+
+When the enemy saw himself alone, with the few men that he had, he
+hastily began to put out the fire on his ship; and with the foresail,
+which he had had up all the time, he took flight toward the island
+of Luban, where he has not appeared since that day, nor in any other
+of the adjacent islands. From this and from the fact that he was so
+broken and so stripped of men and without any long-boat, it may be
+inferred that he went to the bottom. Some indications of this have
+been seen since in the shape of yards and sails, and bodies of the
+enemy's men, so that we may presume that it is so.
+
+When the flagship of the fleet on which I was went to the bottom,
+there was no shallop or boat to saye the men, because the boats had
+been taken by some sailors and soldiers, who to escape the danger, had
+gone with them to the aforesaid island of Fortun. Consequently when the
+ship sank I was left in the water, and saved myself at the end of four
+hours by swimming with great exertion to the island of Fortun, which
+was a legua and a half away, against many waves and a high wind. The
+same thing was done by two hundred other persons, including Spaniards
+and slaves, but the rest drowned and perished, with what was left in
+the ship. Then I made haste to take all the people from that island,
+because it was without inhabitants and without water, and I started
+them on the way to this city. After that I went along the coast to
+get information about the enemy which had fled, and in search of the
+admiral's ship and of the captured vessel; but I could not find them,
+nor could I in the islands of that district, although I searched among
+them in light vessels, for they had departed thence. At last, having
+heard that they were near Mariveles, I came to claim them, but did
+not enter them because your Lordship wrote to me, at just that time,
+to come to this city on other business in the service of his Majesty.
+
+Thus that expedition ended. It is true that the desired end was
+accomplished--namely, to destroy the aforesaid corsair so that he
+should not be able to do the damage which he was doing in this sea,
+and to conquer him, which was done. Nevertheless it could have been
+accomplished fully without the loss which there was, if my orders
+had been followed in the aforesaid fleet, and if there had not been
+other transgressions and irregularities--which I should have proceeded
+against and executed justice upon if I had had opportunity to return
+to the aforesaid fleet, as I tried to do. Since on my part this is
+all ended, it remains for your Lordship, as captain-general of this
+realm, to take action in this cause--not only to execute whatever
+may be just in the matter, but also in order to give an account to
+our lord the king of what has happened. I have had this in mind in
+giving to your Lordship so faithful and exact an account of the case,
+and of the aforesaid irregularities, of which the ones that need
+particular attention are the following.
+
+First. When the fleet was on the point of setting out from the port
+of Cavite, although it was already scantily equipped with seamen
+and artillerymen (which was a matter of the greatest importance),
+the majority of those who had been provided and supplied absented
+themselves and fled from the aforesaid fleet at the time of setting
+out, so that they could not be reached; and the fleet had to go
+without them, which was the cause of a great deal of suffering and
+loss. It can be determined who were guilty of this through the lists
+of allowances and apportionment which are in the possession of the
+factor of the royal treasury, and through the register which the
+accountant afterwards made of both fleets at Mariveles.
+
+_Item_: Although your Lordship, at my request, had some seamen sought
+out in this city, and had them sent to me with the sergeant Pedro Lopez
+to Mariveles (where the fleet was anchored) on Wednesday, December
+thirteenth, and although the aforesaid men arrived on Wednesday,
+they refused to go on the expedition because they were men of wealth
+and property; and they did not go to the fleet that night, but went
+to the settlement on the island. There they remained until the fleet
+had gone in pursuit of the enemy in the early morning, when they left
+the village and returned to this city.
+
+Third. The Sangley nation of this city offered themselves, with three
+ships, according to their custom, to go in the service and convoy of
+the aforesaid fleet. They were armed and set out after it from Cavite
+for that purpose, but when they reached the station at Mariveles,
+where the fleet was anchored, they left it; and it was necessary to
+send to them and order that on the following day they should join the
+fleet and follow it without moving off, under pain of their lives. Not
+only did they not comply with this, but on the following day, when
+they saw the battle, they remained more than three leguas behind,
+looking at it; and although they could have been of great assistance,
+when they saw my flagship founder, they returned toward the bay,
+ringing bells and beating drums, as is their custom.
+
+Fourth. The aforesaid captain Joan de Alcega, admiral of the fleet, did
+not obey the orders and instructions which on the day before the battle
+I gave to him in writing, signed with my name, according to which
+both ships, flagship and admiral's ship, were to board and fight with
+the enemy's flagship, because it was a strong vessel. Nevertheless,
+though he had seen me board, he passed by without having an order
+from me to do so, and still less having any order to follow and to
+fight with the opposing admiral's ship, and thus abandon me. If he
+had done as he was under obligation to do, the flagship would have
+been made to surrender completely without the loss of one of our
+men; and we could have captured for his Majesty a beautiful ship
+and twenty-six pieces of artillery, and many other things of price
+and value for all, and my flagship would not have been lost, and the
+people of worth who died in it would not have perished. After that,
+it would have been a sure and easy thing to capture the admiral's
+ship, which was a small boat, of no strength. Your Lordship should
+send promptly to the admiral to write the instructions which I gave
+him originally in Mariveles on the thirteenth of December by the hand
+of the captain Joan Tello y Aguirre, who came for them--signed with
+my name, without any erasures or changes whatever--because through
+them the above matter will be verified, without any fraud or deceit.
+
+Fifth. After my flagship had foundered, the enemy in his, as broken
+as it was, took to flight with only the foresail up, and passed
+within sight of the admiral's ship of my convoy, and although the
+admiral was aware of my loss, and that that was the enemy's ship,
+and made sail after her, he did not try to follow her; and so he let
+her go, although he could easily have overtaken her, as she bore only
+the foresail, and could have captured her, as she was so broken and
+without men. Most of us who were on the island of Fortun saw this
+from there; and the captive Flamenco admiral will say the same thing,
+as well as those who came in our admiral's ship and remained in it.
+
+_Item_: Although our admiral's ship ought to have come in search of its
+flagship, which it saw sinking in the sea from its companion ship--or
+at least in aid of its men who had escaped to the island of Fortun,
+which was near, in order to rescue us from that island, uninhabited
+and without water, where we were in evident risk of our lives--yet
+he did not do it. On the contrary, he went away with all speed, and
+returned to the mainland to the station of Mareyuma; consequently
+we could not find him, and he could not receive orders from me, his
+commander, concerning what he was to do in such matters as following
+the aforesaid enemy (in which a great opportunity was lost), as well
+as in other things in the service of his Majesty which ought to have
+been done.
+
+Seventh and last. Although the aforesaid admiral ought not to have
+allowed out of his convoy the vessel which he had captured and taken
+from the enemy, so that it might not be lost again on account of
+his having put very few men on it, he left it; and, under pretense
+that he was sending it to be repaired, he ordered it to the island of
+Luban with other intentions--where on the same day, near night-time,
+there appeared the flagship of the enemy, which, if it had seen this
+ship, could have seized and taken it easily, because it was without
+defense. Then, without having been repaired, it left Luban and returned
+to the aforesaid admiral's ship at Mareyuma.
+
+Of all this your Lordship is sufficiently informed through the reports
+which have been sent to your Lordship about the aforesaid event, and
+through the investigations made by the alcalde-mayor of the province
+of Balayan, in whose territory and under whose jurisdiction the event
+took place. Your Lordship will also be informed by the searchings
+and investigations which your Lordship ought to make concerning the
+aforesaid case and every particular of it, personally and very soon,
+before the guilty ones pervert them so that the truth may not be
+understood. They have been preparing for this, holding investigations
+before themselves in the admiral's ship, about their own affairs
+and business; but opportunity ought not to be given for these,
+nor any attention paid to them, for they are void and fraudulent,
+and malicious.
+
+I ask and pray your Lordship to do and perform in this matter, since
+it is of such quality and importance, whatever may be proper in the
+service of God and of his Majesty, so that those may be punished who
+are guilty in a matter of such harm and loss, and that our lord the
+king and the gentlemen of his Council of the Indias may be informed
+faithfully of all that has happened and of what has been done--since,
+as far as I am concerned in this matter, as there no longer remains
+to me any authority or jurisdiction of commander in the fleet, I have
+done my duty. For this I have, etc., and ask it for testimony.
+
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+
+In Manila, on the fifth of the month of January in the year one
+thousand six hundred and one, before the governor and captain-general
+of these islands, Don Francisco Tello, appeared the doctor Antonio
+de Morga, and presented this petition; and when his Lordship had
+seen it, he ordered it to be joined with the investigation which
+the alcalde-mayor of Balayan made, in order that the other proper
+verifications may be made according to what is provided, and that
+whatever is just may be done.
+
+_Tello_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Gaspar de Azebo_
+
+This copy was made, as has been said, from the aforesaid original
+petition, which is in the aforesaid suit of petition and mandate by the
+aforesaid auditor, and is exact and correct. In the city of Manila,
+on the twentieth of the month of November in the year one thousand
+six hundred and two; the witnesses being: Joan P[ablo?] Monfredo,
+and Gregorio del Castillo, and Josephe de Naveda Alvarado.
+
+In testimony of truth, I have affixed my seal.
+
+_Joan Paez de Sotomayor_, royal notary.
+
+We, the notaries who sign here, certify and give our word that Joan
+Paez de Sotomayor, by whom this testimony is signed and sealed, is
+a royal notary, as he signs himself, and commissioner of the royal
+Audiencia of these islands; and, as such, complete faith and credit
+has been given and is given to all acts and writings which have passed
+and do pass before him, in court and out of it. And, to certify to
+this, we give these presents in Manila on the twentieth of November
+in the year one thousand six hundred and two. I have affixed my seal,
+in witness of truth.
+
+_Francisco de Valencia_, notary-public.
+
+I have affixed my seal, in testimony of truth.
+
+_Jhoan Francisco Aparicio_, notary-public.
+
+
+
+
+
+Annual Letters from the Philippine Islands
+
+
+_From Father Francisco Vaez, [32] June 10, 1601, to Reverend Father
+Claudio Aquaviva, general of the Society of Jesus._
+
+
+Amid all the calamities and miseries which it has pleased the Lord to
+inflict on these islands, the chief has been the loss of some ships
+which were wrecked, including among others the flagship and the ship
+of the second in command. They set sail from this coast during the
+last year, 1600, for Nueva España, being laden with a large amount of
+treasure and merchandise; and by them the records of this province
+and the letters from Japan for your Paternity were sent. But, after
+sailing for eight months, these ships encountered a violent contrary
+wind, and, having on board a great number of sailors, were gradually
+driven back by sickness, hunger, and the fury of the waves, which
+swept the men from the very decks of the ships to be drowned in the
+waters. The vessels struck on rocks and were wrecked, a few men only
+being rescued, like the servants of Job, from the immediate danger,
+to announce the destruction--which, being increased by one misfortune
+and mishap in war after another, heaped sorrow upon us. On one of these
+ships, called the "San Geronimo," was Father Pedro Lopez de Parra, a
+professed religious of our Society--who, as we trust, after this long
+voyage (or rather that longer one of thirty-seven years in religion),
+has entered the gate of eternal life, laden with a rich treasure
+of good works. He taught philosophy and theology in Nueva España,
+having been one of the first members of the Society formerly sent
+thither; he trained our ministers with fruitful results. Although we
+have heard nothing certain with regard to the details of his death,
+yet, as he took great delight in the duty of hearing confessions and
+helping souls, it is likely that with great devotion he aided all in
+that extremity of danger. [33]
+
+In another disaster we have lost another priest and a brother, if loss
+be the proper name to give to the death of those who have been slain
+for the gain of souls, and while aiding their brethren in a just war
+against heretic pirates. These were Hollanders and Zeelanders who
+were driven to the Philippine Islands in the year 1600, and came to
+get booty on the sea called the Northern Ocean, or "Mar del Norte"
+(for they had already made spoil of a Portuguese ship), and, after
+passing the Strait of Magellan, had, in that southerly ocean called
+"Mar del Sur," done likewise with a small vessel from Peru. Their
+leading vessels, the flagship and the almiranta, took a station six
+leagues from Manila, where the Spanish, Japanese, and Chinese ships
+had to unload their cargoes, and to which all the smacks and other
+small boats that left the city had to hold their course. Against
+these ships of the enemy there were sent out from Manila two ships
+provided with three hundred of the best soldiers of these islands,
+together with many bombards and other equipments of war. In the chief
+ships were Father Diego de Santiago and Brother Bartolomeo Calvo,
+at the request of the general, Antonio de Morga, auditor of the
+royal Audiencia, and of other officers of rank, who were accustomed
+to confess to the said father.
+
+Now when the father had exerted himself to receive the confessions
+of the soldiery, and had exhorted them to fight bravely, on the
+fourteenth of December they came in sight of the enemy; and the
+flagship spread its sails and bore down so swiftly on the other
+flagship that the passage from one to the other was easy. In the
+conflict our men tore away the enemy's flags and carried them back to
+their own ship, shouting, "Victory!" with joyful voices. Just then
+our ship, having taken in a great quantity of water from all sides,
+was by the permission of God suddenly swallowed in the waves with
+all the sailors, except a few who by the help of a skiff captured
+from the Dutch, or by swimming, made their way to land. The general
+was one who threw himself into the water with two flags of the enemy's.
+
+Then the almiranta, having encountered the enemy's almiranta,
+captured it, and carried it away to Manila, where punishment was
+inflicted on all the sailors. Among the number of those on our side
+who were slain or drowned, a hundred and fifty-nine in all, Father
+Diego was drowned. He had heard, as it appeared, the confessions of
+all; and as he was making the effort to throw himself clear into the
+sea, he was called back by the voice of a captain desiring to make
+his confession. While he was hearing the confession he was drowned,
+with the brother and the rest. The father was in the twenty-ninth year
+of his age, and had lived fifteen years in the Society. The brother,
+his companion, was of the same age, and had lived in the Society seven
+years; he had entered it in these regions. He was a man endowed with
+every virtue, being especially noteworthy for his obedience, to which
+he was always greatly inclined.
+
+Of the brethren there has also died Martin Sanchez, a native of these
+islands, who was for a decade a member of the Society, and who left a
+glorious example in life and death. There remain in this vice-province
+thirty priests and twenty-nine brethren (of whom two are scholastics
+and four novices)--those nine being included whom your Paternity has
+sent hither with Father Gregorio Lopez, in whom this vice-province
+assuredly receives a great assistance. As it is of later birth, more
+scantily supplied with workers, and further from Rome, it is likewise
+poorer; and, as the younger daughter, ought to be the dearer and more
+precious to your Paternity.
+
+
+
+
+College of Manila
+
+
+There live in this college (the leading one [34] in this vice-province)
+seventeen of Ours--seven priests and ten brethren. All of them, by the
+favor of divine Providence, have by their example and labor brought in
+a rich harvest from the spiritual tilling of this city. This has been
+added to on account of the war and the earthquake, the loss of the
+ships, and other calamities; and we have learned by experience that
+piety grows more rapidly in adverse than in prosperous fortune. The
+earthquake has made us hesitate to go on with the completion of the
+college buildings, for we are compelled first to repair what has
+already fallen or is on the verge of ruin. Last year we wrote that
+on the twenty-first of June the main part of the nave of the church
+had fallen; but in this year of 1601, on the sixteenth of January,
+the other part corresponding to it was overthrown, and the rest so
+shaken that it had to be leveled with the ground. We regard it as
+a great blessing that these buildings fell without injuring anyone,
+although the first of the earthquakes came while the people were in
+the church at mass, the other when it was least expected. The people
+of Manila have accordingly been warned by Ours of the daily peril
+of life on earth, and have begun to lift up their hearts to heaven,
+and to pray for its care and protection. By a happy lot it has been
+obtained for them by the patronage and advocacy of St. Polycarp,
+[35] bishop and martyr, the disciple of St. John the Evangelist;
+and in his honor they have begun to celebrate an annual feast with
+a solemn procession.
+
+The beginning of another pious work has been made this year with
+marked results. This is the practice of scourging, not as hitherto
+on three days in Lent, but every Friday throughout the year, in our
+church. There is a great concourse of people at that time to hear the
+fiftieth psalm, _Miserere_, by the melancholy harmony of which they
+are most moved to devotion and to doing penance. Not infrequently
+the royal auditors and the governor himself have been present, as
+well as other leading men.
+
+Those in prison also have been aided by the reception of sacramental
+confessions and by pious exhortations; and--a thing that has edified
+the people not a little--the necessary food was for some days carried
+all the way to the prisons on our shoulders. From children, too,
+the food of Christian doctrine has not been withheld on Sundays;
+and with the children arranged in the form of a procession we went
+out during Lent to the military barracks, where after delivering
+sermons we reaped fruit not to be ashamed of.
+
+The congregation of scholastics begun this year has made the best
+of progress. Every month, according to the rules, they make their
+confession to the priest, and partake of the divine food. On feast-days
+they spend the afternoons in listening to spiritual reading and in
+commemorating the examples of the saints. The solemn feasts of the
+Blessed Virgin they celebrate with the greatest fervor and joy. On one
+of these they go with their cloaks cast off, each with a silver ewer
+and basin in his hands, and carry food to the prisons, marching in the
+finest order and system; and with great readiness and humility they
+serve the unhappy men. They are believed to have taken their manner
+of procedure, in all respects, from the congregation at Rome. The
+privileges of the Sodality, also, have so much attracted laymen that it
+has been necessary to divide them into two orders. As for the adult men
+and householders who look forward to spending Sundays and feast-days
+to advantage in the Sodality, the father-visitor has made a beginning,
+by delivering to them familiar exhortations, and narratives of pious
+examples taken from the Lives of the Saints; and we have every reason
+to hope that the undertaking will succeed to the greater glory of
+God, with the most noble of advantages to the city. Even now there
+are some who, having heard one or another sermon, have entered upon
+more holy and profitable ways of living than they followed before.
+
+A beginning was also made this year in selecting some saint's name
+by lot (a custom introduced in some towns); and there has been a
+great concourse of people. One man was plunged into the sea along
+with many others in the naval battle with the Dutch already spoken
+of; but because he invoked the name of his patron, St. Nicanor, who
+had fallen to his lot that month, he was rescued from that danger in
+which the others were swallowed up; and by swimming a whole league
+at last got to shore, to his own great wonder.
+
+The number of those confessing and communicating this year has
+surpassed that of any previous year, for upon their old devotion has
+been heaped up new, kindled by the torches of calamity. The quarrels
+of many have also been brought to an end. In Lent, moreover, their
+zeal for all piety flamed forth in the confession of many evils, and
+in doing penance for them with daily scourgings, and other exercises
+of devotion.
+
+The chastity of a certain woman was assailed by some of the wicked,
+with entreaties and the bestowal of gifts; but by the weapons of more
+frequent communion and confession she repulsed the attacks of the
+enemy. Yet even then the enemy was not made entirely to desist. One
+day, after the holy communion, which she had devoutly taken in our
+church, she was walking in a lonely place; and there he came up to
+her, and with his dagger at her bosom, he threatened her with death
+unless she consented to wickedness. But she answered with firmness
+that she preferred death to offending God. Then with blows and words
+of insult she vanquished the beastly desires of her adversary, barely
+escaping with her honor.
+
+Another, giving up all thought of God and of his own salvation, had
+spent many years in dreadful sin, and especially in a disgraceful
+lust, which was so deeply rooted and fixed in his innermost heart
+that he regarded our priest, who strove to lead him away from this
+vile manner of life, as only less than a fool. So completely had he
+plunged himself into the filth of these pollutions of his soul that,
+like a sow in a wallow, he seemed to take pleasure in nothing else. Yet
+at last this obstinate man yielded to argument and persuasion, and
+not only gave up visiting his harlot, but tore all lust from his
+heart by the roots as completely as if he had had no knowledge of
+it; for by a general confession of the lapses of his past life he so
+corrected his morals that all those who knew him before were amazed
+at the sudden change in his life.
+
+When the Dutch pirates of whom we have spoken were condemned to death
+in Manila by the judges, the governor thought it well to entrust
+them to several religious, as they might perhaps abjure their errors
+and be reconciled to Holy Church. It pleased the divine goodness to
+restore all, to the number of thirteen, except the admiral, who as an
+obstinate heretic was hanged and cast into the sea. The others with so
+great sorrow for their crimes subjected themselves to the obedience of
+the holy Roman church that it seemed good to the religious fathers to
+admit them to the holy communion. Of five commended to our Society I
+can affirm that they greatly edified all, for they made a confession
+of the sins of all their life and approached the holy communion with
+many tears, having previously made public profession of the Roman
+Catholic faith and abjured their heresies, being prepared to live
+and die in the said faith. Two days later, with rosaries around their
+necks they were led forth to the place of execution in great joy of
+mind that they could atone for their sins by death.
+
+Our Order has been no less occupied with the Indians in these
+regions than with others--partly because there is a greater number
+of them gathered in this town of Manila than anywhere else, partly
+because they feel a greater good-will toward the members of the
+Society than toward any others. They never lack some one of Ours
+to aid their confessions; and they would need old priests the year
+round, if there were so many who understood the language, to hear
+the confessions of all. They greatly affect the holy communion, and
+report wonderful fruit from it. Every week, on Saturday, very many
+hasten to perform their discipline with the others; and more would
+come if the city gates which separate the Indians from the Spaniards
+were not closed at nightfall. Indeed many do not fear to creep through
+the little hole in the gates in order not to neglect that salutary
+penance. They hasten, too, on the Sabbath to hear the sacrament of
+the mass of the Blessed Virgin, and in Lent to hear sermons, and that
+in such numbers that, although our church is of considerable size,
+they fill it completely. And when it was overthrown by the earthquake,
+they all hastened together, down to the very children, to give their
+help in carrying stones away. It was a delightful sight to see them
+swarming like ants upon the rubbish and the wall--men and women,
+young and old, powdered with dust and lime, carrying baskets on their
+shoulders and vying with each other in carrying off the ruins so as
+to clear the space.
+
+The girls' sodality, recently introduced among the natives, has
+marvelously roused all the others. Sometimes they have fed the poor
+with such liberality that much was left for the prisoners and other
+needy persons. After the meal was over, they poured water for the hands
+of the poor persons, and kissed them; and then the poor persons fell
+on their knees and prayed God for their benefactors. At another place
+these same Indian members of sodalities went to the Indian hospital and
+there gave their aid to the sick by making their beds and digging up
+the ground for them--a thing worthy of special admiration in this race,
+for they abhor visiting hospitals. The sodality members, although poor,
+offer the usual alms to the church and to those who are in need. They
+are given to hearing sermons and to fasting, being content for whole
+weeks with bread and water. They are glad to go to our churches for
+confession and spiritual instruction, and obtain great spiritual
+benefit and edification.
+
+A certain Christian woman who was for a long time held in slavery to
+the infidels in the islands of Mindanao and Borneo, which are given
+to the faith of Mahomet, could not be torn from the true belief,
+or be persuaded to the worship of idols, although she visited many
+of their places.
+
+An Indian man, who along with some others had made his confession
+that he might receive the holy communion, declares that he had kept
+silent as to the circumstances of some sins; and that in a vision he
+saw a beautiful child offering to him the holy eucharist. But when
+he answered that he was a great sinner, the child replied: "Thou
+are indeed not worthy of the communion, for in thy confession thou
+hast hidden such and such a circumstance." Therefore when he awoke
+he hurried to our church, revealed the vision to one of the fathers,
+and desired to repeat his confession.
+
+Another had so accustomed himself to the scourging of his body that
+one day when he was required to march with a troop of soldiers,
+he withdrew from it in the night, in order that he might not omit
+this holy exercise. When the officer of the infantry, going his
+rounds at night, secretly perceived this, he thought the man was
+meditating some mischief, and silently followed him. At last he saw
+him enter the cemetery of a church, and after pouring forth prayers
+to God, beat his back severely. When the scourging was finished, the
+officer approached; and when he recognized this Indian, he was even
+more edified. And when he asked him where he was from, he answered
+that he came from the city of Manila, and said that he was in the
+habit of confessing to Ours. The captain, marveling that a tyro in
+the Christian religion should take such care of his soul's health,
+gave him some money and told him to go back home, that he might not
+be perverted by the habits of the soldiery.
+
+A priest with a brother as his companion was sent off as on a
+mission to some Seilan villages, which, being without parish priests,
+needed instruction. When they reached there the plague was raging;
+and the father and brother freely assisted them, not only by the
+administration of the sacraments of confession and the communion,
+but by that of food, which was prepared in our church.
+
+On another mission performed by the rector of the college and another
+priest, there was a mighty fruit of their labors reaped in hearing
+confessions, in reconciling enemies, and in recalling the perverse to a
+better life. Twenty adults were initiated by the sacrament of baptism,
+having been imbued with the Christian faith by a certain blind man. He,
+though deprived of the use of his eyes, yet took such care of his
+catechumens that if a single one out of any number, however great,
+was missing, he regularly informed the father. We think the more
+of this from the fact that he who formerly was numbered among the
+catalons--that is, petty priests of idols--now since his conversion
+has become a teacher of Christian doctrine.
+
+
+
+
+Residence of Antipolo [36]
+
+
+In this residence are ordinarily maintained three priests, to care for
+the harvest of three thousand Christians. More than five hundred have
+been baptized this year. We have tested the great devotion of this
+people, and their rare sense of piety in frequenting the sacraments,
+in offering prayers, and in undergoing discipline and performing
+other good and edifying works; and, finally, there has been wrought
+in them all a great change in conduct.
+
+The father-visitor has laid the foundation of a hospital, which
+is of great importance. On the day when the roof was finished the
+father-visitor led them in serving the poor who were gathered there,
+by pouring water on their hands, and then kissing their hands on his
+bended knees, which example was followed by all the chief men there
+present. And thus the custom has been established that four members
+of the confraternity established for this purpose bring them their
+food every day. The same thing is done by the women for the sick of
+their sex.
+
+A beginning has been made of a school for boys, in which they may be
+educated from their earliest years in all virtue and good morals,
+according to the laws of Christ, so far as these are open to their
+capacity. This is a thing not merely necessary for their receiving
+the true doctrine, but also easy and delightful. They are all fed
+with rice sent by their parents, and by other contributions. Their
+occupations are learning to read and to form their letters, and to
+do such other things as are appropriate to childish years.
+
+The custom has everywhere been introduced of singing throughout
+the year, in honor of the Virgin Mother of God, the anthem _Salve
+Regina_; and on Saturdays in Lent of performing the discipline in
+church. So when some Indians were bathing in the river, as is the
+custom in hot countries, and heard the bell give the call for _Salve_
+and the discipline, they put on their clothes and set out. Only one
+remained, and laughing at his companions said in their language:
+"_Acoi ouian_!"--that is, "Bring back something for me," which is
+their expression of ridicule. When the others had gone away, he who
+was alone was attacked and killed by a crocodile--a fierce animal of
+these regions, which is very fond of human flesh--and that before
+they could render him any assistance, spiritual or temporal. This
+event was indeed the occasion of no little wonder, for this beast
+is very voracious, and swallows men whole, or piece by piece, or at
+least tears off hand or foot; but this man he left whole and untorn,
+which the Indians attribute to the virtue of the _Salve_ that they
+sang and the discipline that they performed.
+
+
+
+
+Residence of Zebu
+
+
+This residence is in the province called Pintados, in which the
+greater part of Ours have lived and are working for the salvation
+of the Indians, although ordinarily not more than three priests and
+four brothers labor there. The situation is extremely convenient,
+because all the other residences carry on their work from it as a
+center. The ministry of the Society is exercised with great profit to
+the city. A boys' school has been opened, and the Latin language is
+taught. Last year the most reverend bishop, the officials, and other
+leading men, in letters sent to his Catholic Majesty, made a full
+statement of the great spiritual harvest with which Ours in these
+regions exercise their ministry, among both Spaniards and Indians;
+and they also earnestly entreated that he would be pleased to render
+that residence permanent by some annual provision, in order that they
+might be able to continue to enjoy the labors of our fathers.
+
+The excellent bishop walked on foot, although a man sixty years old,
+throughout the whole of his diocese; [37] and, turning aside into
+our houses, he there dwelt with us in such humility and familiarity
+that he seemed to be one of our members. After he had finished the
+visitation of the diocese, he was accustomed to say that he had
+greatly admired the modesty and piety of the women in it; for in
+gossip and conversation their reputation had long been very much to
+the contrary. He added that he had seen nothing like it in all Nueva
+España. Turning to our fathers, he declared that they ought to be
+contented with their lot, because they had undertaken the duty of
+disseminating the word of God in those regions; for in his opinion
+they were spending their lives in a part of the world which was the
+best of all, and the best beloved by God, and that from which they
+would be able to obtain the most ample fruit for their labor.
+
+In our churches we began this year the practice of the discipline,
+with a great number of penitents and great devotion from the people. We
+also delivered sermons, with the Christian catechism, to the garrison,
+with extraordinary results.
+
+A certain father added that a sick Indian had lost the faculty
+of speech before he had confessed, so that he could not receive an
+exhortation to a pious death. Accordingly, he urged him to attempt at
+least to pronounce the name of Jesus. The sick man obeyed, and uttered
+it obscurely so that he could scarcely be heard. The father continued
+to urge him to speak more distinctly. Finally with a moderate effort he
+uttered it with the greatest distinctness, made a complete confession,
+and on the following day left his bed well.
+
+Father Miguel Gomez [38] was sent to a tribe at a considerable
+distance. At first he gave all his attention to learning the names
+of those who had not yet been washed in the holy waters of baptism;
+and there were brought to him sixty, besides some others who are known
+as Visaians. And to all these, after he had sufficiently demonstrated
+the vanity of idols and the truth of the Christian belief, he imparted
+baptism, with so great a degree of consolation to them all, although
+they were old men, that they all marveled. But before dawn, behold
+some others, men and women of very great age, who had hidden by the
+gate of our house that they might be initiated by means of the same
+sacrament. Accordingly sixty, along with six children, were initiated;
+and in this number was included the chief of the place, a man already
+more than sixty years old.
+
+
+
+
+Residence of Bohol
+
+
+This residence is subject to the preceding one, that of Zebu. The
+harvest reaped in it your Paternity will learn from the letter of
+Father Valerio Ledesma [39] herewith enclosed. He says: "In accordance
+with the direction of your Reverence I visited the island of Bohol and
+gave my first attention to collecting the people, who were scattered
+everywhere, into one place. To many I suggested means of peace, and
+proposed efficacious remedies; and at last I succeeded in getting a
+thousand men, the greater part of whom had been trained in the use of
+arms, to leave their mountains, from which it had been impossible to
+draw them before, and to assemble at one spot. We also attempted to
+attract a number of barbarian inhabitants of the mountains, who had
+never looked upon any mortals before they saw our fathers, making use
+of all of the offices of humanity and of the allurements suitable
+to their nature, and we succeeded. We assigned them a settlement
+near the river, where they have now built a church, to which they
+flock on Sundays. We have baptized one hundred and twenty of their
+children, or even more. The adults have not only laid aside all
+of their fierceness, but pray for baptism with the greatest ardor,
+singing chants, and night and day recite the Christian faith.
+
+"On the day sacred to St. Anne, to whom the church was dedicated,
+the conversion of a certain old chief, on whom they all look as a
+father, made a beginning for the conversion of the rest. He on bended
+knees begged me with the most humble prayers that I would bathe him
+in the sacred fount. His example greatly confirmed in their purpose
+those who were ready for baptism, and excited others to desire it;
+so that one after another, to the number of more than one hundred,
+came as suppliants for baptism. In Visaia I baptized eighty-nine
+adults at one time, and a few days later ninety-four--partly children,
+partly adults; and on another day all the rest of the natives. Leaving
+here I crossed a mountain; and the Lord obtained as spiritual gain
+twenty-nine children, with faces like those of angels; and with the
+cleansing water we sprinkled them in the name of the Holy Trinity,
+along with three adults whom I had taken with me that they might
+hear the sacrifice of the mass, and might by word and example be more
+accurately instructed in the Christian faith. After we had gone some
+distance thence, we came to a hamlet in which the natives had built
+a convenient church in preparation for our arrival, extending over a
+space of ten cubits. Here we began to spread our net, or rather the
+net of Christ, and caught in it all the fish that were there; for
+all the leading men and women, with old and young, great and small,
+cast themselves at the feet of Christ Jesus, recognizing Him as the
+true God and ardently pleading to be joined to Him in faith through
+the mystery of baptism. And here I began to recognize the favor which
+God had shown me, in calling me forth from España in these days;
+for this single instance was enough reason to call me forth. On the
+very first occasion when we baptized, we plunged a hundred persons
+in the sacred fount; on the second, all the rest without exception.
+
+"When I was once explaining to a fierce and barbarous fellow the great
+glory of paradise and the dire pains of hell, he answered, just as
+if he had been possessed by a demon, that he had rather go to hell
+than to paradise; and, as he was one of the chiefs in that region,
+he carried a great many with him to the same decision of a perverse
+mind. But I did not hesitate to attack the foolish fellow again and
+again, and I insisted upon the horror and the eternity of the torments
+with great vehemence of language; but he answered that he certainly
+ought to go, after this life, there, where his parents and the rest
+of his ancestors had departed, rather than anywhere else. Then I
+responded that he had better just try the force of fire; but he, with
+hands as hard as his heart, did not hesitate to snatch up some burning
+coals from the hearth. However, a few days later, his mind divinely
+changed, he ran out into the fields and meadows, and, calling all his
+tribesmen together, he urged them to accept the Christian sacraments,
+with such zeal that he had no equal among the Visaians."
+
+In another letter sent to the father-visitor from the same place,
+the same Father Valerio writes that another father had written to
+him that in the islands Lobo and Dita he had sprinkled four hundred
+persons, chiefly infants, with the most holy waters. Thus within the
+interval of three months more than a thousand had been initiated by
+the same sacraments, and numberless others are left burning with the
+same desire. Therefore the members of our Order declare that the time
+is come for the salvation of that island, and eagerly wait for workers.
+
+But your Paternity will learn of a more glorious fruit from these
+missions in Bohol from the letters of Father Gabriel Sanchez and Father
+Cristofero Ximenez, [40] who have been assigned to that mission. [41]
+In letters written in the month of October, Father Gabriel writes as
+follows: "Our Lord has singularly blessed our attempts and labors. For
+after the flocks of the heathen were gathered in one place they were
+converted to God with such earnestness, so completely without pretense,
+that I can say nothing else than that God their Maker and Redeemer
+has desired by some peculiar favor in their calling to add them to
+His flock--inasmuch as within two months two thousand mortals have
+yielded themselves to the laws and customs of Christ, by accepting
+baptism. And it is my opinion that, if some fathers are ready,
+the whole of them will accept the yoke of Christ. It is beyond the
+power of language to tell with what spiritual joy I am affected when
+I see men who are almost savages of the forests hastening down from
+the mountains to supplicate the benefits of baptism. Nay, the very
+children, like to angels, taught by I know not whom, now repeat the
+Christian faith. Indeed, a few days ago one came to me not ignorant
+of his catechism, whom I had not seen for ten years, and with great
+earnestness begged me not to refuse to baptize him. The catalons,
+or priests of the idols, also come, and show by so many proofs that
+they desire baptism with all their hearts, that it is necessary
+to satisfy their desires. Truly, my Father, I abound in delight,
+I rejoice, I exult; nor is there anything in this world set before
+me than to serve our Lord God with all my heart, and to desire that
+all should be turned to the worship of His Divine Majesty. On Sunday,
+in church and elsewhere, there were counted seven hundred persons. If
+your Reverence were to see at sunset a hundred mountain boys and girls
+who have been newly added to Christ marching in procession along the
+bank of the river, praising God in harmony and chanting all together
+the Christian faith, he could not help dissolving in tears of joy. A
+few days ago in Dita five hundred were purified with holy baptism. Thus
+in the whole region of Bohol we may now easily count three thousand
+Christians. At the beginning there were only eight hundred; now,
+by the accession of a new blessing of God, twice thirteen hundred
+have been added in baptism."
+
+With regard to another brief mission undertaken by a priest, the
+same Father writes as follows: "God adorns and enriches this Tobigon
+[42] people with so many heavenly gifts that I do not dare depart
+hence, and break the thread of our most happy progress. The church
+is filled with people morning and evening; no one is anxious about
+food, although they may not have it, or may have to bring it from a
+distance. All their care is to be Christians, and to be initiated in
+baptism. In these fifteen days in which we have instructed them in
+the rudiments of the Christian faith, there have been baptized more
+than two hundred and fifty adults. There remain forty catechumens,
+for the rest will be baptized after our return.
+
+"An old man, a chief who is held in high honor, and who has hitherto
+been obstinate, has at last told me that he is ready to bow his
+head to baptism. He is all white-haired and decrepit, so that he
+can scarcely combine word with word. Since he is unable to come to
+church, I am compelled to go to his house. I will baptize him, with
+another man of advanced age, as early as possible. It seems to me no
+small evidence that they have been predestinated, that both of them
+have waited so long, and that they now begin to glow with so great
+a desire for baptism."
+
+With regard to another mission, Father Gabriel Sanchez writes that the
+archdeacon of Zebu, who holds a benefice in Tana, went to the island
+of Bohol, twelve leagues distant, to ask our superior for a father
+skilled in the language, to preach the gospel to his tribe. Father
+Gabriel was sent, and in one month heard four hundred confessions,
+and offered to many the sacred body of the Lord. He also baptized
+eighty small children and some larger ones. The custom was there
+introduced of having boys march in procession in the public streets,
+and chant the Christian belief. The same thing has been done in the
+church, so greatly to the delight of the people that even the chiefs
+of the tribe think it small honor to them if they are not sometimes
+examined in the same belief.
+
+The Indian wife of a local governor was bedridden, and one night began
+to suffer so intensely that she was entirely deprived of the power of
+speech. A father of the Society was called, who found her entirely
+speechless. And since she had not confessed her sins, although she
+tried to do so, the father began to recite the holy gospel, and to
+sprinkle her with holy water; and when this was done she collected
+her strength and, after pronouncing the name of Jesus, said, "Have
+mercy upon me!" Then, in the presence of many, she desired to confess;
+and after less than a quarter of an hour she arose from her bed, so
+well and whole that the father would not listen to her, but directed
+her to come to church on the following day to make her confession,
+which she did. The same thing happened to the same father in the case
+of two other sick persons, whom by the recitation of the gospel and by
+the sprinkling of holy water he restored to sense and health, so that
+they were able to confess their sins. Further, on two different days
+having gone to two children near to death, and deprived of the power
+of speech, with the same antidote of the gospel and of holy water,
+he restored both to their former health, so that one of them went so
+far as to jump suddenly out of his bed and return to his boyish sports.
+
+The same priest also went, for the sake of hearing confession, to a
+man who lived a league and a half from the town, whose body was so
+weakened and torn by sickness that he could not bear to be touched
+or to be turned from one side to the other. When his confession had
+been heard and the gospel had been recited, the father went away on
+Saturday of that week. On the following Sunday, when the father asked
+how the sick man was, he was told that he had been restored to health,
+and had gone out to an island in order to get by hunting what was
+necessary for his food. One night, while the daughters of one of the
+chiefs were chanting the heads of the Christian law, they looked up
+from a sort of portico and saw a crucifix in the sky, with a kind of
+crown on the head, rough but beautiful, and with the whole body and
+breast plainly visible. It shone like the sun, and went up to heaven
+until it reached the sphere of the moon; as soon as it had reached
+that it vanished. The sight of this vision caused the spectators as
+much joy as its disappearance did sorrow. The father commanded that
+the whole thing be recounted in church, in the presence of many, by
+those very persons who had seen it; although, as that tribe is very
+simple and modest, they showed great fear and shame in telling the
+story. Afterwards it was learned that the same crucifix had appeared
+in another place two leagues away. This vision ought to be recognized
+as of greater value because it befell persons of exceeding virtue,
+who are persevering in their pristine habits of holy living.
+
+
+
+
+Residence of Samar
+
+
+Since the inhabitants of this island are scattered along an extended
+coast-line of the sea, it was necessary to send six of the fathers for
+the greater part of last year to cultivate it, with the results which
+might be expected from such missions. We learned from the letters
+of Ours that the people of this island who live along the coast
+have begun to offer their names in order to receive the Christian
+religion, and that all the chiefs have already been purified by
+holy baptism. The duty of visiting fourteen places rests upon this
+residence. In this year three thousand six hundred and eighty persons,
+for the most part adults, have been joined to the spouse of Christ
+through the holy waters of baptism. In one tiny island, which had
+not been visited for two years, two of Ours who had been sent thither
+on mission were received by the whole tribe with such delight that,
+all the way from the beach of the sea to the church of the place, they
+adorned all the roads with green branches; and then they were led to
+the church by a procession of boys and girls singing the Christian
+teaching with joyous voices. And when Ours asked to have placed on
+the lists the names of those who desired to receive baptism, they
+answered that there was no need of a list, that they all wished to
+become Christians. The old men--who are generally more perverse than
+the rest, and are unwilling to learn the Christian teaching--brought
+forward no other ground for the baptism which they so much desired
+than that their old age promised them no long life. Thus all by the
+divine grace were made children of God, and inheritors of eternal life.
+
+The news that these had thus been added to Christ soon moved other
+islands also to desire our fathers. On one of these islands, within
+fifteen days one hundred and sixty adults and five children forsook
+the dark wilderness of infidelity for the light of the gospel. Among
+them was one old woman one hundred and thirty years of age--blind,
+deaf, incapable of motion; for, wherever she was carried, there she
+remained like an unmoving stone. Afterward in other places there were
+baptized five hundred adults and two infants. When they returned on
+a second mission, after an interval of three months, eight hundred
+and thirty-seven were baptized, and from the most of these their
+concubines were taken away. Besides this, in other places many were
+plunged into the same waters, the total number reaching three thousand
+six hundred and eighty.
+
+
+
+Residence of Dulac
+
+
+The most ample fruit has resulted from the Christian teaching among
+the people of Dulac, [43] given by the seven men of our Society. The
+foundations of a boys' school have been laid. In it thirty are imbued
+with good morals and solid virtues, and give their aid to Ours in
+explaining the catechism to the more ignorant people and those of the
+lower order, and that with happy results; for whenever Ours go where
+these pupils have exerted their diligence, they find all the people
+well prepared to receive baptism.
+
+To the old Christians and some of the more intelligent adults familiar
+sermons are delivered on the life of Christ and those of the saints,
+and on the manner of profitably receiving communion, and notable
+results are evident. On account of these pious exercises and the
+uprightness of life shown by these converts, the Christian religion is
+ordinarily held in such high esteem that few remain who do not desire
+to be initiated into it by baptism. In Advent and at the feast of the
+Nativity we baptized more than seven hundred persons. We have baptized
+in all, from last year to the present date, two thousand and twenty,
+or more.
+
+To this residence are annexed, besides other charges, the care of two
+great and populous districts, which give surest proof of their virtue
+by clean morals and by obedience. We are informed by letters that,
+at the feast of the Nativity, in one of them eight hundred infidels
+pledged themselves to the Christian faith; and that the believers
+do not yield to España in frequenting the sacraments of confession
+and communion.
+
+There was found in one little village an old man leading the life
+practically of a hermit; and when our father asked him about his
+manner of life, he answered so wisely that the father was greatly
+surprised. Among other things he said that though his bodily life
+was passed on earth, yet his soul lived in heaven. He had no dreams
+at night except about the other life, and he was accustomed to see
+the blessed surrounded with great splendor, and one among them who
+excelled them all. And when the father gave him a picture of the Last
+Judgment to look at, in which was expressed the glory of paradise,
+he asked him if his dreams agreed with this picture of the blessed
+life. The wonderful old man answered: "Should I see nothing but this,
+my father? Much more! much more!" The father was amazed to find such
+a treasure of spiritual riches laid up in this man; for he afterward
+said that his meditation and the occupation of his mind would be of
+nothing else than of Jesus and Mary, until he had exchanged this life
+for the eternal one.
+
+Two of Ours, happening to enter a wretched rustic hut, found a man
+more than eighty years old lying upon some reeds. He was deprived
+of all his senses and his whole body was so worn out that the skin
+scarcely adhered to his bones--a living image of death. Our fathers
+pitied the man, and prayed to God for him that He would not deny
+His compassion to this most pitiable of men. Soon after, the dying
+man revived, and with great joy received baptism. As soon as he had
+received it he was again deprived of his senses, and, gently calling
+on the names of Jesus and Mary, he rendered up his soul to God.
+
+Information was brought that there was a man lying grievously ill in
+the most distant part of the district. Although we were not a little
+deterred from the journey by the darkness of night and the great
+number of serpents, as well as by the necessity of crossing a river
+full of crocodiles; yet we did not regard all these things as of so
+much consequence as the value of a single soul redeemed by the blood
+of Jesus Christ. One of the fathers, therefore, went thither, and with
+a medicine healed the sick man in the name of Jesus. On the father's
+return, something more extraordinary happened to him. He came upon
+a sick woman, who, although she did not seem to be dangerously ill,
+yet departed to the better life as soon as she had received baptism. As
+two of Ours were making their way over a sandy soil at noon, under the
+dreadful heat of the burning sun, being without any food or drink, they
+laid this their affliction before the Lord God; and behold! suddenly,
+at this most unusual time, there was a man sitting on the ground,
+who showed himself most kind and courteous. He ungrudgingly offered
+to the hungry and thirsty men fresh fruit from his basket. When they
+accepted it readily, he not only took great pleasure in that, but
+also urged them, with a certain strange earnestness, to feed upon
+it as if it were their own. Strengthened with this little meal they
+went on, which they could hardly have done otherwise, and offered
+great thanks to God that He had come to their assistance in their
+extremity. Afterward, when they had considered all the circumstances
+of the fact, and of the place in which the man was found with the
+fruit, and had reflected that no Indian was in the habit of going on
+a journey alone in the heat of the day, and again that, although they
+were unknown to him, he had shared the fruit with them so kindly and
+generously, they came directly to the conclusion that he was an angel
+of God. At least it was a proof of the singular providence of God;
+and it is well worthy of belief, that God in this manner had been
+willing to show His bounty to them, inasmuch as the said two fathers
+had exercised their ministry with great spiritual fruit in that place
+from which they had set out on that day.
+
+
+
+
+Residence of Alangala
+
+
+In this residence four priests and three brethren give their energy to
+cultivating the vineyard of the Lord. They go afoot through the rivers,
+the pools, and the marshes, the water often reaching to their navels,
+and the sun burning above them. But since their labor is wrought
+through the love of God, He, in His unmeasured kindness, never
+deprives them of His solace in the utmost perils. They write that,
+from the end of last year up to the present time, more than fourteen
+hundred have received the sacred washing of regeneration. They give
+diligent attention to the divine offices, which are celebrated in
+this residence with greater magnificence than elsewhere, on account
+of the convenience of three Indian chapels, which far surpass the
+Spanish. They follow the practice of singing _Salve Regina_, in honor
+of our Lady the Virgin; and, throughout Lent, of singing the psalm
+_Miserere_ to accompany the discipline.
+
+Several missions have been established in various places, with
+manifold increase of baptisms and other spiritual fruits. I will give
+an account of some. While a father was living in one little district,
+an Indian, crippled in both hands and feet, made his way straight to
+the father by boat, and that alone, to the astonishment of all--God
+and his guardian angel doubtless impelling the boat. He begged the
+father for baptism, and declared that the author of his request had
+been a certain Spaniard who had told him that all those who did not
+accept the Christian law would be carried off to hell.
+
+The greatest results have been obtained from the schools, for the
+pupils have each of them become teachers in the paternal homes of
+all the domestics; and by the good example of their lives they incite
+others to accept the true doctrine. A boy, a cantor in church, being
+solicited by a Spaniard to perpetrate a foul deed, answered: "Sir,
+I know well by what remedy you should drive away that temptation
+of yours. Let us recite together a rosary in honor of the blessed
+Virgin Mary, and instantly all these wicked thoughts will vanish in
+smoke." Thus by the newly converted Christian he was instructed who
+ought rightly to have been the teacher and master of others.
+
+In the island Leita there were counted last year above five hundred
+and twenty-nine thousand souls; and they have the instruction of our
+priests only, who are six in number. By their hands the most holy
+waters of baptism have, in the course of a year, in this and other
+islands, been sprinkled upon at least ten thousand nine hundred
+heads. And this, in brief, is the harvest of this vice-province.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It only remains that your Paternity should cast your eyes upon this
+new and tiny plant, separated from Rome by so great an interval of
+distance and situated in the most remote parts of the world, as it
+has also obtained the last place in the government of the Society;
+and that you should show to it all kindness and favor by sending to it
+some laborers with these words from the eighteenth chapter of Isaiah:
+_Ite, angeli veloces, ad gentem conuulsam et dilaceratam, ad populum
+terribilem, post quem non est alius._ [44] Thus they may bring unto
+these places of darkness some light by their preaching of the gospel,
+and all may bend the knee before the true God, the maker of the world,
+and adore and revere Him.
+
+These treasures the India of the Philippines offers to your Paternity,
+and it is confident that by the divine grace and your blessing it
+will offer greater ones. Finally, may our Lord protect and preserve
+the health of your Paternity for many years, to the advantage of the
+whole church and the increase of the Society. Your Paternity's son
+and servant in Christ,
+
+_Francisco Vaez_
+
+
+
+
+Letter from Diego Garcia to Felipe III
+
+
+Sire:
+
+In the year ninety-nine I came to these islands, by order of my
+general, to console and visit in his name the fathers and brothers
+of our Society who reside in them. We were much pleased to see how
+much has been done for the service of our Lord and your Majesty,
+and the good of the Indians.
+
+The Society of Jesus has in its charge a good part of the islands
+called the Pintados, where the holy gospel had never been preached. In
+the period of four years, eleven or twelve thousand have been converted
+and baptized. Matters are now in such course that in a short time,
+with the divine grace, there will be more than forty thousand
+baptized. As the priests who are occupied in this conversion are
+not more than thirteen, [45] the results, if there were many more,
+would also have been incomparably greater. For the honor of God, I
+beseech your Majesty to be pleased to command that workers be sent,
+as it is a great shame that, when the season for the harvest is upon
+us, it should be lost through lack of reapers.
+
+
+_[In the margin of the preceding paragraph_:
+
+Already provided for."]
+
+The Indians of these Pintados Islands have by nature good dispositions
+and abilities. I have learned by experience with some few, who were
+brought up in our houses, from the time when they were children,
+that if there were several seminaries where the education of the youth
+might be carefully attended to, taking them out of the power of their
+heathen parents, while still children (for the latter would give them
+up willingly), inside of a few years there would be a very prosperous
+Christian community in the sight of God and men. In my opinion there
+is no more effective means to establish the faith firmly among these
+barbarians than this.
+
+Your Majesty would do a great service to our Lord by ordering that a
+seminary for these people should be established. I believe that the
+money which has been collected from the fourths, where there is no
+instruction, might well be employed in this work. In all conscience,
+it ought to be spent for the spiritual good of those Indians, as
+your Majesty directed by your royal decree. And none will do so well
+as this, which is the seed for all the rest. I have learned that,
+in the royal buildings at Manila, fourteen or fifteen thousand pesos
+are spent which are obtained from these fourths. From these and some
+other funds which lie in the treasury and are every day accumulating,
+several of the said seminaries might be well established.
+
+[_In the margin of the preceding paragraph:_ "Have the papers brought
+which relate to this."]
+
+It is a great disadvantage for conversions to our holy faith, and
+for the civilization of these same Indians, for them to be dispersed
+like wild beasts among the mountains. It would be a great relief for
+the burden on the royal conscience of your Majesty, if your ministers
+should execute the order given by your Majesty to reduce this people
+to settlements. As they now are, the labor of the ministers is
+immense, and the results are small; and they are unable to establish
+Christianity and civilization as they should. [46]
+
+[_In the margin of the previous paragraph:_ "Write to Don Pedro
+de Acuña that with the help of these fathers, with all possible
+gentleness, and at the least cost, he shall see to it that the Indians
+be thus reduced; and if there be any great difficulty or disadvantage
+therein, let him advise us of it."]
+
+The Indians have many grievances against the corregidors and
+encomenderos. With fewer or none of these judges there would be more
+justice; and if the encomenderos or collectors of tributes were not
+present in villages, the Indians would be better guarded.
+
+[_In the margin of this paragraph_: "Let Don Pedro de Acuña send
+information."]
+
+The students in this country receive no reward for their studies,
+and accordingly tire of them and leave them at the most important
+time. It would be well if your Majesty would give permission for us
+to graduate them from our courses of study, which are the first that
+were established in this country. In this way the sons of the country
+will be encouraged; and the cost of bringing masters from España,
+and maintaining them with a perpetual salary, will be saved to the
+royal treasury. In great part there will also be saved the expense of
+bringing ministers from Europe, since they will be trained in this
+country--where they are used to the climate, and know the language
+of the natives. Although at present we cannot found so organized
+a university, at least they can be graduated in arts and theology,
+which are the sciences lectured upon in our Society.
+
+[_In the margin of this paragraph_: "Provided for in the duplicate
+of this."]
+
+There are many persons in these islands who have toiled in the service
+of your Majesty, and your Majesty would direct his favor well if
+he extended it, among others, to Doctor Antonio de Morga, auditor
+of this royal Audiencia, who is a man of good parts and fitted for
+any matter pertaining to the service of your Majesty. Likewise the
+licentiate Don Antonio de Ribera, auditor of this royal Audiencia,
+has done a great deal in saving a galleon in which was carried the
+entire wealth and support of this country. Captain Hernando de Avila,
+treasurer of the royal exchequer of your Majesty, is filling that
+office as a faithful servant. Captain Christoval Ascueta Menchaca
+has served many years and is worthy of reward.
+
+[_In the margin_: "On the memorandum of the exchequer."]
+
+Throughout our entire order, especial care is taken in all matters
+respecting your Majesty, and we shall still continue this, beseeching
+our Lord to protect your Majesty many years for us, as He may see
+is fitting for the welfare of His church and of the kingdoms of your
+Majesty. Manila, July 8, 1601.
+
+_Diego Garcia_, visitor of the Society of Jesus.
+
+
+
+
+
+Letter from the Fiscal to Felipe III
+
+
+Sire:
+
+I, the licentiate Geronimo de Salazar y Salcedo, fiscal for your
+Majesty in the royal Audiencia and Chancilleria of the Philipinas
+Islands, say that, as it has been heard in the islands that your
+Majesty has done them the favor of appointing Don Pedro de Acuña as
+governor and captain-general, and president of the royal Audiencia,
+this has greatly pleased and satisfied them, on account of the good
+reputation which he has of being an excellent soldier, and not at all
+self-seeking. Therefore his arrival is desired, because it is very
+necessary for all and [_illegible in MS._] for the matters of war,
+in which many mistakes have been made up to the present time--which I
+will not mention, however, since the remedy is so soon expected with
+the arrival of Don Pedro de Acuña. If this had occurred a year ago,
+it is certain that a great misfortune would have been avoided which
+these islands suffered, and which was as follows.
+
+On the sixteenth of October of the year 1600 just past, there entered
+the little bay of Aluay, which is in these islands, near the entrance
+to them, two vessels, which, from some people who went on board of
+them, were found to belong to strangers. After having robbed some
+vessels they came toward the port of Cavite, which is two leguas from
+this city, and is the place where vessels anchor. It was decided that
+some ships should be fitted out in the aforesaid port--namely, a ship
+built in the island of Cebu, called the "Sant Diego," which belonged
+to some private persons; a galicabra called the "Sant Bartolome," which
+belongs to your Majesty; a galley of twenty benches, also belonging to
+your Majesty; and a pataje belonging to some Portuguese from Malaca,
+who were in the port. [47]
+
+It seemed to Don Francisco Tello, governor and captain-general of
+these islands and president of the royal Audiencia, and to the doctor
+Antonio de Morga and the licentiate Cristoval Tellez de Almacan,
+auditors therein, that it would be well, in order that the ships
+might be got ready in the best way and as quickly as possible, for
+the aforesaid Dr. Antonio de Morga to go to Cavite for that purpose,
+and so he went there early in November. Later, desiring to go as
+commander-in-chief of the expedition, he asked for that office from
+the president, who proposed it to the licentiate Cristoval Tellez de
+Almacan, desiring him to secure it through a session of the Audiencia,
+but the latter opposed it. I afterward spoke to him of the lack there
+was of auditors, and of some other matters, and suggested to him to
+write about this and let each one give his opinion. Yet, although
+the said president agreed to do so, he did not, but secretly gave
+the title of commander-in-chief of the fleet to the said Dr. Antonio
+de Morga, although your Majesty had here Don Juan Ronquillo, who was
+receiving a salary as commander-in-chief of the galleys, and who was
+a veteran soldier, together with many others who have well approved
+themselves on the occasions for service which have arisen. The doctor,
+fearing that the president might change his mind, made haste to leave
+the port; and, although he could have had the galeota fitted out,
+he did not do so. It was understood that the reason given was that
+Don Juan Ronquillo said that it should not go out because he was
+commander-in-chief of the galleys for your Majesty, and that the
+right to go in the galeota could not be taken from him. Likewise,
+although he could have taken the pataje from Malaca, for which he had
+received some supplies and artillery at your Majesty's expense, he did
+not wait for it; and some say that friends of the doctor said that he
+ought not to take the pataje, because the Portuguese on it said that
+he should not, although the victory would have been to their account.
+
+So on the twelfth of December he set out from Cavite for the port of
+Mariveles, which is seven leguas distant, and there [_MS. illegible_]
+the flagship which was the ship "Sant Diego;" and on the following day,
+the thirteenth, at eleven or twelve o'clock of a very black night,
+he left the port of Mariveles, without informing his admiral's ship,
+which was the galicabra, and in which sailed as admiral the captain
+Juan de Alcega. However, after the flagship had been gone more than an
+hour, the other ship saw it by accident, and went after it. At daybreak
+our flagship recognized that of the enemy, which, together with its
+admiral's ship, was between the islands of Anacebu and Fortun. On
+account of the roughness of the weather, they were unable to unite;
+so the enemy's flagship kept up into the wind to wait for ours,
+which gained the windward of it and closed with it under full sail,
+while the admiral's ship of the enemy took to flight.
+
+Meanwhile the two flagships were fighting. For each man of the enemy
+our ship had four Spaniards--not to mention the Indians and negroes,
+who helped very much--and a great deal of artillery, powder, and
+munitions and instruments of war; and they destroyed the enemy to
+such an extent that as many of our men as wished to do so entered it
+and took the banners and standards and other things belonging to the
+enemy, without having anyone appear on it, for they had retired to the
+bow. At this point our admiral's ship arrived, and with its artillery
+and arquebuses did some damage to the Dutch flagship; and our men on
+it, especially Alonso de Mansilla, the sargento-mayor's adjutant,
+called aloud, telling the others not to do them any damage, but to
+pass on to the admiral's ship of the enemy, because their flagship
+had already surrendered to your Majesty; whereupon our admiral's ship
+went in pursuit of the Dutch admiral's ship, which was more than two
+leguas away. The two flagships remained thus over three hours more,
+besides the two during which they had already been together. The enemy
+did not fight, and on our ship there was no one to order or govern,
+or command anyone to pass to the other ship. Then it was said that
+our ship was going to the bottom, and so loudly that the enemy heard
+it and took courage again. In our ship there was no one to command
+what was to be done, so that it did go to the bottom. There escaped on
+mattresses and on shields, and by swimming, Dr. Antonio de Morga and
+[_illegible in MS._] other persons; but more than as many Spaniards
+again were lost, and more than a hundred Indians and negroes. The best
+artillery that there was in these islands, which had been taken from
+the fortresses for this purpose, was also utterly lost, besides all
+that the vessel carried, which was a great deal. That same day the
+admiral, Juan de Alcega, captured the Dutch admiral's ship, and sent
+its men to this city.
+
+Then it was that they were found to be Dutch. They called themselves
+vassals of Mauricio, Prince of Orange and Count of Nasau; and they
+bore a patent, a copy of which is subjoined. The president thought
+it well to send after the enemy's flagship, and for this purpose
+he ordered that our admiral's ship should go, with Admiral Juan
+de Alcega as commander; and that the Dutch vessel should go as
+admiral's ship, with Captain Juan Tello de Aguirre as admiral, who
+had had the position over the infantry in our admiral's ship. They
+went where they were ordered, but did not find a trace of the Dutch
+flagship. The commander of this was Oliver van Noordt, and in command
+of the admiral's ship was Lanverto Viesman. They were heretics who,
+with other ships, had set out from the port of Nostradamus [_i.e._,
+Amsterdam] in Olanda, on the twelfth of September in the year 98;
+and had come by the Canaria Islands and by Brasil, through the Strait
+of Magallanes and along the coast of Chile, to these islands.
+
+As I thought from the beginning, as soon as I knew of the loss of
+our flagship, that they would try to conceal it from your Majesty,
+I made an investigation about it, a copy of which is subjoined. [48]
+From this it can be seen who was to blame; and whatever is written to
+your Majesty contrary to this, or to what is contained in the report on
+the investigation, is not to be relied upon. The president has made an
+investigation in this matter, trying to shield himself and the guilty
+ones; and it has been carried on in such a way that it is known that
+no witness has dared to tell the truth. On this account I presented a
+petition to the president, asking that he refrain from trying the case,
+because the witnesses did not speak freely for fear of the power of the
+guilty, and because I intended to ask your Majesty to appoint a judge
+who could try the case, since the president could not do so. I also
+asked that a copy might be given to me of all that had been written
+about this matter, in order that I might give it to your Majesty and
+ask for what might be proper. This was denied me by the president,
+and I appealed to the royal Audiencia, but for lack of auditors,
+of whom there was only the licentiate Tellez de Almazan, no action
+was taken. If a judge were to be appointed, there would be none who
+would dare to declare against the will of the guilty. Although the
+licentiate Don Antonio de Rivera Maldonado has come since, it has
+been impossible for me to take up this matter, because I have been
+ill now for more than forty days. So I beg your Majesty to order
+that this report be examined, and that whatever is proper may be
+done. Our Lord keep the Catholic and royal person of your Majesty,
+with a greater increase of realms and power. From Manila, which is
+in the Philipinas Islands, on the sixteenth of July of the year 1601.
+
+_Hieronimo de Salazar y Salcedo_
+
+
+
+
+
+Complaint of the Cabildo of Manila Against Morga
+
+
+Sire:
+
+The most faithful city of Manila in the Philipinas Islands humbly
+informs your Majesty that for some years past this city and realm
+have suffered, and are at present suffering, so many hardships and
+misfortunes, both in wars and in the loss of wealth and prestige, that
+it has been very close to entire ruin. This has arisen and arises
+not from unavoidable accidents which ordinarily happen in states
+and communities, but from those which the persons in charge of the
+government and who reside there could avoid, but do not prepare for;
+and they are notoriously due to the fault and misgovernment of the
+persons to whom your Majesty has entrusted the administration of these
+islands--partly on account of their scant energy and vigilance, but
+most of all through what has resulted from their not being willing
+to fulfil the orders, instructions, and royal decrees which your
+Majesty had previously issued for the attainment of your objects
+and for particular ends; these they have directly violated. Since
+such conditions require a remedy, and as this must depend upon the
+royal will of your Majesty, who are not informed of the actual truth
+concerning events which have occurred here, these states must remain
+without relief on your Majesty's part, and with the said danger of our
+ruin. Owing to the general obligation which rests upon us as vassals
+of your Majesty, and that which in conscience especially obliges us
+as regidors of this city, which is the capital of all these islands,
+the following account has been written.
+
+In the first place, a matter whence many other losses have resulted
+is this. Your Majesty having ordered the conquest of the kingdom of
+Mindanao to be entrusted to Captain Estevan Rodriguez de Figueroa,
+conformably to the edict or ordinance which treats of the conquest of
+newly-discovered countries and settlements in the Yndias, and this
+order having been despatched to the said Captain Estevan Rodriguez
+de Figueroa, Governor Don Louis Das Mariñas arrived here in the year
+96. When the former reached Mindanao with his expedition, he (and he
+alone) was killed by the natives of that island on the unfortunate
+day of St. Mark of the same year. When Don Francisco Tello arrived
+in the following June of the said year and took this government, he
+immediately undertook to send a person to conduct the said conquest
+of Mindanao. As all the troops were there which had been taken by
+the said Captain Estevan Rodriguez, and as Don Joan Ronquillo (your
+Majesty's commander of the galleys and of naval affairs in these
+islands) had gone there with another detachment of troops, and had
+remained in the said islands until March of the year 98--where, during
+all this time, he won many victories over the enemy, and latterly one
+against the king of Terrenate (who was sending his fleet to aid the
+said island), wherein he routed and captured the vessels and killed
+their commander, who was an uncle of the said king of Terrenate--at
+this the natives of the said island of Mindanao, who until that
+time had defended themselves, began negotiations for surrender,
+and for rendering submission to your Majesty; a part of them did
+so, and paid tribute to your Majesty. The said Don Francisco Tello,
+with the approval of Doctor Antonio de Morga, without considering
+the state in which this matter lay, or reflecting upon the injuries
+which might result from issuing such orders as they did (as may be
+seen later by what will be written further on), sent the said Don
+Joan Rronquillo an order to dismantle the fortifications of the said
+island, without leaving any fortified station, and to tear down the
+forts which your Majesty held there. Although he saw the great loss
+which would result from this, yet, as there was a clause in the said
+order directing him to do this without any reply, under penalty of
+being held contumacious and liable to punishment, he left the said
+island and came to this city with the fleet and troops which he had
+there, in the month of April of the year 98. The said Don Francisco
+Tello and the said Doctor Morga, seeing the great error which they had
+committed, attempted to exonerate themselves before the said Don Joan
+Rronquillo should arrive in this city. They arrested him, charging him
+with having taken away the protection of the said island of Mindanao,
+without their having sent him any strict order which would oblige him
+to do it. In order to give color to this--as they were aware that, in
+the voyage which the said Don Joan Rronquillo made while returning,
+his ship was partly wrecked, and they supposed that the said order
+which they had sent him had been lost, they intrigued with the
+government notary, and had him produce in the prosecution against
+the said Don Joan the order which had been given to dismantle the
+fortresses of Mindanao, omitting therefrom those words which made
+it obligatory for him to do so--namely, that he should do so under
+penalty of being contumacious and liable to punishment. In this way
+they were released from responsibility for their act, and the said
+Don Joan Ronquillo was inculpated without excuse, since in so serious
+an affair he, being on the spot, should not have done so for a simple
+command. The case having been continued, and he having presented the
+original order which they thought had been lost, and having given other
+explanations, he was even by them acquitted of that charge. All this
+appears sufficiently by the record of the case, which remains in these
+islands. Your Majesty having been made aware of the abandonment of
+the said islands during the last year, there arrived here your royal
+decree directing the investigation and punishment of whomsoever was
+responsible. As they were to blame in the affair, as can be seen by
+this relation, they remained silent, and have taken no action. From
+the abandonment of what was already gained, through the said order,
+it has followed that the Indians who are natives of the said islands of
+Ufanos, which the Spaniards had left, considering that this was due to
+fear, assembled, with others from other neighboring kingdoms, to come
+to work havoc in the lands of your Majesty. Accordingly, in the past
+year of 1600 they came with a fleet of many vessels to the Pintados
+provinces, which are subject to your Majesty; and in the region known
+as Bantayan they burned the village and the church, killed many, and
+took captive more than eight hundred persons. Thence they came to the
+river of Panay, an encomienda assigned to the royal crown, and killed
+a great many more, taking six hundred more prisoners from the said
+encomiendas. They burned the church and the image of our Lady which
+was in it, which a few days before that had for a considerable time
+miraculously sweated out many drops of water, as if in premonition of
+the impending event. They drank out of the chalice in their feasts,
+scoffing at the consecration of it, after the fashion of Mahometan
+people, whereby the natives and Spaniards of those regions were
+greatly afflicted and terrorized, as may be imagined.
+
+As has already been said, the reason for the coming of these
+Indians to inflict the said damage was the command to take away your
+Majesty's camp from the said land of Mindanao. But the cause for
+their having wrought those injuries after they arrived was, as was
+said at the beginning, that the order and decree of your Majesty
+was not obeyed. For your Majesty had in this camp four captains
+of infantry with the four hundred soldiers which your Majesty had
+commanded to be left there as a garrison, and the said captains were
+satisfactory persons; and it was ordered that there should be no more
+than the said four captains there, as any more would be superfluous,
+since there were so few soldiers. Doctor Antonio de Morga, auditor of
+this royal Audiencia, has reached such arrogance and restlessness of
+mind, caused by his having wrought so many injuries to this afflicted
+commonwealth through the power and authority which he has, both
+in general and in particular, to many citizens thereof; but, with
+his customary facility for speaking ill to some one's prejudice, he
+escapes, without anyone daring to speak of the matter. In the little
+time which he had spent in this country, he found himself rich and
+powerful through his trading and commerce. Accordingly he commenced to
+procure taking away the employments and offices from soldiers and men
+of war whom your Majesty has here, and appropriated them to himself
+and his relations. Thus, contrary to the said limitation of number,
+and in violation of what your Majesty commands by your ordinances
+and decrees--namely, that offices of profit shall not be given to the
+auditors, or to their kindred, servants, or dependents--Governor Don
+Francisco Tello appointed, as alcalde-mayor of the island of Mindoro,
+a certain Pedro Cotelo de Morales, a first cousin of the wife of the
+said Doctor Morga, who came with the latter to these islands; and
+passed by, in giving it, many of the conquerors and poor settlers. But
+the said Doctor Morga would not accept this, saying that he would
+have no appointment for him unless it was a paid captaincy. The man
+was a mere youth, and in all his life had never fired an arquebus,
+and was not skilled or experienced in war. On the contrary, he had
+led a very evil life, which cannot be fittingly described to your
+Majesty, and so is left unsaid. Accordingly, to give some color to
+what he desired to do, and in order that he might not appear to
+be exceeding the said number of four captains, the said governor
+appointed this man captain of infantry, so that he could go out of
+this city to the said Pintados provinces, where they were in fear
+that the said enemies were going. He was assigned the regular salary
+for a captain, and in like manner the other officers of his company
+were established with pay; and they likewise were men of the same way
+of life and the same amount of experience in war as the said Pedro
+Cotelo. He went with the troops to the city of Santisimo Nombre de
+Jhesus, which is in the said provinces of the Pintados, thus leaving
+in this city of Manila the four regular captains of infantry, who had
+some knowledge of the affair, in idleness and without any troops;
+for among all four of the companies there did not remain a hundred
+soldiers fit for service. As he was in the said city at the time when
+the said enemies came, and received word that they were in the said
+village of Bantayan, the alcalde-mayor and commander of the troops
+of war, who was in the said city, despatched the said Pedro Cotelo
+de Morales with ships and troops against them. Although the journey
+from the place where he was to that where the enemies were situated
+was two days long, he took four to it. If he had arrived at the time
+when he might have done so, he would have found the enemy drawn up
+on the land, and would have burned their fleet and taken away their
+prizes. When he arrived, sailing on from that place, he again heard
+the noise of the engines of war which they had with them, near some
+islands; and some of the soldiers, even, climbing up the masts of
+the ships, saw those of the enemy. But he would not go against them
+either, alleging various excuses--as your Majesty may have seen more
+at length by the information which accompanies this.
