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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:45:46 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:45:46 -0700 |
| commit | 2964f44079e15d5faf38c94f5d92fe60f9cde3e3 (patch) | |
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diff --git a/14981-h/14981-h.htm b/14981-h/14981-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e78cd3e --- /dev/null +++ b/14981-h/14981-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,9121 @@ + +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"> + +<head> +<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org"> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Itinerary Of Benjamin Of Tudela</title> +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> +<style type="text/css"> + + + + +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- +p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 100%; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + +LI.indent { + margin-left: 5%; +} + +ins.correction {border-bottom-style: dotted; + border-bottom-color: red; border-bottom-width:1px;} + + + .linenum {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%;} /* poetry number */ + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;} /* page numbers */ + .sidenote {width: 20%; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em; margin-left: 1em; + float: right; clear: right; margin-top: 1em; + font-size: smaller; background: #eeeeee; border: dashed 1px;} + + .bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} + .bl {border-left: solid 2px;} + .bt {border-top: solid 2px;} + .br {border-right: solid 2px;} + .bbox {border: solid 2px;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + + .footnote {text-decoration: none;;} + + .fnanchor {font-size: smaller; } + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem span {display: block; margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 2em;} + .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 4em;} + + --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela +by Benjamin of Tudela + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela + +Author: Benjamin of Tudela + +Release Date: February 8, 2005 [EBook #14981] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ITINERARY OF BENJAMIN OF TUDELA *** + + + + +Produced by Ted Garvin and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + +<div style= +" background-color: white; color: black; border-style: ridge;"> + +<center> +<h1>THE ITINERARY<br /> + +OF<br /> + +BENJAMIN OF TUDELA</h1> +</center> +</div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + + +<h3>CRITICAL TEXT, TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY<br /> + +BY</h3> + +<h2>MARCUS NATHAN ADLER, M.A.</h2> + + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<h4><a href="#CONTENTS">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a></h4> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + + +<h4>PHILIPP FELDHEIM, INC<br /> +THE HOUSE OF THE JEWISH BOOK<br /> +NEW YORK</h4> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<h4>FIRST EDITION: LONDON 1907</h4> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<h4><i>published by</i> <br /> +PHILIPP FELDHEIM, Inc. <br /> +96 East Broadway <br /> +New York, N.Y. 10002</h4> +<br /> +<br /><br /><br /><br /> +<h3>PRINTED IN JERUSALEM ISRAEL BY S. MONSON</h3> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<h4>DEDICATED +TO THE +MEMORY OF +MORITZ STEINSCHNEIDER</h4> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<table summary="toc"> +<tr> +<td><a name="CONTENTS"><b>TABLE OF CONTENTS</b></a></td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><ins class="correction" + Title="Transcriber's note: 'not included'">Map showing Benjamin's route</ins></td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td align="right">Pages</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><a href="#INTRODUCTION"></a><b>INTRODUCTION</b></td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>I. Islam in the Middle Ages </td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_vii">vii</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>II. The Object of Benjamin's Journey</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_xii">xii</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>III. Bibliography</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_xiii">xiii</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>THE ITINERARY</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Translation of Hebrew Introduction</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_1">1</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>EUROPE</i></td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Saragossa, Barcelona, Narbonne </td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_2">2</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Beziers, Montpellier, Lunel</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_3">3</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Posquières, Bourg de St. Gilles, Arles, Marseilles</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_4">4</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Genoa, Pisa, Lucca </td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_5">5</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Rome </td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_5">5-7</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Naples, Sorrento, Salerno</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_8">8</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Amalfi, Benevento, Melfi, Ascoli, Trani, Taranto, Brindisi</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_9">9</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Corfu, Arta, Patras, Lepanto, Crissa, Corinth, Thebes</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_10">10</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Wallachia, Armylo, Vissena, Salonica, Abydos</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_11">11</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Constantinople </td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_11">11-14</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Rhaedestus, Gallipoli, Chios, Samos, Rhodes</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_14">14</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>ASIA</i></td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cyprus, Curicus, Malmistras, Antioch</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_15">15</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Antioch, Ladikiya, Gebela, the Hashishim</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_16">16</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Kadmus, Tarabulus (Tripolis), Gubail (Byblus)</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_17">17</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Beirut, Sidon, the Druses, Tyre</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_18">18</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Acre, Haifa, Carmel</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_19">19</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Caesarea, Ludd, Samaria, Nablous</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_20">20</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>The Samaritans</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_20">20-1</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Jerusalem</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_22">22-5</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bethlehem, Hebron</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_25">25-6</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Beit Jibrin, Shiloh, Ramah</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_26">26</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gibeah, Nob, Ramleh, Jaffa</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_27">27</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +Askelon, Jezreel, Sepphoris, Tiberias</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_28">28</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Meron, Kedesh Naphtali, Banias</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_29">29</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Damascus</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_29">29-30</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Galid, Salchah</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_30">30</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Baalbec, Tadmor, Emesa, Hatnath</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_31">31</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sheizar, Aleppo, Kalat Jabar, Rakka</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_32">32</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Harrān, Ras-el-Ain, Geziret Ibn Omar</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_33">33</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Mosul</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_33">33-4</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Rahbah, Karkisiya, El-Anbar</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_34">34</a></td> +<tr> +<td>Hadara, Okbara</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_35">35</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bagdad</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_35">35-42</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gazigan, Babylon</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_42">42</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hillah, Tower of Babel, Kaphri</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_43">43</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sepulchre of Ezekiel</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_44">44</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Kotsonath, Kefar Al-Keram, Kufa, Sura</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_45">45</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Shafjathib, El-Anbar, Hillah</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_46">46</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Kheibar, Teima, Tilmas and Tanai in Arabia</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_47">47-50</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Basra, Khuzistan, Shushan</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_51">51</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sepulchre of Daniel</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_52">52-3</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Rudbar, Nihawand, Mulahid</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_53">53</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Amadia, History of David Alroy</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_54">54-6</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hamadan, Tabaristan</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_57">57</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ispahan, Shiraz, Ghaznah</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_58">58</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Samarkand, Tibet, Naisabur</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_59">59</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Expedition of Sinjar against the Ghuz</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_60">60-2</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Khuzistan, Island of Kish</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_62">62</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Katifa, Khulam (Quilon), India</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_63">63-4</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ibrig</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_65">65-6</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>China, Sea of Nikpa</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_66">66</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Al-Gingaleh, Zebid, Aden</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_67">67</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>AFRICA</i></td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Abyssinia and Nubia, Egypt</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_68">68</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gana, Desert of Sahara, Fayum, Heluan,</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_69">69</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> Cairo </td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_70">70-4</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Alexandria</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_75">75-7</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Damietta, Sunbat, Mount Sinai, Tur Sinai, Tanis</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_77">77-8</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<i>EUROPE</i>.</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"></td> +<tr> +<td>Island of Sicily, Messina, Palermo, Italy</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_78">78-9</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Germany</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_79">79-80</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bohemia, Slavonia</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_80">80</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Russia, France, Paris </td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#bpage_81">81</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>ENGLISH INDEX</td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#INDEX">82-94</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a href="#FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES</a></td> +<td></td> +<td align="right"></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<pre> +<ins class="correction" + Title="Transcriber's note: 'not included'"> +HEBREW TEXT, with prefatory note ...[Hebrew] + List of emendations of Text ...[Hebrew] +HEBREW INDEX ...................... [Hebrew]</ins> +</pre> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr style="width: 85%;"> +<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION</h2> +<hr style="width: 85%;"> +<br /> + +<a name="bpage_vii"></a> +<h4>I. ISLAM IN THE MIDDLE AGES.</h4> + + +<p>The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela throws a flashlight upon one of +the most interesting stages in the development of nations.</p> + +<p>The history of the civilized world from the downfall of the Roman +Empire to the present day may be summarized as the struggle between +Cross and Crescent. This struggle is characterized by a persistent ebb +and flow. Mohammed in 622 A.D. transformed, as if by magic, a cluster +of Bedouin tribes into a warlike people. An Arabian Empire was formed, +which reached from the Ebro to the Indus. Its further advance was +stemmed in the year 732, just a hundred years after Mohammed's death, +by Charles Martel, in the seven days' battle of Tours.</p> + +<p>The progress of the culture of the Arabs was as rapid as had been that +of their arms. Great cities such as Cairo and Bagdad were built. +Commerce and manufactures flourished. The Jews, who enjoyed protection +under the benign rule of the Caliphs, transmitted to the Arabs the +learning and science of the Greeks. Schools and universities arose in +all parts of the Empire. The dark age of Christendom proved to be the +golden age of literature for Jew and Arab.</p> + +<p>By the eleventh century, however, the Arabs had lost much of their +martial spirit. Islam might have lost its ascendancy in the East had +not the warlike Seljuk Turks, coming from the highlands of Central +Asia, possessed themselves of the countries which, in days of old, +constituted the Persian Empire under Darius. The Seljuks became ready +converts to Islam, and upheld the failing strength of the Arabs.</p> +<p>It was the ill-treatment by the Seljuks of the Christian pilgrims to<a name="bpage_viii"></a> +Palestine which aroused Christian Europe and led to the First Crusade. +The feudal system adopted by the Seljuks caused endless dissension +among their petty sovereigns, called "Atabegs", all of whom were +nominally vassals of the Caliph at Bagdad. Thus it came about that +Islamism, divided against itself, offered but a poor resistance to the +advance of the Christians. The Crusaders had little difficulty in +making their way to Palestine. They captured Jerusalem, and +established the Latin kingdom there.</p> + +<p>By the middle of the twelfth century Mohammedan power had shrunk to +smaller dimensions. Not only did the Franks hold Palestine and all the +important posts on the Syrian coast, but, by the capture of Lesser +Armenia, Antioch, and Edessa, they had driven a wedge into Syria, and +extended their conquests even beyond the Euphrates.</p> + +<p>At length there came a pause in the decline of Islam. Zengi, a +powerful Seljuk Atabeg, in 1144 captured Edessa, the outpost of +Christendom, and the Second Crusade, led by the Emperor Conrad of +Germany and by King Louis VII of France, failed to effect the +recapture of the fortress. Nureddin, the far-sighted son and successor +of Zengi, and later on Saladin, a Kurd, trained at his court, +discovered how to restore the fallen might of Islam and expel the +Franks from Asia. A necessary preliminary step was to put an end to +the dissensions of the Atabeg rulers. Nureddin did this effectually by +himself annexing their dominions. His next step was to gain possession +of Egypt, and thereby isolate the Latin Kingdom. Genoa, Pisa, and +Venice, the three Italian republics who between them had command of +the sea, were too selfish and too intent upon their commercial +interests to interfere with the designs of the Saracens. The Latin +king Amalric had for some years sought to gain a foothold in Egypt. In +November, 1168, he led the Christian army as far as the Nile, and was +about to seize Fostat, the old unfortified Arab metropolis of Egypt. +The inhabitants, however, preferred to set fire to the city rather +than that it should fall into the hands of the Christians. To this +very day many traces may be seen in the neighbourhood of Cairo of this +conflagration. Nureddin's army, in which Saladin held a subordinate<a name="bpage_ix"></a> +command, by a timely arrival on the scene forced the Franks to +retreat, and the Saracens were acclaimed as deliverers.</p> + +<p>The nominal ruler of Egypt at that time was El-Adid, the Fatimite +Caliph, and he made Saladin his Vizier, little thinking that that +modest officer would soon supplant him. So efficiently did Saladin +administer the country that in a few months it had regained its +prosperity, despite the five years' devastating war which had +preceded.</p> + +<p>At this juncture the traveller Rabbi Benjamin came to Egypt. Some +three years earlier he had left his native place—Tudela, on the Ebro +in the north of Spain. After passing through the prosperous towns +which lie on the Gulf of Lyons, he visited Rome and South Italy. From +Otranto he crossed over to Corfu, traversed Greece, and then came to +Constantinople, of which he gives an interesting account. Very +telling, for example, are the words: "They hire from amongst all +nations warriors called Barbarians to fight with the Sultan of the +Seljuks; for the natives are not warlike, but are as women who have no +strength to fight." After visiting the Islands of the Aegean, as well +as Rhodes and Cyprus, he passed on to Antioch, and followed the +well-known southern route skirting the Mediterranean, visiting the +important cities along the coast, all of which were then in the hands +of the Franks.</p> + +<p>Having regard to the strained relations between the Christians and +Saracens, and to the fights and forays of the Latin knights, we can +understand that Benjamin had to follow a very circuitous way to enable +him to visit all the places of note in Palestine. From Damascus, which +was then the capital of Nureddin's empire, he travelled along with +safety until he reached Bagdad, the city of the Caliph, of whom he has +much to tell.</p> + +<p>It is unlikely that he went far into Persia, which at that time was in +a chaotic state, and where the Jews were much oppressed. From Basra, +at the mouth of the Tigris, he probably visited the island of Kish in +the Persian Gulf, which in the Middle Ages was a great emporium of +commerce, and thence proceeded to Egypt by way of Aden and Assuan.</p> +<a name="bpage_x"></a> +<p>Benjamin gives us a vivid sketch of the Egypt of his day. Peace and +plenty seemed to prevail in the country. This happy state of things +was entirely due to the wise measures taken by Saladin, who, however, +kept himself so studiously in the background, that not even his name +is mentioned in the Itinerary. The deposition of the Fatimite Caliph +on Friday, September 10, 1171, and his subsequent death, caused little +stir. Saladin continued to govern Egypt as Nureddin's lieutenant. In +due course he made himself master of Barca and Tripoli; then he +conquered Arabia Felix and the Soudan, and after Nureddin's death he +had no difficulty in annexing his old master's dominions. The +Christian nations viewed his rapidly growing power with natural alarm.</p> + +<p>About that time news had reached Europe that a powerful Christian king +named Prester John, who reigned over a people coming from Central +Asia, had invaded Western Asia and inflicted a crushing defeat upon a +Moslem army. Pope Alexander III conceived the hope that a useful ally +could be found in this priest-king, who would support and uphold the +Christian dominion in Asia. He accordingly dispatched his physician +Philip on a mission to this mysterious potentate to secure his help +against the Mohammedans. The envoy never returned.</p> + +<p>Benjamin is one of the very few writers of the Middle Ages who gives +us an account of these subjects of Prester John. They were no other +than the infidels, the sons of Ghuz, or Kofar-al-Turak, the wild +flat-nosed Mongol hordes from the Tartary Steppes, who, in Benjamin's +quaint language, "worship the wind and live in the wilderness, who eat +no bread and drink no wine, but feed on uncooked meat. They have no +noses—in lieu thereof they have two small holes through which they +breathe."</p> + +<p>These were not men likely to help the Christians. On the contrary, as +is so fully described in Benjamin's Itinerary, they broke the power of +Sultan Sinjar, the mighty Shah of Persia, who, had he been spared by +the men of Ghuz, would have proved a serious menace to Saladin.</p> + +<p>It took Saladin some years to consolidate his empire.</p> +<a name="bpage_xi"></a> + +<p>In 1187 he felt himself in a position to engage the Franks in a +decisive conflict. At the battle of Tiberias, Guy, the Latin king, was +defeated and taken prisoner. The Knights-Templars and Hospitalers, of +whose doings at Jerusalem Benjamin gives us particulars, either shared +the fate of the king or were slain in action. Jerusalem fell soon +afterwards. Pope Alexander III roused the conscience of Europe, and +induced the pick of chivalry to embark upon the Third Crusade in 1189. +But the prowess of the Emperor Frederic Barbarossa, the gallantry of +Richard I of England, the astuteness of Philip Augustus of France, +were of no avail. The Fourth and Fifth Crusades were equally +unsuccessful, and the tide of Islam's success rose high.</p> + +<p>After Saladin's death his empire gradually crumbled to pieces, and +under Ghenghis Khan an invasion took place of hordes of Mongols and +Tartars, of whom the Ghuz had been merely the precursors. They overran +China and Russia, Persia, and parts of Western Asia. The effete +Caliphate at Bagdad was overthrown, but to Islam itself fresh life was +imparted. The rapid decline of the Mongol power at the end of the +thirteenth century gave free scope to the rise of the Ottoman Turks, +who had been driven from their haunts east of the Caspian Sea. Like +their kinsmen the Seljuks they settled in Asia Minor, and embraced the +Mohammedan faith, an example which many Mongols followed. The converts +proved trusty warriors to fight the cause of Islam, which gradually +attained the zenith of success. On May 29, 1453, Constantinople was +captured by the Turks, and an end was made of the Byzantine Empire. +Eastern Europe was subsequently overrun by them, and it was not until +John Sobieski defeated the Turks under the walls of Vienna in 1683 +that their victorious career was checked.</p> + +<p>Then at last the tide of Islam turned, and its fortunes have been +ebbing ever since. At the present day little territory remains to them +in Europe. India and Egypt are now subject to England; Russia has +annexed Central Asia; France rules Algiers and Tunis. One wonders +whether there will be a pause in this steady decline of Islam, and +<a name="bpage_xii"></a> +whether the prophetic words of Scripture will continue to hold good: +"He will be a wild man, his hand will be against every man, and every +man's hand against him, and he shall dwell in the presence of all his +brethren."</p> + +<p>This brief consideration of the struggle between Cross and Crescent +may serve to indicate the importance of the revival of Islam, which +took place between the Second and Third Crusades, at the time when +Benjamin wrote his Itinerary.</p> + +<br /> +<h4><a name="II_THE_OBJECT_OF_BENJAMINS_JOURNEY" id="II_THE_OBJECT_OF_BENJAMINS_JOURNEY"></a>II. THE +OBJECT OF BENJAMIN'S JOURNEY.</h4> + + +<p>We may ask what induced Benjamin to undertake his travels? What object +or mission was he carrying out?</p> + +<p>It must be explained that the Jew in the Middle Ages was much given to +travel. He was the Wandering Jew, who kept up communications between +one country and another. He had a natural aptitude for trade and +travel. His people were scattered to the four corners of the earth. As +we can see from Benjamin's Itinerary, there was scarcely a city of +importance where Jews could not be found. In the sacred tongue they +possessed a common language, and wherever they went they could rely +upon a hospitable reception from their co-religionists. Travelling +was, therefore, to them comparatively easy, and the bond of common +interest always supplied a motive. Like Joseph, the traveller would be +dispatched with the injunction: "I pray thee see whether it be well +with thy brethren, and bring me word again."