+
+Besides this, the said Pedro Cotelo Morales, having arrived with
+his fleet at the town of Arevalo, a settlement of Spaniards, the
+commander and alcalde-mayor there resident gave him more ships and
+troops, and ordered him in a council of war (in which Pedro Cotelo
+himself took part) to go and seek the enemy; and, if he did not find
+him in an island near there, to come back immediately to the said
+town of Arevalo on account of the fear lest the enemy should escape
+thither. The said Pedro Cotelo, taking no heed of the said order,
+as one who held the post of alcalde should, and in order to flee the
+battle, did not observe this command, and went into another region
+without coming back to the said town. In the meantime the enemy came
+there and landed, and the town was almost ruined. They killed the
+alcalde-mayor and commander of the troops, and then withdrew. If the
+said Pedro Cotelo had come back as had been ordered by the said council
+of war, he would have found them fighting there with their ships
+in the bays and rivers, in such wise that not a man or a ship could
+escape. In this way the enemy left with the two prizes mentioned. And
+this year we have even now information that they are coming back with
+increased forces; and in the preparation which has been already made
+or is now under way, more than fifty thousand pesos have been spent
+from the exchequer of your Majesty and furnished by private persons,
+to say nothing of the losses which the pirates will inflict when
+they return. The said Doctor Morga has been to blame for all this;
+because, contrary to the orders of your Majesty, he succeeded in
+having his relative placed in an office which he did not deserve, and
+for which he was not competent. Concerning this last affair, a copy
+of the proceedings of the council of war was sent to your Majesty,
+in which was the above-mentioned order to the said Cotelo. In order
+that it may be more thoroughly proved, they sent to the said town of
+Arevalo to have the matter investigated; but the magistrate there,
+for fear of the said Doctor Morga, would take no action.
+
+The said Doctor Morga, continuing his bold acts, was not content with
+having been responsible for the losses to property. Two Dutch ships
+having arrived in the past year of six hundred, in these islands,
+and having come in the month of November to the mouth of the bay of
+this city, while they were beating about in the bay, ships were put
+in readiness to go out against them. The said Don Joan Ronquillo,
+commander of the naval forces of your Majesty, having gone to the
+port of Cavite for this purpose, the said Doctor Morga commenced his
+machinations, and claimed that he should go as commander of the said
+expedition. To give this some foundation and color, when the said Don
+Joan Ronquillo had come to this city to seek various supplies for the
+said expedition, he was arrested; and on the next day following the
+said Doctor Morga went to the port of Cavite, saying that he had best
+be present in person to encourage the despatching of the fleet. In
+fact, through scheming and plotting, and by the authority of his
+office, he succeeded in taking the said expedition away from the said
+Don Joan Rronquillo, and having it given to himself. He wrote letters,
+the originals of which are extant, to the governor of these islands,
+asking him that, even if Don Joan Rronquillo should petition for
+judgment against him, he in no wise respond or have to do with him
+until the despatch of the vessels should be completed, so that the
+latter might not appeal to the Audiencia and obtain a decree which
+would hinder the said Doctor Morga in the expedition. When three ships
+were armed and fitted with artillery to go out against the enemy's
+fleet, he went with the two vessels, which were the flagship and
+almiranta, to the island of Mariveles, eight leagues from the point of
+Cavite and five leagues from where the enemy were--without awaiting
+the other third ship which lay at Cavite, and belonged to several
+Portuguese, which arrived at the said island of Marbeles the same night
+when Doctor Morga sailed away. Having sighted the enemy on Thursday
+morning, without waiting for Captain Joan de Alcega, who was in the
+other ship, as admiral, or taking advice as to what should be done,
+he was confident of the victory on account of the report which had
+been made concerning the few troops which the enemy carried, and the
+large number that he himself had on board with him. Consequently the
+flukes of the anchors were put upon the side of the ship; and having
+come up with and grappled the enemy at the sixth hour, the latter,
+seeing the force which the flagship had, gave up, and put himself
+with all his men under cover, without firing a single arquebus for
+more than an hour by the clock. Some of the soldiers and sailors from
+our ship, having entered theirs without orders (for the said Doctor
+was not able to give the order), and having found the deck of the
+enemy's ship without men and all the troops withdrawn--the banners
+being captured, and cast over to our ships--when the enemy saw how
+little care was given to the taking possession, since the troops were
+coming aboard without orders or any plan, they began to recover their
+courage somewhat, and commenced to defend themselves. When they had
+killed one or two of ours, as the latter had no one to command or
+direct them--because the said Doctor, as soon as they came in to
+close quarters with the enemy, had thrown himself down behind the
+capstan of the ship with a number of mattresses--the troops became so
+demoralized that no one was able to accomplish anything. Although some
+of them went up to the said Doctor and told him to board the ship,
+or to send troops on board of it with an order, he would not do so,
+as he was so overcome by fright and lacking in courage. Likewise,
+when they came to tell him that the ship was taking in much water
+through the gun-ports, because, when the fleeing troops left the
+side where they were grappled, and passed to the other side without
+fighting, the said ship careened and the water entered--although
+he was told of this several times, that he might remedy it, it was
+the same in this matter as the rest. Accordingly so much water was
+entering the ship that it was in danger. A father of the Society of
+Jesus, bearing a crucifix in his hand, told him that since the ship
+was in danger he should go over with the men to that of the enemy;
+since as they were so near together, and there was no resistance,
+it would be like passing from one dwelling to another. He would
+not do it, but on the contrary threw the mattresses with which he
+had fortified the capstan into the water, in order to go to a small
+islet which lay near and escape, as he did. The enemy rushed upon
+all the troops, who threw themselves into the water, and the killed
+and drowned amounted to more than one hundred and twenty Spaniards
+of the most distinguished and important people of these islands,
+without counting more than a hundred negroes and natives beside.
+
+Such was the manner of the surrender of the said ship of the enemy
+as soon as it was grappled. When the said captain, Joan de Alcega,
+arrived with his almiranta on the other beam of the enemy, giving him
+a volley of artillery and musketry, and when he finally undertook to
+board the enemy's ship, the Spaniards who were on the inside under
+its deck (among them being the adjutant of the sargento-mayor), told
+them not to fire, or they would kill the Spaniards; and to go ahead
+and follow the enemy's almiranta, which had taken to flight, as the
+flagship was already in your Majesty's hands, and there was nothing to
+do there. Accordingly the said admiral went after the other ship, and,
+coming up with it three or four leagues away, caused its surrender and
+brought the enemies who remained alive to this city, where justice was
+meted to them. The ship, with very good artillery, lies in this port.
+
+Besides the said loss, there was much artillery which the said Doctor
+Morga was taking in the said ship, and supplies of war, as he had
+taken what lay in the forts of this city, leaving them destitute of
+supplies, and the royal storehouses almost without powder; for he
+took six hundred barrels of it on the said flagship. Owing to the
+lack of men--so great that hardly anyone appeared on the streets--and
+that of the said artillery and arms of various kinds, this city was
+in such danger of ruin as never before, if some of the many enemies
+who surround it had attacked it with even a small force. Likewise the
+opportunity for the capture of the said flagship of the enemy was lost,
+in which was stored all which they had captured since leaving Olanda,
+and twenty pieces of artillery which they brought, many stores, and
+eight hundred muskets--all of which they were carrying, according
+to the declaration of the enemies who were in our power. For this
+country, where there is such a want of that kind of articles, and
+so many occasions continually arising in which they are necessary,
+it would have been of great importance and value; but the enemy is
+taking them away to buy with them cloves and pepper, and other drugs
+from these regions, as they are at present doing. For we have certain
+news that they went to the Maluco Islands, where they are anchored,
+and will leave the enemy there--who are most warlike, and who are most
+continually making war upon us--strengthened with arms like ours,
+whereby they will become skilful in their use; and from that will
+follow many difficulties, as may be imagined.
+
+Likewise there results another very great injury to these regions,
+because, the said ship of the enemy having escaped, they carry with
+them an excellent knowledge of these regions and of the sailing-routes;
+for day by day they record in writing their bearings, and the courses
+by which they have navigated. There is a society which has been formed
+in Olanda and other states, for the destruction of these regions,
+according to the account which all the enemies who were captured alive
+agreed in. Five great galleons for this purpose were being built here,
+so that if any of those ships should come from there the Spaniards
+might sally out with more force.
+
+We are sending your Majesty a copy of an information in this matter
+which was secured by your Majesty's fiscal with great secrecy, before
+the licentiate Almacan, auditor of this royal Audiencia. There
+is likewise a testimonial concerning the arms, military stores,
+artillery, and troops taken by the said Doctor Morga, in his flagship
+against that of the enemy; of the troops, not more than fifty-six
+people in all came back. There is another to the effect that on the
+morning of the day when the enemy were discovered the commander sent
+to the admiral fourteen of the twenty-seven that he had. There are
+some documents, drawn up at the petition of the said Doctor Morga,
+concerning the artillery and other articles which he caused to be given
+to the third ship that he was to take with him. On account of his not
+waiting for this two hours, and not being willing to assign it men,
+the misfortune came about by which, as he confesses in his petition,
+two hundred persons escaped; whereas it is known that the dead of the
+Spaniards alone amounted to more than a hundred and twenty, so that,
+according to this, he took five or six men with him for every enemy.
+
+He has drawn up a number of informations which, considering the dignity
+and power of his office, may obscure this truth and give some color to
+his case, as he is confident that it has done--and as he has likewise
+done in other matters, as he has used such bold and excessive measures
+ever since his arrival in this country. In this manner he has reached
+such a point that he petitioned for justice because he, as commander,
+had to divide the prize which he took in the enemy's captured ship,
+and maintained that a great part of it belonged to him. Afterward,
+by another petition he says that, as a vassal and servant of your
+Majesty, he relinquishes the part which falls to him and gives it
+to your Majesty, so that a share of what was taken may be given to
+him. A copy of these petitions is being sent, which makes this evident.
+
+There is also sent a copy of the commission as commander which the
+said Doctor Morga bore, and an edict which he drew up and enacted, by
+which the governor ordered him to go as commander. We do not undertake
+to explain to your Majesty any of the matter therein contained,
+since in these papers may be plainly seen what audacity he shows in
+trying to make it understood that he is a warrior, and that at other
+times, by your Majesty's order, he has had similar matters in charge;
+and from those very papers may be learned his conduct in many other
+matters in this country, against many people, without his taking into
+consideration in the least what was owing to them.
+
+The majority of the people through all this city have been hurt and
+injured, from the time when he came to this country, by the procedures
+of the said Doctor Morga, both in his actions and words against
+them, and in letters which he has written treacherously regarding
+the circumstances of various people, signing false names to them,
+and disguising his handwriting. Afterward he showed copies of these
+to other persons, in order to give the impression that he was not
+the author of them. At present, since this affair, the ill-feeling
+has grown with all these people, and become much greater, because
+most of the soldiers whom he took (serving at their own expense)
+went under threat and against their will; and as the relatives of our
+citizens died on this occasion, and their death was notoriously due
+to the fault and mismanagement of the said Doctor, it could not fail
+to arouse resentment against him. In the same way the said Doctor has
+been opposed to them, so that all the men who went in the almiranta are
+desirous of maintaining that they conquered, and not he; consequently
+what with the ill-feeling of the said Doctor against some of them, and
+of others against him, there are very few people in these islands who
+are not concerned. Accordingly he is odious and suspected in his office
+by all men; and no lawsuit is brought up in which he is not accused,
+as is now happening in several cases. The general ill-feeling here
+is no less owing to the fact that, whereas there are so many soldiers
+here who have come to these regions with no declared object except to
+serve your Majesty, and have done so since their arrival here, with
+good success, the said Doctor Morga should bring this about under
+the claim and pretext that there were no persons in these islands
+to whom such a matter could be entrusted; and that by this means the
+Spaniards had lost a victory so obviously theirs that it would without
+doubt have been gained if it had been entrusted to the least famous
+soldier here. We humbly beseech your Majesty in consideration of all
+these matters pertaining to the said Doctor, that a remedy may be
+applied to them, as is usually done by your Majesty, owing to your
+holy zeal and righteous justice. May our Lord protect your Majesty
+as we, your Majesty's vassals, desire. Manila, July 20, 1601.
+
+
+_Don Gonzalo Ronquillo de Vallesteros_
+_Francisco de las Missas_
+_Francisco Mercado Dandrade_
+_Hernando da_ [_illegible in MS._]
+_Bernardino de Avila_
+_Diego Melendez Florez_
+
+
+By command of the city of Manila:
+
+_Luys de Contreras_, clerk of the cabildo.
+
+
+
+
+
+Letter from Morga to Felipe III
+
+
+Sire:
+
+During the month of March of the past year, 1600, there passed
+through the Strait of Magallanes into the South Sea a squadron of
+armed ships from Holland, belonging to Count Mauricio, having as
+commander Oliver de el Nort, and as admiral Lamberto Biezman, with
+a patent and instructions in Flemish and Castilian to make war with
+fire and sword upon the Castilians and Portuguese whom they might
+meet in these parts. After they had made a few captures of little
+importance on the coast of Piru, the commander's ship and admiral's
+ship, together with their long-boats, came to these islands, where they
+came out of the channel on the sixteenth of November of the said year.
+
+Governor Don Francisco Tello found himself unprovided with any kind of
+fleet to resist them by sea; for he had no galleys and no other kind
+of ship with which to carry on offensive warfare, because a galizabra
+which had been commenced the year before in the shipyard of Cavite had
+been abandoned, and its build changed to that of a merchant ship. As
+he feared that the enemy would come down to the said port, and burn
+the few ships which were on the voyage from Nueva España, in order
+to secure himself from the seaside at all points he commanded Don
+Juan Ronquillo de Castillo (who was drawing his salary as commander
+of galleys when there were none) immediately to go to the said port,
+and put it in a state of defense, and build a fleet with which to go
+out against the pirate. He went to the port, which is two leagues
+from this city, and on the third day returned to the city without
+having undertaken to do anything, or shown any disposition to do
+so. He interposed difficulties, and asked for so many things which
+he said were necessary, and which were not at hand, that he made the
+thing out impossible; and not only was the governor disgusted with him
+for it, but Don Juan allowed himself to say things which obliged the
+governor to arrest him, as he did. The pirate continued his voyage in
+the direction of the bay of this city, and the president and governor,
+seeing himself hard pressed, communicated with the Audiencia and sought
+its aid. The latter, desiring to make the greatest effort possible,
+decided that I should go to Cavite and put the port in a state of
+defense and likewise secure a fleet. I opposed no difficulties or
+excuses to this, nor did I seek any rewards or aids for the expense,
+nor any impossible things. On the contrary, that same day I went to
+the port and fortified it so adequately that it was in a good state
+of defense--so that, although the enemy came into the mouth of the
+bay, they dared not enter or carry out their designs, on account
+of the knowledge that they had of my preparation. At the same time
+I finished the galizabra and launched it; and I fitted out another
+vessel, belonging to private persons, which lay there. I armed both of
+them and set sail in thirty days with a number of volunteer troops,
+men of quality, who were resolved to accompany me on the service of
+your Majesty on such an occasion (all at their own cost), as the enemy
+was well established at the mouth of the bay, waiting for the ships
+of the Chinese and the vessels from Nueva España with the silver,
+in order to capture them. When the governor saw the state in which
+I had put things, and at so little cost to your Majesty's exchequer,
+and that the troops with which the expedition must be made would not
+do so, or even go in the fleet if I did not go as its leader, and
+realized the great importance of promptness, he ordered me in the name
+of your Majesty to make the expedition immediately. He told me that in
+no other wise on this occasion could I serve your Majesty. I obeyed,
+and made ready to go where I was ordered, without seeking any pay of
+profit. I spent more than four thousand pesos of my scanty property
+to procure the necessaries for the expedition, some reenforcements, an
+outfit of arms, and other things. I risked my person, honor, property,
+and the support of ten children whom God has given me, and a good wife,
+solely for the service of God and your Majesty; for it is certain that
+no other interest or profit could take me from my house, where I was
+in quiet and safety, since I never sought or asked for this thing.
+
+This resolution was distasteful to the said Don Juan Ronquillo de el
+Castillo and his retainers--chief of whom are the factor, Francisco
+de las Missas [49] and the licentiate Tellez Almaçan, auditor of this
+Audiencia. These men quite openly proposed to the governor to give
+Don Juan the expedition, as he was the commander of the galleys;
+and other things to this purpose, which satisfied the governor but
+little. It seemed best to him not to change the design if I should
+desire it, or at least should not be burdened by it.
+
+I sailed with the two armed ships in quest of the pirate, from the port
+of Cabite, on the twelfth of December. On Thursday, the fourteenth
+of the same month, I came to close quarters with him, and the battle
+resulted as your Majesty will learn more at length by the relation
+which accompanies this.
+
+I took as admiral, by the appointment of the governor, a certain
+captain Juan de Alcega, a citizen of this city, and a partisan of
+the said Don Juan Ronquillo; he is for this reason a great friend of
+the said licentiate Tellez Almaçan, the auditor, and likewise because
+at the time when he came to this city the latter was hospitable and
+kind to him, and has always continued so. He is a man skilful in war
+with the Indians, as it is practiced here; but is of an irritable
+temperament, and desirous of having his own way on occasion, without
+obeying his superiors, of which there has been proof enough. When
+I had fully recognized the enemy and knew that he was carrying
+all his force on the flagship, I ordered the admiral in writing on
+the day before the battle, what particularly must be done--namely,
+that with both our ships we must engage the said flagship of the
+pirates. Accordingly as soon as I discovered the enemy the next day,
+I kept the almiranta near me, and grappled with the enemy and moored
+to him. When the admiral arrived and should have done the same,
+he shoved the tiller aside and, without my order, contrary to the
+command which I had given him, went after the almiranta of the pirate,
+which was sailing away; thus he left me unprotected and alone, for
+which reason my commander's ship fared as recounted in the relation.
+
+For this disobedience, and others of which he was guilty and of great
+importance, immediately upon our entrance into the city the governor
+arrested the said captain Juan de Alcega, and is proceeding against
+him. Through the favor of the said auditor and his party, and various
+measures which they have taken--especially with the licentiate Salazar,
+fiscal of this Audiencia, who is openly of the said party--they
+have shielded him in this case in such manner as might be expected
+of a person who is so near losing his office, and to whom it is so
+important not to make more enemies for his residencia. Accordingly
+thus far there has been nothing done in the case, and I have no hope
+that anything will be accomplished by the present proceedings.
+
+This Captain Joan de Alcega was freighter of the ship "Santo Thomas"
+[50] in the year 99, which left here for Nueva España in company with
+two other vessels from this city. In the loading of this ship, so
+great was the dishonesty and deceit on his part that it is understood
+that your Majesty's exchequer was defrauded of more than a hundred
+thousand pesos. The governor, in order to wash his hands of this
+wrongdoing, began suit against them and condemned them to heavy
+fines and penalties, as he must have informed your Majesty. The case
+came on appeal to this Audiencia. On account of the said friendship
+and partiality, the fiscal hushed up this case, as he has others,
+without discussion upon it, and with no reparation to your Majesty
+or to this commonwealth.
+
+In this manner Juan de Alcega not only remained unpunished but, aided
+by the said persons with several letters, informations and documents,
+which they had secretly made and composed, they are attempting to
+underrate my good service and seek for him the reward. I have not
+wished to set down in a boastful way anything more than the naked
+truth, which your Majesty now has before your eyes. I most humbly
+beseech your Majesty to be pleased to look upon my good intentions
+and labors with the clemency and benevolence which they deserve,
+extending to me the favor which is due, in such wise that they shall
+not remain without the recompense which the servants of your Majesty
+receive on similar occasions. And the chief of these should be to
+order me withdrawn from this exile, to a place where I can spend the
+rest of my life in greater peace in the service of your Majesty, and
+start my children upon the same path. God protect the royal Catholic
+person of your Majesty for many long years. Manila, June 30, 1601.
+
+_Don Antonio de Morga_
+
+
+
+
+
+Grant to Jesuit School in Cebu
+
+
+Sire:
+
+Hernando de Espinosa, procurator of the Society of Jesus in the
+Yndias, in the name of the residence [51] of this order in the
+city of Santisimo Nombre de Jesus of the Philipinas Islands, has
+represented that, because of the great need of persons to administer
+the sacraments to Spaniards, Indians, and Sangleys residing in and
+about that city, and to preach to them the holy gospel, the provincial
+of the said Society, with the permission of the governor, founded the
+said residence six years ago. It is productive of much good, for,
+besides the preaching to the Spaniards, natives, and Sangleys, and
+hearing their confessions, the other sacraments are administered to
+them; and there is a school where reading and writing are taught and
+Latin studied, which is of great gain and benefit to the community. The
+religious who are there are in great poverty; for they have no income,
+nor do they receive any alms from the people. The said procurator
+entreats from you a very moderate consideration, on account of their
+poverty. This being evident to the said governor, he ordered that
+to them be given annually, for such period as should seem fitting to
+him, two hundred pesos and two hundred fanegas of rice, as an alms,
+from the treasury of the fourths from the encomiendas that are without
+instruction. With this it is, however, impossible to support the said
+residence. It has need of repairs on its house, and, on account of
+its narrow quarters, of erecting new buildings; and because it has
+no alms, in lands or chaplaincies, [52] for the mass or any other
+of the purposes referred to, it is in great want, as is evident by
+the investigations made in the royal Audiencia of the said islands,
+which were examined in the Council. He entreats that your Majesty, in
+consideration of the aforesaid, will order that the said two hundred
+pesos and two hundred fanegas of rice--which were granted to it,
+as stated, by the said governor from the treasury of the fourths--be
+set aside for it from the royal treasury, as the other fund is not
+a permanent one. He further asks that you will bestow upon it from
+the royal treasury one thousand pesos of income for its support,
+and three thousand, to be paid once, for repairs and buildings for
+the said residence; since your Majesty is wont to favor the other
+parts of the Yndias for this purpose, as there is no other recourse
+for aid. After examining this matter in the Council, our opinion is
+that, if your Majesty be so pleased, one thousand pesos of eight reals
+each, might be given once to that residence from the royal treasury of
+the Philipinas, as an aid in building its houses; and that, besides,
+information concerning it should be obtained from the governor and
+the archbishop. Valladolid, December 11, 1601.
+
+[_Endorsed:_ "Council of the Indias; December 11, 1601. In regard
+to the aid and alms that should be bestowed upon the residence
+of the Society in the city of Santisimo Nombre de Jesus, of the
+Philippinas." "So let it be."]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Documents of 1602
+
+
+
+    Instructions to Pedro de Acuña. Felipe III; February 16.
+    Two royal decrees. Felipe III; February 16.
+    Pintados menaced by Mindanao pirates. Juan Juarez Gallinato,
+    and others; May 29-June 4.
+    Letters to Felipe III. L. P. Dasmariñas, and others; June
+    8-July 10.
+
+
+
+_Source_: All these documents are obtained from MSS. in the Archivo
+general de Indias, Sevilla.
+
+_Translations_: The first document is translated by Alfonso de Salvio,
+of Harvard University; the second, and part of the fourth, by Robert
+W. Haight; the third, and part of the fourth, by Norman F. Hall, of
+Harvard University; the first letter in the fourth, by José M. and
+Clara M. Asensio.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Instructions to Pedro de Acuna
+
+
+The King: To Don Pedro de Acuña, whom I have appointed my governor
+and captain-general of the Philipinas Islands, and president of my
+Audiencia therein. My royal Council of the Indias having examined
+some letters from the said islands, I have resolved upon the following.
+
+Since the Philipinas Islands are so far away and distant, surrounded
+by so many great kingdoms of infidels, the entry and intercourse which
+the Chinese and Japanese enjoy in Manila, and their friendly relation
+with the natives, give us reason to fear that the former, allying
+themselves with the natives, may attempt some disturbance, as they
+are inclined to do. Considering the fact that the greatest security
+and strength of the land lies in the Spanish settlement, and I have
+heard that not only does it not increase but is not even maintained in
+its previous condition--because, although the viceroys of Nueva España
+are ordered to send reenforcements of men every year to the islands,
+many people die from the bad climatic conditions of the land, others
+are scattered in military expeditions, others must be permitted to
+return (either because they have left families in their own country,
+or because they cause injury to the commonwealth), and others go
+there with no idea of remaining and have refused to become citizens:
+considering all this, and seeing that it is a matter requiring much
+attention, I charge and command you, in case this despatch shall
+reach you in Nueva España, to consult the viceroy concerning all that
+may pertain to the improvement of these conditions; or, in case you
+receive it in the Philipinas, to do the same by writing, and to make
+the arrangements and give the orders which you think best for the
+settlement of the said islands, striving to draw the expenses from my
+exchequer with the necessary moderation. I shall now write again to
+the said viceroy, telling him to take care to provide the islands with
+useful people, and permanent settlers; and, in order that such persons
+may settle there, and remain in the islands, he shall favor them,
+and see that the orders concerning the trade between the said islands
+and Nueva España be carried out with exactness and rigor in order to
+attain the end and purpose for which we allow this commerce--namely,
+the preservation and prosperity of the islands, and the welfare of
+their citizens and inhabitants. You yourself must attend to this with
+much care, striving for the settlement of the said islands, and their
+safety and tranquillity, and for the instruction and conversion of
+the Indian natives.
+
+Governor Don Francisco Tello wrote to me last year, ninety-nine,
+about the precautions that he had taken in the punishment of some
+Japanese pirates who had repaired to that coast and after whom he had
+sent vessels by different routes; and about the inquiries that he had
+likewise made among the crews of some merchant ships which had put
+into Manila at that time, suspecting that they and the pirates were
+all of the same sort. Since it is necessary to take notice and be
+careful of this, I charge and command you to be always very vigilant
+in foreseeing the troubles which may require your attention and which
+may arise in the said islands, even if it be under pretext of trade
+by foreigners. You will give a hospitable reception to friends,
+and maintain amicable relations with them, keeping the ports and
+frontiers of the said islands in the necessary security, and taking
+special care that the expenses to be met by my royal exchequer in
+the precautions to be taken, the manning of vessels for searching out
+and punishing pirates, and the rest, be no more than are absolutely
+necessary--since you see the many things which need attention; and,
+above all, the limited resources of these islands.
+
+When you informed me that in order to punish the pirates who resort to
+the coast of the Philipinas Islands, it would be well to arm and man
+some galleys, I granted you by my letter bearing the date of April 8
+of this year, that if you saw that the galleys could be of service and
+usefulness you might cause them to be built and manned. But through a
+letter of July 12 in the said year, 1599, the said Don Francisco Tello
+informs me that since the galleys are not suited for those seas--as
+they had learned by experience, on account of the swift current
+and their inability to enter a bay while pursuing the enemy--and
+on account of the difficulties which the religious oppose to his
+collecting rowers, and as those whom they get possess little skill,
+he had decided to build four galizabras; these were already being
+built, and when well armed and equipped would, with three galliots,
+constitute a sufficient force for the clearing and pacification
+of those seas. It is therefore desirable that you carefully note
+all these matters, and after you have examined and considered them
+thoroughly, you will see whether or not it will be advisable to keep
+the said galizabras and galliots in case they are built and manned. You
+will give the necessary care to the security of that coast and land,
+keeping me informed of what is being done and of the coast which the
+said galizabras or vessels appointed for that purpose will guard.
+
+The said Don Francisco Tello says in the same letter that the province
+of Mindanao was already pacified; but that some of the native chiefs
+had given no pledge, and matters had not been thoroughly set in order,
+and therefore it was necessary to keep there a garrison of two hundred
+soldiers. He adds that, as the country is poor and has few sources of
+wealth, he thought that the Indians would be unable to pay tribute;
+but it was necessary to assure the safety and accessibility of that
+post, because that was the landing-place where the Terrenatan landed
+on his plundering expeditions against the Pintados, as he did in the
+year 95. The said governor, as he had so few men and so little military
+strength, decided to place a hundred soldiers in La Caldera, which is
+near [the river of] Mindanao, in order to assure safety for that place
+and to hold in check him of Terrenate. You will thoroughly inform
+yourself of the state of affairs, and make the necessary provision
+for them, taking special care to hold what is already pacified and to
+have the gospel preached everywhere. As for the tribute to be imposed
+upon the Indians you will do what may seem necessary, consulting the
+prelates and observing my orders; you will see that those who have
+been pacified and are subjected to me be safe, and receive no injury or
+molestation from enemies. You will inform me of all that is being done.
+
+The fiscal of the Audiencia of the said islands has written me
+that since the Indians do not pay the eight reals tribute in kind,
+as they were wont to do, but it has been left to their choice
+instead, many difficulties have been and are being experienced,
+detrimental to the newly-pacified Indians, to my exchequer, and to
+the commonwealth; because, when they gave the produce of the land
+in payment of the tribute, they cultivated and gathered it, and,
+besides paying the tribute, there was left to them a large quantity
+of produce, which they kept for their trade and crafts. The result
+was that the community was well provided with abundance of supplies,
+at little cost, and with cloth of various fabrics, with which they
+clothed themselves. The encomenderos shipped these articles to Nueva
+España, and the returns therefrom remained in the islands instead
+of being taken away by the Chinese, as is done now; for the stuffs
+are being bought from the Chinese, and the Indians of the islands no
+longer manufacture them. Much gold was also taken to Nueva España,
+from which the tenth was paid to me to the yearly amount of six or
+eight thousand pesos, not to mention the larger amount which was paid
+for the tributes of the encomiendas which are assigned to my crown;
+but since the tribute is not paid in kind, hardly any gold is mined
+now. Another trouble that results from this is, that the Indians,
+who are naturally prone to idleness, easily earn enough with which to
+pay the tribute and buy stuffs from the Chinese with which to clothe
+themselves, and so do not manufacture these. In order to remove these
+difficulties, it would be expedient to impose upon the said Indians
+the occupations and work for which they and the provinces where they
+live are fit and suitable, with the raising of cattle; they should
+also be forced to extract gold from the mines and rivers, for, if
+this were done, much gold could be obtained from the mines, rivers,
+and placers. Thus the Chinese trade would cease in a large degree, and
+the returns from the gold and cloths which might be carried to Nueva
+España would remain in the land; and that, with the gain which would
+thus result to the Indians, would make them well inclined to such work,
+and cause them to do it willingly. The main point to be settled in
+order that the Indians may be influenced to undertake it is, to make
+them pay the tribute in kind. And since much attention and thoughtful
+consideration should be given to what is here pointed out, not only
+for the welfare of the Indians but for that of the commonwealth--since
+if the land itself could provide and supply produce and merchandise,
+that would be more advantageous than to procure them from outside;
+and the gold and silver which is now taken away to foreign and pagan
+kingdoms would remain in the land itself--I charge and command you
+that, as soon as you reach the said islands, you call together my royal
+Audiencia there; the honored prelates who shall be in Manila, and the
+superiors of the religious orders--informing of this matter, by letter,
+those who cannot easily go thither--and confer and deliberate with them
+on all that is expedient and necessary to be done. In this conference
+you shall keep in mind the welfare and preservation of the Indians and
+of the country, and see that the said natives be neither molested nor
+wronged--striving for this object, that there may be crops and other
+products of the country; and that, for this purpose, the Indians shall
+pay the tribute in kind. You will observe the necessary system in
+taxing them, and will execute whatever decision is reached about the
+matter; moreover you will inform me of what is being done, and will
+always be careful to see that the Indians work in some occupation or
+other and be not idle, since idleness is the chief cause of their ruin.
+
+My governor of those islands was ordered to abolish many false musters
+and extra expenses which were granted out of my treasury; but I have
+heard that, although he reduced or abolished some of the said musters,
+other stipends and extra expenses have since been given which had not
+been usually paid--namely, to captains, alferezes, and other military
+officers whom the said governor appointed over the people of the
+towns. I have also heard that many alcaldes-mayor and other officials
+have been added and their salary increased, so that where there was
+only one alcalde-mayor, there are now three, each having a deputy, and
+all drawing salaries from my treasury. I have learned that the said
+officials could be reduced in the following way: In the province of
+La Laguna, one alcalde-mayor, with a salary of three hundred pesos;
+in the district of Mauban, [53] on the opposite coast [of Luzon],
+one corregidor, with a salary of two hundred pesos; in the province
+of Camarines, another alcalde-mayor, with a salary of three hundred
+pesos, abolishing the office recently established; in the province
+of Cágallan, one alcalde-mayor; in Pangasinan, one alcalde-mayor;
+in the province of Ylocos, one alcalde-mayor with the same salary,
+who could administer the jurisdiction of the district of Bulacan,
+thus dispensing with the alcalde-mayor lately appointed for that
+place; we can also dispense with the alcalde-mayor of the town of
+Ytondo and of the coast of the city of Manila, all being districts
+and suburbs of that city, leaving them under the jurisdiction of the
+alcaldes-in-ordinary of the city of Manila, as in former times, so
+that one alcalde might administer justice in the suburbs during six
+months of the year, and the other serve in the city. It would also
+be expedient to dispense with the alcalde-mayor lately appointed for
+the islands of Leite, Zamar, and Babao, which may remain in charge
+of the alcalde-mayor of Zubu, as they were before; for the natives
+are troubled by both of these, and it is not desirable to have there
+more than the alcalde-mayor of Zubu. Moreover, one corregidor with a
+salary of two hundred pesos would suffice for the river of Butuan; in
+the island of Calamianes, one corregidor is enough, drawing the same
+salary; in the district of Oton one alcalde-mayor, with a salary of
+three hundred pesos; in Panay, one corregidor, with two hundred pesos
+salary. Let no alcalde-mayor or corregidor have a deputy except in his
+absence, and then without a salary. I charge and command you that,
+when you arrive at the said islands, you thoroughly investigate all
+the aforesaid matters, and secure information thereon; and ascertain
+what offices, salaries, and extra expenses have been added, and the
+reason and justification for doing so. You will correct and reform
+what there is to remedy and reform, so that, by taking the necessary
+precaution in everything, whether it be in the administration of
+justice or other matters, you will prevent as much as possible any
+waste of my funds; for you see how necessary this is, on account of
+the many expenses and works which must be supported by the treasury.
+
+I have also heard that one of the things by which my exchequer is
+most defrauded, and the inhabitants of the islands most wronged,
+is to be found in the lading and despatch of the ships for Nueva
+España with merchandise; for the governors, for several years, have
+appointed to that duty various personal dependents and friends, who
+have succeeded through illicit means in lading the ships with their
+own goods and even those of their relatives, friends, and others;
+and all the cloth which is shipped beyond the general apportionment
+goes without paying the duties. To remedy this it would be expedient
+that hereafter the allotment of freight be made in the presence and
+with the supervision of the governor and other persons appointed for
+it--an auditor and a royal official, appointed each year in turn,
+beginning with the oldest ones; and that immediately after the said
+apportionment the royal official make a copy of it. The persons to
+whom the said cloth is allotted should go with their inventories in
+order to value the goods and pay the duties in the presence of my
+officials, who would give in return a permit for lading. One or two
+of the officials should be present in the port of Cavite, the place
+where the ships are laded. Likewise the lading of the ships ought to
+be witnessed by the freighters who are usually appointed, and by an
+auditor, in order to prevent the lading of goods not included in the
+apportionment and for which no permit was given by the said officials,
+as an acknowledgment that the duty was paid. Since it is not right to
+allow opportunity for the irregularities and fraud which are reported
+to have occurred, and of which the citizens have complained, I charge
+and command you to restore order and to employ the remedy which most
+fits the occasion, appointing for the allotment of the merchandise
+and the lading of the ships persons in whom great confidence can be
+placed. You will see that all this be done according to equity, by
+being yourself present at times, if that seem best, and you will take
+the necessary measures that my royal rights be in no manner defrauded.
+
+I have heard that the ordinances are disregarded in assigning
+encomiendas of Indians, and that some persons who are enjoying
+encomiendas for life relinquish these, in order that they may be
+bestowed on others whom they choose, and influence the governors to
+assign the encomiendas to those persons. Since through many decrees of
+the emperor and king, my sovereign, it is decreed and ordained that
+no such relinquishment and renunciation of Indians be made, and that
+encomiendas of this sort may not be allotted, I command you to observe
+and strictly carry out what is ordered by the instructions sent to the
+governors your predecessors, regarding the equitable manner in which
+the Indians of those islands must be allotted to the persons who are
+most deserving, and have rendered most service therein. Again I order
+and command you not to confer relinquished encomiendas, or assign them
+again, without notifying me of it, so that I may order what seems
+best to me. In case you shall have disposed of such encomiendas,
+I order that such allotment be null and of no effect.
+
+I have been informed that it has become the custom in these islands to
+grant at the cost of my treasury the wine for the celebration of mass
+to the priests of the orders--not only to those in the encomiendas
+allotted to my crown, but to those in private encomiendas; and that
+there is no obligation to grant this aid to the doctrinas in private
+encomiendas. I therefore command you to give orders that no wine
+for the celebration of the mass be granted on the account of my
+treasury to the secular priests, or to those who give instruction
+in private encomiendas, for it is the duty of the encomenderos to
+provide the wine.
+
+Orders were given that for just reasons, and for the welfare and
+preservation of that commonwealth, the governors your predecessors
+were to name and appoint a certain number of regidors from trustworthy
+men; but I have been told that the said governors have, through bribes
+and other means, appointed to these offices certain persons who have
+not the requisite and desirable qualifications therefor. I therefore
+charge and command you to make a thorough investigation of the matter,
+and to remove the regidors whom you find to have been appointed through
+questionable means, or who are unfit for the office. You will replace
+them with men possessing the necessary character and ability. Let
+there be only eight regidors, which seems to be a sufficient number
+for a city of that population. You will inform me of the men whom
+you appoint, and of their qualities.
+
+By a clause of the ordinance establishing the Audiencia there, it
+is provided that its president and two auditors at the beginning of
+every year audit the accounts of the officials of my royal exchequer,
+and settle them in the course of two months, for this allowing each
+auditor twenty-five thousand maravedís. This was done also in the
+time of the previous Audiencia, and an accountant was appointed
+who received another fifty thousand maravedis. I have learned that
+afterward Governor Gomez Perez Dasmarinas, without any orders,
+created for that purpose a position of accountant-in-ordinary, with
+a salary of five hundred pesos, and a secretary with two hundred
+and fifty pesos. This could have have been avoided by pursuing the
+former method, with no other expense than the said hundred thousand
+maravedis. It has seemed best to me to refer this matter to you,
+as I do, in order that you may examine it and apply such remedy as
+you think best. You will inform me of the steps you take in the matter.
+
+I understand that the office of clerk of the regimiento in Manila has
+been filled by the secretaries of the governors, and that on this
+account justice is no longer sought for certain injuries inflicted
+not only on the Chinese but on the citizens. I also learn that it
+would be best to sell this office to a person who is not a servant
+or a relative of the governors. Since it is not befitting that this
+office should be filled by any secretary or follower of yours, or of
+an auditor or an official of the Audiencia, you will not allow any
+such appointment. You will nominate three from deserving men of those
+islands, who in your estimation possess the necessary qualifications
+for the office, and will send me their names, in order that I may
+elect the one who seems best to me. In the meantime you will make
+arrangements for the suitable performance of the duties of that office,
+and so that no difficulties will arise. With this I shall order to
+be sent you copies of two clauses of a letter, in which are proposed
+two expedients which may benefit my exchequer in recompense for the
+expenses which are incurred by it in those islands. One of these
+relates to the cloves which could be obtained from the Malucas,
+carrying thither the produce of the island of Panay in exchange;
+and then bringing the said cloves to Nueva España on my account. The
+other proposal suggests that a monopoly be established in the raw
+silk brought from China--allowing each ship to carry only a certain
+quantity of it, and that to be carried to Nueva España on my account
+and not for any other, as you will understand more fully from the said
+clauses of a letter, which I have thought best to send you. Thus after
+you have discussed the matter with my royal Audiencia, and heard the
+opinion of my royal officials and of such persons of experience and
+intelligence as you think best, you can ascertain what can be done
+in the matter, the benefit and advantage which may result from the
+said measures, and the difficulty or facility which they offer. You
+will send me a detailed account of all, with your opinion.
+
+I have understood that, by way of remedy for the illegal acts committed
+by the magistrates, and the wrongs which the Indians suffer, it would
+be of great importance to have the official inspection of affairs in
+those islands--which according to the ordinances constituting the
+Audiencia there, and to my orders, the auditors ought to make in
+turn. The latter have refused to do so, on acount of the expenses
+and danger which they incur. Since it is necessary that the said
+inspection be made, I charge and command you to cause it to be made
+in the land which has been pacified, and where there is no obstacle;
+and that in this inspection the auditor who is selected in turn,
+conformably to the said ordinances, be accompanied by no soldiers
+or other people who might prove to be burdensome or injurious to the
+Indians. You will endeavor to make the said inspection bring about the
+good results for which it is intended; and will give the auditor to
+whose lot it falls a vessel of fair size with which to sail from those
+islands of Luzon to the others, at the expense of my treasury. As for
+the additional pay or gratuity which should be allowed to the said
+auditors beyond their salary, and beyond what is granted them by the
+ordinances and decrees, you will send me a report, with your opinion.
+
+I have heard that the said islands contain many poor and needy
+persons, to whom on account of their services and those of their
+fathers a remuneration is due out of the profits of the land and
+appointments to offices; but that as these sources of revenue are so
+few, and the governors confer them on their relatives, servants, and
+followers, as I have heard they have done, the others have remained
+without anything. It is not just that there should be opportunity
+for such appointments; therefore I order you to observe and fulfil
+in this matter exactly what is enjoined by the decrees, provisions,
+and instructions sent to the governors, preferring the most deserving
+and the older inhabitants of the land, who have best and most served
+the country without having been yet rewarded.
+
+I have been informed that the ships which go to those islands from
+Nueva España carry each year, without a merchandise register, a large
+quantity of money from that country and Pirú--which is not found on
+reaching the port, on account of the care with which they hide it;
+and that it was necessary to make investigations and inspect the
+said ships before their reaching port. Since I understand that there
+is some foundation in this, and that many irregularities occur in
+this respect, I charge and command you to prevent and correct this
+evil in a fitting manner; and to see that the fiscal shall go with
+the officials of my exchequer to inspect those ships, at such place
+as they find convenient. Let the penalty be rigorously enforced in
+connection with what is found and discovered to be brought without
+register and against orders, adjudging to the informer the share
+which may seem to be best to my royal Audiencia of those islands.
+
+Since I have learned that the office of treasurer of my exchequer in
+those islands has very little work attached to it, since its duties
+consist mainly in those of factor and accountant; and that therefore
+there is no need of the said treasurer, and that office could be
+fused with that of factor and the latter could act as treasurer, as
+was done before--I command you to send me a report of what would be
+expedient in this matter; also, of the duties of the said treasurer,
+and if, as it has been said, dispensing with the office, the factor
+and the accountant could take sufficient care of the administration
+of my exchequer.
+
+I have learned that the governors, your predecessors, have often
+interfered in the affairs pertaining to the administration of my
+exchequer, which is entrusted to its officials; and that, contrary
+to the orders given them, they have not allowed the said officials
+suitable freedom in the exercise of their offices. Since in matters
+of this nature it is right to keep in mind the necessary security
+of my exchequer, I order you to observe and cause others to observe
+the ordinances and decrees which were issued in regard to this. You
+will maintain friendly relations with the officials of my exchequer
+in everything, and will give them the favor and aid necessary in
+the exercise of their offices, so that they may fulfil their charge
+and see that nothing is lacking to my service, and to the security,
+accounts, and order of my exchequer.
+
+The accountant and the treasurer of my exchequer have written to
+me that my storehouses in the city of Manila have been in charge of
+the factor, who placed over them a man with the title of "lieutenant
+of shipping," whose duty was to keep an account of the receipt and
+distribution of what came under his supervision, thus relieving the
+work of the factor. A few years ago, on account of an information sent
+against the factor, it was ordained that each of the said officials
+should have his own key, and a person at the said storehouses in order
+to have all transactions pass through three hands, and that two hundred
+pesos a year should be paid to each person. They complained of this,
+saying that they were unable to furnish a man for this on account of
+their small salaries, which they needed entirely for their own support;
+and they besought me to free them from this obligation. Since I desire
+to be informed of the facts and occurrences therein; and how and under
+whose charge, and on whose account, the said storehouses have been
+usually kept; and the reason for ordering each of the said officials
+to have his own key to the said storehouses; and whether they are more
+secure for that precaution; and what sort of persons are placed there
+by the said officials and at what salaries--I command you that, after
+having examined the orders that have been given, and obtained thorough
+information of what is expedient to do, you send me an account of it,
+together with your opinion about the matter.
+
+Although, as there are so excellent judges and officials in the
+Audiencia of Manila, it is reasonable to believe that justice is
+administered therein, I have learned that in certain cases there
+has been laxity, and especially in two--namely, when Melchor Ramirez
+de Alarcon, being intoxicated in the said city of Manila, and being
+reprimanded by his son-in-law, Pedro Munez, gave the latter a blow
+with his fist, receiving in return nine dagger-thrusts, of which he
+died; and when, in the city of Cazeres, Captain Pedro Cid killed Joan
+Martin Morcillo in a duel. In spite of the gravity of these cases,
+the delinquents were not sent to prison, but were set free on paying
+a fine of eight hundred pesos each--a procedure which caused censure
+and discontent among the people. Since it is right that similar cases
+be not left unpunished, I charge and command you that, as soon as you
+reach the islands, you demand and copy, without declaring your purpose,
+the record of the proceedings in regard to the said two murders,
+and examine it in company with the licentiate Don Antonio de Rivera,
+auditor of the Audiencia; and with the consent of the fiscal; and,
+if you find sufficient cause for action, you will have the culprits
+seized, and will make all the investigations and efforts necessary for
+ascertaining the truth. If it seem to you that the administration of
+justice requires it, you will send the prisoners under arrest to Nueva
+España, together with the records of their cases, and will inform me
+of what has been done and of the investigation made. You will always
+take great care that justice be done and administered in every case,
+and that crimes which merit punishment receive it, so that disorders
+may be repressed and justice exist and be feared, and that it shall
+not set a bad example or occasion lawless conduct in the land.
+
+I have learned that many of the decrees and orders issued for those
+islands are not being executed, and that there is laxity in this
+respect, especially as concerns the ordinances about the equity with
+which the positions of profit in that country should be apportioned,
+and those persons who have not yet been remunerated should be
+rewarded. When my fiscal demanded the observance of the decrees,
+and especially in the case where the governor appointed Captain
+Cerban Gutierrez de Cespedes to the office of alcalde-mayor while
+he possessed an encomienda of Indians worth fifteen hundred ducados,
+and the fiscal asked that the said captain be not allowed to exercise
+the office until the completion of the trial, the Audiencia postponed
+its final decision, and meanwhile the said Cerban Gutierrez continued
+to exercise the office, and finished his term before the case was
+settled. I have thought best to refer this case to you, as I do,
+because in similar cases you will take suitable measures to prevent
+difficulties of this sort. It is especially necessary to observe and
+minutely fulfil the ordinances concerning the distribution of the
+profits of the country and the grant of rewards to persons who have
+not received them.
+
+I charge and command you to examine the copy of a letter which I send
+you with the present, and which was written to me from those islands
+on matters concerning the Sangleys of the Parian, and on what ought
+to be provided and remedied in the islands. You will inform me of
+all matters and advices contained in the said letter. Meanwhile you
+will provide and ordain whatever may seem necessary for the spread of
+the Christian faith, and for the cessation of the troubles already
+mentioned and others which may be expected, anticipating everything
+as is most convenient.
+
+I send you, besides, a copy of what has been written to me from those
+islands concerning the precautions which should be taken in matters
+of war and defense of the land. That letter also gives information
+that the governors without any other reason but their own private
+aims and interests, are wont to abolish the companies of infantry
+and other offices of war, on account of which complaints arise. It
+also states that they have been accustomed to appoint captains of the
+number in the city of Manila, who are entirely useless, and that we
+could dispense with the appointing those captains and granting their
+commissions, as well as those of captains-general and masters-of-camp
+which the governors have hitherto granted. You will examine all the
+references made to the above-mentioned matters, and what pertains
+to the garrisons and defense of the forts and fortified towns. You
+will take the necessary precautions in these things, in order that
+no loss or trouble may result from them; and will not fill the said
+offices of captains-general and masters-of-camp--except that, when they
+shall become vacant, you will appoint men to serve in these offices
+until the appointments are made by me; and in the appointments of the
+captains you shall consider very carefully the persons, and the need
+that there is of them.
+
+I am writing to the provincials of the religious orders the letters
+which go with this, regarding the kind treatment of the Indians; and,
+that the Indians must not be molested by the religious who give them
+instruction. You will give them these letters and will take special
+care to see how my commands are fulfilled, and that those natives
+shall not receive injury from anyone. You will have great care taken
+in teaching and instructing them in our holy Catholic faith.
+
+The said Don Francisco Tello writes me that the work on the cathedral
+of Manila has been stopped for lack of means to carry it on; but
+that it would not take much money to build a tower and a sacristy,
+which would complete the church. Although he said that he would aid
+the work by various grants and imposts, and that, if any balances
+should result from the auditing of accounts which he had ordered to
+be made in the funds which he had set aside for that work, he would
+have them collected for that purpose, I charge and order you to take
+special care in helping and furthering the work on the said church
+as much as you can, so that it may be promptly completed. You will
+notify me in what manner this shall be done.
+
+The said Don Francisco Tello writes to me that the two hospitals of
+the city of Manila, for Spaniards and Indians respectively, are in good
+and prosperous condition, and that he has taken possession in my name
+of that for the Indians. He adds that the accounts of the latter have
+been audited by his order, and that those of the Spanish hospital were
+audited every year. This meets my approval; and I charge you always to
+be attentive to the preservation and prosperity of the said hospitals,
+and to notify me of the result when the accounts are audited.
+
+Don Francisco Tello also informed me of the good condition in which
+remained the Seminary of Santa Potenciana in the city of Manila,
+where some young girls and other women were sheltered; and that all
+were living in great retirement and offering a good example. He added
+that many of them desired to remain in that seclusion, and that the
+viceroy of Nueva España, whom he had asked to send two nuns for the
+said monastery, had replied that no one of them dared to go. Since
+I shall write to the viceroy about this matter, you will make the
+necessary efforts that the said religious may go there; for this will
+be of great importance in fully establishing the said monastery and in
+completing the training of the nuns who have been sheltered there. You
+will aid and heartily favor this work as being so desirable for the
+service of God.
+
+The said Don Francisco writes me that when the king my lord (may
+he rest in glory) charged the governors your predecessors to found
+a seminary where the children of the native chiefs of these islands
+could be taught and receive instruction in the ways of civilization,
+Don Luis Perez Dasmariñas, governor of the islands, made a contract
+with the religious of the Society of Jesus for the foundation of the
+said seminary, and assigned to it a perpetual income of a thousand
+pesos yearly. To begin the work, he immediately gave them six hundred
+pesos and for the income he set aside a fund in the treasury of the
+fourths; but as the income was uncertain, on account of the needy
+circumstances of the said treasury, and the amount of money given to
+commence the work was small, and it was of great importance that the
+work be begun, the said Don Francisco entreated me to be responsible
+for this income, and thus make it perpetual. He also asked me to
+give him permission to assign the said seminary a repartimiento of a
+thousand Indians, the first one that should be vacant. Since I desire
+to receive a report from you on the whole matter, I command you to
+send me one, notifying me, with your opinion, of any other means,
+besides the Indians, by which aid can be given to the said seminary,
+and in what condition its endowment is.
+
+Don Francisco Tello informs me that in the Parian of the Sangleys of
+Manila--which was founded only for some of them to live in, and those
+to be workmen, in such number as to be sufficient for the service of
+the commonwealth--houses have been gradually built; and that by this
+time there are more than three hundred of them, and three thousand
+Sangleys who do nothing but eat up the provisions and enhance the
+price of commodities in the land. He adds that this could be remedied
+only by abolishing the Parian altogether, and letting the Sangleys
+sell their merchandise in the streets or in their ships as they
+were accustomed to do when there was no Parian. This would bring the
+commonwealth a gain of more than one hundred thousand pesos a year,
+and would give more security to the land; for, having no houses of
+their own, the Sangleys would frequent that country less, and would
+endeavor to sell their goods as soon as they reached the islands;
+they would also sell at a moderate price, and there would be no
+hucksters. He ends by saying that he was considering the necessary
+steps to take in this regard. Since this is a matter whose importance
+and consideration ought not to be overlooked, I charge and order you to
+examine and discuss the question with the Audiencia and the prelates;
+and to inform me of your opinions, decisions, and agreements before
+taking any decisive action or making any changes--taking care in
+the meantime, as I have already charged you, to see that all be done
+prudently and for the security of the land.
+
+The said Don Francisco Tello notified me that he had erected buildings
+for the cabildo, and had placed thereon the coat-of-arms which was
+granted to the city of Manila. This is well done; and, if my royal
+coat-of-arms is not placed on the said house of the cabildo, you will
+cause this to be done, placing it above the coat-of-arms of the city.
+
+The said Don Francisco Tello writes that because he did not carry with
+him the instructions which were given to him, he did not execute
+what he was therein ordered to do when passing by the Ladrones
+Islands--namely, that he was to provide for the religious instruction
+of those Indians, leaving there such persons as he should select. He
+said that, with the consent of the Audiencia, he wrote to the viceroy
+of Nueva España, requesting him to fulfil that command by ordering the
+officers of the ships which were to sail for those islands last year,
+sixteen hundred, to leave there two religious, with ten soldiers for
+their guard. He added that this work would prove of great service
+to God, as those islands were thickly settled with Indians who were
+docile, and inclined to receive instruction; and that, if religious
+should enter that region, there is reason to expect that they would
+convert many of the natives. And because this means no less than
+the salvation of so many souls, I charge and order you that, if the
+viceroy has not fulfilled the above order, you yourself shall do so,
+in accordance with the orders regarding it which were given to the
+said Don Francisco in his instructions. You will notify me of what
+is being done in this matter.
+
+The instructions order Don Francisco Tello to carry to those
+islands from Mexico a certain number of farmers to cultivate the
+land, who should be associated with the natives, and teach them
+agriculture. This he did not then do, because the instructions did
+not reach him there. I wrote, however, to the viceroy of Nueva España
+to send them at the first opportunity; but, if he has not done so,
+you will endeavor to have the said farmers conveyed to the islands,
+because they are so necessary to make that land productive. You will
+also make diligent efforts to introduce there, and carry over from
+Nueva España, mares and horses of good blood for breeding purposes,
+since this is of great importance for the service of the people.
+
+The copy of a portion of a letter which accompanies this, which
+was written to me by the said Don Francisco Tello, will show you
+how he wished to enter the kingdom of Siam; and how he despatched
+Captain Juan de Mendoza on an embassy to the king of that country,
+requesting him to consent that four monks should go there, of the
+Order of St. Domini, of which order the king had already a friar with
+him. You will inform me how the matter stands, and report the answer
+which the king will have given you. You will notify me of it, and
+will encourage, so far as you can, the conversion of those infidels
+and the preaching of the gospel to them.
+
+The said Don Francisco Tello writes that, although it has been decreed
+that the Indians shall not be condemned to pay money fines, it would be
+advisable to make them, although with due moderation, pay some fines in
+money, because on account of their disobedience and natural disposition
+they feel more the punishment of paying one real than that of a hundred
+lashes; the result is that we do not gain the expected result--namely,
+to have them engaged in cultivating the fields and raising fowls,
+cattle and other articles for the general need and welfare. Since I
+desire to learn from you the facts, and what takes place in regard
+to the aforesaid matter, and what measures are expedient in regard
+to punishing them for their crimes and offenses by money fines,
+and whether this causes or may cause some difficulties, I order you,
+after having examined the question thoroughly and discussed it with
+the Audiencia, archbishops, and ecclesiastical cabildo, to let me
+know the result and the opinion of all.
+
+I have heard that the buildings which have been erected for the
+Audiencia and for the president's residence are in great need of a
+hall in which the president and the auditors might hold their meetings;
+for it is not convenient for them to meet in a hall of the president's
+house, where the desirable secrecy cannot be observed because their
+discussions can easily be overheard. Therefore it would be expedient
+to build the said hall beyond the hall of the Audiencia, and next to
+it, on the side where the clock is. As it is so important that the
+said meetings be held in a suitable hall, and that great secrecy
+be maintained in regard to the affairs transacted by them, it has
+seemed good to me to notify you of this, and to charge you as I do,
+that with the advice of the Audiencia you erect such building in
+suitable style; so that the above-mentioned difficulties may cease,
+and occur no longer on account of the authority and secrecy which
+should prevail in the said meetings.
+
+I have learned that Governor Don Francisco Tello, your predecessor,
+went to the Audiencia and attended its meetings and visitations,
+in unbefitting garments; and that at times he went half-dressed,
+without sword or jacket. Since in positions of that sort, in places
+and regions so remote, it is necessary to exercise the authority and
+propriety due to those offices, I charge you to be very careful in
+that respect, and always to attend meetings and courts with the garb
+and decorum which befit the occasion.
+
+The fiscal of the Audiencia of the said islands, to whom is entrusted
+the protection of the Indians, has informed me that, as their lawsuits
+are many and involve much work, with the Audiencia's permission he
+appointed a solicitor, with a salary of two hundred pesos, and an
+interpreter with a salary of eighty pesos, at the expense of the
+encomenderos. I charge you that, as soon as you reach the islands,
+you discuss this matter with the Audiencia; and, if it be necessary
+to retain the said solicitor and interpreter, to see that their
+salaries be paid, and that they be trustworthy men and competent to
+fill those offices. You will always take special care to see that
+the Indians be relieved from burdens, and protected and favored in
+all permissible ways, and that their affairs be promptly settled,
+endeavoring to avoid lawsuits whenever possible. At Zamora, on the
+sixteenth day of February in the year one thousand six hundred and two.
+
+I, The King
+
+Countersigned by Juan De Ybarra
+
+
+
+
+Two Royal Decrees
+
+
+
+Colonists for the Islands
+
+
+The King: To the Conde de Monterrey, my kinsman, and viceroy,
+governor and captain-general of Nueva Spaña, or to the person or
+persons in whose charge the government thereof may be: The kingdoms
+of infidels and enemies of our holy Catholic faith, with which the
+Philipinas Islands are surrounded, being so numerous and so great, the
+most advisable thing for its safety and defense is to settle it with
+Spaniards. That colony, I am informed, is not only not being augmented,
+but is not even being preserved in its present state; for the people
+who are sent to those islands are few compared with the number of
+those who die from the unhealthful climate of the country, and those
+who are dispersed in expeditions, and because most of those who go to
+the said islands do not intend to abide there, and accordingly return
+with their wealth. It is considered expedient to give such persons
+permission to return, so that others may be willing to go to the
+islands; and it is necessary to give others such permission, either
+because they are married in España, or because they are Peruvians, a
+people who are injurious to the community. Consequently there is always
+a lack of people, and those who remain there are the poorest. As it
+is expedient to attend with great care to the settlement of the said
+Islands and their conservation, I charge and command you to provide
+for and send thither useful people, and to see to it that settlers
+of good character go thither. In order that this may be done, and
+that they may live and remain there, you will see to the careful and
+rigorous execution of the orders already given concerning the trade of
+the Philipinas with your country of Nueva España, and that the object
+be attained for which it is permitted--that is, that it be directed
+to the settlement and conservation of the said islands and applied to
+the benefit and advantage of the citizens--taking care that nothing
+be done which shall transgress any order which has been given in the
+matter, or which may be so given in the future, and with great care
+favoring the interests of the said islands. In this you will please me.
+
+Given at Zamora, on the sixteenth of February, in the year one thousand
+six hundred and two.
+
+_I, The King_
+
+Countersigned by
+
+_Joan de Ybarra_
+
+Signed by the Council.
+
+[_Endorsed:_ "To the Viceroy of Nueva Spaña, concerning the settlement
+of the Philipinas Islands, and directing him to send useful people
+there."]
+
+
+
+
+Nuns for Santa Potenciana
+
+
+The King: To the Conde de Monterrey, my kinsman, and viceroy, governor
+and captain-general of Nueva Spaña, or to the person or persons in
+whose charge the government thereof may be: Don Francisco Tello, my
+governor and captain-general of the Philipinas Islands, has informed
+me of the prosperous condition of the seminary of Sancta Potenciana
+at Manila, where girls are sheltered, and of the retirement and the
+exemplary lives which they lead, and that many of them intend to remain
+in the said seminary. I wrote to you to send them, from Nueva Spaña,
+two religious women for the said seminary, but you answered to the
+effect that none of them dared to go. As this is of great importance,
+and should be carried out, for the establishment of that seminary and
+the settlement there of professed nuns, and that its inmates may be
+thoroughly trained in piety, I charge and command that you that, in
+any event, you make arrangements to send there the said two religious
+women from one of the convents of your country, and that they shall
+be persons of approved character--and this on account of the great
+service which this will be for our Lord; and you shall advise me of
+what is done in the matter.
+
+Given at Camora, on the sixteenth of February, in the year one thousand
+six hundred and two.
+
+_I, The King_
+
+Countersigned by
+
+_Joan de Ybarra_
+
+Signed by the Council.
+
+[_Endorsed:_ "To the viceroy of Nueva Spaña, directing him to send
+thence to the Philipinas certain religious for the establishment of
+a seminary."]
+
+
+
+
+
+Pintados Menaced by Mindanao Pirates
+
+
+_Testimony which Captain Gallinato sent to the governor of the
+Filipinas concerning the help which the king of Terrenate is giving
+to the Mindanaos._
+
+On the sea, off the tinguis ["hills"] of La Caldera, on the
+twenty-ninth day of the month of May in the year one thousand six
+hundred and two. The purveyor-general, Juan Juarez Gallinato. Whereas
+Ensign Antonio de Alarcon, commander of the patrona, [54] took with
+his galley from a vessel of Lutaos an Indian of San Buangan [_i.e._,
+Zamboanga,] who is supposed to be a spy, I command, in order to learn
+the truth and the design of the enemy, that his confession be taken;
+and so I order it and sign my name.
+
+_Juan Juarez Gallinato_
+
+By his order:
+
+_Rafael de Sarria_, notary
+
+_Deposition_. Then on the day, month, and year aforesaid, the
+purveyor-general caused to appear before him the said Lutao, who was
+questioned by the interpreter Pedro Navarro, encomendero of Canamucan
+and Baibay.
+
+He was asked what his name was, of what place he was a native, and
+if he were a slave or a timagua; and he replied that his name was
+Saliot, that he was a native of Sanbuangan, which is near La Caldera,
+and that he was a timagua. This was his answer.
+
+When asked for what purpose he was coming yesterday when he was taken,
+and who sent him, he said that he was sent by a chief named Bato, a
+native of the witness's village, who told the witness to take fowls
+and wax and fish, and go to the place where the fleet was, or was
+coming, and find out who was in it, what sort of ships there were,
+where it was going, what people it carried, and how many ships;
+and the witness came to do what the aforesaid chief had ordered,
+and was captured. This was his answer.
+
+He was asked what ships there were in the river of Mindanao, armed
+to set out; and where they were going, who was going as commander
+of them, and what fighting men there were. He said that there were
+a hundred ships in the aforesaid river of Mindanao, large and small,
+intending to go out to plunder Pintados and Cebu, and Oton, and all the
+regions that they could; and that for commander there goes Silonga,
+with Raxamora and Buysan. He said that a large number of men were
+going on the war-vessels, because they take a hundred men from each
+village; and he said that within ten days they would set out from
+the river for Pintados. This was his answer.
+
+When asked if the Mindanaos knew that the Spanish fleet was going to
+help Pintados, or what they understood about it, he said that a son of
+Liguana, called Ssapay, with Gumapas and Nasa, were sent from Mindanao
+as spies in order to know what the Spaniards were doing, and where
+they were; and that they told where the Spanish fleet was, and what
+it was doing. He said that the Lutaos who came with him yesterday had
+returned to give news of the coming of the fleet. This was his answer.
+
+He was asked whether Liguana, chief of Taguima, had planned to
+go to Pintados with the enemy's fleet. He said that he had, and
+that likewise his sons were going with him, and all the chiefs of
+his country; and thirty-five vessels were going from Sanbuangan,
+Tragima, and Basilanban. This he said to be the truth, according to
+the obligation of his oath, which he had taken after his custom. He
+said that he was about twenty years old; and he did not sign this
+paper, but the interpreter signed it.
+
+_Juan Juarez Gallinato Pedro Navarro_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Rafael de Sarria_, notary
+
+_Official act_. On the sea, off the mainland of Dapitan, on the
+thirtieth day of the month of May in the year one thousand six hundred
+and two. The purveyor-general, Juan Juarez Gallinato. Whereas Ensign
+Pedro de Carrion, while scouting among the little islands opposite
+the kingdom of Xolo in the last few days, captured a Lutao in a
+[_MS. defective_] and was fleeing; it is proper, in order to know
+the design of the inhabitants of the aforesaid kingdom, that his
+deposition be taken; and thus I command it and sign my name.
+
+_Juan Juarez Gallinato Pedro Navarro_
+
+By his command:
+
+_Rafael de Sarria_, notary
+
+_Deposition_. On the aforesaid day, month, and year, the aforesaid
+purveyor-general ordered to appear before him the aforesaid Indian,
+in order to take his deposition, through the interpreter Pedro Navarro,
+encomendero of Baibay. The following questions were asked of him.
+
+After he had taken the oath according to his custom, and after he had
+promised to tell the truth, he was asked what his name was, where he
+lived, what his occupation was, and if he was a slave or a timagua. He
+said that he was called Onarano; that he was a Lutao of the village of
+Lumian, which is near Xolo; that his occupation was always to fight;
+and that he was a timague. This was his answer.
+
+When asked if it was true that the son of Diguana, called Sapaz, [55]
+was with the natives of Jolo on the morning on which they attacked the
+Spanish quarters, and if Diguana knew of the attack, he said that he
+did not know; nor had he heard it said, because the witness was not
+in that affray, for he had gone away to fight at that time. This was
+his answer.
+
+He was asked if it was true that the king of Xolo sent to Mindanao
+to seek help against the Spaniards. He said that it was, and that
+a chief of the aforesaid kingdom, called Diaga, went in a ship to
+seek it on behalf of the king; but that it was not known what reply
+he brought back. This was his answer.
+
+He was asked if it was true that the Mindanao enemy was preparing a
+great fleet to come against the provinces of Pintados and against the
+Spaniards. The witness said that he had heard from other natives of
+the kingdom of Xolo that, as long as the Spaniards remained in the
+aforesaid kingdom, all the natives of Mindanao would go with a large
+fleet to Pintados, to plunder it. This was his answer.
+
+He was asked other questions in regard to the matter, but he said that
+he did not know anything more than what he had already declared; and
+this he affirmed. He did not sign this paper, but the aforesaid Pedro
+Navarro signed it. He declared that he was more than fifty years old.
+
+_Juan Juarez Gallinato Pedro Navarro_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Rafael de Sarria_, notary
+
+
+_Official act_. In the port of Biara, which is on the mainland of
+Dapitan and Mindanao, on the thirty-first day of the month of May in
+the year one thousand six hundred and two. The purveyor-general, Juan
+Juarez Gallinato. Whereas Captain Benito Gomez Descobara y Esquivel
+captured on a little island (or rather on the sea-coast) an Indian,
+a native of Sanbuangan, who is supposed to be a spy; I command, in
+order to learn if he is one, and to ascertain about the enemy's fleet,
+that his confession be taken; and thus I order it and sign my name.
+
+_Juan Juarez Gallinato_
+
+By his command:
+
+_Rafael de Sarria_, notary
+
+
+_Deposition_. Thereupon, immediately, on the day, month, and year
+aforesaid, the said purveyor-general caused to appear before him
+the aforesaid Indian, in order to receive his confession, through
+Agustin de Sepulbeda--who swore in due form to fulfil the office
+of interpreter well and faithfully, and administered an oath to the
+Indian according to the latter's custom. He promised to tell the truth,
+and the following questions were asked of him. He was asked his name,
+where he lived, his occupation, his age, and whether he was slave or
+free; and he replied that his name was Panran, that he was a native
+of the town of Linpapa (which is near Rabos), that he was a slave
+of Sumanpie, chief of the said village of Linpapa, and that he was
+about twenty years old. This was his answer.
+
+He was asked what ships had gathered and from what nations, and
+also where they were and for what purpose. He said that from Maluco
+there had come fifty vessels--Terrenatans, Sangils, and Togolandans
+[56]--which were brought by Buisan, who is master-of-camp to the one
+whom they call Captain Lant. The rest which are going from Mindanao
+consisted of forty large caracoas and twenty carangailes and bireyes,
+with one caracoa and two bireyes from Sanbuangan and Tagima. All these
+had agreed that, if the Spaniards were in Jolo, they should fall upon
+them; and that, if they were not there, they should go to plunder in
+Pintados, Cebu and Oton. This was his answer.
+
+He was asked where it was said that they were to go. He said that
+those who were returning from Oton had agreed to pass through some
+little islands which are opposite Quipit; and that those going to
+Cebu were to go from Similon, which is opposite Dapitan; and that
+they were to return that way. This was his answer.
+
+When he was asked how he knew this that he had said, he replied that
+it was generally known and reported among the chiefs of Sanbuangan
+and among the Lutaos.
+
+He was asked what agreement Liguana had made with the chiefs of Tagima
+and Sanbuangan, and what he said to them against the Spaniards. He
+replied that the aforesaid Liguana had ordered the chiefs and the
+Lutaos to be assembled together, and in readiness, along with the
+Mindanaos, against the Spaniards. This was his answer.
+
+He was asked how many days it would be before the fleet would set out
+for Pintados; and he replied that the fleet was ready in Mindanao,
+and that he had heard that it was to start shortly, within ten days,
+and that five of these had passed. This was his answer.
+
+He was asked other questions in regard to the matter, and he replied
+that what he had said was the truth; and he affirmed this and ratified
+it. He did not sign this, but Agustin de Sepulbeda signed it.
+
+_Juan Juarez Gallinato_
+_Agustin de Sepulbeda_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Rafael de Sarria_, notary
+
+
+_Official act_. On the sea, near Dapitan, on the fourth day of the
+month of June in the year one thousand six hundred and two. The captain
+and sargento-mayor, Juan Juarez Gallinato, purveyor-general and head
+of the provinces of Pintados for his Majesty. Whereas it has come to
+his notice that yesterday, Monday, the third of this month, Captain
+Garcia Gutierres Guerrero and Ensign Domingo Martir and Diego Mendez
+went in a caracoa to the river of Sioco to get water; and that, while
+they were doing so, there came to them an Indian, the chief of the
+said river, who told them that it was he who had given notice to the
+captains about the enemy's fleet, in order to warn the Spaniards: now
+therefore, in order to ascertain whether this is so or not, I command
+that the depositions of the aforesaid men be taken; and I order it,
+and sign my name.
+
+
+_Juan Juarez Gallinato_
+
+By his command:
+
+_Rafael de Sarria_, notary
+
+
+_Deposition._ Thereupon, on the day, month, and year aforesaid, the
+said purveyor-general caused to appear before him the said Captain
+Garcia Gutierrez Guerrero, in order to receive his deposition. He took
+oath in due form of law, and promised to tell the truth; and, when
+questioned in accordance with the above order, the witness declared
+that he had gone to the bank of the river of Sioco, where some Indians
+who pay tribute to him live; and that when he had arrived there the
+witness caused an arquebus to be fired, at the noise of which there
+came up an Indian, the chief of that river, called Tumarahoc. The
+said chief came to where the witness was, and told him that he had
+told the Indians of Dapitan--those who took fowls to the Jolo army
+for the commander--that they should warn the Spaniards that in the
+river of Mindanao a great fleet was being prepared, with many men,
+which they said was to go to Jolo and Pintados; and the aforesaid
+Indian likewise told the witness that he would be on the watch, and
+that he would warn the Dapitans if the fleet should set out, and where
+it was going; and he said that he would also tell the witness. This
+he declared to be the truth, under the oath which he had taken; and
+he affirmed and ratified it, and signed it, and declared that he was
+about forty years old.
+
+
+_Garcia Guerrero_
+_Juan Juarez Gallinato_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Rafael de Sarria_, notary
+
+
+
+_Deposition_. Then, on the day, month, and year aforesaid, the said
+purveyor-general caused to appear before him Ensign Domingo Martin,
+in order to take his testimony. He took oath in due form of law,
+and promised to tell the truth. When questioned in accordance with
+the above order, the witness said that he went in company with
+Captain Guerrero to the bank of the river of Sioco to get water;
+and that when they arrived there they fired an arquebus-shot from the
+witness's caracoa, and that, after they had fired it, there came to the
+aforesaid bank an Indian, the chief of the river, who was a friend of
+the Spaniards and paid tribute to the aforesaid Captain Guerrero. When
+he reached the caracoa, he told the witness and Captain Guerrero that
+he had told the Dapitan Indians (who had gone to Jolo with fowls for
+the commander), that they should warn the Spaniards that a large number
+of ships were being gathered in the river of Mindanao; and that a very
+great number of men was to depart in them to go against the Spaniards
+in Jolo and to plunder Pintados. The said chief also said that he had
+told the said Indians that if they did not warn the said Spaniards he
+would have them beaten with sticks; and that he would be on the watch,
+and that he would warn the Dapitan chiefs and Captain Guerrero of what
+happened. This he declared to be the truth, under the oath which he
+had already taken; and he affirmed and ratified it, and signed it;
+and he said that he was about twenty-eight years old.
+
+
+_Domingo Martin_
+_Juan Juarez Gallinato_
+
+
+Before me:
+
+_Rafael de Sarria_, notary
+
+
+These agree with the originals, which are in the possession of the
+purveyor-general, who signed here with his name; and it is exact and
+accurate. And to the fact that it was accurately copied, corrected,
+and made to agree, were witnesses: Ensign Juan Rodriguez de Santa,
+and the royal ensign Pedro Mendez de Sotomayor, and Francisco
+Hernandez. Done in Dapitan, on the fourth day of the month of June
+in the year one thousand six hundred and two.
+
+_Juan Juarez Gallinato_
+
+In testimony of which, I have affixed my name and the customary
+rubrics.
+
+_Rafael de Sarria_, notary
+
+
+
+Letters to Felipe III
+
+
+
+Sire:
+
+Don Pedro de Acuña, [57] to whom your Majesty granted the favor of
+sending him to govern this land, arrived here with a very considerable
+reenforcement of troops. This and his arrival are so important and
+timely that I think there must follow many results beneficial to
+the service of God and of your Majesty, as also the correction of
+important matters--which have greatly needed it, as I have informed
+your Majesty at greater length in a report and letter that treats of
+this matter, and of the great and urgent necessity for your Majesty
+to command that the town and fort of Maluco be occupied as promptly
+as possible. From this will result the greatest advantages, and great
+danger to this land will be averted; and thus may be repaired the many
+losses and destructive raids which this country may suffer, which may
+result from the inroad of those demons of English and Dutch heretics,
+with their intentions and desires. We should have aid, and means
+of communication, and strongholds in these regions, and especially
+in this one of Maluco, which is the most important, dangerous, and
+near to these islands, and whose people are unfriendly. Our enemies,
+the Xoloan and Mindanaos, avail themselves of it, and are succored
+therefrom, and with this aid have inflicted many damages, which they
+will continue to do, if they are not checked. Great cost and expense
+must be incurred in these islands, merely to preserve and defend them;
+and there are great hindrances and difficulties in the way of their
+growth. By gaining this fort the door is closed to notable evils and
+troubles, and benefits of the utmost importance, both spiritual and
+temporal, through which God our Lord and your Majesty will be well
+served, the Christian faith and the extension of the gospel will
+be assured and increased in these regions; and the crown and royal
+possessions of your Majesty, and the reputation of España, well
+maintained and accredited, as is not the case now. Other important
+undertakings and expeditions which may hereafter be made will be
+facilitated; for that place is the capital, and has most reputation;
+and it rules as subjects and tributaries many surrounding peoples,
+who may be easily reduced after the conquest of this stronghold, and
+after those who so greatly fear and respect us have been vanquished and
+chastised. Moreover, expenses for supplies and garrisons which must be
+maintained, and which are necessary until this is accomplished, will
+be saved; and a large amount of property and income will be left for
+other expenses and affairs in the service of your Majesty. In short,
+until this is once for all assured and established, a certain amount
+of damage must be expected, and will inevitably result; and it is very
+evident that for the aforesaid reasons it is necessary sooner or later
+to undertake this expedition for the preservation and security of these
+regions. It is also better not to postpone it, and not to wait until
+that place has greater fortification, strength, and defense, thereby
+rendering its conquest more difficult and costly. I conclude, Sire,
+by saying that as God and your Majesty have sent Don Pedro de Acuña
+to this government, and he has inclination and desire for military
+service, and for the faithful fulfilling his performance of what
+pertains to his office and to the service of your Majesty, (as has been
+observed), and besides has experience and the qualifications suitable
+and necessary for this undertaking, may your Majesty not defer it, or
+wait for another governor to perform this most important service. The
+opportunity of having a person so well fitted for such a contingency
+(which is by no means unimportant) is not to be lost. To say this
+and what else pertains to this matter, Sire, I am constrained only
+by the duty which I owe to the service of God and His church, and to
+your Majesty and your crown, and to the general welfare of these most
+important regions. If this were not so, nothing in this matter would
+concern or could influence me; for it has cost me most dear and was
+so disastrous to me that I lost by it my father and a great amount of
+property, and met other losses to which I shall not refer. For this
+reason, I desired to prosecute this expedition after the death of my
+father; but I could not do so, on account of the great fear and dread
+of hostile Chinese and Japanese. As a man, Sire, I can but desire the
+accomplishment of that thing which my father and I had tried to achieve
+and had almost succeeded in doing. But may our Lord not permit that
+this or any other enterprise should be abandoned, for lack of desire
+and effort to secure a result so desirable for the said objects;
+and may it come through the hand and means which God shall choose,
+and by which He shall be served. May His Divine Majesty guard your
+Majesty as He can, and as we all desire and need. At Manila, June 8,
+in the year 1602.
+
+_Luis Perez Dasmariñas_
+
+[_Endorsed_: "April 27, 1604. To the Conde de Lemos. Suitable provision
+has already been made; at Valladolid, [58] May 14, 1605."]
+
+
+
+
+Sire:
+
+As I was in doubt whether the letter which I wrote last year regarding
+the matter in this was received by your Majesty, I give an account
+of the same matter in this letter.
+
+Toward the close of the previous year, 1600, there entered into
+these islands, by way of the Strait of Magallanes, Oliver de Nort,
+a Hollander, with two ships of war belonging to Count Mauriçio. He
+took prizes and caused damage, until he established himself at the
+mouth of the bay of this city, intending to await the merchant ships
+from China, and the galleon "Santo Thomas" from Nueva España, with
+the silver for two years belonging to the business men of this kingdom.
+
+As military affairs were at that time little cared for in these
+islands, and there was no sort of preparation, the royal Audiencia
+of your Majesty, at the petition of the president, Don Francisco
+Tello, was obliged to take measures to provide aid in so urgent a
+necessity, with all possible haste and efficiency. For this end I was
+commissioned to go immediately to the port of Cabite, and place and
+keep it in a state of defense; and to arm several ships, with which
+to meet the pirate and divert him from his intention. Accordingly,
+I did so to the best of my ability, and put two ships of moderate
+size in readiness in a short time, there being no others.
+
+The president ordered me again in your Majesty's name, and in
+writing--as he considered that by no other authority, in view of
+the state of affairs, could the expedition be made--to go out with
+this fleet in my charge, against the enemy, and fight until I should
+destroy him. In compliance with this I sought him, and encountered
+him outside the bay of this city. We engaged the enemy in a long and
+obstinate battle, which occurred between the two fleets on December
+14. The outcome is related in the certified account by the president
+and governor, which accompanies this, by which your Majesty will
+be informed of the punishment which was inflicted upon this enemy,
+and how our aim was attained as we had wished, and likewise of the
+dangers and hardships which I encountered and underwent on this
+occasion. In this I should be content if I had, for my only reward,
+succeeded in serving your Majesty; for this aim alone drew me from
+my home at so much danger to my honor, life, and children.
+
+I humbly beg your Majesty to be pleased to pardon whatever fault there
+may have been, in consideration of my good intention and desire to
+obey, and to succeed in what I was commanded to do. God protect the
+Catholic person of your Majesty. At Manila, June 30, 1602.
+
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+
+
+
+
+Sire:
+
+Although the obligation to advise your Majesty of the state of this
+your province, of the Order of our father St. Augustine, is always
+binding, yet for many new reasons it is especially binding this year;
+for at the recent meeting cf the chapter here, by acclamation, and
+without voting, father Fray Pedro Arze (concerning whom your Majesty
+must already have a report), was elected provincial, with the consent
+of all. From this we hope that, with the favor of God and your Majesty,
+he will be successful in his government, since its commencement is
+so propitious. The letter and mandate which your Majesty sent last
+year serves him as a guide for the correction of what stands in
+need of remedy, and the severity necessary to prevent disobedience;
+accordingly, the province is enjoying the greatest peace and quiet
+that it has ever had. In the meantime there came this year Fray Pedro
+Sossa, with a commission as visitor, sent by Fray Christoval de la
+Cruz from Nueva España, in virtue of several messages which he bears
+from the father-general, Alejandro Genense. We did not receive him,
+not because we did not desire a visitation--which, on the contrary,
+we do desire, and humbly seek from your Majesty, for the justification
+of this province--but because he did not come by order of your Majesty,
+and for other reasons which the Audiencia of these islands examined;
+and because some other and further messages which he bore from the
+father vicar-general Fulvio relating to us appeared suspicious. In what
+concerns this matter, we refer your Majesty to the said Audiencia,
+which, we believe, will advise your Majesty with due fidelity. Your
+Majesty has therein two very faithful vassals and servants, namely,
+Doctor Antonio de Morga and the licentiate Tellez Almazan--both the
+fathers of children, excellent judges, poor, and deserving of whatever
+favor your Majesty may extend to them; and especially of being removed
+from this country, which is poor and of scant resources, and where
+they cannot provide for the fortunes of their children. In this way
+we consider that your Majesty would do a great service to God.
+
+The bearer of this is the father definitor, Fray Diego Cerravi, [59]
+who came to these regions from Castilla about eight years ago, and has
+served your Majesty and the order here very advantageously. He is a
+learned and virtuous religious, who speaks the truth; accordingly your
+Majesty may credit what he says. He is a man of so many good qualities
+that, to tell your Majesty in a word, he leaves us at his departure
+lonely, sad, and disconsolate at losing him--although we are consoled
+by our confidence in the favor and grace which your Majesty will show
+this province and to him in its name, by ordering that aid be given to
+him in the business which he has in his charge; and especially that he
+may bring us friars from the province of Castilla, who are here much
+approved for their virtue and learning. And we are confident that
+your Majesty will favor us in all matters as our protector, patron,
+and only defender; we trust no less that our Lord will protect for
+us the royal person of your Majesty, according to the needs of your
+kingdoms and seigniories, and of us, your ministers and chaplains. We
+beseech, etc. From this your Majesty's convent of the Order of our
+father Saint Augustine. In the city of Manila, on the fourth of July
+in the year one thousand six hundred and two.
+
+
+_Fray Pedro Arce_, provincial
+_Fray Agustin de Tapia_, definitor
+_Fray Bernave de Villalovos_, definitor
+_Fray Diego Cerrabe_, definitor
+_Fray Pedro de Salzedo_, definitor
+
+
+[_Endorsed with the following order_: "Join this with the letter from
+the Audiencia, and bring them in on January 28, 1604."]
+
+
+
+Sire:
+
+Since the last year, 601, an account has been given to your Majesty
+of the expedition which I conducted at the close of the previous year,
+1600, by order of the governor and president, Don Francisco de Tello,
+against Olibert de Norte, a corsair from Holland who entered among
+these islands, taking prizes with two ships of war; and of the outcome
+of the expedition, by which the said corsair was punished and harassed.
+
+Francisco de las Missas, factor and overseer of your Majesty's
+exchequer in these islands, whom I inspected a short time ago
+... [under a] [60] special commission from your Majesty, and passed
+sentence upon him ... penalties and restitutions as will appear by
+the report of the inspection which I have sent to your ... [Majesty]
+by three routes. He has been so hostile ... that he displays his
+jealousy of me in all matters [in so far as] he can. Accordingly,
+on account of this--as well as to cover his fault at the time of
+the despatch of the fleet which I took, by sending me unsupplied
+with sailors and other things necessary, which it was his duty to
+furnish--among other measures which he has taken since the past
+year, one has been under color and appearance of proceeding from
+the licentiate Salazar de Salzedo, fiscal of this Audiencia (whom,
+for private reasons, he holds quite in his power). The said factor
+induced the fiscal, in the affair of his investigation, to draw up a
+secret information with suborned witnesses--sailors and others, who
+are at his call--by which it is intimated that he furnished me well,
+and that the commander's ship was lost through my fault, imputing to
+me by the statements of these men other and illegal actions, in order
+to disparage my faithful service; by this may be seen the malice and
+passion of those concerned in this affair. That document was sent to
+your Majesty and the ministers before whom this matter is considered.
+
+In like manner Captain Joan de Alcega (his intimate friend,
+and likewise a partisan of the said fiscal and factor), whom I
+took as admiral, in order to cover up his own guilt--for which he
+was arrested by the president and governor, and is being proceeded
+against officially because, at the beginning of the fight, he left the
+commander's ship unsustained, contrary to the order which he had from
+me in writing; and on account of other illegal acts, and because he
+took a part of the benefits of the success which resulted--he also,
+driven by the same heat of passion, has taken secret measures and
+procured documents with which to inform your Majesty in a sinister
+way to my prejudice.
+
+Since it is just that in all matters your Majesty should be informed of
+the truth, I send certain documents which are not drawn in secret, nor
+cunningly, nor maliciously, whereby the truth will appear--especially
+the information which was drawn by the alcalde-mayor of the province
+of Valayan (on whose coast and in whose district the ship was lost),
+the very next day, and obtained from the men who were saved from the
+wreck. By this may be seen what passed in this region, and the guilt
+of the said factor, and that of the admiral, as has been pointed out.
+
+Beside this, in the ships which leave here this year goes a religious
+of the Order of St. Augustine, Fray Francisco de Valdes by name, who
+was sent, in company with Fray Diego de Cerrabi, by his order to the
+court of your Majesty on the business of the order. This religious
+can inform your Majesty of all which occurred on the said expedition,
+as his order sent him on it to confess and administer the sacraments;
+and he was present during the fight on the commander's ship, and saved
+himself by swimming. As a trustworthy and disinterested person, he will
+tell the truth, without being influenced by personal considerations.
+
+I humbly beg your Majesty that, with this understanding, your Majesty
+may be pleased to command that opportunity be not given for distortion
+of facts in such a way, by persons so jealous and so suspicious, who
+are moved alone by anger and passion to avenge themselves and procure
+satisfaction from the ministers who, for the service of your Majesty,
+have administered (as they still do) justice in your behalf; and
+that you will command that the illegality which appears to have been
+committed in this be punished, as is most fitting for the service of
+your Majesty. God protect the Catholic person of your Majesty. Manila,
+July 8, 1602.
+
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+
+
+
+Sire:
+
+I, the licentiate Gerónimo de Salazar y Salcedo, your fiscal in
+the royal Chancilleria of the Philipinas Islands, say that on the
+sixteenth of January of the year one thousand six hundred your Majesty
+was pleased to command that a royal commission be given to Don Pedro
+de Acuña, governor and captain-general of these islands, empowering
+him, when he should reach them, to cause the royal officials to give
+him a report of what they have collected from Don Francisco Tello,
+his predecessor, toward the sixteen millions [of maravedis?] which
+were still due from the balance which was incurred by him at the
+time when he was treasurer of the Sevilla House of Trade; and also
+to cause that whatever remained to be paid should be collected from
+the said Don Francisco Tello and from his property.
+
+In the course of the execution of this commission by the said Don
+Pedro de Acuña, the royal officials certified that the said Don
+Francisco Tello had paid them twenty-seven thousand two hundred
+pesos of common gold, which should be twenty-eight thousand one
+hundred and eighty-four pesos, according to your command by a royal
+decree dated in San Lorenco, on the thirteenth of September in the
+year one thousand five hundred and ninety-five. The said officials
+decided that the eight thousand pesos which were lost in the year
+one thousand six hundred in the ship "Santa Margarita" should be
+for your Majesty's account--because, since the debt was contracted
+in the Sevilla House of Trade, the payment should be there; and
+the said Don Francisco Tello must run the risk as far as that. They
+also decided that what was ordered in the aforesaid royal decree of
+the thirteenth of September, ninety-five, was that each year three
+thousand ducados should be deducted from the salary of Don Francisco
+Tello, which were to be sent each year; and, as he failed to pay in
+the years ninety-six, ninety-seven, and ninety-eight, for the rest
+of the time it came about that eight thousand pesos were sent each
+year. It was thus that the aforesaid eight thousand pesos were lost
+which were going in the said ship "Santa Margarita;" whereas, if the
+aforesaid royal decree had been followed and three thousand ducados
+sent, no more than that sum would have been lost.
+
+The governor gave me authority to follow up the matter, and I asked
+from him an order of execution for the whole sum, with the assurance
+that I would receive on account whatever seemed lawfully to have been
+paid; it was given to me on the person and goods of the aforesaid
+Don Francisco Tello, but property was not found to the value of four
+hundred pesos. He opposed the execution, saying that he had paid in
+Sevilla with the income of his family estate, together with what he
+had paid here, all the balance that was due. I replied to this that
+this did not appear, from the aforesaid royal decree of January, one
+thousand six hundred, and that a forced sale would have to be made
+for the amount that was therein ordered--not taking account of the
+payments that had been made here until they should arrive at Sevilla,
+as the official judges of these islands have decided--and that what
+was lost must be at the risk of the said Don Francisco Tello.
+
+This was proper, since at the time when the said royal officials
+gave the said money to the masters of the ships to be delivered to
+the treasury of Mexico, the aforesaid Don Francisco Tello, by the
+authority of his position, gave orders that the said masters should
+give him the money; and he invested it in merchandise, which, if it
+had arrived in Mexico, would have gained a great deal. It was right
+that, since he was to have the profit, he should bear what risk there
+was--which was greater than if he had allowed the royal officials to
+send the money as it suited them. Since each year a great quantity
+of money is sent from the treasury of Mexico to the one here, they
+would have given orders that, instead of sending the money from here,
+it should be deducted from what was to be sent from Mexico, in order
+that that quantity might be sent to Sevilla. In this way the risk of
+going and coming would have been avoided; and, even if there had not
+been any opportunity for this, they might have sent the said money
+in gold--which is a less risk, because it is of less bulk and weight
+than reals--and thirty per cent would have been gained in Mexico.
+
+Both sides brought evidence, but that for the opposition was of no
+importance; so the governor gave judgment according to the opinion
+of the licentiate Luis Ortis de Padilla, reporter of the aforesaid
+royal Chancilleria, ordering that his property be sold to the highest
+bidder, in order to recover the amount for which the execution had been
+granted--deducting from it all which the royal officials certify to
+have been paid here, and also, eight thousand pesos for what he says he
+has paid in Sevilla. I consented to the judgment as far as concerned
+what was favorable, and I appealed from what was in opposition, to
+what I had asked to have received as evidence. The opposing side has
+denied this, and made a declaration of nullity against the aforesaid
+royal decree of the year six hundred, saying that, according to it,
+it was ordered that the accountants of the royal Council of the
+Indias should make a record of this matter, which they did not do;
+so that everything that was done by its authority is void. Thus the
+suit remains in this position.
+
+Seeing that I did not find any property of the said Don Francisco
+Tello with which to fulfil the aforesaid commission, and hearing that
+he had some property which he kept secret, I asked for and received
+letters of excommunication and censure against those who might know
+of property belonging to the said Don Francisco Tello, in order that
+they should make it known. They opposed this, and tried to delay it
+as much as possible; but nevertheless it was ordered that the three
+letters should be given. They appealed from this, and menaced me with
+the aid of fuerza [61]--with the result that until the sixth of this
+month the last letter could not be read, so that the examination of
+the depositions that were taken has been delayed. According to them,
+it appears that he has no property of any account in these islands,
+but that what he has is in Nueva España; and whatever I have been able
+to hear of I give notice to the viceroy of that country to attach,
+because the ships are about to sail, and the governor is in Cavite,
+and I cannot get a warrant for it. God keep the Catholic person of
+your Majesty, according to His power. From Manila, on the tenth of
+July of the year 1602.
+
+The licentiate _Hieronimo de Salazar y Salzedo_
+
+[_Endorsed_: "Examined on the second of July, 1604. Let it be put with
+another from the royal officials of Philipinas, of July 18, 1603."]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Bibliographical Data
+
+
+All documents in this volume save two are obtained from the original
+MSS. in the Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla; and their pressmarks
+therein are indicated as follows:
+
+1. _Ordinances of the Audiencia_ (concluded).--See _Vol_. X, No. 15.
+
+2. _Hospital for Indians._--"Simancas-Secular; Audiencia de Filipinas;
+cartas y expedientes de personas seculares, vistos en el Consejo;
+años 1595 á 1606; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 35."
+
+3. _Letters from the fiscal, 1599._--"Simancas-Secular; Audiencia
+de Filipinas; cartas y espedientes del presidente y oidores de dicha
+audiencia vistos en el Consejo; años de 1583 á 1600; est. 67, caj. 6,
+leg. 18."
+
+4. _Letter from king of Borneo._--The same as No. 3, save that the
+dates read, "1583 á 1599."
+
+5. _Letters from Telia._--"Simancas-Secular; Audiencia de Filipinas;
+cartas y expedientes del gobernador de Filipinas vistos en el Consejo;
+años de 1567 á 1599; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 6."
+
+6. _Letters from Felipe III._--The first one: "Simancas-Filipinas;
+cartas y espedientes del presidente y oidores de dha Audiencia vistos
+en el Consejo; años de 1600 á [1606]; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 19." (The
+second: in "Cedulario Indico" of Archivo Historico Nacional, Madrid,
+"Tomo 38, fº. 131.6, nº. 101.")
+
+7. _Pacification of Mindanao._--The same as No. 6, first part.
+
+8. _Van Noordt's attack._--"Simancas-Secular; Audiencia de Filipinas;
+cartas y expedientes del presidente y oidores de dicha Audiencia vistos
+en el Consejo; años de 1600 á 1612; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 19;" but
+on the last of the papers in this group the dates read, "1600 á 1606."
+
+9. _Morga's report of battle._--The same as No. 8.
+
+10. _Letter from Garcia._--"Simancas-Secular; cartas y espedientes
+de personas eclesiasticas vistos en el Consejo; años 1570 á 1608;
+est. 68, caj. 1, leg. 42."
+
+11. _Letter from the fiscal, 1601._--The same as No. 8.
+
+12. _Complaint of cabildo._--The same as No. 2.
+
+13. _Letter from Morga._--The same as No. 6, first part.
+
+14. _Grant to Jesuit school._--"Simancas-Audiencia de Filipinas;
+consultas originales correspondientes á dha Audiencia desde el año
+1586 á 1636; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 1."
+
+15. _Instructions to Acuña._--"Audiencia de Filipinas; registros de
+oficio reales ordenes dirigidas á las autoridades del distrito de la
+Audiencia; años 1597 á 1634; est. 105, caj. 2, leg. 1."
+
+16. _Royal decrees, 1602._--The same as No. 15.
+
+17. _Pintados menaced._--The same as No. 8.
+
+18. _Letters to Felipe III._--The first, second, and fifth, the same
+as No. 8; the third, the same as No. 10, save that the heading reads,
+"Simancas-Eclesiastico;" the fourth, the same as No. 6, first part.
+
+_Annual letters from the Philippine Islands, 1601._--This document
+is obtained from a compilation of missionary letters by John Hay,
+S.J., entitled _De rebus Iaponicis Indicis, et Pervanis_ (Antverpiæ,
+M. DC. V), pp. 950-968. Our translation is made from a copy of this
+book in the Library of Congress.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+[1] Evidently a reference to the memoir of Fray Juan Plasencia upon
+the customs of the Tagal natives (_Vol_. VII. pp. 173-196), which was
+long used as a guide by Spanish magistrates and officials in their
+dealings with the Indians.
+
+[2] A counsellor-at-law appointed by the supreme court to make the
+briefs of the causes to be tried; he reads them before the court, after
+they have been first examined and approved by the parties concerned.
+
+[3] The reference or act of delivering written judicial proceedings
+to the other party, in order that, on examination of them, he may
+prepare the answer.
+
+[4] Inserted among these decrees is a copy of the account written by
+Fray Juan de Plasencia, O.S.F., of the customs of the Tagal Indians--a
+document presented in vol. VII of this series; also (unsigned and
+undated, but probably by the same writer) a paper entitled, "Remarks
+on the customs which the natives of Pampanga formerly observed in
+their lawsuits."
+
+[5] _Cuarteles_: referring to the cost of quartering soldiers on
+the citizens.
+
+[6] So in the official transcript from the original MS.; but apparently
+an error for _bar--i.e., bahar_, which is an Arabic weight, computed
+in the Moluccas at about five hundred and ninety pounds (Crawfurd's
+_Dictionary_, p. 103).
+
+[7] The Spanish translation of this letter is written on the back of
+the letter itself.
+
+[8] The words in brackets throughout this letter are conjectural
+readings.
+
+[9] _Marginal note, apparently made to facilitate reference_: "That
+at the end of July, 1599, information was received through letters
+from the captains of the forces at Malaca and Maluco that at Sunda
+and Terrenate were a number of English ships, whose designs were
+not known; that help was asked for Maluco, but the request was not
+granted, it being impossible for this kingdom of the Phelippinas to
+do more; and that it is necessary that we be provided with troops,
+arms, and money from Nueva España, of all of which advices have been
+given the viceroy."
+
+[10] The letters here mentioned are found at the end of this document;
+they are all written in Portuguese. They are not presented here,
+as all that is essential in them is contained in Tello's letter.
+
+[11] _Marginal note_: "That the troops and artillery are to retire
+from the fort of La Caldera, and proceed to Cebu, as they are needed
+there; and the fort is burned."
+
+[12] Spanish, _que van por el agua mas de una legua_; apparently some
+word or phrase is missing. Montero y Vidal (_Hist. de la piratería_,
+i, p. 144) says that the fort of La Caldera was two and one-half
+kilometers (a little more than one and one-half miles) from Zamboanga.
+
+[13] _Marginal note_: "That information regarding the English has
+been given to the viceroy of Nueva España, in order that he may send
+reënforcements."
+
+[14] _Marginal note_: "That the work of casting artillery is being
+continued."
+
+[15] The Strait of Sunda, which separates Java from Sumatra.
+
+[16] This is followed by notarial attestations regarding the drawing
+and collation of the above copy of instructions from the original,
+at the order of Pedro de Acuña and Antonio de Morga, in 1602, and
+the certification as to the qualifications of the government notary,
+also dated in 1602.
+
+[17] The ship ranking second in a fleet.
+
+[18] Preceding this document, which is a copy and not the original,
+is a notarial declaration attesting that the present copy was made
+from the original by order of Antonio de Morga, for use in a suit
+brought by him against his admiral, Joan de Alcega, for deserting the
+flagship during the battle, which caused the loss of the flagship. At
+the close of the instructions is the notarial attestation of Joan
+Paez de Sotomayor as to the correctness of the copy, under witness of
+Geronimo Xuarez and Joan de Aldave, and bearing date of August 27,
+1602; and the further attestation by three notaries that Paez de
+Sotomayor is entitled to act as notary.
+
+[19] Francis Drake; see mention of this voyage in _Vol_. IV, p. 313.
+
+[20] Thomas Candish; see _Vol_. VII, p. 52.
+
+[21] Oliver van Noordt; he was a native of Utrecht, and led this
+expedition in behalf of a commercial company which had been formed in
+1598 by certain citizens of the United Provinces. Although the main
+object of their enterprise was trade, the commission issued to Esaias
+de Lende (q.v., _post_) shows that the Dutch government gladly seized
+this opportunity to attack Spanish possessions in the Orient. See
+the detailed account of Van Noordt's voyage in _Recueil des voiages
+... des Indes Orientales_ (Amsterdam, MDCCXXV), ii. pp. 1-117.
+
+[22] Maurice of Nassau, born in 1567, succeeded his father as governor
+of the United Provinces in 1584, and was for forty years the leader
+of the Dutch cause; but he did not become Prince of Orange until the
+death of his elder brother in 1618. Maurice died in 1625.
+
+[23] This was Jacob Claasz; he was sentenced to be set ashore and
+abandoned at the Strait of Magellan. A little bread and wine was given
+him, and it was expected that "he would die of hunger in a few days,
+or else be captured and eaten by the savages" (_Rec. des voiages_,
+ii, p. 30). The same record says that Peter de Lint was promoted to
+Claasz's post.
+
+[24] This vessel was named "El buen Jesus."
+
+[25] A corrupt phonetic rendering of the name of Sir Richard Hawkins,
+son of the noted English freebooter Sir John Hawkins. The reference
+in the text is to the fight between Richard Hawkins and the Spanish
+admiral Beltran de Castro, off the coast of Peru, June 20-22, 1594;
+after a long and desperate contest, the English were forced to
+surrender. Hawkins was taken a prisoner to Spain, but afterward sent
+back to England; he died soon after 1620.  See his work, _Observations
+... in his Voyage into the South Sea_ (London, 1622; reprinted by
+Hakluyt Society, 1847, and again in 1877), 99. 182-225.
+
+[26] As is shown by another document in the same legajo, this patache
+was named "San Xacinto;" it came from Malaca some time before the
+battle with the Dutch, and with news that they had been seen in those
+waters; it was commanded by Estevan Rodriguez de Paez. An embargo was
+laid upon this vessel, in order to secure it for use against the Dutch;
+but this was removed on November 22, 1600. The decree releasing the
+vessel was one of the documents used in a lawsuit brought by Paez
+in regard to the freight charges for the merchandise carried by
+the patache.
+
+[27] Screens of canvas, spread along the sides of a vessel to prevent
+an enemy from seeing what is done on the deck.
+
+[28] Since the independence of the United Provinces was not recognized
+by Spain until 1609, these Dutch prisoners might have been executed
+as rebels against their former lord the king of Spain--an argument
+doubtless emphasized by the tenor of De Lende's commission, which
+follows this account of the battle.
+
+[29] Spanish, _le mas perro_--literally, "the most of a dog."
+
+[30] This descriptive paragraph is found in another copy of De
+Lende's commission, preserved in the same legajo with the original
+of the document just presented. We use this second copy, partly for
+the sake of this description, partly because it is more exact in the
+spelling of proper names. The estates belonging to the house of Orange
+were Nassau, Catzenellenbogen, Vianden, Dietz, Veer, and Vlissingue
+(anglicized to Flushing).
+
+[31] Alluding to the Holy Roman Empire, which, founded by Charlemagne
+in the year 800, was long the temporal arm of the ecclesiastical
+power in Europe. Carlos I of Spain was its head, under the title of
+Charles V, during his reign as king of Spain. The Holy Roman Empire
+came to an end in August, 1806, with the resignation of its head,
+Francis II of Austria.
+
+[32] Francisco Vaez was born at Segovia in 1543, and received into
+the Jesuit order in 1566. After his ordination he was sent to Mexico,
+where he filled various responsible offices, among them that of
+provincial. He died at Mexico, July 14, 1619. Sommervogel does not
+mention his presence in the Philippine Islands. The letter by Vaez is
+translated from the Latin version published by John Hay (1546-1607--a
+Jesuit of Scotch birth, noted for his disputes with Protestants),
+under the title _De rebus Iaponicis, Indicis_, etc., as seen in the
+title-page herewith reproduced (Antverpiæ, M. DC. v). But the letter
+had already been printed, two years earlier, in the _Relatione breve_
+of Diego de Torres, S.J. (Milano, MDCIII), the title-page of which
+is also given here. Torres held various high official positions in
+his order in Peru, Paraguay, and other South American countries;
+and Sommervogel says (_Bibliotheque Comp. Jésus_, viii, col. 132):
+"Father Torres, having been sent to Rome as procurator of his province,
+profited by his sojourn in Rome to have his relation printed; it is
+dated at Rome, February 25, 1603." It is not certain whether either
+of these versions is the original production of Vaez; but as he
+was a Spaniard, and writing to the general of his order, it seems
+probable that he wrote in Latin, and that the Latin version which
+we follow is Vaez's own composition, rather than the Italian--which
+latter may have been Torres's translation from the Latin original,
+to suit better his own account written in Italian.
+
+The Latin title-page reads thus in English: "Recent letters on affairs
+in Japan, India, and Peru; collected in one volume by John Hay, a Scot,
+of Dalgatty, of the Society of Jesus. Antwerp; from the printing-house
+of Martin Nutius, at the sign of the two storks; in the year 1605."
+
+The Italian title-page is thus translated: "A brief relation by
+Father Diego de Torres, of the Society of Jesus, procurator of the
+province of Peru, regarding the fruit which is being gathered among
+the Indians of that realm; for the consolation of the religious of
+that Society in Europe. At the end is added the annual letter from
+the Philippine Islands for 1600. At Milan; by the heirs of the late
+Pacifico Pontio, and Giovanni Battista Piccaglia, partners; 1603. By
+permission of the superiors."
+
+[33] Pedro Lopez de la Parra was a native of Salamanca; entering
+the Jesuit order, he completed his studies and was ordained at
+Mexico--where for some years he was both an instructor and preacher,
+being regarded as an unusually eloquent orator. Desiring to be a
+missionary in the Philippines, he came to the islands, but found
+that he could not master the language of the natives; discouraged
+by this, and finding that no other employment was available, he
+obtained permission from the visitor Garcia to return to Mexico; and
+on the voyage perished by shipwreck, as here related. (La Concepción,
+_Hist. de Philipinas_, iii, pp. 391, 392.)
+
+[34] The word _collegium_, as used here, means rather "residence" than
+"college;" but we retain the latter rendering because the Jesuits were
+then actually conducting an educational institution at Manila, in which
+they gave instruction to the Spaniards and to some natives. This was
+the college of San José, for which provision had been made as early
+as 1585; but for various reasons it was not opened until 1600. Its
+first rector was Pedro Chirino; among its first students (thirteen
+in all) were Pedro Tello, a nephew of the governor, and Antonio de
+Morga, a son of the auditor. See La Concepción's detailed account,
+in _Hist. de Philipinas_, iii, pp. 403-409.
+
+[35] La Concepción states (_Hist. de Philipinas_, iii, pp. 386-387)
+that St. Polycarp was chosen by lot, in a solemn and public assembly
+as the especial patron of the city of Manila, for its protection
+against earthquakes, as Santa Potenciana was its patron in hurricanes
+and tempests.
+
+[36] Antipolo is a town lying about thirteen miles east of Manila,
+near the northwest corner of Laguna de Bay.
+
+[37] La Concepción gives (_Hist. de Philipinas_, iii, pp. 409-412)
+an interesting account of the labors of this bishop, Fray Pedro de
+Agurto, during the year 1600. Assembling the clergy and friars of his
+diocese, he proposed to them various measures, especially intended to
+facilitate the instruction and conversion of the natives. The catechism
+of the church had been already translated into the Visayan speech;
+but this version was now entrusted to a committee of six (equally
+divided between the Jesuits, Augustinians, and regular clergy)
+for revision. This assembly resolved to attempt the suppression of
+polygamy among the heathen Indians subject to the Spaniards, and
+to check the easy divorces prevalent among them. Agurto undertook a
+visitation in Leyte and Samar, but could not complete it on account
+of those islands being invaded by pirates from Mindanao.
+
+[38] Miguel Gomez entered the Jesuit order at Alcalá in 1582; after
+his ordination was sent to the Philippines; during his stay there
+was for some time an instructor in the college at Manila; and died
+there December 28, 1622.
+
+[39] Ledesma was born in 1556, and became a novice in the Jesuit order
+at the age of sixteen. In 1596 he came to the Philippines, where he
+filled high positions in his order--rector at Zebu, rector at Manila,
+and provincial of the islands. He died at Manila, May 15, 1639.
+
+[40] Christoval Ximenes was born in 1573, and entered the Jesuit order
+in 1588. Coming to the Philippines in 1596, he spent thirty-two years
+in the Visayan missions; he died at Alangatang, in Leyte, December
+3, 1628. He was noted as a linguist, and composed various works,
+religious or poetical, in the Visayan tongue; one of these was a
+translation of Bellarmino's _Doctrina Christiana_ (Manila, 1610).
+
+Gabriel Sanchez is not mentioned by Sommervogel.
+
+[41] See La Concepción's account of the work of the Jesuits in Bohol
+(_Hist. de Philipinas_, iii, pp. 356-362). Gabriel Sanchez and Juan
+de Torres were the first of their missionaries there. The Boholans
+did not, like the other natives of those islands, practice polygamy;
+thus their conversion was greatly facilitated.  The fathers gathered
+many of the natives into a reduction; and they healed many sick
+persons with holy water. Among their converts was Catunao, a chief
+one hundred and twenty years old, who had guided Legazpi to Cebú.
+
+[42] Apparently the same as the present Tubigon, a considerable town
+on the western coast of Bohol.
+
+[43] Dúlag is a town on the eastern coast of Leyte; and Alangalang
+(named in the last section of this letter) is in the northern part
+of that island, some twenty miles up the Cabayong River.
+
+[44] "Go ye, swift angels, to a people wrenched up and torn, a fearful
+people, after whom is none other."
+
+[45] In MS., _treze_ (thirteen)--apparently an error in transcription
+(probably arising from almost illegible writing in the original),
+since Vaez, in the document preceding this, makes the number of Jesuit
+priests in the islands to be thirty (_treinta_).
+
+[46] La Concepción relates (_Hist. de Philipinas_, iii,
+pp. 380-382) the labors accomplished in less than a year by Garcia
+as visitor. Collecting over one thousand pesos of contributions,
+he restored the Jesuit church at Manila, which had been ruined by
+earthquakes; and appointed Pedro Chirino as rector of the college. He
+reorganized the missions of the Society, and their administration, and
+presented a more liberal interpretation of the rule and constitution
+of the order. He visited the various missions; and the missionaries
+who had been stationed in different villages were gathered by Garcia
+into a few central residences, from which they made journeys to carry
+on their labors. La Concepción writes in a critical tone, regarding
+Garcia as an innovator, and as doing more harm than good by some of
+his too radical measures. Sommervogel does not mention Diego Garcia.
+
+[47] For interesting accounts, descriptive and historical, of early
+ships, see article by Admiral George H. Preble on "Ships of the
+Sixteenth Century," and similar papers on those of the next three
+centuries, in _The United Service_, November, 1883-June, 1884. See also
+Edward Shippen's account of galleys and the life of the galley-slaves
+("Galleys of the Sixteenth Century"), in the same periodical,
+September, 1884. On galleons, cf. note in _The Spanish War_, 1585-87
+(published by Navy Records Society; London, 1898), pp. 337-341.
+
+[48] The document here referred to (dated January 15-June 12, 1601),
+and another recording a similar investigation made by Morga (July 6-9,
+1602), are in the Sevilla archives, bearing the same pressmark as
+the fiscal's letter in our text. Both are too long and unimportant
+to be here presented.
+
+[49] On June 13, 1597, Felipe II issued a commission to Antonio de
+Morga to investigate charges of peculation which had been made against
+this man, as factor of the royal exchequer in the Philippines.
+
+[50] See La Concepción's account of the loss of this ship (_Hist. de
+Philipinas_, iii, pp. 428-435).
+
+[51] Spanish, _colegio_; see note 32, _ante_.
+
+[52] A fund, the interest of which is required by the Spanish laws
+for the support of an ecclesiastic.
+
+[53] Mauban is a town and anchorage in the northeast corner of
+Tayabas province, Luzón; it lies on the Pacific coast of the island,
+and southeast from Manila.
+
+[54] In a squadron, the galley next in rank to the flagship or
+_capitana_.
+
+[55] These names appear thus in the text; but they evidently refer
+to the same persons who are previously mentioned as Liguana and Ssapay.
+
+[56] Sangir (or Sanguir) is a small island midway between Mindanao
+and Celebes; Tagolanda is another one, south of Sangir, about fifty
+miles northeast of Celebes.
+
+[57] At the beginning of this letter is a brief summary of its
+contents.
+
+[58] In 1601 the capital of Spain was removed from Madrid to
+Valladolid; but this measure proved so disastrous that Felipe III
+found it necessary to return to Madrid in 1606.
+
+[59] Diego Cerrabe entered the Augustinian order at Burgos in 1584. He
+came to the Philippines in 1595, and after various official services
+there, and two years' ministry at Pasig, he went to Spain with
+messages from his chapter at Manila; apparently he did not return to
+the islands. (Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 47.)
+
+[60] The MS. is worn or mutilated at the places marked by leaders;
+the words in brackets are the translator's conjectural readings.
+
+[61] See definition of fuerza in _Vol_. V, p. 292. The reference here
+indicates that Tello or his friends, in order to oppose the fiscal's
+proceedings, secured the interference of some ecclesiastical judge,
+who thus committed fuerza.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, by Various
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898
+       Volume XI, 1599-1602
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: January 13, 2005 [EBook #14685]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1493-1898 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the PG Distributed Proofreaders Team
+
+
+
+
+
+THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1493-1898
+
+Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and
+their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions,
+as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the
+political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those
+islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the
+close of the nineteenth century,
+
+
+
+Volume XI, 1599-1602
+
+
+
+Edited and annotated by Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson
+with historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord
+Bourne.
+
+
+
+Contents of Volume XI
+
+
+
+    Preface      9
+    Documents of 1599
+
+            Ordinances enacted by the Audiencia of Manila
+            (_concluded_). Francisco Tello, and others;
+            Manila, June, 1598-July, 1599      21
+            The hospital for Indians at Manila. Domingo
+            de Santiago and Antonio Valerio; Manila,
+            July 3      82
+            Letters from the royal fiscal to the
+            king. Hieronimo de Salazar y Salcedo; Manila,
+            July 21      86
+            Letter from the king of Borneo to Governor
+            Tello. Soltan Adil Sula; [June?] translated
+            July 27      120
+            Letters to the king. Francisco Tello; Manila,
+            July 14 and August 7      123
+            Letters to Tello. Felipe III; Denia, August
+            16  129
+
+    Documents of 1600
+
+            The pacification of Mindanao. [Unsigned and
+            undated; 1600?]      135
+            Oliver van Noordt's attack on Luzon. Francisco
+            Tello, and others; Manila, October-December
+            140
+
+    Documents of 1601
+
+            Report to the governor, on the battle
+            with the Dutch. Antonio de Morga; Manila,
+            January 5.  173
+            Annual letters from the Philippine
+            Islands. Francisco Vaez, S.J.; [Manila?],
+            June 10.  191
+            Letter to Felipe III. Diego Garcia, S.J.;
+            Manila, July 8.  223
+            Letter from the fiscal to Felipe III. Hieronimo
+            de Salazar y Salcedo; Manila, July 16.  228
+            Complaint of the cabildo of Manila against
+            Morga. Gonzalo Ronquillo de Vallesteros,
+            and others; Manila, July 20.  235
+            Letter to Felipe III. Antonio de Morga;
+            Manila, July 30.  251
+            Grant to Jesuit school in Cebu. Council of
+            Indias; Valladolid, December 11.  257
+
+    Documents of 1602
+
+            Instructions to Pedro de Acuna. Felipe III;
+            Zamora, February 16.  263
+            Two royal decrees. Felipe III; Zamora,
+            February 16.  289
+            Pintados menaced by Mindanao pirates. Juan
+            Juarez Gallinato, and others; off Mindanao,
+            May 29-June 4.  292
+            Letters to Felipe III. L. P. Dasmarinas,
+            and others; Manila, June 8-July 10.  302
+
+    Bibliographical Data.  317
+
+
+
+
+
+Illustrations
+
+
+
+    Title-page of _De rebus Iaponicis_, compiled by John Hay,
+    S J. (Antverpiae, M. DC. V); photographic facsimile, from copy
+    in Library of Congress.  187
+    Title-page of _Relatione breve_, by Diego de Torres (Milano,
+    MDCIII); photographic facsimile, from copy in library of
+    Harvard University.  189
+
+
+
+
+
+Preface
+
+
+During the three years or more covered in this volume (1599-1602),
+the most notable occurrence is the coming to the archipelago (in 1600)
+of the fleet commanded by the Dutch adventurer Oliver van Noordt,
+bent on plunder and the damage of the Spanish settlements there:
+but he is defeated and driven away, although with heavy loss to the
+Spaniards. This event, with the quarrels which it arouses in Manila,
+and fears of like danger in the future, disturb the colony for several
+years. The people, both Spaniards and Indians, are also in constant
+dread of the Moro pirates, who ravage the coasts of the Pintados
+(Visayas) Islands, encouraged to commit these depredations by the late
+withdrawal of Spanish troops from Mindanao. In the face of all these
+difficulties, the government is also embarrassed by the poverty of
+the local treasury; its funds are wasted by unnecessary expenses and
+salaries, and lessened by frauds in the customs duties, and by other
+violations of the laws regarding trade. There are too many officials,
+both secular and religious; and the former are often incompetent or
+corrupt. The Indians are demoralized by having learned the use of
+the white men's money; their native industries are neglected, which
+causes scarcity and high prices of goods and supplies. New impulse
+and wider scope are given to the missions conducted by the Jesuits,
+who begin the task of gathering the scattered Indian converts into
+mission villages, thus more easily to civilize and christianize the
+natives. A new governor for the islands is appointed, Pedro de Acuna.
+
+In this volume is completed the document begun in _Vol_. X, "Ordinances
+of the Audiencia enacted in 1598-99;" here are presented those for the
+first half of the year 1599. The alcaldes-mayor must, in collecting the
+taxes, observe the royal tariffs. To remedy the exorbitant charges for
+fees in the inferior courts, all suits appealed to the Audiencia must
+be accompanied by a sworn statement of the fees thus paid. The bonds
+accepted in law-suits must be more reliable. Auditors are given special
+powers in expediting the cases of persons imprisoned. Interpreters
+are not allowed to trade with the natives, except in the presence of
+a magistrate. The accounts of guardians of minors shall be examined
+by the probate judge. Attorneys are restricted in bringing new suits
+between Indians. Goods sold at auction for the benefit of the royal
+treasury must be knocked down to the highest bidder, and for cash
+only. Lawyers are ordered to follow the customs of the natives,
+where these are involved in lawsuits. Collection of tributes shall
+not be made by the alcaldes-mayor; and appointments for the post of
+collector must be approved by the Audiencia. Various acts prescribe
+the duties of officials of the Audiencia, and its procedures in
+certain cases; also limits of action by attorneys. The officials
+of the Audiencia shall give bonds each year. Cases involving twenty
+pesos or less shall not be brought to trial. Directions are given for
+the trial of suits between Indians. The alguazils-mayor must make
+the rounds of the city at night. All accounts due to or from the
+royal treasury shall be closed up and balanced within the next four
+months. Officials of the Audiencia shall not go outside of the city
+without permission. Certain punishments are prescribed for the Chinese
+inhabitants--for vicious practices, for making or clipping coin,
+and for buying stolen goods from Indians. All natives residing in
+Manila who have not some employment are ordered to leave the city at
+three days' notice. The duties of the late Alvaro Cambrano, deceased,
+are to be assumed by others of the auditors. Provision is made for due
+inspection, appraisal, and sale of merchandise brought from China. All
+Indians belonging to the royal encomiendas must pay their tributes,
+even when they reside in Manila. The sum of three hundred pesos is
+appropriated to furnish and adorn the chapel of the Audiencia. The
+Chinese are forbidden to have godchildren, a practice which has led to
+many evils; and the Christians are ordered to follow the occupations
+which they had exercised before their conversion. Officials whose
+terms of office expire must furnish residencia before receiving any
+further appointment.
+
+On July 3, 1599, one of the Franciscans in charge of the hospital for
+the Indians at Manila writes to the king, asking further grants of
+aid for its work. The governor and bishop are directed by the king
+to advise him as to the needs of the hospital. A letter from the
+royal fiscal to the king (July 21) displays the needs of the royal
+exchequer in the islands, and suggests means for supplying these. He
+complains of the burden imposed on the colony by the support of an
+archbishop and three bishops. Much is wasted in salaries, for useless
+or nominal services. Salazar y Salzedo advises that the offices and
+their salaries be both reduced. Especial loss and injury to the royal
+income arises from the frauds and violations of law which are practiced
+in the Mexican trade. The payment of tributes by the Indians in money
+is demoralizing them; they no longer pursue their former usual labors,
+and their products are now scarce and high-priced. They ought to be
+compelled to work, at agriculture, stock-raising, and mining. The
+treasury needs more money, and more Indians should be assigned to the
+crown. Encomiendas are fraudulently assigned by the governors. The
+erection of wooden churches in the encomiendas is another source
+of useless expense; these should be built of stone or brick. Certain
+offices should be taken from their present incumbents, and conferred on
+men of character and standing. The fiscal complains of lax management
+of the treasury by its officials, and calls for an investigation;
+and the same with the cabildo of Manila. Other charges where public
+moneys are involved should be inspected by the crown, and the waste
+of those funds should be checked. Even all these reforms will not
+provide all the funds for necessary expenses; the fiscal therefore
+proposes that the crown monopolize the trade in spices and raw silk,
+which would bring immense profits to the royal treasury. Another letter
+from the fiscal to the king, of the same date, makes recommendations
+as to certain affairs of government. He urges that the auditors
+should make regular official inspection of the administration of
+justice throughout the islands. He complains that the profits of
+trade are absorbed by the officials and their dependents, leaving
+the citizens poor. Offices and other sources of profit must not be
+bestowed on those dependents, but on the citizens; and the officers
+of the ships that carry goods to Nueva Espana should not be appointed
+there, but in the islands. The ships should be more strictly inspected.
+
+The ruler of Borneo sends (June. 1599) to Governor Tello a gift,
+accompanied by a letter in which he expresses firm friendship for the
+Spaniards. In a letter dated July 14, Tello complains that Morga is
+hostile to him, and even writes anonymous letters against the governor;
+the latter defends himself against these attacks. On August 7 he
+reports to the king the arrival of English ships at Maluco, and his
+intention of sending reenforcements to the Spanish fort there, and
+to that in Cebu. He is asking aid from the viceroy of Nueva Espana,
+and is trying to manufacture more artillery at Manila. Two letters
+from Felipe III to Tello are dated August 16, 1599. The king commends
+his proceedings in certain matters, and orders the viceroy of Nueva
+Espana to send hereafter only useful colonists to the Philippines. He
+also desires Tello to advise him whether the duties on Chinese goods
+can be increased.
+
+A brief account of the pacification of Mindanao (1600?) furnishes
+some additional information as to events there, up to 1600. The
+troops have been withdrawn from this island, owing to an alarm
+of danger from English pirates; but these prove to be peaceable
+Dutch merchants. In October of that year, certain foreign vessels
+(thought to be English) enter the bay of Albay, and Antonio de Morga
+is ordered by the Audiencia to fortify the port of Cavite and pursue
+the enemy. Instructions for this latter proceeding are furnished to
+him by the governor (December 10). He in turn gives instructions
+to his admiral, Joan de Alcega. Then follows an account not only
+of the battle between the Spanish and the Dutch fleets, but also
+of Van Noordt's entire voyage to the Philippines. The battle ends,
+on the whole, disastrously for Van Noordt. Among the plunder found
+on the Dutch ships is a commission granted to Esaias de Lende as a
+privateer against the Spaniards in the Indias. Suit being brought
+against the admiral Alcega for deserting the flagship in the battle
+with Van Noordt, Morga presents therein his version of the affair
+(January 5, 1601)--throwing the blame for the loss of the flagship
+on Alcega's disobedience to the orders previously given him by Morga.
+
+Francisco Vaez reports (June 10, 1601) to the general of the Jesuit
+order the status of Jesuit missions in the islands. He relates
+the deaths of certain priests and brethren while engaged in the
+performance of their duties, and proceeds to a detailed report of
+each mission station. The Jesuit church at Manila has been ruined by
+earthquakes. The fathers of the college there are accomplishing much
+good by their labors, especially among those in prison, the soldiers,
+and the children. Several instances of the devotion and piety of
+converts are related. The losses and calamities which have befallen
+the people have made them more inclined to religion. The sodalities
+introduced among the natives arouse their devotion and enthusiasm. At
+Antipolo a hospital has been begun, as well as a school for boys. At
+Cebu also a school has been opened; and the labors of the Jesuits are
+highly acceptable to the people, and commended by the bishop. Many
+Indians are being converted by them. Connected with the residence
+at Cebu is that of Bohol. Here Father Valerio Ledesma has persuaded
+the savages to leave the mountains and settle near the river, under
+the care of the missionaries; they have built a church, and are fast
+becoming converted. Other missionaries in Bohol report many hundreds
+of baptisms. Various miraculous cures of illness are related. Good
+news comes from Samar also; nearly four thousand have been baptized,
+nearly all adults. In Dulac a boys' school has been established, and
+many conversions have occurred. At Alangala there are three Indian
+chapels. Vaez asks for more missionaries in this so promising field. A
+few days later (July 8) the official visitor of the Jesuit missions,
+Diego Garcia, writes to Felipe III. He recommends that seminaries
+for the instruction of heathen boys be stablished as a means for
+hastening the conversion of the natives; and that the Indians be
+gathered into settlements. Garcia asks that the Jesuit college at
+Manila be authorized to graduate students from its classes; and closes
+by recommending to the king's favor Morga and other officials.
+
+The fiscal, Salazar y Salcedo, declares (July 16, 1601) that Tello
+is shielding Morga, and despatches to the king a full report of the
+investigation which he has made of the conflict with the Dutch. A
+memorial to the king is sent (July 20, 1601) by the cabildo of
+Manila, making various complaints in regard to the conduct of Doctor
+de Morga. The order given by him and Tello for the abandonment of
+Mindanao has caused the natives of that region to commit piracies in
+the islands under Spanish rule. Morga has obtained official positions
+for his relatives and friends, contrary to the royal ordinances. One
+of these men, being utterly incompetent, has failed to drive back the
+Mindanao pirates, who have consequently inflicted much damage. Through
+various machinations, Morga succeeded in depriving Ronquillo of
+the command of the fleet, in the battle with Van Noordt; but in the
+conflict he showed himself incompetent to command the troops, and a
+coward at the approach of danger; and, in consequence, his flagship
+was wrecked, with the loss of many Spaniards and of valuable military
+supplies. Moreover, the enemy being allowed to escape, the islands are
+more exposed to future attacks from them. The writers of this letter
+are sending documents to prove their charges; they also accuse Morga of
+writing anonymous letters. A letter from Morga to the king (July 30)
+relates his services in the naval battle, and the unfaithfulness of
+Joan de Alcega to his trust in that and other instances. Morga asks
+to be relieved from his post in the Philippines, and sent to some
+other country. On December 11, 1601, the Jesuit school at Cebu is
+aided by a royal grant for the erection of buildings.
+
+Governor Tello is superseded by Pedro de Acuna, and the latter is
+provided with instructions (February 16, 1602) by the king. He must
+consult with the viceroy of Nueva Espana regarding the measures
+to be taken for the settlement of the islands; and the viceroy has
+been ordered to aid the governor therein. Acuna is directed to look
+after the defense of the coasts, and the maintenance of a garrison
+in Mindanao. He must do what he can to dispense with offices and
+salaries which are superfluous, for which the king makes various
+recommendations. The frauds which have been committed in the shipment
+of goods to Nueva Espana, and in the payment of duties thereon, must
+be stopped. Irregularities and frauds in the assignment of encomiendas
+must also cease. These and various other matters are discussed by the
+king, in pursuance of the recommendations made by the royal fiscal
+in July, 1599. Official inspection of affairs in the islands must
+be made by the auditors; and the royal officials must put a stop to
+the importation from America of money for investment in the China
+trade. The cathedral at Manila must be completed, and the hospitals
+aided; and nuns will be sent for Santa Potenciana. The Jesuit seminary
+for Indian boys should be cared for; and Acuna is to ascertain its
+condition and needs. He must investigate the question of abolishing
+the Parian, and see that religious teachers are provided for the
+natives of the Ladrones Islands. Agriculture must be encouraged in
+the Philippines. Two royal decrees (dated February 16) command the
+viceroy of Nueva Espana to send to the Philippines more colonists,
+who shall be persons of good character; and two nuns, to take charge
+of the seminary of Santa Potenciana at Manila. Captain Gallinato
+sends to the governor at Manila (June 4, 1602) warning of a large
+plundering expedition which is about to sail from Mindanao to ravage
+the Pintados Islands. The Joloans are also hostile, and ready to attack
+the Spaniards; and the natives of Terrenate are aiding the Mindanaos.
+
+Luis de Dasmarinas writes to Felipe III (June 8, 1602), urging that the
+Spaniards reconquer the fortress of Maluco, to protect the Philippines
+from attack by "those demons of English and Dutch heretics." Doctor
+de Morga again informs the king (June 30) of his services in the
+conflict with Van Noordt, and in still another letter (July 8) of
+the attacks which his enemies are making upon him in regard to that
+affair. The Augustinian officials at Manila notify the king (July 4)
+of the election of Pedro Arce as provincial of their order in the
+islands; and explain their refusal to receive a visitor recently sent
+to the islands from Nueva Espana. A letter from the fiscal details
+(July 10) the measures taken to compel payment by Governor Tello of
+the debts owed by him in Sevilla; he has property in Nueva Espana,
+but none in the islands.
+
+_The Editors_
+
+December, 1903.
+
+
+
+
+
+Documents of 1599
+
+
+
+    Ordinances enacted by the Audiencia of Manila
+    (_concluded_.) Francisco Tello, and others; January-July, 1599.
+    The hospital for Indians at Manila. Domingo de Santiago and
+    Antonio Valerio; July 3.
+    Letters from the royal fiscal to the king. Hieronimo de
+    Salazar y Salcedo; July 21.
+    Letter from the king of Borneo to Governor Tello. Soltan Adil
+    Sula; [June?] translated July 27.
+    Letters to the king. Francisco Tello; July 14 and August 7.
+    Letters to Tello. Felipe III; August 16.
+
+
+
+_Sources_: All these documents save one are obtained from MSS. in the
+Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla; the second of the king's letters
+(August 16) is from the "Cedulario Indico" in the Archivo Historico
+Nacional, Madrid.
+
+_Translations_: The first of these documents is translated by Arthur
+B. Myrick, of Harvard University; the second, by Emma Helen Blair;
+the third, and part of the sixth, by Robert W. Haight; the fourth,
+by James A. Robertson; the fifth, by Norman F. Hall, of Harvard
+University, and Jose M. and Clara M. Asensio; the first letter in
+the sixth, by Alfonso de Salvio, of Harvard University.
+
+
+
+
+
+Ordinances Enacted by the Audiencia of Manila (_concluded_)
+
+
+
+_An act ordering the alcaldes-mayor and their officials to observe
+the royal tariff._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas, in the
+collection of taxes by the alcaldes-mayor of the provinces of these
+islands, and by their notaries and officials, there is great excess
+and disorder, from failing to observe his Majesty's royal tariffs,
+whence arise many difficulties and obstacles to the service of God
+our Lord, and of his Majesty: therefore, to remedy these evils,
+they ordered, and they did so order, that all the alcaldes-mayor,
+both now and henceforth, in all of the provinces of these said
+islands, shall observe and cause to be observed the royal tariff of
+his Majesty and his royal Audiencia; and, in conformity with it,
+shall levy and cause to be levied the taxes to them appertaining,
+as also shall their notaries and officials--levying on the natives
+a third less than on the Spaniards, according to the declaration
+thereof in the said tariff; and that each one of them shall have a
+copy of this tariff. They shall neither use nor levy the said taxes
+by any other tariffs, under penalty of a fine of one hundred pesos
+for the treasury of his Majesty and the expenses of justice. By this
+act they so provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez de Almazan_
+The licentiate _Zambrano_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+_Proclamation_: In the city of Manila, on the twenty-second of January,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors
+of the royal Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands, who signed their
+names to the above act, declared and proclaimed it in public session.
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that there shall be no suits without the filing of
+a sworn memorandum of the fees that the parties have paid._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia, Court, and Chancilleria of these Philipinas Islands
+declared that, whereas it has come to their knowledge that certain
+persons--not only Spaniards, but Indians and Sangleys--who bring
+suits in this royal Audiencia and outside of it, in the provincial
+and ordinary tribunals, complain of the large sums that are charged
+by the courts, in great excess of what they are ordered to charge
+by the royal tariffs; and that the notaries of the said tribunals,
+contrary to orders, send the appealed suits to this royal Audiencia,
+without placing at the end of them the fees they have paid; therefore,
+in order to remedy the aforesaid evil, and to put an end to complaints
+of similar acts of injustice, they ordered, and they did so order, both
+the officials of this royal Audiencia and the others in the provincial
+and the ordinary tribunals, and those outside of this city, now and
+henceforth, not to bring or send any suit to be reviewed in the court
+of this royal Audiencia, unaccompanied by a memorandum, signed and
+sworn to by the parties to the suit, of what they have spent thereon,
+and to what persons they have given the money; and not to bring any
+suit for revision in any other manner, under penalty of a fine, for
+each time when they shall disobey this order, of ten pesos for his
+Majesty's treasury, to be equally divided between the treasury and the
+court--to which, from that moment, they are considered as condemned. By
+this act they so provided and ordered, and they signed the same.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almazan_
+The licentiate _Alvaro Zambrano_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+_Proclamation_: In the city of Manila, on the twenty-second day of
+the month of January, one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine,
+the president and auditors of the royal Audiencia and Chancilleria
+of these Philipinas Islands, who signed their names to the above act,
+declared and proclaimed it in public session.
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the clerk of court who receives the bonds
+of suitors shall accept only reliable bonds, and at his own risk;
+and that his residencia in regard to the said office shall be taken._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas in the
+suits that are brought and considered in this royal Audiencia it
+is sometimes necessary to order the parties to give bonds, which
+are accepted by the clerk of court of this royal Audiencia, without
+his knowing whether they are good or not: therefore as some trouble
+and annoyance might result from this, and it is expedient to avoid
+this, and, where bonds are concerned, to require the residencia, they
+ordered, and they did so order, that now and henceforth the said clerk,
+in all suits in which bonds are ordered to be given, shall accept only
+honest, reliable, and valuable bonds, under the penalty of having them
+charged to his own account and risk if they are not so. He shall give
+reliable bonds therefor, and shall likewise undergo the residencia of
+his said office; and shall pay whatever is adjudged and decided against
+him, and any public demands which shall be lodged against him, as he
+is obliged to do by law. Thus it was provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almazan_
+The licentiate _Albaro Cambrano_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+_Proclamation_: In the city of Manila, on the twenty-second day of
+the month of January, one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine,
+the president and auditors of the royal Audiencia and Chancilleria
+of these Philipinas Islands, who signed their names to the above act,
+declared and proclaimed it in public session.
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the auditors who regularly review the charges
+against prisoners may make what decisions shall be necessary in
+the suits of prisoners por sala, until their sentences shall be
+pronounced._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancilleria of these Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas, in despatching suits of the prisoners in the royal prison of
+this court, there might be some delay on account of there being many
+persons imprisoned _por sala_ who are never released during the review
+of cases made, from which they receive great harm by protracting their
+release: therefore, the president and auditors agreed, and they did so
+resolve, that, now and henceforth, when they shall review the cases in
+the royal prison of this court, on the Saturdays appointed therefor,
+they may release those who were arrested _por sala_, if arrested
+therein by alcaldes of the court; and that, likewise, they may issue
+the acts which shall seem fitting to them concerning the regulation
+of criminal cases, until they are definitely concluded by sentence,
+so that the cases of the said prisoners may be despatched with the
+greater celerity.
+
+By this act they so ordered, provided, and decreed.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almazan_
+The licentiate _Alvaro Cambrano_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+_Proclamation_: In the city of Manila, on the twenty-second day of
+the month of January, one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine,
+the president and auditors of the royal Audiencia and Chancilleria
+of these islands, who signed their names to the above act, declared
+and proclaimed it in public session.
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the interpreters shall not trade or traffic
+with the natives._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancilleria of these Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas it has come to their knowledge that the interpreters, as a
+result of their occupation as interpreters, and being for the most part
+friendly to the natives, seek and attempt to acquire, with trinkets
+and other illegal means, jewels, slaves, and other things, at lower
+prices than they are valued by the said natives: therefore, in order
+to put a stop to the aforesaid evil by applying a remedy for it, they
+resolved, ordered, and decreed, that now and henceforth, no interpreter
+shall buy from the said natives any jewels, slaves, or other valuables,
+except in the presence of the magistrate, under penalty of confiscation
+of what shall have been bought by the interpreter violating this law,
+half of which is immediately to be applied to his Majesty's treasury,
+and the other half to the expenses of justice; and furthermore, he
+shall not be allowed to exercise the said office any longer. By this
+act they so provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almazan_
+The licentiate _Cambrano_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-second day of the month of
+January, one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and
+auditors of the royal Audiencia and Chancilleria of these Philipinas
+Islands, who signed their names to the above act, declared and
+proclaimed it in public session. Diego de Mercado and Juan Garcia,
+interpreters, were present and were notified.
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the probate judge shall examine the accounts
+of guardians of minors in this court._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancilleria of these Philipinas Islands declared
+that, whereas in this court there are many minors--encomenderos,
+and others--whose property and effects are in charge of guardians
+and curators; and because the said property might be spent and
+dissipated without these guardians being able afterward to give
+an account thereof to their said minors, which would result to
+the great harm and prejudice of the latter: therefore, to remedy
+the aforesaid, they resolved, and they did so resolve and decree,
+that the common probate judge, now or hereafter, in these islands be
+empowered to examine, not only in trust but on the party's petition,
+the accounts of all the guardianships and curatorships of minors in
+this court, and of the administration and conservation of the same;
+and he may proceed against those of whom he may be suspicious, or who
+administer and manage dishonestly, or waste, the goods and effects of
+the said minors; and may make in the case all the inquiries suitable
+and necessary, until he shall hand down a definite decision in such
+cases--for which, and for everything annexed to and pertaining to it,
+they gave him the requisite power and authority, in the sufficiency
+required by law. By this act they so voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almazan_
+The licentiate _Cambrano_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that no one shall keep on his hat or sit down,
+while the auditor is taking his deposition._
+
+In the city of Manila, in the Philipinas Islands, on the seventh of
+January, one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and
+auditors of the royal Audiencia of the said islands declared that,
+whereas certain persons have been imprisoned in the royal prison of
+this court, for criminal cases, who, when their depositions were being
+taken, sat down and remained with their heads covered, which is in
+disrespect of royal justice; and as it is fitting to apply a remedy to
+the aforesaid, now and henceforth, therefore, they ordered, and they
+did so order, that each and every one, of whatever rank and condition,
+who may be imprisoned on criminal charges, shall, when his deposition
+is being taken before any auditor of this royal Audiencia, stand
+and bare his head, until such time as his deposition is ended. And,
+in order that this may come to the knowledge of everyone, it shall be
+made known to the commissioners and attorneys of this royal Audiencia,
+who shall give notice of the provisions of this act to such persons,
+whenever occasion shall arise, so that it may be observed. By this
+act they so provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almazan_
+The licentiate _Cambrano_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that no attorney shall enter a petition in a new
+suit between Indians, without first communicating it to the auditor
+for that week._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas in this
+royal Audiencia there are brought and considered suits and causes for
+small amounts among the natives of these islands, in which they incur
+heavy costs, whereby they receive great injury and vexation: therefore,
+they ordered, and they did so order, that no prosecuting attorney of
+this royal Audiencia shall bring therein a new suit or petition for
+an Indian, without first and foremost bringing it before this royal
+Audiencia, or before the auditor for the week, in order that the latter
+may determine whether the suit be a proper one--under a penalty of a
+fine of six pesos of common gold, immediately upon the conviction of
+anyone who may disobey this decree; one-third to go to the receiver of
+fines, another third to the royal hospital, and the other third to the
+poor in the prison. By this act they so declared ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the royal officials, in the sale of gold and
+other goods, from the royal exchequer, see that it be done for cash,
+and not auctioned to creditors of the exchequer, in order that the
+latter may receive their money_.
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas on account
+of his Majesty's royal exchequer of these islands being, as it now is,
+embarrassed with many debts, it cannot succeed in paying its creditors
+what it thus owes them--which results from the fact that some of the
+said creditors, in order to have their accounts paid to them, present
+themselves at the royal auctions which are held for the sale of gold,
+cotton cloth, and other goods collected from the tributes pertaining
+to the royal crown, and bid on such articles, at higher prices than
+would be given if they were paying in cash, in order to receive what
+the royal exchequer owes them; and that if such things as this were
+allowed to continue, the said royal exchequer would not be able to meet
+certain necessary matters which continually occur in the service of
+the king, our sovereign, and of which consideration should be taken:
+therefore, they declared that they ordered, and they did so order,
+the official judges of the royal exchequer of the king our sovereign
+in these islands, that now and henceforth, in the auctions and sales
+which may be made of any royal property, it shall be made over to the
+person or persons who bid the highest, being knocked down to them
+and paid for immediately. They shall admit or receive in no other
+way any other bid which may be made by the said creditors. By this
+act they so declared and ordered, and signed the same.
+
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almazan_
+The licentiate _Albaro Cambrano_
+
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the advocates and attorneys of this royal
+Audiencia shall follow the customs of the natives._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas in suits
+brought by natives of these islands, wherein they consider in this
+royal Audiencia questions of slavery, divisions of inheritances,
+slaves, marriage-dowries, and other things, it is fitting that the
+advocates and attorneys of this royal Audiencia follow the customs
+of the said natives, observed formerly and now in the said suits:
+therefore, in order that they may be observed as his Majesty orders,
+and that to that end they may keep a copy in their possession, in order
+that they may know and observe them, they ordered, and they did so
+order, that the said advocates and attorneys in all suits at present
+pending in this royal Audiencia, as in those which shall be brought
+and continued henceforth, touching the said natives, shall approve and
+adhere to the said customs which the Indians were thus accustomed to
+follow and do follow; and they shall take a copy of the said customs
+which are set down in the books [1] of the royal Audiencia resident in
+these islands. They ordered that all the aforesaid persons should be
+notified of this act, in order that they may observe and execute it,
+under penalty of the loss to the parties; and, besides that, their
+consciences were charged with it, and it was declared that they would
+be judged guilty for any laxity or neglect which should thus occur. By
+this act it was so decreed, and they ordered it to be registered.