</p> + +<p>If this was the case in times when toleration and protection were +extended to the Jews, how much stronger must have grown the desire for +intercommunication at the time of the Crusades. The most prosperous +communities in Germany and the Jewish congregations that lay along the +route to Palestine had been exterminated or dispersed, and even in +Spain, where the Jews had enjoyed complete security for centuries, +they were being pitilessly persecuted in the Moorish kingdom of +Cordova.</p> + +<p>It is not unlikely, therefore, that Benjamin may have <a name="bpage_xiii"></a>undertaken his +journey with the object of finding out where his expatriated brethren +might find an asylum. It will be noted that Benjamin seems to use +every effort to trace and to afford particulars of independent +communities of Jews, who had chiefs of their own, and owed no +allegiance to the foreigner.</p> + +<p>He may have had trade and mercantile operations in view. He certainly +dwells on matters of commercial interest with considerable detail. +Probably he was actuated by both motives, coupled with the pious wish +of making a pilgrimage to the land of his fathers.</p> + +<p>Whatever his intentions may have been, we owe Benjamin no small debt +of gratitude for handing to posterity records that form a unique +contribution to our knowledge of geography and ethnology in the Middle +Ages.</p> + +<br /> +<h4><a name="III_BIBLIOGRAPHY" id="III_BIBLIOGRAPHY"></a>III. BIBLIOGRAPHY.</h4> + + +<p>"The Itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela," prepared and published by +A. Asher, is the best edition of the diary of that traveller. The +first volume appeared in 1840, and contained a carefully compiled +Hebrew text with vowel points, together with an English translation +and a bibliographical account. A second volume appeared in 1841 +containing elaborate notes by Asher himself and by such eminent +scholars as Zunz and Rapoport, together with a valuable essay by the +former on the Geographical Literature of the Jews and on the Geography +of Palestine, also an Essay by Lebrecht on the Caliphate of Bagdad.</p> + +<p>In addition to twenty-three several reprints and translations +enumerated by Asher, various others have since appeared from time to +time, but all of them are based upon the two editions of the text from +which he compiled his work. These were the Editio Princeps, printed by +Eliezer ben Gershon at Constantinople, 1543, and the Ferrara Edition +of 1556, printed by Abraham Usque, the editor of the famous "Jews" +Bible in Spanish.</p> + +<p>Asher himself more than once deplores the fact that he had not a +single MS. to resort to when confronted by doubtful or divergent +readings in the texts before him.</p> + +<p>I have, however, been fortunate enough to be able to trace and examine +three complete MSS. of Benjamin's Travels, as well as large fragments +belonging to two other MSS., and these I have embodied in my present +collation. The following is a brief description of the MSS.:—</p> + +<p>1. BM, a MS. in the British Museum (No. 27,089). It is bound up with +some of Maimonides' works, several Midrashic tracts, a commentary on +the Hagadah by Joseph Gikatilia, and an extract from Abarbanel's +commentary on Isaiah; it forms part of the Almanzi collection, which +curiously enough was purchased by the British Museum from Asher & Co. +in October, 1865, some twenty years after Asher's death.</p> + +<p>Photographs of three pages of this MS. will be found with the Hebrew +text. With regard to the date of the MS., some competent judges who +have seen it assign it to the thirteenth century, and this view has +some support from Professor S. D. Luzzatto, who, in Steinschneider's +<i>Hammazkir</i> (vol. V, fo. 105, xvii) makes the following comment upon +it:—</p> + +<p><img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image01.gif" width="322" height="17"></p> +<p>This MS. is the groundwork of the text I have adopted.</p> + +<p>2. R, or the Roman MS., in the Casanatense library at Rome, and +numbered No. 216 in the Catalogue Sacerdote. This MS. occupies the +first twenty-seven leaves of Codex 3097, which contains fifteen other +treatises, among them a text of Eldad Hadani, all written by the same +scribe, Isaac of Pisa, in 5189 A.M., which corresponds with 1429-1430 +(see Colophon at the end of the Hebrew text, page +<img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image02.gif" width="17" height="17">). +Under my direction Dr. Grünhut, of Jerusalem, proceeded to Rome, and +made a copy. Subsequently I obtained a collation of it made by the +late Dr. Neubauer; both have been used in preparing the notes to the +text. Later on, after the Hebrew text had already been printed, I +visited Rome, and on examining the MS. I found that a few variants had +been overlooked. I had facsimiles made of several pages, which will be +found with the Hebrew text.</p> + +<p>3. E, a MS. now in the possession of Herr Epstein of +Vienna, who acquired it from Halberstamm's collection. The only +reliable clue as to the date of this MS. is the license of the censor: +"visto per me fra Luigi da Bologna Juglio 1599." Herr Epstein +considers it to have been written at the end of the fifteenth or +beginning of the sixteenth century. The MS. is on paper and in +"Italian" handwriting. It contains seventy-four quarto pages of from +19-20 lines each. Speaking generally it is analogous to the edition of +Ferrara, 1556, which was used by Ashor as the groundwork of his text +(Asher, p. 3), but the spelling of persons and places in E often +differs from that in the text of Asher.</p> + +<p>4. O, in the Oppenheim collection of the Bodleian Library (MS. Opp. +add. 8° 36; ff. 58-63; Neubauer 2425), is a fragment. Its first three +leaves are continuous, beginning at p. 61 of Asher's edition and +ending at p. 73. After this there is a <i>lacuna</i> of four leaves, and +the fragment, which recommences at p. 98 of Asher's edition, is then +continuous to the end of the book. The volume in which it is bound +contains various other treatises written by the same scribe, and +includes a fragment on Maimonides, whose death is mentioned as +occurring in 1202, and also part of a controversy of Nachmanides which +took place in 1263.</p> + +<p>The MS. is in Spanish Rabbinic characters, and would appear to have +been written in the fourteenth or fifteenth century. For the collation +of this and the following fragment I am indebted to the kindness of my +friend Mr. A. Cowley, of Oxford. Photographs of pages of both MSS. +will be found with the Hebrew text.</p> + +<p>5. B, also in the Oppenheim collection of the Bodleian Library (MS. +Opp. add. 8°, 58; fol. 57; Neubauer 2580). This fragment begins at p. +50 of Asher's edition. The date of this fragment is probably much +later than that of O, and may well be as late as the eighteenth +century. It appears to be written in an oriental hand.</p> + +<p>In addition to the critical text, I give a translation of the British +Museum MS., and add brief notes thereto. I have purposely confined the +latter to small dimensions in view of the fact that Asher's notes, the +Jewish Encyclopaedia, and the works of such writers as Graetz and +others, will enable the reader to acquire further information on the +various incidents, personages, and places referred to by Benjamin. I +would, however, especially mention a work by Mr. C. Raymond Beazley +entitled "The Dawn of Modern Geography," particularly his second +volume, published in 1901. The frank and friendly manner in which the +writer does justice to the merits of the Jewish traveller contrasts +favourably with the petty and malignant comments of certain non-Jewish +commentators, of which Asher repeatedly complains.</p> + +<p>It is not out of place to mention that soon after the publication in +1841 of the work on Benjamin by A. Asher, there appeared a review +thereof in consecutive numbers of the Jewish periodical <i>Der Orient</i>. +The articles bore the signature <i>Sider</i>, but the author proved to be +Dr. Steinschneider. They were among the first literary contributions +by which he became known. Although written sixty-five years ago his +review has a freshness and a value which renders it well worth reading +at the present day. The ninetieth birthday of the Nestor of Semitic +literature was celebrated on March 30 of last year, and it afforded no +little gratification to the writer that Dr. Steinschneider on that +occasion accepted the dedication to him of this the latest +contribution to the "Benjamin Literature." The savant passed away on +the 23rd of January last, and I humbly dedicate my modest work to his +memory.</p> + +<p>I have the pleasure of expressing my thanks to the editors of the +<i>Jewish Quarterly Review</i>, who have permitted me to reprint my +articles; also to Dr. Berlin and other friends for their co-operation; +and to the Delegates of the Oxford University Press for allowing me to +make use of the map of Western Asia in the twelfth century, which was +designed by Professor S. Lane-Poole.</p> + +<p>Marcus N. Adler. <i>May 27, 1907.</i></p> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr style="width: 85%;"> +<h2><a name="THE_ITINERARY_OF_BENJAMIN_OF_TUDELA" +id="THE_ITINERARY_OF_BENJAMIN_OF_TUDELA"></a>THE ITINERARY +OF BENJAMIN OF TUDELA.</h2> +<hr style="width: 85%;"> +<br /> +<a name="bpage_1"></a> +<p>HEBREW INTRODUCTION.</p> + + +<p>THIS is the book of travels, which was compiled by Rabbi Benjamin, the +son of Jonah, of the land of Navarre—his repose be in Paradise.</p> + +<p>The said Rabbi Benjamin set forth from Tudela, his native city, and +passed through many remote countries, as is related in his book. In +every place which he entered, he made a record of all that he saw, or +was told of by trustworthy persons—matters not previously heard of in +the land of Sepharad<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>. Also he mentions some of the sages and +illustrious men residing in each place. He brought this book with him +on his return to the country of Castile, in the year 4933 (C.E. +1173)<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>. The said Rabbi Benjamin is a wise and understanding man,<a name="bpage_2"></a> +learned in the Law and the Halacha, and wherever we have tested his +statements we have found them accurate, true to fact and consistent; +for he is a trustworthy man.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_1" id="page_1">p.1</a></span> His book commences as follows:—I journeyed first from my native +town to the city of Saragossa<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>, and thence by way of the River Ebro +to Tortosa. From there I went a journey of two days to the ancient +city of Tarragona with its Cyclopean and Greek buildings<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>. The like +thereof is not found among any of the buildings in the country of +Sepharad. It is situated by the sea, and two days' journey from the +city of Barcelona, where there is a holy congregation, including +sages, wise and illustrious men, such as R. Shesheth<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>, R. Shealtiel, +R. Solomon, and R. Abraham, son of Chisdai. This is a small city and +beautiful, lying upon the sea-coast. Merchants come thither from all +quarters with their wares, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_2" id="page_2">p.2</a></span> from Greece, from Pisa, Genoa, +Sicily, Alexandria in Egypt, Palestine, Africa and all its coasts. +Thence it is a day and a half to Gerona, in which there is a small +congregation of Jews<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>. A three days'journey takes one to Narbonne, +which is a city pre-eminent for learning; thence the Torah (Law) goes +forth to all countries. Sages, and great and illustrious men abide +here. At their head is R. Kalonymos, the son of the great and +illustrious R. Todros of the seed of David, whose pedigree is +established. He possesses hereditaments and lands given him by the +ruler of the city, of which no man can forcibly dispossess him<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>. +Prominent in the community is <a name="bpage_3"></a>R Abraham<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>, head of the Academy: also +R. Machir and R. Judah, and many other distinguished scholars. At the +present day 300 Jews are there.</p> + +<p>Thence it is four parasangs<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> to the city of Beziers, where there is +a congregation of learned men. At their head is R. Solomon Chalafta, R +Joseph, and R. Nethanel. Thence it is two days to Har Gaash which is +called Montpellier. This is a place well situated for commerce.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_3" id="page_3">p.3</a></span> +It is about a parasang from the sea, and men come for business there +from all quarters, from Edom, Ishmael, the land of Algarve<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>, +Lombardy, the dominion of Rome the Great, from all the land of Egypt, +Palestine, Greece, France, Asia and England. People of all nations are +found there doing business through the medium of the Genoese and +Pisans. In the city there are scholars of great eminence, at their +head being R. Reuben, son of Todros, R. Nathan, son of Zechariah, and +R. Samuel, their chief rabbi, also R. Solomon and R. Mordecai. They +have among them houses of learning devoted to the study of the Talmud. +Among the community are men both rich and charitable, who lend a +helping hand to all that come to them.</p> + +<p>From Montpellier it is four parasangs to Lunel, in which there is a +congregation of Israelites, who study the Law day and night. Here +lived Rabbenu Meshullam the great rabbi, since deceased, and his five +sons, who are wise, great and wealthy, namely: R. Joseph, R. Isaac, R. +Jacob, R. Aaron, and R. Asher, the recluse, who dwells apart from the +world; he pores over his books day and night, fasts periodically and +abstains from all meat<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_4" id="page_4">p.4</a></span> He is a great scholar of the +Talmud. At Lunel live also their brother-in-law R. Moses, the chief +rabbi, R. Samuel the elder<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>, R. Ulsarnu, R. Solomon Hacohen, and R. +Judah the Physician, the son of Tibbon, the Sephardi. The students +that come from distant lands to learn the Law are taught, boarded, +lodged and clothed by the congregation, so long as they attend the +house of study. The community has wise, understanding and saintly men +of great benevolence, who lend a helping hand to all their brethren<a name="bpage_4"></a> +both far and near. The congregation consists of about 300 Jews—may +the Lord preserve them.</p> + +<p>From there it is two parasangs to Posquières, which is a large place +containing about forty Jews, with an Academy under the auspices of the +great Rabbi, R. Abraham, son of David, of blessed memory, an energetic +and wise man, great as a talmudical authority<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>. People come to him +from a distance to learn the Law at his lips, and they find rest in +his house, and he teaches them. Of those who are without means he <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_5" id="page_5">p.5</a></span> also pays the expenses, for he is very rich. The munificent R. +Joseph, son of Menachem, also dwells here, and R. Benveniste, R. +Benjamin, R. Abraham and R. Isaac, son of R. Meir of blessed memory. +Thence it is four parasangs to the suburb (Ghetto?) Bourg de St. +Gilles, in which place there are about a hundred Jews. Wise men abide +there; at their head being R. Isaac, son of Jacob, R. Abraham, son of +Judah, R. Eleazar, R. Jacob, R. Isaac, R. Moses and R. Jacob, son of +rabbi Levi of blessed memory. This is a place of pilgrimage of the +Gentiles who come hither from the ends of the earth. It is only three +miles from the sea, and is situated upon the great River Rhone, which +flows through the whole land of Provence. Here dwells the illustrious +R. Abba Mari, son of the late R. Isaac; he is the bailiff of Count +Raymond<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>.</p> + +<p>Thence it is three parasangs to the city of Arles, which has about 200 +Israelites, at their head being R. Moses, R. Tobias, R. Isaiah, R. +Solomon, the chief rabbi R. Nathan, and R. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_6" id="page_6">p.6</a></span>Abba Mari, since +deceased<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>.</p> + +<p>From there it is two days' journey to Marseilles<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>, which is a city +of princely and wise citizens, possessing two congregations with about +300 Jews. One congregation dwells below on the shore by the sea, the +other is in the castle above. <a name="bpage_5"></a>They form a great academy of learned +men, amongst them being R. Simeon, R. Solomon, R. Isaac, son of Abba +Mari<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>, R. Simeon, son of Antoli, and R. Jacob his brother; also R. +Libero. These persons are at the head of the upper academy. At the +head of the congregation below are R. Jacob Purpis<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>, a wealthy man, +and R. Abraham, son of R. Meir, his son-in-law, and R. Isaac, son of +the late R. Meir. It is a very busy city upon the sea-coast.</p> + +<p>From Marseilles one can take ship and in four days reach Genoa, which +is also upon the sea. Here live two Jews, R. Samuel, son of Salim, and +his brother, from the city of Ceuta, both of them good men. The city +is surrounded by a wall, and the inhabitants are not governed by any +king, but by judges whom they appoint at their pleasure. Each <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_7" id="page_7">p.7</a></span>householder has a tower to his house, and at times of strife they +fight from the tops of the towers with each other. They have command +of the sea. They build ships which they call galleys, and make +predatory attacks upon Edom and Ishmael<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> and the land of Greece as +far as Sicily, and they bring back to Genoa spoils from all these +places. They are constantly at war with the men of Pisa. Between them +and the Pisans there is a distance of two days' journey.</p> + +<p>Pisa is a very great city, with about 10,000 turreted houses for +battle at times of strife. All its inhabitants are mighty men. They +possess neither king nor prince to govern them, but only the judges +appointed by themselves. In this city are about twenty Jews, at their +head being R. Moses, R. Chayim, and R. Joseph. The city is not +surrounded by a wall. It is about six miles from the sea; the river +which flows through the city provides it with ingress and egress for +ships.</p> + +<p>From Pisa it is four parasangs to the city of Lucca, which is the +beginning of the frontier of Lombardy. In the city of Lucca are about +forty Jews. It is a large place, and at the head of the Jews are R. +David, R. Samuel, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_8" id="page_8">p.8</a></span> R. Jacob.</p> + +<p>Thence it is six days' journey to the great city of Rome. Rome is the +head of the kingdoms of Christendom, and contains about 200 Jews, who +occupy an honourable position and pay no tribute, and amongst them are +officials of the Pope Alexander, the spiritual head of all +Christendom. Great scholars reside here, at the head of them being R. +Daniel, the chief rabbi, and R. Jechiel, an <a name="bpage_6"></a>official of the Pope<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>. +He is a handsome young man of intelligence and wisdom, and he has the +entry of the Pope's palace; for he is the steward of his house and of +all that he has. He is a grandson of R. Nathan, who composed the +Aruch<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> and its commentaries. Other scholars are R. Joab, son of the +chief rabbi R. Solomon, R. Menachem, head of the academy, R. Jechiel, +who lives in Trastevere, and R. Benjamin, son of R. Shabbethai of +blessed memory. Rome is divided into two parts by the River Tiber. In +the one part is the great church which they call St. Peter's of Rome. +The great Palace of Julius Caesar was also in Rome<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>.</p> + +<p>There are many wonderful structures in the city, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_9" id="page_9">p.9</a></span>different from +any others in the world. Including both its inhabited and ruined +parts, Rome is about twenty-four miles in circumference. In the midst +thereof<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> there are eighty palaces belonging to eighty kings who +lived there, each called Imperator, commencing from King Tarquinius +down to Nero and Tiberius, who lived at the time of Jesus the +Nazarene, ending with Pepin, who freed the land of Sepharad from +Islam, and was father of Charlemagne.</p> + +<p>There is a palace outside Rome (said to be of Titus). The Consul and +his 300 Senators treated him with disfavour, because he failed to take +Jerusalem till after three years, though they had bidden him to +capture it within two<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>.</p> + +<p>In Rome is also the palace of Vespasianus, a great and very strong +building; also the Colosseum<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>, in which edifice there are 365 +sections, <a name="bpage_7"></a>according to the days of the solar year; and the +circumference of these palaces is three miles. There were battles +fought here in olden times, and in the palace more than 100,000 men +were slain, and there their bones remain piled up to the present day. +The king caused to be engraved a <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_10" id="page_10">p.10</a></span>representation of the battle +and of the forces on either side facing one another, both warriors and +horses, all in marble, to exhibit to the world the war of the days of +old.</p> + +<p>In Rome there is a cave which runs underground, and catacombs of King +Tarmal Galsin and his royal consort who are to be found there, seated +upon their thrones, and with them about a hundred royal personages. +They are all embalmed and preserved to this day. In the church of St. +John in the Lateran there are two bronze columns taken from the +Temple, the handiwork of King Solomon, each column being engraved +"Solomon the son of David." The Jews of Rome told me that every year +upon the 9th of Ab they found the columns exuding moisture like water. +There also is the cave where Titus the son of Vespasianus stored the +Temple vessels which he brought from Jerusalem. There is also a cave +in a hill on one bank of the River Tiber where are the graves of the +ten martyrs<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a>. In front of St. John in the Lateran there are +statues of <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_11" id="page_11">p.11</a></span> Samson in marble, with a spear in his hand, and of Absalom +the son of King David, and another of Constantinus the Great, who +built Constantinople and after whom it was called. The last-named +statue is of bronze, the horse being overlaid with gold<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>. Many +other edifices are there, and remarkable sights beyond enumeration.</p> + +<p>From Rome it is four days to Capua, the large town which King Capys +built. It is a fine city, but its water is bad, and the country is +fever-stricken<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>. About 300 Jews live there, among them great +scholars and esteemed persons, at their heads being R. Conso, his +brother R. Israel, R. Zaken and the chief rabbi R. David, since +deceased. They call this district the Principality.</p> +<a name="bpage_8"></a> +<p>From there one goes to Pozzuoli which is called Sorrento the Great, +built by Zur, son of Hadadezer, when he fled in fear of David the +king. The sea has risen and covered the city from its two sides, and +at the present day one can still see the markets and towers which +stood in the midst of the city<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a>. A spring issues forth from beneath +the ground containing the oil which is called petroleum.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_12" id="page_12">p.12</a></span> +People collect it from the surface of the water and use it +medicinally. There are also hot-water springs to the number of about +twenty, which issue from the ground and are situated near the sea, and +every man who has any disease can go and bathe in them and get cured. +All the afflicted of Lombardy visit it in the summer-time for that +purpose.</p> + +<p>From this place a man can travel fifteen miles along a road under the +mountains, a work executed by King Romulus who built the city of Rome. +He was prompted to this by fear of King David and Joab his +general<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>. He built fortifications both upon the mountains and below +the mountains reaching as far as the city of Naples. Naples is a very +strong city, lying upon the sea-board, and was founded by the Greeks. +About 500 Jews live here, amongst them R. Hezekiah, R. Shallum, R. +Elijah Hacohen and R. Isaac of Har Napus, the chief rabbi of blessed +memory.