+
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almazan_
+The licentiate _Albaro Cambrano_
+
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+
+_An act declaring that no use shall be made of the tariff made by
+this royal Audiencia._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas it has been
+provided and ordered that the court clerk and other officials of the
+Audiencia and ordinary courts shall collect their fees in conformity
+with the tariff of the royal Audiencia of the City of Mexico in Nueva
+Espana: therefore, they ordered, and they did so order, that this be
+observed and executed exactly as the king, our sovereign, commands;
+and that the said officials may not use the tariff which the Audiencia
+made concerning the said fees, which is to be withdrawn. No one of
+the persons herein mentioned shall collect fees in conformity with
+it, under the penalties imposed upon those who collect excessive
+fees. This act shall be made known to all the officials whom it
+concerns. So they declared, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the alcaldes-mayor shall not make collections,
+nor shall they be given to the official judges; and that the collectors
+appointed must be approved by this royal Audiencia._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the
+royal Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas,
+on account of the alcaldes-mayor of the provinces of these islands
+collecting, personally or by their agents, the tributes from the
+natives in their jurisdiction who pertain to the royal crown,
+by commission granted therefor by the officials of the royal
+exchequer, there have resulted many injuries and inconveniences,
+both to the said natives and the said royal exchequer: therefore,
+because it is necessary to avoid the said injuries, and apply a
+remedy to the aforesaid evil, they ordered, and they did so order,
+that the officials of the royal exchequer of the king our sovereign
+should be notified, so that in no way or manner, now and henceforth,
+shall they grant the collections, directly or indirectly, to the said
+alcaldes-mayor, nor shall the latter have any part of that which is
+granted to the collectors. Therefore, the said collectors shall take
+oath in due legal form, that they will make the said collection,
+taking it for themselves alone, without granting any part to the
+said alcaldes-mayor. The latter shall not collect the tribute under
+penalty of deprivation of their offices. The said collectors shall
+deliver in kind to the royal exchequer the tributes that they shall
+collect from the said natives, unless the said officials shall order
+otherwise, for the augmentation of the royal exchequer. And in order
+that the collectors sent may be fit and proper persons, it is ordered
+that those appointed to the office by the said royal officials shall
+present themselves before this royal Audiencia, in order that they
+may be there approved. The said royal officials shall cause this to be
+done, under a penalty of a third part of their salary for that year,
+which must be paid immediately upon conviction of disobedience to
+this decree. The said collectors shall be vested with the authority
+of justice. By this act it was so declared, ordered, and decreed.
+
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Albaro De Cambrano_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almacan_
+
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the attorney for minors shall not bring a suit,
+without first communicating it to the judge for minors._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh of January, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas in this
+court there are many minors, whose goods and property are in the
+charge of their guardians, who might spend and dissipate the said
+goods beyond the use and profit of the said minors, which would be to
+their great injury: therefore, because by the attorney and defender
+of the said minors entering any suits and petitions with regard to
+the aforesaid minors without giving notice thereof, or communicating
+with the judge for minors, many inconveniences may result, as a remedy
+for this, they resolved and ordered that the said attorney for minors
+shall bring no suit for a minor against his guardian, without first
+communicating it to the judge who sits or shall sit for minors, that
+the latter may order what he deems advisable. By this act it was so
+ordered, ordained, and decreed.
+
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almacan_
+The licentiate _Albaro Cambrano_
+
+
+Before me:    _Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that all the officials, both of this royal Audiencia
+and the ordinary courts, shall be present at the review of charges
+against prisoners._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventh day of the month of January,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors
+of the royal Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands, declared that,
+whereas by the absence of the alcaldes-in-ordinary of this city, and
+of the clerk, reporter, alguazils-mayor, attorneys, commissioners,
+notaries-public, and other officials, not only of this royal Audiencia
+but of the lower court of this city, from the review of charges against
+prisoners, many prisoners are not at liberty--from which it follows
+that they are vexed and annoyed by long imprisonments and other great
+injuries and inconveniences; besides the fact that, in many suits,
+they are unable to administer and provide justice on account of not
+being present at the said review: therefore, because it is advisable
+to institute a reform in this matter, they ordered, and they did so
+order, that now and henceforth, every week on the days set apart for
+the review of prison charges, the said alcaldes-in-ordinary, the
+alguazils-mayor of the court and the city, the clerk and reporter
+of this royal Audiencia, the attorneys and commissioners thereof,
+the solicitors of the royal offices, the native interpreters, and
+the notaries-public, bailiffs, alguazils, and other officials of
+this royal Audiencia and the ordinary court, shall be present at
+the said review with all punctuality--except the reporter of this
+royal Audiencia, who is not obliged to be present at the said review,
+unless he has no suit to attend to--under a penalty of a fine of one
+peso for every offense, for each one of the aforesaid officials, as
+soon as they declared him convicted and did convict him. They ordered
+that the receiver of fines of this royal Audiencia shall observe the
+aforesaid most carefully for the proper execution and fulfilment of
+this act--which, in order that no one may pretend ignorance of it,
+shall be made known to all the persons whom it concerns. By this act
+it was so provided, ordered, and affirmed.
+
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almacan_
+The licentiate _Albaro Cambrano_
+
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the royal official judges in the fulfilment of
+their duties shall observe the instructions, decrees, and ordinances
+of his Majesty._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the nineteenth of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancilleria of these Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas by the ordinances, decrees, and instructions of his Majesty,
+orders have been given to the official judges of the royal exchequer
+of these islands, regarding their obligations in the exercise
+and discharge of their duties, and, because it is fitting that
+his Majesty's orders in those decrees be observed and fulfilled,
+they ordered, and they did so order, that the said royal officials
+should be notified that in the exercise of their offices they should
+observe the said royal ordinances, decrees, and instructions of the
+king our sovereign, who has given them, as they are held, exercised,
+and observed, and as they must be exercised and observed, by the royal
+official judges of the City of Mexico in Nueva Espana, especially
+section seventeen of the said royal ordinance. By this act they so
+provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me: _Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+
+_An act ordering the commissioners to be present at all sessions of
+the Audiencia._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the
+royal Audiencia of the Filipinas Islands declared that, whereas,
+although by the royal ordinances the commissioners of this royal
+Audiencia are obliged to be present at the assemblies, they are not
+there; and thus many cases that come up, both civil and criminal,
+are delayed in settlement, so that considerable harm and annoyance
+result to the parties concerned; and furthermore, that official
+and fiscal cases are delayed, because the said commissioners to all
+appearances do not employ therein the necessary diligence: therefore,
+to remedy this condition of affairs, they decreed and ordered that,
+now and henceforth, all the said commissioners, unless they have
+legitimate occupation or obstacle, shall be present without fail
+in the hall at all the sessions of the Audiencia with the greatest
+punctuality, so that in all matters there may be the prompt action
+which is desirable, under penalty of a fine of one peso from him who
+shall disobey this decree, the fine to be applied immediately upon
+condemnation, in this manner--six reals to the poor in the prisons,
+and two for the bailiff who has to execute the decree. By this act
+they so provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:    _Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that orders shall be given regarding the sworn
+memoranda of the collector of fines._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancilleria of these Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas Pedro Fernandez de Sanctofimia, attorney in the cases of
+the Audiencia, is appointed by this royal Audiencia to collect its
+fines, and ordered to assess the fines imposed upon its officials and
+other persons who do not observe the royal ordinances, and all other
+ordinances, decrees, and provisions, to the amount that must be levied
+for each fine--for, by not executing the penalties thereof daily,
+there are many oversights and no little remissness in the fulfilment
+of each one's obligations: therefore, in order that the requisite
+system be observed in everything, they decreed that, by giving the
+said Pedro Fernandez de Sanctofimia the present sworn memorandum
+of fines to be imposed upon everyone, he shall immediately receive
+his orders thereby regarding what he is commanded to levy for each
+fine. The latter he shall do immediately, as the said memorandum shall
+indicate, without any investigation or mandate preceding. The orders
+that he shall so give shall be executed by the bailiff or alguazil
+of this royal Audiencia, whenever they shall be issued. Whatever
+the latter shall collect he shall deliver to the said collector of
+fines, who shall take charge of it, and enter it carefully in a book,
+that he may give strict and clear account of each fine collected. And
+they charged each other's consciences with the fulfilment of all the
+above. By this act they so provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:    _Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing the making of a book in which shall be entered
+the decrees sent and to be sent by his Majesty to these islands,
+in order that they may be observed and executed._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first day of the month of January,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors
+of the royal Audiencia and Chancilleria of these Philipinas Islands
+declared that, whereas the king our sovereign, by his royal ordinances,
+ordains and orders a book to be made, in which to inscribe the decrees
+that he has sent, and shall send, to these islands, and that it contain
+an account of their execution: therefore, they thereupon ordered, and
+they did so order, the said book to be made, and entrusted it to the
+clerk of the court. He shall inscribe therein all the decrees that
+the king our sovereign has sent and will send to these islands, so
+that henceforth a detailed account of their observation and execution
+shall be kept, as his Majesty orders. By this act they so provided,
+ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_That interlocutory decisions shall be concluded at one demand from
+each party._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the
+royal Audiencia and Chancilleria of the Philipinas Islands declared
+that, whereas his Majesty ordains and commands by one of the royal
+ordinances for this royal Audiencia, that interlocutory decisions
+shall be concluded, in trial and review, at one demand from each of
+the parties, and that the clerk of court receive [no] other demands:
+therefore, in order that the aforesaid be exactly executed, they
+ordained and decreed that the attorneys of this royal Audiencia shall
+conclude the said interlocutory decisions in trial and review, at one
+demand from each party, without giving or presenting more demands,
+with the warning that any others presented shall not be admitted. The
+clerk of court is warned in the present that he shall not receive
+them under penalty of a fine of two pesos, to be employed as it shall
+seem proper, and delivered into the charge of the collector of fines
+of this royal Audiencia, upon whom the execution of the above shall
+be most carefully charged. And they ordered it to be proclaimed,
+and especially to the said attorneys. So they provided, ordered,
+and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act providing that no proceedings shall be conducted in suits
+between Indians, without a decree from this royal Audiencia._
+
+On the twenty-first of January, one thousand five hundred and
+ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal Audiencia
+of the Philipinas Islands, declared that, whereas, in one of his
+royal ordinances, the king, our sovereign, commands the aforesaid
+president and auditors that, in suits and civil and criminal cases
+between Indians, the usual proceedings shall not be conducted or
+issued, except in cases decreed and ordered by an act of this royal
+Audiencia: therefore, in order that the aforesaid shall be exactly
+fulfilled, they ordained and decreed that it should be communicated
+to the said attorneys of this royal Audiencia, that when, in the name
+of any natives, they shall bring suits against other natives, before
+bringing these suits they shall notify this royal Audiencia--in order
+that, if thought best, they may be docketed, and if not, that the cost
+and expense may be avoided. Those which shall be prosecuted shall be
+docketed by formal decree of this royal Audiencia, and in no other
+manner. They must strive to be brief and precise in everything. The
+notaries both of this royal Audiencia and the other jurisdictions
+thereof are ordered, in the collection of fees from said natives,
+to employ great moderation, and to despatch their business promptly,
+in order that all his Majesty's orders and decrees may be observed
+and fulfilled. Moreover, they commanded that the aforesaid notaries
+be notified of this act. So they provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the attorneys shall go, within three days, to
+the office of the clerk of court, to settle suits that are concluded._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancilleria of these Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas, on account of the non-appearance of the attorneys of this
+royal Audiencia at the office of the clerk of court for this royal
+Audiencia, to settle and otherwise regulate suits and cases which are
+concluded, in order that they may be reviewed and decided, there is
+great delay in their revision and decision, so that the interested
+parties are subjected to great harm and annoyance: therefore,
+to remedy this, they ordered, and they did so order, that all the
+attorneys of this royal Audiencia shall be notified that, whenever
+the said suits are concluded, wherever they shall be brought, within
+the three days first following they shall appear at the office of
+the above-mentioned clerk of court, and there settle and dispose of
+them, so that there shall be nothing wanting, and that they may have
+the necessary despatch--being warned that, if they do not thus come
+within the said term, the said clerk can settle the said processes,
+and send them to the reporter for him to review them in court. And if,
+by the said attorneys' negligence, the parties suffer any harm, the
+said attorneys shall pay them for it in their persons and goods. By
+this act they so declared, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the notaries shall not collect their fees
+entirely from each of the parties, but that each one shall pay the
+part he owes._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first day of the month of January,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors
+of the royal Audiencia and Chancilleria of these Philipinas Islands
+declared that, whereas it has come to their knowledge that both the
+notaries and the reporter [_relator_] [2] of this royal Audiencia and
+of the other jurisdictions of this court, collect fees for the trial of
+suits and other acts thereof in entirety from each of the parties at
+whose petition they may take action, saying that they should pay them
+entirely: therefore, because the aforesaid proceeding is to the great
+harm and damage of the parties, to make them thus pay what they do not
+owe, and since the aforesaid evil should be remedied, they ordered,
+and they did so order, now and henceforth, that the said notaries
+and reporter, or either of them, shall not collect in any way, or in
+any case, the fees owed by one of the said parties from the others,
+but that each one shall pay what he owes. On account of not paying the
+total fees, the party who would wish his suit to be tried, shall not
+have it delayed; but, as soon as he has paid his share, his suit shall
+be despatched with all celerity. And they declared that they charged,
+and they did so charge, their consciences with this; and furthermore,
+that whoever shall disobey this decree shall be convicted and sentenced
+to pay a fine four times as great as the sum thus exacted, for his
+Majesty's treasury, in addition to the fines which those who exact
+excessive fees incur. By this act they so declared, ordered, and
+decreed; and that this act shall apply to any person whom it concerns.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the attorneys shall not speak in suits wherein
+they shall not have been authorized to do so._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first day of the month of January,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors
+of the royal Audiencia and Chancilleria of these Philipinas Islands
+declared that, whereas the attorneys of this royal Audiencia often take
+it upon themselves to speak and make allegations in suits in which they
+have no authority, and in which they have not appeared as parties to
+the said case, certain nullifications can be created--for which reason
+the said case may be brought again, and the parties thereto subjected
+to considerable injury and expense: therefore, to obviate the said
+injuries and other inconveniences of reconsideration, they ordered,
+and they did so order, that, now and henceforth, neither the said
+attorneys nor any one of them shall take it upon himself to speak,
+nor shall they speak in any suit or case, unless authorized therefor
+by the party in whose favor they shall speak, or unless he has proved
+himself to be a party to the suit--under penalty that he who shall
+disobey this decree shall incur a fine of four pesos of common gold,
+as soon as he shall be judged guilty thereof; three of them to be given
+to the royal hospital for Spaniards, and one to the bailiff in charge
+thereof. And under the said penalty, the clerk of court is ordered
+not to give any one of the said attorneys any suits or petitions,
+unless empowered thereto by the parties concerned. By this act they
+so ordered, declared, and decreed.
+
+Before me:     _Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the evidence that the clerk of court cannot
+take be entrusted by commission of this royal Audiencia, and assigned
+by the members thereof, to the notarial commissioner of examinations._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first day of the month of January,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors
+of the royal Audiencia and Chancilleria of the Philipinas Islands
+declared that, whereas, conformably to the royal ordinances, all
+the evidences in suits and cases pending in this royal Audiencia,
+are committed to the clerk of court; and whereas, on account of the
+volume of business incumbent upon his said office, he cannot receive
+them all, and commits them to the notaries: therefore, because the
+aforesaid taking of evidence cannot be done unless authorized by this
+royal Audiencia, under the direction of its members, they ordered,
+and they did so order, that in regard to evidence which the said clerk
+of court cannot take immediately in interrogatories and petitions,
+by virtue of which such evidence must be taken, an act be passed by
+which his duty may be committed by this royal Audiencia and assigned by
+its members to a commissioner of examinations, the latter to receive
+and examine the said evidence, and to take the oaths of witnesses
+thereto. The said commissioner shall give a receipt to the parties for
+the fees which he shall collect from them for said evidence, and at
+the foot of the evidence he shall in like manner sign his name. The
+clerk of court shall not receive any fees for such evidence; and
+under no circumstances whatever shall the said evidence be taken in
+any other way, except as herein stated, under penalty that evidence
+given in any other way shall be null and void; and the commissioner
+receiving it shall incur a penalty of one hundred pesos of common gold,
+as soon as he shall have been judged guilty, the fine to be applied
+in equal parts to the royal treasury and court-rooms of this royal
+Audiencia. By this act they so declared, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:     _Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the officials of this royal Audiencia shall give
+bonds at the beginning of every year, and that likewise, they shall
+give them for the time during which they have already held office._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first day of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancilleria of these Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas, in order to conform to the decrees and provisions of his
+Majesty, and to be just with the parties entering suits, the officials
+of this royal Audiencia are under obligation to give bonds that they
+will undergo residencia for the right exercise and discharge of their
+duties, at the beginning of each year: therefore, because hitherto they
+have not given bonds for the time while they have exercised their said
+offices, and because they should give them, both for the aforesaid time
+and for the future, they resolved and ordered that the commissioners
+of examination, attorneys, assessor of taxes, collector of fines,
+deputies of the alguazil-mayor, and the prison warden of this court,
+shall each one of them, within fifteen days after being notified of
+this act, give safe and reliable bonds, before the undersigned clerk
+of court, that they will undergo residencia for the use and exercise
+of their offices, and pay everything which may be adjudged against
+them in the matter, and also in the suits which may be instituted
+against them. They are also warned that after the said term of office
+has expired, they shall exercise the said offices no longer, which
+shall be immediately declared vacant, and other persons appointed
+thereto. Likewise, within the said term and under the said penalty,
+they shall give bonds for all the time during which they have already
+exercised the said offices in the royal Audiencia, for which they have
+not given them. In the future, they shall be notified and ordered to
+renew the said bonds at the beginning of every year, under the said
+penalty. By this act they so provided, enacted, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that cases of twenty pesos or less shall not be
+brought to trial; and that the notary shall not take a larger fee
+than one-half peso from each party._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first day of the month of January,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors
+of the royal Audiencia and Chancilleria of the Philipinas Islands
+declared that, whereas so many suits involving twenty pesos or less
+are wont to be begun, and as much time is consumed therein as if they
+were affairs of greater magnitude, whence there results to the parties
+concerned great harm and damage by reason of the great cost and expense
+wasted therein, beside the long and tedious delays in the collection
+of their debts: therefore, to remedy that, they agreed and ordered
+that, now and henceforth, no trial shall be made of cases amounting to
+twenty pesos or less, unless they are briefly and summarily disposed
+of; and that the notary before whom they are brought shall not take
+for his fee more than four reals only from each party, even if they
+make many investigations in the matter--under penalty that all that
+they take above that sum they shall return to the parties concerned,
+together with four times as much for his Majesty's treasury. By this
+act they so provided, ordered, and decreed; and the notaries whom
+its fulfilment concerns shall be notified.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act concerning the order that the alcaldes-mayor are to follow
+in trying Indian suits._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of these Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas his
+Majesty has ordered, in his royal decrees and ordinances, that the
+suits of the Indians shall be treated summarily, and that processes
+issued within the limit of the law shall not be so conducted that
+the said Indians waste their substance by incurring too heavy costs:
+therefore, in order that the royal will of the king our sovereign
+might be exactly fulfilled, they resolved and ordered that the
+alcaldes-in-ordinary and the alcaldes-mayor and other magistrates and
+notaries, in suits of the Indians, shall observe their instructions
+and the following articles.
+
+First, when any Indian--whether man or woman--shall enter suit for
+liberty, or any other matter, against another Indian without giving
+a _traslado_, [3] the said magistrate shall order the Indian sued
+to appear before him and take oath as to the truth of the demands
+of the plaintiff. If he shall confess it, justice shall be done by
+settling the case; and if he deny it, the case shall be reserved for
+evidence within a short time, with obligation for publication and
+conclusion. The said magistrates shall order that, as soon as both
+parties name their witnesses, the latter shall be brought into court,
+and an oath taken from them to tell the truth, and they shall cause
+them to tell by word of mouth what they know. After they have thus
+testified, the substance of their depositions shall be recorded,
+in this form: "So and so of such an age, capable or incapable as a
+witness, said so and so under oath;" and the same shall be done with
+the other witnesses in the same order. The evidences of both parties
+being taken, and the time-limit having expired, a just finding shall
+be determined. If either of the parties appeal, the alcaldes-mayor
+shall hear them in the court of appeals; and the witnesses named by
+either party shall be subpoenaed, and shall give their evidence in the
+same form as set forth above, the case being admitted to trial within
+a short time, with obligation for publication and conclusion--at the
+expiration of which the process shall be sent to this royal Audiencia
+to be settled, the original parties being summoned for all trials,
+the time and place being appointed by the court.
+
+Second. _Item_: If the suit be a criminal suit, the complaint and
+charge shall be received. If there is guilt, the person shall be
+arrested, and the prisoner's declaration taken. The charge shall
+be formulated against him, and the case admitted to trial within a
+short period, with obligation for publication and conclusion; and
+within the probatory limit the testimonies given in the preliminary
+process shall be verified, other new ones received, if there be any,
+and the defendant's plea taken. The time having expired, the case
+shall be decided. If any of the parties shall appeal, the original
+process shall be sent to the Audiencia; because in this way the said
+natives will avoid heavy expense and cost, and the cases will be more
+quickly decided. In criminal cases, no other form of process shall
+be used than that which is appointed for civil cases.
+
+Third. _Item_: If the suit be to the amount of three pesos, or
+less, the judgment shall be so summary that only the substance of
+the whole matter is to be written, together with the decision, in a
+report. The original shall be retained by the notary, and if either
+of the parties shall desire an authenticated copy, it shall be given
+them as a safeguard of their rights. And in suits for the said amount,
+only one real, and no more, may be collected between judge and notary.
+
+Fourth. _Item_: That if the judge shall attest the testimonies in any
+civil or criminal suit by flourishes and signatures that he may make,
+he cannot collect any fees; since there are none due him except for
+the acts that he shall draw up and sign.
+
+Fifth. In order that the said instructions be exactly observed and
+fulfilled, they declared that they order, and they did so order, the
+alcaldes-in-ordinary and the notaries-public to be informed thereof,
+and testimony thereof to be sent to all the alcaldes-mayor, whose
+consciences they declared they charged, and they did so charge, with
+the fulfilment thereof. Furthermore, in the residencias which shall
+be taken from them, he who shall not have fulfilled this decree, or
+caused it to be fulfilled, shall be punished and with great rigor. So
+they provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:     _Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the alguazils-mayor and their deputies shall
+make the rounds every night._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first day of the month of January,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors
+of the royal Audiencia and Chancilleria of the Philipinas Islands
+declared that, whereas it has come to their knowledge that neither
+do the alguazils-mayor of this court and city, nor their deputies,
+make their rounds throughout the city, as they are under obligation to
+do--as a result of which, murders, robberies, and other lawless acts
+and crimes occur daily, to the great injury of the citizens: therefore,
+to remedy this state of affairs and provide this community with the
+necessary guard and order, they ordered, and they did so order, the
+said alguazils-mayor and their deputies to be notified that they must
+make their rounds during the night, as they are under obligation to do
+in this city, without fail, under penalty of a fine of ten pesos of
+common gold--to be applied, as soon as anyone shall be condemned for
+disobeying this decree, in equal shares to the two royal hospitals
+of this city--for the Spaniards and for the natives--in addition to
+the loss and interest to any parties which may result and occur. By
+this act, they so provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that there shall be in the courtroom, a list of
+the charges fixed by the royal tariff, and that each notary shall
+keep one in his house._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first day of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancilleria of the Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas the king our sovereign, in his royal ordinances, decrees
+and orders that a list of the charges fixed by the royal tariff be
+placed in the court-room, and that likewise each notary whom it shall
+concern shall keep a copy in his house, for its better observation
+and execution: therefore, in order that the aforesaid may be exactly
+fulfilled, they ordered, and they did so order, a complete copy of
+the said royal tariff to be made by this royal Audiencia. It shall
+be set forth in a list, and placed in the court-room; and all the
+notaries and persons mentioned therein, and those whom it may concern,
+shall make a copy, and keep the same in their houses and affixed to a
+tablet in some public place, where it may be seen by those transacting
+business. This they shall do and fulfil within one week after this
+act shall have been made known to them, under penalty of a fine of
+six pesos of common gold; and anyone incurring this penalty shall
+pay this sum immediately--half of which shall be set aside for the
+poor in the prisons, and the other half for the Spanish hospital in
+this city--beside incurring and undergoing the penalties contained
+in the said royal ordinances. By this act they so provided, ordered,
+and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that within four months the royal officials shall
+close up the accounts held by the royal treasury._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first day of the month of January,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors
+of the royal Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas it has come to their knowledge that in the royal accountancy
+of the king our sovereign there are, at this very day, many accounts
+to be balanced and closed of individuals who owe the royal treasury a
+large sum of gold pesos, and others to whom money is due--whence has
+resulted, and results, the lack therein of the system and management
+which should be observed in the said royal exchequer: therefore,
+in order that on this account no losses may result, and that the
+matter may receive its due consideration, they ordered, and they
+did so order, that the official judges of the royal treasury of
+the king our sovereign, in these islands, within the four months
+first following the day on which they shall have been notified of
+this act, shall balance and close each and every account that the
+royal treasury holds with any individuals of these islands. They
+are warned that whoever shall not so fulfil and execute his orders,
+after the expiration of said time, will be charged with everything,
+and ordered to pay all accounts not balanced and liquidated. By this
+act they so declared, ordered and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that all the officials of the royal Audiencia shall
+take copies of the royal ordinances._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first day of the month of January,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors
+of the royal Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas, in one of the royal ordinances, it is ordered that all the
+officials of this royal Audiencia, and other persons whom they concern,
+shall keep in their possession a copy of the said ordinances; therefore
+they ordered, and they did so order, that within thirty days after the
+publication of this act, each of the said officials shall take a copy
+of the said royal ordinances and keep it in his possession; and each
+one, so far as he is concerned, shall observe and execute them, as his
+Majesty orders therein, under the penalties therein contained--under
+the penalty that if, after the expiration of said time, the said copy
+has not been made, they shall be immediately convicted and fined in
+the sum of six pesos of common gold, the latter being applied to the
+court-rooms of this royal Audiencia. By this act they so declared,
+ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that no alcalde-in-ordinary, notary, commissioner,
+attorney, or any other official of this royal Audiencia, or of the
+ordinary court, shall go outside this city without license._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-first day of the month of
+January, one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and
+auditors of the royal Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared
+that, whereas the alcaldes-in-ordinary of this city, notaries,
+commissioners, attorneys, and other officials, both of this royal
+Audiencia and of the ordinary court, whenever they see fit, leave
+the city without license--whence results much harm to the litigants,
+on account of the delay and unsatisfactory conduct of their business,
+beside many other inconveniences resulting therefrom: therefore, to
+remedy this evil, they decreed and ordered that, now and henceforth,
+no alcalde-in-ordinary, commissioner, attorney, notary-public,
+or other official of this royal Audiencia or of the ordinary court,
+shall go anywhere outside of this city, without the express permission
+of this royal Audiencia, under a penalty of a fine of six pesos of
+common gold, in which sum anyone adjudged guilty of the contrary shall
+be immediately fined--one-half for the poor in the prison, and the
+other half for the poor in the Spanish hospital--beside the loss and
+interest which may result to the parties concerned on account of the
+delay in justice. By this act they so proclaimed, ordered and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_Ordinances and laws for the Sangleys._
+
+We, the president and auditors of the royal Audiencia and Chancilleria
+of these Philipinas Islands. Whereas it has been learned by experience
+in this city that the Sangleys residing in the islands and their
+neighborhood have had and maintain among them a custom of practicing,
+and they do practice an abominable sin against nature, not only with
+the Chinese, but with the Moro and Indian boys of these islands,
+by which God, our Lord, is greatly disserved; and, whereas, the said
+Chinese have had and have the habit and custom of bringing from China,
+or making in this city, money of base metal, and they pare and clip the
+royal money, to the great fraud and injury of the royal exchequer; and
+although they have seen that some are punished for this, they have not
+taken warning; and whereas, the said Sangleys, who are infidels, ally
+themselves with the Christian Indian women, and have lawless carnal
+intercourse with them; and whereas, besides the aforesaid crimes, the
+said Sangleys are wont to buy from slaves and Indians golden jewels,
+trinkets, clothes, and other articles which are stolen: therefore,
+to supply a remedy for all that, and in order that such crimes and
+disorders shall cease, now and henceforth, we command the following
+orders to be observed in everything.
+
+_Laws._--First, we ordain and command that none of the said Chinese
+Sangleys, or any other persons whatsoever, shall commit or practice
+the said abominable sin against nature, or try to commit it. Whoever
+shall do so shall incur the penalty of being burned alive by fire,
+beside having all his goods confiscated to the treasury of his Majesty.
+
+_Item_: We ordain and command that none of the said Sangleys shall
+dare to make or coin any sort of silver or gold money, or of any other
+metal, nor shall they clip or scrape money already made, or make use
+of it, under the penalties contained in the above ordinance.
+
+_Item_: We ordain and command that none of the aforesaid shall cohabit
+or have carnal intercourse with any [Spanish?] woman or Christian
+Indian woman, under the penalty that, in such case, he shall incur
+a punishment of two hundred lashes and ten years in the galleys,
+as criminals sentenced to row, without pay, and of the confiscation
+of one-half his property, to be applied as above stated.
+
+Further, we ordain and command, that none of the said Sangleys,
+for any reason or consideration, shall buy from negro slaves or
+freemen, Indians or mulattoes, any gold jewels, trinkets, garments,
+or any other articles which they sell; but when the said Sangleys go
+to them, they shall arrest them and take them before the magistrate,
+under penalty that whoever shall disobey this decree shall fall under
+and incur the penalties incurred by robbers, and said penalties will
+be rigorously executed on their persons and goods.
+
+And in order that the aforesaid shall be observed and executed without
+remission of penalty, and so that no one may pretend ignorance, we
+order that these ordinances shall be publicly proclaimed in the public
+square, in all other public places of this city, in the Sangley Parian,
+and in the village of Tondo, in order that everyone may know of them;
+and in each one of the said places a copy of them, written in the
+Chinese language, shall be posted. No person shall dare to remove the
+said placards, under penalty of two hundred lashes. We order all the
+alcaldes-mayor of the environs of this city to have them published and
+made known to the natives. We request and charge all the religious to
+give instructions to the said Indians, and cause them to understand
+these laws and ordinances, and the penalties attached thereto. Given
+in the city of Manila, on the twenty-sixth of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine.
+
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almacan_
+The licentiate _Albaro  Cambrano_
+
+By order of the royal Audiencia:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_That the official judges shall not grant collections to any collectors
+who have not rendered an account and payment of collections that have
+been in their charge._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-seventh of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas it has come
+to their knowledge that the official judges of the royal exchequer
+of the king our sovereign, in these said islands, grant commissions
+to certain collectors to make collections from the encomiendas that
+pertain to his Majesty's royal crown, who, by virtue thereof, make the
+collections; and that it often happens that, without their rendering
+any account and payment of them, the said officials again grant them
+commissions to make the collections, to the great harm and prejudice
+of the royal exchequer, from which many difficulties may result:
+therefore, in order to correct the aforesaid evil, they ordered,
+and they did so order, that the official judges, now and henceforth,
+shall under no consideration grant commissions to any collectors to
+make any collections for the royal exchequer and crown, without their
+having rendered account and payment of former collections entrusted
+to them--under penalty of paying out of their own pockets what such
+collectors shall appear to owe the royal estate, as soon as such is
+evident, besides undergoing and incurring a fine of two hundred pesos
+of common gold (this fine to be applied to the royal treasury of the
+king our sovereign), to which sum, from that moment, they declared that
+they condemned, and they did so condemn, any one who should disobey
+this decree. By this act it was so provided, ordered, and affirmed.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+
+The other honorable auditors signed the above.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the clerk of court shall bring to the first
+meeting a minute of the fiscal suits._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-eighth of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas in the
+archives of the office of the present clerk of court, many fiscal suits
+are pending, as well as others which have been concluded, in which
+his Majesty's royal office is interested; but, not knowing which ones
+are concluded, the others are not concluded and finished: therefore,
+in order that those that are concluded may be known and settled,
+they ordered, and they did so order, me, the undersigned clerk of
+court, to bring a copy and minutes of those that are concluded, and
+[of the suits now pending,] to the next session which shall be held,
+in order that they may examine them and provide what is most advisable
+therein. By this act it was so provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that a book be made in which to enter the fines
+applied to the poor of the prison and other pious works, and to the
+courts, and the manner of their distribution._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-eighth of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancilleria of the Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas the aforesaid Audiencia imposes certain fines of small amounts,
+some of which are applied to the poor of the prison, and others to the
+courts and other pious works: therefore, because it is advisable that
+there should be an account and report of these moneys, and of their
+source and the manner of their distribution, they ordered, and they
+did so order, a book to be made in which to enter the said penalties,
+applied as aforesaid, with the day, month, and year, in what cases
+they are imposed, and likewise a report of how they are expended and
+distributed; and this shall be done with all clearness, so that the
+aforesaid may be evident for all time. This act is to be placed at
+the beginning of said book. So they provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing the collection of all the debts which are in any
+way owed to the royal treasury of the king our sovereign._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the thirtieth of January, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president, and auditors of the
+royal Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas
+the licentiate Geronimo de Salazar y Salzedo, fiscal of this royal
+Audiencia for his Majesty, has made them a report, declaring that the
+royal treasury of the king our sovereign, in these islands, cannot
+succeed in paying many of its debts, on account of failure to collect
+many that have been due it for some time past; and has besought and
+supplicated them to order that the royal official judges shall, within
+twenty days, exert all possible diligence to collect everything that
+is due the said royal treasury for any reason whatever: therefore,
+in order to provide a remedy for the aforesaid difficulty, they
+ordered, and they did so order, that the said official judges should
+be notified that, within the two months next following the date on
+which this act shall be made known to them, they shall collect all the
+debts that are in any manner owed to the royal treasury, from all and
+any persons whatsoever, and from their goods, exerting therein all
+necessary diligence. They are to proceed with the necessary rigor
+to do this effectively, being warned that if they do not collect
+the said debts, to be liquidated within the said period, all that
+shall remain uncollected they will be obliged to pay out of their
+own property. For the debts which shall not have been liquidated,
+they shall observe and execute the act of this royal Audiencia, which
+has been made known to them, under the penalty thereof. By this act
+they so provided, ordered, and decreed.
+
+[No signature.]
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that it shall be proclaimed in this city, in the
+public places thereof, that within three days all natives residing
+therein, not servants or otherwise employed, shall leave this city._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the eleventh of February, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the
+royal Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas the
+licentiate Geronimo de Salazar y Salzedo, his Majesty's fiscal in
+this royal Audiencia, protector of the natives of these said islands,
+has made a report to the effect that there are many natives who are
+vagabonds in this city, as a result of which they fall into various
+vices dangerous to this community; and that rice and other provisions
+have become high-priced and scarce; and as a remedy, he has requested
+and petitioned the aforesaid president and auditors to provide in
+this regard what is most advisable: therefore, they declared that they
+ordered, and they did so order, that, within three days from the date
+of this act, it shall be proclaimed to all and whatever natives are and
+reside in this city, who are not employed as servants to the Spaniards,
+or in some known occupation, that they must leave the city and return
+to their own villages, to remain and live therein. Nor shall any other,
+now and henceforth, remain in this city, under penalty, to anyone who
+shall disobey this decree--for the first time, of one hundred lashes;
+and for the second offense, one year of service at the oar in his
+Majesty's galleys, without pay--on whom they declared that, as soon as
+they condemned them (and they did so condemn them), the said penalty
+shall be executed without leniency. In order that it may come to the
+notice of all the said natives, and that no one may pretend ignorance,
+this act shall be proclaimed in the Tagal language, in this city, in
+the public places thereof, and in the hamlet of Tondo, and testimony
+shall be taken thereof. Thus they declared, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act concerning the order which the alcaldes-in-ordinary and the
+alguazil-mayor of this court must observe in their seats._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the fifth of March, one thousand five hundred
+and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal Audiencia of
+the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas some dissensions and
+difficulties have occurred between the alcaldes-in-ordinary of this
+city and the alguazil-mayor of the court of this royal Audiencia, in
+the churches and public places where they have met, in regard to the
+seats and places which each shall occupy, and their precedence--so
+that it has resulted in their coming to blows, to the great scandal
+and indecorum of their offices, and particularly in contempt of this
+said royal Audiencia: therefore it is necessary in this matter to
+provide some regulation to be kept and observed in like cases by the
+aforesaid officials, so that the said disturbances shall cease. In
+order that the said alcaldes-in-ordinary of this city shall keep
+their known seats and places, and that they may be separate from
+the said alguazil-mayor and from the ministers of this said royal
+Audiencia, they declared that they ought to order, and they did so
+order, that, when the alguazil-mayor of this court shall be present
+in any of the churches of this city, without the president, auditors,
+and fiscal, or any others whom he might join, he shall not take any
+seat or bench belonging to the alcaldes-in-ordinary or regidors (nor
+shall any other individuals occupy them, or sit in them, or intrude
+themselves among them in any part or place that shall be given them),
+but shall place and keep his chair and seat in some distinct and
+fitting place, as does the president, the Audiencia, or any of the
+members thereof. Likewise, in the processions and parades through the
+streets, funerals, betrothals, passage of retinues, and other like
+occasions on which the towns-people gather, the said alguazil-mayor of
+the court, finding himself alone, without any of the aforesaid persons
+whom he might accompany, shall refrain from going in company with them
+[the alcaldes] in any manner--whether invited, or of his own accord;
+whether the city's alcaldes go as a municipal body, or as individuals
+to such functions; or whether they are not present at them. Meantime
+the question is being considered and consulted as to what is to be
+done and observed in all the above matters, and what it is advisable
+to do in the future, and whether this royal Audiencia should make any
+further provision. All the above shall be observed and fulfilled by
+the said alguazil-mayor of the court, and the alcaldes-in-ordinary
+of this city, without their having any wrangling or differences, or
+any scandal--being warned that, if they do so, proceedings will be
+instituted against the guilty persons who violate the order; and they
+shall be punished to the full extent of the law. By this act they so
+voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almacan_
+
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the taxing officer of this royal Audiencia shall
+be notified to fix the costs in the suits, either personally, or by
+some other intelligent person whom he shall name for this purpose._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the sixteenth of March, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas it has
+come to their notice that the taxing officer of this royal Audiencia
+does not fix the costs in the suits that are brought there: therefore,
+because it is advisable that the above officer fulfil the obligation
+of his office, as his Majesty ordains and commands, and that the
+inconveniences which arise from this be avoided, they ordered, and
+they did so order, that the said taxing officer should be notified
+that, now and henceforth, in whatever processes shall be brought for
+consideration in this royal Audiencia, whether definitive or under
+any plea whatever, the costs shall be fixed by him (thus complying
+with the tenor of the royal ordinance treating of this matter),
+either personally, or by some other intelligent person whom he shall
+designate for the said purpose, and shall appoint in his place, who
+shall be a person fit for the said service. They ordered the clerk
+of court of this royal Audiencia to be present at those suits which
+shall be brought for consideration in the manner above mentioned,
+before the said taxing officer, in order that he may fix the costs
+therein; and, regarding the aforesaid, they charged one another's
+consciences. By this act they so voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that Doctor Antonio de Morga shall take the
+residencia, for the months of January and February, of the deputy
+regidors, within the limit of ten days._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the sixteenth of March, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the
+royal Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas,
+for the past months of January and February of the present year,
+up to the present time, no residencia for the use and exercise of
+their offices has been taken of the deputy regidors of this city,
+it is fitting and necessary that it be taken immediately: therefore
+they appointed, and they did so appoint, Doctor Antonio de Morga,
+auditor of this royal Audiencia, for a term of ten days, to take the
+said residencia for the said months of the said appointed regidors,
+who have filled their said offices, proceeding therein as the king
+our sovereign decrees and commands in his royal ordinance. For this
+they granted him the authority and commission as fully as is required
+by law. By this act they so voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_.
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that Doctor Antonio de Morga, auditor of this
+royal Audiencia, shall audit the accounts of the city for the past
+year, 1598._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the sixteenth day of the month of March,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors
+of the royal Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas the auditing of the accounts of this city for the past year,
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-eight, was committed to the
+licentiate Albaro Cambrano, late auditor of this royal Audiencia
+(whom may God keep in His holy glory!), and because by his end and
+death the auditing, continuation, and balancing of the accounts,
+as his Majesty orders and commands in his royal ordinance, have
+been neglected: therefore, they appointed, and they did so appoint,
+in place of the said licentiate Alvaro Cambrano, Doctor Antonio de
+Morga, auditor of this royal Audiencia, to audit the said accounts,
+and to continue and finish them according to the order given to the
+said licentiate Albaro Cambrano--for which, they granted, and they
+did so grant, him authority and commission as fully as is required
+by law. By this act they so voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that, on account of the end and death of the
+licentiate Albaro Cambrano (whom may God keep!), the licentiate
+Tellez Almacan is to continue, close, and complete the accounts of
+the royal exchequer._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the sixteenth of March, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancilleria of the Philipinas Islands declared that,
+whereas the licentiate Albaro Cambrano, late auditor of this royal
+Audiencia (whom may God have in His holy glory!), to whom was assigned
+the auditing of the accounts of his Majesty's royal exchequer--which
+are at present being audited by the royal judicial officials--is now
+dead and passed from this present life: therefore, in order that on
+this account the auditing may not be delayed and fail of prosecution,
+as is fitting, and as the king our sovereign commands in his royal
+ordinance, in place of the licentiate Albaro Cambrano they appointed,
+and they did so appoint, the licentiate Tellez de Almacan, auditor
+of this royal Audiencia, to continue, close, and finish the said
+auditing, according to the commission given to the said licentiate
+Albaro Cambrano, for which they gave him commission in legal form. By
+this act, they so voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+
+Before me:     _Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the city shall give information regarding its
+place of seating in the cathedral of this city._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the sixteenth of March, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancilleria of the Philipinas Islands declared that,
+in order to assign to the cabildo, magistracy, and administration of
+this city the place of seating that it must keep in the cathedral:
+in order to ascertain the custom hitherto followed in the aforesaid
+matter, and in order to provide what is necessary concerning it,
+they ordered, and they did so order, the said cabildo, magistracy,
+and administration of this city to give an account of the part and
+place in which it has been regularly seated in the cathedral of this
+city--both in the time when the royal Audiencia formerly resided in
+these islands, and after his Majesty ordered it to be suppressed--in
+order that, upon examination, the necessary provisions may be made. By
+this act they so voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+
+Before me:     _Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act concerning the royal magazines._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the eighteenth of March, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the
+royal Audiencia and Chancilleria of the Philipinas Islands, having
+examined the opinion of the official judges of the royal exchequer
+of these islands, on the question of building magazines in which
+to store the merchandise coming from China to this city, and having
+investigated other matters connected with the aforesaid, and further
+matter which is contained in the decree of the king our sovereign,
+ordering that this said Audiencia attend to the matter: they declared
+(in conformity with the opinion of Joan de Bustamante, accountant of
+the royal exchequer) that at present, and until experience further
+shows what it is most advisable to enact in this matter, the said
+Chinese merchandise shall be registered and appraised on the same
+vessels on which it was brought, as has been done hitherto. In order
+that there may be good accounts and reports, and less opportunity for
+fraud in the royal customs, they ordered that the official judges of
+his Majesty in these islands, as soon as each ship enters this harbor
+and anchors therein, shall go out to inspect it, registering and
+appraising all the merchandise and other things in the cargo. They
+shall exert diligence in the matter and make their inspection with
+the punctuality advisable, so that the said merchandise, or any part
+of it, may not be discharged or concealed. In order that this may
+be enforced more effectually, the necessary guards shall be placed
+on the said ships and in the bay, who are to be trustworthy persons,
+to the satisfaction of the said president and auditors of this royal
+Audiencia, by whom they shall be approved and appointed, The said
+official judges shall have, as a reward for their occupation and
+labors, one third part of the confiscations which are levied upon any
+merchandise found and seized because it had been hidden on the said
+ships, or withdrawn from them without registration or appraisal. They
+shall also be charged that they shall not allow or consent that,
+while the said merchandise is on the said ships, either the royal
+officials or their assistants, or any other person--Spanish, Sangley,
+or native--shall take, buy, or transport the said merchandise in large
+or small quantities, for cash or on credit; but that the merchants
+thereof, who brought the merchandise from China on the said ship,
+after making registry and appraisal, may take them ashore freely and
+where they will, without any obstacle or hindrance from anyone--with
+the warning that, if any one of them do not so observe and fulfil
+this act, he shall be proceeded against with the full rigor of the
+law. They ordered that a commission, in due form, be given to the said
+guards, both in order that they may wield the authority of justice,
+and that there be no other guards but those who are so nominated by
+this royal Audiencia; those hitherto acting as guards shall exercise
+the said duty no longer, under the penalties incurred by those who
+so act without power or commission in the matter. This act shall be
+made known to his Majesty's officials, and the chief clerk of mines,
+and the regidors, for those who are at present guards; and it shall
+be added to the other acts and investigations made by virtue of the
+said royal decree of his Majesty. By this act, they so voted, ordered,
+and decreed.
+
+
+Before me:     _Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that tribute be collected for the king, our
+sovereign, from all the Indians found settled and dwelling in this
+city and within its bounds, who belong to his Majesty's encomiendas._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the twenty-second of March, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancilleria of the Philipinas Islands examined the
+petition of the licentiate Geronimo de Salazar y Salzedo, fiscal for
+his Majesty in this royal Audiencia, that the collectors of the royal
+tributes of the king our sovereign, in this city and its environs,
+may collect tribute from all the Indians who are found therein,
+notwithstanding any obstacle or excuses whatever which may be offered
+by the said Indians, or by any encomenderos. Considering that for
+many years the Indians have dwelt and resided in this city, and that
+their tribute belongs and pertains to his Majesty, they declared
+that they ordered, and they did so order, that the collectors of
+the royal tribute shall collect their tributes from all the Indians
+found settled and dwelling in this city and within its bounds, who
+belong to the encomiendas of his Majesty. The said Indians shall
+not pay other encomenderos, nor shall such encomenderos collect any
+tribute from them, under penalty of returning to the said Indians what
+they shall have collected from them. In order that the provisions
+of this act be observed, enforced, and executed, they ordered it
+to be publicly proclaimed in this city and its limits, in both the
+Tagal and the Castilian languages. They committed the execution and
+enforcement of it to the official judges of the king our sovereign
+in these islands. The aforesaid president and auditors also ordered
+that, if any persons claim to have any right contrary to the matter
+herein contained, they are to appear before this royal Audiencia,
+to petition before it for whatever is fitting in their case. By this
+act they so voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+
+Before me:    _Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the alguazils, as soon as they arrest
+delinquents, shall give notice thereof to one of the auditors and to
+the commissioners, who shall formulate their cases and bring them to
+the office of the clerk of court._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the third of April, one thousand five hundred
+and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal Audiencia
+of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas it is continually
+happening that the alguazils of this court arrest delinquents whose
+cases the notaries and commissioners undertake, and, without giving
+notice to the aforesaid president and auditors, or taking such cases
+to the office of the present secretary, they allow them to remain in
+their possession, and the said prisoners to remain in jail, without any
+note or account of their imprisonment, whence result vexations to the
+said prisoners, and the said alguazils and commissioners do not fulfil
+the obligation which rests upon them: therefore, to find a remedy
+for this and other annoyances which may result from it, they ordered,
+and they did so order, that now and henceforth, as soon as the said
+alguazils shall arrest any delinquent, they shall give notice thereof
+to one of the above-mentioned persons, in order that he may take the
+fitting action in regard to the said imprisonment. Any commissioner
+who shall undertake the cause of said prisoner or prisoners shall
+immediately take it to the office of the present clerk of court,
+so that in this manner there may be the necessary system. Whatever
+one or the other may do shall be despatched with all promptness and
+punctuality, and no favor--under penalty of a fine of six pesos for
+anyone who shall disobey this decree, to be given the poor in the
+prison. By this act they so voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almacan_
+
+
+Before me:
+
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the royal officials shall give Doctor Antonio
+de Morga three hundred pesos from treasury fines, for ornaments and
+other things necessary for the chapel._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the tenth of May, one thousand five hundred
+and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal Audiencia
+and Chancilleria of the Philipinas Islands, being in session, declared
+that, whereas the chapel of this royal Audiencia is in great want and
+need of many things that are very necessary and indispensable, for
+its vestments, decoration, and furniture; and whereas, through lack
+of money, the said needs have not as yet been supplied: therefore,
+to make provision for them, they ordered, and they did so order, that
+the official judges of the royal exchequer of the king our sovereign,
+in these islands, shall, from any treasury fines in their charge,
+immediately give and deliver to Doctor Antonio de Morga, auditor
+of this royal Audiencia, three hundred pesos of common gold, which
+he shall expend in providing the said chapel with the things most
+necessary for it, systematically and carefully. They ordered that he
+be given a warrant for the said purpose, in due form. By this act,
+they so voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that secretaries of this court and government may
+be attended by slaves with swords._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the thirteenth of May, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the
+royal Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that, whereas,
+in conformity with the decrees and ordinances given by his Majesty
+for his royal Chancilleria of Nueva Espana, residing in the City of
+Mexico, and for other audiencias throughout the Yndias, he orders
+that secretaries of the court and the government shall have, as a
+retinue and guard, slaves with swords, conformably to the dignity
+and gravity of their office: therefore, in order that the same be
+done in this court, in regard to the secretaries of this court and
+government, and in order to preserve the preeminence and exemptions
+which they may and should enjoy here, they ordered, and they did so
+order, that, now and henceforth, the said secretaries of this court
+and government may freely bring into this court, as their retinue,
+the said slaves with swords, according to the usual custom in the said
+royal Chancilleria of the City of Mexico, and other chancillerias of
+the Yndias, without the interposition--by any person, of whatever
+estate, quality, or rank--of any hindrance or impediment whatever,
+under the penalties provided by law. Thus they voted, and ordered it
+to be recorded as an act, and signed it in my presence.
+
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the Sangleys shall not be allowed to have
+godchildren, on account of the injury which may result therefrom._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventeenth of May, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the
+royal Chancilleria of these Philipinas Islands, having examined the
+information which was referred to this royal Audiencia by Estevan
+de Marquina, alcalde-mayor of the village of Tondo and its presidio,
+regarding the custom which the Christian Sangleys of that jurisdiction
+have among themselves, of receiving and having a great number of
+godchildren, both Christian and infidel, in order to have them
+ready for any emergency that may arise, and to employ them as false
+witnesses--to which they lend themselves with great facility, and at
+little cost--and for other evil purposes and intents, exchanging with
+them favors and assistance in their affairs; and whereas, on account
+of these and other causes which have come to light, and as is quite
+evident from the said information, that district is ruined and divided
+into factions, and that it would be advisable, for its reform, to
+suppress this custom of having godchildren, and that they should not
+continue it, under severe penalties: therefore, they declared that
+they ordered, and they did so order, that, now and henceforth, the
+Sangleys of these islands shall in no manner have or avail themselves
+of the said godchildren; nor use their names, nor those of any others,
+in order to have them for their partisans or accomplices in any kind of
+transaction which might occur, as they have been wont to do hitherto;
+nor shall they regard them as such, or receive others in their place;
+and they shall give up immediately all those that they had. The others
+who are infidels shall do the same, so that there shall remain no
+remembrance of the said intercourse--under penalty that any Sangley,
+of any rank whatever, who shall be known to have continued it and to
+have the said godchildren or godparents, shall be condemned to row
+in the galleys for four years, in a place prescribed, without pay,
+as soon as they are adjudged guilty thereof. The said alcalde-mayor
+of Tondo and its presidio, and all other magistrates whatever, are
+ordered to take especial care in the fulfilment and execution of this
+act. They shall cause it to be published, in order that all persons
+may know of it, and none plead ignorance--for which purpose an order
+shall be given in due form, and this act inserted therein. Thus they
+voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that the Christian Sangleys, and all those who
+may become Christians in the future, shall practice and exercise the
+occupations that they had before they became Christians._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the seventeenth of May, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia, Court, and Chancilleria of the Philipinas Islands, having
+examined this information which was remitted to this royal Audiencia
+by Estevan de Marquina, alcalde-mayor of the village of Tondo and its
+presidio, concerning the advisability and importance that the Christian
+Sangleys living in the said village of Tondo, and in the other villages
+of its jurisdiction, and those who become Christians in the future,
+shall not abandon the occupations which they had before they became
+Christians, as they have been accustomed to do, but shall continue
+to exercise and practice them in the same manner as before--for,
+by thus abandoning their occupations, that people are unoccupied
+and slothful, and spend their time in games and vicious amusements,
+whence result the harm and trouble which may be considered: they
+declared that, in order to remedy that state of affairs, they ought
+to order, and they did so order, that, now and henceforth, the said
+Sangleys shall practice and exercise the occupations which they had
+practiced and exercised before they became Christians, and shall,
+under no consideration, abandon them--this being understood to apply
+to those becoming Christians in the future, and to those who have
+been Christians for six years previous to the present--under penalty
+that whoever disobeys this decree shall be sentenced to row in the
+galleys for four years, in a place prescribed, without pay, to which
+they declared that they delivered them, and they did so deliver them,
+immediately as condemned persons. They declared that they ordered,
+and they did so order, the alcalde-mayor of Tondo and of the Parian,
+and other magistrates of this city and of these islands, to take great
+care in the execution and fulfilment of the aforesaid, under penalty
+of being punished. Thus they voted, ordered, and decreed. They ordered
+that the said magistrates, each in his own jurisdiction, should make
+the necessary inquiries, in order to ascertain who are the Sangleys
+that come under the provisions of this act, and the occupations which
+they follow.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+
+
+_An act decreeing that no alcaldes-mayor or other magistrates shall
+leave their jurisdictions without undergoing residencia; and that
+those who shall not have done so, or given a report of the convictions
+and fines and tenths of gold which shall have been in their charge,
+shall not be appointed._
+
+In the city of Manila, on the fifteenth of June, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia of the Philipinas Islands declared that they have been
+informed that it is customary to appoint as alcaldes-mayor, and
+to other offices of justice, some persons who have not undergone
+residencia for offices that they have held before, or who have not
+rendered account of the treasury fines and expenses of justice and
+war which have been in their charge; also that other persons come to
+this city after their terms of office have expired, without waiting
+to furnish the said residencias, or being present at them, as is
+required--whence it results that his Majesty's royal exchequer is
+defrauded, since it does not have the income of the said fines and
+tenths of gold. On the other hand, the said residencias not being
+taken, as is required, nor the public claims before them paid to
+their owners, and many other annoyances resulting, of some importance:
+therefore, since it is advisable to remedy the aforesaid condition,
+they ordered, and they did so order, now and henceforth, the decree
+according to the laws of these realms, providing that no persons who
+have held other offices be appointed to offices of the justiciary,
+until they have furnished residencia of those that they previously
+held, which shall have been examined and passed upon; and that such
+persons shall have deposited, first and foremost, in his Majesty's
+royal treasury, all the fines and condemnations which shall have
+been in their charge, with tenths of gold and other things of which
+they must give account, together with the payment of these and of
+any other sums which they shall have been sentenced to pay in their
+residencias. In order that they may furnish these, they must be present
+in person, during the time prescribed by law, without leaving their
+jurisdictions--being warned that if any person absent himself from
+the jurisdiction where he holds office, without first furnishing
+residencia, it will not be received or heard by the prosecutor, and
+he will be compelled to return to furnish it in his own person. In
+order that the provisions of this act may be strictly enforced,
+they ordered that his Majesty's fiscal register the letters-patent
+which shall have been given to the said offices of justice; so that
+whatever is ordained by the said royal laws, and provided by this
+act, he may claim when the officials shall be appointed, and the
+necessary residencias be taken. Likewise there is to be delivered
+to the government secretary of these islands a copy of this act, so
+that in the patents of those who shall be appointed the fulfilment
+of what is herein contained shall be formally inserted as a clause,
+and his Majesty's said fiscal shall register the said patents. They
+cannot continue to exercise their offices without first making the said
+investigation, exactly observing the provisions of this said act; and
+the accountant of the royal exchequer shall likewise register it; so
+that whoever shall not have given an account of the said fines, tenths
+of gold, and other matters which shall have been in his charge, shall
+not take his office. By this act, they so voted, ordered, and decreed.
+
+Before me:
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+In the city of Manila, on the thirteenth of July, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, I, Pedro Hurtado Desquibel, clerk of court
+for the royal Audiencia, Chancilleria, and Court of these Philipinas
+Islands, certify and attest that, from the eighth of June, of the past
+year, one thousand five hundred and ninety-eight, to the present day,
+the date of this testimony, the president and auditors of this said
+royal Audiencia, have from time to time agreed upon and enacted the
+acts [4] which are herein copied, for good government, both officially
+and at the petition of his Majesty's fiscal, as in them and each one
+of them is declared. The copies are true and exact, and, in order
+that it may be evident that it is by order of the aforesaid, I gave
+the present copy--the witnesses to its transcription, correction, and
+revision being Pedro Munoz de Herrera, Joan de Harana, and Alonso de
+Saavedra, citizens of this city. In witness of which, I have affixed
+my seal in witness of the truth.
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquibel_
+
+[_Endorsed_: "Filipinas, 1599." "Acts for the good government of
+those islands."]
+
+
+
+
+The Hospital for Indians at Manila
+
+
+May Jesus, our salvation, dwell in the soul of your royal
+Majesty. Although I am but wretched dust and ashes, I make bold to
+write this letter since I am, in company with two other religious of
+the Order of our seraphic father St. Francis, appointed to minister
+in this royal hospital of your royal Majesty (which is called the
+hospital of Sancta Ana) for the natives; in it all the natives of all
+these islands are cared for, and it is situated in this city of Manila.
+
+Favors were granted to this hospital by our most Catholic king and
+sovereign, never sufficiently to be praised, your royal Majesty's
+father, Don Phelipe (whom may God keep in His heaven!); he allowed it
+one thousand five hundred fanegas of rice, one thousand five hundred
+fowls, two hundred pieces of cloth from Ylocos, five hundred ducados
+in money, and four toneladas of freight--this last being worth, one
+year with another, four hundred pesos. With this income (and we have
+no other), usually as many as two hundred poor persons are supported
+and cared for in this hospital; besides these, there are three or
+four religious who care for the sick and administer the sacraments,
+and a considerable number of other people who are in the service of
+the hospital. So small is the income, sacred Majesty, and so many are
+the poor who come for help, that often we suffer great hardships; for
+it is the glory of this hospital not only to belong to your Majesty,
+but also not to turn away any one who comes to it to be treated.
+
+For this reason we religious who are in this hospital, as servants of
+the poor who are cared for in it, entreat your royal Majesty with the
+utmost humility that you will grant us aid so that we can treat these
+poor people with somewhat more convenience; and we especially entreat
+your royal Majesty that you will favor us by commanding that the said
+four toneladas of freight be continued to us, as we are accustomed
+to ship the goods free of customs duties or any other dues, whether
+in this city of Manila or in Nueva Espana, or in any other parts of
+your Majesty's realms where your ships enter.
+
+In this your royal Majesty will render a great service to God our
+Lord; and may He preserve for us your royal Majesty, with increase
+of His holy grace, and life and prosperity, as your loyal servants
+desire. At Manila, July 3, 1599. Your royal Majesty's humble servant,
+
+_Domingo de Santiago_.
+
+[_Endorsed_: "Manila; to his Majesty; Domingo de Santiago, for the
+hospital of Santa Ana at Manilla. Referred by his Majesty, who directs
+that the archbishop and governor shall send information regarding
+the treatment of the sick in this hospital, and whether its income
+is sufficient for its needs. They shall also ascertain how its funds
+are disbursed, and if the accounts are audited; and if anything is
+lacking that is absolutely necessary, let them advise what and how
+much should be provided, in their opinion."]
+
+
+Catholic and Royal Majesty:
+
+Antonio Valerio, steward of the royal hospital which the discalced
+religious of our seraphic father St. Francis founded in the city of
+Manila, with royal expenditures and some alms, for the cure and healing
+of all these natives of all these Philipinas Islands which belong
+to your royal Majesty. I declare that although in this hospital we,
+three religious and myself, serve for the love of God our Lord--by our
+services saving the salaries of physician, surgeon, apothecary, and
+other officers; and I performing the duties of steward, and the said
+religious treating, as they do, all the sick, besides administering the
+sacraments--the work of this hospital is continually increasing to such
+an extent, by its aiding so many sick persons, and from so many places,
+that although the gifts which your royal Majesty has made to this your
+hospital are great, they are not sufficient to meet the necessary
+expenses to which the said hospital is liable. For the usual number
+of those who are cared for in it ranges from one hundred and sixty
+to two hundred poor persons; besides, most of the poor people of this
+city are provided from this hospital with ointments and medicines for
+their ailments. On account of these expenses the hospital is unable
+to accomplish many works which should be done--for instance, a house
+for the workmen and servants, the improvement of the vegetable-garden,
+and other things necessary for the treatment of the sick.
+
+For these reasons I entreat and supplicate your royal Majesty, with the
+utmost humility, on my own part and on that of the said poor who are
+treated in the hospital, that you will do us the favor of adding some
+further charity to the grants which you have made to this hospital, for
+the supply of the many wants which arise every day and are increasing.
+
+Still further, I entreat and supplicate your royal Majesty that the
+favor which the Catholic and royal Majesty, Don Phelipe our lord,
+the father of your royal Majesty (whom may God our Lord keep in His
+heaven!), granted to us, by commanding that we be allowed to send
+four toneladas of freight in his royal ships, be also continued to
+us free from customs duties and any other dues which pertain to your
+royal Majesty, whether in this city of Manila or in Nueva Espana,
+or in any other part of your realms.
+
+Moreover, since the minister of this hospital is always a father who
+is a priest, who will administer the sacraments not only to the sick
+who come to the said hospital for treatment, but to all the people
+who serve therein or who reside on the stock-farm which belongs to
+the hospital, as well as to many other people in all this city and
+in the islands who usually come to this hospital for confession;
+and besides this, your Majesty pays from his royal treasury the
+archbishop, qura, and canons of the cathedral of Manila for their
+labors in ministering to the Indians, in all matters for which the
+tithes are not sufficient--I entreat your royal Majesty to command
+your royal officials in this city of Manila that they recompense
+the said archbishop, cura, and canons in such manner that they shall
+not enter the stock-farm of the said hospital to collect tithes and
+firstfruits, since hitherto they have never entered there. And in
+all things I entreat the royal Majesty of your royal Majesty, etc.
+
+
+
+
+
+Letters from the Royal Fiscal to the King
+
+
+
+Sire:
+
+After having given an account to your Majesty, in so far as concerns my
+office of fiscal of this royal Audiencia of these Philipinas Islands,
+of the affairs of justice, by another letter which accompanies this,
+it seemed best to me to give one concerning those things which touch
+the royal exchequer, in the following manner.
+
+1. The royal exchequer of your Majesty in these islands is not
+sufficient by a large sum to supply the salaries and expenses which are
+here paid out and incurred. For before the royal Audiencia came here,
+the archbishop and bishops drew from Mexico fifteen, twenty, and some
+years thirty thousand pesos apiece; but, even with all this, all those
+who had to draw money from the royal treasury were complaining and
+irregularly paid. Many works were neglected, and necessary expenses
+were abandoned. With the new stipends and salaries of an archbishop,
+three bishops, four auditors, and a fiscal, which amount to twenty-four
+thousand pesos, we must cut down much more. All that sum, which is
+the salary of powerful people, must be maintained; and therefore we
+must suffer wretched service, and abandon, as has been done, works
+and affairs in which there should be no lack. For some remedy and
+alleviation of this difficulty, I will point out some expedients which,
+in my opinion--as one who understands the present state of affairs, and
+has some knowledge of the country--your Majesty, if you are so pleased,
+can use, employing such of them as appear to be most expedient.
+
+2. I find no basis on which people could rest their opinion that
+there should be in these islands the said archbishop and bishops;
+for the population of them all does not exceed six hundred Spanish
+citizens, and the one bishop who was in this city was sufficient. One
+is sufficient for all matters which might arise of which the prelates
+take cognizance, or which are necessary, for they are very few and
+unimportant; and those who appeal to the metropolitan go to Mexico
+and return in one year. The three provinces in which were lately
+erected the three bishoprics are so near this city that one can come
+from them in ten or twelve days; and in the one which has the largest
+settlement of Spaniards there are not more than a hundred citizens,
+or even so many--namely, in Zubu. The other two, which are Camarines
+and Cagayan, do not amount, each one, to seventy Spaniards. In
+each one there is a curate, who administers the sacraments to
+the Spaniards; and convents of friars, who administer them to the
+Indians who live in the said villages and their neighborhood. If the
+prelate who is chosen in Manila is a religious of proved integrity,
+and industrious, he can very well attend to these matters easily,
+and without overwork. Whatever has been said or may be said to your
+Majesty to the contrary, either arises from ignorance of the matter
+or from private designs, and does not aim at expediency.
+
+[_In the margin_: "There is nothing to answer."]
+
+3. By a decree of your Majesty which came in the past year,
+ninety-eight, the governor of these islands was commanded to
+discontinue a number of false musters which were being paid, and
+additions to the expenses of the royal treasury. Without mentioning
+the decree, he pronounced an edict in which he commanded the officials
+of the royal exchequer of your Majesty to erase them from the royal
+books, and pay them no more. Afterward, with different pretexts and by
+various means other salaries and additional expenses were incurred,
+which it had never been customary to pay--as, for instance, paying
+salaries to the captains, alferez, and other officers of war for the
+citizens in the villages. The governor appointed, as alferez of the
+captain of the town of Arevalo, Don Juan Fajardo; and designated as
+his salary that of the post of musketeer, for which he served in the
+said post of alferez. Having appealed it before the Audiencia, after
+examination and review there, he was commanded to pay the said salary
+for the time while he had served in the post of alferez. Captain
+Francisco Rrodriguez, as he was of the troops from Zubu, when he
+was alcalde-mayor there was ordered by the said governor to give
+a hundred pesos of additional cost. He appealed from this, and his
+case is pending in the Audiencia. Although these things appear of
+little importance, so far as events hitherto are concerned, they
+may be very important for the future; for, as they are said to be
+confirmed by the Audiencia the governors will take it as a precedent,
+in order to be able to make the same move with the other captains
+and alferezes. The expenses of the royal treasury will thus suffer
+a large increase, and in matters which never have been done nor are
+now necessary. It would be well, if your Majesty were so pleased,
+to command that all the wages, salary, and additional expenses which
+have been given in the said manner be returned to the royal treasury
+by the person who ordered them, and that henceforward none should
+by any means be granted; and, if it be expedient to give any, your
+Majesty should be informed and a royal order for that purpose awaited.
+
+4. In some provinces where there was one alcalde-mayor only, they
+have been so multiplied that now there are three, and each one with
+a deputy--all with salaries from the royal exchequer. To some of them
+the governors give, beside the salary, additional expenses, amounting
+to a hundred pesos; because such alcaldes-mayor are captains of the
+citizens, in the manner explained in the clause before this. Likewise
+some of the said alcaldes-mayor have Spanish alguazils, although not
+with salaries, and although there are royal decrees directing the
+governor to check this, and not allow offices to increase. It would
+be fitting for your Majesty to command, if you so please, that these
+alcaldes-mayor be reduced to the following:
+
+In the province of Laguna, one alcalde-mayor with three hundred
+pesos of salary, which is the ordinary amount. On the opposite coast
+of Mauban, one corregidor; this is the district next to the said
+Laguna. He should have two hundred pesos of salary. In the province
+of Camarines, another alcalde-mayor, with the same salary of three
+hundred pesos. Another alcalde-mayor, who has recently been appointed
+in the said province for the island of Catanduanes, should be removed;
+and the said alcalde-mayor of Camarines should care for that, as
+he used to do. In the province of Cagayan, another alcalde-mayor,
+with the same salary. In that of Ylocos, another alcalde-mayor, with
+the same salary. In Pangasinan, another alcalde-mayor, with the said
+salary. In the province of Panpanga, another alcalde-mayor, with the
+proper salary, who should administer the jurisdiction of the district
+of Bulacan, which borders upon it; all this was formerly under one
+alcalde. The one who was lately added in Bulacan should be removed.
+
+In the village of Tondo and the bay of this city of Manila (all of
+which is the suburbs and outskirts of the city), the governors keep
+another alcalde-mayor and lieutenant, although the whole of it is
+within the five leagues which, by your Majesty's grace, this city
+of Manila has as a jurisdiction--whose alcaldes-in-ordinary used to
+administer justice in all the districts of the said alcaldia-mayor
+of Tondo. Now they have no more than within the walls of the city,
+although they are vested with authority and can make arrests
+outside. It would be well, if such be your Majesty's pleasure, to
+discontinue this alcaldia-mayor of Tondo, and let it be served by
+the two alcaldes-in-ordinary from this city of Manila, each one six
+months of the year, while the other one is present in this city. In
+this way, with the provincial judge, there will be quite sufficient
+people to administer justice in the civil cases; and in the criminal
+cases there are the auditors and the said alcalde-in-ordinary. In this
+way the salary of the alcalde-mayor of Tondo will be saved, which is
+now paid from the royal treasury; and this city will consider it as a
+singular grace and favor. So likewise will the Indians, for they will
+be better treated and less annoyed by this form of government; because
+the man who is appointed to the said alcaldia must make his living from
+it, and on that account must do things which are illegal--but, as he
+is usually a retainer of the governor, the latter shields him in the
+matter. This will cease with the alcaldes-in-ordinary, for they perform
+their duties without any selfish considerations, being always men of
+honor and rich, who do not seek the offices through greed for money.
+
+In the province of Zubu there used to be only one alcalde-mayor;
+but about two years ago another was added in the islands of Leyte,
+Camar, and Babao, which are close to Zubu. It was done to the great
+displeasure of the citizens of Santisimo Nombre de Jesus, which was
+the first city founded and settled in these islands; for the said
+three islands were under the jurisdiction of the alcalde-mayor
+resident in the said city, and with the other one they would be
+greatly annoyed and molested, since most of the citizens who reside
+in the said city are encomenderos in the said islands of Leyte,
+Camar, and Babao. The alcalde-mayor of these islands takes them from
+the said city and enters suits against them. He takes them to the
+said islands as prisoners; and, as they have their property there,
+and must needs go there every year for the collection of tributes
+from their encomiendas, they cannot refuse to go; and thus the said
+alcalde-mayor molests them as encomenderos, and he of Cubu, on the
+other hand, as citizens. As this is so, if your Majesty be pleased,
+the said alcalde-mayor of the said three islands might be removed,
+and they put under the jurisdiction of the said island of Cubu,
+whose alcalde-mayor could very well serve all of them.
+
+On the river of Butuan, which is on the confines of this island of
+Zubu and close to the island of Mindanao, is another corregidor, with
+a salary of two hundred pesos. In the island of Calamianes is another
+corregidor, with the ordinary salary. In the district of Oton is an
+alcalde-mayor, with a salary of three hundred pesos. In Panay is a
+corregidor, with two hundred pesos salary. All the alcaldes-mayor
+and corregidors besides those mentioned should be done away with;
+and no alcalde-mayor or corregidor should have a deputy except when
+he is absent, and such deputy should not be given a salary.
+
+[_In the margin_: "If there is any reform to be made, have the new
+governor act therein, and advise us of his action. _Idem. Idem. Idem_
+in this matter."]
+
+5. One of the things in which, I have understood, the royal exchequer
+of your Majesty has been the most defrauded and the citizens of these
+islands the most aggrieved, is in the freighting and despatching of
+vessels which go from here to Nueva Espana with merchandise; for the
+governors have, for some years past, assigned to this duty various
+special friends and confidants of themselves, and even at times their
+own servants. The said persons lade in the ships their own property,
+and even that of their relatives and friends--and likewise, it is
+said, of any person who will pay them for it. This transaction and
+negotiation is of great profit for them, and a great fraud upon the
+royal exchequer; for all the merchandise which they lade in this way,
+outside of the amount allotted, goes without paying your Majesty the
+royal duties, and is not a part of the cloth which is assigned to the
+citizens in the general allotment which is made to them. As a remedy
+for this, it will be well that in the future, when the allotment
+of the cloth is made, there should be present and superintend it,
+besides the governor and the other persons who are appointed, an
+auditor and royal official in rotation, each year, commencing with
+those longest here. As soon as the said allotment shall be finished,
+the royal official shall take a copy of it, and the persons to whom
+allotment is made of the said cloth shall come with their invoices, to
+bale it and pay the royal duty in the presence of the royal officials,
+who should give warrants for it. One or two of the officials should be
+present at the port of Cavite, which is the landing-place of ships,
+two leagues from this city; and there should be also present on the
+ship, during its lading, the freighters who are ordinarily appointed,
+and an auditor, so that no cloth will be allowed to be laded except it
+be that contained in the said allotment. That which is thus authorized
+shall be vouched for by warrants from the said royal officials that
+the duties are paid. So great has been the irregularity in this
+matter that, by having it checked by these strict methods, there
+would probably be a great gain to the royal treasury.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Write to the new governor about the information
+given in this letter, and the complaints that are made; and have him
+remedy this evil, appointing for this persons who are of satisfactory
+record, and taking care that all this be done with justice--and,
+if it seem best to him, being sometimes present in person at the
+inspection."]
+
+6. From the payment of tributes by the Indians in the usual currency
+there have resulted and still result many inconveniences, losses,
+injuries, and diminutions to the royal exchequer; for formerly they
+paid the eight reals of tribute each year in kind, which they gathered
+on their lands. A short time ago they were given the alternative of
+paying it in coin if they wished; and since then they have ceased
+to cultivate the land, make linen fabrics, raise fowls and cattle,
+or obtain gold from the mines and rivers, with which articles they
+used to pay the said tribute. A great part of those articles usually
+remained with them, because they had all the year for trading and
+labor, by which the country was supplied with many provisions at a low
+cost, and clothing of various kinds of linen, with which they were
+dressed. The encomenderos sailed with these things to Nueva Espana;
+and it was not necessary to pay the Chinese what was brought thence in
+return, and have them carry it off to their country, as they now do,
+in exchange for the said cloths which they sell. There was a great
+quantity of gold which was also taken to Nueva Espana, and from that
+your Majesty was paid the tenths, which amounted each year to six
+or eight thousand pesos--not counting another larger quantity which
+was paid by the tributaries of the encomiendas which are under the
+royal crown. By reason of the said Indians not paying in kind, so
+little gold has come to be mined, that in the past year, ninety-eight,
+from tributes and tenths even, the amount which was collected on your
+Majesty's account was not a thousand pesos. From this there follows
+another inconvenience, in that, as the natives of these islands are
+inclined to laziness and to the vices attendant upon that, since
+they can easily pay the tribute for one year with ten reals in coin,
+they seek and pay it, and dress themselves with two or three pieces
+of cloth, which cost somewhat more. As they find these for sale by
+the Chinese, they themselves do not manufacture them. It would be
+expedient, in order that these inconveniences may cease, as well as
+others which may be seen to result from this matter, that henceforth
+these Indians should be compelled to agricultural labors and the
+raising of cattle, according to the conditions of the provinces where
+they live, and to taking gold from the mines and rivers. If this were
+put in force, a great deal would be gained by it; for there is a large
+quantity in the said mines, rivers, and placers. In this way a great
+part of the trade with the Chinese would cease, and the returns from
+what was carried to and sold in Nueva Espana, from both gold and cloth,
+would remain in this country, and would not be taken away to China,
+as it now is. The said Indians would be compelled to this, in such
+manner that, with the practice and profit which they would get from
+it, in a few years they and their descendants would do it of their
+own will, without compulsion. The principal thing to be done in order
+to start the Indians to do this is, to have them pay the tribute in
+the kind which they raise and harvest.
+
+[_In the margin_: "With this report write to the new governor to
+call together the Audiencia, the ecclesiastical prelates who are
+present in Manila, and the superiors of the religious orders; and
+have him communicate with those who could not conveniently go there,
+getting their opinion in writing; and have all of them confer as to
+what is expedient and ought to be done in this matter--taking into
+consideration the fact that the Indians should not be annoyed or
+aggrieved; and that their object should be the cultivation of crops
+and other things which the land bears; and that for this purpose
+the tribute should be paid in kind, and the valuation should be as
+equitable as possible. Whatever they may resolve in regard to this
+matter, the governor shall cause to be executed, and advise us as to
+what he does, seeing to it that the Indians labor and are not idle."]
+
+7. With the reestablishment of the said royal Audiencia, the expenses
+of the royal treasury have been increased by more than sixteen
+thousand five hundred pesos in the salaries of four auditors and one
+fiscal. Wherefore it would be well, were your Majesty so pleased,
+to command that the encomiendas or repartimientos of Indians which
+may in the future be vacated, up to the amount of ten thousand pesos,
+be placed under the royal crown, as an aid to the payment of the said
+salaries; and that, until these are so placed, the governors shall not
+be able to assign any person an encomienda or repartimiento of Indians.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Have the governor and Audiencia send an information
+in this matter, and the archbishop a separate one."]
+
+8. I have understood that the governors have been accustomed to
+assign encomiendas in this country in a manner to suit their own
+purposes. Thus, if any person possesses an encomienda which ends
+with his life, they add a reserve in such wise that they make
+the encomiendas hereditary and perpetual for their relatives, so
+that they may resign them, and allow the governor to assign them to
+whomsoever they will. On the other hand, they have an agreement with
+the governor that he shall assign it to the person designated by the
+one who resigns it. That this matter may be the better understood,
+I shall relate a case in which it happened. A certain captain, Juan
+Maldonado Borrocal, one of the conquerors of these islands, holding a
+repartimiento as an encomienda, went from here to the court in Spain;
+and there married a widow, and returned with her to these islands. He
+died, and conformably to the law of succession, the wife succeeded
+to the encomienda. The latter had a son by her former husband,
+and as, on her death, the said encomiendas would remain vacant, she
+resigned them, and the governor assigned them anew to the son, who
+was a boy. Neither he nor his father had served in these islands. It
+is easy to imagine how this pleased the old soldiers who had shed
+their blood on the said encomiendas to conquer them, and some were
+eager for that repartimiento. Accordingly it is easy to see how much
+remedy there was left, when the governor granted the said encomiendas
+contrary to what your Majesty has ordered. To correct this, it would
+be fitting that your Majesty order that such resignation should not
+be made in any manner; and that in such cases the governor cannot
+assign any repartimiento of Indians.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Have the decrees which are despatched for the
+settlement of these matters duplicated, also those that direct that
+appointments cannot be made by resignation and renunciation of the
+said encomiendas; order that these be exactly observed and complied
+with; and let it be again ordered that encomiendas which have been
+resigned shall not be filled by the governor, but that he shall
+advise his Majesty, who may order according to his pleasure in the
+matter. If he appoints to them, they shall be null and declared void;
+and the fiscal shall advise concerning them."]
+
+9. In the building of churches on the encomiendas of these islands
+your royal treasury is subjected to excessive expenses by their being
+made, as they are, of wood. Your Majesty pays, for those which stand
+on the encomiendas belonging to your royal crown, two-thirds of the
+cost--one-third as encomendero, and another as king and lord. In those
+possessed by private citizens you pay one-third as king. As woods in
+this country decay very easily, they rot within five or six years,
+and it is necessary to build the said churches over again. Besides, it
+often happens that when they are finished they are soon burned down. It
+would be well for the said churches henceforth to be built of stone
+or brick; for, with little more than what it costs to build them of
+wood, they can be built of stone or brick and will last for many years.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Let the Audiencia investigate this."]
+
+10. The custom has been introduced of supplying wine for the
+celebration of the mass to the priests of all the orders--not only to
+those which are in the encomiendas of the royal crown, but to those in
+private ones. As I understand it, your Majesty is under no obligation
+to furnish it, except to those who minister in the four convents of
+Manila, and to the curates of Spaniards and Indians there, and to those
+who are in your Majesty's missions; and the encomenderos are obliged
+to furnish them with the said wine on their own encomiendas. Your
+Majesty will order the action in this matter which is most fitting
+to your royal service.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Write to the governor to order that the secular
+clergy, and those who give instruction in private encomiendas, are
+not to be given wine on his Majesty's account for the celebration
+of mass."]
+
+11. During the time of the last royal Audiencia, several offices of
+regidor were sold; but of those who bought them at that time two
+only have come here. Governor Gomez Perez, by virtue of a clause
+of his instructions, appointed, above those which had been bought,
+enough to amount in all to twelve regidors, from the worthiest men
+of this city. Some of them left in his time, and others in the time
+of his son, and finally in that of Governor Don Francisco Tello;
+others the latter removed. Thereupon he appointed to several of the
+said offices unsatisfactory persons, for his own interests. Some
+of these despise the said offices. As it is understood that these
+appointments were not by honorable means, it would be well if these
+offices were sold--not by auction, but putting upon them a moderate
+price, and having them given, with the supervision and approval of
+the Audiencia, to the men of most merit and best character. There
+should not be more than eight regidors; for, with the other persons
+who, by reason of their offices, have votes in the cabildo--namely,
+the three royal officials, the two wardens of the fortresses, and the
+alguacil-mayor of the city--there are fourteen votes, which, in a place
+of three hundred citizens, is a sufficient number. As those appointed
+understand that they must pay money for the appointments and gifts,
+in this way they will be given to suitable persons; and this should
+always be done, so long as they are appointed here, and are not free
+to attend to their duties as they should--because the governors have
+had the power to take their offices away without cause, whenever it
+might appear best to them. The most just way would be to sell them,
+and use the proceeds to aid the royal treasury in its needs.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Have this sent to the new governor, so that the
+regidors who were appointed wrongly, or are not proper persons,
+may be removed; and let others be appointed (such as possess the
+qualifications and capacity), up to the number of eight in all. Let
+him advise us of his action."]
+
+12. After Governor Gomez Perez Dasmarinas came, there was offered from
+the royal exchequer of your Majesty to the accountant Andres Cauchela
+(who was proprietary), and to Captain Gomez de Machuca--who, on the
+death of Juan Baptista Rroman, treasurer and factor, was appointed to
+the said offices by the said Gomez Perez--to these two was assigned
+the making of a report on all matters which concerned the treasury,
+to bring before the said governor. It is understand that there were
+some matters needing correction, for those same officials have written
+this. This also appears probable from the manner in which the person
+who was appointed for that office by the said governor conducted
+himself. He signed the account without seeing or examining the reports,
+or even noticing whether the charges were made, and if everything had
+been collected that should be, nor that which concerned the merchandise
+and the royal warehouses. Nor did he afterward audit any account. For
+this reason, and because he grew rich during the time while the said
+offices were held, it would be well to inspect them, and again take
+charge of said accounts of money, and audit those of merchandise
+which still remain to be examined. If your Majesty be so pleased,
+a warrant might be sent to make the said investigation from the time
+when Licentiate Geronimo Erbez del Corral took the account. It could
+be entrusted to one of the auditors of this royal Audiencia; but the
+fact must be considered that Doctor Antonio de Morga is a great friend
+of Captain Gomez de Machuca, who was factor and treasurer, and who
+would have to be investigated by him. Likewise it would be expedient
+to send a warrant for an accountant to audit and revise the accounts.
+
+[_In the margin_: "A person shall be named by the lord president of
+the Audiencia to investigate these officials; and the governor shall
+name, with the consent of the investigator, an accountant to examine
+the accounts."]
+
+13. Your Majesty commanded by a decree that the office of treasurer
+of the royal exchequer of these islands be abolished, as it entails
+no duties whatever, and the two offices of factor and accountant are
+sufficient; accordingly, the duties of the treasurer were performed
+by the factor. On account of the death of Juan Baptista Rroman, who
+exercised these offices, your Majesty again appointed to the said
+office of treasurer Captain Hernando Davila. So far as I know, your
+Majesty was not made aware that a command had been issued to abolish
+it, since no mention of that is made in the commission of Captain
+Hernando Davila. The office is a superfluous one, and, as I say, has
+no duties; for everything which has to be done here pertains to the
+offices of factor and accountant. It would be well, if your Majesty
+is so pleased, to command that when this office of treasurer shall
+become vacant, in whatever manner, no other person shall be appointed
+to it; but that it shall be merged with that of the factor, as was
+formerly done. In this way the royal treasury will be relieved from
+paying two thousand pesos, which the said treasurer draws as a salary.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Let the new governor inform us concerning this."]
+
+Governor Gomez Perez Dasmarinas established a monopoly on cards,
+so that the proceeds therefrom could be used to fortify this city;
+and the cabildo of the city collected that, along with the rest of
+its property, and expended it in other matters, and not in that for
+which it was imposed. Accordingly, in this tax, as well as in the
+administration of the said monopoly, there have been interests of
+great importance for those who had the power in this community, as
+will be evident when it is inspected and investigated. For three years
+past nothing of importance has been done on the wall, although there
+were many places which needed repairing and finishing, which would
+be a great detriment and danger in time of war. It would likewise
+be well to send a warrant to make investigations and audit accounts,
+concerning both the said monopoly and the other properties of the city.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Let the person who is charged with the residencia
+of the governor be entrusted with that of the cabildo, and see that
+that is taken and an account of everything. He shall give an account
+to the governor of all which results from this, and of the amount
+of this impost, so that it may be converted to the use for which it
+was imposed."]
+
+15. By an ordinance of this royal Audiencia the president and two
+auditors thereof are commanded to audit, at the beginning of each
+year, the accounts of the royal officials, and to finish them in
+two months, with the additional amount, for expenses, of twenty-five
+thousand maravedis for each auditor. In the time of the former royal
+Audiencia this was done; and they named an accountant each year,
+to whom they gave fifty thousand maravedis beside. Since that time,
+what has happened is as follows: Governor Gomez Perez Dasmarinas,
+at the beginning of the year ninety-five, without an order from
+your Majesty, created an accountant-in-ordinary of accounts for this
+purpose, with a salary of five hundred pesos, and a secretary with two
+hundred and fifty pesos, for which they were to secure the approval
+of your Majesty--which they have not done in the past. The accounts
+were audited in two months--or at the most, in three. Accordingly it
+is not necessary, for so small an account as we have here, to incur
+a thousand pesos of expense each year to audit them. It could be done
+for a hundred thousand maravedis, as was formerly done. Your Majesty
+will command in this as is most fitting for the royal service.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Send this to the new governor, that he may examine
+into and adjust the matter as appears best to him, and advise us of
+what action he takes."]
+
+16 The office of secretary of the cabildo has been given by the
+governors to whom they thought best. In this way they learn what
+goes on in the cabildo, which is a great evil. It would be better to
+have this sold; and accordingly, he who held it--being a proprietor,
+and one who could not be removed during good behavior--would be free
+to remain silent.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Let the governor and Audiencia investigate this."]
+
+17. The office of secretary of the registries has been held by the
+secretaries of the governors. As a result of this, claims for justice
+have been relinquished in several grievances of great importance,
+to the loss both of the Chinese who come to trade here, and of the
+citizens of the city. It would be well to sell this office, under
+condition that he who buys it cannot be the secretary or in any wise
+the servant of the governor at that time acting. As Rroque Espino de
+Caceres, who is serving it at present, has begged for your Majesty's
+confirmation, and is a person worthy of it, as appears from the
+informations made in this royal Audiencia, in its opinion this favor
+might be extended to him, as he seeks it, with the said condition,
+and with that of a moderate price for the royal treasury.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Tell the new governor that it is not expedient that
+this office should be held by a secretary or servant of the governor,
+or a subordinate of the auditors and ministers of the Audiencia;
+and that from worthy persons there he shall appoint three, in whom he
+believes is found the necessary ability for this office, so that his
+Majesty may select the one who may seem best to him. In the meantime
+let him appoint as best he can, and without inconvenience."]
+
+18. In the island of Zubu there is a notary-public who bought the
+office from your Majesty. The cabildo there have written to me that
+there is need of still another, and that accordingly it might be
+sold. Therefore, if your Majesty pleases, you might order another
+notaryship sold in said island of Zubu.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Have the governor and Audiencia send an information
+regarding this, and what offices have been sold in those islands,
+at what price, and to what persons."]
+
+19. The city of Nueva Segovia, of the province of Cagayan, the chief
+city of that bishopric, has no notary-public named by your Majesty,
+but only one appointed by the governor, for the cases which there
+arise. This is a great inconvenience, as wills and other writings
+cannot be sworn to before him, from which results damage to the
+citizens. It would be well, if your Majesty were so pleased, to sell
+a notary-public's office there.
+
+20. The office of depositary-general of this city of Manila, on
+account of the governors having appointed to it persons who were their
+confidants, is embarrassed with some difficulties, which would cease if
+the office were sold, and the royal treasury would be benefited. Your
+Majesty will command whatever is most expedient for your royal service.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Let the governor and Audiencia inform us whether
+it is well to sell the office, and who can be found for it; and,
+in case that it is not well to sell it, what persons there are of
+character, worth, and conscience which fit them to take the commission
+for it. Let the royal officials also give information."]
+
+21. About four years ago the preaching of the bulls was commenced here,
+and the governor appoint a treasurer for them; and it is also said that
+there came a decree from your Majesty directing that the account be
+audited every year by a royal official, and that the proceeds from them
+be remitted. Thus far, no royal official has taken the said accounts;
+and I have been informed that in sending the proceed thereof there
+has not been much punctuality, and that the money has been employed in
+uses and investments for certain private persons. For the correction
+of all this, it would be well that from now on an auditor should
+audit the said accounts of the said treasurer, and cause the balance
+which is found to be placed in the royal treasury, charging it as
+a separate account to the royal officials; then, in the first ships
+which leave, it may be sent to Nueva Espana, invested in merchandise,
+whereby it will be doubled, with no more risk than if it were taken
+in coin. The latter is never taken because what has to be sent is
+invested, and turned into money in Mexico, and amounts to twice as
+much. The profit which can be made in this way might better be, for
+so good a work as that for which the alms of the said bulls is applied.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Let a copy of this clause be given to Senor the
+licentiate Valtodano, to be examined in the council for the crusade."]
+
+22. Since, even if your Majesty should be pleased to command everything
+done as above, it will still be necessary to bring money from Mexico
+for the costs, expenses, and salaries incurred in these islands;
+and as it is not well that, in order to cover them, it should be
+necessary for your Majesty to employ more property than they amount to,
+it has seemed best to me to seek some other methods for this--which,
+if they should appear expedient for the service of your Majesty,
+and can be carried out with no scruples of conscience, will not only
+render unnecessary the bringing of money from outside these islands,
+but even will make it possible to aid other great expenses which your
+Majesty has. The means which I have found are the following. Your
+Majesty pays a stipend to all the citizens and inhabitants of the
+fortified town which you hold in the island of Tidore, which is one
+of the Malucas Islands. In order to make these payments, aid is sent
+every year from Yndia by a galleon; and a quantity of cloth is brought
+from the royal customs treasury at Goa. With this the said citizens
+are all given their "quarters," as they call them. [5] This cloth is
+disposed of among the natives, who trade provisions for it.
+
+It is a law of Yndia and of Maluco that no person can lade or take
+away cloves from those islands in any manner, unless it be for your
+Majesty, under penalty of loss of the ship and rigging; from which
+the profit resulting to the royal exchequer amounts to a third of
+what is laded, so great is the freight charge. Certain Portuguese
+came to these islands in their own ships. They take away a quantity
+of cloves and sell it to merchants, who in turn sell it to Chinese
+and other persons, who secretly ship it to Nueva Espana--whence
+it is taken to the provinces of Peru, the new realm of Granada,
+Tierra Firme, Guatimala, and other regions. From this there result
+three losses to the royal exchequer. In the first place, since the
+cloves are carried from the Malucas by the hand of a third party,
+your Majesty loses the third due on embarcation. In the second place,
+it is laded here for Nueva Espana secretly, and without paying the
+duties or freight charges. In the third place, when it has arrived
+at Nueva Espana, Peru, and other regions, that which is brought from
+the realms of Castilla loses its value.
+
+All this expense which your Majesty suffers in providing for that
+fortress, and these losses, could be remedied as follows. Your Majesty
+has in the island of Panay, one of these Filipinas, which borders on
+the Malucas Islands, a number of tributary Indians who pay the larger
+part of their tribute in cleaned rice. After their harvest they have
+a great deal of rice wine, which is made in these islands, and these
+are the provisions necessary for the Malucas. If, conformably to
+what has been said, there were built on your Majesty's account two
+patages in the island of Panay--such as are commonly built in the
+said island by the encomenderos, to sell to the said Portuguese in
+these islands, and which cost about five hundred pesos--two thousand
+fanegas of cleaned rice, and six hundred jars [_tinajas_] of wine could
+be loaded in them. The rice would be collected for your Majesty from
+your royal tributes, at two reals and six maravedis. Each tinaja of
+wine, with cask and all, is valued at four reals, on board. Likewise
+two hundred pesos of fine Sangley earthenware is sufficient, which is
+to be used as follows. These two patages must, while going to Maluco,
+of necessity take water at the port of La Caldera, and the earthenware
+is to be left in the Spanish camp which is there, so that with it they
+may buy from the natives five hundred quintals of cinnamon, taking
+care to dry it. In the meantime the two patages resume their voyage,
+having left this earthenware, and continue with the rice and wine to
+the fortress of the said Malucas. They will deliver to the warden there
+half of it, to pay those expenses or quarters to the citizens. With
+the other half they will buy four hundred _baxes_ of cloves, making
+two thousand four hundred quintals, at six quintals to the bax; [6]
+this would be brought on your Majesty's account to these islands. Then
+they are obliged to go back to the said port of La Caldera, where they
+will take on the cinnamon bought with the earthenware; and all will
+be brought to the port of Cavite, to be embarked on the ships which
+your Majesty sends on the voyage from here to Nueva Espana. When they
+have arrived there, the royal officials at the port of Acapulco will
+send a third of the said cloves and cinnamon to Mexico, and two-thirds
+to Piru and its provinces. If sold at retail, it would be worth three
+hundred pesos a quintal; going to private persons, in quantity, it is
+usually worth two hundred pesos; consequently, in this way there would
+be a great profit gained. I am ready to say that it would be worth
+to your Majesty almost as much as all the income from the customs
+of all Portuguese Yndia. For this purpose your Majesty will have
+to keep a factor in the said island of Panay, to collect tributes,
+despatch the ships to La Caldera and Maluco, and receive them there;
+and to correspond with the royal officials in this city so that they
+may embark all this spice for Nueva Espana, and with the factor who
+must be at Acapulco, so that he may make the distribution.
+
+This transaction is so profitable that several of the governors who
+have been in these islands have taken the trouble to send an armed
+galley merely to make this purchase of cinnamon at the port of La
+Caldera, until in the time of Doctor Santiago de Vera this trade
+was abandoned. Being aware of the profit in it, Guido de Lavezaris
+(who governed these islands on the death of the adelantado Miguel
+Lopez de Legazpi) prohibited trading and trafficking in spices in
+these islands for any person except the officials of your Majesty,
+who were to receive, buy, and lade the spices for Mexico, all on the
+account of your royal exchequer; this was done. In consequence of this,
+he likewise forbade that any island or any province whatsoever where
+there were cloves, cinnamon, or other spices should be assigned in
+encomiendas. Accordingly, from that time on, the transportation of
+spices by private persons to Nueva Espana was cut off. All this with
+the lapse of time, and the interest of certain persons, has been
+neglected, so that, it is understood, a great quantity of spice is
+taken to Nueva Espana every year.
+
+23. The other expedient which occurs to me is that the income from silk
+to the kingdom of Granada is registered as seventy-two millions, with
+the condition that no twisted or loose silk can be taken to the Yndias,
+which does not come from the said kingdom--although, indeed, to fill up
+this quantity, there is sometimes added silk from the kingdom of Murcia
+and Andalucia; but it passes through the custom-house of Granada, pays
+its duties, and is sealed there. In order that there may be no fraud in
+this, there is in Sevilla an administrator and a commissioned judge,
+who is ordinarily one of the alcaldes of the criminal court of the
+royal Audiencia. From the kingdom of China a quantity of crude silk
+is brought in bundles to these islands, and is taken to Nueva Espana,
+where it is woven into fabrics, and part of it is dyed. This silk
+is usually worth in this city a hundred and fifty pesos, although at
+present it sells at two hundred and forty pesos a pico.
+
+From the transportation of this silk the royal exchequer suffers
+the following losses. In the first place, the silks brought from
+Castilla, whether woven or loose, are worth less; and accordingly
+the royal duties do not amount to so much. In the second place,
+there are not so many silks brought as would come if these were
+lacking. Although these pay duties, there is a loss in this, as
+duties are not so great as those from Castilla pay. Crude silk is
+neither necessary nor useful for ordinary maintenance or support;
+and accordingly it seems best that your Majesty should, if such be
+your pleasure, obviate these losses which are occurring, and obtain
+satisfaction for them in some way and meet the great expenses which
+you have here. Your Majesty should leave liberty, as you always have
+done, for your vassals to trade in all merchandise with China in
+all kinds of goods; but should have monopolized and forbidden this
+trade in crude silk, commanding that no ship which comes from China
+shall neglect to bring five picos of crude silk, which is a very
+small quantity. They should be paid a reasonable price for it. In
+this way there would be the profit which they make in bringing it
+from China here, whence it is sent to Mexico; and, sold at retail,
+there will be the profit on it of four hundred per cent. There come
+usually from China to this city thirty ships and some years fifty,
+so that the profit on this would be large; and there would remain to
+the citizens of these islands a great deal of merchandise with which
+to trade, without their missing these goods. There would be enough to
+cover all the expenses, salaries, and other things which are necessary
+in these islands, and must be paid from the royal treasury--which, with
+all the money that is sent from Mexico, has not enough money to cover
+all the very important expenses affecting the proper guard, protection,
+and defense of these islands. This is all that occurs to me at present
+to say concerning matters relating to the royal exchequer, for its
+welfare. I shall continue always to watch for what is most fitting for
+the royal service of your Majesty, and shall attempt to further it;
+and such is always my desire. May God protect your Majesty many years,
+with a greater increase of kingdoms and seigniories, according to the
+needs of Christendom. In the city of Manila, which is in the island
+of Luzon, the principal one of the Filipinas Islands. July 21, 1599.
+
+The licentiate _Hieronimo de Salazar y Salcedo_
+
+
+
+
+Sire:
+
+Since I have given to your Majesty an account of the affairs of
+the administration of justice and of the royal exchequer of these
+Philipinas Islands by two other letters which accompany this, I
+will here discuss affairs of government. The thing which seems to me
+most necessary to do for the good government of these islands--and
+especially for correcting the great excesses which are wont to be
+committed by some of the religious who have Indian missions in their
+charge; and by the alcaldes-mayor, corregidors, deputies, and other
+magistrates, and the encomenderos of Indian repartimientos--is that,
+at least every two years, an auditor of the royal Audiencia of these
+islands, commencing with the oldest of them, should make a visitation
+over all the country in his jurisdiction, as is provided by the
+ordinances thereof, and in the form which I wrote to your Majesty in
+July of the past year, ninety-eight. Although the auditors oppose this,
+it is to avoid the great labor, expense, and danger to health, by sea
+and enemies, which they must undergo and pass through. Accordingly,
+if your Majesty pleases, a reasonable allowance for their expenses
+might be made, and soldiers given them to accompany and guard them,
+with good vessels, at the expense of the royal exchequer, if the
+cost should not be covered by the penalties inflicted during the
+visitation. Your Majesty will be pleased to order in this what is
+most expedient.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Write to the governor to have this visitation
+carried out in the pacified country, and where there is no obstacle,
+conformably to the ordinance. And have him see to it that they do
+not send soldiers with the auditor, and that he does not take people
+who would be oppressive to the Indians; and let him take care that
+this visitation be effectual--for which purpose let him command to
+be built, and furnished to the auditor, a vessel of suitable size,
+to go outside of the island of Luzon, at his Majesty's expense. As
+to the reimbursement which ought to be made beside what is conceded
+to them by the ordinance, and the decrees of his Majesty, let him
+inform us of his opinion." "Have sent a duplicate of the last decree
+despatched in regard to this visitation."]
+
+The main object of your Majesty's royal decrees, provisions, and orders
+given to your governors of these islands, is the prosperity of the
+citizens thereof; for in that way they become established and settled
+and the islands populated. The governors have not always attended
+to this as they should, for they have regarded this, which is their
+principal obligation, as accessory and dependent upon their private
+interests in order that they may become rich with what the citizens
+are to gain, as is already well known. And so little is the profit,
+and so poor the subsistence, of those who live here, and so much is
+their living interfered with by the governors, and the relatives and
+dependents whom they bring with them, that, as a result, so little is
+left for the citizens that they cannot in twenty years make the profit
+and gain which is acquired in a few years by some of those whom the
+said governors bring with them. This has often been experienced. For
+the remedy of this I suggest the following things.
+
+The lading of the ships which go to Nueva Espana, the allotment of
+space in them, and other matters touching this, should be conducted
+according to, and after the manner directed by, clause five of the
+letter which accompanies this, regarding matters which concern
+the royal exchequer. No cloth should be laded except that which
+goes according to the allotment; nor should the governor have any
+authority therein, because, as the superintendents of lading are
+persons appointed by him and in his confidence, with letters and
+orders which he gives, much other cloth is laded after the allotment
+is made. For the most part this belongs to persons who are underlings,
+kinsmen, or creatures of the governor, and must necessarily occupy
+space belonging to the cloth of the citizen, who is thus obliged to
+give up his cargo. What I describe is the ordinary way that things go.
+
+[_In the margin_: "This is provided for in the same clause; and let
+the governor be charged particularly with the remedy of this."]
+
+In the appointment of offices and means of gain, both of justice
+and of war, and other offices in the country, the said governors
+should observe what your Majesty has ordered in so many commands and
+royal decrees--namely, that "they shall be given only to citizens;
+and if he appoints to them his creatures or kinsmen, or those of
+the auditors or fiscal, or of their wives, the royal Audiencia shall
+check him without any reserve or hesitancy. The fiscal thereof shall
+oppose him, and take all possible measures to this end." This should
+be charged upon the consciences of all; and the government notary
+should be ordered to put upon all commissions of offices of justice
+or war, or of encomiendas of Indians, or of any other positions of
+profit whatsoever, which are to be received, the reason therefor,
+so that the said fiscal may know and understand whether there is any
+objection to giving the said commission. If any such objection is made,
+let it remain with the commission, and dispose of it by appealing
+from the governor to the royal Audiencia, where the question will
+be decided on examination and review. In the meantime the said title
+shall not be assumed, for there are many people in these islands whom
+we are bound to remunerate merely for their own services and those of
+their fathers, because they are poor and needy, and what we have to
+give is so little that, even if it were divided among the citizens,
+many of them would have to remain unprovided for.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Tell the governor that in this matter he must
+observe exactly what is ordered by decrees and provisions; and,
+according to his instructions, shall prefer the most deserving and
+those longest in the country."]
+
+By order of your Majesty, the viceroy of Nueva Espana appoints the
+general, admiral, captains, masters, and other officers of the ships
+which are despatched from here to that province with merchanise, at the
+time when the said ships return thence. The persons so appointed bring
+so large a quantity of money unregistered in the ships as, it may be
+readily seen, they can do, with the power attached to their offices,
+since they are the servants and underlings of the said viceroy;
+accordingly, when they have arrived here they invest their money,
+and lade the goods in the said ships, although they are prohibited
+from doing so. This is another opportunity, almost equal to that of
+the governors who come. That this may be used by the said citizens, it
+would be fitting that the said general, admiral, masters, and officers
+of the ships be appointed here, in the sessions of the Audiencia, by
+vote of the president and auditors; and that those appointed should
+be citizens of this city of Manila, or of some of the other towns of
+these islands. The salaries which hitherto have been given to the said
+general and admiral in Nueva Espana should be diminished. With the
+little which is given here to those who are appointed, and from the
+profits which they will make, there will result no little benefit;
+since every year, in the ships which are to go, there would be five
+or six men, and they would return with a profit large enough to
+maintain themselves, and face the enemy. The ships would be better
+administered and governed, by persons who understand that better,
+through the continual practice which they have in these islands in
+maritime and military affairs; for at times persons come in the said
+offices who have no experience whatever in the one branch or the other,
+which is ordinarily the cause of much loss.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Place the decree with the letters of the governor
+and Audiencia."]
+
+The troops of war which are raised in Nueva Espana to be taken to
+these islands would best be taken by the captains who levied them to
+the port of Acapulco, one of the captains being commissioned for this,
+with some moderate addition for expenses. In the said port they should
+hand them over to the general of those ships, and the said captain
+should not come to these islands. In this way would be obviated the
+damage which is done by their bringing cargoes, and the cost of their
+coming and returning, which are not necessary for so few troops as
+come. When the troops arrive here they should be allotted among the
+companies of infantry of this camp.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Conformably to this, let the viceroy be ordered
+to do so."]
+
+There is great carelessness in appointing artillerymen for the said
+ships, for a ship which carries one piece of artillery has had
+six artillerymen appointed, whereas one ordinary gunner would be
+sufficient. If your Majesty be pleased, it would be well to command
+that for each piece of artillery no more than one artilleryman should
+be appointed; because, besides their cost to the royal exchequer, they
+are likewise a damage to this community, on account of the quantity
+of money which they bring and carry back invested to Nueva Espana.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Have a letter written to the viceroy together with
+this report, that, if this be so, it appears excessive, and he shall
+correct it."]
+
+In the ships which come from Nueva Espana a great deal of money is
+brought which is not registered. Beside not paying in Acapulco the
+duties of two and a half per cent, which are due to your Majesty,
+there results to this commonwealth a great deal of damage; for this
+money belongs for the most part to merchants and citizens of Piru
+and Mexico. Although in the sale which is made of the said ships,
+when they arrive at the port of Cavite, investigation is made--as I
+did this year, when I asked permission from the Audiencia to go to the
+inspection of the ships which came--and although I went there, only a
+very small quantity of this money was found, on account of the great
+care which was taken to hide it. At times, it even belongs to the most
+powerful people here; consequently those who are bringing it are very
+bold, and it is necessary to inspect the vessels before they arrive
+at the said port. It would be expedient for your Majesty to command
+that the fiscal of the said Audiencia should always be present at
+the making of this inspection, so that he can take all measures which
+appear to him suitable for that purpose, and can make the inspection
+before the ships arrive at the port, wherever he may wish. All the coin
+or silver bullion which is seized for registry should be applied for
+the royal treasury, some moderate portion being given to the person
+who denounces the culprit, so that there may be persons to do this.
+
+[_In the margin_: "Write to the governor that it is understood that
+this practice has become established, and let him try to prevent
+and correct it. Let the fiscal accompany the royal officials
+in the inspection of those ships, at the point which may appear
+most convenient to them, and let all which is discovered without
+registration, and contrary to the decree, be rigorously confiscated;
+and let them give to the informer such part as may seem best to
+the Audiencia."]
+
+At present nothing else occurs of which your Majesty should be advised
+in matters concerning the government. I shall continually look out for
+what is most expedient for it, and will advise you of what should be
+done. May God protect your Majesty, according to His power, with a
+larger increase of kingdoms and seigniories, according to the needs
+of Christendom. Manila, July 21, 1599.
+
+The licentiate _Hieronimo de Salazar y Salzedo_
+
+[_Endorsed:_ "Examined and answered."]
+
+
+
+
+
+Letter from the King of Borneo to Governor Tello
+
+
+The contents of this letter, written this year, one thousand five
+hundred and ninety-nine, by the king of Burney to his Highness
+Don Francisco Tello, knight of the Order of Santiago, governor and
+captain-general of the Philipinas Islands for the king our sovereign,
+and president of the royal Audiencia and Chancilleria resident therein,
+and translated by a good and exact interpreter, are as follows.
+
+Soltan Adil Lula:
+
+Letter of friendship sent by the king of Burney to Don Francisco Tello,
+captain-general of the fortress of the city of Manila, because of the
+information I have received that he governs that city exceedingly well,
+not only for the service of God, but furnishing justice to the regions
+about, with protection to the poor--whereat I have rejoiced greatly,
+and all the nobles and natives of my kingdom have done the same.
+
+I received the letter that your Lordship sent me through Hernando,
+Don Francisco Tael, and Don Joan Solit. It gave me much happiness,
+for I understood thoroughly the message conveyed by it to me from
+your Lordship. I am exceedingly rejoiced in heart and mind, for I
+desire fast friendship with the captain-general of Manila. Therefore,
+I request that, when my vassals go to Manila, you will give them
+kind treatment; and I shall do the same when men from Manila come
+to my country. This is in token of friendship, and if this is always
+observed, I shall be very glad, and likewise if you will have pity on
+the Burneys. I received two Burneys, whom the Spaniards had captured;
+they arrived at my court. And, inasmuch as your Lordship orders me,
+in your letter that I receive, to send any Sangleys that I might
+have here to Manila, I am now sending two who were captured by the
+Camutones; one is named Bonzhuan and the other Adali. I am sending
+them to your Lordship as a token of lasting friendship with the
+Burneys. Furthermore, I am sending five taes of camphor, of Burney
+weight, and three large Burney mats. And that your Highness may not
+jest at my present, know that I am sending you a [_word uncertain
+in MS_.]
+
+The above translation was made by Constantino Xuarez and Miguel Yaat, a
+native of Burney. They declared it to have been thoroughly and exactly
+made, without any change of sense. They signed the same before me,
+Estevan de Marquina, alcalde-mayor of Tondo and its district, for the
+king our sovereign. July twenty-seven of the said year, one thousand
+five hundred and ninety-nine. [7]
+
+_Estevan de Marquina_
+
++
+
+_Constantyno Xuarez_
+[_Miguel Yaat_]
+
+
+[_Endorsed_: "Original letter written by the king of Burney to Don
+Francisco Tello, governor of the Phelippinas, translated from the
+Burney tongue into Castilian."]
+
+
+
+
+Letters from Francisco Tello to the King
+
+
+
+Sire:
+
+I have striven for your Majesty's service in this government to the
+extent of my ability, and I have done my duty with much care and
+diligence. I have punished certain individuals, as it seemed proper
+to do; and hence it has resulted that I have rivals--as have all of
+us who have governed, and are engaged in your Majesty's service in the
+Indias. Although in all things I have always been favorable to Doctor
+Morga--who was my lieutenant-general, and who is now auditor of this
+royal Audiencia--I have been informed by many persons that he has
+spoken ill of my proceedings, and has even opened the way for others
+to write evil of me to your Majesty. I have never paid any attention
+to this, since I felt that my actions proved my innocence; nor have I
+ever thought it necessary to write to your Majesty about this matter,
+although some things seemed to affect my honor; for, having been bred
+in honor, I thought that in the end the truth must come to light,
+and could not be obscured, [_MS. worn_] the royal service could not
+be hindered here. [But now I feel] [8] myself compelled to speak of
+this, because a letter was written [to] the auditor, Tellez Almacan,
+in September of last year, which was a slanderous libel, without
+signature; and I have another which was written this year, at the port,
+to the auditor Don Antonio Maldonado, in the name of a friar. The
+handwriting of it must be Doctor Morga's, although it is disguised,
+[for so it was considered] by the auditor Almacan, who is writing to
+your Majesty about this, as also is the fiscal of this Audiencia. I
+beg your Majesty to commission whomsoever your Majesty deems best,
+to investigate this matter, for it is not just that this evil act be
+passed by in silence. I assure your Majesty that I have seriously
+tried, and am still trying, not to be offended by their insults in
+this land; and that in the Audiencia, not only have I kept, and still
+maintain, great harmony, but I am also trying to harmonize the auditors
+and the fiscal; for now they are not in accord, and many [of them]
+have disputes and all [come to me,] and I reconcile them. In order
+that your Majesty may know the manner in which I have served you, and
+my method of procedure in this government, and in order that it may
+be seen that [_MS. worn_] whatever may have been reported, or shall
+be reported, to your Majesty in another way, I have wished to make,
+before this same Doctor Morga, the report that I am sending to your
+Majesty, from the most honorable people of this land, in order that
+you may understand better my zeal for your Majesty's royal service,
+and the good of this realm. May our Lord preserve the Catholic person
+of your Majesty, as is befitting. Manila, July 14, 99.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+
+[_Endorsed:_ "Governor Don Francisco Tello, July 14. Let this be
+kept until that which is mentioned here arrives, and then let it
+be presented."]
+
+
+
+
+Sire:
+
+I wrote your Majesty by the ships sailing from here to Nueva
+Espana this year, about the news I had from Malaca concerning the
+English ships which had come to Sunda, and had made a settlement and
+fortification there; and that I was awaiting a more detailed account
+of the enemy's designs from the commandant of Malaca, and everything
+else relating to the subject. [9] Advices have now come from the
+commandant of Maluco that two English ships had arrived there, and had
+formed an alliance with Terrenate, as your Majesty will be informed
+in greater detail by the copies of his letters which I enclose, and
+also those of the king of Tidore and the people of that stronghold,
+requesting in strong terms that I send them aid. [10]
+
+I then called a council of war to consider the disposition of the
+affairs of these islands, and what was to be done therefor--since
+affairs are in the condition which I have described to your Majesty
+in other letters. As there are but few and badly-armed troops, and so
+few supplies with which we could send help, it was unanimously agreed
+to give no aid whatever to Maluco, but to undertake the no small task
+of preserving this land. Notwithstanding, I am thinking of sending
+reenforcements of supplies, powder, ammunition, and other military
+supplies such as can be given, also a dozen musketeers. As that land
+belongs to your Majesty, it is but just that your Majesty's servants
+and vassals should make all possible efforts to aid it. I assure
+your Majesty that if you are not pleased to provide this realm with a
+goodly number of well-armed troops and with money from Nueva Espana,
+according to the demands made by him who shall be governor--who, since
+this fort is placed in his keeping, can well be entrusted with twenty
+thousand pesos more, in control of the officials of your Majesty's
+royal exchequer--we may find ourselves hard pressed. I fulfil my
+duty by giving account thereof to your Majesty, and by defending
+this land as occasion may arise therefor. In whatever I find to do,
+here or elsewhere, I shall strive to serve your Majesty well; but
+if on account of my little strength, I should be somewhat remiss,
+I beg your Majesty to understand that I could do no more.
+
+At the news of the English, it was urgently necessary to aid Cebu. But
+as we did not have it to send, and the presidio of La Caldera,
+[11] with its eighty Spanish soldiers (who go more than a legua by
+water), [12] was in danger; and since the English and Terrenatans are
+confederated, they may attack the fort, and if the water is cut off
+from them the Spaniards are lost--I have resolved, with the approval
+of the council of war, immediately to withdraw those troops with
+their artillery; and that they, after burning their fort, shall go to
+Cebu. When it shall appear to me that a favorable opportunity occurs,
+they can return to La Caldera, from which, according to orders, it
+is necessary that punishment be inflicted on the king of Jolo for
+the crimes, and the murders of Spaniards committed in this land.
+
+I am writing to the viceroy of Nueva Espana the information I have
+received of the hostile ships; I am asking for reenforcements, [13]
+and that the ships which return next year must sail very cautiously,
+as perchance the enemy might be awaiting them at the mouth of the
+channel, or outside of it. Moreover, he should send the duties
+and freight-charges that are paid at Acapulco from the Chinese
+merchandise. Your Majesty has ordered that this money be returned to
+us, but it has never been done. If it were sent to this royal treasury,
+this kingdom would not suffer its present necessity and danger.
+
+For some time past I have exercised great care and diligence in the
+founding of artillery, [14] and it is being more carefully done. Four
+out of five medium-sized pieces, which were being founded, have
+resulted well, and I am very well pleased. The said founding is being
+continued by native Indians, and I have a quantity of metals for said
+work in the royal warehouses of your Majesty. May God our Lord preserve
+the royal Catholic person of your Majesty. Manila, August 7, 1599.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+
+
+
+
+
+Letters from Felipe III to Tello
+
+
+
+The King: To Don Francisco Tello, my governor and captain-general of
+the Filipinas Islands, and president of my royal Audiencia therein
+established. Your letter of June 23 of last year, 98, has been
+received. I understand by it that quiet and peace has been restored
+in Mindanao, and that you were examining the papers brought by the
+master-of-camp, to see whether any of the subdued people were to be
+punished or not. Keep me informed of what you shall do in that respect.
+
+You speak also of other insurrections among the Canbales Indians in
+Panpanga, who were already pacified; and of your intention of taking to
+that city [Manila] an Indian who has been the chief of those people,
+in order to remove him to a location where his presence would be less
+dangerous. This is well; do what is needed and keep me informed of
+the proceedings.
+
+We have considered what you say of your caution and forethought
+concerning the fears which Japan is wont to cause; also your behavior,
+friendship, and correspondence with certain chiefs of that country,
+whom you have entertained. It is well to continue these efforts,
+and to give us notice of what takes place.
+
+What you say about retiring two companies is commendable; nevertheless,
+if you think best in the future to increase one of them, do so, and
+make the necessary provisions. Keep me informed of the measures that
+you shall take.
+
+I am writing to the viceroy of Nueva Espana, that I have assisted you
+with what is necessary, and shall ask him to see that the people whom
+he sends to those islands be useful and carry weapons. He shall take
+care to punish the captains for their excesses. You shall do the same
+in what concerns you.
+
+In regard to the needs of the soldiers, which you attribute to their
+not having, and the impossibility of providing them with, encomiendas
+for a long time; and as it concerns the temporary employments which
+you give them instead of the servants, and even these employments
+are not sufficient for all--you shall observe the instructions, laws,
+and ordinances which you possess. You shall see that the distribution
+of what is available be made among worthy men who have served in
+that land.
+
+As to the remedy which you propose in the marriage of elderly women,
+and encomenderas of the land, you shall introduce no innovation. But
+you shall enable marriages freely to take their proper course. At
+Denia, August 16, 1599.
+
+_I The King_
+
+By order of the king our sovereign:
+
+_Juan de Ybarra_
+
+
+
+The King: To my governor and captain-general of the Philippinas
+Islands, and the president and auditors of my royal Audiencia
+thereof. I have understood that the Chinese Indians who trade in that
+country bring thither each year eight hundred thousand pesos' worth
+of merchandise, and often more than a million; and that in the ten
+days which they spend in that country they make more than a hundred
+per cent, and that in the last year, ninety-eight, it was said that
+they secured two hundred per cent. Since in their own country they
+pay increased duties, and since so great profit comes to them from
+the merchandise which they bring to those islands, while they pay me
+no more than three per cent in duties, which is the amount formerly
+imposed by Governor Don Gonzalo Ronquillo, it would be just that
+they should pay the said duties proportionately to the profits;
+and accordingly these might be increased by at least another three
+per cent. As I wish to be informed more minutely concerning what is
+expedient in this matter, and whether an increase of the said duties
+would or could result in any inconvenience whatsoever, and for what
+reason; and, in case that there is no objection, to what extent the
+duty can be increased--I command you to send a report thereof, with
+your opinion. Done at Denia, on the sixteenth of August, of the year
+one thousand five hundred and ninety-nine.
+
+_I The King_
+
+Countersigned by _Juan de Ybarra_.
+
+Signed by the Council.
+
+I [the King:] to the archbishop of Manila.
+
+[_Endorsed:_ "To the governor and Audiencia of the Philippinas; let
+them give information concerning the report that the duties can be
+raised on the merchandise from China."]
+
+
+
+
+
+Documents of 1600
+
+
+
+    The pacification of Mindanao. [Unsigned and undated; 1600?]
+    Oliver van Noordt's attack on Luzon. Francisco Tello, and
+    others; October-December.
+
+
+
+_Source_: These documents are obtained from MSS. in the Archivo
+general de Indias, Sevilla.
+
+_Translations_: The first document is translated by Robert W. Haight;
+in the second, the commission to Morga is translated by James
+A. Robertson; the instructions to him and to Alcega, by Jose M. and
+Clara M. Asensio; the account of the battle, by Arthur B. Myrick,
+of Harvard University, and James A. Robertson.
+
+
+
+
+The Pacification of Mindanao
+
+
+_Concerning the pacification of the island of Mindanao; in the
+year 1600_
+
+In the relation of the last year you will have learned how occurred
+the death, in the pacification of the island of Mindanao, of Estevan
+Rodriguez de Figueroa, who offered to carry out this pacification
+under the conditions which he stipulated with Gomez Perez Dasmarinas,
+formerly governor of these islands--copies of which were sent to
+his Majesty, and to master-of-camp Juan de Lajara, formerly of
+the said expedition, who succeeded to his place when the camp was
+abandoned, and came to Manila. Don Francisco Tello, governor and
+captain-general of the said Philipinas Islands, who at that time
+had taken possession of the government was considering how to aid
+and stimulate the said pacification at the expense of the heirs
+of Estevan Rodriguez, and with the agreement of the captains and
+persons who were long resident and experienced in war in the said
+islands. Don Juan Ronquillo was appointed commander of the galleys,
+to prosecute the said pacification; and in the meantime, in order to
+be present and continue the expedition, Captain Torivio de Miranda
+was sent forward to encourage and animate the troops, under orders
+to keep them in his charge; and in case the post should be abandoned,
+and a retreat made to Manila, he should detain the troops and return
+to Mindanao. The said Captain Toribio de Miranda having arrived at
+the island of La Caldera, which lies forty leagues from the river of
+Mindanao, there found the whole camp, which was returning from the said
+islands. Conformably to the orders which he had, he turned back and
+fortified the site where they had first been, which was on the river,
+four leagues from the forts of the enemy. Juan Ronquillo, having been
+despatched to Mindanao, had taken the camp in his charge, and begun
+to achieve some success. He achieved a victory in the battle which
+he fought with the Terrenatans, who had entered with eight hundred
+men to give aid to the people of Mindanao. Before these successes,
+he had written a letter in disparagement of that country (a copy of
+which was sent to his Majesty)--on account of which, in a council
+of war which had been held, the general Don Juan Ronquillo had been
+ordered to make a last effort against the Mindanaos, doing them all
+possible damage. He was then to come to the island of La Caldera, and
+there build a fort, to be garrisoned with a hundred Spanish soldiers,
+with artillery, arms, and munitions; and leave them there as a check
+upon Terrenate and Mindanao, in charge of a good soldier, one of the
+captains of the camp, and with the rest return to Manila. Although
+Don Juan Ronquillo received this order, after having won considerable
+victories, he again wrote that he would not abandon that place, even if
+such were the order, because it would not be expedient to retire from
+the camp and comply with what had been ordered, when he was leaving
+the island of Mindanao already pacified--the chiefs, with whom he
+had used gentle means, that they might all be more contented, having
+again rendered submission to his Majesty; and likewise as the king
+of Jolo again rendered obedience and submission. Confiding in this,
+Captain Cristoval Villagra, whom Don Juan Ronquillo had appointed
+commander of the garrison of La Caldera, had sent thirty soldiers to
+the island of Jolo for supplies. They found at this time in Jolo a
+Mindanao chief--an uncle of the king of Mindanao, and a brother-in-law
+of the king of Jolo--who had been driven out of Mindanao because he was
+rebellious. He treacherously killed thirteen Spanish soldiers. When
+news of this was brought, Juan Pacho was sent to take the troops of
+La Caldera in charge; and, when it should seem best to him, to try to
+inflict punishment on the king of Jolo. Having gone out to inflict the
+said punishment with six hundred Spaniards, the enemy unfortunately
+killed the said Juan Pacho and twenty-nine Spaniards, the rest of them
+retiring without any success. This news having come to the governor,
+he sent in place of Juan Pacho Captain Toribio de Miranda, a person
+in whom he had entire confidence, with an order not to attempt any
+punishment until he had force enough for it. After this Captain Toribio
+de Miranda arrived at La Caldera on the twenty-sixth of August in
+ninety-nine. When the garrison was given into his charge he put the
+defensive works in order; and with the arms which he brought, and
+those which he found in the fort, he armed all the troops, amounting
+to a hundred and fourteen soldiers. As directed by an order of the
+governor, he sent a chief of the Pintados to Mindanao with letters to
+the chiefs of the island, in which he informed them that they would be
+protected, favored, and upheld in justice, as vassals of his Majesty,
+and that with this object a garrison had been placed in La Caldera;
+and that to aid in maintaining it, and in covering the expenses
+which they had caused in the war by their disobedience, the largest
+possible quantity of tributes would be collected for his Majesty, and
+that he would send for them shortly--which had not been done earlier
+because the Mindanaos had been so spent and afflicted. Having arrived
+on the second of September at the river of Mindanao, and delivered
+his despatch, this chief was well received, and found the people
+in the settled state in which General Don Juan Ronquillo had left
+them. Adiamora, the main chief of Mindanao, in the name of them all,
+sent him back on the fifteenth of the said month, offering to give
+to his Majesty all the tribute which they could collect.
+
+At this time--news from the chief captain of Malaca having reached
+the governor, to the effect that in the Sunda, [15] a hundred and
+fifty leagues from that port, there had been seen a number of English
+ships, whose designs were not known; and, a little later, word from
+the commander of the fort of Maluco that there were at Terrenate,
+within the port, two English ships with four hundred men and fifty
+pieces of artillery--a council of war was held as to what was best to
+do. The said council decided to withdraw the garrison from La Caldera
+to Zibu, so that the enemy should not take that place; and, if they
+should attempt to do damage to that province, they would find it in a
+state of defense. Accordingly an order was sent to Captain Toribio de
+Miranda to withdraw with the troops, arms, artillery, and munitions,
+dismantling the fort; he was also told that he could return shortly
+to the island with more troops and arms, in order to assist in its
+defense. On the ninth of September Captain Toribio de Miranda arrived
+at Zibu, with all the troops, artillery, arms, and munitions; and at
+the same time General Don Juan Tello arrived at Zibu with a hundred
+men, who came as reenforcement from the city of Manila. Having spent
+six months there and commenced to build a fort of stone, the governor,
+as they had no more news of the English referred to, sent an order to
+the said Don Juan to come to the city of Manila--which he did with the
+hundred men, leaving the province of Zibu in a prosperous condition,
+with the troops which are usually kept there, and those of the garrison
+of La Caldera, which in all amount to two hundred and fifty Spaniards.
+
+After all this, in June of 1600 the governor received news, by way
+of Malaca, that the ships which had passed to the South Sea belonged
+to Dutch merchants, who had come to load with spices in the Maluco
+Islands. Having transacted their business, they had returned to their
+own country by way of Yndia, without doing any damage to the islands
+of the west; it therefore seems that we are safe, notwithstanding
+the news received of those enemies.
+
+
+
+
+
+Oliver van Noordt's Attack on Luzon
+
+
+
+_Commission to Antonio de Morga_
+
+In the city of Manila, on the thirty-first of October of the year
+one thousand six hundred, the president and auditors of the royal
+Audiencia and Chancilleria of the Philipinas Islands having assembled,
+the president announced to the said auditors that news had been
+received that, on the sixteenth of the current month and year, two
+foreign ships had anchored in the bay of Albay, outside the mouth
+of the channel of these islands; whereupon he sent by land Captains
+Pedro de Arceo, Cobarrubias, and Christoval de Axqueta with seventy
+soldiers--arquebusiers and musketeers--to the place where said ships
+were stationed, in order to make the defense and resistance that
+occasion and opportunity might offer. He also ordered several ships
+to be equipped and prepared at the port of Cavite, so that they could
+attack the said vessels. At this juncture of affairs, it was now
+reported that, on the twenty-fourth of the current month and year,
+the said ships had weighed anchor, left the said bay of Albay, entered
+the channel of Capul, and anchored at the island of Capul, where
+they still were. The enemy's intention, according to the president,
+is to advance upon this city. Accordingly, whatever may happen,
+both in order to resist him, and to prevent among these islands the
+possible effects to them and the vessels about to come from Castilla,
+it is very advisable and necessary to go, with all haste, in pursuit
+of said enemy, and to assure the safety of the vessels and the port
+of Cavite. As has been gathered from recent discussions held in the
+presence of the said president and auditors, with certain captains and
+men of experience, it is necessary to equip the deep-draught vessels
+quickly, and what light vessels can be prepared, so that they may
+attack the enemy. Now in order that the aforesaid preparations may
+be effected and executed with all diligence and precision by all, it
+is advisable for the said president and auditors--the latter acting
+jointly with the said president--to attend personally to this matter,
+on account of its importance; for thus will the despatch be effected
+more quickly, and with the necessary equipment. The president requested
+that, attentive to the aforesaid, they decide and determine the
+course advisable to pursue in this matter. After having considered
+the above proposition, the said president and auditors resolved
+that Doctor Antonio de Morga, auditor of this Audiencia, should go
+immediately to the port of Cavite and take charge of the despatch
+and preparation of the vessels about to go to attack the said enemy,
+and to place the said port in a state of defense. For this purpose
+he shall request the necessary means, which shall be given him as
+may be provided and ordained. The licentiate Tellez Almazan, also
+an auditor of this Audiencia, shall remain in this city to attend to
+what is necessary for its defense, and for the provision of the said
+port of Cavite. The president declares that the commandant at either
+place shall also assist and aid in such work as may be necessary, and
+as occasion may demand, so that by this means all possible diligence,
+together with the requisite haste, may be observed.
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+The licentiate _Tellez Almazan_
+
+Before me:   _Pedro Hurtado de Esquivel_
+
+In the city of Manila, on the thirteenth of January in the year
+one thousand six hundred and one, I, Pedro Hurtado de Esquivel,
+clerk of court for the king our sovereign, in his royal Audiencia and
+Chancilleria of these Philipinas Islands, at the request and order of
+Doctor Antonio de Morga, of the council of the king our sovereign,
+and his auditor in this said royal Audiencia, had this copy drawn
+from its original, which is in the book of the government of his
+royal Audiencia. It is a true and faithful copy, and agrees with the
+original thereof, witnesses to its copying, correction, and comparison,
+being Pedro Munoz de Herrera, Joan de Arana, and Miguel de Talledo,
+citizens of Manila.
+
+In testimony thereof, I affix my seal, in witness of the truth.
+
+_Pedro Hurtado Desquivel_, clerk of court.
+
+[_Endorsed_: "Testimony of the resolution of the Audiencia of the
+Filipinas in respect to the entrance of the Dutch corsair among
+the islands."]
+
+_Instructions given by the governor to Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+
+The course of action to be pursued by Doctor Antonio de Morga, auditor
+of the royal Audiencia of these Filipinas Islands, and captain-general
+of the fleet about to go in pursuit of the English [_sic_] enemy,
+is as follows.
+
+First: Inasmuch as news has been received that the English enemy,
+against whom this expedition is directed, is stationed in the harbor of
+Marayuma, and inasmuch as he might take flight without awaiting attack,
+should he, by any chance, hear of our fleet, it is ordered that our
+fleet, with the least possible delay, shall start in pursuit of the
+enemy, in order to engage and fight him, until, with our Lord's help,
+he is killed or sunk.
+
+_Item_: The engagement with the enemy must be conducted with
+all diligence and care, whether in firing or in boarding his
+ships--whichever may be possible, in accordance with the best and
+readiest opportunity permitted by the weather. Should the enemy take
+flight on sighting our fleet, he must be pursued, until the object
+sought is accomplished.
+
+_Item_: Should the enemy have left this coast when the fleet is
+despatched against him, and should information be received that he
+has gone to any other of these islands, then the fleet shall seek and
+pursue him, until he is captured or sunk. Should the enemy have left
+these islands, he shall be pursued as far as possible, in accordance
+with his [Morga's] judgment, in order that the end desired may be
+attained.
+
+_Item_: Inasmuch as the master-of-camp and the captains present at a
+council of war, held on the second of this current month and year,
+declared that, in their opinion, if no exact information as to the
+course and route taken by the enemy should be received, said fleet
+should follow the coast of Ilocos toward the strait of Zincapura, where
+it is thought the enemy must pass, in order to make his voyage. Yet,
+notwithstanding the said council of war, the said general, in the event
+of receiving no information as to the enemy's course, shall pursue what
+course he considers most advisable, as he is the one in direct charge
+of the matter, and as weather and occasion allow, endeavoring to attain
+the end desired--namely, the pursuit and destruction of the enemy.
+
+_Item_: Should the fleet encounter any enemies whatsoever, pirates
+or others, who may be among the islands, or who shall have left
+them after committing depredations among them--whether English or
+Japanese, Terrenatans or Mindanaos, or from any other nation--they
+must be attacked and punished, in order that some good result may be
+attained in this case also, should opportunity arise.
+
+_Item_: After the capture of the enemy, as it is hoped, God our Lord
+willing, the fleet will return with as many of the enemy as are still
+living, and the captured ships.
+
+_Item_: The booty found in said ships shall be divided among those
+who gain the victory, as is customary on similar occasions.
+
+_Item_: The greatest care must be taken that the crews of the fleet
+are peaceable and well disciplined, in regard to which the regulations
+followed on similar occasions shall be applied.
+
+_Item_: Good management must be exercised in regard to the supplies
+and ammunition carried; and they must be consumed sparingly, especially
+if the fleet leaves these islands.
+
+_Item_: If perchance the fleet shall have engaged the enemy, or
+pursued him outside these islands, it must return to the islands as
+soon as possible after the desired end has been attained. Should
+the weather not permit the return voyage until the coming of the
+monsoon, then he [Morga] shall endeavor to preserve, provide, and
+equip the fleet with all needful things, at his Majesty's expense,
+in order that his voyage may be made with the greatest promptness
+and security possible. Given in the city of Manila, on the tenth of
+December, one thousand six hundred. [16]
+
+_Don Francisco Tello_
+
+By order of the governor and captain-general,
+
+_Gaspar de Azevo_
+
+
+
+_Instructions given by Doctor Antonio de Morga to Captain Joan
+de Alcega_
+
+The order to be pursued by Captain Joan de Alcega, admiral of this
+fleet of the king our sovereign, in the course of this voyage and
+expedition, is as follows.
+
+[1.] First: Inasmuch as the end for which this fleet has been prepared
+is for the search and pursuit of the English [_sic_] ships, which
+have come but lately among these islands, and, as we are informed,
+are near this place; and as in conformity with the instructions of the
+governor and captain-general of these islands, the said enemy must
+be pursued and followed with all care and diligence wherever found,
+and must be engaged, and captured or sunk: therefore it is necessary
+that the said almiranta [17] proceed very cautiously, and be ready
+with sailors, soldiers, and artillery, in order, on their part,
+to accomplish the said purpose, when opportunity offers.
+
+[2.] Further, the said almiranta shall follow the flagship to leeward,
+unless it be rendered necessary for progress, or because of the
+enemy, to beat to windward. It shall have a care that the other
+smaller vessels of the fleet do not fall behind or deviate from the
+course--this to be without prejudice to their navigation and voyage,
+and their accompanying the flagship, which is the most important thing.
+
+[3.] _Item_: Should opportunity be offered to engage the enemy,
+the almiranta shall endeavor to engage him at the same moment as
+the flagship or alone, in case that flagship is to leeward, or so
+situated that it cannot do the same so quickly; for the flagship will
+endeavor to come to its aid in whatever happens, with all haste and
+speed possible.
+
+4. _Item_: Upon overtaking the two ships of the enemy, efforts shall
+be made to grapple and board their flagship, where their force is
+carried. This same effort shall be made by the flagship of this fleet;
+but in case the flagship of the enemy cannot be overtaken, and their
+almiranta is in such a condition that something may be done with it,
+it shall be attempted.
+
+5. _Item_: Should our fleet attack the enemy and grapple, both
+ships--the almiranta and the flagship--shall endeavor to grapple on the
+same side. But if that cannot be done, care shall be taken that our
+artillery and arquebuses are not turned on our own ships and men. In
+this the greatest possible care and precaution shall be observed.
+
+6. _Item_: Upon grappling the enemy, efforts shall be made to make
+him fast to our ship and to lower his sails, so that he may not
+become separated from us. Before boarding with troops, the nettings
+and deck of the enemy shall be rendered safe by clearing and raking
+them, in order that there may be as little risk as possible to our men.
+
+7. In the course of this voyage in pursuit of the enemy, not a musket
+or arquebus shall be fired, nor a powder-box touched, until after
+his discovery. Neither shall any artillery be fired, for an effort
+must be made to find the enemy at anchor, and to see that he have no
+knowledge of the fleet that is pursuing him.
+
+8. Should the almiranta be in any urgent need that requires aid,
+a shot shall be fired in the direction of the flagship, as a signal
+for help. The same will be done by the flagship in case it encounters
+a like necessity.
+
+9. _Item_: Should the flagship display a flag in the shrouds, it will
+be a signal-call for a council of war, or other matters of importance,
+for which the admiral shall come to the flagship in whatever boat
+may be most convenient.
+
+10. _Item_: One of the two caracoas that accompany the fleet shall
+keep as close to the almiranta as possible, in order to act as tender
+to it and supply its necessities.
+
+11. _Item_: The greatest possible care and caution shall be taken
+in the use of the ammunition and supplies, in order that this voyage
+may be prolonged.
+
+12. _Item_: All these vessels must endeavor to keep together. But if
+one of the vessels should become separated from the others, by storm
+or by any other necessity, no direction for the exact route to be
+followed is given, as the design or course of the enemy is unknown. It
+is observed only that all the vessels are under obligation to seek for
+and pursue the enemy until they shall drive him, if nothing more shall
+be possible, from these islands, and leave the islands safe and free
+from the said enemy. But the best thing for the ship to do that becomes
+separated, as said above, will be to find out the course taken by the
+enemy, and to pursue that same course until it shall rejoin the fleet.
+
+13. _Item_: Inasmuch as the governor and captain-general of these
+islands has given Captain Joan Tello y Aguirre, who is aboard the
+said almiranta, command as captain of infantry of what men I may
+assign him, I do hereby assign to him the infantry troops aboard said
+ship for the time that said expedition shall endure and last. The
+said admiral shall deliver these men to said Captain Joan Tello y
+Aguirre, in order that, as their captain, he may have charge of them,
+and punish and discipline them.
+
+All the above plan must be kept and observed now and henceforth
+throughout the course of this voyage. I give these instructions
+to the said admiral and other persons whom they may concern, in
+conformity with the command that I hold from the said governor and
+captain-general of these islands. In testimony thereof, I affixed my
+signature aboard the flagship, off the island of Mariveles, Wednesday,
+December thirteen, one thousand six hundred. [18]
+
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+
+
+
+
+
+_Account of the battle between Morga and Van Noordt_
+
+
+The license and daring of these heretical enemies of our holy
+religion and faith are so well known to all, that no one can relate
+satisfactorily the misfortunes that they have brought upon us,
+the destructions and deaths that they have caused among us, and the
+rich booty that they have carried away--which God in His righteous
+judgment permitted. As they behold themselves so favored by fortune,
+their greed is increasing continually, and they are continuing to
+prosecute their designs, as was the case when Francisco Draque [19]
+passed the Strait of Magellan and coasted along Chile and Piru, where
+he seized the vessel "San Joan" of Anzona, with a large consignment
+of silver, in the year 1579. Again in the year 1587, they passed the
+straits under the English general Don Tomas Canbler. [20] Within sight
+of the Californias they seized and sacked the vessel "Sanctana," which
+was sailing from these islands to Nueva Espana with a large cargo of
+silk and gold. Having easily made this seizure, they returned home,
+displaying innumerable banners, streamers, and pennons; and it is
+even affirmed that their sails were of damask. Their countrymen,
+upon seeing them return so rich and prosperous in so short a time,
+were so enthusiastic as to launch a similar undertaking. Among those
+who resolved to make a voyage to these parts was Oliver Daudtnord [21]
+a native of Nostradama [Amsterdam], one of the islands of Olanda and
+Xelanda [Holland and Zeeland]. Being persuaded and informed by the
+boatswain who sailed on the vessel that seized the ship "Sanctana"--to
+whom he gave title as captain and chief pilot--and being attracted
+to privateering, he asked permission of Mauricio, count of Nasao,
+and prince of Orange, [22] in whose dominions the above islands are
+located, to equip four ships. He received permission, whereupon he
+collected as many men and as much of supplies and artillery as he
+deemed necessary. He placed forty of the total of two hundred and
+sixty men aboard two of the ships, which sailed from the port of
+Nostradama--while the other two sailed from the port of Rrotadama
+[Rotterdam]--on the eleventh or twelfth of August, in the year
+1598. They laid their course toward the straits of Magellanes; and
+while skirting the coast of Brasil, the Portuguese there hoisted a
+flag of peace. This being seen by the English and Irish, twelve of
+them went ashore in the shallop, where the Portuguese, who numbered
+perhaps ten or twelve, received them with pleasant countenances, and
+invited them to dine. But while at dinner the Portuguese murdered all
+the Irishmen, among them the chief pilot, upon whom the others relied
+because of his familiarity with the said course and voyage. Thereupon
+the enemy, furious at the manner in which they had been treated,
+landed forty or fifty arquebusiers in order to avenge the injury that
+they had received. The Portuguese, in anticipation of this, intrenched
+themselves very strongly, so that the enemy was unable to enter their
+fort, but was, on the contrary, forced to retire to his boats with a
+loss of six men. They set sail and laid their course for the strait
+[of Magellan], where they arrived a year and seven months from the
+time when they sailed from their own country. When they arrived
+there they encountered many storms and head-winds, and sickness
+to such an extent that they were obliged to transfer the men still
+remaining on one ship to the other three. Then they sunk this vessel,
+and with the three vessels pursued their course, followed continually
+by storms which never left them. They sighted a vessel, which upon
+investigation turned out to be English. By it they were informed
+that another squadron of four vessels had sailed from Yngalaterra
+[England], and that this vessel, being unable to carry so much sail
+as the others, had been left to its fate, and knew naught more of
+the others. The Dutch ships continued their course and sailed ahead,
+so that within a few days they lost sight of this vessel. They passed
+through the strait, where they lost four or five months. After this it
+happened that the general fell out with his admiral, whom he charged
+with negligence of his orders. The admiral was tried, the charges
+sustained, and traitorous misdeeds proved against him; therefore
+he was abandoned on a desert island near the coast of Chile. [23]
+Then the general appointed as admiral one of the most valiant and
+experienced soldiers of his band. He reached the coast of Chile,
+where he made a few captures, although of no especial importance. The
+first was a fragata, [24] which was seized near the island of Sancta
+Maria Domingo de Rramos in the year 1600. They were informed by this
+vessel that two ships had gone to Arica for the king's silver; but
+they were warned that there were war-vessels at Callao. This fragata,
+they say, was carrying three consignments of gold; but our men, upon
+seeing that they were lost, threw it overboard. The enemy seized the
+pilot, who was a Portuguese, and took the fragata along with them,
+together with two negroes who were aboard of her. The latter told
+them that the pilot had had all the gold thrown overboard, whereupon
+they ordered the pilot to be cast into the sea alive. They captured
+at Santiago on the same coast another vessel laden with tallow and
+Cordovan leather [morocco]. Considering that it was worth little to
+them, they burned it, and its crew escaped by swimming, except a few
+Spaniards and natives who perished in the water. The enemy seeing
+that they were acquiring small profit in that neighborhood, decided
+to go up along the coast of Nueva Espana, and wait at the entrance of
+the Californias for the annual vessels from these islands--the very
+purpose and object for which they had resolved upon their navigation,
+as is evident from the aforesaid. However they abandoned that purpose,
+upon being told by the negroes whom they had brought with them that
+Don Luis de Velazco, viceroy of Piru, had left Lima in person for
+the port of Callao to superintend the preparation of a large fleet,
+as he had been informed that pirates had passed and were along the
+coast. The enemy, fearful of this, and recalling the fact that,
+five years previously, Arricharse de Aquines, [25] an Englishman,
+was defeated and captured by our men, after the greater part of his
+force was killed, decided to abandon their voyage to the Californias,
+and to head for these islands, with the intention of awaiting at the
+Ladrones the shipments of silver from Nueva Espana to Manila. With
+the said intent, they put to sea, but after sailing for several days,
+they encountered a storm, which brought them all nearly to the verge
+of destruction. One very dark and stormy night they lost sight of
+the almiranta, and never saw it again. Seeing himself without this
+vessel, the general chose as almiranta the fly-boat which he had
+remaining. This was a vessel of perhaps fifty toneladas burden, called
+"La Concordia," under command of a captain called Esias Delende. Then
+they resumed their course, with the same intention of capturing our
+silver, but, if unable to do more, to proceed to Maluco to barter for
+cloves, for which purpose they carried mirrors, knives, basins, and
+other small wares. They reached the Ladrones Islands--our Lord thus
+permitting--four or five days after our vessels had passed. They
+were detained there for several days, where, upon seeing their
+plans frustrated, they burned the fragata that they had brought
+from Piru. Thereupon they set sail and made the principal channel
+of these islands, eighty or ninety leguas from this city of Manila,
+where they stopped--either for iron, or, as our people here said,
+because of a need of provisions; or, as I believe, and as they
+themselves asserted, purposely. In short, instead of going by way of
+Capul, the right and necessary path for the voyage they were making,
+they entered a small bay called Albay, on the Camarines coast, where
+they anchored as if they were in their own harbors, and with as little
+fear and mistrust, as was clearly seen later on. They were hospitably
+received in this district, for our people supplied them with abundance
+of rice, with which to satisfy their need. They paid well for it,
+in order to relieve their necessity--they could not, had they wished,
+pay for more--for the purpose of assuring the natives that they had
+not come to harm them. They told the natives that they were vassals
+of the king Don Phelipe, our sovereign, in whose service and by whose
+permission they were coming. As is proved by those selfsame papers,
+the general showed the natives some counterfeit decrees, with which
+they ought to be satisfied. A messenger was sent to Manila to give
+information of the vessels that had arrived there. The news reached
+here on the nineteenth of October, when Captain Xiron reported that he
+was in the Camarines, and that he had boarded the general's ship, which
+was coming well-supplied with munitions, arms, and artillery. He gave
+information also concerning the number of men who, in his opinion,
+were carried by the two vessels--about ninety men, of whom some
+were sick; and of his dealings with them, and that they claimed to
+be vassals of the king our sovereign. As soon as news of the enemy
+reached this city, Don Francisco Tello, governor of these islands,
+sent soldiers as scouts along the Camarines coast, with orders to
+hide all the provisions, as he was unaware of the generous supply
+that the enemy had. It is quite true, as the English themselves said,
+that they could have had as much as they wanted, by paying for it.