</p> + +<p>Thence one proceeds by sea to the city of Salerno, where the +Christians have a school of medicine. About 600 Jews dwell there. +Among the scholars are R. Judah, son of R. Isaac, the son of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_13" id="page_13">p.13</a></span> +Melchizedek, the great Rabbi<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a>, who came from the city of Siponto; +also R. Solomon (the Cohen), R. Elijah the Greek, R. Abraham Narboni, +and R. Hamon. It is a city with walls upon the land side, the other +side bordering on <a name="bpage_9"></a>the sea and there is a very strong castle on the +summit of the hill. Thence it is half a day's journey to Amalfi, where +there are about twenty Jews, amongst them R. Hananel, the physician, +R. Elisha, and Abu-al-gir, the prince. The inhabitants of the place +are merchants engaged in trade, who do not sow or reap, because they +dwell upon high hills and lofty crags, but buy everything for money. +Nevertheless, they have an abundance of fruit, for it is a land of +vineyards and olives, of gardens and plantations, and no one can go to +war with them.</p> + +<p>Thence it is a day's journey to Benevento, which is a city situated +between the sea-coast and a mountain, and possessing a community of +about 200 Jews. At their head are R. Kalonymus, R. Zarach, and R. +Abraham. From there it is two days' journey to Melfi in the country of +Apulia, which is the land of Pul<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a>, where about 200<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_14" id="page_14">p.14</a></span> Jews +reside, at their head being R. Achimaaz, R. Nathan, and R. Isaac. From +Melfi it is about a day's journey to Ascoli, where there are about +forty Jews, at their head being R. Consoli, R. Zemach, his son-in-law, +and R. Joseph. From there it takes two days to Trani on the sea, where +all the pilgrims gather to go to Jerusalem; for the port is a +convenient one. A community of about 200 Israelites is there, at their +head being R. Elijah, R. Nathan, the expounder, and R. Jacob. It is a +great and beautiful city.</p> + +<p>From there it is a day's journey to Colo di Bari, which is the great +city which King William of Sicily destroyed<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>. Neither Jews nor +Gentiles live there at the present day in consequence of its +destruction. Thence it is a day and a half to Taranto, which is under +the government of Calabria, the inhabitants of which are Greek<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>. It +is a large city, and contains about 300 Jews, some of them men of +learning, and at their head are R. Meir, R. Nathan, and R. Israel.</p> + +<p>From Taranto it is a day's journey to Brindisi, which is on the sea +coast.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_15" id="page_15">p.15</a></span> About ten Jews, who are dyers, reside here. It is two +days' journey to Otranto, which is on the coast of the Greek sea. Here +are about 50 Jews, at the head of them being R. Menachem, R. Caleb,<a name="bpage_10"></a> +R. Meir, and R. Mali. From Otranto it is a voyage of two days to +Corfu, where only one Jew of the name of R. Joseph lives, and here +ends the kingdom of Sicily.</p> + +<p>Thence it is two days' voyage to the land of Larta (Arta), which is +the beginning of the dominions of Emanuel, Sovereign of the Greeks. It +is a place containing about 100 Jews, at their head being R. +Shelachiah and R. Hercules. From there it is two days to Aphilon +(Achelous)<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>, a place in which reside about thirty Jews, at their +head being R. Sabbattai. From there it takes half a day to Anatolica, +which is situated on an arm of the sea +<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>.</p> +<p>From there it takes a day to Patras, which is the city which +Antipater<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a>, King of the Greeks, built. He was one of the four +successors of King Alexander. In the city there are several large old +buildings, and about fifty <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_16" +id="page_16">p.16</a></span>Jews live here, at their head being +R. Isaac, R. Jacob, and R. Samuel. Half a day's journey by way of the +sea takes one to Kifto (Lepanto)<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a>, where there are about 100 Jews, +who live on the sea-coast; at their head are R. Guri, R. Shallum, and +R. Abraham. From there it is a journey of a day and a half to Crissa, +where about 200 Jews live apart. They sow and reap on their own land; +at their head are R. Solomon, R. Chayim, and R. Jedaiah. From there it +is three days' journey to the capital city of Corinth; here are about +300 Jews, at their head being R. Leon, R. Jacob, and R. Hezekiah.</p> + +<p>Thence it is two days' journey to the great city of Thebes, where +there are about 2,000 Jews. They are the most skilled artificers in +silk and purple cloth throughout Greece. They have scholars learned in +the Mishnah and the Talmud, and other prominent men, and at their head +are the chief rabbi R. Kuti and his brother R. Moses, as well as R. +Chiyah, R. Elijah Tirutot, and R. Joktan; and there are none like them +in the land of the Greeks, except in the city of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_17" id="page_17">p.17</a></span> +Constantinople. From Thebes it is a day's journey to Egripo<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a>, which +is a large city upon the sea-coast, where merchants come from every +quarter. About 200 Jews live there, at their head being R. Elijah +Psalteri, R. Emanuel, and R. Caleb.</p> + +<p>From there it takes a day to Jabustrisa, which is a city upon the +sea-coast with about 100 Jews, at their head being R. Joseph,<a name="bpage_11"></a> +R. Elazar, R. Isaac, R. Samuel, and R. Nethaniah. From there it is a +day's journey to Rabonica, where there are about 100 Jews, at their +head being R. Joseph, R. Elazar, and R. Isaac.</p> + +<p>From there it is a day's journey to Sinon Potamo, where there are +about fifty Jews, at their head being R. Solomon and R. Jacob. The +city is situated at the foot of the hills of Wallachia. The nation +called Wallachians live in those mountains. They are as swift as +hinds, and they sweep down from the mountains to despoil and ravage +the land of Greece. No man can go up and do battle against them, and +no king can rule over them. They do not hold fast to the faith of the +Nazarenes, but give themselves Jewish names. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_18" id="page_18">p.18</a></span> Some people say +that they are Jews, and, in fact, they call the Jews their brethren, +and when they meet with them, though they rob them, they refrain from +killing them as they kill the Greeks. They are altogether lawless<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>.</p> + +<p>From there it is two days' journey to Gardiki, which is in ruins and +contains but a few Greeks and Jews. From there it is two days' journey +to Armylo, which is a large city on the sea, inhabited by Venetians, +Pisans, Genoese, and all the merchants who come there; it is an +extensive place, and contains about 400 Jews. At their head are the +chief rabbi R. Shiloh Lombardo, R. Joseph, the warden, and R. Solomon, +the leading man. Thence it is a day's journey to Vissena, where there +are about 100 Jews, at their head being the chief rabbi R. Sabbattai, +R. Solomon, and R. Jacob.</p> + +<p>From there it is two days' voyage to the city of Salonica, built by +King Seleucus, one of the four successors who followed after King +Alexander. It is a very large city, with about 500 Jews, including the +chief rabbi R. Samuel and his sons, who are scholars.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_19" id="page_19">p.19</a></span> He is +appointed by the king as head of the Jews. There is also R. Sabbattai, +his son-in-law, R. Elijah, and R. Michael. The Jews are oppressed, and +live by silk-weaving.</p> + +<p>Thence it is two days' journey to Demetrizi, with about fifty Jews. In +this place live R. Isaiah, R. Machir, and R. Alib. Thence it is two +days to Drama, where there are about 140 Jews, at the head of them +being R. Michael and R. Joseph. From there it is one day's journey to +Christopoli, where about twenty Jews live.</p> + +<p>A three days' voyage brings one to Abydos, which is upon an arm of the +sea which flows between the mountains, and after a five days' journey +the great town of Constantinople is reached. It is the capital of the +whole land of Javan, which is called Greece. Here is the residence of<a name="bpage_12"></a> +the King Emanuel the Emperor. Twelve ministers are under him, each of +whom has a palace in Constantinople and possesses castles and cities; +they rule all the land. At their head is the King Hipparchus, the +second in command is the Megas Domesticus, the third Dominus, and the +fourth<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_20" id="page_20">p.20</a></span> is Megaa Ducas, and the fifth is Oeconomus Megalus; the +others bear names like these<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a>. The circumference of the city of +Constantinople is eighteen miles; half of it is surrounded by the sea, +and half by land, and it is situated upon two arms of the sea, one +coming from the sea of Russia, and one from the sea of Sepharad.</p> + +<p>All sorts of merchants come here from the land of Babylon, from the +land of Shinar, from Persia, Media, and all the sovereignty of the +land of Egypt, from the land of Canaan, and the empire of Russia<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>, +from Hungaria, Patzinakia<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a>, Khazaria<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a>, and the land of Lombardy +and Sepharad. It is a busy city, and merchants come to it from every +country by sea or land, and there is none like it in the world except +Bagdad, the great city of Islam. In Constantinople is the church of +Santa Sophia, and the seat of the Pope of the Greeks, since the Greeks +do not obey the Pope of Rome. There are also churches according to the +number of the days of the year. A quantity of wealth beyond telling is +brought hither year by year as tribute from the two islands and the +castles and villages which are there. And the like of this wealth is +not to be found<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_21" id="page_21">p.21</a></span> in any other church in the world. And in this +church there are pillars of gold and silver, and lamps of silver and +gold more than a man can count. Close to the walls of the palace is +also a place of amusement belonging to the king, which is called the +Hippodrome, and every year on the anniversary of the birth of Jesus +the king gives a great entertainment there. And in that place men from +all the races of the world come before the king and queen with<a name="bpage_13"></a> +jugglery and without jugglery, and they introduce lions, leopards, +bears, and wild asses, and they engage them in combat with one +another; and the same thing is done with birds. No entertainment like +this is to be found in any other land.</p> + +<p>This King Emanuel built a great palace for the seat of his Government +upon the sea-coast, in addition to the palaces which his fathers +built, and he called its name Blachernae<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a>. He overlaid its columns +and walls with gold and silver, and engraved thereon representations +of the battles before his day and of his own combats. He also set up a +throne of gold and of precious stones, and a golden crown was +suspended<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_22" id="page_22">p.22</a></span> by a gold chain over the throne, so arranged that he +might sit thereunder<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a>. It was inlaid with jewels of priceless +value, and at night time no lights were required, for every one could +see by the light which the stones gave forth. Countless other +buildings are to be met with in the city. From every part of the +empire of Greece tribute is brought here every year, and they fill +strongholds with garments of silk, purple, and gold. Like unto these +storehouses and this wealth, there is nothing in the whole world to be +found. It is said that the tribute of the city amounts every year to +20,000 gold pieces, derived both from the rents of shops and markets, +and from the tribute of merchants who enter by sea or land.</p> + +<p>The Greek inhabitants are very rich in gold and precious stones, and +they go clothed in garments of silk with gold embroidery, and they +ride horses, and look like princes. Indeed, the land is very rich in +all cloth stuffs, and in bread, meat, and wine.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_23" id="page_23">p.23</a></span> Wealth like +that of Constantinople is not to be found in the whole world. Here +also are men learned in all the books of the Greeks, and they eat and +drink every man under his vine and his fig-tree.</p> + +<p>They hire from amongst all nations warriors called Loazim (Barbarians) +to fight with the Sultan Masud<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a>, King of the Togarmim (Seljuks), +who are called Turks; for the natives are not warlike, but are as +women who have no strength to fight.</p> + +<a name="bpage_14"></a> +<p>No Jews live in the city, for they have been placed behind an inlet of +the sea. An arm of the sea of Marmora shuts them in on the one side, +and they are unable to go out except by way of the sea, when they want +to do business with the inhabitants<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>. In the Jewish quarter are +about 2,000 Rabbanite Jews and about 500 Karaïtes, and a fence divides +them. Amongst the scholars are several wise men, at their head being +the chief rabbi R. Abtalion, R. Obadiah, R. Aaron Bechor Shoro, R. +Joseph Shir-Guru, and R. Eliakim, the warden. And amongst them there +are artificers in silk and many rich merchants. No Jew there is +allowed to ride on horseback.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_24" +id="page_24">p.24</a></span> The one exception is R. Solomon +Hamitsri, who is the king's physician, and through whom the Jews enjoy +considerable alleviation of their oppression. For their condition is +very low, and there is much hatred against them, which is fostered by +the tanners, who throw out their dirty water in the streets before the +doors of the Jewish houses and defile the Jews' quarter (the Ghetto). +So the Greeks hate the Jews, good and bad alike, and subject them to +great oppression, and beat them in the streets, and in every way treat +them with rigour. Yet the Jews are rich and good, kindly and +charitable, and bear their lot with cheerfulness. The district +inhabited by the Jews is called Pera.</p> + +<p>From Constantinople it is two days' voyage to Rhaedestus<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a>, with a +community of Israelites of about 400, at their head being R. Moses, R. +Abijah, and R. Jacob. From there it is two days to Callipolis +(Gallipoli), where there are about 200 Jews, at their head being R. +Elijah Kapur, R. Shabbattai Zutro, and R. Isaac Megas, which means +"great" in Greek. And from here it is two days to Kales. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_25" id="page_25">p.25</a></span>Here +there are about fifty Jews, at their head being R. Jacob and R. Judah. +From here it is two days' journey to the island of Mytilene, and there +are Jewish congregations in ten localities on the island. Thence it is +three days' voyage to the island of Chios, where there are about 400 +Jews, including R. Elijah Heman and R. Shabtha. Here grow the trees +from which mastic is obtained. Two days' voyage takes one to the +island of Samos, where there are 300 Jews, at their head being R. +Shemaria, R. Obadiah, and R. Joel. The islands have many congregations +of Jews. From Samos it is three days to Rhodes, where there are about +400 Jews, at their head being R. Abba, R. Hannanel, and R. Elijah. It +is four days' voyage from here to Cyprus, where there are Rabbanite<a name="bpage_15"></a> +Jews and Karaïtes; there are also some heretical Jews called +Epikursin, whom the Israelites have excommunicated in all places. They +profane the eve of the sabbath, and observe the first night of the +week, which is the termination of the sabbath<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a>. From Cyprus it is +four days' journey to Curicus (Kurch), which is the beginning of the +land <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_26" id="page_26">p.26</a></span> called Armenia, and this is the frontier of the empire of +Thoros<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a>, ruler of the mountains, and king of Armenia, whose +dominions extend to the province of Trunia<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a>, and to the country of +the Togarmim or Turks. From there it is two days' journey to +Malmistras, which is Tarshish, situated by the sea; and thus far +extends the kingdom of the Javanim or Greeks<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a>.</p> + +<p>Thence it is two days' journey to Antioch the Great, situated on the +river Fur (Orontes), which is the river Jabbok, that flows from Mount +Lebanon and from the land of Hamath<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a>. This is the great city which<a name="bpage_16"></a> +Antiochus the king built. The city lies by a lofty mountain, which is +surrounded by the city-wall. At the top of the mountain is a well, +from which a man appointed for that purpose directs the water by means +of twenty subterranean passages to the houses of the great men of the +city. The other part of the city is surrounded by the river. It is a +strongly fortified city, and is under the sway of Prince Boemond +Poitevin<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a>, surnamed le Baube. Ten Jews<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> dwell here, engaged in +glass-making, and at their head are R. Mordecai, R. Chayim, and R. +Samuel. From here it is two days' journey to Lega, or Ladikiya, where +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_27" id="page_27">p.27</a></span> there are about 100 Jews, at their head being R. Chayim and R. +Joseph.</p> + +<p>Thence it is two days' journey to Gebal (Gebela), which is Baal-Gad, +at the foot of Lebanon<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a>. In the neighbourhood dwells a people +called Al-Hashishim<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a>. They do not believe in the religion of Islam, +but follow one of their own folk, whom they regard as their prophet,<a name="bpage_17"></a> +and all that he tells them to do they carry out, whether for death or +life. They call him the Sheik Al Hashishim, and he is known as their +Elder. At his word these mountaineers go out and come in. Their +principal seat is Kadmus, which is Kedemoth in the land of Sihon. They +are faithful to each other, but a source of terror to their +neighbours, killing even kings at the cost of their own lives. The +extent of their land is eight days' journey. And they are at war with +the sons of Edom who are called the Franks, and with the ruler of +Tripolis, which is Tarabulus el Sham<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a>. At Tripolis in years gone by +there was an earthquake, when many Gentiles and Jews perished, for +houses and walls fell upon them. There was great destruction at that +time throughout <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_28" id="page_28">p.28</a></span> the Land of Israel, and more than 20,000 souls +perished<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a>.</p> + +<p>Thence it is a day's journey to the other Gebal (Gubail), which +borders on the land of the children of Ammon, and here there are about +150 Jews. The place is under the rule of the Genoese, the name of the +governor being Guillelmus Embriacus<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a>. Here was found a temple +belonging to the children of Ammon in olden times, and an idol of +theirs seated upon a throne or chair, and made of stone overlaid with +gold. Two women are represented sitting one on the right and one on +the left of it, and there is an altar in front before which the +Ammonites used to sacrifice and burn incense<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a>. There are about 200<a name="bpage_18"></a> +Jews there, at their head being R. Meir, R. Jacob, and R. Simchah. The +place is situated on the sea-border of the land of Israel. From there +it is two days' journey to Beirut, or Beeroth, where there are about +fifty Jews, at their head being R. Solomon, R. Obadiah, and R. Joseph. +Thence it is one day's journey to Saida, which is Sidon, a large city, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_29" id="page_29">p.29</a></span> with about twenty Jews. Ten miles therefrom a people dwell who +are at war with the men of Sidon; they are called Druses, and are +pagans of a lawless character. They inhabit the mountains and the +clefts of the rocks; they have no king or ruler, but dwell independent +in these high places, and their border extends to Mount Hermon, which +is a three days' journey. They are steeped in vice, brothers marrying +their sisters, and fathers their daughters. They have one feast-day in +the year, when they all collect, both men and women, to eat and drink +together, and they then interchange their wives<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a>. They say that at +the time when the soul leaves the body it passes in the case of a good +man into the body of a newborn child, and in the case of a bad man +into the body of a dog or an ass. Such are their foolish beliefs. +There are no resident Jews among them, but a certain number of Jewish +handicraftsmen and dyers come among them for the sake of trade, and +then return, the people being favourable to the Jews.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_30" id="page_30">p.30</a></span> They +roam over the mountains and hills, and no man can do battle with them.</p> + +<p>From Sidon it is half a day's journey to Sarepta (Sarfend), which +belongs to Sidon. Thence it is a half-day to New Tyre (Sūr), which +is a very fine city, with a harbour in its midst. At night-time those +that levy dues throw iron chains from tower to tower, so that no man +can go forth by boat or in any other way to rob the ships by night. +There is no harbour like this in the whole world. Tyre is a beautiful +city. It contains about 500 Jews, some of them scholars of the Talmud, +at their head being R. Ephraim of Tyre, the Dayan, R. Meir from +Carcassonne, and R. Abraham, head of the congregation. The Jews own +sea-going vessels, and there are glass-makers amongst them who make +that fine Tyrian glass-ware which is prized in all countries.</p> +<a name="bpage_19"></a> +<p>In the vicinity is found sugar of a high class, for men plant it here, +and people come from all lands to buy it<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>. A man can ascend the +walls of New Tyre and see ancient Tyre, which the sea has now covered, +lying at a stone's throw from the new city. And should one care to go +forth by boat, one can see the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_31" +id="page_31">p.31</a></span> castles, market-places, streets, +and palaces in the bed of the sea. New Tyre is a busy place of +commerce, to which merchants flock from all quarters.</p> + +<p>One day's journey brings one to Acre, the Acco of old, which is on the +borders of Asher; it is the commencement of the land of Israel. +Situated by the Great Sea, it possesses a large harbour for all the +pilgrims who come to Jerusalem by ship. A stream runs in front of it, +called the brook of Kedumim<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a>. About 200 Jews live there, at their +head being R. Zadok, R. Japheth, and R. Jonah. From there it is three +parasangs to Haifa, which is Hahepher<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> on the seaboard, and on the +other side is Mount Carmel<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a>, at the foot of which there are many +Jewish graves. On the mountain is the cave of Elijah, where the +Christians have erected a structure called St. Elias. On the top of +the mountain can be recognized the overthrown altar which Elijah +repaired in the days of Ahab. The site of the altar is circular, about +four cubits remain thereof, and at the foot of the mountain the brook +Kishon flows. From here it is four parasangs to <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_32" id="page_32">p.32</a></span> Capernaum, +which is the village of Nahum, identical with Maon, the home of Nabal +the Carmelite<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a>.</p> +<a name="bpage_20"></a> +<p>Six parasangs from here is Caesarea, the Gath<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> of the Philistines, +and here there are about 200 Jews and 200 Cuthim. These are the Jews +of Shomron, who are called Samaritans. The city is fair and beautiful, +and lies by the sea. It was built by Caesar, and called after him +Caesarea. Thence it is half a day's journey to Kako<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a>, the Keilah of +Scripture. There are no Jews here. Thence it is half a day's journey +to St. George, which is Ludd<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a>, where there lives one Jew, who is a +dyer. Thence it is a day's journey to Sebastiya, which is the city of +Shomron (Samaria), and here the ruins of the palace of Ahab the son of +Omri may be seen. It was formerly a well-fortified city by the +mountain-side, with streams of water. It is still a land of brooks of +water, gardens, orchards, vineyards, and olive groves, but no Jews +dwell here. Thence it is two parasangs to Nablous, which is Shechem on +Mount Ephraim, where there are no Jews; the place is situated in the +valley between Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal, and contains about 1,000 +Cuthim, who observe the written law of Moses alone, and are called +Samaritans. They have priests<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_33" id="page_33">p.33</a></span> of the seed (of Aaron), and they +call them Aaronim, who do not intermarry with Cuthim, but wed only +amongst themselves<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a>. These priests offer sacrifices, and bring +burnt-offerings in their place of assembly on Mount Gerizim, as it is +written in their law—"And thou shalt set the blessing on Mount +Gerizim." They say that this is the proper site of the Temple. On +Passover and the other festivals they offer up burnt-offerings on the +altar which they have built on Mount Gerizim, as it is written in +their law—"Ye shall set up the stones upon Mount Gerizim, of the<a name="bpage_21"></a> +stones which Joshua and the children of Israel set up at the Jordan." +They say that they are descended from the tribe of Ephraim. And in the +midst of them is the grave of Joseph, the son of Jacob our father, as +it is written—"and the bones of Joseph buried they in Shechem<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a>." +Their alphabet lacks three letters, namely <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image03.gif" width="194" height="17"> <a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a>. The letter <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image04.gif" width="14" height="15"> He is taken from +Abraham our father, because they have no dignity, the letter <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image05.gif" width="18" height="16"> +Heth from Isaac, because they have no kindliness, and the letter +<img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image06.gif" width="22" height="18"> Ain from Jacob, because they have no humility. In place of +these letters they make use of the Aleph, by which we can<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_34" id="page_34">p.34</a></span> tell +that they are not of the seed of Israel, although they know the law of +Moses with the exception of these three letters. They guard themselves +from the defilement of the dead, of the bones of the slain, and of +graves; and they remove the garments which they have worn before they +go to the place of worship, and they bathe and put on fresh clothes. +This is their constant practice. On Mount Gerizim are fountains and +gardens and plantations, but Mount Ebal is rocky and barren; and +between them in the valley lies the city of Shechem.</p> + +<p>From the latter place it is a distance of four parasangs to Mount +Gilboa, which the Christians call Mont Gilboa; it lies in a very +parched district. And from there it is five<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> ..., a village where +there are no Jews. Thence it is two parasangs to the valley of +Ajalon<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a>, which the Christians call Val-de-Luna. At a distance of<a name="bpage_22"></a> +one parasang is Mahomerie-le-Grand, which is Gibeon the Great; it +contains no Jews.</p> + +<p>From there it is three parasangs to Jerusalem, which is a small city, +fortified by three walls. It is full of people whom the Mohammedans +call Jacobites, Syrians, Greeks, Georgians and Franks, and of people +of all tongues. It contains a dyeing-house, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_35" id="page_35">p.35</a></span> for which the Jews +pay a small rent annually to the king<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a>, on condition that besides +the Jews no other dyers be allowed in Jerusalem. There are about 200 +Jews who dwell under the Tower of David in one corner of the city<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a>. +The lower portion of the wall of the Tower of David, to the extent of +about ten cubits, is part of the ancient foundation set up by our +ancestors, the remaining portion having been built by the Mohammedans. +There is no structure in the whole city stronger than the Tower of +David. The city also contains two buildings, from one of which—the +hospital—there issue forth four hundred knights; and therein all the +sick who come thither are lodged and cared for in life and in +death<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a>. The other building is called the Temple of Solomon; it is +the palace built by Solomon the king of Israel. Three hundred knights +are quartered there, and issue therefrom every day for military +exercise, besides those who come from the land of the Franks and the +other parts of Christendom, having taken upon themselves to serve +there a year or two until their vow is fulfilled. In Jerusalem is the +great church called the Sepulchre, and here is the burial-place of +Jesus, unto which the Christians make pilgrimages.[<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_36" id="page_36">p.36</a></span> </p> + +<p>Jerusalem<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> has four gates—the gate of Abraham, the gate of David, +the gate of Zion, and the gate of Gushpat, which is the gate of +Jehoshaphat, facing our ancient Temple, now called Templum Domini.<a name="bpage_23"></a> +Upon the site of the sanctuary Omar ben al Khataab erected an edifice +with a very large and magnificent cupola, into which the Gentiles do +not bring any image or effigy, but they merely come there to pray. In +front of this place is the western wall, which is one of the walls of +the Holy of Holies. This is called the Gate of Mercy, and thither come +all the Jews to pray before the wall of the court of the Temple. In +Jerusalem, attached to the palace which belonged to Solomon, are the +stables built by him, forming a very substantial structure, composed +of large stones, and the like of it is not to be seen anywhere in the +world. There is also visible up to this day the pool used by the +priests before offering their sacrifices, and the Jews coming thither +write their names upon the wall. The gate of Jehoshaphat leads to the +valley of Jehoshaphat, which is the gathering-place of nations<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a>. +Here is the pillar called <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_37" id="page_37">p.37</a></span> Absalom's Hand, and the sepulchre of +King Uzziah<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a>.</p> + +<p>In the neighbourhood is also a great spring, called the Waters of +Siloam, connected with the brook of Kidron. Over the spring is a large +structure dating from the time of our ancestors, but little water is +found, and the people of Jerusalem for the most part drink the +rain-water, which they collect in cisterns in their houses. From the +valley of Jehoshaphat one ascends the Mount of Olives; it is the +valley only which separates Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives. From +the Mount of Olives one sees the Sea of Sodom, and at a distance of +two parasangs from the Sea of Sodom is the Pillar of Salt into which +Lot's wife was turned; the sheep lick it continually, but afterwards +it regains its original shape<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a>. The whole land of the plain and the<a name="bpage_24"></a> +valley of Shittim as far as Mount Nebo are visible from here.</p> + +<p>In front of Jerusalem is Mount Zion, on which there is no building, +except a place of worship belonging to the Christians. Facing +Jerusalem for a distance of three miles are the cemeteries<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> +belonging to the Israelites, who in the days of old buried their dead +in caves, and upon each sepulchre is a dated inscription, but the +Christians destroy the sepulchres, employing the stones thereof in +building their houses. These sepulchres reach as far as Zelzah in the +territory of Benjamin. Around Jerusalem are high mountains.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_38" id="page_38">p.38</a></span> + +<p>On Mount Zion are the sepulchres of the House of +David, and the sepulchres of the kings that ruled after him. The exact +place cannot be identified, inasmuch as fifteen years ago a wall of +the church of Mount Zion fell in. The Patriarch commanded the overseer +to take the stones of the old walls and restore therewith the church. +He did so, and hired workmen at fixed wages; and there were twenty men +who brought the stones from the base of the wall of Zion. Among these +men there were two who were sworn friends. On a certain day the one +entertained the other; after their meal they returned to their work, +when the overseer said to them, "Why have you tarried to-day?" They +answered, "Why need you complain? When our fellow workmen go to their +meal we will do our work." When the dinner-time arrived, and the other +workmen had gone to their meal, they examined the stones, and raised a +certain stone which formed the entrance to a cave. Thereupon one said +to the other, "Let us go in and see if any money is to be found +there." They entered the cave, and reached a large chamber resting +upon pillars of marble overlaid with silver and gold. In +front was <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_39" id="page_39">p.39</a></span> a table of gold and a sceptre and crown. This was the +sepulchre of King David. On the left thereof in like fashion was the +sepulchre of King Solomon; then followed the sepulchres of all the +kings of Judah that were buried there. Closed coffers were also there, +the contents of which no man knows. The two men essayed to enter the +chamber, when a fierce wind came forth from the entrance of the cave +and smote them, and they fell to the ground like dead men, and there +they lay until evening. And there came forth a wind like a man's +voice, crying out: "Arise and go forth from this place!" So the men +rushed forth in terror, and they came unto the Patriarch, and related +these things to him. Thereupon the Patriarch sent for Rabbi Abraham el +Constantini, the pious recluse, who was one of the mourners of +Jerusalem, and to him he related all these things according to the<a name="bpage_25"></a> +report of the two men who had come forth. Then Rabbi Abraham replied, +"These are the sepulchres of the House of David; they belong to the +kings of Judah, and on the morrow let us enter. I and you and these +men, and find out what is there." And on the morrow they sent +for the two men, and found each of them lying on his bed <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_40" id="page_40">p.40</a></span>in terror, +and the men said: "We will not enter there, for the Lord doth not +desire to show it to any man." Then the Patriarch gave orders that the +place should be closed up and hidden from the sight of man unto this +day. These things were told me by the said Rabbi Abraham.</p> + +<p>From Jerusalem it is two parasangs to Bethlehem, which is called by +the Christians Beth-Leon, and close thereto, at a distance of about +half a mile, at the parting of the way, is the pillar of Rachel's +grave, which is made up of eleven stones, corresponding with the +number of the sons of Jacob. Upon it is a cupola resting on four +columns, and all the Jews that pass by carve their names upon the +stones of the pillar<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a>. At Bethlehem there are two Jewish dyers. It +is a land of brooks of water, and contains wells and fountains.</p> + +<p>At a distance of six parasangs is St. Abram de Bron, which is Hebron; +the old city stood on the mountain, but is now in ruins; and in the +valley by the field of Machpelah lies the present city. Here +there is the great church called St. Abram, and this was a Jewish +place of worship at the time of the Mohammedan rule, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_41" id="page_41">p.41</a></span>but the Gentiles +have erected there six tombs, respectively called those of Abraham and +Sarah, Isaac and Rebekah, Jacob and Leah. The custodians tell the +pilgrims that these are the tombs of the Patriarchs, for which +information the pilgrims give them money. If a Jew comes, however, and +gives a special reward, the custodian of the cave opens unto him a +gate of iron, which was constructed by our forefathers, and then he is +able to descend below by means of steps, holding a lighted candle in +his hand. He then reaches a cave, in which nothing is to be found, and +a cave beyond, which is likewise empty, but when he reaches the third +cave behold there are six sepulchres, those of Abraham, Isaac and +Jacob, respectively facing those of Sarah, Rebekah and Leah. And upon +the graves are inscriptions cut in stone; upon the grave of Abraham is +engraved "This is the grave of Abraham"; upon that of Isaac, "This is +the grave of Isaac, the son of Abraham our Father"; upon that of +Jacob, "This is the grave of Jacob, the son of Isaac, the son of +Abraham our Father"; and upon the others, "This is the grave of +Sarah," "This is the grave of Rebekah," and "This is the grave of +Leah." A lamp burns day and night upon the graves in the cave.</p> +<a name="bpage_26"></a> +<p>One finds there many casks filled with the bones of Israelites, as the +members of the house of Israel were wont to bring the bones of their +fathers thither and to deposit them there to this day<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a>. </p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_42" id="page_42">p.42</a></span> + +<p>Beyond the field of Machpelah is the house of Abraham; there is a well +in front of the house, but out of reverence for the Patriarch Abraham +no one is allowed to build in the neighbourhood.</p> + +<p>From Hebron it is five parasangs to Beit Jibrin, which is Mareshah, +where there are but three Jews<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a>. Three parasangs further one +reaches St. Samuel of Shiloh. This is the Shiloh which is two +parasangs from Jerusalem. When the Christians captured Ramlah, the +Ramah of old, from the Mohammedans, they found there the grave of +Samuel the Ramathite close to a Jewish synagogue. The Christians took +the remains, conveyed them unto Shiloh, and erected over them a large +church, and called it St. Samuel of Shiloh unto this day<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a>.</p> +<a name="bpage_27"></a> +<p>From there it is three parasangs to Mahomerie-le-petit<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a>, which is +Gibeah of Saul, where there are no Jews, and this is Gibeah of +Benjamin. Thence three parasangs to Beit Nuba<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a>, which is Nob, the +city of priests. In the middle <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_43" id="page_43">p.43</a></span>of the way are the two crags of +Jonathan, the name of the one being Bozez, and the name of the other +Seneh<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a>. Two Jewish dyers dwell there.</p> + +<p>Thence it is three parasangs to Rams, or Ramleh, where there are +remains of the walls from the days of our ancestors, for thus it was +found written upon the stones. About 300 Jews dwell there. It was +formerly a very great city; at a distance of two miles there is a +large Jewish cemetery<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a>.</p> + +<p>Thence it is five parasangs to Yāfa or Jaffa, which is on the +seaboard, and one Jewish dyer lives here. From here it is five +parasangs to Ibelin or Jabneh, the seat of the Academy, but there are +no Jews there at this day. Thus far extends the territory of Ephraim.</p> + +<p>From there it is five parasangs to Palmid, which is Ashdod of the +Philistines, now in ruins; no Jews dwell there. Thence it is two +parasangs to Ashkelonah or New Askelon, which Ezra the priest <a name="bpage_28"></a> +built by the sea. It was originally called Bene Berak. The place is +four parasangs distant from the ancient ruined city of Askelon. New +Askelon is a large and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_44" id="page_44">p.44</a></span> fair place, and merchants come thither from all +quarters, for it is situated on the frontier of Egypt. About 200 +Rabbanite Jews dwell here, at their head being R. Zemach, R. Aaron, +and R. Solomon; also about forty Karaïtes, and about 300 Cuthim. In +the midst of the city there is a well, which they call Bir Abraham; +this the Patriarch dug in the days of the Philistines<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a>.</p> + +<p>From there it is a journey of a day to St. George<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> of Ludd: thence +it is a day and a half to Zerin or Jezreel, where there is a large +spring. One Jewish dyer lives here. Three parasangs further is +Saffuriya or Sepphoris. Here are the graves of Rabbenu Hakkadosh, of +Rabban Gamaliel, and of R. Chiya, who came up from Babylon, also of +Jonah the son of Amittai; they are all buried in the mountain<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a>. +Many other Jewish graves are here.</p> + +<p>Thence it is five parasangs to Tiberias, which is situated +upon the Jordan, which is here called the Sea of Chinnereth. The +Jordan at this place flows through a valley between two mountains, and +fills the lake, which is called the Lake of Chinnereth; this is a +large and broad piece of water like the sea. The Jordan flows between +two mountains, and over the plain which is the place that is called +Ashdoth Hapisgah, and thence continues its course till it falls into +the Sea of Sodom, which is the Salt Sea. In Tiberias there are about +fifty Jews, at their head being <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_45" id="page_45">p.45 </a></span> R. Abraham the astronomer, R. Muchtar, +and R. Isaac. There are hot waters here, which bubble up from the +ground, and are called the Hot Waters of Tiberias. Near by is the +Synagogue of Caleb ben Jephunneh, and Jewish sepulchres. R. Johanan<a name="bpage_29"></a> +ben Zakkai and R. Jehudah Halevi<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> are buried here. All these places +are situated in Lower Galilee.</p> + +<p>From here it is two days to Tymin or Timnathah, where Simon +the Just<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> and many Israelites are buried, and thence three +parasangs to Medon or Meron. In the neighbourhood there is a cave in +which are the sepulchres of Hillel and Shammai. Here also are twenty +sepulchres of disciples, including the sepulchres of R. Benjamin ben +Japheth, and of R. Jehudah ben Bethera. From Meron it is two parasangs +to Almah, where there are about fifty Jews. There is a large Jewish +cemetery here, with the sepulchres of R. Eleazar ben Arak, of R. +Eleazar ben Azariah, of Chuni Hamaagal, of Raban Simeon ben <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_46" id="page_46">p.46</a></span>Gamaliel, +and of R. Jose Hagelili<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a>. </p> + +<p>From here it is half a day's journey to Kades, or Kedesh Naphtali, +upon the Jordan. Here is the sepulchre of Barak the son of Abinoam. No +Jews dwell here.</p> + +<p>Thence it is a day's journey to Banias, which is Dan, where there is a +cavern, from which the Jordan issues and flows for a distance of three +miles, when the Arnon, which comes from the borders of Moab, joins +it<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a>. In front of the cavern may be discerned the site of the altar +associated with the graven image of Micah, which the children of Dan +worshipped in ancient days. This is also the site of the altar of +Jeroboam, where the golden calf was set up. Thus far reaches the +boundary of the land of Israel towards the uttermost sea<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a>.</p> + +<p>Two days' journey brings one to Damascus, the great city, +which is the commencement of the empire of Nur-ed-din, the king of the +Togarmim, called Turks. It is a fair city of large extent, surrounded +by walls, with many gardens and plantations, extending over fifteen +miles on each side, and no district richer in fruit can be seen in all +the world. From Mount Hermon descend the rivers Amana and Pharpar; for +the city is situated at the foot of Mount Hermon. The Amana flows +through the city, and by means of aqueducts the water is conveyed to +the houses of <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_47" id="page_47">p.47</a></span>the great people, and into the streets and +market-places. The Pharpar flows through their gardens and<a name="bpage_30"></a> +plantations. It is a place carrying on trade with all countries. Here +is a mosque of the Arabs called the Gami of Damascus; there is no +building like it in the whole world, and they say that it was a palace +of Ben Hadad. Here is a wall of crystal glass of magic workmanship, +with apertures according to the days of the year, and as the sun's +rays enter each of them in daily succession the hours of the day can +be told by a graduated dial. In the palace are chambers built of gold +and glass, and if people walk round the wall they are able to see one +another, although the wall is between them. And there are columns +overlaid with gold and silver, and columns of marble of all +colours<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a>. And in the court there is a gigantic head overlaid with +gold and silver, and fashioned like a bowl with rims of gold and +silver. It is as big as a cask, and three men can enter therein at the +same time to bathe. In the palace is suspended the rib of one of the +giants, the length being nine cubits, and the width two cubits; and +they say it belonged to the King Anak of the giants of old, whose name +was Abramaz<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a>. For so it was found inscribed on his grave, +where it was also written that he ruled <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_48" id="page_48">p.48</a></span>over the whole world. Three +thousand Jews abide in this city, and amongst them are learned and +rich men<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a>. The head of the Academy of the land of Israel resides +here<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a>. His name is R. Azariah, and with him are his brother, Sar +Shalom, the head of the Beth Din: R. Joseph, the fifth of the Academy: +R. Mazliach, the lecturer, the head of the order: R. Meir, the crown +of the scholars: R. Joseph ben Al Pilath, the pillar of the Academy: +R. Heman, the warden: and R. Zedekiah, the physician. One hundred +Karaïtes dwell here, also 400 Cuthim, and there is peace between them, +but they do not intermarry.</p> + +<p>It is a day's journey to Galid, which is Gilead, and sixty Israelites +are there, at their head being R. Zadok, R. Isaac, and R. Solomon. It +is a place of wide extent, with brooks of water, gardens, and +plantations. Thence it is half a day to Salkat, which is Salchah of +old<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a>.</p> +<a name="bpage_31"></a> +<p>Thence it is half a day's journey to Baalbec, which is Baalath +in the plains of Lebanon, and which Solomon built for the daughter of +Pharaoh. The palace is built of large stones, each stone having a +length of twenty cubits and a width of <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_49" id="page_49">p.49</a></span>twelve cubits, and there are no +spaces between the stones. It is said that Ashmedai alone could have +put up this building. From the upper part of the city a great spring +wells forth and flows into the middle of the city as a wide stream, +and alongside thereof are mills and gardens and plantations in the +midst of the city. At Tarmod (Tadmor) in the wilderness, which Solomon +built, there are similar structures of huge stones.<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> The city of +Tarmod is surrounded by walls; it is in the desert far away from +inhabited places, and is four days' journey from Baalath, just +mentioned. And in Tarmod there are about 2,000 Jews. They are valiant +in war and fight with the Christians and with the Arabs, which latter +are under the dominion of Nur-ed-din the king, and they help their +neighbours the Ishmaelites. At their head are R. Isaac Hajvani, R. +Nathan, and R. Uziel.</p> + +<p>From Baalbec to KarjatĪn, which 1s Kirjathim, is a distance of half +a day; no Jews live there except one dyer. Thence it is a day's +journey to Emesa, which is a city of the Zemarites, where about twenty +Jews dwell<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a>. Thence it is a day's journey to Hamah, which is +Hamath. It lies on the river Jabbok at the foot of Mount Lebanon<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a>. +Some time ago there was a great earthquake in the city, and<a name="bpage_32"></a> +25,000 souls perished in one day, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_50" +id="page_50">p.50</a></span>of about 200 Jews but seventy +escaped. At their head are R. Eli Hacohen, and the Sheik Abu Galib and +Mukhtar. Thence it is half a day to Sheizar, which is Hazor<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a>, and +from there it is three parasangs to Dimin (Latmin).</p> + +<p> Thence it is two days to Haleb (Aleppo) or Aram Zoba, which is +the royal city of Nur-ed-din. In the midst of the city is his palace +surrounded by a very high wall. This is a very large place. There is +no well there nor any stream, but the inhabitants drink rainwater, +each one possessing a cistern in his house<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a>. The city has 5,000 +Jewish inhabitants, at their head being R. Moses el Constantini and R. +Seth. Thence it is two days to Balis<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a>, which is Pethor on the +river Euphrates, and unto this day there stands the turret of Balaam, +which he built to tell the hours of the day. About ten Jews live here. +Thence it is half a day to Kalat Jabar, which is Selah of the +wilderness, that was left unto the Arabs at the time the Togarmim took +their land and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_51" id="page_51">p.51</a></span>caused them to fly into the wilderness. About 2,000 +Jews dwell there, at their head being R. Zedekiah, R. Chiya, and R. +Solomon.