+
+Captain Pedro de Arseo and Captain Christobal de Arseo Etaminchaca,
+both of the infantry, were also ordered to go with a command of men
+along the coast to form ambushes, should the enemy land. But this
+was all to no purpose, for the enemy, in little more than a month,
+came out of the bay and sailed away on one course or another--which
+seemed quite impossible to the people here, because they were confident
+that the enemy could not get out of the bay in which they lay. But it
+finally turned out quite to the contrary; for, as I say, they departed
+and laid their course to Capul, until they cast anchor in a harbor,
+where they are said to have cleaned the ships and sent men ashore to
+burn a small native village. One of the English was left behind there
+among the Indians, who seized and brought him to this city. They took
+his deposition, in which he told some of the things related above.
+
+Toward the last of November, one of the negroes, named Salvador,
+who had escaped by swimming one night near Capul, arrived here. He
+reported that the enemy were directing their course toward Maluco,
+and that meanwhile they were trying to discover if there were any
+plunder among these islands. He said that the capture of the enemy
+would be greatly facilitated by attacking them with a fleet; and
+his advice was not bad. All this time the enemy were coming nearer,
+until they anchored in the port of El Frayle, near Mariveles, where
+they lay very much at ease and without any fear, watching for the
+vessels coming to this city. They captured a fragata, which they
+sank. They took a quantity of flour from a Japanese vessel that was
+on its way here. In order to quiet the Japanese, they gave them a
+sword, and a few trinkets of no particular value. They captured a
+Chinese champan, by which they were informed that the Chinese vessels
+would arrive within a few months, laden with silks and merchandise of
+great value. This news pleased the enemy so highly that they did not
+propose to leave until they should seize some of the Chinese. From
+this place they wrote a letter to Don Francisco Tello, in which they
+declared that the Indians there had stolen a number of fowls from
+them, that his Lordship should order the Indians to make them good,
+and that they were coming to pay their respects to him. It may be
+seen by this how little they feared the governor.
+
+While these things were taking place, the governor had three ships
+fitted out--one from the city of Cebu, to act as flagship; another,
+a galizabra, still in the shipyard--which was launched a few days
+before the departure--called "San Bartolome," to act as almiranta; and
+a Portuguese patache [26] which had come from Malaca--with artillery,
+men, and munitions sufficient to overbalance the greater strength of
+the enemy. Doctor Antonio de Morga, auditor of this royal Audiencia,
+was appointed captain-general of this fleet, an appointment which
+highly displeased the old captains, because in their opinion they
+should have been considered. They thought it unjust that the auditors
+should take part in the affair, especially because it left only
+one auditor in the Audiencia. In the end, however, neither these
+nor other reasons sufficed to prevent his appointment. The general
+appointed as admiral Captain Joan de Alzega, a very courageous soldier,
+of considerable reputation and credit, a Biscayan by birth. Many noble
+and wealthy people assisted in serving his Majesty in this expedition,
+in all about three hundred men, counting the paid soldiers, the seamen,
+and others. They embarked very gallantly, with the resolution and
+intention of attempting not only that undertaking, but another of
+greater weight and difficulty.
+
+The general was impatient for the fleet to depart, and accordingly set
+sail on Tuesday, the twelfth of December. The flagship and almiranta
+left, without waiting for the Portuguese vessel, or allotting it
+sufficient crew or munitions, taking advantage of a tide which was
+discovered at the time of their departure, which was favorable to
+them. Accordingly they began their voyage. As they left the bay,
+beyond the river of Canas, three leguas from the harbor, the shallop
+which was carried on the stern of the almiranta went to the bottom,
+and drowned two seamen who were in it. They continued their voyage,
+and that night cast anchor at Mariveles, where they lay the rest of
+the night. In the morning they were informed by the alferez Albarran,
+who was stationed on that island as sentinel, that the enemy were
+anchored at Azebu, five or six leagues from there. Upon receiving
+this news, on that same day (St. Lucy's) our men began to spread the
+_pavesades_, [27] and ballasted the flagship a trifle more. They were
+all in the highest of spirits, and so eager were they to come to close
+quarters with the enemy, that every hour's delay seemed a hundred
+years to them. At midnight, or a little later, on St. Lucy's day,
+the flagship weighed anchor without notifying its almiranta. The
+latter, seeing the flagship make sail, followed. Without waiting
+for the small Portuguese vessel, they followed the course of the
+enemy, and at dawn the next day, which was the fourteenth of the
+said month, they discovered them. They investigated and ascertained
+beyond all doubt that it was the enemy. Their only fear was lest the
+latter might escape from them. Our men thought that if but once the
+enemy were grappled, they could overcome ten vessels. However, in a
+little while they were made to see the difference between fighting
+in imagination and actually using their hands in real earnest. In
+short, as above stated, our flagship was leading the advance; and
+when the enemy saw it, he ordered his almiranta to weigh anchor and
+reconnoiter. The order was obeyed, and although the almiranta put out
+to sea but a little distance, it recognized them as armed vessels,
+which was reported to the general. The latter ordered the almiranta to
+keep a sharp lookout and to run close-hauled; and, if it was apparent
+that the two vessels were approaching to attack them, to return to
+his assistance. But his intent was to see if he could not in any way
+separate their force, because he said that, ship for ship, his force
+was the abler. Since our flagship was drawing nearer and outstripping
+the almiranta, it was overtaking the enemy, who put to sea with his
+flagship and waited close-hauled. He fired a shot, which carried
+away part of the tops and the main halyard on our flagship. Ours
+returned the fire, but struck the water. When they almost touched
+our ship, the enemy fired another shot, which destroyed a pump and
+killed two or three Indians. Thereupon our men crowded on all sail,
+and attacked with the greatest determination that was ever seen--for,
+as they say, they were going with all sails set. Our ship grappled with
+its opponent, so that our men could board easily. With the vessels in
+this condition, shots were fired on both sides. About twelve of our
+men leaped aboard the enemy's ship. The enemy retreated to the bow,
+where they intrenched themselves, and made loopholes, through which
+they fired their muskets--although, being fearful lest our almiranta
+should come up to grapple with them, they did but little damage,
+before they were compelled to strike their own colors and hoist
+ours in their place. At this moment our almiranta came up with the
+intention of boarding on the other side. Thereupon our men who were
+aboard the enemy's ship cried out: "Victory! victory! for the king
+of Espana! Pass on ahead! Do not fire and kill us, for the ship has
+surrendered already." However, the admiral, Joan de Alezega, caused two
+pieces to be fired and a discharge of his musketry and arquebuses upon
+the enemy. It is understood that with one piece of this broadside,
+he did the enemy considerable injury, as was proved. As soon as
+the admiral understood that our men were advising him to pass on,
+and that the enemy's almiranta was fleeing under a press of canvas,
+he bore away in pursuit of it.
+
+The enemy's flagship, seeing that our almiranta had departed, began
+to serve their artillery more rapidly, and their musketry from the
+bow, so that they inflicted considerable loss upon those of our men
+who boarded their ship with only shields on their arms, and their
+swords. In this way they would have defeated the enemy if they
+had attacked with fifty men in a body. Instead of taking such good
+counsel, they boarded in parties of threes, while the enemy continued
+to wound and kill them. Even this lack of system and concord did not
+stop here, but it is understood that the enemy pierced our flagship
+with a ball at the water-line. Our men, flushed with the exultation
+of the victory they had won at first, and confused by much shouting,
+did not hasten to repair the damage; for they were people who did
+not like to be ordered, and their general could do nothing with them,
+as they were all captains and men of distinction. On account of this,
+and as the ship was so occupied by the sailors' berths, they could not,
+or did not, notice the shot which our ship received. When they did
+perceive it by the rising of the water to the second deck, they all
+became frightened; and, instead of boarding the enemy's ship, with
+the thought that if they were losing a ship, they were gaining one,
+they began to devise means of escape. Accordingly some leaped into
+the enemy's small boat without orders from the general, whereby a few
+escaped, while others had recourse to our own small boat. Thus eight or
+ten of them contrived to escape, without waiting for anything else. A
+little before this, they addressed the general, Antonio de Morga,
+saying: "Escape, your Grace, for the ship is sinking." He answered
+that it was not suitable to his reputation to leave his ship and not
+die with all the others, from which answer it was understood that,
+in case the ship went down, he was confident of his own strength and
+dexterity. The rest of our men--it may be seen what sort of men they
+were--seeing that the vessel was settling little by little, and that
+the enemy did not cease to serve their guns, huddled together in fright
+as they saw their ship filling with water--a state of affairs which
+would make others undertake not only the exploit of boarding the ship
+and mastering it, but even more difficult enterprises. In short, by the
+just judgments of God, which our sinful countrymen so well deserved,
+He disturbed their minds and deserted them, so that they would make no
+effort, excepting a few--of whom I shall make particular mention below,
+because they deserve it. There was one who, in order that he might
+take them with him, ordered a gold chain and other jewels brought
+to him. Seeing things in this condition and the danger so evident,
+a father of the Society, by name Father Santiago, took a crucifix
+in his hands, and commenced to call out to the Christian Spaniards:
+"Where is that courage of yours? See, this is the cause of God! Die,
+die like good soldiers of Jesus Christ! If you do not care to be food
+for fishes, consider that the lesser of the two evils which threaten
+us is to board that ship of the enemy, for if we are losing one ship,
+we are gaining another." After this exhortation, several men hastened
+to board their enemy's ship. Those who did not do it were prevented
+by two reasons: first, because they saw a fire breaking out on the
+enemy's ship, caused by some charges of powder which they set off
+purposely to terrify our men, and make them believe that they were
+about to blow up the ship; the second, because our pilot told them
+that, although the ship was so full of water up to the second deck,
+all hands could be saved even if the ship were lost, as the distance
+from there to the island of Fortuna was little more than one-half
+legua, and, if they would cast loose from the enemy and crowd on sail,
+their purpose would be just as well effected. The idea of escaping with
+their lives seemed very attractive to all, and accordingly this plan
+was immediately put into execution. They began to cut the cables and
+to cast loose from the enemy. In a few moments our ship started off
+in such a way that they saw the dead bodies of drowned men floating
+about between decks. The general, upon seeing this, began to strip
+off his clothing, at the persuasion of a private servant of his named
+Josepe Denaveda, who gave him a mattress of [_MS. worn_] on which the
+two naked men threw themselves into the sea. Many others did likewise,
+though only a few reached shore. Our ship gave a lurch and foundered,
+carrying down with it all those whom fear of their inability to swim
+prevented from taking to the water--some of whom were armed--so that
+the majority of the men were carried down with the ship. Many who were
+very good swimmers were dragged to the bottom by the force of the
+suction. All our men who were still on the surface tried by all the
+means in their power to save their lives. It was the unhappy fate of
+some of them to reach the enemy's ship itself where those heretics
+hastened to receive them with pikes, and speared them with great
+cruelty. Among those they wounded Captain Gomez de Molina with a lance;
+however he continued to swim thus wounded, until he reached the shore,
+where he died from loss of blood, at the water's edge. In this way
+many died, and those who escaped took shelter on the island of Fortuna,
+eighteen leguas from the city, until some vessels might pass by.
+
+At this moment the small Portuguese ship, seeing the outcome, laid
+its course to Malaca, because it had arrived only at that moment. Our
+ship had grappled with the enemy for six hours, from eight in the
+morning until two in the afternoon, when the former foundered.
+
+Admiral Joan de Alcaga, who was chasing the enemy's almiranta, overtook
+it, and after he had fired two or three volleys of his artillery,
+musketry, and arquebuses, he grappled it on its stern-quarter on the
+starboard side. Our men immediately boarded the enemy, the said admiral
+being among the first. The enemy defended themselves well, serving
+their artillery and thrice setting a fire purposely with some powder
+cartridges, but our men hastened to put out the fire with buckets
+of water. The enemy seeing the strength of their assailants and how
+unfortunately the action was turning out, because the best of them
+were killed, honorably surrendered. Admiral Joan de Alcaga agreed,
+and so they were captured with nineteen men alive. On our side only
+one man was killed by a gun-shot, one Joan Baptista de Mondragon,
+a nephew of the precentor in the cathedral at Manila. Another from
+the Canarias was drowned while trying to jump from one ship to the
+other. Some were seriously wounded; the captain and master of our
+almiranta, Joan Lopez de Serra, was shot through the thigh, and a
+certain Calderon was shot through one side of his shoulder and part
+of his arm. There were others wounded, but none seriously. Some booty
+was found on the vessel, two pipes of oil and two of wine, a number
+of basins, candlesticks, and brass mortars, iron in plates and bars,
+and some other small wares of little value. They captured twelve pieces
+of artillery--eight heavy and excellent pieces of cast iron, and four
+small ones. Among other things captured, was found a small iron coffer
+which was kept in the after-cabin, and in which the admiral carried the
+papers and commissions which the prince of Orange had given him when
+he appointed him captain of that ship. One was in his own tongue and
+the other in ours, which is the one copied at the end of this relation.
+
+One or two charts were found, which they brought for Piru; these the
+holy Inquisition has in its possession. Then Admiral Joan de Alcega
+ordered a few sailors to be transferred to the ship surrendered by
+the enemy, and set them to making repairs in order to take it into
+Manila; for its main mast and rigging were lost, and our men in
+boarding left nothing standing by which they could navigate. They
+took it to an island near by, called Luban, While there, our men
+sighted a dismantled ship which seemed to be coming toward them,
+which they took to be the enemy's flagship, which was already ours,
+and that it was being sent, like their own, to be repaired. Their
+expectation was not unfounded, for they had seen our men in it and
+heard them shouting, "Victory!" so that it seemed to them that nothing
+else could be possible. But in actual truth it was the enemy, who was
+coming, upon seeing his almiranta, to see if he could assist it. But
+when the enemy saw the two ships close together, and heard no noise
+of guns, he tacked about, and hitherto nothing has been known of his
+whereabouts. It is believed that his flagship was badly injured and
+battered, since it did not wait, although victorious by having sent
+our flagship to the bottom. However, we may give credit to some who
+said that when they were in the water, they saw the crew of the enemy
+casting lances at our men who were swimming, whom they could overtake.
+
+Our almiranta, after its recent success, set sail to return to Manila,
+where they thought that our flagship was calmly lying at anchor. They
+arrived at Mariveles and there they heard of the misfortune our
+people had suffered. The admiral sent a messenger to the governor of
+this city to procure his orders, and to tell him that he was waiting
+there. He was ordered to follow instantly and pursue the enemy as far
+as Malaca, or wherever else he might hear that he was. Immediately
+he received another order to cruise among those islands--when, if he
+should not find the enemy, he was to return. This he did after sending
+the survivors of the enemy to this city. The admiral himself came
+later to the city, and the governor ordered him to be arrested, but
+afterward set him at liberty. I do not know what justification there
+was for either act. After all this, the governor, with perfect justice,
+notwithstanding the word that Admiral Joan de Alcega had pledged to
+them, ordered all the prisoners to be garroted. [28] This sentence
+was fulfilled and executed upon thirteen of them because the rest
+were boys. The latter, who are not young children, are divided among
+the monasteries, with I know not what end in view. Twelve [of those
+executed] died good Catholics and converts, and with many tears, so
+that the religious were obliged to administer the most holy sacrament
+of the eucharist to them. The Confraternity of La Sancta Misericordia
+buried them with great charity. The only one who refused conversion
+was the English admiral [Lambert Biezman], the most stubborn fellow
+[29] and the most obstinate heretic I have ever seen in my life.
+
+According to the reports received, a total of one hundred and
+thirty-seven men were killed or drowned.
+
+_Copy of the commission which was found in the iron box_
+
+(This is a faithful and exact copy of a letter and patent, written
+lengthwise on white parchment in large letters, and illuminated with
+letters of gold. The first line is covered with a pendent seal of
+red wax, the size of a consecrated wafer. This document appears to
+have been issued by Mauricio de Nashau, who styles himself "Prince
+of Orange," as commission for the captain or second in command of a
+certain armed fleet, and is countersigned by J. Melander; its tenor
+is as follows. [30])
+
+Mauricio, Prince of Orange; Count of Nasau, Catzenelleboghen, and
+Bietz; Marquis of Veer and Flissinge; governor, captain-general,
+and admiral of the United Provinces of Flandes, etc.: To all who see
+or hear these presents, our affectionate greeting, etc. Whereas, in
+order to contract friendship with certain foreign nations and kingdoms,
+and for many other considerations, we have seen fit to send a goodly
+number of vessels, in good order and well equipped, to the coasts
+of Asia, Africa, and America, and the islands of Eastern Yndia, to
+make treaties and carry on trade with the subjects and inhabitants
+thereof; and because we have been informed that the Spanish and
+the Portuguese are hostile to the subjects of these provinces, and
+obstruct their navigation and commerce in those parts, contrary
+to all natural right of all cities and nations; we have found it
+necessary to entrust, to certain valiant and experienced captains,
+the task of executing this our intention. Being well-informed of the
+fidelity and experience of Esaias de Lende, we have appointed him
+captain of the ship named "La Concordia," of about fifty toneladas
+register, with very detailed and explicit orders to go to the said
+islands, to resist and make war on, and to harm and injure as far
+as possible, all the said Spanish and Portuguese, and any others
+who attempt to obstruct them in their duties, and in the performance
+of everything which shall be further commanded by their admiral and
+captain-general, Olivier van Noordt. That he may execute this, his
+commission and charge, with greater facility and readiness, we have
+ordered that he shall raise as many men as he shall deem necessary,
+and as shall be entrusted to him by the said admiral. We strictly
+order these men to obey and respect the said captain, and to obey all
+his orders to them in the name of the said admiral. In everything
+else he shall do all that a good and faithful captain is bound and
+obliged to do--always excepting that neither he nor any of his men
+shall dare to do any harm or injury to the subjects of his imperial
+Majesty, or those of the kings of Francia, Anglatierra, Escocia,
+Denemarqua, Suedia, and Polonia, or of the princes of the Empire,
+[31] or of any other rulers who are friends of these provinces, or
+inclined to the true Christian religion. Therefore we request and
+require all the said kings and princes, and all other states, and
+all persons whom the said Esaias de Lende shall encounter; and we
+also give express orders to all admirals, vice-admirals, colonels,
+captains, and other military men on sea or land, and others who are
+under the government of these provinces and owe them obedience--to
+recognize him as captain of the said ship, and to allow him, with
+the said ship and crew, not only to go and trade wherever he shall
+please, but also to assist him, and extend him all favor, aid,
+and succor, from which we shall receive great and especial favor
+and satisfaction. We will render favors to them on like occasions,
+and our people will perform for them the services for which they are
+under obligation. Given at La Haya [The Hague], on the twelfth of
+May in the year one thousand five hundred and ninety-eight.
+
+_Maurici de Nashau_
+
+By order of his Excellency:
+
+_J. Melander_
+
+[This is followed by a certificate (dated February 6, 1601) of the
+accuracy of the copy, with the statement that the original had been
+delivered to the royal notary for copying by Doctor Antonio de Morga.]
+
+
+
+
+
+Documents of 1601
+
+
+
+    Report to the governor, on the battle with the Dutch. Antonio
+    de Morga, January 5.
+    Annual letters from the Philippine Islands. Francisco Vaez,
+    S.J.; June 10.
+    Letter to Felipe III. Diego Garcia, S.J.; July 8.
+    Letter from the fiscal to Felipe III. Hieronimo de Salazar
+    y Salcedo; July 16.
+    Complaint of the cabildo of Manila against Morga. Gonzalo
+    Ronquillo de Vallesteros, and others; July 20.
+    Letter to Felipe III. Antonio de Morga; July 30.
+    Grant to Jesuit school in Cebu. Council of Indias; December 11.
+
+
+
+
+_Sources_: All these documents save one are obtained from MSS. in the
+Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla; the second is taken from John Hay's
+compilation _De rebus Iaponicis, Indicis, et Pervanis_ (Antverpiae,
+M. DC. v.), pp. 950-968, from the copy in the Library of Congress.
+
+_Translations_: The first and fourth of these documents are translated
+by Norman F. Hall, of Harvard University; the second, by Henry
+B. Lathrop, of the University of Wisconsin; the third, fifth, and
+sixth, by Robert W. Haight; the seventh, by James A. Robertson.
+
+
+
+
+Morga's Report to the Governor on the Battle with the Dutch
+
+
+_Copy of a petition of Dr. Antonio de Morga to the governor, in which
+he gives an account of all that happened in the expedition against
+the Dutch corsair, presented as soon as he returned from it._
+
+This is a copy well and faithfully made from a petition which it
+seems was presented by Dr. Antonio de Morga, auditor of the royal
+Audiencia of these islands, to Don Francisco Tello, knight of the
+Order of Santiago, who is governor and captain-general of these
+islands. This is in connection with a suit brought by order of the
+said governor against Joan de Alcega, admiral of the royal fleet
+which went against the Dutch enemy which was sailing among these
+islands. The said auditor was commander-in-chief of this fleet,
+and the admiral was the said Joan de Alcega, who deserted the royal
+flagship in time of battle. It runs as follows:
+
+I, Dr. Antonio de Morga, auditor of the royal Audiencia and
+Chancilleria of these Philipinas Islands, say that in the month of
+October just passed, in the year one thousand six hundred, there
+came to these Islands for the purpose of robbery one Oliver de Nor,
+corsair and a heretic, and a native of the states of Flandes, with
+two men-of-war well provided with men, artillery, and munitions. One
+of the two ships was large and strong, and was the flagship; the
+other, smaller and of less importance and strength, was the admiral's
+ship. With these he had entered the South Sea through the Strait of
+Magallanes, and skirted the coast of Chile; and then came and anchored
+outside the entrance to these islands, in the bay of Alvay. After
+making inquiries about affairs in these islands, and finding that
+there was no fleet, and no arrangement by which one that could molest
+him could be created, he passed by Capul and proceeded on his way
+until he reached the mouth of the bay of this city of Manila. There
+he made some captures and committed some robberies on vessels which
+entered, and he was hoping to commit greater ones on the ships which
+are expected this year, both from China and from Nueva Espana, with
+the money belonging to these islands. On this account your Lordship,
+together with the royal Audiencia, by a decree in due form dated the
+last day of the aforesaid month of October, commanded me to go to
+the port of Cavite and to place it and keep it in a state of defense;
+and likewise to finish some vessels which had been begun there in the
+dockyard, and to prepare and put in order those which could be used
+quickly for a fleet to go out and resist and punish the enemy. By
+working personally day and night, without having anything given to
+me for it, I put all this into operation with the greatest diligence
+and care, in thirty-two days. When I came to this city to give your
+Lordship an account of the good condition of the fleet--in order that
+it might be immediately arranged who was to go out in it, and the
+soldiers and seamen who were to embark--considering the fact that
+the corsair still remained near this bay, your Lordship, influenced
+by urgent causes and reasons, ordered and commanded me in writing,
+in the name of our lord the king, to set out with the volunteers of
+this city, who were placed at my disposal for this expedition. It was
+understood that I was to conduct this expedition, and, with another
+body composed of hired soldiers from this district, was to go out as
+quickly as possible in search of the enemy, and was to fight with him
+until I overcame him or sent him to the bottom. There were many other
+conditions which are contained more fully in the letter of instructions
+which your Lordship gave me, signed and sealed, to which I refer. In
+fulfilment of this, and only for the service of God and of our lord
+the king (which service your Lordship commended to me so strongly),
+leaving my house and quiet life, leaving my wife and nine children,
+I obeyed your Lordship's command. At my own cost, without having
+anything supplied from the royal treasury either to myself or to the
+volunteers who were with me, and who formed the larger part of all
+the body, I embarked on the fleet on the twelfth day of the month of
+December of the aforesaid year, taking as flagship the vessel "San
+Diego," which is of about two hundred tons burden; and in its convoy
+the ship "San Bartolome" as admiral's ship, of the same burden,
+in command of the captain Joan de Alcega, admiral of the fleet,
+and other small vessels for the service of the fleet.
+
+That same day I set sail from the port of Cavite in search of the
+enemy; and on the following Thursday, the fourteenth of December,
+I came in sight of him. Both ships of his fleet were anchored near
+the mouth of the bay at the point of Balagtigui, with his boats at
+the stern. The flagship of the enemy, from behind, was very easily
+seen to be a strong vessel, but the admiral's ship was not. When
+he discovered the two ships of the royal fleet and saw that we were
+keeping together, in order jointly to board and attack his flagship,
+he weighed anchor; and, after sending the said admiral's ship out
+to sea under all sail, in order to divide us, thinking that one of
+our ships would go after it, he with his flagship luffed toward our
+vessels, in order to get to windward of us, which he was not able
+to accomplish. On the contrary, when I discovered the number and
+excellence of his artillery, with which he began to cannonade me, I
+saw that success must consist in coming hand to hand with him as soon
+as possible, with both of our vessels, according to the arrangement
+which I had made on the day before, the thirteenth of December, when
+I had given orders and instructions to that effect in writing to the
+said admiral. So with my flagship I boarded the corsair's flagship,
+and grappled with it side to side, on the port quarter of the enemy,
+in the expectation that my admiral would do the same on the other
+side, as he was perfectly able to do. At the first volley from the
+artillery and arquebuses I swept the deck of the enemy, unrigged
+his main and mizzen masts, sent his yards and shrouds into the sea,
+burned his sails, and won and took into my power the flag at the
+topmast, the standard and flag at the stern, and the others which the
+ship bore. Then I sent on board of him a band of men with arms and a
+banner of infantry, who captured the poop and the cabin and took the
+shallop or long-boat which it had at the stern. All the enemy retired
+below the harpings and coverings at the bow. Seeing from there that my
+admiral was already coming upon them, and that they could not defend
+themselves, they sent to ask protection for their lives, and to say
+that they would surrender; and I granted their request, in order to end
+the battle with the least possible loss and with the greatest safety.
+
+At this time the admiral's ship of my fleet ought to have boarded the
+enemy as I had done, according to his duty, and to the order which he
+had from me; and, without orders from me, ought not to have passed by,
+and still less to have gone in pursuit of, the opposing admiral's
+ship which was going out to sea. These orders, for many reasons,
+I could not be expected to give him, especially at that time, until
+the flagship had completely surrendered and a guard had been placed
+over it and over the people on it, which would be impossible with my
+ship alone. Nevertheless our admiral aforesaid, for some reasons of
+his own which he had, passed by, and with all sail started to pursue
+and overtake the admiral's ship of the corsair. When the enemy on the
+flagship saw this, and that they were alone, and that, on account of
+the superiority of his ship and artillery, he might hope to defend
+himself, he turned a deaf ear to the terms which I sent him; and he
+not only did not surrender, but he put himself on the defensive, and
+fought with me with all the fury of his artillery and of his musketry,
+from both sides of the ship, and with fire contrivances, with which
+he was well supplied. The battle lasted six hours, with both ships
+lashed side to side, but in all this time my admiral aforesaid did not
+leave his course, or return to succor or help me. On the contrary he
+began, in our sight, to fight with the admiral's ship of the enemy,
+which he had overtaken, and he easily captured it because it was
+a very small ship, with about twenty-two men, including boys and
+the sick; and after it had surrendered he remained there, instead
+of returning to help me in time of battle. The enemy killed ten or
+twelve Spaniards of my men, and some Indians of the service, and on
+his side most of his men died; so that, being still so hard pressed,
+he himself set fire to his ship of his own accord, at the stern,
+where our men were on the poop with the banner. The fire so increased
+there that we feared that both ships were going to be consumed.
+
+Furthermore, my flagship, which was not a strong one, having been made
+especially for the merchant trade, sprang a leak at the bow with the
+force of the artillery which had been fired in this long combat; and it
+made water so fast that nothing could be done, because we had no pumps,
+as they had been knocked to pieces by one of the enemy's shot. On this
+account, by the advice and counsel of the chief pilot and of the seamen
+who understood the situation, I was asked to loosen myself from the
+enemy and to go to save my ship (or at least the artillery and men
+on it) at the island of Fortun, which was to leeward of us a legua
+and a half away, and which they said we could reach quickly. When
+I saw the opinion of the aforesaid men and the danger which my ship
+was in, both from the fire on the enemy and from the risk of sinking,
+I followed the advice; and, having withdrawn the men and the banner
+that I had on the poop-castle of the corsair's ship, which was left,
+as I have said, so broken and disabled, I started for the aforesaid
+island of Fortun to make repairs; but the water which the ship was
+taking in increased so that all at once the ship sank.
+
+When the enemy saw himself alone, with the few men that he had, he
+hastily began to put out the fire on his ship; and with the foresail,
+which he had had up all the time, he took flight toward the island
+of Luban, where he has not appeared since that day, nor in any other
+of the adjacent islands. From this and from the fact that he was so
+broken and so stripped of men and without any long-boat, it may be
+inferred that he went to the bottom. Some indications of this have
+been seen since in the shape of yards and sails, and bodies of the
+enemy's men, so that we may presume that it is so.
+
+When the flagship of the fleet on which I was went to the bottom,
+there was no shallop or boat to saye the men, because the boats had
+been taken by some sailors and soldiers, who to escape the danger, had
+gone with them to the aforesaid island of Fortun. Consequently when the
+ship sank I was left in the water, and saved myself at the end of four
+hours by swimming with great exertion to the island of Fortun, which
+was a legua and a half away, against many waves and a high wind. The
+same thing was done by two hundred other persons, including Spaniards
+and slaves, but the rest drowned and perished, with what was left in
+the ship. Then I made haste to take all the people from that island,
+because it was without inhabitants and without water, and I started
+them on the way to this city. After that I went along the coast to
+get information about the enemy which had fled, and in search of the
+admiral's ship and of the captured vessel; but I could not find them,
+nor could I in the islands of that district, although I searched among
+them in light vessels, for they had departed thence. At last, having
+heard that they were near Mariveles, I came to claim them, but did
+not enter them because your Lordship wrote to me, at just that time,
+to come to this city on other business in the service of his Majesty.
+
+Thus that expedition ended. It is true that the desired end was
+accomplished--namely, to destroy the aforesaid corsair so that he
+should not be able to do the damage which he was doing in this sea,
+and to conquer him, which was done. Nevertheless it could have been
+accomplished fully without the loss which there was, if my orders
+had been followed in the aforesaid fleet, and if there had not been
+other transgressions and irregularities--which I should have proceeded
+against and executed justice upon if I had had opportunity to return
+to the aforesaid fleet, as I tried to do. Since on my part this is
+all ended, it remains for your Lordship, as captain-general of this
+realm, to take action in this cause--not only to execute whatever
+may be just in the matter, but also in order to give an account to
+our lord the king of what has happened. I have had this in mind in
+giving to your Lordship so faithful and exact an account of the case,
+and of the aforesaid irregularities, of which the ones that need
+particular attention are the following.
+
+First. When the fleet was on the point of setting out from the port
+of Cavite, although it was already scantily equipped with seamen
+and artillerymen (which was a matter of the greatest importance),
+the majority of those who had been provided and supplied absented
+themselves and fled from the aforesaid fleet at the time of setting
+out, so that they could not be reached; and the fleet had to go
+without them, which was the cause of a great deal of suffering and
+loss. It can be determined who were guilty of this through the lists
+of allowances and apportionment which are in the possession of the
+factor of the royal treasury, and through the register which the
+accountant afterwards made of both fleets at Mariveles.
+
+_Item_: Although your Lordship, at my request, had some seamen sought
+out in this city, and had them sent to me with the sergeant Pedro Lopez
+to Mariveles (where the fleet was anchored) on Wednesday, December
+thirteenth, and although the aforesaid men arrived on Wednesday,
+they refused to go on the expedition because they were men of wealth
+and property; and they did not go to the fleet that night, but went
+to the settlement on the island. There they remained until the fleet
+had gone in pursuit of the enemy in the early morning, when they left
+the village and returned to this city.
+
+Third. The Sangley nation of this city offered themselves, with three
+ships, according to their custom, to go in the service and convoy of
+the aforesaid fleet. They were armed and set out after it from Cavite
+for that purpose, but when they reached the station at Mariveles,
+where the fleet was anchored, they left it; and it was necessary to
+send to them and order that on the following day they should join the
+fleet and follow it without moving off, under pain of their lives. Not
+only did they not comply with this, but on the following day, when
+they saw the battle, they remained more than three leguas behind,
+looking at it; and although they could have been of great assistance,
+when they saw my flagship founder, they returned toward the bay,
+ringing bells and beating drums, as is their custom.
+
+Fourth. The aforesaid captain Joan de Alcega, admiral of the fleet, did
+not obey the orders and instructions which on the day before the battle
+I gave to him in writing, signed with my name, according to which
+both ships, flagship and admiral's ship, were to board and fight with
+the enemy's flagship, because it was a strong vessel. Nevertheless,
+though he had seen me board, he passed by without having an order
+from me to do so, and still less having any order to follow and to
+fight with the opposing admiral's ship, and thus abandon me. If he
+had done as he was under obligation to do, the flagship would have
+been made to surrender completely without the loss of one of our
+men; and we could have captured for his Majesty a beautiful ship
+and twenty-six pieces of artillery, and many other things of price
+and value for all, and my flagship would not have been lost, and the
+people of worth who died in it would not have perished. After that,
+it would have been a sure and easy thing to capture the admiral's
+ship, which was a small boat, of no strength. Your Lordship should
+send promptly to the admiral to write the instructions which I gave
+him originally in Mariveles on the thirteenth of December by the hand
+of the captain Joan Tello y Aguirre, who came for them--signed with
+my name, without any erasures or changes whatever--because through
+them the above matter will be verified, without any fraud or deceit.
+
+Fifth. After my flagship had foundered, the enemy in his, as broken
+as it was, took to flight with only the foresail up, and passed
+within sight of the admiral's ship of my convoy, and although the
+admiral was aware of my loss, and that that was the enemy's ship,
+and made sail after her, he did not try to follow her; and so he let
+her go, although he could easily have overtaken her, as she bore only
+the foresail, and could have captured her, as she was so broken and
+without men. Most of us who were on the island of Fortun saw this
+from there; and the captive Flamenco admiral will say the same thing,
+as well as those who came in our admiral's ship and remained in it.
+
+_Item_: Although our admiral's ship ought to have come in search of its
+flagship, which it saw sinking in the sea from its companion ship--or
+at least in aid of its men who had escaped to the island of Fortun,
+which was near, in order to rescue us from that island, uninhabited
+and without water, where we were in evident risk of our lives--yet
+he did not do it. On the contrary, he went away with all speed, and
+returned to the mainland to the station of Mareyuma; consequently
+we could not find him, and he could not receive orders from me, his
+commander, concerning what he was to do in such matters as following
+the aforesaid enemy (in which a great opportunity was lost), as well
+as in other things in the service of his Majesty which ought to have
+been done.
+
+Seventh and last. Although the aforesaid admiral ought not to have
+allowed out of his convoy the vessel which he had captured and taken
+from the enemy, so that it might not be lost again on account of
+his having put very few men on it, he left it; and, under pretense
+that he was sending it to be repaired, he ordered it to the island of
+Luban with other intentions--where on the same day, near night-time,
+there appeared the flagship of the enemy, which, if it had seen this
+ship, could have seized and taken it easily, because it was without
+defense. Then, without having been repaired, it left Luban and returned
+to the aforesaid admiral's ship at Mareyuma.
+
+Of all this your Lordship is sufficiently informed through the reports
+which have been sent to your Lordship about the aforesaid event, and
+through the investigations made by the alcalde-mayor of the province
+of Balayan, in whose territory and under whose jurisdiction the event
+took place. Your Lordship will also be informed by the searchings
+and investigations which your Lordship ought to make concerning the
+aforesaid case and every particular of it, personally and very soon,
+before the guilty ones pervert them so that the truth may not be
+understood. They have been preparing for this, holding investigations
+before themselves in the admiral's ship, about their own affairs
+and business; but opportunity ought not to be given for these,
+nor any attention paid to them, for they are void and fraudulent,
+and malicious.
+
+I ask and pray your Lordship to do and perform in this matter, since
+it is of such quality and importance, whatever may be proper in the
+service of God and of his Majesty, so that those may be punished who
+are guilty in a matter of such harm and loss, and that our lord the
+king and the gentlemen of his Council of the Indias may be informed
+faithfully of all that has happened and of what has been done--since,
+as far as I am concerned in this matter, as there no longer remains
+to me any authority or jurisdiction of commander in the fleet, I have
+done my duty. For this I have, etc., and ask it for testimony.
+
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+
+In Manila, on the fifth of the month of January in the year one
+thousand six hundred and one, before the governor and captain-general
+of these islands, Don Francisco Tello, appeared the doctor Antonio
+de Morga, and presented this petition; and when his Lordship had
+seen it, he ordered it to be joined with the investigation which
+the alcalde-mayor of Balayan made, in order that the other proper
+verifications may be made according to what is provided, and that
+whatever is just may be done.
+
+_Tello_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Gaspar de Azebo_
+
+This copy was made, as has been said, from the aforesaid original
+petition, which is in the aforesaid suit of petition and mandate by the
+aforesaid auditor, and is exact and correct. In the city of Manila,
+on the twentieth of the month of November in the year one thousand
+six hundred and two; the witnesses being: Joan P[ablo?] Monfredo,
+and Gregorio del Castillo, and Josephe de Naveda Alvarado.
+
+In testimony of truth, I have affixed my seal.
+
+_Joan Paez de Sotomayor_, royal notary.
+
+We, the notaries who sign here, certify and give our word that Joan
+Paez de Sotomayor, by whom this testimony is signed and sealed, is
+a royal notary, as he signs himself, and commissioner of the royal
+Audiencia of these islands; and, as such, complete faith and credit
+has been given and is given to all acts and writings which have passed
+and do pass before him, in court and out of it. And, to certify to
+this, we give these presents in Manila on the twentieth of November
+in the year one thousand six hundred and two. I have affixed my seal,
+in witness of truth.
+
+_Francisco de Valencia_, notary-public.
+
+I have affixed my seal, in testimony of truth.
+
+_Jhoan Francisco Aparicio_, notary-public.
+
+
+
+
+
+Annual Letters from the Philippine Islands
+
+
+_From Father Francisco Vaez, [32] June 10, 1601, to Reverend Father
+Claudio Aquaviva, general of the Society of Jesus._
+
+
+Amid all the calamities and miseries which it has pleased the Lord to
+inflict on these islands, the chief has been the loss of some ships
+which were wrecked, including among others the flagship and the ship
+of the second in command. They set sail from this coast during the
+last year, 1600, for Nueva Espana, being laden with a large amount of
+treasure and merchandise; and by them the records of this province
+and the letters from Japan for your Paternity were sent. But, after
+sailing for eight months, these ships encountered a violent contrary
+wind, and, having on board a great number of sailors, were gradually
+driven back by sickness, hunger, and the fury of the waves, which
+swept the men from the very decks of the ships to be drowned in the
+waters. The vessels struck on rocks and were wrecked, a few men only
+being rescued, like the servants of Job, from the immediate danger,
+to announce the destruction--which, being increased by one misfortune
+and mishap in war after another, heaped sorrow upon us. On one of these
+ships, called the "San Geronimo," was Father Pedro Lopez de Parra, a
+professed religious of our Society--who, as we trust, after this long
+voyage (or rather that longer one of thirty-seven years in religion),
+has entered the gate of eternal life, laden with a rich treasure
+of good works. He taught philosophy and theology in Nueva Espana,
+having been one of the first members of the Society formerly sent
+thither; he trained our ministers with fruitful results. Although we
+have heard nothing certain with regard to the details of his death,
+yet, as he took great delight in the duty of hearing confessions and
+helping souls, it is likely that with great devotion he aided all in
+that extremity of danger. [33]
+
+In another disaster we have lost another priest and a brother, if loss
+be the proper name to give to the death of those who have been slain
+for the gain of souls, and while aiding their brethren in a just war
+against heretic pirates. These were Hollanders and Zeelanders who
+were driven to the Philippine Islands in the year 1600, and came to
+get booty on the sea called the Northern Ocean, or "Mar del Norte"
+(for they had already made spoil of a Portuguese ship), and, after
+passing the Strait of Magellan, had, in that southerly ocean called
+"Mar del Sur," done likewise with a small vessel from Peru. Their
+leading vessels, the flagship and the almiranta, took a station six
+leagues from Manila, where the Spanish, Japanese, and Chinese ships
+had to unload their cargoes, and to which all the smacks and other
+small boats that left the city had to hold their course. Against
+these ships of the enemy there were sent out from Manila two ships
+provided with three hundred of the best soldiers of these islands,
+together with many bombards and other equipments of war. In the chief
+ships were Father Diego de Santiago and Brother Bartolomeo Calvo,
+at the request of the general, Antonio de Morga, auditor of the
+royal Audiencia, and of other officers of rank, who were accustomed
+to confess to the said father.
+
+Now when the father had exerted himself to receive the confessions
+of the soldiery, and had exhorted them to fight bravely, on the
+fourteenth of December they came in sight of the enemy; and the
+flagship spread its sails and bore down so swiftly on the other
+flagship that the passage from one to the other was easy. In the
+conflict our men tore away the enemy's flags and carried them back to
+their own ship, shouting, "Victory!" with joyful voices. Just then
+our ship, having taken in a great quantity of water from all sides,
+was by the permission of God suddenly swallowed in the waves with
+all the sailors, except a few who by the help of a skiff captured
+from the Dutch, or by swimming, made their way to land. The general
+was one who threw himself into the water with two flags of the enemy's.
+
+Then the almiranta, having encountered the enemy's almiranta,
+captured it, and carried it away to Manila, where punishment was
+inflicted on all the sailors. Among the number of those on our side
+who were slain or drowned, a hundred and fifty-nine in all, Father
+Diego was drowned. He had heard, as it appeared, the confessions of
+all; and as he was making the effort to throw himself clear into the
+sea, he was called back by the voice of a captain desiring to make
+his confession. While he was hearing the confession he was drowned,
+with the brother and the rest. The father was in the twenty-ninth year
+of his age, and had lived fifteen years in the Society. The brother,
+his companion, was of the same age, and had lived in the Society seven
+years; he had entered it in these regions. He was a man endowed with
+every virtue, being especially noteworthy for his obedience, to which
+he was always greatly inclined.
+
+Of the brethren there has also died Martin Sanchez, a native of these
+islands, who was for a decade a member of the Society, and who left a
+glorious example in life and death. There remain in this vice-province
+thirty priests and twenty-nine brethren (of whom two are scholastics
+and four novices)--those nine being included whom your Paternity has
+sent hither with Father Gregorio Lopez, in whom this vice-province
+assuredly receives a great assistance. As it is of later birth, more
+scantily supplied with workers, and further from Rome, it is likewise
+poorer; and, as the younger daughter, ought to be the dearer and more
+precious to your Paternity.
+
+
+
+
+College of Manila
+
+
+There live in this college (the leading one [34] in this vice-province)
+seventeen of Ours--seven priests and ten brethren. All of them, by the
+favor of divine Providence, have by their example and labor brought in
+a rich harvest from the spiritual tilling of this city. This has been
+added to on account of the war and the earthquake, the loss of the
+ships, and other calamities; and we have learned by experience that
+piety grows more rapidly in adverse than in prosperous fortune. The
+earthquake has made us hesitate to go on with the completion of the
+college buildings, for we are compelled first to repair what has
+already fallen or is on the verge of ruin. Last year we wrote that
+on the twenty-first of June the main part of the nave of the church
+had fallen; but in this year of 1601, on the sixteenth of January,
+the other part corresponding to it was overthrown, and the rest so
+shaken that it had to be leveled with the ground. We regard it as
+a great blessing that these buildings fell without injuring anyone,
+although the first of the earthquakes came while the people were in
+the church at mass, the other when it was least expected. The people
+of Manila have accordingly been warned by Ours of the daily peril
+of life on earth, and have begun to lift up their hearts to heaven,
+and to pray for its care and protection. By a happy lot it has been
+obtained for them by the patronage and advocacy of St. Polycarp,
+[35] bishop and martyr, the disciple of St. John the Evangelist;
+and in his honor they have begun to celebrate an annual feast with
+a solemn procession.
+
+The beginning of another pious work has been made this year with
+marked results. This is the practice of scourging, not as hitherto
+on three days in Lent, but every Friday throughout the year, in our
+church. There is a great concourse of people at that time to hear the
+fiftieth psalm, _Miserere_, by the melancholy harmony of which they
+are most moved to devotion and to doing penance. Not infrequently
+the royal auditors and the governor himself have been present, as
+well as other leading men.
+
+Those in prison also have been aided by the reception of sacramental
+confessions and by pious exhortations; and--a thing that has edified
+the people not a little--the necessary food was for some days carried
+all the way to the prisons on our shoulders. From children, too,
+the food of Christian doctrine has not been withheld on Sundays;
+and with the children arranged in the form of a procession we went
+out during Lent to the military barracks, where after delivering
+sermons we reaped fruit not to be ashamed of.
+
+The congregation of scholastics begun this year has made the best
+of progress. Every month, according to the rules, they make their
+confession to the priest, and partake of the divine food. On feast-days
+they spend the afternoons in listening to spiritual reading and in
+commemorating the examples of the saints. The solemn feasts of the
+Blessed Virgin they celebrate with the greatest fervor and joy. On one
+of these they go with their cloaks cast off, each with a silver ewer
+and basin in his hands, and carry food to the prisons, marching in the
+finest order and system; and with great readiness and humility they
+serve the unhappy men. They are believed to have taken their manner
+of procedure, in all respects, from the congregation at Rome. The
+privileges of the Sodality, also, have so much attracted laymen that it
+has been necessary to divide them into two orders. As for the adult men
+and householders who look forward to spending Sundays and feast-days
+to advantage in the Sodality, the father-visitor has made a beginning,
+by delivering to them familiar exhortations, and narratives of pious
+examples taken from the Lives of the Saints; and we have every reason
+to hope that the undertaking will succeed to the greater glory of
+God, with the most noble of advantages to the city. Even now there
+are some who, having heard one or another sermon, have entered upon
+more holy and profitable ways of living than they followed before.
+
+A beginning was also made this year in selecting some saint's name
+by lot (a custom introduced in some towns); and there has been a
+great concourse of people. One man was plunged into the sea along
+with many others in the naval battle with the Dutch already spoken
+of; but because he invoked the name of his patron, St. Nicanor, who
+had fallen to his lot that month, he was rescued from that danger in
+which the others were swallowed up; and by swimming a whole league
+at last got to shore, to his own great wonder.
+
+The number of those confessing and communicating this year has
+surpassed that of any previous year, for upon their old devotion has
+been heaped up new, kindled by the torches of calamity. The quarrels
+of many have also been brought to an end. In Lent, moreover, their
+zeal for all piety flamed forth in the confession of many evils, and
+in doing penance for them with daily scourgings, and other exercises
+of devotion.
+
+The chastity of a certain woman was assailed by some of the wicked,
+with entreaties and the bestowal of gifts; but by the weapons of more
+frequent communion and confession she repulsed the attacks of the
+enemy. Yet even then the enemy was not made entirely to desist. One
+day, after the holy communion, which she had devoutly taken in our
+church, she was walking in a lonely place; and there he came up to
+her, and with his dagger at her bosom, he threatened her with death
+unless she consented to wickedness. But she answered with firmness
+that she preferred death to offending God. Then with blows and words
+of insult she vanquished the beastly desires of her adversary, barely
+escaping with her honor.
+
+Another, giving up all thought of God and of his own salvation, had
+spent many years in dreadful sin, and especially in a disgraceful
+lust, which was so deeply rooted and fixed in his innermost heart
+that he regarded our priest, who strove to lead him away from this
+vile manner of life, as only less than a fool. So completely had he
+plunged himself into the filth of these pollutions of his soul that,
+like a sow in a wallow, he seemed to take pleasure in nothing else. Yet
+at last this obstinate man yielded to argument and persuasion, and
+not only gave up visiting his harlot, but tore all lust from his
+heart by the roots as completely as if he had had no knowledge of
+it; for by a general confession of the lapses of his past life he so
+corrected his morals that all those who knew him before were amazed
+at the sudden change in his life.
+
+When the Dutch pirates of whom we have spoken were condemned to death
+in Manila by the judges, the governor thought it well to entrust
+them to several religious, as they might perhaps abjure their errors
+and be reconciled to Holy Church. It pleased the divine goodness to
+restore all, to the number of thirteen, except the admiral, who as an
+obstinate heretic was hanged and cast into the sea. The others with so
+great sorrow for their crimes subjected themselves to the obedience of
+the holy Roman church that it seemed good to the religious fathers to
+admit them to the holy communion. Of five commended to our Society I
+can affirm that they greatly edified all, for they made a confession
+of the sins of all their life and approached the holy communion with
+many tears, having previously made public profession of the Roman
+Catholic faith and abjured their heresies, being prepared to live
+and die in the said faith. Two days later, with rosaries around their
+necks they were led forth to the place of execution in great joy of
+mind that they could atone for their sins by death.
+
+Our Order has been no less occupied with the Indians in these
+regions than with others--partly because there is a greater number
+of them gathered in this town of Manila than anywhere else, partly
+because they feel a greater good-will toward the members of the
+Society than toward any others. They never lack some one of Ours
+to aid their confessions; and they would need old priests the year
+round, if there were so many who understood the language, to hear
+the confessions of all. They greatly affect the holy communion, and
+report wonderful fruit from it. Every week, on Saturday, very many
+hasten to perform their discipline with the others; and more would
+come if the city gates which separate the Indians from the Spaniards
+were not closed at nightfall. Indeed many do not fear to creep through
+the little hole in the gates in order not to neglect that salutary
+penance. They hasten, too, on the Sabbath to hear the sacrament of
+the mass of the Blessed Virgin, and in Lent to hear sermons, and that
+in such numbers that, although our church is of considerable size,
+they fill it completely. And when it was overthrown by the earthquake,
+they all hastened together, down to the very children, to give their
+help in carrying stones away. It was a delightful sight to see them
+swarming like ants upon the rubbish and the wall--men and women,
+young and old, powdered with dust and lime, carrying baskets on their
+shoulders and vying with each other in carrying off the ruins so as
+to clear the space.
+
+The girls' sodality, recently introduced among the natives, has
+marvelously roused all the others. Sometimes they have fed the poor
+with such liberality that much was left for the prisoners and other
+needy persons. After the meal was over, they poured water for the hands
+of the poor persons, and kissed them; and then the poor persons fell
+on their knees and prayed God for their benefactors. At another place
+these same Indian members of sodalities went to the Indian hospital and
+there gave their aid to the sick by making their beds and digging up
+the ground for them--a thing worthy of special admiration in this race,
+for they abhor visiting hospitals. The sodality members, although poor,
+offer the usual alms to the church and to those who are in need. They
+are given to hearing sermons and to fasting, being content for whole
+weeks with bread and water. They are glad to go to our churches for
+confession and spiritual instruction, and obtain great spiritual
+benefit and edification.
+
+A certain Christian woman who was for a long time held in slavery to
+the infidels in the islands of Mindanao and Borneo, which are given
+to the faith of Mahomet, could not be torn from the true belief,
+or be persuaded to the worship of idols, although she visited many
+of their places.
+
+An Indian man, who along with some others had made his confession
+that he might receive the holy communion, declares that he had kept
+silent as to the circumstances of some sins; and that in a vision he
+saw a beautiful child offering to him the holy eucharist. But when
+he answered that he was a great sinner, the child replied: "Thou
+are indeed not worthy of the communion, for in thy confession thou
+hast hidden such and such a circumstance." Therefore when he awoke
+he hurried to our church, revealed the vision to one of the fathers,
+and desired to repeat his confession.
+
+Another had so accustomed himself to the scourging of his body that
+one day when he was required to march with a troop of soldiers,
+he withdrew from it in the night, in order that he might not omit
+this holy exercise. When the officer of the infantry, going his
+rounds at night, secretly perceived this, he thought the man was
+meditating some mischief, and silently followed him. At last he saw
+him enter the cemetery of a church, and after pouring forth prayers
+to God, beat his back severely. When the scourging was finished, the
+officer approached; and when he recognized this Indian, he was even
+more edified. And when he asked him where he was from, he answered
+that he came from the city of Manila, and said that he was in the
+habit of confessing to Ours. The captain, marveling that a tyro in
+the Christian religion should take such care of his soul's health,
+gave him some money and told him to go back home, that he might not
+be perverted by the habits of the soldiery.
+
+A priest with a brother as his companion was sent off as on a
+mission to some Seilan villages, which, being without parish priests,
+needed instruction. When they reached there the plague was raging;
+and the father and brother freely assisted them, not only by the
+administration of the sacraments of confession and the communion,
+but by that of food, which was prepared in our church.
+
+On another mission performed by the rector of the college and another
+priest, there was a mighty fruit of their labors reaped in hearing
+confessions, in reconciling enemies, and in recalling the perverse to a
+better life. Twenty adults were initiated by the sacrament of baptism,
+having been imbued with the Christian faith by a certain blind man. He,
+though deprived of the use of his eyes, yet took such care of his
+catechumens that if a single one out of any number, however great,
+was missing, he regularly informed the father. We think the more
+of this from the fact that he who formerly was numbered among the
+catalons--that is, petty priests of idols--now since his conversion
+has become a teacher of Christian doctrine.
+
+
+
+
+Residence of Antipolo [36]
+
+
+In this residence are ordinarily maintained three priests, to care for
+the harvest of three thousand Christians. More than five hundred have
+been baptized this year. We have tested the great devotion of this
+people, and their rare sense of piety in frequenting the sacraments,
+in offering prayers, and in undergoing discipline and performing
+other good and edifying works; and, finally, there has been wrought
+in them all a great change in conduct.
+
+The father-visitor has laid the foundation of a hospital, which
+is of great importance. On the day when the roof was finished the
+father-visitor led them in serving the poor who were gathered there,
+by pouring water on their hands, and then kissing their hands on his
+bended knees, which example was followed by all the chief men there
+present. And thus the custom has been established that four members
+of the confraternity established for this purpose bring them their
+food every day. The same thing is done by the women for the sick of
+their sex.
+
+A beginning has been made of a school for boys, in which they may be
+educated from their earliest years in all virtue and good morals,
+according to the laws of Christ, so far as these are open to their
+capacity. This is a thing not merely necessary for their receiving
+the true doctrine, but also easy and delightful. They are all fed
+with rice sent by their parents, and by other contributions. Their
+occupations are learning to read and to form their letters, and to
+do such other things as are appropriate to childish years.
+
+The custom has everywhere been introduced of singing throughout
+the year, in honor of the Virgin Mother of God, the anthem _Salve
+Regina_; and on Saturdays in Lent of performing the discipline in
+church. So when some Indians were bathing in the river, as is the
+custom in hot countries, and heard the bell give the call for _Salve_
+and the discipline, they put on their clothes and set out. Only one
+remained, and laughing at his companions said in their language:
+"_Acoi ouian_!"--that is, "Bring back something for me," which is
+their expression of ridicule. When the others had gone away, he who
+was alone was attacked and killed by a crocodile--a fierce animal of
+these regions, which is very fond of human flesh--and that before
+they could render him any assistance, spiritual or temporal. This
+event was indeed the occasion of no little wonder, for this beast
+is very voracious, and swallows men whole, or piece by piece, or at
+least tears off hand or foot; but this man he left whole and untorn,
+which the Indians attribute to the virtue of the _Salve_ that they
+sang and the discipline that they performed.
+
+
+
+
+Residence of Zebu
+
+
+This residence is in the province called Pintados, in which the
+greater part of Ours have lived and are working for the salvation
+of the Indians, although ordinarily not more than three priests and
+four brothers labor there. The situation is extremely convenient,
+because all the other residences carry on their work from it as a
+center. The ministry of the Society is exercised with great profit to
+the city. A boys' school has been opened, and the Latin language is
+taught. Last year the most reverend bishop, the officials, and other
+leading men, in letters sent to his Catholic Majesty, made a full
+statement of the great spiritual harvest with which Ours in these
+regions exercise their ministry, among both Spaniards and Indians;
+and they also earnestly entreated that he would be pleased to render
+that residence permanent by some annual provision, in order that they
+might be able to continue to enjoy the labors of our fathers.
+
+The excellent bishop walked on foot, although a man sixty years old,
+throughout the whole of his diocese; [37] and, turning aside into
+our houses, he there dwelt with us in such humility and familiarity
+that he seemed to be one of our members. After he had finished the
+visitation of the diocese, he was accustomed to say that he had
+greatly admired the modesty and piety of the women in it; for in
+gossip and conversation their reputation had long been very much to
+the contrary. He added that he had seen nothing like it in all Nueva
+Espana. Turning to our fathers, he declared that they ought to be
+contented with their lot, because they had undertaken the duty of
+disseminating the word of God in those regions; for in his opinion
+they were spending their lives in a part of the world which was the
+best of all, and the best beloved by God, and that from which they
+would be able to obtain the most ample fruit for their labor.
+
+In our churches we began this year the practice of the discipline,
+with a great number of penitents and great devotion from the people. We
+also delivered sermons, with the Christian catechism, to the garrison,
+with extraordinary results.
+
+A certain father added that a sick Indian had lost the faculty
+of speech before he had confessed, so that he could not receive an
+exhortation to a pious death. Accordingly, he urged him to attempt at
+least to pronounce the name of Jesus. The sick man obeyed, and uttered
+it obscurely so that he could scarcely be heard. The father continued
+to urge him to speak more distinctly. Finally with a moderate effort he
+uttered it with the greatest distinctness, made a complete confession,
+and on the following day left his bed well.
+
+Father Miguel Gomez [38] was sent to a tribe at a considerable
+distance. At first he gave all his attention to learning the names
+of those who had not yet been washed in the holy waters of baptism;
+and there were brought to him sixty, besides some others who are known
+as Visaians. And to all these, after he had sufficiently demonstrated
+the vanity of idols and the truth of the Christian belief, he imparted
+baptism, with so great a degree of consolation to them all, although
+they were old men, that they all marveled. But before dawn, behold
+some others, men and women of very great age, who had hidden by the
+gate of our house that they might be initiated by means of the same
+sacrament. Accordingly sixty, along with six children, were initiated;
+and in this number was included the chief of the place, a man already
+more than sixty years old.
+
+
+
+
+Residence of Bohol
+
+
+This residence is subject to the preceding one, that of Zebu. The
+harvest reaped in it your Paternity will learn from the letter of
+Father Valerio Ledesma [39] herewith enclosed. He says: "In accordance
+with the direction of your Reverence I visited the island of Bohol and
+gave my first attention to collecting the people, who were scattered
+everywhere, into one place. To many I suggested means of peace, and
+proposed efficacious remedies; and at last I succeeded in getting a
+thousand men, the greater part of whom had been trained in the use of
+arms, to leave their mountains, from which it had been impossible to
+draw them before, and to assemble at one spot. We also attempted to
+attract a number of barbarian inhabitants of the mountains, who had
+never looked upon any mortals before they saw our fathers, making use
+of all of the offices of humanity and of the allurements suitable
+to their nature, and we succeeded. We assigned them a settlement
+near the river, where they have now built a church, to which they
+flock on Sundays. We have baptized one hundred and twenty of their
+children, or even more. The adults have not only laid aside all
+of their fierceness, but pray for baptism with the greatest ardor,
+singing chants, and night and day recite the Christian faith.
+
+"On the day sacred to St. Anne, to whom the church was dedicated,
+the conversion of a certain old chief, on whom they all look as a
+father, made a beginning for the conversion of the rest. He on bended
+knees begged me with the most humble prayers that I would bathe him
+in the sacred fount. His example greatly confirmed in their purpose
+those who were ready for baptism, and excited others to desire it;
+so that one after another, to the number of more than one hundred,
+came as suppliants for baptism. In Visaia I baptized eighty-nine
+adults at one time, and a few days later ninety-four--partly children,
+partly adults; and on another day all the rest of the natives. Leaving
+here I crossed a mountain; and the Lord obtained as spiritual gain
+twenty-nine children, with faces like those of angels; and with the
+cleansing water we sprinkled them in the name of the Holy Trinity,
+along with three adults whom I had taken with me that they might
+hear the sacrifice of the mass, and might by word and example be more
+accurately instructed in the Christian faith. After we had gone some
+distance thence, we came to a hamlet in which the natives had built
+a convenient church in preparation for our arrival, extending over a
+space of ten cubits. Here we began to spread our net, or rather the
+net of Christ, and caught in it all the fish that were there; for
+all the leading men and women, with old and young, great and small,
+cast themselves at the feet of Christ Jesus, recognizing Him as the
+true God and ardently pleading to be joined to Him in faith through
+the mystery of baptism. And here I began to recognize the favor which
+God had shown me, in calling me forth from Espana in these days;
+for this single instance was enough reason to call me forth. On the
+very first occasion when we baptized, we plunged a hundred persons
+in the sacred fount; on the second, all the rest without exception.
+
+"When I was once explaining to a fierce and barbarous fellow the great
+glory of paradise and the dire pains of hell, he answered, just as
+if he had been possessed by a demon, that he had rather go to hell
+than to paradise; and, as he was one of the chiefs in that region,
+he carried a great many with him to the same decision of a perverse
+mind. But I did not hesitate to attack the foolish fellow again and
+again, and I insisted upon the horror and the eternity of the torments
+with great vehemence of language; but he answered that he certainly
+ought to go, after this life, there, where his parents and the rest
+of his ancestors had departed, rather than anywhere else. Then I
+responded that he had better just try the force of fire; but he, with
+hands as hard as his heart, did not hesitate to snatch up some burning
+coals from the hearth. However, a few days later, his mind divinely
+changed, he ran out into the fields and meadows, and, calling all his
+tribesmen together, he urged them to accept the Christian sacraments,
+with such zeal that he had no equal among the Visaians."
+
+In another letter sent to the father-visitor from the same place,
+the same Father Valerio writes that another father had written to
+him that in the islands Lobo and Dita he had sprinkled four hundred
+persons, chiefly infants, with the most holy waters. Thus within the
+interval of three months more than a thousand had been initiated by
+the same sacraments, and numberless others are left burning with the
+same desire. Therefore the members of our Order declare that the time
+is come for the salvation of that island, and eagerly wait for workers.
+
+But your Paternity will learn of a more glorious fruit from these
+missions in Bohol from the letters of Father Gabriel Sanchez and Father
+Cristofero Ximenez, [40] who have been assigned to that mission. [41]
+In letters written in the month of October, Father Gabriel writes as
+follows: "Our Lord has singularly blessed our attempts and labors. For
+after the flocks of the heathen were gathered in one place they were
+converted to God with such earnestness, so completely without pretense,
+that I can say nothing else than that God their Maker and Redeemer
+has desired by some peculiar favor in their calling to add them to
+His flock--inasmuch as within two months two thousand mortals have
+yielded themselves to the laws and customs of Christ, by accepting
+baptism. And it is my opinion that, if some fathers are ready,
+the whole of them will accept the yoke of Christ. It is beyond the
+power of language to tell with what spiritual joy I am affected when
+I see men who are almost savages of the forests hastening down from
+the mountains to supplicate the benefits of baptism. Nay, the very
+children, like to angels, taught by I know not whom, now repeat the
+Christian faith. Indeed, a few days ago one came to me not ignorant
+of his catechism, whom I had not seen for ten years, and with great
+earnestness begged me not to refuse to baptize him. The catalons,
+or priests of the idols, also come, and show by so many proofs that
+they desire baptism with all their hearts, that it is necessary
+to satisfy their desires. Truly, my Father, I abound in delight,
+I rejoice, I exult; nor is there anything in this world set before
+me than to serve our Lord God with all my heart, and to desire that
+all should be turned to the worship of His Divine Majesty. On Sunday,
+in church and elsewhere, there were counted seven hundred persons. If
+your Reverence were to see at sunset a hundred mountain boys and girls
+who have been newly added to Christ marching in procession along the
+bank of the river, praising God in harmony and chanting all together
+the Christian faith, he could not help dissolving in tears of joy. A
+few days ago in Dita five hundred were purified with holy baptism. Thus
+in the whole region of Bohol we may now easily count three thousand
+Christians. At the beginning there were only eight hundred; now,
+by the accession of a new blessing of God, twice thirteen hundred
+have been added in baptism."
+
+With regard to another brief mission undertaken by a priest, the
+same Father writes as follows: "God adorns and enriches this Tobigon
+[42] people with so many heavenly gifts that I do not dare depart
+hence, and break the thread of our most happy progress. The church
+is filled with people morning and evening; no one is anxious about
+food, although they may not have it, or may have to bring it from a
+distance. All their care is to be Christians, and to be initiated in
+baptism. In these fifteen days in which we have instructed them in
+the rudiments of the Christian faith, there have been baptized more
+than two hundred and fifty adults. There remain forty catechumens,
+for the rest will be baptized after our return.
+
+"An old man, a chief who is held in high honor, and who has hitherto
+been obstinate, has at last told me that he is ready to bow his
+head to baptism. He is all white-haired and decrepit, so that he
+can scarcely combine word with word. Since he is unable to come to
+church, I am compelled to go to his house. I will baptize him, with
+another man of advanced age, as early as possible. It seems to me no
+small evidence that they have been predestinated, that both of them
+have waited so long, and that they now begin to glow with so great
+a desire for baptism."
+
+With regard to another mission, Father Gabriel Sanchez writes that the
+archdeacon of Zebu, who holds a benefice in Tana, went to the island
+of Bohol, twelve leagues distant, to ask our superior for a father
+skilled in the language, to preach the gospel to his tribe. Father
+Gabriel was sent, and in one month heard four hundred confessions,
+and offered to many the sacred body of the Lord. He also baptized
+eighty small children and some larger ones. The custom was there
+introduced of having boys march in procession in the public streets,
+and chant the Christian belief. The same thing has been done in the
+church, so greatly to the delight of the people that even the chiefs
+of the tribe think it small honor to them if they are not sometimes
+examined in the same belief.
+
+The Indian wife of a local governor was bedridden, and one night began
+to suffer so intensely that she was entirely deprived of the power of
+speech. A father of the Society was called, who found her entirely
+speechless. And since she had not confessed her sins, although she
+tried to do so, the father began to recite the holy gospel, and to
+sprinkle her with holy water; and when this was done she collected
+her strength and, after pronouncing the name of Jesus, said, "Have
+mercy upon me!" Then, in the presence of many, she desired to confess;
+and after less than a quarter of an hour she arose from her bed, so
+well and whole that the father would not listen to her, but directed
+her to come to church on the following day to make her confession,
+which she did. The same thing happened to the same father in the case
+of two other sick persons, whom by the recitation of the gospel and by
+the sprinkling of holy water he restored to sense and health, so that
+they were able to confess their sins. Further, on two different days
+having gone to two children near to death, and deprived of the power
+of speech, with the same antidote of the gospel and of holy water,
+he restored both to their former health, so that one of them went so
+far as to jump suddenly out of his bed and return to his boyish sports.
+
+The same priest also went, for the sake of hearing confession, to a
+man who lived a league and a half from the town, whose body was so
+weakened and torn by sickness that he could not bear to be touched
+or to be turned from one side to the other. When his confession had
+been heard and the gospel had been recited, the father went away on
+Saturday of that week. On the following Sunday, when the father asked
+how the sick man was, he was told that he had been restored to health,
+and had gone out to an island in order to get by hunting what was
+necessary for his food. One night, while the daughters of one of the
+chiefs were chanting the heads of the Christian law, they looked up
+from a sort of portico and saw a crucifix in the sky, with a kind of
+crown on the head, rough but beautiful, and with the whole body and
+breast plainly visible. It shone like the sun, and went up to heaven
+until it reached the sphere of the moon; as soon as it had reached
+that it vanished. The sight of this vision caused the spectators as
+much joy as its disappearance did sorrow. The father commanded that
+the whole thing be recounted in church, in the presence of many, by
+those very persons who had seen it; although, as that tribe is very
+simple and modest, they showed great fear and shame in telling the
+story. Afterwards it was learned that the same crucifix had appeared
+in another place two leagues away. This vision ought to be recognized
+as of greater value because it befell persons of exceeding virtue,
+who are persevering in their pristine habits of holy living.
+
+
+
+
+Residence of Samar
+
+
+Since the inhabitants of this island are scattered along an extended
+coast-line of the sea, it was necessary to send six of the fathers for
+the greater part of last year to cultivate it, with the results which
+might be expected from such missions. We learned from the letters
+of Ours that the people of this island who live along the coast
+have begun to offer their names in order to receive the Christian
+religion, and that all the chiefs have already been purified by
+holy baptism. The duty of visiting fourteen places rests upon this
+residence. In this year three thousand six hundred and eighty persons,
+for the most part adults, have been joined to the spouse of Christ
+through the holy waters of baptism. In one tiny island, which had
+not been visited for two years, two of Ours who had been sent thither
+on mission were received by the whole tribe with such delight that,
+all the way from the beach of the sea to the church of the place, they
+adorned all the roads with green branches; and then they were led to
+the church by a procession of boys and girls singing the Christian
+teaching with joyous voices. And when Ours asked to have placed on
+the lists the names of those who desired to receive baptism, they
+answered that there was no need of a list, that they all wished to
+become Christians. The old men--who are generally more perverse than
+the rest, and are unwilling to learn the Christian teaching--brought
+forward no other ground for the baptism which they so much desired
+than that their old age promised them no long life. Thus all by the
+divine grace were made children of God, and inheritors of eternal life.
+
+The news that these had thus been added to Christ soon moved other
+islands also to desire our fathers. On one of these islands, within
+fifteen days one hundred and sixty adults and five children forsook
+the dark wilderness of infidelity for the light of the gospel. Among
+them was one old woman one hundred and thirty years of age--blind,
+deaf, incapable of motion; for, wherever she was carried, there she
+remained like an unmoving stone. Afterward in other places there were
+baptized five hundred adults and two infants. When they returned on
+a second mission, after an interval of three months, eight hundred
+and thirty-seven were baptized, and from the most of these their
+concubines were taken away. Besides this, in other places many were
+plunged into the same waters, the total number reaching three thousand
+six hundred and eighty.