</p> + +<p>Thence it is one day's journey to Rakka<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a>, or Salchah, which is on +the confines of the land of Shinar, and which divides the land of the +Togarmim from that kingdom. In it there are 700 Jews, at their head +being R. Zakkai and R. Nedib, who is blind, and R. Joseph. There is a +synagogue here, erected by Ezra when he went forth from Babylon to +Jerusalem. At two days' distance lies ancient Harrān, where twenty<a name="bpage_33"></a> +Jews live<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a>. Here is another synagogue erected by Ezra, and in this +place stood the house of Terah and Abraham his son. The ground is not +covered by any building, and the Mohammedans honour the site and come +thither to pray.</p> + +<p>Thence it is a journey of two days to Ras-el-Ain<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a>, whence proceeds +the river El Khabur—the Habor of old—which flows through the land of +Media, and falls into the river Gozan<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a>. Here there are 200 +Jews<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a>. Thence it is two days to Geziret Ibn Omar, which is +surrounded by the river <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_52" +id="page_52">p.52</a></span>Hiddekel (Tigris), at the foot of the +mountains of Ararat. </p> + +<p>It is a distance of four miles to the place where Noah's Ark rested, +but Omar ben al Khataab took the ark from the two mountains and made +it into a mosque for the Mohammedans<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a>. Near the ark is the +Synagogue of Ezra to this day, and on the ninth of Ab the Jews come +thither from the city to pray. In the city of Geziret Omar are 4,000 +Jews, at their head being R. Mubchar, R. Joseph and R. Chiya.</p> + +<p>Thence it is two days to Mosul, which is Assur the Great, and here +dwell about 7,000 Jews, at their head being R. Zakkai the Nasi of the +seed of David, and R. Joseph surnamed Burhan-al-mulk, the astronomer +to the King Sin-ed-din, the brother of Nur-ed-din, King of +Damascus<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a>. Mosul is the frontier town of the land of Persia.</p> +<a name="bpage_34"></a> +<p>It is a very large and ancient city, situated on the river +Hiddekel (Tigris), and is connected with Nineveh by means of a bridge. +Nineveh is in ruins, but amid the ruins there are villages and +hamlets, and the extent of the city may be determined by the walls, +which extend forty parasangs to the city of Irbil<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a>. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_53" id="page_53">p.53</a></span>The city of +Nineveh is on the river Hiddekel. In the city of Assur (Mosul) is the +synagogue of Obadiah, built by Jonah; also the synagogue of Nahum the +Elkoshite<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a>.</p> + +<p>Thence it is a distance of three days to Rahbah, which is on the river +Euphrates. Here there are about 2,000 Jews, at their head being R. +Hezekiah, R. Tahor and R. Isaac. It is a very fine city, large and +fortified, and surrounded by gardens and plantations.</p> + +<p>Thence it is a day's journey to Karkisiya which is Carchemish, on the +river Euphrates. Here there are about 500 Jews, at their head being R. +Isaac and R. Elhanan. Thence it is two days to El-Anbar which is +Pumbedita in Nehardea<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a>. Here reside 3,000 Jews, and amongst them +are learned men, at their head being the chief rabbi R. Chen, R. Moses +and R. Jehoiakim. Here are the graves of Rab Jehuda and Samuel, and in +front of the graves of each of them are the synagogues which they<a name="bpage_35"></a> +built in their lifetime. Here is also the grave of Bostanai the Nasi, +the head of the Captivity, and of R. Nathan and Rab Nachman the son of +Papa.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_54" id="page_54">p.54</a></span> + +<p> Thence it takes five days to Hadara, where about 15,000 Jews +dwell, at their head being R. Zaken, R. Jehosef and R. Nethanel<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a>.</p> + +<p>Thence it takes two days to Okbara, the city, which Jeconiah the King +built, where there are about 10,000 Jews, and at their head are R. +Chanan, R. Jabin and R. Ishmael.</p> + +<p>Thence it is two days to Bagdad, the great city and the royal +residence of the Caliph Emir al Muminin al Abbasi of the family of +Mohammed. He is at the head of the Mohammedan religion, and all the +kings of Islam obey him; he occupies a similar position to that held +by the Pope over the Christians<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a>. He has a palace in Bagdad three +miles in extent, wherein is a great park with all varieties of trees, +fruit-bearing and otherwise, and all manner of animals. The whole is +surrounded by a wall, and in the park there is a lake whose waters are +fed by the river Hiddekel. Whenever the king desires to indulge in +recreation and to rejoice and feast, his servants catch all manner of' +birds, game and fish, and he goes to his palace with his counsellors +and princes. There the great king, Al Abbasi the Caliph +(Hafiz) <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_55" id="page_55">p.55</a></span>holds his court, and he is kind unto Israel, and many +belonging to the people of Israel are his attendants; he knows all +languages, and is well versed in the law of Israel. He reads and +writes the holy language (Hebrew). He will not partake of anything<a name="bpage_36"></a> +unless he has earned it by the work of his own hands. He makes +coverlets to which he attaches his seal; his courtiers sell them in +the market, and the great ones of the land purchase them, and the +proceeds thereof provide his sustenance. He is truthful and trusty, +speaking peace to all men. The men of Islam see him but once in the +year. The pilgrims that come from distant lands to go unto Mecca which +is in the land El-Yemen, are anxious to see his face, and they +assemble before the palace exclaiming "Our Lord, light of Islam and +glory of our Law, show us the effulgence of thy countenance," but he +pays no regard to their words. Then the princes who minister unto him +say to him, "Our Lord, spread forth thy peace unto the men that have +come from distant lands, who crave to abide under the shadow of thy +graciousness," and thereupon he arises and lets down the hem of his +robe from the window, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_56" id="page_56">p.56</a></span>and the pilgrims come and kiss it<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a>, +and a prince says unto them "Go forth in peace, for our Master the +Lord of Islam granteth peace to you." He is regarded by them as +Mohammed and they go to their houses rejoicing at the salutation which +the prince has vouchsafed unto them, and glad at heart that they have +kissed his robe.</p> + +<p>Each of his brothers and the members of his family has an abode in his +palace, but they are all fettered in chains of iron, and guards are +placed over each of their houses so that they may not rise against the +great Caliph. For once it happened to a predecessor that his brothers +rose up against him and proclaimed one of themselves as Caliph; then +it was decreed that all the members of his family should be bound, +that they might not rise up against the ruling Caliph. Each one of +them resides in his palace in great splendour, and they own villages +and towns, and their stewards bring them the tribute thereof, and they +eat and drink and rejoice all the days of their life<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a>. Within the +domains of the palace of the Caliph there are great buildings of +marble and columns of silver and gold, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_57" id="page_57">p. 57</a></span> carvings upon rare +stones are fixed in the walls. In the Caliph's palace are great riches<a name="bpage_37"></a> +and towers filled with gold, silken garments and all precious stones. +He does not issue forth from his palace save once in the year, at the +feast which the Mohammedans call El-id-bed Ramazan, and they come from +distant lands that day to see him. He rides on a mule and is attired +in the royal robes of gold and silver and fine linen; on his head is a +turban adorned with precious stones of priceless value, and over the +turban is a black shawl as a sign of his modesty, implying that all +this glory will be covered by darkness on the day of death. He is +accompanied by all the nobles of Islam dressed in fine garments and +riding on horses, the princes of Arabia, the princes of Togarma and +Daylam (Gilān) and the princes of Persia, Media and Ghuzz, and the +princes of the land of Tibet, which is three months' journey distant, +and westward of which lies the land of Samarkand. He proceeds from his +palace to the great mosque of Islam which is by the Basrah Gate. Along +the road the walls are adorned with silk and purple, and the +inhabitants receive him with all kinds of song and exultation, and +they dance before the great king who is styled the Caliph. They salute +him with a loud<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_58" id="page_58">p.58</a></span> voice and say, "Peace unto thee, our Lord the +King and Light of Islam!" He kisses his robe, and stretching forth the +hem thereof he salutes them. Then he proceeds to the court of the +mosque, mounts a wooden pulpit and expounds to them their Law. Then +the learned ones of Islam arise and pray for him and extol his +greatness and his graciousness, to which they all respond. Afterwards +he gives them his blessing, and they bring before him a camel which he +slays, and this is their passover-sacrifice. He gives thereof unto the +princes and they distribute it to all, so that they may taste of the +sacrifice brought by their sacred king; and they all rejoice. +Afterwards he leaves the mosque and returns alone to his palace by way +of the river Hiddekel, and the grandees of Islam accompany him in +ships on the river until he enters his palace. He does not return the +way he came; and the road which he takes along the river-side is +watched all the year through, so that no man shall tread in his +footsteps. He does not leave the palace again for a whole year. He is +a benevolent man.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_59" id="page_59">p.59</a></span> + +<p> He built, on the other side of the river, on the banks of an +arm of theEuphrates which there borders the city, a hospital +consisting of blocks of houses and hospices for the sick poor who come +to be healed<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a>. Here there are about sixty physicians' stores which<a name="bpage_38"></a> +are provided from the Caliph's house with drugs and whatever else may +be required. Every sick man who comes is maintained at the Caliph's +expense and is medically treated. Here is a building which is called +Dar-al-Maristan, where they keep charge of the demented people who +have become insane in the towns through the great heat in the summer, +and they chain each of them in iron chains until their reason becomes +restored to them in the winter-time. Whilst they abide there, they are +provided with food from the house of the Caliph, and when their reason +is restored they are dismissed and each one of them goes to his house +and his home. Money is given to those that have stayed in the hospices +on their return to their homes. Every month the officers of the Caliph +inquire and investigate whether they have regained their reason, in +which case they are discharged. All this the Caliph does out of +charity to those that come to the city of Bagdad, whether they be sick +or insane. The Caliph is a righteous man, and all his actions are for +good.</p> +<a name="bpage_39"></a> +<p>In Bagdad there are about 40,000 Jews<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_60" id="page_60">p.60</a></span> and they dwell in +security, prosperity and honour under the great Caliph, and amongst +them are great sages, the heads of Academies engaged in the study of +the law. In this city there are ten Academies. At the head of the +great Academy is the chief rabbi R. Samuel, the son of Eli. He is the +head of the Academy Gaon Jacob. He is a Levite, and traces his +pedigree back to Moses our teacher. The head of the second Academy is +R. Hanania his brother, warden of the Levites; R. Daniel is the head +of the third Academy; R. Elazar the scholar is the head of the fourth +Academy; and R. Elazar, the son of Zemach, is the head of the order, +and his pedigree reaches to Samuel the prophet, the Korahite. He and +his brethren know how to chant the melodies as did the singers at the +time when the Temple was standing. He is head of the fifth Academy. R. +Hisdai, the glory of the scholars, is head of the sixth Academy. R. +Haggai is head of the seventh Academy. R. Ezra is the head of the +eighth Academy. R. Abraham, who is called Abu Tahir, is the head of +the ninth Academy. R. Zakkai, the son of Bostanai the Nasi, is the +head of the Sium<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a>. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_61" +id="page_61">p.61</a></span>These are the ten Batlanim<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a>, and +they do not engage in any other work than communal administration; and +all the days of the week they judge the Jews their countrymen, except +on the second day of the week, when they all appear before the chief +rabbi Samuel, the head of the Yeshiba Gaon (Jacob), who in conjunction +with the other Batlanim judges all those that appear before him. And +at the head of them all is Daniel the son of Hisdai, who is styled +"Our Lord the Head of the Captivity of all Israel." He possesses a +book of pedigrees going back as far as David, King of Israel. The Jews +call him "Our Lord, Head of the Captivity," and the Mohammedans call +him "Saidna ben Daoud," and he has been invested with authority over +all the congregations of Israel at the hands of the Emir al Muminin, +the Lord of Islam<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a>.</p> +<a name="bpage_40"></a> +<p>For thus Mohammed commanded concerning him and his descendants; and he +granted him a seal of office over all the congregations that dwell +under his rule, and ordered that every one, whether Mohammedan or Jew, +or belonging to any other nation in his dominion, should rise up +before him (the Exilarch) and salute him, and that any one who should +refuse to rise up should receive one hundred stripes<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a>.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_62" id="page_62">p.62</a></span> +<p>And every fifth day when he goes to pay a visit to the great +Caliph, horsemen, Gentiles as well as Jews, escort him, and heralds +proclaim in advance, "Make way before our Lord, the son of David, as +is due unto him," the Arabic words being "Amilu tarik la Saidna ben +Daud." He is mounted on a horse, and is attired in robes of silk and +embroidery with a large turban on his head, and from the turban is +suspended a long white cloth adorned with a chain upon which the +cipher of Mohammed is engraved. Then he appears before the Caliph and +kisses his hand, and the Caliph rises and places him on a throne which +Mohammed had ordered to be made for him, and all the Mohammedan +princes who attend the court of the Caliph rise up before him. And the +Head of the Captivity is seated on his throne opposite to the Caliph, +in compliance with the command of Mohammed to give effect to what is +written in the law—"The sceptre shall not depart from Judah nor a +law-giver from between his feet, until he come to Shiloh: and to him +shall the gathering of the people be." The authority of the Head of +the Captivity extends over all the communities of Shinar, Persia, +Khurasan and Sheba which is El-Yemen, and Diyar Kalach (Bekr) and the +land of Aram Naharaim (Mesopotamia), and over the dwellers in the +mountains of Ararat and the land of the Alans<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a>, which is a land<a name="bpage_41"></a> +surrounded by mountains and has no outlet except by the iron gates +which Alexander made, but which were afterwards broken. Here are the +people called Alani. His authority extends also over the land of +Siberia, and the communities in the land of the Togarmim unto the +mountains of Asveh and the land of Gurgan, the inhabitants of which +are called Gurganim who dwell by the river Gihon<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a>, and these are +the Girgashites who follow the Christian religion. Further it extends +to the gates of Samarkand, the land of Tibet, and the land of India. +In respect of all these countries the Head of the Captivity gives the +communities power to appoint <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_63" +id="page_63">p.63</a></span>Rabbis and Ministers who come unto him to +be consecrated and to receive his authority. They bring him +offerings and gifts from the ends of the earth. He owns hospices, +gardens and plantations in Babylon, and much land inherited from his +fathers, and no one can take his possessions from him by force. He has +a fixed weekly revenue arising from the hospices of the Jews, the +markets and the merchants, apart from that which is brought to him +from far-off lands. The man is very rich, and wise in the Scriptures +as well as in the Talmud, and many Israelites dine at his table every +day.</p> + +<p>At his installation, the Head of the Captivity gives much money to the +Caliph, to the Princes and the Ministers. On the day that the Caliph +performs the ceremony of investing him with authority, he rides in the +second of the royal equipages, and is escorted from the palace of the +Caliph to his own house with timbrels and fifes. The Exilarch appoints<a name="bpage_42"></a> +the Chiefs of the Academies by placing his hand upon their heads, thus +installing them in their office<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a>. The Jews of the city are learned +men and very rich.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_64" id="page_64">p.64</a></span> +<p> In Bagdad there are twenty-eight Jewish Synagogues, situated +either in the city itself or in Al-Karkh on the other side of the +Tigris; for the river divides the metropolis into two parts. The great +synagogue of the Head of the Captivity has columns of marble of +various colours overlaid with silver and gold, and on these columns +are sentences of the Psalms in golden letters. And in front of the ark +are about ten steps of marble; on the topmost step are the seats of +the Head of the Captivity and of the Princes of the House of David. +The city of Bagdad is twenty miles in circumference, situated in a +land of palms, gardens and plantations, the like of which is not to be +found in the whole land of Shinar. People come thither with +merchandise from all lands. Wise men live there, philosophers who know +all manner of wisdom, and magicians expert in all manner of +witchcraft.</p> + +<p>Thence it is two days to Gazigan which is called Resen. It is a large +city containing about 5,000 Jews. In the midst of it is the Synagogue +of Rabbah<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a>—a large one. He is buried close to the Synagogue, and +beneath his sepulchre is a cave where twelve of his pupils are buried.</p> + +<p>Thence it is a day's journey <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_65" +id="page_65">p.65</a></span>to Babylon, which is the Babel of +old. The ruins thereof are thirty miles in extent<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a>. The ruins of +the palace of Nebuchadnezzar are still to be seen there, but people +are afraid to enter them on account of the serpents and scorpions. +Near at hand, within a distance of a mile, there dwell 3,000 +Israelites who pray in the Synagogue of the Pavilion of Daniel, which<a name="bpage_43"></a> +is ancient and was erected by Daniel. It is built of hewn stones and +bricks. Between the Synagogue and the Palace of Nebuchadnezzar is the +furnace into which were thrown Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, and the +site of it lies in a valley<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> known unto all.</p> + +<p>Thence it is five parasangs to Hillah, where there are 10,000 +Israelites and four Synagogues: that of R. Meir, who lies buried +before it; the Synagogue of Mar Keshisha, who is buried in front of +it; also the Synagogue of Rab Zeiri, the son of Chama, and the +Synagogue of R. Mari; the Jews pray there every day.</p> + +<p>Thence it is four miles to the Tower of Babel, which the generation +whose language was confounded built of the bricks called Agur. The +length of its foundation is about two miles, the breadth of the tower +is about forty cubits, and the length thereof<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_66" id="page_66">p.66</a></span> two hundred +cubits. At every ten cubits' distance there are slopes which go round +the tower by which one can ascend to the top<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a>. One can see from +there a view twenty miles in extent, as the land is level. There fell +fire from heaven into the midst of the tower which split it to its +very depths.</p> + +<p>Thence it is half a day to Kaphri, where there are about 200 Jews. +Here is the Synagogue of R. Isaac Napcha, who is buried in front of +it. Thence it is three parasangs to the Synagogue of Ezekiel, the +prophet of blessed memory, which is by the river Euphrates<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a>. It is +fronted by sixty turrets, <a name="bpage_44"></a>and between each turret there is a minor +Synagogue, and in the court of the Synagogue is the ark, and at the +back of the Synagogue is the sepulchre of Ezekiel. It is surmounted by +a large cupola, and it is a very handsome structure. It was built of +old by King Jeconiah, king of Judah, and the 35,000 Jews who came with +him, when Evil-merodach brought him forth out of prison. This place is +by the river Chebar on the one side, and by the river Euphrates on the +other, and the names of Jeconiah and those that accompanied him are +engraved on the wall: Jeconiah at the top, and Ezekiel <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_67" id="page_67">p.67</a></span>at the +bottom. This place is held sacred by Israel as a lesser sanctuary unto +this day, and people come from a distance to pray there from the time +of the New Year until the Day of Atonement. The Israelites have great +rejoicings on these occasions. Thither also come the Head of the +Captivity, and the Heads of the Academies from Bagdad. Their camp +occupies a space of about two miles, and Arab merchants come there as +well. A great gathering like a fair takes place, which is called Fera, +and they bring forth a scroll of the Law written on parchment by +Ezekiel the Prophet, and read from it on the Day of Atonement. A lamp +burns day and night over the sepulchre of Ezekiel; the light thereof +has been kept burning from the day that he lighted it himself, and +they continually renew the wick thereof, and replenish the oil unto +the present day. A large house belonging to the sanctuary is filled +with books, some of them from the time of the first temple, and some +from the time of the second temple, and he who has no sons consecrates +his books to its use. The Jews that come thither to pray from the land +of Persia and Media bring the money which their countrymen have +offered to the Synagogue of Ezekiel the Prophet. The Synagogue owns +property, lands and villages, which belonged to King Jeconiah, and +when Mohammed came he confirmed all these rights to the Synagogue of +Ezekiel<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a>. Distinguished Mohammedans also come hither <a name="bpage_45"></a>to pray, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_68" id="page_68">p.68</a></span>so great is their love for Ezekiel the Prophet; and they call it +Bar (Dar) Melicha (the Dwelling of Beauty). All the Arabs come there +to pray<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a>.</p> + +<p>At a distance of about half a mile from the Synagogue are the +sepulchres of Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, and upon their +sepulchres are large cupolas; and even at times of disturbance no man +would dare touch the Mohammedan or Jewish servants who attend at the +sepulchre of Ezekiel.</p> + +<p>Thence it is three miles to the city of Kotsonath, where there are 300 +Jews. Here are the sepulchres of Rab Papa, Rab Huna, Joseph Sinai, and +Rab Joseph ben Hama; and before each of them is a Synagogue where the +Israelites pray every day. Thence it is three parasangs to Ain Siptha, +where there is the sepulchre of the prophet Nahum the Elkoshite. +Thence it is a day's journey to Kefar Al-Keram, where are the +sepulchres of Rab Chisdai, R. Azariah, R. Akiba, and R. Dosa. Thence +it is a half-day's journey to a village in the desert, where there are +buried R. David and R. Jehuda and Abaji, R. Kurdiah, Rab Sechora, and +Rab Ada. Thence it is a day's journey to the river Raga, where <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_69" id="page_69">p.69</a></span> +there is the sepulchre of King Zedekiah. Upon it is a large cupola. +Thence it is a day's journey to the city of Kufa, where there is the +sepulchre of King Jeconiah. Over it is a big structure, and in front +thereof is a Synagogue. There are about 7,000 Jews here. At this place +is the large mosque of the Mohammedans, for here is buried Ali ben Abu +Talib, the son-in-law of Mohammed, and the Mohammedans come hither....</p> + +<p>Thence it is a day and a half to Sura, which is Mata Mehasya, where +the Heads of the Captivity and the Heads of the Academies dwelt at +first<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a>. Here is the sepulchre of R. Sherira, and of R. Hai his son +of blessed memory, also of R. Saadiah Al-Fiumi, and of Rab Samuel the +son of Hofni Hacohen, and of Zephaniah <a name="bpage_46"></a>the son of Cushi the son of +Gedaliah, the prophet, and of the Princes of the House of David, and +of the Heads of the Academies who lived there before the destruction +of the town.<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a></p> + +<p>Thence it is two days to Shafjathib. Here is a Synagogue which the +Israelites built from the earth of Jerusalem and its stones, and they +called it Shafjathib, which is by Nehardea.<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a></p> + +<p>Thence it is a day and a half's journey to El-Anbar, which was +Pumbedita in Nehardea.<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a> About 3,000 Jews dwell there. The city +lies on the river Euphrates. Here is the Synagogue of Rab and Samuel, +and their house of study, and in front of it are their graves.</p> + +<p>Thence it is five days to Hillah. From this place it is a journey of +twenty-one days by way of the deserts to the land of Saba, which is +called the land<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_70" id="page_70">p.70</a></span> El-Yemen, lying at the side of the land of +Shinar which is towards the North.<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a></p> +<a name="bpage_47"></a> +<p>Here dwell the Jews called Kheibar, the men of Teima. And Teima is +their seat of government where R. Hanan the Nasi rules over them. It +is a great city, and the extent of their land is sixteen days' +journey. It is surrounded by mountains—the mountains of the north. +The Jews own many large fortified cities. The yoke of the Gentiles is +hnot upon them. They go forth to pillage and to capture booty from +distant lands in conjunction with the Arabs, their neighbours and<a name="bpage_48"></a> +allies. These Arabs dwell in tents, and they make the desert their +home. They own no houses, and they go forth to pillage and to capture +booty in the land of Shinar and El-Yemen. All the neighbours of these +Jews go in fear of them. Among them are husbandmen and owners of +cattle; their land is extensive, and they have in their midst learned +and wise men. They give the tithe of all they possess unto the +scholars who sit in the house of learning, also to poor Israelites and +to the recluses, who are the mourners of Zion and Jerusalem, and who +do not eat meat nor taste wine, and sit clad in garments<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_71" id="page_71">p.71</a></span> of +black. They dwell in caves or underground houses, and fast each day +with the exception of the Sabbaths and Festivals, and implore mercy of +the Holy One, blessed be He, on account of the exile of Israel, +praying that He may take pity upon them, and upon all the Jews, the +men of Teima, for the sake of His great Name, also upon Tilmas the +great city, in which there are about 100,000 Jews<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a>. At this place +lives Salmon the Nasi, the brother of Hanan the Nasi; and the land +belongs to the two brothers, who are of the seed of David, for they +have their pedigree in writing. They address many questions unto the +Head of the Captivity—their kinsman in Bagdad—and they fast forty +days in the year for the Jews that dwell in exile.</p> + +<p>There are here about forty large towns and 200 hamlets and villages. +The principal city is Tanai, and in all the districts together there +are about 300,000 Jews. The city of Tanai is well fortified, and in +the midst thereof the people sow and reap. It is fifteen miles in +extent. Here is the palace of the Nasi called Salmon. And in Teima +dwells Hanan the Nasi, his brother. It is a beautiful city, and +contains gardens<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_72" id="page_72">p.72</a></span> and plantations. And Tilmas is likewise a +great city; it contains about 100,000 Jews. It is well fortified, and +is situated between two high mountains. There are wise, discreet, and +rich men amongst the inhabitants. From Tilmas to Kheibar it is three +days' journey. People say that the men of Kheibar belong to the tribes +of Reuben, Gad, and Manasseh, whom Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, led +hither into captivity. They have built strongly-fortified cities, and +make war upon all other kingdoms. No man can readily reach their +territory, because it is a march of eighteen days' journey through the +desert, which is altogether uninhabited, so that no one can enter the +land.</p> + +<p>Kheibar is a very large city with 50,000 Jews<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a>. In it are learned<a name="bpage_49"></a> +men, and great warriors, who wage war with the men of Shinar and of +the land of the north, as well as with the bordering tribes of the<a name="bpage_50"></a> +land of El-Yemen near them, which latter country is on the confines of +India<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a>. Returning from their land, it is a journey of twenty-five +days to the river Virae, which is in the land of El-Yemen, <a name="bpage_51"></a>where about +3,000 Jews dwell<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a>, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_73" +id="page_73">p.73</a></span>and amongst them are many a Rabbi and Dayan.</p> + +<p>Thence it takes five days to Basra (Bassorah) which lies on the river +Tigris. Here there are 10,000 Jews, and among them are +scholars and many rich men. Thence it is two days to the river Samara, +which is the commencement of the land of Persia. 1,500 Jews live near +the sepulchre of Ezra, the priest, who went forth from Jerusalem to +King Artaxerxes and died here. In front of his sepulchre is a large +synagogue. And at the side thereof the Mohammedans erected a house of +prayer out of their great love and veneration for him, and they like +the Jews on that account. And the Mohammedans come hither to +pray<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a>. Thence it is four days to Khuzistan, which is Elam. This +province is not inhabited in its entirety, for part of it lies waste. +In the midst of its ruins is Shushan (Susa), the capital, the site of +the palace of King Ahasuerus. Here are the remains of a large +structure of great antiquity. The city contains about 7,000 Jews and +fourteen synagogues.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_74" id="page_74">p.74</a></span><a name="bpage_52"></a> +<p>In front of one of the synagogues is the sepulchre of Daniel +of blessed memory. The river Tigris divides the city, and the bridge +connects the two parts. On the one side where the Jews dwell is the +sepulchre of Daniel. Here the market-places used to be, containing +great stores of merchandise, by which the Jews became enriched. On the +other side of the bridge they were poor, because they had no +market-places nor merchants there, only gardens and plantations. And +they became jealous, and said "All this prosperity enjoyed by those on +the other side is due to the merits of Daniel the prophet who lies +buried there." Then the poor people asked those who dwelt on the other +side to place the sepulchre of Daniel in their midst, but the others +would not comply. So war prevailed between them for many days, and no +one went forth or came in on account of the great strife between them. +At length both parties growing tired of this state of things took a +wise view of the matter, and made a compact, namely, that the coffin +of Daniel should be taken for one year to the one side and for another +year to the other side. This they did, and both sides became rich. In +the course of time Sinjar Shah-ben-Shah, who ruled over the kingdom of +Persia and had forty-five kings subject to his authority, came to this +place. </p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_75" id="page_75">p.75</a></span> + +<p>He is called Sultan-al-Fars-al-Khabir in Arabic (the mighty Sovereign +of Persia), and it is he who ruled from the river Samara unto the city +of Samarkand, and unto the river Gozan and the cities of Media and the +mountains of Chafton<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a>. He ruled also over Tibet, in the forests +whereof one finds the animals from which the musk is obtained<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a>. +The extent of his Empire is a journey of four months. When this great +Emperor Sinjar, king of Persia, saw that they took the coffin of +Daniel from one side of the river to the other, and that a great +multitude of Jews, Mohammedans and Gentiles, and many people from the +country were crossing the bridge, he asked the meaning of this +proceeding, and they told him these things. He said, "It is not meet +to do this ignominy unto Daniel the prophet, but I command you to +measure the bridge from both sides, and to take the coffin of Daniel +and place it inside another coffin of crystal, so that the wooden +coffin be within that of crystal, and to suspend this from the middle +of the bridge by a chain of iron; at this spot you must build a<a name="bpage_53"></a> +synagogue for all comers, so that whoever wishes to pray there, be he +Jew or Gentile, may do so." And to this very day the coffin is +suspended from the bridge. And the king commanded<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_76" id="page_76">p.76</a></span> that out of +respect for Daniel no fisherman should catch fish within a mile above +or a mile below.<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a></p> + +<p>Thence it takes three days to Rudbar where there are about 20,000 +Israelites, and among them are learned and rich men. But the Jews live +there under great oppression. Thence it is two days to Nihawand, where +there are 4,000 Israelites. Thence it is four days to the land of +Mulahid. Here live a people who do not profess the Mohammedan +religion, but live on high mountains, and worship the Old Man of the<a name="bpage_54"></a> +land of the Hashishim<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a>. And among them there are four communities +of Israel who go forth with them in war-time. They are not under the +rule of the king of Persia, but reside in the high mountains, and +descend from these mountains to pillage and to capture booty, and then +return to the mountains, and none can overcome them. There are learned +men amongst the Jews of their land. These Jews are under the authority +of the Head of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_77" id="page_77">p.77</a></span> Captivity in Babylon. Thence it is five +days to Amadia where there are about 25,000 Israelites<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a>. This is +the first of those communities that dwell in the mountains of Chafton, +where there are more than 100 Jewish communities. Here is the +commencement of the land of Media. These Jews belong to the first +captivity which King Shalmanezar led away; and they speak the language +in which the Targum is written. Amongst them are learned men. The +communities reach from the province of Amadia unto the province of +Gilan, twenty-five days distant, on the border of the kingdom of +Persia. They are under the authority of the king of Persia, and he +raises a tribute from them through the hands of his officer, and the +tribute which they pay every year by way of poll tax is one gold amir, +which is equivalent to one and one-third maravedi. [This tax has to be +paid by all males in the land of Islam who are over the age of +fifteen.] At this place (Amadia), there arose this day ten years ago, +a man named David Alroy of the city of Amadia<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a>. He studied under +Chisdai the Head of the Captivity, and under the Head of the Academy +Gaon Jacob, in the city of Bagdad, and he was well versed in the Law +of Israel, in the Halachah, as well as in the Talmud, and in all the +wisdom of the Mohammedans, also in secular literature and in the<a name="bpage_55"></a> +writings of magicians and soothsayers. He conceived the idea of <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_78" id="page_78">p.78</a></span> rebelling against the king of Persia, and of collecting the Jews +who live in the mountains of Chafton to go forth and to fight against +all the nations, and to march and capture Jerusalem. He showed signs +by pretended miracles to the Jews, and said, "The Holy One, blessed be +He, sent me to capture Jerusalem and to free you from the yoke of the +Gentiles." And the Jews believed in him and called him their Messiah. +When the king of Persia heard of it he sent for him to come and speak +with him. Alroy went to him without fear, and when he had audience of +the king, the latter asked him, "Art thou the king of the Jews?" He +answered, "I am." Then the king was wrath, and commanded that he +should be seized and placed in the prison of the king, the place where +the king's prisoners were bound unto the day of their death, in the +city of Tabaristan which is on the large river Gozan. At the end of +three days, whilst the king was sitting deliberating with his princes +concerning the Jews who had rebelled, David suddenly stood before +them. He had escaped from the prison without the knowledge of any man.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_79" id="page_79">p.79</a></span> +And when the king saw him, he said to him, "Who brought thee +hither, and who has released thee?" "My own wisdom and skill," +answered the other; "for I am not afraid of thee, nor of any of thy +servants." The king forthwith loudly bade his servants to seize him, +but they answered, "We cannot see any man, although our ears hear +him." Then the king and all his princes marvelled at his subtlety; but +he said to the king "I will go my way"; so he went forth. And the king +went after him; and the princes and servants followed their king until +they came to the river-side. Then Alroy took off his mantle and spread +it on the face of the water to cross thereon. When the servants of the +king saw that he crossed the water on his mantle, they pursued him in +small boats, wishing to bring him back, but they were unable, and they +said, "There is no wizard like this in the whole world." That +self-same day he went a journey of ten days to the city of Amadia by +the strength of the ineffable Name, and he told the Jews all that had +befallen him, and they were astonished at his wisdom.</p> + +<p>After that the king of Persia sent word to the Emir Al-Muminin, the +Caliph of the Mohammedans at Bagdad, urging him to warn the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_80" id="page_80">p.80</a></span> +Head of the Exile, and the Head of the Academy Gaon Jacob, to restrain +David Alroy from executing his designs. And he threatened that he +would otherwise slay all the Jews in his Empire. Then all the +congregations of the land of Persia were in great trouble. And the +Head of the Captivity, and the Head of the Academy Gaon Jacob, sent to +Alroy, saying, "The time of redemption is not yet arrived; we have not +yet seen the signs thereof; for by strength shall no man prevail. Now<a name="bpage_56"></a> +our mandate is, that thou cease from these designs, or thou shalt +surely be excommunicated from all Israel." And they sent unto Zakkai +the Nasi in the land of Assur (Mosul) and unto R. Joseph +Burhan-al-mulk the astronomer there, bidding them to send on the +letter to Alroy, and furthermore they themselves wrote to him to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_81" id="page_81">p.81</a></span>warn him, but he would not accept the warning. Then there arose a +king of the name of Sin-ed-din, the king of the Togarmim, and a vassal +of the king of Persia, who sent to the father-in-law of David Alroy, +and gave him a bribe of 10,000 gold pieces to slay Alroy in +secret<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a>. So he went to Alroy's house, and slew him whilst he was +asleep on his bed. Thus were his plans frustrated. Then the king of +Persia went forth against the Jews that lived in the mountain; and +they sent to the Head of the Captivity to come to their assistance and +to appease the king. He was eventually appeased by a gift of 100 +talents of gold, which they gave him, and the land was at peace +thereafter<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a>.</p> +<a name="bpage_57"></a> +<p>From this mountain it is a journey of twenty days to Hamadan, which is +the great city of Media, where there are 30,000 Israelites. In front +of a certain synagogue, there are buried Mordecai an Esther<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a>.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_82" id="page_82">p.82</a></span> +<p>From thence (Hamadan<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a>) it takes four days to Tabaristan,<a name="bpage_58"></a> +which is situated on the river Gozan. Some [four] thousand Jews live +there<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a>. Thence it is seven days to Ispahan the great city and the +royal residence. It is twelve miles in circumference, and about 15,000 +Israelites reside there<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a>. The Chief Rabbi is Sar Shalom, who has +been appointed by the Head of the Captivity to have jurisdiction over +all the Rabbis that are in the kingdom of Persia. Four days onward is +Shiraz, which is the city of Fars, and 10,000 Jews live there<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a>. +Thence it is seven days to Ghaznah the great city on the river Gozan, +where there are about 80,000 Israelites<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a>. It is a city of +commercial importance; people of all countries and tongues come<a name="bpage_59"></a> +thither with their wares. The land is extensive.</p> + +<p>Thence it is five days to Samarkand, which is the great city on the +confines of Persia. In it live some 50,000 Israelites, and R. Obadiah +the Nasi is their appointed head. Among them are wise and very rich +men.</p> + +<p>Thence it is four days' journey to Tibet, the country in whose forests +the musk is found. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_83" id="page_83">p.83</a></span> +Thence it takes twenty-eight days to +the mountains of Naisabur by the river Gozan. And there are men of +Israel in the land of Persia who say that in the mountains of Naisabur +four of the tribes of Israel dwell, namely, the tribe of Dan, the +tribe of Zebulun, the tribe of Asher, and the tribe of Naphtali, who +were included in the first captivity of Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, +as it is written (2 Kings xviii. 11): "And he put them in Halah and in +Habor by the river of Gozan and in the cities of the Medes<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a>."</p> + +<p>The extent of their land is twenty days' journey, and they have cities +and large villages in the mountains; the river Gozan forms the +boundary on the one side. They are not under the rule of the Gentiles, +but they have a prince of their own, whose name is R. Joseph Amarkala +the Levite. There are scholars among them. And they sow and reap and +go forth to war as far as the land of Cush by way of the desert<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a>.</p> +<a name="bpage_60"></a> +<p>They are in league with the Kofar-al-Turak, who worship the wind and +live in the wilderness, and who do not eat bread, nor drink wine, but +live on raw uncooked meat.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_84" id="page_84">p.84</a></span> They have no noses, and in lieu +thereof they have two small holes, through which they breathe. They +eat animals both clean and unclean, and they are very friendly towards +the Israelites. Fifteen years ago they overran the country of Persia +with a large army and took the city of Rayy<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a>; they smote it with +the edge of the sword, took all the spoil thereof, and returned by way +of the wilderness. Such an invasion had not been known in the land of +Persia for many years. When the king of Persia heard thereof his anger +was kindled against them, and he said, "Not in my days nor in the days +of my fathers did an army sally forth from this wilderness. Now I will +go and cut off their name from the earth." A proclamation was made +throughout his Empire, and he assembled all his armies; and he sought +a guide who might show him the way to their encampment. And a certain +man said that he would show him the way, as he was one of them. And +the king promised that he would enrich him if he did so. And the king +asked him as to what provisions they would require for the march +through the wilderness.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_85" id="page_85">p.85</a></span> And he replied, "Take with you bread +and wine for fifteen days, for you will find no sustenance by the way, +till you have reached their land." And they did so, and marched +through the wilderness for fifteen days, but they found nothing at +all. And their food began to give out, so that man and beast were +dying of hunger and thirst. Then the king called the guide, and said +to him, "Where is your promise to us that you would find our +adversaries?" To which the other replied, "I have mistaken the way." +And the king was wroth, and commanded that his head should be struck +off. And the king further gave orders throughout the camp that every +man who had any food should divide it with his neighbour. And they +consumed everything they had including their beasts. And after a +further thirteen days' march they reached the mountains of Naisabur, +where Jews lived. They came there on the Sabbath, and encamped in the +gardens and plantations and by the springs of water which are by the +side of the river Gozan. Now it was the time of the ripening of the +fruit, and they ate and consumed everything. No man came forth to +them, but on the mountains they saw cities and many towers.</p> + +<p>Then the king commanded two of his servants to go<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_86" id="page_86">p.86</a></span> and inquire<a name="bpage_61"></a> +of the people who lived in the mountains, and to cross the river +either in boats or by swimming. So they searched and found a large +bridge, on which there were three towers, but the gate of the bridge +was locked. And on the other side of the bridge was a great city. Then +they shouted in front of the bridge till a man came forth and asked +them what they wanted and who they were. But they did not understand +him till an interpreter came who understood their language. And when +he asked them, they said, "We are the servants of the king of Persia, +and we have come to ask who you are, and whom you serve." To which the +other replied: "We are Jews; we have no king and no Gentile prince, +but a Jewish prince rules over us." They then questioned him with +regard to the infidels, the sons of Ghuz of the Kofar-al-Turak, and he +answered: "Truly they are in league with us, and he who seeks to do +them harm seeks our harm." Then they went their way, and told the king +of Persia, who was much alarmed. And on a certain day the Jews asked +him to join combat with them, but he answered: "I am not come to fight +you, but the Kofar-al-Turak, my enemy, and if you fight against me I +will be avenged on you by killing all the Jews in my Empire; I know +that you are stronger than I am in this place,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_87" id="page_87">p.87</a></span> and my army has +come out of this great wilderness starving and athirst. Deal kindly +with me and do not fight against me, but leave me to engage with the +Kofar-al-Turak, my enemy, and sell me also the provisions which I +require for myself and my army." The Jews then took counsel together, +and resolved to propitiate the king on account of the Jews who were in +exile in his Empire. Then the king entered their land with his army, +and stayed there fifteen days. And they showed him much honour, and +also sent a dispatch to the Kofar-al-Turak their allies, reporting the +matter to them. Thereupon the latter occupied the mountain passes in +force with a large army composed of all those who dwelt in that +desert, and when the king of Persia went forth to fight with them, +they placed themselves in battle array against him. The Kofar-al-Turak +army was victorious and slew many of the Persian host, and the king of +Persia fled with only a few followers to his own country<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a>.</p> +<a name="bpage_62"></a> +<p>Now a horseman, one of the servants of the king of Persia, enticed <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_88" id="page_88">p.88</a></span> +a Jew, whose name was R. Moses, to come with him, and when he came +to the land of Persia this horseman made the Jew his slave. One day +the archers came before the king to give a display of their skill and +no one among them could be found to draw the bow like this R. Moses. +Then the king inquired of him by means of an interpreter who knew his +language, and he related all that the horseman had done to him. +Thereupon the king at once granted him his liberty, had him clad in +robes of silk, gave him gifts, and said to him, "If thou wilt embrace +our religion, I will make thee a rich man and steward of my house," +but he answered, My lord, I cannot do this thing." Then the king took +him and placed him in the house of the Chief Rabbi of the Ispahan +community, Sar Shalom, who gave him his daughter to wife. This same R. +Moses told me all these things.</p> + +<p>Thence one returns to the land of Khuzistan which is by the river +Tigris, and one goes down the river which falls into the Indian Ocean +unto an island called Kish<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a>. It is a six days' journey to reach +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_89" id="page_89">p.89</a></span>this island. The inhabitants neither sow nor reap. They +possess only one well, and there is no stream in the whole island, but +they drink rain-water. The merchants who come from India and the +islands encamp there with their wares. Moreover, men from Shinar, +El-Yemen and Persia bring thither all sorts of silk, purple and flax, +cotton, hemp, worked wool, wheat, barley, millet, rye, and all sorts +of food, and lentils of every description, and they trade with one +another, whilst the men from India bring great quantities of spices<a name="bpage_63"></a> +thither. The islanders act as middlemen, and earn their livelihood +thereby. There are about 500 Jews there.