+
+
+
+Residence of Dulac
+
+
+The most ample fruit has resulted from the Christian teaching among
+the people of Dulac, [43] given by the seven men of our Society. The
+foundations of a boys' school have been laid. In it thirty are imbued
+with good morals and solid virtues, and give their aid to Ours in
+explaining the catechism to the more ignorant people and those of the
+lower order, and that with happy results; for whenever Ours go where
+these pupils have exerted their diligence, they find all the people
+well prepared to receive baptism.
+
+To the old Christians and some of the more intelligent adults familiar
+sermons are delivered on the life of Christ and those of the saints,
+and on the manner of profitably receiving communion, and notable
+results are evident. On account of these pious exercises and the
+uprightness of life shown by these converts, the Christian religion is
+ordinarily held in such high esteem that few remain who do not desire
+to be initiated into it by baptism. In Advent and at the feast of the
+Nativity we baptized more than seven hundred persons. We have baptized
+in all, from last year to the present date, two thousand and twenty,
+or more.
+
+To this residence are annexed, besides other charges, the care of two
+great and populous districts, which give surest proof of their virtue
+by clean morals and by obedience. We are informed by letters that,
+at the feast of the Nativity, in one of them eight hundred infidels
+pledged themselves to the Christian faith; and that the believers
+do not yield to Espana in frequenting the sacraments of confession
+and communion.
+
+There was found in one little village an old man leading the life
+practically of a hermit; and when our father asked him about his
+manner of life, he answered so wisely that the father was greatly
+surprised. Among other things he said that though his bodily life
+was passed on earth, yet his soul lived in heaven. He had no dreams
+at night except about the other life, and he was accustomed to see
+the blessed surrounded with great splendor, and one among them who
+excelled them all. And when the father gave him a picture of the Last
+Judgment to look at, in which was expressed the glory of paradise,
+he asked him if his dreams agreed with this picture of the blessed
+life. The wonderful old man answered: "Should I see nothing but this,
+my father? Much more! much more!" The father was amazed to find such
+a treasure of spiritual riches laid up in this man; for he afterward
+said that his meditation and the occupation of his mind would be of
+nothing else than of Jesus and Mary, until he had exchanged this life
+for the eternal one.
+
+Two of Ours, happening to enter a wretched rustic hut, found a man
+more than eighty years old lying upon some reeds. He was deprived
+of all his senses and his whole body was so worn out that the skin
+scarcely adhered to his bones--a living image of death. Our fathers
+pitied the man, and prayed to God for him that He would not deny
+His compassion to this most pitiable of men. Soon after, the dying
+man revived, and with great joy received baptism. As soon as he had
+received it he was again deprived of his senses, and, gently calling
+on the names of Jesus and Mary, he rendered up his soul to God.
+
+Information was brought that there was a man lying grievously ill in
+the most distant part of the district. Although we were not a little
+deterred from the journey by the darkness of night and the great
+number of serpents, as well as by the necessity of crossing a river
+full of crocodiles; yet we did not regard all these things as of so
+much consequence as the value of a single soul redeemed by the blood
+of Jesus Christ. One of the fathers, therefore, went thither, and with
+a medicine healed the sick man in the name of Jesus. On the father's
+return, something more extraordinary happened to him. He came upon
+a sick woman, who, although she did not seem to be dangerously ill,
+yet departed to the better life as soon as she had received baptism. As
+two of Ours were making their way over a sandy soil at noon, under the
+dreadful heat of the burning sun, being without any food or drink, they
+laid this their affliction before the Lord God; and behold! suddenly,
+at this most unusual time, there was a man sitting on the ground,
+who showed himself most kind and courteous. He ungrudgingly offered
+to the hungry and thirsty men fresh fruit from his basket. When they
+accepted it readily, he not only took great pleasure in that, but
+also urged them, with a certain strange earnestness, to feed upon
+it as if it were their own. Strengthened with this little meal they
+went on, which they could hardly have done otherwise, and offered
+great thanks to God that He had come to their assistance in their
+extremity. Afterward, when they had considered all the circumstances
+of the fact, and of the place in which the man was found with the
+fruit, and had reflected that no Indian was in the habit of going on
+a journey alone in the heat of the day, and again that, although they
+were unknown to him, he had shared the fruit with them so kindly and
+generously, they came directly to the conclusion that he was an angel
+of God. At least it was a proof of the singular providence of God;
+and it is well worthy of belief, that God in this manner had been
+willing to show His bounty to them, inasmuch as the said two fathers
+had exercised their ministry with great spiritual fruit in that place
+from which they had set out on that day.
+
+
+
+
+Residence of Alangala
+
+
+In this residence four priests and three brethren give their energy to
+cultivating the vineyard of the Lord. They go afoot through the rivers,
+the pools, and the marshes, the water often reaching to their navels,
+and the sun burning above them. But since their labor is wrought
+through the love of God, He, in His unmeasured kindness, never
+deprives them of His solace in the utmost perils. They write that,
+from the end of last year up to the present time, more than fourteen
+hundred have received the sacred washing of regeneration. They give
+diligent attention to the divine offices, which are celebrated in
+this residence with greater magnificence than elsewhere, on account
+of the convenience of three Indian chapels, which far surpass the
+Spanish. They follow the practice of singing _Salve Regina_, in honor
+of our Lady the Virgin; and, throughout Lent, of singing the psalm
+_Miserere_ to accompany the discipline.
+
+Several missions have been established in various places, with
+manifold increase of baptisms and other spiritual fruits. I will give
+an account of some. While a father was living in one little district,
+an Indian, crippled in both hands and feet, made his way straight to
+the father by boat, and that alone, to the astonishment of all--God
+and his guardian angel doubtless impelling the boat. He begged the
+father for baptism, and declared that the author of his request had
+been a certain Spaniard who had told him that all those who did not
+accept the Christian law would be carried off to hell.
+
+The greatest results have been obtained from the schools, for the
+pupils have each of them become teachers in the paternal homes of
+all the domestics; and by the good example of their lives they incite
+others to accept the true doctrine. A boy, a cantor in church, being
+solicited by a Spaniard to perpetrate a foul deed, answered: "Sir,
+I know well by what remedy you should drive away that temptation
+of yours. Let us recite together a rosary in honor of the blessed
+Virgin Mary, and instantly all these wicked thoughts will vanish in
+smoke." Thus by the newly converted Christian he was instructed who
+ought rightly to have been the teacher and master of others.
+
+In the island Leita there were counted last year above five hundred
+and twenty-nine thousand souls; and they have the instruction of our
+priests only, who are six in number. By their hands the most holy
+waters of baptism have, in the course of a year, in this and other
+islands, been sprinkled upon at least ten thousand nine hundred
+heads. And this, in brief, is the harvest of this vice-province.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It only remains that your Paternity should cast your eyes upon this
+new and tiny plant, separated from Rome by so great an interval of
+distance and situated in the most remote parts of the world, as it
+has also obtained the last place in the government of the Society;
+and that you should show to it all kindness and favor by sending to it
+some laborers with these words from the eighteenth chapter of Isaiah:
+_Ite, angeli veloces, ad gentem conuulsam et dilaceratam, ad populum
+terribilem, post quem non est alius._ [44] Thus they may bring unto
+these places of darkness some light by their preaching of the gospel,
+and all may bend the knee before the true God, the maker of the world,
+and adore and revere Him.
+
+These treasures the India of the Philippines offers to your Paternity,
+and it is confident that by the divine grace and your blessing it
+will offer greater ones. Finally, may our Lord protect and preserve
+the health of your Paternity for many years, to the advantage of the
+whole church and the increase of the Society. Your Paternity's son
+and servant in Christ,
+
+_Francisco Vaez_
+
+
+
+
+Letter from Diego Garcia to Felipe III
+
+
+Sire:
+
+In the year ninety-nine I came to these islands, by order of my
+general, to console and visit in his name the fathers and brothers
+of our Society who reside in them. We were much pleased to see how
+much has been done for the service of our Lord and your Majesty,
+and the good of the Indians.
+
+The Society of Jesus has in its charge a good part of the islands
+called the Pintados, where the holy gospel had never been preached. In
+the period of four years, eleven or twelve thousand have been converted
+and baptized. Matters are now in such course that in a short time,
+with the divine grace, there will be more than forty thousand
+baptized. As the priests who are occupied in this conversion are
+not more than thirteen, [45] the results, if there were many more,
+would also have been incomparably greater. For the honor of God, I
+beseech your Majesty to be pleased to command that workers be sent,
+as it is a great shame that, when the season for the harvest is upon
+us, it should be lost through lack of reapers.
+
+
+_[In the margin of the preceding paragraph_:
+
+Already provided for."]
+
+The Indians of these Pintados Islands have by nature good dispositions
+and abilities. I have learned by experience with some few, who were
+brought up in our houses, from the time when they were children,
+that if there were several seminaries where the education of the youth
+might be carefully attended to, taking them out of the power of their
+heathen parents, while still children (for the latter would give them
+up willingly), inside of a few years there would be a very prosperous
+Christian community in the sight of God and men. In my opinion there
+is no more effective means to establish the faith firmly among these
+barbarians than this.
+
+Your Majesty would do a great service to our Lord by ordering that a
+seminary for these people should be established. I believe that the
+money which has been collected from the fourths, where there is no
+instruction, might well be employed in this work. In all conscience,
+it ought to be spent for the spiritual good of those Indians, as
+your Majesty directed by your royal decree. And none will do so well
+as this, which is the seed for all the rest. I have learned that,
+in the royal buildings at Manila, fourteen or fifteen thousand pesos
+are spent which are obtained from these fourths. From these and some
+other funds which lie in the treasury and are every day accumulating,
+several of the said seminaries might be well established.
+
+[_In the margin of the preceding paragraph:_ "Have the papers brought
+which relate to this."]
+
+It is a great disadvantage for conversions to our holy faith, and
+for the civilization of these same Indians, for them to be dispersed
+like wild beasts among the mountains. It would be a great relief for
+the burden on the royal conscience of your Majesty, if your ministers
+should execute the order given by your Majesty to reduce this people
+to settlements. As they now are, the labor of the ministers is
+immense, and the results are small; and they are unable to establish
+Christianity and civilization as they should. [46]
+
+[_In the margin of the previous paragraph:_ "Write to Don Pedro
+de Acuna that with the help of these fathers, with all possible
+gentleness, and at the least cost, he shall see to it that the Indians
+be thus reduced; and if there be any great difficulty or disadvantage
+therein, let him advise us of it."]
+
+The Indians have many grievances against the corregidors and
+encomenderos. With fewer or none of these judges there would be more
+justice; and if the encomenderos or collectors of tributes were not
+present in villages, the Indians would be better guarded.
+
+[_In the margin of this paragraph_: "Let Don Pedro de Acuna send
+information."]
+
+The students in this country receive no reward for their studies,
+and accordingly tire of them and leave them at the most important
+time. It would be well if your Majesty would give permission for us
+to graduate them from our courses of study, which are the first that
+were established in this country. In this way the sons of the country
+will be encouraged; and the cost of bringing masters from Espana,
+and maintaining them with a perpetual salary, will be saved to the
+royal treasury. In great part there will also be saved the expense of
+bringing ministers from Europe, since they will be trained in this
+country--where they are used to the climate, and know the language
+of the natives. Although at present we cannot found so organized
+a university, at least they can be graduated in arts and theology,
+which are the sciences lectured upon in our Society.
+
+[_In the margin of this paragraph_: "Provided for in the duplicate
+of this."]
+
+There are many persons in these islands who have toiled in the service
+of your Majesty, and your Majesty would direct his favor well if
+he extended it, among others, to Doctor Antonio de Morga, auditor
+of this royal Audiencia, who is a man of good parts and fitted for
+any matter pertaining to the service of your Majesty. Likewise the
+licentiate Don Antonio de Ribera, auditor of this royal Audiencia,
+has done a great deal in saving a galleon in which was carried the
+entire wealth and support of this country. Captain Hernando de Avila,
+treasurer of the royal exchequer of your Majesty, is filling that
+office as a faithful servant. Captain Christoval Ascueta Menchaca
+has served many years and is worthy of reward.
+
+[_In the margin_: "On the memorandum of the exchequer."]
+
+Throughout our entire order, especial care is taken in all matters
+respecting your Majesty, and we shall still continue this, beseeching
+our Lord to protect your Majesty many years for us, as He may see
+is fitting for the welfare of His church and of the kingdoms of your
+Majesty. Manila, July 8, 1601.
+
+_Diego Garcia_, visitor of the Society of Jesus.
+
+
+
+
+
+Letter from the Fiscal to Felipe III
+
+
+Sire:
+
+I, the licentiate Geronimo de Salazar y Salcedo, fiscal for your
+Majesty in the royal Audiencia and Chancilleria of the Philipinas
+Islands, say that, as it has been heard in the islands that your
+Majesty has done them the favor of appointing Don Pedro de Acuna as
+governor and captain-general, and president of the royal Audiencia,
+this has greatly pleased and satisfied them, on account of the good
+reputation which he has of being an excellent soldier, and not at all
+self-seeking. Therefore his arrival is desired, because it is very
+necessary for all and [_illegible in MS._] for the matters of war,
+in which many mistakes have been made up to the present time--which I
+will not mention, however, since the remedy is so soon expected with
+the arrival of Don Pedro de Acuna. If this had occurred a year ago,
+it is certain that a great misfortune would have been avoided which
+these islands suffered, and which was as follows.
+
+On the sixteenth of October of the year 1600 just past, there entered
+the little bay of Aluay, which is in these islands, near the entrance
+to them, two vessels, which, from some people who went on board of
+them, were found to belong to strangers. After having robbed some
+vessels they came toward the port of Cavite, which is two leguas from
+this city, and is the place where vessels anchor. It was decided that
+some ships should be fitted out in the aforesaid port--namely, a ship
+built in the island of Cebu, called the "Sant Diego," which belonged
+to some private persons; a galicabra called the "Sant Bartolome," which
+belongs to your Majesty; a galley of twenty benches, also belonging to
+your Majesty; and a pataje belonging to some Portuguese from Malaca,
+who were in the port. [47]
+
+It seemed to Don Francisco Tello, governor and captain-general of
+these islands and president of the royal Audiencia, and to the doctor
+Antonio de Morga and the licentiate Cristoval Tellez de Almacan,
+auditors therein, that it would be well, in order that the ships
+might be got ready in the best way and as quickly as possible, for
+the aforesaid Dr. Antonio de Morga to go to Cavite for that purpose,
+and so he went there early in November. Later, desiring to go as
+commander-in-chief of the expedition, he asked for that office from
+the president, who proposed it to the licentiate Cristoval Tellez de
+Almacan, desiring him to secure it through a session of the Audiencia,
+but the latter opposed it. I afterward spoke to him of the lack there
+was of auditors, and of some other matters, and suggested to him to
+write about this and let each one give his opinion. Yet, although
+the said president agreed to do so, he did not, but secretly gave
+the title of commander-in-chief of the fleet to the said Dr. Antonio
+de Morga, although your Majesty had here Don Juan Ronquillo, who was
+receiving a salary as commander-in-chief of the galleys, and who was
+a veteran soldier, together with many others who have well approved
+themselves on the occasions for service which have arisen. The doctor,
+fearing that the president might change his mind, made haste to leave
+the port; and, although he could have had the galeota fitted out,
+he did not do so. It was understood that the reason given was that
+Don Juan Ronquillo said that it should not go out because he was
+commander-in-chief of the galleys for your Majesty, and that the
+right to go in the galeota could not be taken from him. Likewise,
+although he could have taken the pataje from Malaca, for which he had
+received some supplies and artillery at your Majesty's expense, he did
+not wait for it; and some say that friends of the doctor said that he
+ought not to take the pataje, because the Portuguese on it said that
+he should not, although the victory would have been to their account.
+
+So on the twelfth of December he set out from Cavite for the port of
+Mariveles, which is seven leguas distant, and there [_MS. illegible_]
+the flagship which was the ship "Sant Diego;" and on the following day,
+the thirteenth, at eleven or twelve o'clock of a very black night,
+he left the port of Mariveles, without informing his admiral's ship,
+which was the galicabra, and in which sailed as admiral the captain
+Juan de Alcega. However, after the flagship had been gone more than an
+hour, the other ship saw it by accident, and went after it. At daybreak
+our flagship recognized that of the enemy, which, together with its
+admiral's ship, was between the islands of Anacebu and Fortun. On
+account of the roughness of the weather, they were unable to unite;
+so the enemy's flagship kept up into the wind to wait for ours,
+which gained the windward of it and closed with it under full sail,
+while the admiral's ship of the enemy took to flight.
+
+Meanwhile the two flagships were fighting. For each man of the enemy
+our ship had four Spaniards--not to mention the Indians and negroes,
+who helped very much--and a great deal of artillery, powder, and
+munitions and instruments of war; and they destroyed the enemy to
+such an extent that as many of our men as wished to do so entered it
+and took the banners and standards and other things belonging to the
+enemy, without having anyone appear on it, for they had retired to the
+bow. At this point our admiral's ship arrived, and with its artillery
+and arquebuses did some damage to the Dutch flagship; and our men on
+it, especially Alonso de Mansilla, the sargento-mayor's adjutant,
+called aloud, telling the others not to do them any damage, but to
+pass on to the admiral's ship of the enemy, because their flagship
+had already surrendered to your Majesty; whereupon our admiral's ship
+went in pursuit of the Dutch admiral's ship, which was more than two
+leguas away. The two flagships remained thus over three hours more,
+besides the two during which they had already been together. The enemy
+did not fight, and on our ship there was no one to order or govern,
+or command anyone to pass to the other ship. Then it was said that
+our ship was going to the bottom, and so loudly that the enemy heard
+it and took courage again. In our ship there was no one to command
+what was to be done, so that it did go to the bottom. There escaped on
+mattresses and on shields, and by swimming, Dr. Antonio de Morga and
+[_illegible in MS._] other persons; but more than as many Spaniards
+again were lost, and more than a hundred Indians and negroes. The best
+artillery that there was in these islands, which had been taken from
+the fortresses for this purpose, was also utterly lost, besides all
+that the vessel carried, which was a great deal. That same day the
+admiral, Juan de Alcega, captured the Dutch admiral's ship, and sent
+its men to this city.
+
+Then it was that they were found to be Dutch. They called themselves
+vassals of Mauricio, Prince of Orange and Count of Nasau; and they
+bore a patent, a copy of which is subjoined. The president thought
+it well to send after the enemy's flagship, and for this purpose
+he ordered that our admiral's ship should go, with Admiral Juan
+de Alcega as commander; and that the Dutch vessel should go as
+admiral's ship, with Captain Juan Tello de Aguirre as admiral, who
+had had the position over the infantry in our admiral's ship. They
+went where they were ordered, but did not find a trace of the Dutch
+flagship. The commander of this was Oliver van Noordt, and in command
+of the admiral's ship was Lanverto Viesman. They were heretics who,
+with other ships, had set out from the port of Nostradamus [_i.e._,
+Amsterdam] in Olanda, on the twelfth of September in the year 98;
+and had come by the Canaria Islands and by Brasil, through the Strait
+of Magallanes and along the coast of Chile, to these islands.
+
+As I thought from the beginning, as soon as I knew of the loss of
+our flagship, that they would try to conceal it from your Majesty,
+I made an investigation about it, a copy of which is subjoined. [48]
+From this it can be seen who was to blame; and whatever is written to
+your Majesty contrary to this, or to what is contained in the report on
+the investigation, is not to be relied upon. The president has made an
+investigation in this matter, trying to shield himself and the guilty
+ones; and it has been carried on in such a way that it is known that
+no witness has dared to tell the truth. On this account I presented a
+petition to the president, asking that he refrain from trying the case,
+because the witnesses did not speak freely for fear of the power of the
+guilty, and because I intended to ask your Majesty to appoint a judge
+who could try the case, since the president could not do so. I also
+asked that a copy might be given to me of all that had been written
+about this matter, in order that I might give it to your Majesty and
+ask for what might be proper. This was denied me by the president,
+and I appealed to the royal Audiencia, but for lack of auditors,
+of whom there was only the licentiate Tellez de Almazan, no action
+was taken. If a judge were to be appointed, there would be none who
+would dare to declare against the will of the guilty. Although the
+licentiate Don Antonio de Rivera Maldonado has come since, it has
+been impossible for me to take up this matter, because I have been
+ill now for more than forty days. So I beg your Majesty to order
+that this report be examined, and that whatever is proper may be
+done. Our Lord keep the Catholic and royal person of your Majesty,
+with a greater increase of realms and power. From Manila, which is
+in the Philipinas Islands, on the sixteenth of July of the year 1601.
+
+_Hieronimo de Salazar y Salcedo_
+
+
+
+
+
+Complaint of the Cabildo of Manila Against Morga
+
+
+Sire:
+
+The most faithful city of Manila in the Philipinas Islands humbly
+informs your Majesty that for some years past this city and realm
+have suffered, and are at present suffering, so many hardships and
+misfortunes, both in wars and in the loss of wealth and prestige, that
+it has been very close to entire ruin. This has arisen and arises
+not from unavoidable accidents which ordinarily happen in states
+and communities, but from those which the persons in charge of the
+government and who reside there could avoid, but do not prepare for;
+and they are notoriously due to the fault and misgovernment of the
+persons to whom your Majesty has entrusted the administration of these
+islands--partly on account of their scant energy and vigilance, but
+most of all through what has resulted from their not being willing
+to fulfil the orders, instructions, and royal decrees which your
+Majesty had previously issued for the attainment of your objects
+and for particular ends; these they have directly violated. Since
+such conditions require a remedy, and as this must depend upon the
+royal will of your Majesty, who are not informed of the actual truth
+concerning events which have occurred here, these states must remain
+without relief on your Majesty's part, and with the said danger of our
+ruin. Owing to the general obligation which rests upon us as vassals
+of your Majesty, and that which in conscience especially obliges us
+as regidors of this city, which is the capital of all these islands,
+the following account has been written.
+
+In the first place, a matter whence many other losses have resulted
+is this. Your Majesty having ordered the conquest of the kingdom of
+Mindanao to be entrusted to Captain Estevan Rodriguez de Figueroa,
+conformably to the edict or ordinance which treats of the conquest of
+newly-discovered countries and settlements in the Yndias, and this
+order having been despatched to the said Captain Estevan Rodriguez
+de Figueroa, Governor Don Louis Das Marinas arrived here in the year
+96. When the former reached Mindanao with his expedition, he (and he
+alone) was killed by the natives of that island on the unfortunate
+day of St. Mark of the same year. When Don Francisco Tello arrived
+in the following June of the said year and took this government, he
+immediately undertook to send a person to conduct the said conquest
+of Mindanao. As all the troops were there which had been taken by
+the said Captain Estevan Rodriguez, and as Don Joan Ronquillo (your
+Majesty's commander of the galleys and of naval affairs in these
+islands) had gone there with another detachment of troops, and had
+remained in the said islands until March of the year 98--where, during
+all this time, he won many victories over the enemy, and latterly one
+against the king of Terrenate (who was sending his fleet to aid the
+said island), wherein he routed and captured the vessels and killed
+their commander, who was an uncle of the said king of Terrenate--at
+this the natives of the said island of Mindanao, who until that
+time had defended themselves, began negotiations for surrender,
+and for rendering submission to your Majesty; a part of them did
+so, and paid tribute to your Majesty. The said Don Francisco Tello,
+with the approval of Doctor Antonio de Morga, without considering
+the state in which this matter lay, or reflecting upon the injuries
+which might result from issuing such orders as they did (as may be
+seen later by what will be written further on), sent the said Don
+Joan Rronquillo an order to dismantle the fortifications of the said
+island, without leaving any fortified station, and to tear down the
+forts which your Majesty held there. Although he saw the great loss
+which would result from this, yet, as there was a clause in the said
+order directing him to do this without any reply, under penalty of
+being held contumacious and liable to punishment, he left the said
+island and came to this city with the fleet and troops which he had
+there, in the month of April of the year 98. The said Don Francisco
+Tello and the said Doctor Morga, seeing the great error which they had
+committed, attempted to exonerate themselves before the said Don Joan
+Rronquillo should arrive in this city. They arrested him, charging him
+with having taken away the protection of the said island of Mindanao,
+without their having sent him any strict order which would oblige him
+to do it. In order to give color to this--as they were aware that, in
+the voyage which the said Don Joan Rronquillo made while returning,
+his ship was partly wrecked, and they supposed that the said order
+which they had sent him had been lost, they intrigued with the
+government notary, and had him produce in the prosecution against
+the said Don Joan the order which had been given to dismantle the
+fortresses of Mindanao, omitting therefrom those words which made
+it obligatory for him to do so--namely, that he should do so under
+penalty of being contumacious and liable to punishment. In this way
+they were released from responsibility for their act, and the said
+Don Joan Ronquillo was inculpated without excuse, since in so serious
+an affair he, being on the spot, should not have done so for a simple
+command. The case having been continued, and he having presented the
+original order which they thought had been lost, and having given other
+explanations, he was even by them acquitted of that charge. All this
+appears sufficiently by the record of the case, which remains in these
+islands. Your Majesty having been made aware of the abandonment of
+the said islands during the last year, there arrived here your royal
+decree directing the investigation and punishment of whomsoever was
+responsible. As they were to blame in the affair, as can be seen by
+this relation, they remained silent, and have taken no action. From
+the abandonment of what was already gained, through the said order,
+it has followed that the Indians who are natives of the said islands of
+Ufanos, which the Spaniards had left, considering that this was due to
+fear, assembled, with others from other neighboring kingdoms, to come
+to work havoc in the lands of your Majesty. Accordingly, in the past
+year of 1600 they came with a fleet of many vessels to the Pintados
+provinces, which are subject to your Majesty; and in the region known
+as Bantayan they burned the village and the church, killed many, and
+took captive more than eight hundred persons. Thence they came to the
+river of Panay, an encomienda assigned to the royal crown, and killed
+a great many more, taking six hundred more prisoners from the said
+encomiendas. They burned the church and the image of our Lady which
+was in it, which a few days before that had for a considerable time
+miraculously sweated out many drops of water, as if in premonition of
+the impending event. They drank out of the chalice in their feasts,
+scoffing at the consecration of it, after the fashion of Mahometan
+people, whereby the natives and Spaniards of those regions were
+greatly afflicted and terrorized, as may be imagined.
+
+As has already been said, the reason for the coming of these
+Indians to inflict the said damage was the command to take away your
+Majesty's camp from the said land of Mindanao. But the cause for
+their having wrought those injuries after they arrived was, as was
+said at the beginning, that the order and decree of your Majesty
+was not obeyed. For your Majesty had in this camp four captains
+of infantry with the four hundred soldiers which your Majesty had
+commanded to be left there as a garrison, and the said captains were
+satisfactory persons; and it was ordered that there should be no more
+than the said four captains there, as any more would be superfluous,
+since there were so few soldiers. Doctor Antonio de Morga, auditor of
+this royal Audiencia, has reached such arrogance and restlessness of
+mind, caused by his having wrought so many injuries to this afflicted
+commonwealth through the power and authority which he has, both
+in general and in particular, to many citizens thereof; but, with
+his customary facility for speaking ill to some one's prejudice, he
+escapes, without anyone daring to speak of the matter. In the little
+time which he had spent in this country, he found himself rich and
+powerful through his trading and commerce. Accordingly he commenced to
+procure taking away the employments and offices from soldiers and men
+of war whom your Majesty has here, and appropriated them to himself
+and his relations. Thus, contrary to the said limitation of number,
+and in violation of what your Majesty commands by your ordinances
+and decrees--namely, that offices of profit shall not be given to the
+auditors, or to their kindred, servants, or dependents--Governor Don
+Francisco Tello appointed, as alcalde-mayor of the island of Mindoro,
+a certain Pedro Cotelo de Morales, a first cousin of the wife of the
+said Doctor Morga, who came with the latter to these islands; and
+passed by, in giving it, many of the conquerors and poor settlers. But
+the said Doctor Morga would not accept this, saying that he would
+have no appointment for him unless it was a paid captaincy. The man
+was a mere youth, and in all his life had never fired an arquebus,
+and was not skilled or experienced in war. On the contrary, he had
+led a very evil life, which cannot be fittingly described to your
+Majesty, and so is left unsaid. Accordingly, to give some color to
+what he desired to do, and in order that he might not appear to
+be exceeding the said number of four captains, the said governor
+appointed this man captain of infantry, so that he could go out of
+this city to the said Pintados provinces, where they were in fear
+that the said enemies were going. He was assigned the regular salary
+for a captain, and in like manner the other officers of his company
+were established with pay; and they likewise were men of the same way
+of life and the same amount of experience in war as the said Pedro
+Cotelo. He went with the troops to the city of Santisimo Nombre de
+Jhesus, which is in the said provinces of the Pintados, thus leaving
+in this city of Manila the four regular captains of infantry, who had
+some knowledge of the affair, in idleness and without any troops;
+for among all four of the companies there did not remain a hundred
+soldiers fit for service. As he was in the said city at the time when
+the said enemies came, and received word that they were in the said
+village of Bantayan, the alcalde-mayor and commander of the troops
+of war, who was in the said city, despatched the said Pedro Cotelo
+de Morales with ships and troops against them. Although the journey
+from the place where he was to that where the enemies were situated
+was two days long, he took four to it. If he had arrived at the time
+when he might have done so, he would have found the enemy drawn up
+on the land, and would have burned their fleet and taken away their
+prizes. When he arrived, sailing on from that place, he again heard
+the noise of the engines of war which they had with them, near some
+islands; and some of the soldiers, even, climbing up the masts of
+the ships, saw those of the enemy. But he would not go against them
+either, alleging various excuses--as your Majesty may have seen more
+at length by the information which accompanies this.
+
+Besides this, the said Pedro Cotelo Morales, having arrived with
+his fleet at the town of Arevalo, a settlement of Spaniards, the
+commander and alcalde-mayor there resident gave him more ships and
+troops, and ordered him in a council of war (in which Pedro Cotelo
+himself took part) to go and seek the enemy; and, if he did not find
+him in an island near there, to come back immediately to the said
+town of Arevalo on account of the fear lest the enemy should escape
+thither. The said Pedro Cotelo, taking no heed of the said order,
+as one who held the post of alcalde should, and in order to flee the
+battle, did not observe this command, and went into another region
+without coming back to the said town. In the meantime the enemy came
+there and landed, and the town was almost ruined. They killed the
+alcalde-mayor and commander of the troops, and then withdrew. If the
+said Pedro Cotelo had come back as had been ordered by the said council
+of war, he would have found them fighting there with their ships
+in the bays and rivers, in such wise that not a man or a ship could
+escape. In this way the enemy left with the two prizes mentioned. And
+this year we have even now information that they are coming back with
+increased forces; and in the preparation which has been already made
+or is now under way, more than fifty thousand pesos have been spent
+from the exchequer of your Majesty and furnished by private persons,
+to say nothing of the losses which the pirates will inflict when
+they return. The said Doctor Morga has been to blame for all this;
+because, contrary to the orders of your Majesty, he succeeded in
+having his relative placed in an office which he did not deserve, and
+for which he was not competent. Concerning this last affair, a copy
+of the proceedings of the council of war was sent to your Majesty,
+in which was the above-mentioned order to the said Cotelo. In order
+that it may be more thoroughly proved, they sent to the said town of
+Arevalo to have the matter investigated; but the magistrate there,
+for fear of the said Doctor Morga, would take no action.
+
+The said Doctor Morga, continuing his bold acts, was not content with
+having been responsible for the losses to property. Two Dutch ships
+having arrived in the past year of six hundred, in these islands,
+and having come in the month of November to the mouth of the bay of
+this city, while they were beating about in the bay, ships were put
+in readiness to go out against them. The said Don Joan Ronquillo,
+commander of the naval forces of your Majesty, having gone to the
+port of Cavite for this purpose, the said Doctor Morga commenced his
+machinations, and claimed that he should go as commander of the said
+expedition. To give this some foundation and color, when the said Don
+Joan Ronquillo had come to this city to seek various supplies for the
+said expedition, he was arrested; and on the next day following the
+said Doctor Morga went to the port of Cavite, saying that he had best
+be present in person to encourage the despatching of the fleet. In
+fact, through scheming and plotting, and by the authority of his
+office, he succeeded in taking the said expedition away from the said
+Don Joan Rronquillo, and having it given to himself. He wrote letters,
+the originals of which are extant, to the governor of these islands,
+asking him that, even if Don Joan Rronquillo should petition for
+judgment against him, he in no wise respond or have to do with him
+until the despatch of the vessels should be completed, so that the
+latter might not appeal to the Audiencia and obtain a decree which
+would hinder the said Doctor Morga in the expedition. When three ships
+were armed and fitted with artillery to go out against the enemy's
+fleet, he went with the two vessels, which were the flagship and
+almiranta, to the island of Mariveles, eight leagues from the point of
+Cavite and five leagues from where the enemy were--without awaiting
+the other third ship which lay at Cavite, and belonged to several
+Portuguese, which arrived at the said island of Marbeles the same night
+when Doctor Morga sailed away. Having sighted the enemy on Thursday
+morning, without waiting for Captain Joan de Alcega, who was in the
+other ship, as admiral, or taking advice as to what should be done,
+he was confident of the victory on account of the report which had
+been made concerning the few troops which the enemy carried, and the
+large number that he himself had on board with him. Consequently the
+flukes of the anchors were put upon the side of the ship; and having
+come up with and grappled the enemy at the sixth hour, the latter,
+seeing the force which the flagship had, gave up, and put himself
+with all his men under cover, without firing a single arquebus for
+more than an hour by the clock. Some of the soldiers and sailors from
+our ship, having entered theirs without orders (for the said Doctor
+was not able to give the order), and having found the deck of the
+enemy's ship without men and all the troops withdrawn--the banners
+being captured, and cast over to our ships--when the enemy saw how
+little care was given to the taking possession, since the troops were
+coming aboard without orders or any plan, they began to recover their
+courage somewhat, and commenced to defend themselves. When they had
+killed one or two of ours, as the latter had no one to command or
+direct them--because the said Doctor, as soon as they came in to
+close quarters with the enemy, had thrown himself down behind the
+capstan of the ship with a number of mattresses--the troops became so
+demoralized that no one was able to accomplish anything. Although some
+of them went up to the said Doctor and told him to board the ship,
+or to send troops on board of it with an order, he would not do so,
+as he was so overcome by fright and lacking in courage. Likewise,
+when they came to tell him that the ship was taking in much water
+through the gun-ports, because, when the fleeing troops left the
+side where they were grappled, and passed to the other side without
+fighting, the said ship careened and the water entered--although
+he was told of this several times, that he might remedy it, it was
+the same in this matter as the rest. Accordingly so much water was
+entering the ship that it was in danger. A father of the Society of
+Jesus, bearing a crucifix in his hand, told him that since the ship
+was in danger he should go over with the men to that of the enemy;
+since as they were so near together, and there was no resistance,
+it would be like passing from one dwelling to another. He would
+not do it, but on the contrary threw the mattresses with which he
+had fortified the capstan into the water, in order to go to a small
+islet which lay near and escape, as he did. The enemy rushed upon
+all the troops, who threw themselves into the water, and the killed
+and drowned amounted to more than one hundred and twenty Spaniards
+of the most distinguished and important people of these islands,
+without counting more than a hundred negroes and natives beside.
+
+Such was the manner of the surrender of the said ship of the enemy
+as soon as it was grappled. When the said captain, Joan de Alcega,
+arrived with his almiranta on the other beam of the enemy, giving him
+a volley of artillery and musketry, and when he finally undertook to
+board the enemy's ship, the Spaniards who were on the inside under
+its deck (among them being the adjutant of the sargento-mayor), told
+them not to fire, or they would kill the Spaniards; and to go ahead
+and follow the enemy's almiranta, which had taken to flight, as the
+flagship was already in your Majesty's hands, and there was nothing to
+do there. Accordingly the said admiral went after the other ship, and,
+coming up with it three or four leagues away, caused its surrender and
+brought the enemies who remained alive to this city, where justice was
+meted to them. The ship, with very good artillery, lies in this port.
+
+Besides the said loss, there was much artillery which the said Doctor
+Morga was taking in the said ship, and supplies of war, as he had
+taken what lay in the forts of this city, leaving them destitute of
+supplies, and the royal storehouses almost without powder; for he
+took six hundred barrels of it on the said flagship. Owing to the
+lack of men--so great that hardly anyone appeared on the streets--and
+that of the said artillery and arms of various kinds, this city was
+in such danger of ruin as never before, if some of the many enemies
+who surround it had attacked it with even a small force. Likewise the
+opportunity for the capture of the said flagship of the enemy was lost,
+in which was stored all which they had captured since leaving Olanda,
+and twenty pieces of artillery which they brought, many stores, and
+eight hundred muskets--all of which they were carrying, according
+to the declaration of the enemies who were in our power. For this
+country, where there is such a want of that kind of articles, and
+so many occasions continually arising in which they are necessary,
+it would have been of great importance and value; but the enemy is
+taking them away to buy with them cloves and pepper, and other drugs
+from these regions, as they are at present doing. For we have certain
+news that they went to the Maluco Islands, where they are anchored,
+and will leave the enemy there--who are most warlike, and who are most
+continually making war upon us--strengthened with arms like ours,
+whereby they will become skilful in their use; and from that will
+follow many difficulties, as may be imagined.
+
+Likewise there results another very great injury to these regions,
+because, the said ship of the enemy having escaped, they carry with
+them an excellent knowledge of these regions and of the sailing-routes;
+for day by day they record in writing their bearings, and the courses
+by which they have navigated. There is a society which has been formed
+in Olanda and other states, for the destruction of these regions,
+according to the account which all the enemies who were captured alive
+agreed in. Five great galleons for this purpose were being built here,
+so that if any of those ships should come from there the Spaniards
+might sally out with more force.
+
+We are sending your Majesty a copy of an information in this matter
+which was secured by your Majesty's fiscal with great secrecy, before
+the licentiate Almacan, auditor of this royal Audiencia. There
+is likewise a testimonial concerning the arms, military stores,
+artillery, and troops taken by the said Doctor Morga, in his flagship
+against that of the enemy; of the troops, not more than fifty-six
+people in all came back. There is another to the effect that on the
+morning of the day when the enemy were discovered the commander sent
+to the admiral fourteen of the twenty-seven that he had. There are
+some documents, drawn up at the petition of the said Doctor Morga,
+concerning the artillery and other articles which he caused to be given
+to the third ship that he was to take with him. On account of his not
+waiting for this two hours, and not being willing to assign it men,
+the misfortune came about by which, as he confesses in his petition,
+two hundred persons escaped; whereas it is known that the dead of the
+Spaniards alone amounted to more than a hundred and twenty, so that,
+according to this, he took five or six men with him for every enemy.
+
+He has drawn up a number of informations which, considering the dignity
+and power of his office, may obscure this truth and give some color to
+his case, as he is confident that it has done--and as he has likewise
+done in other matters, as he has used such bold and excessive measures
+ever since his arrival in this country. In this manner he has reached
+such a point that he petitioned for justice because he, as commander,
+had to divide the prize which he took in the enemy's captured ship,
+and maintained that a great part of it belonged to him. Afterward,
+by another petition he says that, as a vassal and servant of your
+Majesty, he relinquishes the part which falls to him and gives it
+to your Majesty, so that a share of what was taken may be given to
+him. A copy of these petitions is being sent, which makes this evident.
+
+There is also sent a copy of the commission as commander which the
+said Doctor Morga bore, and an edict which he drew up and enacted, by
+which the governor ordered him to go as commander. We do not undertake
+to explain to your Majesty any of the matter therein contained,
+since in these papers may be plainly seen what audacity he shows in
+trying to make it understood that he is a warrior, and that at other
+times, by your Majesty's order, he has had similar matters in charge;
+and from those very papers may be learned his conduct in many other
+matters in this country, against many people, without his taking into
+consideration in the least what was owing to them.
+
+The majority of the people through all this city have been hurt and
+injured, from the time when he came to this country, by the procedures
+of the said Doctor Morga, both in his actions and words against
+them, and in letters which he has written treacherously regarding
+the circumstances of various people, signing false names to them,
+and disguising his handwriting. Afterward he showed copies of these
+to other persons, in order to give the impression that he was not
+the author of them. At present, since this affair, the ill-feeling
+has grown with all these people, and become much greater, because
+most of the soldiers whom he took (serving at their own expense)
+went under threat and against their will; and as the relatives of our
+citizens died on this occasion, and their death was notoriously due
+to the fault and mismanagement of the said Doctor, it could not fail
+to arouse resentment against him. In the same way the said Doctor has
+been opposed to them, so that all the men who went in the almiranta are
+desirous of maintaining that they conquered, and not he; consequently
+what with the ill-feeling of the said Doctor against some of them, and
+of others against him, there are very few people in these islands who
+are not concerned. Accordingly he is odious and suspected in his office
+by all men; and no lawsuit is brought up in which he is not accused,
+as is now happening in several cases. The general ill-feeling here
+is no less owing to the fact that, whereas there are so many soldiers
+here who have come to these regions with no declared object except to
+serve your Majesty, and have done so since their arrival here, with
+good success, the said Doctor Morga should bring this about under
+the claim and pretext that there were no persons in these islands
+to whom such a matter could be entrusted; and that by this means the
+Spaniards had lost a victory so obviously theirs that it would without
+doubt have been gained if it had been entrusted to the least famous
+soldier here. We humbly beseech your Majesty in consideration of all
+these matters pertaining to the said Doctor, that a remedy may be
+applied to them, as is usually done by your Majesty, owing to your
+holy zeal and righteous justice. May our Lord protect your Majesty
+as we, your Majesty's vassals, desire. Manila, July 20, 1601.
+
+
+_Don Gonzalo Ronquillo de Vallesteros_
+_Francisco de las Missas_
+_Francisco Mercado Dandrade_
+_Hernando da_ [_illegible in MS._]
+_Bernardino de Avila_
+_Diego Melendez Florez_
+
+
+By command of the city of Manila:
+
+_Luys de Contreras_, clerk of the cabildo.
+
+
+
+
+
+Letter from Morga to Felipe III
+
+
+Sire:
+
+During the month of March of the past year, 1600, there passed
+through the Strait of Magallanes into the South Sea a squadron of
+armed ships from Holland, belonging to Count Mauricio, having as
+commander Oliver de el Nort, and as admiral Lamberto Biezman, with
+a patent and instructions in Flemish and Castilian to make war with
+fire and sword upon the Castilians and Portuguese whom they might
+meet in these parts. After they had made a few captures of little
+importance on the coast of Piru, the commander's ship and admiral's
+ship, together with their long-boats, came to these islands, where they
+came out of the channel on the sixteenth of November of the said year.
+
+Governor Don Francisco Tello found himself unprovided with any kind of
+fleet to resist them by sea; for he had no galleys and no other kind
+of ship with which to carry on offensive warfare, because a galizabra
+which had been commenced the year before in the shipyard of Cavite had
+been abandoned, and its build changed to that of a merchant ship. As
+he feared that the enemy would come down to the said port, and burn
+the few ships which were on the voyage from Nueva Espana, in order
+to secure himself from the seaside at all points he commanded Don
+Juan Ronquillo de Castillo (who was drawing his salary as commander
+of galleys when there were none) immediately to go to the said port,
+and put it in a state of defense, and build a fleet with which to go
+out against the pirate. He went to the port, which is two leagues
+from this city, and on the third day returned to the city without
+having undertaken to do anything, or shown any disposition to do
+so. He interposed difficulties, and asked for so many things which
+he said were necessary, and which were not at hand, that he made the
+thing out impossible; and not only was the governor disgusted with him
+for it, but Don Juan allowed himself to say things which obliged the
+governor to arrest him, as he did. The pirate continued his voyage in
+the direction of the bay of this city, and the president and governor,
+seeing himself hard pressed, communicated with the Audiencia and sought
+its aid. The latter, desiring to make the greatest effort possible,
+decided that I should go to Cavite and put the port in a state of
+defense and likewise secure a fleet. I opposed no difficulties or
+excuses to this, nor did I seek any rewards or aids for the expense,
+nor any impossible things. On the contrary, that same day I went to
+the port and fortified it so adequately that it was in a good state
+of defense--so that, although the enemy came into the mouth of the
+bay, they dared not enter or carry out their designs, on account
+of the knowledge that they had of my preparation. At the same time
+I finished the galizabra and launched it; and I fitted out another
+vessel, belonging to private persons, which lay there. I armed both of
+them and set sail in thirty days with a number of volunteer troops,
+men of quality, who were resolved to accompany me on the service of
+your Majesty on such an occasion (all at their own cost), as the enemy
+was well established at the mouth of the bay, waiting for the ships
+of the Chinese and the vessels from Nueva Espana with the silver,
+in order to capture them. When the governor saw the state in which
+I had put things, and at so little cost to your Majesty's exchequer,
+and that the troops with which the expedition must be made would not
+do so, or even go in the fleet if I did not go as its leader, and
+realized the great importance of promptness, he ordered me in the name
+of your Majesty to make the expedition immediately. He told me that in
+no other wise on this occasion could I serve your Majesty. I obeyed,
+and made ready to go where I was ordered, without seeking any pay of
+profit. I spent more than four thousand pesos of my scanty property
+to procure the necessaries for the expedition, some reenforcements, an
+outfit of arms, and other things. I risked my person, honor, property,
+and the support of ten children whom God has given me, and a good wife,
+solely for the service of God and your Majesty; for it is certain that
+no other interest or profit could take me from my house, where I was
+in quiet and safety, since I never sought or asked for this thing.
+
+This resolution was distasteful to the said Don Juan Ronquillo de el
+Castillo and his retainers--chief of whom are the factor, Francisco
+de las Missas [49] and the licentiate Tellez Almacan, auditor of this
+Audiencia. These men quite openly proposed to the governor to give
+Don Juan the expedition, as he was the commander of the galleys;
+and other things to this purpose, which satisfied the governor but
+little. It seemed best to him not to change the design if I should
+desire it, or at least should not be burdened by it.
+
+I sailed with the two armed ships in quest of the pirate, from the port
+of Cabite, on the twelfth of December. On Thursday, the fourteenth
+of the same month, I came to close quarters with him, and the battle
+resulted as your Majesty will learn more at length by the relation
+which accompanies this.
+
+I took as admiral, by the appointment of the governor, a certain
+captain Juan de Alcega, a citizen of this city, and a partisan of
+the said Don Juan Ronquillo; he is for this reason a great friend of
+the said licentiate Tellez Almacan, the auditor, and likewise because
+at the time when he came to this city the latter was hospitable and
+kind to him, and has always continued so. He is a man skilful in war
+with the Indians, as it is practiced here; but is of an irritable
+temperament, and desirous of having his own way on occasion, without
+obeying his superiors, of which there has been proof enough. When
+I had fully recognized the enemy and knew that he was carrying
+all his force on the flagship, I ordered the admiral in writing on
+the day before the battle, what particularly must be done--namely,
+that with both our ships we must engage the said flagship of the
+pirates. Accordingly as soon as I discovered the enemy the next day,
+I kept the almiranta near me, and grappled with the enemy and moored
+to him. When the admiral arrived and should have done the same,
+he shoved the tiller aside and, without my order, contrary to the
+command which I had given him, went after the almiranta of the pirate,
+which was sailing away; thus he left me unprotected and alone, for
+which reason my commander's ship fared as recounted in the relation.
+
+For this disobedience, and others of which he was guilty and of great
+importance, immediately upon our entrance into the city the governor
+arrested the said captain Juan de Alcega, and is proceeding against
+him. Through the favor of the said auditor and his party, and various
+measures which they have taken--especially with the licentiate Salazar,
+fiscal of this Audiencia, who is openly of the said party--they
+have shielded him in this case in such manner as might be expected
+of a person who is so near losing his office, and to whom it is so
+important not to make more enemies for his residencia. Accordingly
+thus far there has been nothing done in the case, and I have no hope
+that anything will be accomplished by the present proceedings.
+
+This Captain Joan de Alcega was freighter of the ship "Santo Thomas"
+[50] in the year 99, which left here for Nueva Espana in company with
+two other vessels from this city. In the loading of this ship, so
+great was the dishonesty and deceit on his part that it is understood
+that your Majesty's exchequer was defrauded of more than a hundred
+thousand pesos. The governor, in order to wash his hands of this
+wrongdoing, began suit against them and condemned them to heavy
+fines and penalties, as he must have informed your Majesty. The case
+came on appeal to this Audiencia. On account of the said friendship
+and partiality, the fiscal hushed up this case, as he has others,
+without discussion upon it, and with no reparation to your Majesty
+or to this commonwealth.
+
+In this manner Juan de Alcega not only remained unpunished but, aided
+by the said persons with several letters, informations and documents,
+which they had secretly made and composed, they are attempting to
+underrate my good service and seek for him the reward. I have not
+wished to set down in a boastful way anything more than the naked
+truth, which your Majesty now has before your eyes. I most humbly
+beseech your Majesty to be pleased to look upon my good intentions
+and labors with the clemency and benevolence which they deserve,
+extending to me the favor which is due, in such wise that they shall
+not remain without the recompense which the servants of your Majesty
+receive on similar occasions. And the chief of these should be to
+order me withdrawn from this exile, to a place where I can spend the
+rest of my life in greater peace in the service of your Majesty, and
+start my children upon the same path. God protect the royal Catholic
+person of your Majesty for many long years. Manila, June 30, 1601.
+
+_Don Antonio de Morga_
+
+
+
+
+
+Grant to Jesuit School in Cebu
+
+
+Sire:
+
+Hernando de Espinosa, procurator of the Society of Jesus in the
+Yndias, in the name of the residence [51] of this order in the
+city of Santisimo Nombre de Jesus of the Philipinas Islands, has
+represented that, because of the great need of persons to administer
+the sacraments to Spaniards, Indians, and Sangleys residing in and
+about that city, and to preach to them the holy gospel, the provincial
+of the said Society, with the permission of the governor, founded the
+said residence six years ago. It is productive of much good, for,
+besides the preaching to the Spaniards, natives, and Sangleys, and
+hearing their confessions, the other sacraments are administered to
+them; and there is a school where reading and writing are taught and
+Latin studied, which is of great gain and benefit to the community. The
+religious who are there are in great poverty; for they have no income,
+nor do they receive any alms from the people. The said procurator
+entreats from you a very moderate consideration, on account of their
+poverty. This being evident to the said governor, he ordered that
+to them be given annually, for such period as should seem fitting to
+him, two hundred pesos and two hundred fanegas of rice, as an alms,
+from the treasury of the fourths from the encomiendas that are without
+instruction. With this it is, however, impossible to support the said
+residence. It has need of repairs on its house, and, on account of
+its narrow quarters, of erecting new buildings; and because it has
+no alms, in lands or chaplaincies, [52] for the mass or any other
+of the purposes referred to, it is in great want, as is evident by
+the investigations made in the royal Audiencia of the said islands,
+which were examined in the Council. He entreats that your Majesty, in
+consideration of the aforesaid, will order that the said two hundred
+pesos and two hundred fanegas of rice--which were granted to it,
+as stated, by the said governor from the treasury of the fourths--be
+set aside for it from the royal treasury, as the other fund is not
+a permanent one. He further asks that you will bestow upon it from
+the royal treasury one thousand pesos of income for its support,
+and three thousand, to be paid once, for repairs and buildings for
+the said residence; since your Majesty is wont to favor the other
+parts of the Yndias for this purpose, as there is no other recourse
+for aid. After examining this matter in the Council, our opinion is
+that, if your Majesty be so pleased, one thousand pesos of eight reals
+each, might be given once to that residence from the royal treasury of
+the Philipinas, as an aid in building its houses; and that, besides,
+information concerning it should be obtained from the governor and
+the archbishop. Valladolid, December 11, 1601.
+
+[_Endorsed:_ "Council of the Indias; December 11, 1601. In regard
+to the aid and alms that should be bestowed upon the residence
+of the Society in the city of Santisimo Nombre de Jesus, of the
+Philippinas." "So let it be."]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Documents of 1602
+
+
+
+    Instructions to Pedro de Acuna. Felipe III; February 16.
+    Two royal decrees. Felipe III; February 16.
+    Pintados menaced by Mindanao pirates. Juan Juarez Gallinato,
+    and others; May 29-June 4.
+    Letters to Felipe III. L. P. Dasmarinas, and others; June
+    8-July 10.
+
+
+
+_Source_: All these documents are obtained from MSS. in the Archivo
+general de Indias, Sevilla.
+
+_Translations_: The first document is translated by Alfonso de Salvio,
+of Harvard University; the second, and part of the fourth, by Robert
+W. Haight; the third, and part of the fourth, by Norman F. Hall, of
+Harvard University; the first letter in the fourth, by Jose M. and
+Clara M. Asensio.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Instructions to Pedro de Acuna
+
+
+The King: To Don Pedro de Acuna, whom I have appointed my governor
+and captain-general of the Philipinas Islands, and president of my
+Audiencia therein. My royal Council of the Indias having examined
+some letters from the said islands, I have resolved upon the following.
+
+Since the Philipinas Islands are so far away and distant, surrounded
+by so many great kingdoms of infidels, the entry and intercourse which
+the Chinese and Japanese enjoy in Manila, and their friendly relation
+with the natives, give us reason to fear that the former, allying
+themselves with the natives, may attempt some disturbance, as they
+are inclined to do. Considering the fact that the greatest security
+and strength of the land lies in the Spanish settlement, and I have
+heard that not only does it not increase but is not even maintained in
+its previous condition--because, although the viceroys of Nueva Espana
+are ordered to send reenforcements of men every year to the islands,
+many people die from the bad climatic conditions of the land, others
+are scattered in military expeditions, others must be permitted to
+return (either because they have left families in their own country,
+or because they cause injury to the commonwealth), and others go
+there with no idea of remaining and have refused to become citizens:
+considering all this, and seeing that it is a matter requiring much
+attention, I charge and command you, in case this despatch shall
+reach you in Nueva Espana, to consult the viceroy concerning all that
+may pertain to the improvement of these conditions; or, in case you
+receive it in the Philipinas, to do the same by writing, and to make
+the arrangements and give the orders which you think best for the
+settlement of the said islands, striving to draw the expenses from my
+exchequer with the necessary moderation. I shall now write again to
+the said viceroy, telling him to take care to provide the islands with
+useful people, and permanent settlers; and, in order that such persons
+may settle there, and remain in the islands, he shall favor them,
+and see that the orders concerning the trade between the said islands
+and Nueva Espana be carried out with exactness and rigor in order to
+attain the end and purpose for which we allow this commerce--namely,
+the preservation and prosperity of the islands, and the welfare of
+their citizens and inhabitants. You yourself must attend to this with
+much care, striving for the settlement of the said islands, and their
+safety and tranquillity, and for the instruction and conversion of
+the Indian natives.
+
+Governor Don Francisco Tello wrote to me last year, ninety-nine,
+about the precautions that he had taken in the punishment of some
+Japanese pirates who had repaired to that coast and after whom he had
+sent vessels by different routes; and about the inquiries that he had
+likewise made among the crews of some merchant ships which had put
+into Manila at that time, suspecting that they and the pirates were
+all of the same sort. Since it is necessary to take notice and be
+careful of this, I charge and command you to be always very vigilant
+in foreseeing the troubles which may require your attention and which
+may arise in the said islands, even if it be under pretext of trade
+by foreigners. You will give a hospitable reception to friends,
+and maintain amicable relations with them, keeping the ports and
+frontiers of the said islands in the necessary security, and taking
+special care that the expenses to be met by my royal exchequer in
+the precautions to be taken, the manning of vessels for searching out
+and punishing pirates, and the rest, be no more than are absolutely
+necessary--since you see the many things which need attention; and,
+above all, the limited resources of these islands.
+
+When you informed me that in order to punish the pirates who resort to
+the coast of the Philipinas Islands, it would be well to arm and man
+some galleys, I granted you by my letter bearing the date of April 8
+of this year, that if you saw that the galleys could be of service and
+usefulness you might cause them to be built and manned. But through a
+letter of July 12 in the said year, 1599, the said Don Francisco Tello
+informs me that since the galleys are not suited for those seas--as
+they had learned by experience, on account of the swift current
+and their inability to enter a bay while pursuing the enemy--and
+on account of the difficulties which the religious oppose to his
+collecting rowers, and as those whom they get possess little skill,
+he had decided to build four galizabras; these were already being
+built, and when well armed and equipped would, with three galliots,
+constitute a sufficient force for the clearing and pacification
+of those seas. It is therefore desirable that you carefully note
+all these matters, and after you have examined and considered them
+thoroughly, you will see whether or not it will be advisable to keep
+the said galizabras and galliots in case they are built and manned. You
+will give the necessary care to the security of that coast and land,
+keeping me informed of what is being done and of the coast which the
+said galizabras or vessels appointed for that purpose will guard.
+
+The said Don Francisco Tello says in the same letter that the province
+of Mindanao was already pacified; but that some of the native chiefs
+had given no pledge, and matters had not been thoroughly set in order,
+and therefore it was necessary to keep there a garrison of two hundred
+soldiers. He adds that, as the country is poor and has few sources of
+wealth, he thought that the Indians would be unable to pay tribute;
+but it was necessary to assure the safety and accessibility of that
+post, because that was the landing-place where the Terrenatan landed
+on his plundering expeditions against the Pintados, as he did in the
+year 95. The said governor, as he had so few men and so little military
+strength, decided to place a hundred soldiers in La Caldera, which is
+near [the river of] Mindanao, in order to assure safety for that place
+and to hold in check him of Terrenate. You will thoroughly inform
+yourself of the state of affairs, and make the necessary provision
+for them, taking special care to hold what is already pacified and to
+have the gospel preached everywhere. As for the tribute to be imposed
+upon the Indians you will do what may seem necessary, consulting the
+prelates and observing my orders; you will see that those who have
+been pacified and are subjected to me be safe, and receive no injury or
+molestation from enemies. You will inform me of all that is being done.
+
+The fiscal of the Audiencia of the said islands has written me
+that since the Indians do not pay the eight reals tribute in kind,
+as they were wont to do, but it has been left to their choice
+instead, many difficulties have been and are being experienced,
+detrimental to the newly-pacified Indians, to my exchequer, and to
+the commonwealth; because, when they gave the produce of the land
+in payment of the tribute, they cultivated and gathered it, and,
+besides paying the tribute, there was left to them a large quantity
+of produce, which they kept for their trade and crafts. The result
+was that the community was well provided with abundance of supplies,
+at little cost, and with cloth of various fabrics, with which they
+clothed themselves. The encomenderos shipped these articles to Nueva
+Espana, and the returns therefrom remained in the islands instead
+of being taken away by the Chinese, as is done now; for the stuffs
+are being bought from the Chinese, and the Indians of the islands no
+longer manufacture them. Much gold was also taken to Nueva Espana,
+from which the tenth was paid to me to the yearly amount of six or
+eight thousand pesos, not to mention the larger amount which was paid
+for the tributes of the encomiendas which are assigned to my crown;
+but since the tribute is not paid in kind, hardly any gold is mined
+now. Another trouble that results from this is, that the Indians,
+who are naturally prone to idleness, easily earn enough with which to
+pay the tribute and buy stuffs from the Chinese with which to clothe
+themselves, and so do not manufacture these. In order to remove these
+difficulties, it would be expedient to impose upon the said Indians
+the occupations and work for which they and the provinces where they
+live are fit and suitable, with the raising of cattle; they should
+also be forced to extract gold from the mines and rivers, for, if
+this were done, much gold could be obtained from the mines, rivers,
+and placers. Thus the Chinese trade would cease in a large degree, and
+the returns from the gold and cloths which might be carried to Nueva
+Espana would remain in the land; and that, with the gain which would
+thus result to the Indians, would make them well inclined to such work,
+and cause them to do it willingly. The main point to be settled in
+order that the Indians may be influenced to undertake it is, to make
+them pay the tribute in kind. And since much attention and thoughtful
+consideration should be given to what is here pointed out, not only
+for the welfare of the Indians but for that of the commonwealth--since
+if the land itself could provide and supply produce and merchandise,
+that would be more advantageous than to procure them from outside;
+and the gold and silver which is now taken away to foreign and pagan
+kingdoms would remain in the land itself--I charge and command you
+that, as soon as you reach the said islands, you call together my royal
+Audiencia there; the honored prelates who shall be in Manila, and the
+superiors of the religious orders--informing of this matter, by letter,
+those who cannot easily go thither--and confer and deliberate with them
+on all that is expedient and necessary to be done. In this conference
+you shall keep in mind the welfare and preservation of the Indians and
+of the country, and see that the said natives be neither molested nor
+wronged--striving for this object, that there may be crops and other
+products of the country; and that, for this purpose, the Indians shall
+pay the tribute in kind. You will observe the necessary system in
+taxing them, and will execute whatever decision is reached about the
+matter; moreover you will inform me of what is being done, and will
+always be careful to see that the Indians work in some occupation or
+other and be not idle, since idleness is the chief cause of their ruin.
+
+My governor of those islands was ordered to abolish many false musters
+and extra expenses which were granted out of my treasury; but I have
+heard that, although he reduced or abolished some of the said musters,
+other stipends and extra expenses have since been given which had not
+been usually paid--namely, to captains, alferezes, and other military
+officers whom the said governor appointed over the people of the
+towns. I have also heard that many alcaldes-mayor and other officials
+have been added and their salary increased, so that where there was
+only one alcalde-mayor, there are now three, each having a deputy, and
+all drawing salaries from my treasury. I have learned that the said
+officials could be reduced in the following way: In the province of
+La Laguna, one alcalde-mayor, with a salary of three hundred pesos;
+in the district of Mauban, [53] on the opposite coast [of Luzon],
+one corregidor, with a salary of two hundred pesos; in the province
+of Camarines, another alcalde-mayor, with a salary of three hundred
+pesos, abolishing the office recently established; in the province
+of Cagallan, one alcalde-mayor; in Pangasinan, one alcalde-mayor;
+in the province of Ylocos, one alcalde-mayor with the same salary,
+who could administer the jurisdiction of the district of Bulacan,
+thus dispensing with the alcalde-mayor lately appointed for that
+place; we can also dispense with the alcalde-mayor of the town of
+Ytondo and of the coast of the city of Manila, all being districts
+and suburbs of that city, leaving them under the jurisdiction of the
+alcaldes-in-ordinary of the city of Manila, as in former times, so
+that one alcalde might administer justice in the suburbs during six
+months of the year, and the other serve in the city. It would also
+be expedient to dispense with the alcalde-mayor lately appointed for
+the islands of Leite, Zamar, and Babao, which may remain in charge
+of the alcalde-mayor of Zubu, as they were before; for the natives
+are troubled by both of these, and it is not desirable to have there
+more than the alcalde-mayor of Zubu. Moreover, one corregidor with a
+salary of two hundred pesos would suffice for the river of Butuan; in
+the island of Calamianes, one corregidor is enough, drawing the same
+salary; in the district of Oton one alcalde-mayor, with a salary of
+three hundred pesos; in Panay, one corregidor, with two hundred pesos
+salary. Let no alcalde-mayor or corregidor have a deputy except in his
+absence, and then without a salary. I charge and command you that,
+when you arrive at the said islands, you thoroughly investigate all
+the aforesaid matters, and secure information thereon; and ascertain
+what offices, salaries, and extra expenses have been added, and the
+reason and justification for doing so. You will correct and reform
+what there is to remedy and reform, so that, by taking the necessary
+precaution in everything, whether it be in the administration of
+justice or other matters, you will prevent as much as possible any
+waste of my funds; for you see how necessary this is, on account of
+the many expenses and works which must be supported by the treasury.
+
+I have also heard that one of the things by which my exchequer is
+most defrauded, and the inhabitants of the islands most wronged,
+is to be found in the lading and despatch of the ships for Nueva
+Espana with merchandise; for the governors, for several years, have
+appointed to that duty various personal dependents and friends, who
+have succeeded through illicit means in lading the ships with their
+own goods and even those of their relatives, friends, and others;
+and all the cloth which is shipped beyond the general apportionment
+goes without paying the duties. To remedy this it would be expedient
+that hereafter the allotment of freight be made in the presence and
+with the supervision of the governor and other persons appointed for
+it--an auditor and a royal official, appointed each year in turn,
+beginning with the oldest ones; and that immediately after the said
+apportionment the royal official make a copy of it. The persons to
+whom the said cloth is allotted should go with their inventories in
+order to value the goods and pay the duties in the presence of my
+officials, who would give in return a permit for lading. One or two
+of the officials should be present in the port of Cavite, the place
+where the ships are laded. Likewise the lading of the ships ought to
+be witnessed by the freighters who are usually appointed, and by an
+auditor, in order to prevent the lading of goods not included in the
+apportionment and for which no permit was given by the said officials,
+as an acknowledgment that the duty was paid. Since it is not right to
+allow opportunity for the irregularities and fraud which are reported
+to have occurred, and of which the citizens have complained, I charge
+and command you to restore order and to employ the remedy which most
+fits the occasion, appointing for the allotment of the merchandise
+and the lading of the ships persons in whom great confidence can be
+placed. You will see that all this be done according to equity, by
+being yourself present at times, if that seem best, and you will take
+the necessary measures that my royal rights be in no manner defrauded.
+
+I have heard that the ordinances are disregarded in assigning
+encomiendas of Indians, and that some persons who are enjoying
+encomiendas for life relinquish these, in order that they may be
+bestowed on others whom they choose, and influence the governors to
+assign the encomiendas to those persons. Since through many decrees of
+the emperor and king, my sovereign, it is decreed and ordained that
+no such relinquishment and renunciation of Indians be made, and that
+encomiendas of this sort may not be allotted, I command you to observe
+and strictly carry out what is ordered by the instructions sent to the
+governors your predecessors, regarding the equitable manner in which
+the Indians of those islands must be allotted to the persons who are
+most deserving, and have rendered most service therein. Again I order
+and command you not to confer relinquished encomiendas, or assign them
+again, without notifying me of it, so that I may order what seems
+best to me. In case you shall have disposed of such encomiendas,
+I order that such allotment be null and of no effect.
+
+I have been informed that it has become the custom in these islands to
+grant at the cost of my treasury the wine for the celebration of mass
+to the priests of the orders--not only to those in the encomiendas
+allotted to my crown, but to those in private encomiendas; and that
+there is no obligation to grant this aid to the doctrinas in private
+encomiendas. I therefore command you to give orders that no wine
+for the celebration of the mass be granted on the account of my
+treasury to the secular priests, or to those who give instruction
+in private encomiendas, for it is the duty of the encomenderos to
+provide the wine.
+
+Orders were given that for just reasons, and for the welfare and
+preservation of that commonwealth, the governors your predecessors
+were to name and appoint a certain number of regidors from trustworthy
+men; but I have been told that the said governors have, through bribes
+and other means, appointed to these offices certain persons who have
+not the requisite and desirable qualifications therefor. I therefore
+charge and command you to make a thorough investigation of the matter,
+and to remove the regidors whom you find to have been appointed through
+questionable means, or who are unfit for the office. You will replace
+them with men possessing the necessary character and ability. Let
+there be only eight regidors, which seems to be a sufficient number
+for a city of that population. You will inform me of the men whom
+you appoint, and of their qualities.
+
+By a clause of the ordinance establishing the Audiencia there, it
+is provided that its president and two auditors at the beginning of
+every year audit the accounts of the officials of my royal exchequer,
+and settle them in the course of two months, for this allowing each
+auditor twenty-five thousand maravedis. This was done also in the
+time of the previous Audiencia, and an accountant was appointed
+who received another fifty thousand maravedis. I have learned that
+afterward Governor Gomez Perez Dasmarinas, without any orders,
+created for that purpose a position of accountant-in-ordinary, with
+a salary of five hundred pesos, and a secretary with two hundred
+and fifty pesos. This could have have been avoided by pursuing the
+former method, with no other expense than the said hundred thousand
+maravedis. It has seemed best to me to refer this matter to you,
+as I do, in order that you may examine it and apply such remedy as
+you think best. You will inform me of the steps you take in the matter.
+
+I understand that the office of clerk of the regimiento in Manila has
+been filled by the secretaries of the governors, and that on this
+account justice is no longer sought for certain injuries inflicted
+not only on the Chinese but on the citizens. I also learn that it
+would be best to sell this office to a person who is not a servant
+or a relative of the governors. Since it is not befitting that this
+office should be filled by any secretary or follower of yours, or of
+an auditor or an official of the Audiencia, you will not allow any
+such appointment. You will nominate three from deserving men of those
+islands, who in your estimation possess the necessary qualifications
+for the office, and will send me their names, in order that I may
+elect the one who seems best to me. In the meantime you will make
+arrangements for the suitable performance of the duties of that office,
+and so that no difficulties will arise. With this I shall order to
+be sent you copies of two clauses of a letter, in which are proposed
+two expedients which may benefit my exchequer in recompense for the
+expenses which are incurred by it in those islands. One of these
+relates to the cloves which could be obtained from the Malucas,
+carrying thither the produce of the island of Panay in exchange;
+and then bringing the said cloves to Nueva Espana on my account. The
+other proposal suggests that a monopoly be established in the raw
+silk brought from China--allowing each ship to carry only a certain
+quantity of it, and that to be carried to Nueva Espana on my account
+and not for any other, as you will understand more fully from the said
+clauses of a letter, which I have thought best to send you. Thus after
+you have discussed the matter with my royal Audiencia, and heard the
+opinion of my royal officials and of such persons of experience and
+intelligence as you think best, you can ascertain what can be done
+in the matter, the benefit and advantage which may result from the
+said measures, and the difficulty or facility which they offer. You
+will send me a detailed account of all, with your opinion.
+
+I have understood that, by way of remedy for the illegal acts committed
+by the magistrates, and the wrongs which the Indians suffer, it would
+be of great importance to have the official inspection of affairs in
+those islands--which according to the ordinances constituting the
+Audiencia there, and to my orders, the auditors ought to make in
+turn. The latter have refused to do so, on acount of the expenses
+and danger which they incur. Since it is necessary that the said
+inspection be made, I charge and command you to cause it to be made
+in the land which has been pacified, and where there is no obstacle;
+and that in this inspection the auditor who is selected in turn,
+conformably to the said ordinances, be accompanied by no soldiers
+or other people who might prove to be burdensome or injurious to the
+Indians. You will endeavor to make the said inspection bring about the
+good results for which it is intended; and will give the auditor to
+whose lot it falls a vessel of fair size with which to sail from those
+islands of Luzon to the others, at the expense of my treasury. As for
+the additional pay or gratuity which should be allowed to the said
+auditors beyond their salary, and beyond what is granted them by the
+ordinances and decrees, you will send me a report, with your opinion.
+
+I have heard that the said islands contain many poor and needy
+persons, to whom on account of their services and those of their
+fathers a remuneration is due out of the profits of the land and
+appointments to offices; but that as these sources of revenue are so
+few, and the governors confer them on their relatives, servants, and
+followers, as I have heard they have done, the others have remained
+without anything. It is not just that there should be opportunity
+for such appointments; therefore I order you to observe and fulfil
+in this matter exactly what is enjoined by the decrees, provisions,
+and instructions sent to the governors, preferring the most deserving
+and the older inhabitants of the land, who have best and most served
+the country without having been yet rewarded.