</p> + +<p>Thence it is ten days' journey by sea to Katifa, where there are about +5,000 Jews. Here the bdellium is to be found<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a>. On the +twenty-fourth of Nisan rain falls upon the water, upon the surface of +which certain small sea-animals float which drink in the rain and then +shut themselves up, and sink to the bottom. And about the middle of +Tishri men descend to the bed of the sea by ropes, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_90" id="page_90">p.90</a></span> collect +these shell-fish, then split them open and extract the pearls. This +pearl-fishery belongs to the King of the country, but is controlled by +a Jewish official.</p> + +<p>Thence it is seven days' journey to Khulam which is the beginning of +the country of the Sun-worshippers<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a>. These are the sons of Cush,<a name="bpage_64"></a> +who read the stars, and are all black in colour. They are honest in +commerce. When merchants come to them from distant lands and enter the +harbour, three of the King's secretaries go down to them and record +their names, and then bring them before the King, whereupon the King +makes himself responsible even for their property which they leave in +the open, unprotected. There is an official who sits in his office, +and the owner of any lost property has only to describe it to him when +he hands it back. This custom prevails in all that country. From +Passover to New Year, that is all during the summer, no man can go out +of his house because of the sun, for the heat in that country is +intense, and from the third hour of the day onward, everybody remains +in his house till the evening. Then they go forth and kindle lights in +all the market places and all the streets, and then do their work and +business at<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_91" id="page_91">p.91</a></span> night-time. For they have to turn night into day +in consequence of the great heat of the sun. Pepper is found there. +They plant the trees thereof in the fields, and each man of the city +knows his own plantation. The trees are small, and the pepper is as +white as snow. And when they have collected it, they place it in +saucepans and pour boiling water over it, so that it may become +strong. They then take it out of the water and dry it in the sun, and +it turns black. Calamus and ginger and many other kinds of spice are +found in this land.</p> + +<p>The people of this country do not bury their dead, but embalm them by +means of various spices, after which they place them on chairs and +cover them with fine linen. And each family has a house where it +preserves the embalmed remains of its ancestors and relations. The +flesh hardens on the bones, and the embalmed bodies look like living +beings, so that every man can recognize his parents, and the members +of his family for many years. They worship the sun, and they have high +places everywhere outside the city at a distance of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_92" id="page_92">p. 92</a></span> about half +a mile. And every morning they run forth to greet the sun, for on +every high place a solar disc is made of cunning workmanship and as<a name="bpage_65"></a> +the sun rises the disc rotates with thundering noise, and all, both +men and women, offer incense to the sun with censers in their hands. +Such are their superstitious practices. And throughout the island, +including all the towns there, live several thousand Israelites. The +inhabitants are all black, and the Jews also. The latter are good and +benevolent. They know the law of Moses and the prophets, and to a +small extent the Talmud and Halacha.</p> + +<p>Thence it is twenty-three days by sea to Ibrig<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a>, and the +inhabitants are fire-worshippers, and are called Duchbin. Among them +are about 3,000 Jews, and these Duchbin have priests in their several +temples who are great wizards in all manner of witchcraft, and there +are none like them in all the earth. In front of the high place of +their temple there is a deep trench, where they keep a great fire +alight all the year, and they call it Elahutha. And they cause their +sons and daughters to pass through the fire, and even their +dead<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_93" id="page_93">p.93</a></span> they throw into it. Some of the great men of the country make a +vow to die by fire. In such cases the man communicates his intention +to the members of his household and his relations, and says:—"I have +vowed to throw myself in the fire whilst I am yet alive," then they +answer, saying: "Happy art thou." And when the day of the performance +of his vow arrives, they prepare for him a grand banquet, and if he is +rich he rides on horseback, if poor he goes on foot to the border of +the trench and throws himself into the fire. And all the members of +his family shout to the accompaniment of timbrels and dancing until +the body is entirely consumed. At the end of three days two of their +high priests come to his house and to his children and say unto them: +"Arrange the house, for this day your father will come to give his +last directions as to what ye shall do." And they bring witnesses from +the city. Then Satan is made to appear in the likeness of the +deceased, and when his widow and children ask him how he fares in the +other world he answers: "I went to my companions, but they would not<a name="bpage_66"></a> +receive me until I had discharged my obligations to the members of my house and to my +neighbours." <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_94" id="page_94">p.94</a></span>Then he makes his will and divides his property among +his children, and gives directions that all his creditors should be +paid and that his debts should be collected. Then the witnesses write +out the will, and he goes his way and is seen no more. And by means of +this trickery and witchcraft which these priests practise, the people +are confirmed in their errors and assert that there is none in all the +land like their priests.</p> + +<p>Thence to cross over to the land of Zin (China) is a voyage of forty +days. Zin is in the uttermost East, and some say that there is the Sea +of Nikpa (Ning-po?), where the star Orion predominates and stormy +winds prevail<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a>. At times the helmsman cannot govern his ship, as a +fierce wind drives her into this Sea of Nikpa, where she cannot move +from her place; and the crew have to remain where they are till their +stores of food are exhausted and then they die. In this way many a +ship has been lost, but men eventually discovered a device by which to +escape from this evil place. The crew provide themselves with hides +of oxen.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_95" id="page_95">p.95</a></span> And when this evil wind blows which drives them +into the Sea of Nikpa, they wrap themselves up in the skins, which +they make waterproof, and, armed with knives, plunge into the sea. A +great bird called the griffin spies them out, and in the belief that +the sailor is an animal, the griffin seizes hold of him, brings him to +dry land, and puts him down on a mountain or in a hollow in order to +devour him. The man then quickly thrusts at the bird with a knife and +slays him. Then the man issues forth from the skin and walks till he +comes to an inhabited place. And in this manner many a man +escapes<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a>.</p> +<a name="bpage_67"></a> +<p>Thence to Al-Gingaleh is a voyage of fifteen days, and about +1,000 Israelites dwell there. Thence by sea to Chulan is seven days; +but no Jews live there. From there it is twelve days to Zebid, where +there are a few Jews. From there it is eight days' journey to India +which is on the mainland, called the land of Aden, and this is the +Eden which is in Thelasar<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a>. The country is mountainous. There are +many Israelites here, and they are not under the yoke of the Gentiles, +but possess cities and castles on the summits of the mountains, from +which they make descents into the plain-country called Lybia, which is +a Christian Empire. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_96" id="page_96">p.96</a></span>These are the Lybians of the land of Lybia, with +whom the Jews are at war. The Jews take spoil and booty and retreat to +the mountains, and no man can prevail against them. Many of these Jews +of the land of Aden come to Persia and Egypt<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a>.</p> + +<p>Thence to the land of Assuan is a journey of twenty days through the<a name="bpage_68"></a> +desert. This is Seba on the river Pishon (Nile) which descends from +the land of Cush<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a>. And some of these sons of Cush have a king whom +they call the Sultan Al-Habash. There is a people among them who, like +animals, eat of the herbs that grow on the banks of the Nile and in +the fields. They go about naked and have not the intelligence of +ordinary men. They cohabit with their sisters and any one they find. +The climate is very hot. When the men of Assuan make a raid into their +land, they take with them bread and wheat, dry grapes and figs, and +throw the food to these people, who run after it. Thus they +bring many of them back prisoners, and sell them in the l<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_97" id="page_97">p.97</a></span>and of Egypt +and in the surrounding countries. And these are the black slaves, the +sons of Ham.</p> + +<p>From Assuan it is a distance of twelve days to Heluan where there are +about 300 Jews. Thence people travel in caravans a journey of fifty +days through the great desert called Sahara, to the land of Zawilah, +which is Havilah in the land of Gana<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a>. In this desert there are<a name="bpage_69"></a> +mountains of sand, and when the wind rises, it covers the caravans +with the sand, and many die from suffocation. Those that escape bring +back with them copper, wheat, fruit, all manner of lentils, and salt. +And from thence they bring gold, and all kinds of jewels. This is in +the land of Cush which is called Al-Habash on the western +confines<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a>. From Heluan it is thirteen days' journey to Kutz which +is Kūs, and this is the commencement of the land of Egypt. At Kutz +there are 300 Jews<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a>. Thence it is 300 miles to Fayum, which is +Pithom, where there are 200 Jews; and unto this very day one can see +ruins of the buildings which our forefathers erected there<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a>.</p> + +<p>Thence to Mizraim is a journey of four days.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_98" id="page_98">p.98</a></span> This Mizraim is +the great city situated on the banks of the Nile, which is Pison or +Al-Nil<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a>. The number of Jewish inhabitants is about 7,000. Two<a name="bpage_70"></a> +large synagogues are there, one belonging to the men of the land of +Israel and one belonging to the men of the land of Babylon. The +synagogue of the men of the land of Israel is called +Kenisat-al-Schamiyyin, and the synagogue of the men of Babylon is +called Kenisat-al-Irakiyyin. Their usage with regard to the portions +and sections of the Law is not alike; for the men of Babylon are +accustomed to read a portion every week, as is done in Spain, and is +our custom, and to finish the Law each year; whilst the men of +Palestine do not do so, but divide each portion into three sections +and finish the Law at the end of three years. The two communities, +however, have an established custom to unite and pray together on the +day of the Rejoicing of the Law, and on the day of the Giving of the +Law<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a>. Among the Jews is Nethanel the Prince of</p> +<a name="bpage_71"></a> +<p>Princes and the head of the Academy, who is the head of all the +congregations in Egypt<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a>; he appoints Rabbis and officials, and is +attached to the court of the great King, who lives in his palace of +Zoan el-Medina, which is the royal city for the Arabs. Here resides the Emir al Muminin, a <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_99" id="page_99">p.99</a></span>descendant of Abu Talib. All +his subjects are called "Alawiyyim<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a>," because they rose up against +the Emir al Muminin al Abbasi (the Abbaside Caliph) who resides at +Bagdad. And between the two parties there is a lasting feud, for the +former have set up a rival throne in Zoan (Egypt).</p> + +<p>Twice in the year the Egyptian monarch goes forth, once on the +occasion of the great festival, and again when the river Nile rises. +Zoan is surrounded by a wall, but Mizraim has no wall, for the river +encompasses it on one side. It is a great city, and it has +market-places as well as inns in great number. The Jews that dwell +there are very rich. No rain falls, neither is ice or snow ever seen. +The climate is very hot.</p> + +<p>The river Nile rises once a year in the month of Elul; it covers all +the land, and irrigates it to a distance of fifteen days' journey. The +waters remain upon the surface of the land during the months of Elul +and Tishri, and irrigate and fertilize it.</p> + +<p>The inhabitants have a pillar of marble, erected with much skill, in +order to ascertain the extent of the rise of the Nile. It stands in +the front of an island in the midst of the water, and is twelve cubits +high<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a>. When the Nile rises and covers the column, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_100" id="page_100">p.100</a></span>they know that<a name="bpage_72"></a> +the river has risen and has covered the land for a distance +of fifteen days' journey to its full extent. If only half the column +is covered, the water only covers half the extent of the land. And day +by day an officer takes a measurement on the column and makes +proclamation thereof in Zoan and in the city of Mizraim, proclaiming: +"Give praise unto the Creator, for the river this day has risen to +such and such a height"; each day he takes the measurement and makes +his proclamation. If the water covers the entire column, there will be +abundance throughout Egypt. The river continues to rise gradually till +it covers the land to the extent of fifteen days' journey. He who owns +a field hires workmen, who dig deep trenches in his field, and fish +come with the rise of the water and enter the trenches. Then, when the +waters have receded, the fish remain behind in the trenches, and the +owners of the fields take them and either eat them or sell them to the +fishmongers, who salt them and deal in them in every place. These fish +are exceedingly fat and large, and the oil obtained from them is used +in this land for lamp-oil. Though a man eat a great quantity of these +fish, if he but drink<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_101" id="page_101">p.101</a></span> Nile water afterwards they will not hurt him, +for the waters have medicinal properties.</p> + +<p>People ask, what causes the Nile to rise? The Egyptians say that up +the river, in the land of Al-Habash (Abyssinia), which is the land of +Havilah, much rain descends at the time of the rising of the river, +and that this abundance of rain causes the river to rise and to cover +the surface of the land<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a>. <a name="bpage_73"></a> +If the river does not rise, there is no +sowing, and famine is sore in the land. Sowing is done in the month of +Marheshwan, after the river has gone back to its ordinary channel. In +the month of Adar is the barley-harvest, and in the month of Nisan the +wheat-harvest.</p> + +<p>In the month of Nisan they have cherries, pears, cucumbers, and gourds +in plenty, also beans, peas, chickpeas, and many kinds of vegetables, +such as purslane, asparagus, pulse, lettuce, coriander, endive, +cabbage, leek, and cardoon. The land is full of all good things, and +the gardens and plantations are watered from the various reservoirs +and by the river-water.</p> + +<p>The river Nile, after flowing past (the city of) Mizraim, divides into +four heads: one channel proceeds in the direction of Damietta, which +is Caphtor<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a>, where it falls into the sea. The second channel flows +to the city of Reshid (Rosetta),<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_102" +id="page_102">p.102</a></span> which is near Alexandria, +and there falls into the sea; the third channel goes by way of Ashmun, +where it falls into the sea; and the fourth channel goes as far as the +frontier of Egypt<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a>. Along both banks of these four river-heads are +cities, towns and villages, and people visit these places either by +ship or by land. There is no such thickly-populated land as this +elsewhere. It is extensive too and abundant in all good things.</p> + +<p>From New Mizraim unto Old Mizraim is a distance of two parasangs. The +latter is in ruins, and the place where walls and houses stood can be +seen to the present day. The store-houses also of Joseph of blessed +memory are to be found in great numbers in many places. They are built +of lime and stone, and are exceedingly strong<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a>. A pillar is there +of marvellous workmanship, the like of which cannot be seen throughout +the world.</p> +<a name="bpage_74"></a> +<p>Outside the city is the ancient synagogue of Moses our master, of +blessed memory, and the overseer and clerk of this place of worship is +a venerable old man; he is a man of learning, and they call him Al +Sheik Abu al-Nazr<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a>. The extent of Mizraim, which is in ruins, is +three miles. Thence to the land of Goshen is eight parasangs; +here is Bilbais<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_103" +id="page_103">p.103</a></span> There are about 300 Jews in the city, which is +a large one. Thence it is half a day's journey to Ain-al-Shams or +Ramses, which is in ruins. Traces are there to be seen of the +buildings which our fore-fathers raised, namely, towers built of +bricks. From here it is a day's journey to Al Bubizig, where there are +about 200 Jews. Thence it is half a day to Benha, where there are +about 60 Jews. Thence it takes half a day to Muneh Sifte, where there +are 500 Jews<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a>. From there it is half a day's journey to Samnu, +where there are about 200 Jews. Thence it is four parasangs to Damira, +where there are about 700 Jews. From there it is five days to +Lammanah, where there are about 500 Jews<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a>. Two days' journey takes +one to Alexandria of Egypt, which is Ammon of No; but when Alexander +of Macedon built the city, he called it after his own name, and made +it exceedingly strong and beautiful<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a>. The houses, the palaces, and<a name="bpage_75"></a> +the walls are of excellent architecture. Outside the town is the +academy of Aristotle, the teacher of Alexander. This is a large +building, standing between other academies to the number of twenty, +with a column of marble between each. People from the whole world were +wont to come hither in order to study the wisdom of Aristotle the +philosopher. The city is built over a hollow<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_104" id="page_104">p.104</a></span> by means of +arches. Alexander built it with great understanding. The streets are +wide and straight, so that a man can look along them for a mile from +gate to gate, from the gate of Reshid to the gate by the sea.</p> + +<p>Alexander also built for the harbour of Alexandria a pier, a king's +highway running into the midst of the sea. And there he erected a +large tower, a lighthouse, called Manar al Iskandriyyah in Arabic. On +the top of the tower there is a glass mirror. Any ships that attempted +to attack or molest the city, coming from Greece or from the Western +lands, could be seen by means of this mirror of glass at a distance of +twenty days' journey, and the inhabitants could thereupon put +themselves on their guard. It happened once, many years after the +death of Alexander, that a ship came from the land of Greece, and the +name of the captain was Theodoros, a Greek of great cleverness. The +Greeks at that time were under the yoke of Egypt. The captain brought +great gifts in silver and gold and garments of silk to the King of +Egypt, and he moored his ship in front of the lighthouse, as +was the custom of all merchants.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_105" id="page_105">p.105</a></span> +<p>Every day the guardian of the lighthouse and his servants had their +meals with him, until the captain came to be on such friendly terms +with the keeper that he could go in and out at all times. And one day +he gave a banquet, and caused the keeper and all his servants to drink +a great deal of wine. When they were all asleep, the captain and his +servants arose and broke the mirror and departed that very night. From +that day onward the Christians began to come thither with boats and +large ships, and eventually captured the large island called Crete and +also Cyprus, which are under the dominion of the Greeks. [The other +MSS. add here: Ever since then, the men of the King of Egypt have been +unable to prevail over the Greeks.] To this day the lighthouse is a +landmark to all seafarers who come to Alexandria; for one can see it +at a distance of 100 miles by day, and at night the keeper lights a +torch which the mariners can see from a distance, and thus sail +towards it<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a>.</p> +<a name="bpage_76"></a> +<p>Alexandria is a commercial market for all nations. Merchants come +thither from all the Christian kingdoms: on the one side, +from <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_106" id="page_106">p.106</a></span>the land of Venetia and Lombardy, Tuscany, Apulia, Amalfi, +Sicilia, Calabria, Romagna, Khazaria, Patzinakia, Hungaria, Bulgaria, +Rakuvia (Ragusa?), Croatia, Slavonia, Russia, Alamannia (Germany), +Saxony, Danemark, Kurland? Ireland? Norway (Norge?), Frisia, Scotia, +Angleterre, Wales, Flanders, Hainault? Normandy, France, Poitiers, +Anjou, Burgundy, Maurienne, Provence, Genoa, Pisa, Gascony, Aragon, +and Navarra<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a>, and towards the west under the sway of the +Mohammedans, Andalusia, Algarve, Africa and the land of the Arabs: and +on the other side India, Zawilah, Abyssinia, Lybia, El-Yemen, Shinar, +Esh-Sham (Syria); also Javan, whose people are called the Greeks, and +the Turks. And merchants of India bring thither all kinds of spices, +and the merchants of Edom buy of them. And the city is a busy one and +full of traffic. Each nation has an inn of its own.</p> + +<p>By the sea-coast there is a sepulchre of marble on which are engraved +all manner of beasts and birds; an effigy is in the midst thereof, and +all the writing is in ancient characters, which no one knows now. Men<a name="bpage_77"></a> +suppose that it is the sepulchre of a king who lived in early +times<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_107" id="page_107">p.107</a></span> before the Deluge. The length of the sepulchre is fifteen +spans, and its breadth is six spans. There are about 3,000 Jews in +Alexandria.</p> + +<p>Thence it is two days' journey to Damietta which is Caphtor, where +there are about 200 Jews, and it lies upon the sea. Thence it is one +day's journey to Simasim; it contains about 100 Jews. From there it is +half a day to Sunbat; the inhabitants sow flax and weave linen, which +they export to all parts of the world<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a>. Thence it is four days to +Ailam, which is Elim<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a>. It belongs to the Arabs who dwell in the +wilderness. Thence it is two days' journey to Rephidim where the Arabs +dwell, but there are no Jews there<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a>. A day's journey from thence +takes one to Mount Sinai. On the top of the mountain is a large +convent belonging to the great monks called Syrians<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a>. At the foot +of the mountain is a large town called Tur Sinai; the inhabitants +speak the language of the Targum (Syriac). It is close to a small +mountain, five days distant from Egypt. The inhabitants are under<a name="bpage_78"></a> +Egyptian rule. At a day's journey from Mount Sinai is [<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a>the Red +Sea, which is an arm of the Indian Ocean. We return to Damietta. From +there it is a day's journey to] Tanis, which is Hanes, where there are +about 40 Jews. It is an island in the midst of the +sea<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a>. Thus far<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_108" id="page_108">p.108</a></span> extends the empire of Egypt.