+
+I have been informed that the ships which go to those islands from
+Nueva Espana carry each year, without a merchandise register, a large
+quantity of money from that country and Piru--which is not found on
+reaching the port, on account of the care with which they hide it;
+and that it was necessary to make investigations and inspect the
+said ships before their reaching port. Since I understand that there
+is some foundation in this, and that many irregularities occur in
+this respect, I charge and command you to prevent and correct this
+evil in a fitting manner; and to see that the fiscal shall go with
+the officials of my exchequer to inspect those ships, at such place
+as they find convenient. Let the penalty be rigorously enforced in
+connection with what is found and discovered to be brought without
+register and against orders, adjudging to the informer the share
+which may seem to be best to my royal Audiencia of those islands.
+
+Since I have learned that the office of treasurer of my exchequer in
+those islands has very little work attached to it, since its duties
+consist mainly in those of factor and accountant; and that therefore
+there is no need of the said treasurer, and that office could be
+fused with that of factor and the latter could act as treasurer, as
+was done before--I command you to send me a report of what would be
+expedient in this matter; also, of the duties of the said treasurer,
+and if, as it has been said, dispensing with the office, the factor
+and the accountant could take sufficient care of the administration
+of my exchequer.
+
+I have learned that the governors, your predecessors, have often
+interfered in the affairs pertaining to the administration of my
+exchequer, which is entrusted to its officials; and that, contrary
+to the orders given them, they have not allowed the said officials
+suitable freedom in the exercise of their offices. Since in matters
+of this nature it is right to keep in mind the necessary security
+of my exchequer, I order you to observe and cause others to observe
+the ordinances and decrees which were issued in regard to this. You
+will maintain friendly relations with the officials of my exchequer
+in everything, and will give them the favor and aid necessary in
+the exercise of their offices, so that they may fulfil their charge
+and see that nothing is lacking to my service, and to the security,
+accounts, and order of my exchequer.
+
+The accountant and the treasurer of my exchequer have written to
+me that my storehouses in the city of Manila have been in charge of
+the factor, who placed over them a man with the title of "lieutenant
+of shipping," whose duty was to keep an account of the receipt and
+distribution of what came under his supervision, thus relieving the
+work of the factor. A few years ago, on account of an information sent
+against the factor, it was ordained that each of the said officials
+should have his own key, and a person at the said storehouses in order
+to have all transactions pass through three hands, and that two hundred
+pesos a year should be paid to each person. They complained of this,
+saying that they were unable to furnish a man for this on account of
+their small salaries, which they needed entirely for their own support;
+and they besought me to free them from this obligation. Since I desire
+to be informed of the facts and occurrences therein; and how and under
+whose charge, and on whose account, the said storehouses have been
+usually kept; and the reason for ordering each of the said officials
+to have his own key to the said storehouses; and whether they are more
+secure for that precaution; and what sort of persons are placed there
+by the said officials and at what salaries--I command you that, after
+having examined the orders that have been given, and obtained thorough
+information of what is expedient to do, you send me an account of it,
+together with your opinion about the matter.
+
+Although, as there are so excellent judges and officials in the
+Audiencia of Manila, it is reasonable to believe that justice is
+administered therein, I have learned that in certain cases there
+has been laxity, and especially in two--namely, when Melchor Ramirez
+de Alarcon, being intoxicated in the said city of Manila, and being
+reprimanded by his son-in-law, Pedro Munez, gave the latter a blow
+with his fist, receiving in return nine dagger-thrusts, of which he
+died; and when, in the city of Cazeres, Captain Pedro Cid killed Joan
+Martin Morcillo in a duel. In spite of the gravity of these cases,
+the delinquents were not sent to prison, but were set free on paying
+a fine of eight hundred pesos each--a procedure which caused censure
+and discontent among the people. Since it is right that similar cases
+be not left unpunished, I charge and command you that, as soon as you
+reach the islands, you demand and copy, without declaring your purpose,
+the record of the proceedings in regard to the said two murders,
+and examine it in company with the licentiate Don Antonio de Rivera,
+auditor of the Audiencia; and with the consent of the fiscal; and,
+if you find sufficient cause for action, you will have the culprits
+seized, and will make all the investigations and efforts necessary for
+ascertaining the truth. If it seem to you that the administration of
+justice requires it, you will send the prisoners under arrest to Nueva
+Espana, together with the records of their cases, and will inform me
+of what has been done and of the investigation made. You will always
+take great care that justice be done and administered in every case,
+and that crimes which merit punishment receive it, so that disorders
+may be repressed and justice exist and be feared, and that it shall
+not set a bad example or occasion lawless conduct in the land.
+
+I have learned that many of the decrees and orders issued for those
+islands are not being executed, and that there is laxity in this
+respect, especially as concerns the ordinances about the equity with
+which the positions of profit in that country should be apportioned,
+and those persons who have not yet been remunerated should be
+rewarded. When my fiscal demanded the observance of the decrees,
+and especially in the case where the governor appointed Captain
+Cerban Gutierrez de Cespedes to the office of alcalde-mayor while
+he possessed an encomienda of Indians worth fifteen hundred ducados,
+and the fiscal asked that the said captain be not allowed to exercise
+the office until the completion of the trial, the Audiencia postponed
+its final decision, and meanwhile the said Cerban Gutierrez continued
+to exercise the office, and finished his term before the case was
+settled. I have thought best to refer this case to you, as I do,
+because in similar cases you will take suitable measures to prevent
+difficulties of this sort. It is especially necessary to observe and
+minutely fulfil the ordinances concerning the distribution of the
+profits of the country and the grant of rewards to persons who have
+not received them.
+
+I charge and command you to examine the copy of a letter which I send
+you with the present, and which was written to me from those islands
+on matters concerning the Sangleys of the Parian, and on what ought
+to be provided and remedied in the islands. You will inform me of
+all matters and advices contained in the said letter. Meanwhile you
+will provide and ordain whatever may seem necessary for the spread of
+the Christian faith, and for the cessation of the troubles already
+mentioned and others which may be expected, anticipating everything
+as is most convenient.
+
+I send you, besides, a copy of what has been written to me from those
+islands concerning the precautions which should be taken in matters
+of war and defense of the land. That letter also gives information
+that the governors without any other reason but their own private
+aims and interests, are wont to abolish the companies of infantry
+and other offices of war, on account of which complaints arise. It
+also states that they have been accustomed to appoint captains of the
+number in the city of Manila, who are entirely useless, and that we
+could dispense with the appointing those captains and granting their
+commissions, as well as those of captains-general and masters-of-camp
+which the governors have hitherto granted. You will examine all the
+references made to the above-mentioned matters, and what pertains
+to the garrisons and defense of the forts and fortified towns. You
+will take the necessary precautions in these things, in order that
+no loss or trouble may result from them; and will not fill the said
+offices of captains-general and masters-of-camp--except that, when they
+shall become vacant, you will appoint men to serve in these offices
+until the appointments are made by me; and in the appointments of the
+captains you shall consider very carefully the persons, and the need
+that there is of them.
+
+I am writing to the provincials of the religious orders the letters
+which go with this, regarding the kind treatment of the Indians; and,
+that the Indians must not be molested by the religious who give them
+instruction. You will give them these letters and will take special
+care to see how my commands are fulfilled, and that those natives
+shall not receive injury from anyone. You will have great care taken
+in teaching and instructing them in our holy Catholic faith.
+
+The said Don Francisco Tello writes me that the work on the cathedral
+of Manila has been stopped for lack of means to carry it on; but
+that it would not take much money to build a tower and a sacristy,
+which would complete the church. Although he said that he would aid
+the work by various grants and imposts, and that, if any balances
+should result from the auditing of accounts which he had ordered to
+be made in the funds which he had set aside for that work, he would
+have them collected for that purpose, I charge and order you to take
+special care in helping and furthering the work on the said church
+as much as you can, so that it may be promptly completed. You will
+notify me in what manner this shall be done.
+
+The said Don Francisco Tello writes to me that the two hospitals of
+the city of Manila, for Spaniards and Indians respectively, are in good
+and prosperous condition, and that he has taken possession in my name
+of that for the Indians. He adds that the accounts of the latter have
+been audited by his order, and that those of the Spanish hospital were
+audited every year. This meets my approval; and I charge you always to
+be attentive to the preservation and prosperity of the said hospitals,
+and to notify me of the result when the accounts are audited.
+
+Don Francisco Tello also informed me of the good condition in which
+remained the Seminary of Santa Potenciana in the city of Manila,
+where some young girls and other women were sheltered; and that all
+were living in great retirement and offering a good example. He added
+that many of them desired to remain in that seclusion, and that the
+viceroy of Nueva Espana, whom he had asked to send two nuns for the
+said monastery, had replied that no one of them dared to go. Since
+I shall write to the viceroy about this matter, you will make the
+necessary efforts that the said religious may go there; for this will
+be of great importance in fully establishing the said monastery and in
+completing the training of the nuns who have been sheltered there. You
+will aid and heartily favor this work as being so desirable for the
+service of God.
+
+The said Don Francisco writes me that when the king my lord (may
+he rest in glory) charged the governors your predecessors to found
+a seminary where the children of the native chiefs of these islands
+could be taught and receive instruction in the ways of civilization,
+Don Luis Perez Dasmarinas, governor of the islands, made a contract
+with the religious of the Society of Jesus for the foundation of the
+said seminary, and assigned to it a perpetual income of a thousand
+pesos yearly. To begin the work, he immediately gave them six hundred
+pesos and for the income he set aside a fund in the treasury of the
+fourths; but as the income was uncertain, on account of the needy
+circumstances of the said treasury, and the amount of money given to
+commence the work was small, and it was of great importance that the
+work be begun, the said Don Francisco entreated me to be responsible
+for this income, and thus make it perpetual. He also asked me to
+give him permission to assign the said seminary a repartimiento of a
+thousand Indians, the first one that should be vacant. Since I desire
+to receive a report from you on the whole matter, I command you to
+send me one, notifying me, with your opinion, of any other means,
+besides the Indians, by which aid can be given to the said seminary,
+and in what condition its endowment is.
+
+Don Francisco Tello informs me that in the Parian of the Sangleys of
+Manila--which was founded only for some of them to live in, and those
+to be workmen, in such number as to be sufficient for the service of
+the commonwealth--houses have been gradually built; and that by this
+time there are more than three hundred of them, and three thousand
+Sangleys who do nothing but eat up the provisions and enhance the
+price of commodities in the land. He adds that this could be remedied
+only by abolishing the Parian altogether, and letting the Sangleys
+sell their merchandise in the streets or in their ships as they
+were accustomed to do when there was no Parian. This would bring the
+commonwealth a gain of more than one hundred thousand pesos a year,
+and would give more security to the land; for, having no houses of
+their own, the Sangleys would frequent that country less, and would
+endeavor to sell their goods as soon as they reached the islands;
+they would also sell at a moderate price, and there would be no
+hucksters. He ends by saying that he was considering the necessary
+steps to take in this regard. Since this is a matter whose importance
+and consideration ought not to be overlooked, I charge and order you to
+examine and discuss the question with the Audiencia and the prelates;
+and to inform me of your opinions, decisions, and agreements before
+taking any decisive action or making any changes--taking care in
+the meantime, as I have already charged you, to see that all be done
+prudently and for the security of the land.
+
+The said Don Francisco Tello notified me that he had erected buildings
+for the cabildo, and had placed thereon the coat-of-arms which was
+granted to the city of Manila. This is well done; and, if my royal
+coat-of-arms is not placed on the said house of the cabildo, you will
+cause this to be done, placing it above the coat-of-arms of the city.
+
+The said Don Francisco Tello writes that because he did not carry with
+him the instructions which were given to him, he did not execute
+what he was therein ordered to do when passing by the Ladrones
+Islands--namely, that he was to provide for the religious instruction
+of those Indians, leaving there such persons as he should select. He
+said that, with the consent of the Audiencia, he wrote to the viceroy
+of Nueva Espana, requesting him to fulfil that command by ordering the
+officers of the ships which were to sail for those islands last year,
+sixteen hundred, to leave there two religious, with ten soldiers for
+their guard. He added that this work would prove of great service
+to God, as those islands were thickly settled with Indians who were
+docile, and inclined to receive instruction; and that, if religious
+should enter that region, there is reason to expect that they would
+convert many of the natives. And because this means no less than
+the salvation of so many souls, I charge and order you that, if the
+viceroy has not fulfilled the above order, you yourself shall do so,
+in accordance with the orders regarding it which were given to the
+said Don Francisco in his instructions. You will notify me of what
+is being done in this matter.
+
+The instructions order Don Francisco Tello to carry to those
+islands from Mexico a certain number of farmers to cultivate the
+land, who should be associated with the natives, and teach them
+agriculture. This he did not then do, because the instructions did
+not reach him there. I wrote, however, to the viceroy of Nueva Espana
+to send them at the first opportunity; but, if he has not done so,
+you will endeavor to have the said farmers conveyed to the islands,
+because they are so necessary to make that land productive. You will
+also make diligent efforts to introduce there, and carry over from
+Nueva Espana, mares and horses of good blood for breeding purposes,
+since this is of great importance for the service of the people.
+
+The copy of a portion of a letter which accompanies this, which
+was written to me by the said Don Francisco Tello, will show you
+how he wished to enter the kingdom of Siam; and how he despatched
+Captain Juan de Mendoza on an embassy to the king of that country,
+requesting him to consent that four monks should go there, of the
+Order of St. Domini, of which order the king had already a friar with
+him. You will inform me how the matter stands, and report the answer
+which the king will have given you. You will notify me of it, and
+will encourage, so far as you can, the conversion of those infidels
+and the preaching of the gospel to them.
+
+The said Don Francisco Tello writes that, although it has been decreed
+that the Indians shall not be condemned to pay money fines, it would be
+advisable to make them, although with due moderation, pay some fines in
+money, because on account of their disobedience and natural disposition
+they feel more the punishment of paying one real than that of a hundred
+lashes; the result is that we do not gain the expected result--namely,
+to have them engaged in cultivating the fields and raising fowls,
+cattle and other articles for the general need and welfare. Since I
+desire to learn from you the facts, and what takes place in regard
+to the aforesaid matter, and what measures are expedient in regard
+to punishing them for their crimes and offenses by money fines,
+and whether this causes or may cause some difficulties, I order you,
+after having examined the question thoroughly and discussed it with
+the Audiencia, archbishops, and ecclesiastical cabildo, to let me
+know the result and the opinion of all.
+
+I have heard that the buildings which have been erected for the
+Audiencia and for the president's residence are in great need of a
+hall in which the president and the auditors might hold their meetings;
+for it is not convenient for them to meet in a hall of the president's
+house, where the desirable secrecy cannot be observed because their
+discussions can easily be overheard. Therefore it would be expedient
+to build the said hall beyond the hall of the Audiencia, and next to
+it, on the side where the clock is. As it is so important that the
+said meetings be held in a suitable hall, and that great secrecy
+be maintained in regard to the affairs transacted by them, it has
+seemed good to me to notify you of this, and to charge you as I do,
+that with the advice of the Audiencia you erect such building in
+suitable style; so that the above-mentioned difficulties may cease,
+and occur no longer on account of the authority and secrecy which
+should prevail in the said meetings.
+
+I have learned that Governor Don Francisco Tello, your predecessor,
+went to the Audiencia and attended its meetings and visitations,
+in unbefitting garments; and that at times he went half-dressed,
+without sword or jacket. Since in positions of that sort, in places
+and regions so remote, it is necessary to exercise the authority and
+propriety due to those offices, I charge you to be very careful in
+that respect, and always to attend meetings and courts with the garb
+and decorum which befit the occasion.
+
+The fiscal of the Audiencia of the said islands, to whom is entrusted
+the protection of the Indians, has informed me that, as their lawsuits
+are many and involve much work, with the Audiencia's permission he
+appointed a solicitor, with a salary of two hundred pesos, and an
+interpreter with a salary of eighty pesos, at the expense of the
+encomenderos. I charge you that, as soon as you reach the islands,
+you discuss this matter with the Audiencia; and, if it be necessary
+to retain the said solicitor and interpreter, to see that their
+salaries be paid, and that they be trustworthy men and competent to
+fill those offices. You will always take special care to see that
+the Indians be relieved from burdens, and protected and favored in
+all permissible ways, and that their affairs be promptly settled,
+endeavoring to avoid lawsuits whenever possible. At Zamora, on the
+sixteenth day of February in the year one thousand six hundred and two.
+
+I, The King
+
+Countersigned by Juan De Ybarra
+
+
+
+
+Two Royal Decrees
+
+
+
+Colonists for the Islands
+
+
+The King: To the Conde de Monterrey, my kinsman, and viceroy,
+governor and captain-general of Nueva Spana, or to the person or
+persons in whose charge the government thereof may be: The kingdoms
+of infidels and enemies of our holy Catholic faith, with which the
+Philipinas Islands are surrounded, being so numerous and so great, the
+most advisable thing for its safety and defense is to settle it with
+Spaniards. That colony, I am informed, is not only not being augmented,
+but is not even being preserved in its present state; for the people
+who are sent to those islands are few compared with the number of
+those who die from the unhealthful climate of the country, and those
+who are dispersed in expeditions, and because most of those who go to
+the said islands do not intend to abide there, and accordingly return
+with their wealth. It is considered expedient to give such persons
+permission to return, so that others may be willing to go to the
+islands; and it is necessary to give others such permission, either
+because they are married in Espana, or because they are Peruvians, a
+people who are injurious to the community. Consequently there is always
+a lack of people, and those who remain there are the poorest. As it
+is expedient to attend with great care to the settlement of the said
+Islands and their conservation, I charge and command you to provide
+for and send thither useful people, and to see to it that settlers
+of good character go thither. In order that this may be done, and
+that they may live and remain there, you will see to the careful and
+rigorous execution of the orders already given concerning the trade of
+the Philipinas with your country of Nueva Espana, and that the object
+be attained for which it is permitted--that is, that it be directed
+to the settlement and conservation of the said islands and applied to
+the benefit and advantage of the citizens--taking care that nothing
+be done which shall transgress any order which has been given in the
+matter, or which may be so given in the future, and with great care
+favoring the interests of the said islands. In this you will please me.
+
+Given at Zamora, on the sixteenth of February, in the year one thousand
+six hundred and two.
+
+_I, The King_
+
+Countersigned by
+
+_Joan de Ybarra_
+
+Signed by the Council.
+
+[_Endorsed:_ "To the Viceroy of Nueva Spana, concerning the settlement
+of the Philipinas Islands, and directing him to send useful people
+there."]
+
+
+
+
+Nuns for Santa Potenciana
+
+
+The King: To the Conde de Monterrey, my kinsman, and viceroy, governor
+and captain-general of Nueva Spana, or to the person or persons in
+whose charge the government thereof may be: Don Francisco Tello, my
+governor and captain-general of the Philipinas Islands, has informed
+me of the prosperous condition of the seminary of Sancta Potenciana
+at Manila, where girls are sheltered, and of the retirement and the
+exemplary lives which they lead, and that many of them intend to remain
+in the said seminary. I wrote to you to send them, from Nueva Spana,
+two religious women for the said seminary, but you answered to the
+effect that none of them dared to go. As this is of great importance,
+and should be carried out, for the establishment of that seminary and
+the settlement there of professed nuns, and that its inmates may be
+thoroughly trained in piety, I charge and command that you that, in
+any event, you make arrangements to send there the said two religious
+women from one of the convents of your country, and that they shall
+be persons of approved character--and this on account of the great
+service which this will be for our Lord; and you shall advise me of
+what is done in the matter.
+
+Given at Camora, on the sixteenth of February, in the year one thousand
+six hundred and two.
+
+_I, The King_
+
+Countersigned by
+
+_Joan de Ybarra_
+
+Signed by the Council.
+
+[_Endorsed:_ "To the viceroy of Nueva Spana, directing him to send
+thence to the Philipinas certain religious for the establishment of
+a seminary."]
+
+
+
+
+
+Pintados Menaced by Mindanao Pirates
+
+
+_Testimony which Captain Gallinato sent to the governor of the
+Filipinas concerning the help which the king of Terrenate is giving
+to the Mindanaos._
+
+On the sea, off the tinguis ["hills"] of La Caldera, on the
+twenty-ninth day of the month of May in the year one thousand six
+hundred and two. The purveyor-general, Juan Juarez Gallinato. Whereas
+Ensign Antonio de Alarcon, commander of the patrona, [54] took with
+his galley from a vessel of Lutaos an Indian of San Buangan [_i.e._,
+Zamboanga,] who is supposed to be a spy, I command, in order to learn
+the truth and the design of the enemy, that his confession be taken;
+and so I order it and sign my name.
+
+_Juan Juarez Gallinato_
+
+By his order:
+
+_Rafael de Sarria_, notary
+
+_Deposition_. Then on the day, month, and year aforesaid, the
+purveyor-general caused to appear before him the said Lutao, who was
+questioned by the interpreter Pedro Navarro, encomendero of Canamucan
+and Baibay.
+
+He was asked what his name was, of what place he was a native, and
+if he were a slave or a timagua; and he replied that his name was
+Saliot, that he was a native of Sanbuangan, which is near La Caldera,
+and that he was a timagua. This was his answer.
+
+When asked for what purpose he was coming yesterday when he was taken,
+and who sent him, he said that he was sent by a chief named Bato, a
+native of the witness's village, who told the witness to take fowls
+and wax and fish, and go to the place where the fleet was, or was
+coming, and find out who was in it, what sort of ships there were,
+where it was going, what people it carried, and how many ships;
+and the witness came to do what the aforesaid chief had ordered,
+and was captured. This was his answer.
+
+He was asked what ships there were in the river of Mindanao, armed
+to set out; and where they were going, who was going as commander
+of them, and what fighting men there were. He said that there were
+a hundred ships in the aforesaid river of Mindanao, large and small,
+intending to go out to plunder Pintados and Cebu, and Oton, and all the
+regions that they could; and that for commander there goes Silonga,
+with Raxamora and Buysan. He said that a large number of men were
+going on the war-vessels, because they take a hundred men from each
+village; and he said that within ten days they would set out from
+the river for Pintados. This was his answer.
+
+When asked if the Mindanaos knew that the Spanish fleet was going to
+help Pintados, or what they understood about it, he said that a son of
+Liguana, called Ssapay, with Gumapas and Nasa, were sent from Mindanao
+as spies in order to know what the Spaniards were doing, and where
+they were; and that they told where the Spanish fleet was, and what
+it was doing. He said that the Lutaos who came with him yesterday had
+returned to give news of the coming of the fleet. This was his answer.
+
+He was asked whether Liguana, chief of Taguima, had planned to
+go to Pintados with the enemy's fleet. He said that he had, and
+that likewise his sons were going with him, and all the chiefs of
+his country; and thirty-five vessels were going from Sanbuangan,
+Tragima, and Basilanban. This he said to be the truth, according to
+the obligation of his oath, which he had taken after his custom. He
+said that he was about twenty years old; and he did not sign this
+paper, but the interpreter signed it.
+
+_Juan Juarez Gallinato Pedro Navarro_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Rafael de Sarria_, notary
+
+_Official act_. On the sea, off the mainland of Dapitan, on the
+thirtieth day of the month of May in the year one thousand six hundred
+and two. The purveyor-general, Juan Juarez Gallinato. Whereas Ensign
+Pedro de Carrion, while scouting among the little islands opposite
+the kingdom of Xolo in the last few days, captured a Lutao in a
+[_MS. defective_] and was fleeing; it is proper, in order to know
+the design of the inhabitants of the aforesaid kingdom, that his
+deposition be taken; and thus I command it and sign my name.
+
+_Juan Juarez Gallinato Pedro Navarro_
+
+By his command:
+
+_Rafael de Sarria_, notary
+
+_Deposition_. On the aforesaid day, month, and year, the aforesaid
+purveyor-general ordered to appear before him the aforesaid Indian,
+in order to take his deposition, through the interpreter Pedro Navarro,
+encomendero of Baibay. The following questions were asked of him.
+
+After he had taken the oath according to his custom, and after he had
+promised to tell the truth, he was asked what his name was, where he
+lived, what his occupation was, and if he was a slave or a timagua. He
+said that he was called Onarano; that he was a Lutao of the village of
+Lumian, which is near Xolo; that his occupation was always to fight;
+and that he was a timague. This was his answer.
+
+When asked if it was true that the son of Diguana, called Sapaz, [55]
+was with the natives of Jolo on the morning on which they attacked the
+Spanish quarters, and if Diguana knew of the attack, he said that he
+did not know; nor had he heard it said, because the witness was not
+in that affray, for he had gone away to fight at that time. This was
+his answer.
+
+He was asked if it was true that the king of Xolo sent to Mindanao
+to seek help against the Spaniards. He said that it was, and that
+a chief of the aforesaid kingdom, called Diaga, went in a ship to
+seek it on behalf of the king; but that it was not known what reply
+he brought back. This was his answer.
+
+He was asked if it was true that the Mindanao enemy was preparing a
+great fleet to come against the provinces of Pintados and against the
+Spaniards. The witness said that he had heard from other natives of
+the kingdom of Xolo that, as long as the Spaniards remained in the
+aforesaid kingdom, all the natives of Mindanao would go with a large
+fleet to Pintados, to plunder it. This was his answer.
+
+He was asked other questions in regard to the matter, but he said that
+he did not know anything more than what he had already declared; and
+this he affirmed. He did not sign this paper, but the aforesaid Pedro
+Navarro signed it. He declared that he was more than fifty years old.
+
+_Juan Juarez Gallinato Pedro Navarro_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Rafael de Sarria_, notary
+
+
+_Official act_. In the port of Biara, which is on the mainland of
+Dapitan and Mindanao, on the thirty-first day of the month of May in
+the year one thousand six hundred and two. The purveyor-general, Juan
+Juarez Gallinato. Whereas Captain Benito Gomez Descobara y Esquivel
+captured on a little island (or rather on the sea-coast) an Indian,
+a native of Sanbuangan, who is supposed to be a spy; I command, in
+order to learn if he is one, and to ascertain about the enemy's fleet,
+that his confession be taken; and thus I order it and sign my name.
+
+_Juan Juarez Gallinato_
+
+By his command:
+
+_Rafael de Sarria_, notary
+
+
+_Deposition_. Thereupon, immediately, on the day, month, and year
+aforesaid, the said purveyor-general caused to appear before him
+the aforesaid Indian, in order to receive his confession, through
+Agustin de Sepulbeda--who swore in due form to fulfil the office
+of interpreter well and faithfully, and administered an oath to the
+Indian according to the latter's custom. He promised to tell the truth,
+and the following questions were asked of him. He was asked his name,
+where he lived, his occupation, his age, and whether he was slave or
+free; and he replied that his name was Panran, that he was a native
+of the town of Linpapa (which is near Rabos), that he was a slave
+of Sumanpie, chief of the said village of Linpapa, and that he was
+about twenty years old. This was his answer.
+
+He was asked what ships had gathered and from what nations, and
+also where they were and for what purpose. He said that from Maluco
+there had come fifty vessels--Terrenatans, Sangils, and Togolandans
+[56]--which were brought by Buisan, who is master-of-camp to the one
+whom they call Captain Lant. The rest which are going from Mindanao
+consisted of forty large caracoas and twenty carangailes and bireyes,
+with one caracoa and two bireyes from Sanbuangan and Tagima. All these
+had agreed that, if the Spaniards were in Jolo, they should fall upon
+them; and that, if they were not there, they should go to plunder in
+Pintados, Cebu and Oton. This was his answer.
+
+He was asked where it was said that they were to go. He said that
+those who were returning from Oton had agreed to pass through some
+little islands which are opposite Quipit; and that those going to
+Cebu were to go from Similon, which is opposite Dapitan; and that
+they were to return that way. This was his answer.
+
+When he was asked how he knew this that he had said, he replied that
+it was generally known and reported among the chiefs of Sanbuangan
+and among the Lutaos.
+
+He was asked what agreement Liguana had made with the chiefs of Tagima
+and Sanbuangan, and what he said to them against the Spaniards. He
+replied that the aforesaid Liguana had ordered the chiefs and the
+Lutaos to be assembled together, and in readiness, along with the
+Mindanaos, against the Spaniards. This was his answer.
+
+He was asked how many days it would be before the fleet would set out
+for Pintados; and he replied that the fleet was ready in Mindanao,
+and that he had heard that it was to start shortly, within ten days,
+and that five of these had passed. This was his answer.
+
+He was asked other questions in regard to the matter, and he replied
+that what he had said was the truth; and he affirmed this and ratified
+it. He did not sign this, but Agustin de Sepulbeda signed it.
+
+_Juan Juarez Gallinato_
+_Agustin de Sepulbeda_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Rafael de Sarria_, notary
+
+
+_Official act_. On the sea, near Dapitan, on the fourth day of the
+month of June in the year one thousand six hundred and two. The captain
+and sargento-mayor, Juan Juarez Gallinato, purveyor-general and head
+of the provinces of Pintados for his Majesty. Whereas it has come to
+his notice that yesterday, Monday, the third of this month, Captain
+Garcia Gutierres Guerrero and Ensign Domingo Martir and Diego Mendez
+went in a caracoa to the river of Sioco to get water; and that, while
+they were doing so, there came to them an Indian, the chief of the
+said river, who told them that it was he who had given notice to the
+captains about the enemy's fleet, in order to warn the Spaniards: now
+therefore, in order to ascertain whether this is so or not, I command
+that the depositions of the aforesaid men be taken; and I order it,
+and sign my name.
+
+
+_Juan Juarez Gallinato_
+
+By his command:
+
+_Rafael de Sarria_, notary
+
+
+_Deposition._ Thereupon, on the day, month, and year aforesaid, the
+said purveyor-general caused to appear before him the said Captain
+Garcia Gutierrez Guerrero, in order to receive his deposition. He took
+oath in due form of law, and promised to tell the truth; and, when
+questioned in accordance with the above order, the witness declared
+that he had gone to the bank of the river of Sioco, where some Indians
+who pay tribute to him live; and that when he had arrived there the
+witness caused an arquebus to be fired, at the noise of which there
+came up an Indian, the chief of that river, called Tumarahoc. The
+said chief came to where the witness was, and told him that he had
+told the Indians of Dapitan--those who took fowls to the Jolo army
+for the commander--that they should warn the Spaniards that in the
+river of Mindanao a great fleet was being prepared, with many men,
+which they said was to go to Jolo and Pintados; and the aforesaid
+Indian likewise told the witness that he would be on the watch, and
+that he would warn the Dapitans if the fleet should set out, and where
+it was going; and he said that he would also tell the witness. This
+he declared to be the truth, under the oath which he had taken; and
+he affirmed and ratified it, and signed it, and declared that he was
+about forty years old.
+
+
+_Garcia Guerrero_
+_Juan Juarez Gallinato_
+
+Before me:
+
+_Rafael de Sarria_, notary
+
+
+
+_Deposition_. Then, on the day, month, and year aforesaid, the said
+purveyor-general caused to appear before him Ensign Domingo Martin,
+in order to take his testimony. He took oath in due form of law,
+and promised to tell the truth. When questioned in accordance with
+the above order, the witness said that he went in company with
+Captain Guerrero to the bank of the river of Sioco to get water;
+and that when they arrived there they fired an arquebus-shot from the
+witness's caracoa, and that, after they had fired it, there came to the
+aforesaid bank an Indian, the chief of the river, who was a friend of
+the Spaniards and paid tribute to the aforesaid Captain Guerrero. When
+he reached the caracoa, he told the witness and Captain Guerrero that
+he had told the Dapitan Indians (who had gone to Jolo with fowls for
+the commander), that they should warn the Spaniards that a large number
+of ships were being gathered in the river of Mindanao; and that a very
+great number of men was to depart in them to go against the Spaniards
+in Jolo and to plunder Pintados. The said chief also said that he had
+told the said Indians that if they did not warn the said Spaniards he
+would have them beaten with sticks; and that he would be on the watch,
+and that he would warn the Dapitan chiefs and Captain Guerrero of what
+happened. This he declared to be the truth, under the oath which he
+had already taken; and he affirmed and ratified it, and signed it;
+and he said that he was about twenty-eight years old.
+
+
+_Domingo Martin_
+_Juan Juarez Gallinato_
+
+
+Before me:
+
+_Rafael de Sarria_, notary
+
+
+These agree with the originals, which are in the possession of the
+purveyor-general, who signed here with his name; and it is exact and
+accurate. And to the fact that it was accurately copied, corrected,
+and made to agree, were witnesses: Ensign Juan Rodriguez de Santa,
+and the royal ensign Pedro Mendez de Sotomayor, and Francisco
+Hernandez. Done in Dapitan, on the fourth day of the month of June
+in the year one thousand six hundred and two.
+
+_Juan Juarez Gallinato_
+
+In testimony of which, I have affixed my name and the customary
+rubrics.
+
+_Rafael de Sarria_, notary
+
+
+
+Letters to Felipe III
+
+
+
+Sire:
+
+Don Pedro de Acuna, [57] to whom your Majesty granted the favor of
+sending him to govern this land, arrived here with a very considerable
+reenforcement of troops. This and his arrival are so important and
+timely that I think there must follow many results beneficial to
+the service of God and of your Majesty, as also the correction of
+important matters--which have greatly needed it, as I have informed
+your Majesty at greater length in a report and letter that treats of
+this matter, and of the great and urgent necessity for your Majesty
+to command that the town and fort of Maluco be occupied as promptly
+as possible. From this will result the greatest advantages, and great
+danger to this land will be averted; and thus may be repaired the many
+losses and destructive raids which this country may suffer, which may
+result from the inroad of those demons of English and Dutch heretics,
+with their intentions and desires. We should have aid, and means
+of communication, and strongholds in these regions, and especially
+in this one of Maluco, which is the most important, dangerous, and
+near to these islands, and whose people are unfriendly. Our enemies,
+the Xoloan and Mindanaos, avail themselves of it, and are succored
+therefrom, and with this aid have inflicted many damages, which they
+will continue to do, if they are not checked. Great cost and expense
+must be incurred in these islands, merely to preserve and defend them;
+and there are great hindrances and difficulties in the way of their
+growth. By gaining this fort the door is closed to notable evils and
+troubles, and benefits of the utmost importance, both spiritual and
+temporal, through which God our Lord and your Majesty will be well
+served, the Christian faith and the extension of the gospel will
+be assured and increased in these regions; and the crown and royal
+possessions of your Majesty, and the reputation of Espana, well
+maintained and accredited, as is not the case now. Other important
+undertakings and expeditions which may hereafter be made will be
+facilitated; for that place is the capital, and has most reputation;
+and it rules as subjects and tributaries many surrounding peoples,
+who may be easily reduced after the conquest of this stronghold, and
+after those who so greatly fear and respect us have been vanquished and
+chastised. Moreover, expenses for supplies and garrisons which must be
+maintained, and which are necessary until this is accomplished, will
+be saved; and a large amount of property and income will be left for
+other expenses and affairs in the service of your Majesty. In short,
+until this is once for all assured and established, a certain amount
+of damage must be expected, and will inevitably result; and it is very
+evident that for the aforesaid reasons it is necessary sooner or later
+to undertake this expedition for the preservation and security of these
+regions. It is also better not to postpone it, and not to wait until
+that place has greater fortification, strength, and defense, thereby
+rendering its conquest more difficult and costly. I conclude, Sire,
+by saying that as God and your Majesty have sent Don Pedro de Acuna
+to this government, and he has inclination and desire for military
+service, and for the faithful fulfilling his performance of what
+pertains to his office and to the service of your Majesty, (as has been
+observed), and besides has experience and the qualifications suitable
+and necessary for this undertaking, may your Majesty not defer it, or
+wait for another governor to perform this most important service. The
+opportunity of having a person so well fitted for such a contingency
+(which is by no means unimportant) is not to be lost. To say this
+and what else pertains to this matter, Sire, I am constrained only
+by the duty which I owe to the service of God and His church, and to
+your Majesty and your crown, and to the general welfare of these most
+important regions. If this were not so, nothing in this matter would
+concern or could influence me; for it has cost me most dear and was
+so disastrous to me that I lost by it my father and a great amount of
+property, and met other losses to which I shall not refer. For this
+reason, I desired to prosecute this expedition after the death of my
+father; but I could not do so, on account of the great fear and dread
+of hostile Chinese and Japanese. As a man, Sire, I can but desire the
+accomplishment of that thing which my father and I had tried to achieve
+and had almost succeeded in doing. But may our Lord not permit that
+this or any other enterprise should be abandoned, for lack of desire
+and effort to secure a result so desirable for the said objects;
+and may it come through the hand and means which God shall choose,
+and by which He shall be served. May His Divine Majesty guard your
+Majesty as He can, and as we all desire and need. At Manila, June 8,
+in the year 1602.
+
+_Luis Perez Dasmarinas_
+
+[_Endorsed_: "April 27, 1604. To the Conde de Lemos. Suitable provision
+has already been made; at Valladolid, [58] May 14, 1605."]
+
+
+
+
+Sire:
+
+As I was in doubt whether the letter which I wrote last year regarding
+the matter in this was received by your Majesty, I give an account
+of the same matter in this letter.
+
+Toward the close of the previous year, 1600, there entered into
+these islands, by way of the Strait of Magallanes, Oliver de Nort,
+a Hollander, with two ships of war belonging to Count Mauricio. He
+took prizes and caused damage, until he established himself at the
+mouth of the bay of this city, intending to await the merchant ships
+from China, and the galleon "Santo Thomas" from Nueva Espana, with
+the silver for two years belonging to the business men of this kingdom.
+
+As military affairs were at that time little cared for in these
+islands, and there was no sort of preparation, the royal Audiencia
+of your Majesty, at the petition of the president, Don Francisco
+Tello, was obliged to take measures to provide aid in so urgent a
+necessity, with all possible haste and efficiency. For this end I was
+commissioned to go immediately to the port of Cabite, and place and
+keep it in a state of defense; and to arm several ships, with which
+to meet the pirate and divert him from his intention. Accordingly,
+I did so to the best of my ability, and put two ships of moderate
+size in readiness in a short time, there being no others.
+
+The president ordered me again in your Majesty's name, and in
+writing--as he considered that by no other authority, in view of
+the state of affairs, could the expedition be made--to go out with
+this fleet in my charge, against the enemy, and fight until I should
+destroy him. In compliance with this I sought him, and encountered
+him outside the bay of this city. We engaged the enemy in a long and
+obstinate battle, which occurred between the two fleets on December
+14. The outcome is related in the certified account by the president
+and governor, which accompanies this, by which your Majesty will
+be informed of the punishment which was inflicted upon this enemy,
+and how our aim was attained as we had wished, and likewise of the
+dangers and hardships which I encountered and underwent on this
+occasion. In this I should be content if I had, for my only reward,
+succeeded in serving your Majesty; for this aim alone drew me from
+my home at so much danger to my honor, life, and children.
+
+I humbly beg your Majesty to be pleased to pardon whatever fault there
+may have been, in consideration of my good intention and desire to
+obey, and to succeed in what I was commanded to do. God protect the
+Catholic person of your Majesty. At Manila, June 30, 1602.
+
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+
+
+
+
+Sire:
+
+Although the obligation to advise your Majesty of the state of this
+your province, of the Order of our father St. Augustine, is always
+binding, yet for many new reasons it is especially binding this year;
+for at the recent meeting cf the chapter here, by acclamation, and
+without voting, father Fray Pedro Arze (concerning whom your Majesty
+must already have a report), was elected provincial, with the consent
+of all. From this we hope that, with the favor of God and your Majesty,
+he will be successful in his government, since its commencement is
+so propitious. The letter and mandate which your Majesty sent last
+year serves him as a guide for the correction of what stands in
+need of remedy, and the severity necessary to prevent disobedience;
+accordingly, the province is enjoying the greatest peace and quiet
+that it has ever had. In the meantime there came this year Fray Pedro
+Sossa, with a commission as visitor, sent by Fray Christoval de la
+Cruz from Nueva Espana, in virtue of several messages which he bears
+from the father-general, Alejandro Genense. We did not receive him,
+not because we did not desire a visitation--which, on the contrary,
+we do desire, and humbly seek from your Majesty, for the justification
+of this province--but because he did not come by order of your Majesty,
+and for other reasons which the Audiencia of these islands examined;
+and because some other and further messages which he bore from the
+father vicar-general Fulvio relating to us appeared suspicious. In what
+concerns this matter, we refer your Majesty to the said Audiencia,
+which, we believe, will advise your Majesty with due fidelity. Your
+Majesty has therein two very faithful vassals and servants, namely,
+Doctor Antonio de Morga and the licentiate Tellez Almazan--both the
+fathers of children, excellent judges, poor, and deserving of whatever
+favor your Majesty may extend to them; and especially of being removed
+from this country, which is poor and of scant resources, and where
+they cannot provide for the fortunes of their children. In this way
+we consider that your Majesty would do a great service to God.
+
+The bearer of this is the father definitor, Fray Diego Cerravi, [59]
+who came to these regions from Castilla about eight years ago, and has
+served your Majesty and the order here very advantageously. He is a
+learned and virtuous religious, who speaks the truth; accordingly your
+Majesty may credit what he says. He is a man of so many good qualities
+that, to tell your Majesty in a word, he leaves us at his departure
+lonely, sad, and disconsolate at losing him--although we are consoled
+by our confidence in the favor and grace which your Majesty will show
+this province and to him in its name, by ordering that aid be given to
+him in the business which he has in his charge; and especially that he
+may bring us friars from the province of Castilla, who are here much
+approved for their virtue and learning. And we are confident that
+your Majesty will favor us in all matters as our protector, patron,
+and only defender; we trust no less that our Lord will protect for
+us the royal person of your Majesty, according to the needs of your
+kingdoms and seigniories, and of us, your ministers and chaplains. We
+beseech, etc. From this your Majesty's convent of the Order of our
+father Saint Augustine. In the city of Manila, on the fourth of July
+in the year one thousand six hundred and two.
+
+
+_Fray Pedro Arce_, provincial
+_Fray Agustin de Tapia_, definitor
+_Fray Bernave de Villalovos_, definitor
+_Fray Diego Cerrabe_, definitor
+_Fray Pedro de Salzedo_, definitor
+
+
+[_Endorsed with the following order_: "Join this with the letter from
+the Audiencia, and bring them in on January 28, 1604."]
+
+
+
+Sire:
+
+Since the last year, 601, an account has been given to your Majesty
+of the expedition which I conducted at the close of the previous year,
+1600, by order of the governor and president, Don Francisco de Tello,
+against Olibert de Norte, a corsair from Holland who entered among
+these islands, taking prizes with two ships of war; and of the outcome
+of the expedition, by which the said corsair was punished and harassed.
+
+Francisco de las Missas, factor and overseer of your Majesty's
+exchequer in these islands, whom I inspected a short time ago
+... [under a] [60] special commission from your Majesty, and passed
+sentence upon him ... penalties and restitutions as will appear by
+the report of the inspection which I have sent to your ... [Majesty]
+by three routes. He has been so hostile ... that he displays his
+jealousy of me in all matters [in so far as] he can. Accordingly,
+on account of this--as well as to cover his fault at the time of
+the despatch of the fleet which I took, by sending me unsupplied
+with sailors and other things necessary, which it was his duty to
+furnish--among other measures which he has taken since the past
+year, one has been under color and appearance of proceeding from
+the licentiate Salazar de Salzedo, fiscal of this Audiencia (whom,
+for private reasons, he holds quite in his power). The said factor
+induced the fiscal, in the affair of his investigation, to draw up a
+secret information with suborned witnesses--sailors and others, who
+are at his call--by which it is intimated that he furnished me well,
+and that the commander's ship was lost through my fault, imputing to
+me by the statements of these men other and illegal actions, in order
+to disparage my faithful service; by this may be seen the malice and
+passion of those concerned in this affair. That document was sent to
+your Majesty and the ministers before whom this matter is considered.
+
+In like manner Captain Joan de Alcega (his intimate friend,
+and likewise a partisan of the said fiscal and factor), whom I
+took as admiral, in order to cover up his own guilt--for which he
+was arrested by the president and governor, and is being proceeded
+against officially because, at the beginning of the fight, he left the
+commander's ship unsustained, contrary to the order which he had from
+me in writing; and on account of other illegal acts, and because he
+took a part of the benefits of the success which resulted--he also,
+driven by the same heat of passion, has taken secret measures and
+procured documents with which to inform your Majesty in a sinister
+way to my prejudice.
+
+Since it is just that in all matters your Majesty should be informed of
+the truth, I send certain documents which are not drawn in secret, nor
+cunningly, nor maliciously, whereby the truth will appear--especially
+the information which was drawn by the alcalde-mayor of the province
+of Valayan (on whose coast and in whose district the ship was lost),
+the very next day, and obtained from the men who were saved from the
+wreck. By this may be seen what passed in this region, and the guilt
+of the said factor, and that of the admiral, as has been pointed out.
+
+Beside this, in the ships which leave here this year goes a religious
+of the Order of St. Augustine, Fray Francisco de Valdes by name, who
+was sent, in company with Fray Diego de Cerrabi, by his order to the
+court of your Majesty on the business of the order. This religious
+can inform your Majesty of all which occurred on the said expedition,
+as his order sent him on it to confess and administer the sacraments;
+and he was present during the fight on the commander's ship, and saved
+himself by swimming. As a trustworthy and disinterested person, he will
+tell the truth, without being influenced by personal considerations.
+
+I humbly beg your Majesty that, with this understanding, your Majesty
+may be pleased to command that opportunity be not given for distortion
+of facts in such a way, by persons so jealous and so suspicious, who
+are moved alone by anger and passion to avenge themselves and procure
+satisfaction from the ministers who, for the service of your Majesty,
+have administered (as they still do) justice in your behalf; and
+that you will command that the illegality which appears to have been
+committed in this be punished, as is most fitting for the service of
+your Majesty. God protect the Catholic person of your Majesty. Manila,
+July 8, 1602.
+
+_Doctor Antonio de Morga_
+
+
+
+Sire:
+
+I, the licentiate Geronimo de Salazar y Salcedo, your fiscal in
+the royal Chancilleria of the Philipinas Islands, say that on the
+sixteenth of January of the year one thousand six hundred your Majesty
+was pleased to command that a royal commission be given to Don Pedro
+de Acuna, governor and captain-general of these islands, empowering
+him, when he should reach them, to cause the royal officials to give
+him a report of what they have collected from Don Francisco Tello,
+his predecessor, toward the sixteen millions [of maravedis?] which
+were still due from the balance which was incurred by him at the
+time when he was treasurer of the Sevilla House of Trade; and also
+to cause that whatever remained to be paid should be collected from
+the said Don Francisco Tello and from his property.
+
+In the course of the execution of this commission by the said Don
+Pedro de Acuna, the royal officials certified that the said Don
+Francisco Tello had paid them twenty-seven thousand two hundred
+pesos of common gold, which should be twenty-eight thousand one
+hundred and eighty-four pesos, according to your command by a royal
+decree dated in San Lorenco, on the thirteenth of September in the
+year one thousand five hundred and ninety-five. The said officials
+decided that the eight thousand pesos which were lost in the year
+one thousand six hundred in the ship "Santa Margarita" should be
+for your Majesty's account--because, since the debt was contracted
+in the Sevilla House of Trade, the payment should be there; and
+the said Don Francisco Tello must run the risk as far as that. They
+also decided that what was ordered in the aforesaid royal decree of
+the thirteenth of September, ninety-five, was that each year three
+thousand ducados should be deducted from the salary of Don Francisco
+Tello, which were to be sent each year; and, as he failed to pay in
+the years ninety-six, ninety-seven, and ninety-eight, for the rest
+of the time it came about that eight thousand pesos were sent each
+year. It was thus that the aforesaid eight thousand pesos were lost
+which were going in the said ship "Santa Margarita;" whereas, if the
+aforesaid royal decree had been followed and three thousand ducados
+sent, no more than that sum would have been lost.
+
+The governor gave me authority to follow up the matter, and I asked
+from him an order of execution for the whole sum, with the assurance
+that I would receive on account whatever seemed lawfully to have been
+paid; it was given to me on the person and goods of the aforesaid
+Don Francisco Tello, but property was not found to the value of four
+hundred pesos. He opposed the execution, saying that he had paid in
+Sevilla with the income of his family estate, together with what he
+had paid here, all the balance that was due. I replied to this that
+this did not appear, from the aforesaid royal decree of January, one
+thousand six hundred, and that a forced sale would have to be made
+for the amount that was therein ordered--not taking account of the
+payments that had been made here until they should arrive at Sevilla,
+as the official judges of these islands have decided--and that what
+was lost must be at the risk of the said Don Francisco Tello.
+
+This was proper, since at the time when the said royal officials
+gave the said money to the masters of the ships to be delivered to
+the treasury of Mexico, the aforesaid Don Francisco Tello, by the
+authority of his position, gave orders that the said masters should
+give him the money; and he invested it in merchandise, which, if it
+had arrived in Mexico, would have gained a great deal. It was right
+that, since he was to have the profit, he should bear what risk there
+was--which was greater than if he had allowed the royal officials to
+send the money as it suited them. Since each year a great quantity
+of money is sent from the treasury of Mexico to the one here, they
+would have given orders that, instead of sending the money from here,
+it should be deducted from what was to be sent from Mexico, in order
+that that quantity might be sent to Sevilla. In this way the risk of
+going and coming would have been avoided; and, even if there had not
+been any opportunity for this, they might have sent the said money
+in gold--which is a less risk, because it is of less bulk and weight
+than reals--and thirty per cent would have been gained in Mexico.
+
+Both sides brought evidence, but that for the opposition was of no
+importance; so the governor gave judgment according to the opinion
+of the licentiate Luis Ortis de Padilla, reporter of the aforesaid
+royal Chancilleria, ordering that his property be sold to the highest
+bidder, in order to recover the amount for which the execution had been
+granted--deducting from it all which the royal officials certify to
+have been paid here, and also, eight thousand pesos for what he says he
+has paid in Sevilla. I consented to the judgment as far as concerned
+what was favorable, and I appealed from what was in opposition, to
+what I had asked to have received as evidence. The opposing side has
+denied this, and made a declaration of nullity against the aforesaid
+royal decree of the year six hundred, saying that, according to it,
+it was ordered that the accountants of the royal Council of the
+Indias should make a record of this matter, which they did not do;
+so that everything that was done by its authority is void. Thus the
+suit remains in this position.
+
+Seeing that I did not find any property of the said Don Francisco
+Tello with which to fulfil the aforesaid commission, and hearing that
+he had some property which he kept secret, I asked for and received
+letters of excommunication and censure against those who might know
+of property belonging to the said Don Francisco Tello, in order that
+they should make it known. They opposed this, and tried to delay it
+as much as possible; but nevertheless it was ordered that the three
+letters should be given. They appealed from this, and menaced me with
+the aid of fuerza [61]--with the result that until the sixth of this
+month the last letter could not be read, so that the examination of
+the depositions that were taken has been delayed. According to them,
+it appears that he has no property of any account in these islands,
+but that what he has is in Nueva Espana; and whatever I have been able
+to hear of I give notice to the viceroy of that country to attach,
+because the ships are about to sail, and the governor is in Cavite,
+and I cannot get a warrant for it. God keep the Catholic person of
+your Majesty, according to His power. From Manila, on the tenth of
+July of the year 1602.
+
+The licentiate _Hieronimo de Salazar y Salzedo_
+
+[_Endorsed_: "Examined on the second of July, 1604. Let it be put with
+another from the royal officials of Philipinas, of July 18, 1603."]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Bibliographical Data
+
+
+All documents in this volume save two are obtained from the original
+MSS. in the Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla; and their pressmarks
+therein are indicated as follows:
+
+1. _Ordinances of the Audiencia_ (concluded).--See _Vol_. X, No. 15.
+
+2. _Hospital for Indians._--"Simancas-Secular; Audiencia de Filipinas;
+cartas y expedientes de personas seculares, vistos en el Consejo;
+anos 1595 a 1606; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 35."
+
+3. _Letters from the fiscal, 1599._--"Simancas-Secular; Audiencia
+de Filipinas; cartas y espedientes del presidente y oidores de dicha
+audiencia vistos en el Consejo; anos de 1583 a 1600; est. 67, caj. 6,
+leg. 18."
+
+4. _Letter from king of Borneo._--The same as No. 3, save that the
+dates read, "1583 a 1599."
+
+5. _Letters from Telia._--"Simancas-Secular; Audiencia de Filipinas;
+cartas y expedientes del gobernador de Filipinas vistos en el Consejo;
+anos de 1567 a 1599; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 6."
+
+6. _Letters from Felipe III._--The first one: "Simancas-Filipinas;
+cartas y espedientes del presidente y oidores de dha Audiencia vistos
+en el Consejo; anos de 1600 a [1606]; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 19." (The
+second: in "Cedulario Indico" of Archivo Historico Nacional, Madrid,
+"Tomo 38, fº. 131.6, nº. 101.")
+
+7. _Pacification of Mindanao._--The same as No. 6, first part.
+
+8. _Van Noordt's attack._--"Simancas-Secular; Audiencia de Filipinas;
+cartas y expedientes del presidente y oidores de dicha Audiencia vistos
+en el Consejo; anos de 1600 a 1612; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 19;" but
+on the last of the papers in this group the dates read, "1600 a 1606."
+
+9. _Morga's report of battle._--The same as No. 8.
+
+10. _Letter from Garcia._--"Simancas-Secular; cartas y espedientes
+de personas eclesiasticas vistos en el Consejo; anos 1570 a 1608;
+est. 68, caj. 1, leg. 42."
+
+11. _Letter from the fiscal, 1601._--The same as No. 8.
+
+12. _Complaint of cabildo._--The same as No. 2.
+
+13. _Letter from Morga._--The same as No. 6, first part.
+
+14. _Grant to Jesuit school._--"Simancas-Audiencia de Filipinas;
+consultas originales correspondientes a dha Audiencia desde el ano
+1586 a 1636; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 1."
+
+15. _Instructions to Acuna._--"Audiencia de Filipinas; registros de
+oficio reales ordenes dirigidas a las autoridades del distrito de la
+Audiencia; anos 1597 a 1634; est. 105, caj. 2, leg. 1."
+
+16. _Royal decrees, 1602._--The same as No. 15.
+
+17. _Pintados menaced._--The same as No. 8.
+
+18. _Letters to Felipe III._--The first, second, and fifth, the same
+as No. 8; the third, the same as No. 10, save that the heading reads,
+"Simancas-Eclesiastico;" the fourth, the same as No. 6, first part.
+
+_Annual letters from the Philippine Islands, 1601._--This document
+is obtained from a compilation of missionary letters by John Hay,
+S.J., entitled _De rebus Iaponicis Indicis, et Pervanis_ (Antverpiae,
+M. DC. V), pp. 950-968. Our translation is made from a copy of this
+book in the Library of Congress.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+[1] Evidently a reference to the memoir of Fray Juan Plasencia upon
+the customs of the Tagal natives (_Vol_. VII. pp. 173-196), which was
+long used as a guide by Spanish magistrates and officials in their
+dealings with the Indians.
+
+[2] A counsellor-at-law appointed by the supreme court to make the
+briefs of the causes to be tried; he reads them before the court, after
+they have been first examined and approved by the parties concerned.
+
+[3] The reference or act of delivering written judicial proceedings
+to the other party, in order that, on examination of them, he may
+prepare the answer.
+
+[4] Inserted among these decrees is a copy of the account written by
+Fray Juan de Plasencia, O.S.F., of the customs of the Tagal Indians--a
+document presented in vol. VII of this series; also (unsigned and
+undated, but probably by the same writer) a paper entitled, "Remarks
+on the customs which the natives of Pampanga formerly observed in
+their lawsuits."
+
+[5] _Cuarteles_: referring to the cost of quartering soldiers on
+the citizens.
+
+[6] So in the official transcript from the original MS.; but apparently
+an error for _bar--i.e., bahar_, which is an Arabic weight, computed
+in the Moluccas at about five hundred and ninety pounds (Crawfurd's
+_Dictionary_, p. 103).
+
+[7] The Spanish translation of this letter is written on the back of
+the letter itself.
+
+[8] The words in brackets throughout this letter are conjectural
+readings.
+
+[9] _Marginal note, apparently made to facilitate reference_: "That
+at the end of July, 1599, information was received through letters
+from the captains of the forces at Malaca and Maluco that at Sunda
+and Terrenate were a number of English ships, whose designs were
+not known; that help was asked for Maluco, but the request was not
+granted, it being impossible for this kingdom of the Phelippinas to
+do more; and that it is necessary that we be provided with troops,
+arms, and money from Nueva Espana, of all of which advices have been
+given the viceroy."
+
+[10] The letters here mentioned are found at the end of this document;
+they are all written in Portuguese. They are not presented here,
+as all that is essential in them is contained in Tello's letter.
+
+[11] _Marginal note_: "That the troops and artillery are to retire
+from the fort of La Caldera, and proceed to Cebu, as they are needed
+there; and the fort is burned."
+
+[12] Spanish, _que van por el agua mas de una legua_; apparently some
+word or phrase is missing. Montero y Vidal (_Hist. de la pirateria_,
+i, p. 144) says that the fort of La Caldera was two and one-half
+kilometers (a little more than one and one-half miles) from Zamboanga.
+
+[13] _Marginal note_: "That information regarding the English has
+been given to the viceroy of Nueva Espana, in order that he may send
+reenforcements."
+
+[14] _Marginal note_: "That the work of casting artillery is being
+continued."
+
+[15] The Strait of Sunda, which separates Java from Sumatra.
+
+[16] This is followed by notarial attestations regarding the drawing
+and collation of the above copy of instructions from the original,
+at the order of Pedro de Acuna and Antonio de Morga, in 1602, and
+the certification as to the qualifications of the government notary,
+also dated in 1602.
+
+[17] The ship ranking second in a fleet.
+
+[18] Preceding this document, which is a copy and not the original,
+is a notarial declaration attesting that the present copy was made
+from the original by order of Antonio de Morga, for use in a suit
+brought by him against his admiral, Joan de Alcega, for deserting the
+flagship during the battle, which caused the loss of the flagship. At
+the close of the instructions is the notarial attestation of Joan
+Paez de Sotomayor as to the correctness of the copy, under witness of
+Geronimo Xuarez and Joan de Aldave, and bearing date of August 27,
+1602; and the further attestation by three notaries that Paez de
+Sotomayor is entitled to act as notary.
+
+[19] Francis Drake; see mention of this voyage in _Vol_. IV, p. 313.
+
+[20] Thomas Candish; see _Vol_. VII, p. 52.
+
+[21] Oliver van Noordt; he was a native of Utrecht, and led this
+expedition in behalf of a commercial company which had been formed in
+1598 by certain citizens of the United Provinces. Although the main
+object of their enterprise was trade, the commission issued to Esaias
+de Lende (q.v., _post_) shows that the Dutch government gladly seized
+this opportunity to attack Spanish possessions in the Orient. See
+the detailed account of Van Noordt's voyage in _Recueil des voiages
+... des Indes Orientales_ (Amsterdam, MDCCXXV), ii. pp. 1-117.
+
+[22] Maurice of Nassau, born in 1567, succeeded his father as governor
+of the United Provinces in 1584, and was for forty years the leader
+of the Dutch cause; but he did not become Prince of Orange until the
+death of his elder brother in 1618. Maurice died in 1625.
+
+[23] This was Jacob Claasz; he was sentenced to be set ashore and
+abandoned at the Strait of Magellan. A little bread and wine was given
+him, and it was expected that "he would die of hunger in a few days,
+or else be captured and eaten by the savages" (_Rec. des voiages_,
+ii, p. 30). The same record says that Peter de Lint was promoted to
+Claasz's post.
+
+[24] This vessel was named "El buen Jesus."
+
+[25] A corrupt phonetic rendering of the name of Sir Richard Hawkins,
+son of the noted English freebooter Sir John Hawkins. The reference
+in the text is to the fight between Richard Hawkins and the Spanish
+admiral Beltran de Castro, off the coast of Peru, June 20-22, 1594;
+after a long and desperate contest, the English were forced to
+surrender. Hawkins was taken a prisoner to Spain, but afterward sent
+back to England; he died soon after 1620.  See his work, _Observations
+... in his Voyage into the South Sea_ (London, 1622; reprinted by
+Hakluyt Society, 1847, and again in 1877), 99. 182-225.
+
+[26] As is shown by another document in the same legajo, this patache
+was named "San Xacinto;" it came from Malaca some time before the
+battle with the Dutch, and with news that they had been seen in those
+waters; it was commanded by Estevan Rodriguez de Paez. An embargo was
+laid upon this vessel, in order to secure it for use against the Dutch;
+but this was removed on November 22, 1600. The decree releasing the
+vessel was one of the documents used in a lawsuit brought by Paez
+in regard to the freight charges for the merchandise carried by
+the patache.
+
+[27] Screens of canvas, spread along the sides of a vessel to prevent
+an enemy from seeing what is done on the deck.
+
+[28] Since the independence of the United Provinces was not recognized
+by Spain until 1609, these Dutch prisoners might have been executed
+as rebels against their former lord the king of Spain--an argument
+doubtless emphasized by the tenor of De Lende's commission, which
+follows this account of the battle.
+
+[29] Spanish, _le mas perro_--literally, "the most of a dog."
+
+[30] This descriptive paragraph is found in another copy of De
+Lende's commission, preserved in the same legajo with the original
+of the document just presented. We use this second copy, partly for
+the sake of this description, partly because it is more exact in the
+spelling of proper names. The estates belonging to the house of Orange
+were Nassau, Catzenellenbogen, Vianden, Dietz, Veer, and Vlissingue
+(anglicized to Flushing).
+
+[31] Alluding to the Holy Roman Empire, which, founded by Charlemagne
+in the year 800, was long the temporal arm of the ecclesiastical
+power in Europe. Carlos I of Spain was its head, under the title of
+Charles V, during his reign as king of Spain. The Holy Roman Empire
+came to an end in August, 1806, with the resignation of its head,
+Francis II of Austria.
+
+[32] Francisco Vaez was born at Segovia in 1543, and received into
+the Jesuit order in 1566. After his ordination he was sent to Mexico,
+where he filled various responsible offices, among them that of
+provincial. He died at Mexico, July 14, 1619. Sommervogel does not
+mention his presence in the Philippine Islands. The letter by Vaez is
+translated from the Latin version published by John Hay (1546-1607--a
+Jesuit of Scotch birth, noted for his disputes with Protestants),
+under the title _De rebus Iaponicis, Indicis_, etc., as seen in the
+title-page herewith reproduced (Antverpiae, M. DC. v). But the letter
+had already been printed, two years earlier, in the _Relatione breve_
+of Diego de Torres, S.J. (Milano, MDCIII), the title-page of which
+is also given here. Torres held various high official positions in
+his order in Peru, Paraguay, and other South American countries;
+and Sommervogel says (_Bibliotheque Comp. Jesus_, viii, col. 132):
+"Father Torres, having been sent to Rome as procurator of his province,
+profited by his sojourn in Rome to have his relation printed; it is
+dated at Rome, February 25, 1603." It is not certain whether either
+of these versions is the original production of Vaez; but as he
+was a Spaniard, and writing to the general of his order, it seems
+probable that he wrote in Latin, and that the Latin version which
+we follow is Vaez's own composition, rather than the Italian--which
+latter may have been Torres's translation from the Latin original,
+to suit better his own account written in Italian.
+
+The Latin title-page reads thus in English: "Recent letters on affairs
+in Japan, India, and Peru; collected in one volume by John Hay, a Scot,
+of Dalgatty, of the Society of Jesus. Antwerp; from the printing-house
+of Martin Nutius, at the sign of the two storks; in the year 1605."
+
+The Italian title-page is thus translated: "A brief relation by
+Father Diego de Torres, of the Society of Jesus, procurator of the
+province of Peru, regarding the fruit which is being gathered among
+the Indians of that realm; for the consolation of the religious of
+that Society in Europe. At the end is added the annual letter from
+the Philippine Islands for 1600. At Milan; by the heirs of the late
+Pacifico Pontio, and Giovanni Battista Piccaglia, partners; 1603. By
+permission of the superiors."
+
+[33] Pedro Lopez de la Parra was a native of Salamanca; entering
+the Jesuit order, he completed his studies and was ordained at
+Mexico--where for some years he was both an instructor and preacher,
+being regarded as an unusually eloquent orator. Desiring to be a
+missionary in the Philippines, he came to the islands, but found
+that he could not master the language of the natives; discouraged
+by this, and finding that no other employment was available, he
+obtained permission from the visitor Garcia to return to Mexico; and
+on the voyage perished by shipwreck, as here related. (La Concepcion,
+_Hist. de Philipinas_, iii, pp. 391, 392.)
+
+[34] The word _collegium_, as used here, means rather "residence" than
+"college;" but we retain the latter rendering because the Jesuits were
+then actually conducting an educational institution at Manila, in which
+they gave instruction to the Spaniards and to some natives. This was
+the college of San Jose, for which provision had been made as early
+as 1585; but for various reasons it was not opened until 1600. Its
+first rector was Pedro Chirino; among its first students (thirteen
+in all) were Pedro Tello, a nephew of the governor, and Antonio de
+Morga, a son of the auditor. See La Concepcion's detailed account,
+in _Hist. de Philipinas_, iii, pp. 403-409.
+
+[35] La Concepcion states (_Hist. de Philipinas_, iii, pp. 386-387)
+that St. Polycarp was chosen by lot, in a solemn and public assembly
+as the especial patron of the city of Manila, for its protection
+against earthquakes, as Santa Potenciana was its patron in hurricanes
+and tempests.
+
+[36] Antipolo is a town lying about thirteen miles east of Manila,
+near the northwest corner of Laguna de Bay.
+
+[37] La Concepcion gives (_Hist. de Philipinas_, iii, pp. 409-412)
+an interesting account of the labors of this bishop, Fray Pedro de
+Agurto, during the year 1600. Assembling the clergy and friars of his
+diocese, he proposed to them various measures, especially intended to
+facilitate the instruction and conversion of the natives. The catechism
+of the church had been already translated into the Visayan speech;
+but this version was now entrusted to a committee of six (equally
+divided between the Jesuits, Augustinians, and regular clergy)
+for revision. This assembly resolved to attempt the suppression of
+polygamy among the heathen Indians subject to the Spaniards, and
+to check the easy divorces prevalent among them. Agurto undertook a
+visitation in Leyte and Samar, but could not complete it on account
+of those islands being invaded by pirates from Mindanao.
+
+[38] Miguel Gomez entered the Jesuit order at Alcala in 1582; after
+his ordination was sent to the Philippines; during his stay there
+was for some time an instructor in the college at Manila; and died
+there December 28, 1622.
+
+[39] Ledesma was born in 1556, and became a novice in the Jesuit order
+at the age of sixteen. In 1596 he came to the Philippines, where he
+filled high positions in his order--rector at Zebu, rector at Manila,
+and provincial of the islands. He died at Manila, May 15, 1639.
+
+[40] Christoval Ximenes was born in 1573, and entered the Jesuit order
+in 1588. Coming to the Philippines in 1596, he spent thirty-two years
+in the Visayan missions; he died at Alangatang, in Leyte, December
+3, 1628. He was noted as a linguist, and composed various works,
+religious or poetical, in the Visayan tongue; one of these was a
+translation of Bellarmino's _Doctrina Christiana_ (Manila, 1610).
+
+Gabriel Sanchez is not mentioned by Sommervogel.
+
+[41] See La Concepcion's account of the work of the Jesuits in Bohol
+(_Hist. de Philipinas_, iii, pp. 356-362). Gabriel Sanchez and Juan
+de Torres were the first of their missionaries there. The Boholans
+did not, like the other natives of those islands, practice polygamy;
+thus their conversion was greatly facilitated.  The fathers gathered
+many of the natives into a reduction; and they healed many sick
+persons with holy water. Among their converts was Catunao, a chief
+one hundred and twenty years old, who had guided Legazpi to Cebu.
+
+[42] Apparently the same as the present Tubigon, a considerable town
+on the western coast of Bohol.
+
+[43] Dulag is a town on the eastern coast of Leyte; and Alangalang
+(named in the last section of this letter) is in the northern part
+of that island, some twenty miles up the Cabayong River.
+
+[44] "Go ye, swift angels, to a people wrenched up and torn, a fearful
+people, after whom is none other."
+
+[45] In MS., _treze_ (thirteen)--apparently an error in transcription
+(probably arising from almost illegible writing in the original),
+since Vaez, in the document preceding this, makes the number of Jesuit
+priests in the islands to be thirty (_treinta_).
+
+[46] La Concepcion relates (_Hist. de Philipinas_, iii,
+pp. 380-382) the labors accomplished in less than a year by Garcia
+as visitor. Collecting over one thousand pesos of contributions,
+he restored the Jesuit church at Manila, which had been ruined by
+earthquakes; and appointed Pedro Chirino as rector of the college. He
+reorganized the missions of the Society, and their administration, and
+presented a more liberal interpretation of the rule and constitution
+of the order. He visited the various missions; and the missionaries
+who had been stationed in different villages were gathered by Garcia
+into a few central residences, from which they made journeys to carry
+on their labors. La Concepcion writes in a critical tone, regarding
+Garcia as an innovator, and as doing more harm than good by some of
+his too radical measures. Sommervogel does not mention Diego Garcia.
+
+[47] For interesting accounts, descriptive and historical, of early
+ships, see article by Admiral George H. Preble on "Ships of the
+Sixteenth Century," and similar papers on those of the next three
+centuries, in _The United Service_, November, 1883-June, 1884. See also
+Edward Shippen's account of galleys and the life of the galley-slaves
+("Galleys of the Sixteenth Century"), in the same periodical,
+September, 1884. On galleons, cf. note in _The Spanish War_, 1585-87
+(published by Navy Records Society; London, 1898), pp. 337-341.
+
+[48] The document here referred to (dated January 15-June 12, 1601),
+and another recording a similar investigation made by Morga (July 6-9,
+1602), are in the Sevilla archives, bearing the same pressmark as
+the fiscal's letter in our text. Both are too long and unimportant
+to be here presented.
+
+[49] On June 13, 1597, Felipe II issued a commission to Antonio de
+Morga to investigate charges of peculation which had been made against
+this man, as factor of the royal exchequer in the Philippines.
+
+[50] See La Concepcion's account of the loss of this ship (_Hist. de
+Philipinas_, iii, pp. 428-435).
+
+[51] Spanish, _colegio_; see note 32, _ante_.
+
+[52] A fund, the interest of which is required by the Spanish laws
+for the support of an ecclesiastic.
+
+[53] Mauban is a town and anchorage in the northeast corner of
+Tayabas province, Luzon; it lies on the Pacific coast of the island,
+and southeast from Manila.
+
+[54] In a squadron, the galley next in rank to the flagship or
+_capitana_.
+
+[55] These names appear thus in the text; but they evidently refer
+to the same persons who are previously mentioned as Liguana and Ssapay.
+
+[56] Sangir (or Sanguir) is a small island midway between Mindanao
+and Celebes; Tagolanda is another one, south of Sangir, about fifty
+miles northeast of Celebes.
+
+[57] At the beginning of this letter is a brief summary of its
+contents.
+
+[58] In 1601 the capital of Spain was removed from Madrid to
+Valladolid; but this measure proved so disastrous that Felipe III
+found it necessary to return to Madrid in 1606.
+
+[59] Diego Cerrabe entered the Augustinian order at Burgos in 1584. He
+came to the Philippines in 1595, and after various official services
+there, and two years' ministry at Pasig, he went to Spain with
+messages from his chapter at Manila; apparently he did not return to
+the islands. (Perez's _Catalogo_, p. 47.)
+
+[60] The MS. is worn or mutilated at the places marked by leaders;
+the words in brackets are the translator's conjectural readings.
+
+[61] See definition of fuerza in _Vol_. V, p. 292. The reference here
+indicates that Tello or his friends, in order to oppose the fiscal's
+proceedings, secured the interference of some ecclesiastical judge,
+who thus committed fuerza.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, by Various
+
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