</p> + +<p>Thence it takes twenty days by sea to Messina, which is the +commencement of Sicily and is situated on the arm of the sea that is +called Lipar<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a>, which divides it from Calabria. Here about 200 Jews +dwell. It is a land full of everything good, with gardens and +plantations. Here most of the pilgrims assemble to cross over to +Jerusalem, as this is the best crossing. Thence it is about two days' +journey to Palermo, which is a large city. Here is the palace of King +William. Palermo contains about 1,500 Jews and a large number of +Christians and Mohammedans<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a>. It is in a district abounding in +springs and brooks of water, a land of wheat and barley, likewise of +gardens and plantations, and there is not the like thereof in the +whole island of Sicily. Here is the domain and garden of the king, +which is called Al Harbina (Al Hacina)<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a>, containing all sorts of +fruit-trees. And in it is a large fountain. The garden is encompassed<a name="bpage_79"></a> +by a wall. And a reservoir has been made there which is called Al +Buheira<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a>, and in it are many sorts of fish. Ships overlaid with +silver and gold are there, belonging to the king, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_109" id="page_109">p.109</a></span>who takes +pleasure-trips in them with his women<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a>. In the park there is also +a great palace, the walls of which are painted, and overlaid with gold +and silver; the paving of the floors is of marble, picked out in gold +and silver in all manner of designs. There is no building like this +anywhere. And this island, the commencement of which is Messina, +contains all the pleasant things of this world. It embraces Syracuse, +Marsala, Catania, Petralia, and Trapani, the circumference of the +island being six days' journey. In Trapani coral is found, which is +called Al Murgan<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a>.</p> + +<p>Thence people pass to the city of Rome in ten days. And from Rome they +proceed by land to Lucca, which is a five days' journey. Thence they +cross the mountain of Jean de Maurienne, and the passes of Italy. It +is twenty days' journey to Verdun, which is the commencement of +Alamannia, a land of mountains and hills. All the congregations of +Alamannia are situated on the great river Rhine, from the city of +Cologne, which is the principal town of the Empire, to the city of +Regensburg, a distance of fifteen days' journey at the other extremity<a name="bpage_80"></a> +of Alamannia, otherwise called Ashkenaz. And the following <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_110" id="page_110">p.110</a></span> +are the cities in the land of Alamannia, which have Hebrew +congregations: Metz, Treves on the river Moselle, Coblenz, Andernach, +Bonn, Cologne, Bingen, Münster, Worms,<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a> [All Israel is dispersed +in every land, and he who does not further the gathering of Israel +will not meet with happiness nor live with Israel. When the Lord will +remember us in our exile, and raise the horn of his anointed, then +every one will say, "I will lead the Jews and I will gather them." As +for the towns which have been mentioned, they contain scholars and +communities that love their brethren, and speak peace to those that +are near and afar, and when a wayfarer comes they rejoice, and make a +feast for him, and say, "Rejoice, brethren, for the help of the Lord +comes in the twinkling of an eye." If we were not afraid that the +appointed time has not yet arrived nor been reached, we would have +gathered together, but we dare not do so until the time for song has +arrived, and the voice of the turtle-dove (is heard in the land), when +the messengers will come and say continually, "The Lord be exalted." +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_111" id="page_111">p.111</a></span> Meanwhile they send missives one to the other, saying, "Be ye +strong in the law of Moses, and do ye mourners for Zion and ye +mourners for Jerusalem entreat the Lord, and may the supplication of +those that wear the garments of mourning be received through their +merits." In addition to the several cities which we have mentioned +there are besides] Strassburg, Würzburg, Mantern, Bamberg, Freising, +and Regensburg at the extremity of the Empire<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a>. In these cities +there are many Israelites, wise men and rich.</p> + +<p>Thence extends the land of Bohemia, called Prague<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a>. This is the +commencement of the land of Slavonia, and the Jews who dwell there +call it Canaan, because the men of that land (the Slavs) sell their +sons and their daughters to the other nations. These are the men of +Russia, which is a great empire stretching from the gate of Prague to<a name="bpage_81"></a> +the gates of Kieff, the large city which is at the extremity of that +empire<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a>. It is a land of mountains and forests, where there are to +be found the animals called vair<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a>, ermine, and sable. No one +issues forth from his house<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_112" +id="page_112">p.112 </a></span> in winter-time on account of +the cold. People are to be found there who have lost the tips of their +noses by reason of the frost. Thus far reaches the empire of Russia.</p> + +<p>The kingdom of France, which is Zarfath, extends from the town of +Auxerre<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a> unto Paris, the great city—a journey of six days. The +city belongs to King Louis. It is situated on the river Seine. +Scholars are there, unequalled in the whole world, who study the Law +day and night. They are charitable and hospitable to all travellers, +and are as brothers and friends unto all their brethren the Jews. May +God, the Blessed One, have mercy upon us and upon them!</p> +<div class="blockquot"><p>Finished and completed. </p></div> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr style="width: 85%;"> +<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2> +<hr style="width: 85%;"> +<br /> +<p>The references in this Index are made to the pages of <i>Asher's +Edition</i>, which are marked in the margin of the foregoing English +translation.</p> + + +<ul> + +<li>Aaronim, +<a href="#page_33">33</a>.</li> + +<li>Ab, Fast of, +<a href="#page_10">10</a>, +<a href="#page_52">52</a>.</li> + +<li>Abaji, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>Abba Mari, R., bailiff of Count Raymond, +<a href="#page_5">5</a>.</li> + +<li>Abraham, gate of, +<a href="#page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--house of, at Harran, +<a href="#page_51">51</a>; near Hebron, +<a href="#page_42">42</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_41">41</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--well of, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Abraham, R., the astronomer, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--head of the Academy at Narbonne, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--head of the Academy at Posquières, +<a href="#page_4">4</a>.</li> + +<li>Abraham el Constantini, R., +<a href="#page_39">39</a>, +<a href="#page_40">40</a>.</li> + +<li>Abramaz, king of the Giants, +<a href="#page_47">47</a>.</li> + +<li>Absalom, statue of, at Rome, +<a href="#page_11">11</a>.</li> + +<li>Absalom's Hand, pillar called, +<a href="#page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>Abu al-Nazr, sheik, +<a href="#page_102">102</a>.</li> + +<li>Abu Talib, +<a href="#page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>Abydos, +<a href="#page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li>Abyssinia, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--people of, +<a href="#page_96">96</a>, +<a href="#page_97">97</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--source of Nile in, +<a href="#page_96">96</a>, +<a href="#page_101">101</a>.</li> + +<li>Academies: in Alexandria, +<a href="#page_103">103</a>; +<li class=indent>Bagdad, +<a href="#page_60">60</a>; +<li class=indent>Ibelin, +<a href="#page_43">43</a>; +<li class=indent>Mizraim, +<a href="#page_98">98</a>; +<li class=indent>Narbonne, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>; +<li class=indent>Nehardea, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>; +<li class=indent>Posquières, +<a href="#page_4">4</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--Heads of the, installed by Exilarch, +<a href="#page_63">63</a>; +<li class=indent>visit Synagogue of Ezekiel, +<a href="#page_67">67</a>; +<li class=indent>dwelt originally at Sura, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>; +<li class=indent>sepulchres of the, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>Academy Gaon Jacob, +<a href="#page_60">60</a>, +<a href="#page_80">80</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--of the land of Israel, +<a href="#page_48">48</a>.</li> + +<li>Acco, <i>see</i> Acre. + +<li>Achelous (Aphilon), +<a href="#page_15">15</a>.</li> + +<li>Acre (Acco), +<a href="#page_31">31</a>.</li> + +<li>Aden, +<a href="#page_95">95</a>, +<a href="#page_96">96</a>.</li> + +<li>Africa, merchants from, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Agur bricks, +<a href="#page_65">65</a>.</li> + +<li>Ahab, son of Omri, palace of, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>.</li> + +<li>Ahasuerus, king, +<a href="#page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>Ailam (Elim), +<a href="#page_107">107</a>.</li> + +<li>Ain Siptha, +<a href="#page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>Ain-al-Shams (Ramses), +<a href="#page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>Ajalon, valley of, +<a href="#page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li>Al Abbasi, caliph, +<a href="#page_54">54</a>, +<a href="#page_99">99</a>; +<li class=indent><i>see also</i> Caliph of Bagdad. + +<li>Al-Bubizig, +<a href="#page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>Al Buheira, +<a href="#page_108">108</a>.</li> + +<li>Al-Gingaleh, +<a href="#page_95">95</a>.</li> + +<li>Al-Habash (Abyssinia), +<a href="#page_97">97</a>, +<a href="#page_101">101</a>, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--sultan, +<a href="#page_96">96</a>.</li> + +<li>Al Harbina, +<a href="#page_108">108</a>.</li> + +<li>Al-Karkh, +<a href="#page_64">64</a>.</li> + +<li>Al-Sham (Esh-Sham), <i>see</i> Syria. + +<li>Alamannia, <i>see</i> Germany. + +<li>Alani, the, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>Alawiyyim, +<a href="#page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>Aleph, letter, used by Samaritans in +<li class=indent>place of <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image04.gif" width="14" height="25">, +<img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image05.gif" width="18" height="16"> + and <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image06.gif" width="22" height="18">, +<a href="#page_33">33</a>.</li> + +<li>Aleppo (Haleb, Aram Zoba), +<a href="#page_50">50</a>.</li> + +<li>Alexander the Great, +<a href="#page_15">15</a>, +<a href="#page_18">18</a>; +<li class=indent>built Alexandria, +<a href="#page_103">103</a>, +<a href="#page_104">104</a>; +<li class=indent>iron gates made by, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>Alexander III, pope, +<a href="#page_8">8</a>.</li> + +<li>Alexandria, +<a href="#page_102">102-6</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>.</li> + +<li>Algarve, merchants from, +<a href="#page_3">3</a>, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Ali ben Abu Talib, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>Almah, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Alphabet, Samaritan, lacks <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image04.gif" width="14" height="25">, +<img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image05.gif" width="18" height="16"> + and <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image06.gif" width="22" height="18">, +<a href="#page_33">33</a>.</li> + +<li>Alroy, David, <i>see</i> David Alroy. + +<li>Altar, of the children of Ammon at Jebeil, +<a href="#page_28">28</a>; +<li class=indent>of the children of Dan at Banias, +<a href="#page_46">46</a>; +<li class=indent>of Jeroboam at Banias, +<a href="#page_46">46</a>; +<li class=indent>on Mount Carmel, +<a href="#page_31">31</a>; +<li class=indent>on Mount Gerizim, +<a href="#page_33">33</a>.</li> + +<li>Amadia, +<a href="#page_76">76-9</a>.</li> + +<li>Amalfi, +<a href="#page_13">13</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Amana, river, +<a href="#page_46">46</a>.</li> + +<li>Ammon, children of, +<a href="#page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li>Ammon of No, +<a href="#page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>Anatolica, +<a href="#page_15">15</a>.</li> + +<li>Andalusia, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Andernach, +<a href="#page_110">110</a>.</li> + +<li>Angleterre, <i>see</i> England. + +<li>Anjou, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Antioch, <a href="#page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li>Antiochus, king of Syria, +<a href="#page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li>Antipater, king of the Greeks, +<a href="#page_15">15</a>.</li> + +<li>Aphilon, <i>see</i> Achelous. + +<li>Apulia, <a href="#page_13">13</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Aqueducts in Damascus, +<a href="#page_46">46</a>.</li> + +<li>Arabia, merchants from, +<a href="#page_67">67</a>, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Arabs: Kalat Jabar left by the Turks to the, +<a href="#page_50">50</a>; +<li class=indent>pray at the Synagogue of Ezekiel, +<a href="#page_68">68</a>; +<li class=indent>join the Jews of Teima in pillaging, +<a href="#page_70">70</a>.</li> + +<li>Aragon, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Aram Naharaim, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>Aram Zoba, <i>see</i> Aleppo. + +<li>Ararat, mountains of, +<a href="#page_52">52</a>, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>Archers, display of skill by, +<a href="#page_88">88</a>.</li> + +<li>Aristotle, academy of, at Alexandria, +<a href="#page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>Ark, in Synagogue of Exilarch, +<a href="#page_64">64</a>; +<li class=indent>in Synagogue of Ezekiel, +<a href="#page_66">66</a>.</li> + +<li>Arles, +<a href="#page_5">5</a>.</li> + +<li>Armenia, +<a href="#page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li>Armylo, +<a href="#page_18">18</a>.</li> + +<li>Arnon, river, +<a href="#page_46">46</a>.</li> + +<li>Arta (Larta), +<a href="#page_15">15</a>.</li> + +<li>Artaxerxes, king of Persia, +<a href="#page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>Artificers in silk at Constantinople, +<a href="#page_23">23</a>; +<li class=indent>at Salonica, +<a href="#page_19">19</a>; +<li class=indent>in silk and purple at Thebes, +<a href="#page_16">16</a>.</li> + +<li>Ascoli, +<a href="#page_14">14</a>.</li> + +<li>Ashdod, +<a href="#page_43">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Ashdoth Hapisgah, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Asher, +<a href="#page_31">31</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--tribe of, in mountains of Naisabur, +<a href="#page_83">83</a>.</li> + +<li>Asher, R., the recluse, +<a href="#page_3">3</a>.</li> + +<li>Ashkelonah, <i>see</i> Askelon. + +<li>Ashkenaz, <i>see</i> Germany. + +<li>Ashmedai, +<a href="#page_49">49</a>.</li> + +<li>Ashmun, +<a href="#page_102">102</a>.</li> + +<li>Asia, merchants from, +<a href="#page_3">3</a>.</li> + +<li>Askelon, +<a href="#page_43">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Assassins (Hashishim), +<a href="#page_27">27</a>, +<a href="#page_76">76</a>.</li> + +<li>Assuan, <a href="#page_96">96</a>, +<a href="#page_97">97</a>.</li> + +<li>Assur the Great, <i>see</i> Mosul. + +<li>Astronomers: R. Abraham, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>; +<li class=indent>R. Joseph, Burhan-al-mulk, +<a href="#page_52">52</a>, +<a href="#page_80">80</a>.</li> + +<li>Asveh, mountains of, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>Auxerre, +<a href="#page_112">112</a>.</li> + +<li>Azariah, furnace into which he was thrown, +<a href="#page_65">65</a>; +<li class=indent>sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>Azariah, R., head of the Academy of the land of Israel, +<a href="#page_48">48</a>.</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Baalbec (Baaloth), +<a href="#page_48">48</a>, +<a href="#page_49">49</a>.</li> + +<li>Baal-Gad, <i>see</i> Gebal (Gebele). + +<li>Babel, <i>see</i> Babylon. + +<li>Babel, Tower of, +<a href="#page_65">65</a>.</li> + +<li>Babylon, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>, +<a href="#page_51">51</a>, +<a href="#page_63">63</a>, +<a href="#page_65">65</a>, +<a href="#page_76">76</a>, +<a href="#page_98">98</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li>Bagdad, +<a href="#page_20">20</a>, +<a href="#page_54">54-64</a>, +<a href="#page_67">67</a>, +<a href="#page_71">71</a>, +<a href="#page_77">77-9</a>, +<a href="#page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>Balaam, Turret of, +<a href="#page_50">50</a>.</li> + +<li>Balis (Pethor), +<a href="#page_50">50</a>.</li> + +<li>Bamberg, +<a href="#page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>Banias (Dan), +<a href="#page_46">46</a>.</li> + +<li>Bar Melicha, <i>see</i> Dar Melicha. + +<li>Barak ben Abinoam, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_46">46</a>.</li> + +<li>Barbarians, hired by Greeks to fight with Sultan Masud, +<a href="#page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li>Barcelona, <a href="#page_1">1</a>.</li> + +<li>Bari, Colo di, <a href="#page_14">14</a>.</li> + +<li>Basra, <a href="#page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>Basra gate, Bagdad, +<a href="#page_57">57</a>.</li> + +<li>Bassorah, <i>see</i> Basra. + +<li>Bath, gigantic head used as a, +<a href="#page_47">47</a>.</li> + +<li>Batlanim, at Bagdad, +<a href="#page_61">61</a>.</li> + +<li>Battles, in the Colosseum, +<a href="#page_9">9</a>.</li> + +<li>Bdellium, found at Katifa, +<a href="#page_89">89</a>.</li> + +<li>Beirut (Beeroth), +<a href="#page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li>Beit Jibrin, +<a href="#page_42">42</a>.</li> + +<li>Beit Nuba (Nob), +<a href="#page_42">42</a>.</li> + +<li>Bekr, <i>see</i> Diar Kalach. + +<li>Ben Hadad, palace of, +<a href="#page_47">47</a>.</li> + +<li>Bene Berak, +<a href="#page_43">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Benevento, +<a href="#page_13">13</a>.</li> + +<li>Benha, +<a href="#page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>Benjamin ben Japheth, R., sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Beth Din, Sar Shalom, head of the, +<a href="#page_48">48</a>.</li> + +<li>Bethlehem (Beth-Leon), +<a href="#page_40">40</a>.</li> + +<li>Beziers, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>.</li> + +<li>Bilbais, +<a href="#page_102">102</a>, +<a href="#page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>Bingen, +<a href="#page_110">110</a>.</li> + +<li>Bir Abraham, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Blachernae, palace of king Emanuel, +<a href="#page_21">21</a>.</li> + +<li>Boemond +<li class=indent>Poitevin, +<li class=indent>prince +<li class=indent>(le Baube), +<a href="#page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li>Bohemia, +<a href="#page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>Bones of the Israelites, at Hebron, +<a href="#page_41">41</a>.</li> + +<li>Bonn, <a href="#page_110">110</a>.</li> + +<li>Bostanai the Nasi, exilarch, +<a href="#page_53">53</a>.</li> + +<li>Bourg de St. Gilles, +<a href="#page_5">5</a>.</li> + +<li>Bozez, +<a href="#page_43">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Brindisi, +<a href="#page_14">14</a>.</li> + +<li>Bronze columns from the Temple, +<a href="#page_10">10</a>.</li> + +<li>Bulgaria, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Burgundy, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Caesar, Julius, palace of, at Rome, +<a href="#page_8">8</a>.</li> + +<li>Caesarea, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>.</li> + +<li>Calabria, +<a href="#page_14">14</a>, +<a href="#page_108">108</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Caleb ben Jephunneh, synagogue of, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Caliph of Bagdad: al Abbasi--Emir al Muminin--Hafiz, +<a href="#page_54">54</a>; +<li class=indent>his attendants, +<a href="#page_57">57</a>; +<li class=indent>his benevolence, +<a href="#page_59">59</a>; +<li class=indent>his dress, +<a href="#page_56">56</a>; +<li class=indent>his excursions, +<a href="#page_56">56-8</a>; +<li class=indent>his industry, +<a href="#page_55">55</a>; +<li class=indent>his learning, +<a href="#page_55">55</a>, +<a href="#page_58">58</a>; +<li class=indent>his palace, +<a href="#page_54">54</a>; +<li class=indent>his position, +<a href="#page_54">54</a>; +<li class=indent>his recreation, +<a href="#page_54">54</a>; +<li class=indent>his riches, +<a href="#page_56">56</a>; +<li class=indent>is revered by pilgrims, +<a href="#page_55">55</a>; +<li class=indent>places guards over the members of his family, +<a href="#page_56">56</a>; +<li class=indent>invests Exilarch with authority, +<a href="#page_63">63</a>; +<li class=indent>is warned against David Alroy, +<a href="#page_79">79</a>; +<li class=indent>revolt of the Alawiyyim against the, +<a href="#page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>Callipolis, <i>see</i> Gallipoli. + +<li>Camel slain as Passover-sacrifice by Caliph of Bagdad, +<a href="#page_58">58</a>.</li> + +<li>Canaan, merchants from, +<a href="#page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li>Capernaum, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>.</li> + +<li>Caphtor, +<a href="#page_101">101</a>, +<a href="#page_107">107</a>.</li> + +<li>Captivity, Head of the, +<i>see</i> Exilarch, Bostanai the Nasi, and Daniel the son of Hisdai. + +<li>Capua, +<a href="#page_11">11</a>.</li> + +<li>Capys, king, +<a href="#page_11">11</a>.</li> + +<li>Caravans, in the Sahara, +<a href="#page_97">97</a>.</li> + +<li>Carchemish, <i>see</i> Karkisiya. + +<li>Carmel, Mount, +<a href="#page_31">31</a>.</li> + +<li>Castile, Introduction. + +<li>Catacombs, at Rome, +<a href="#page_10">10</a>.</li> + +<li>Catania, +<a href="#page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>Cemeteries, Jewish, at Almah, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>; +<li class=indent>near Ramleh, +<a href="#page_43">43</a>; +<li class=indent>of the Israelites, near Jerusalem, +<a href="#page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>Ceuta, <a href="#page_6">6</a>.</li> + +<li>Chafton, mountains of, +<a href="#page_77">77</a>.</li> + +<li>Charlemagne, +<a href="#page_9">9</a>.</li> + +<li>Chebar, river, +<a href="#page_66">66</a>.</li> + +<li>China (Zin), +<a href="#page_94">94</a>.</li> + +<li>Chinnereth, lake of, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Chios, +<a href="#page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li>Chisdai, Rab, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>Chiya, R., grave of, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Christianity, followed by Girgashites, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>Christians, large number of, at Palermo, +<a href="#page_108">108</a>; +<li class=indent>Medical School of, at Salerno, +<a href="#page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li>Christopoli, +<a href="#page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li>Chulan, +<a href="#page_95">95</a>.</li> + +<li>Chuni Hamaagal, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Churches, in Constantinople, +<a href="#page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li>Cloth, purple, artificers in, at Thebes, +<a href="#page_16">16</a>.</li> + +<li>Coblenz, +<a href="#page_110">110</a>.</li> + +<li>Colo di Bari, +<a href="#page_14">14</a>.</li> + +<li>Cologne, +<a href="#page_109">109</a>, +<a href="#page_110">110</a>.</li> + +<li>Colosseum, in Rome, +<a href="#page_9">9</a>.</li> + +<li>Columns, of silver and gold in palace of Caliph, +<a href="#page_56">56</a>; +<li class=indent>in mosque at Damascus, +<a href="#page_47">47</a>; +<li class=indent>of bronze, from the Temple, +<a href="#page_10">10</a>; +<li class=indent>of marble, in Synagogue of Exilarch, <a href="#page_64">64</a>.</li> + +<li>Constantinople, +<a href="#page_11">11</a>, +<a href="#page_17">17</a>, +<a href="#page_19">19-24</a>.</li> + +<li>Constantinus the Great, equestrian statue of, <a href="#page_11">11</a>.</li> + +<li>Coral (Al Murgan), found at Trapani, +<a href="#page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>Corfu, +<a href="#page_15">15</a>.</li> + +<li>Corinth, +<a href="#page_16">16</a>.</li> + +<li>Coverlets, made by the Caliph of Bagdad, +<a href="#page_55">55</a>.</li> + +<li>Crete, +<a href="#page_105">105</a>.</li> + +<li>Crissa, +<a href="#page_16">16</a>.</li> + +<li>Croatia, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Curicus (Kurch), +<a href="#page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li>Cush, land of, +<a href="#page_83">83</a>, +<a href="#page_96">96</a>, +<a href="#page_97">97</a>; +<li class=indent>sons of, +<a href="#page_90">90</a>, +<a href="#page_96">96</a>.</li> + +<li>Cuthim, in Caesarea, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>; +<li class=indent>Damascus, +<a href="#page_48">48</a>; +<li class=indent>Nablous, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>, +<a href="#page_33">33</a>; +<li class=indent>New Askelon, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Cyclopean buildings at Tarragona, +<a href="#page_1">1</a>.</li> + +<li>Cyprus, <a href="#page_25">25</a>, +<a href="#page_105">105</a>.</li> +</ul> +<ul> + + +<li>Damascus, +<a href="#page_46">46-8</a>, +<a href="#page_52">52</a>.</li> + +<li>Damietta, <a href="#page_101">101</a>, +<a href="#page_107">107</a>.</li> + +<li>Damira, +<a href="#page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>Dan, <i>see</i> Banias. + +<li class=indent>--tribe of, +<a href="#page_83">83</a>.</li> + +<li>Danemark, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Daniel, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_74">74</a>, +<a href="#page_75">75</a>; +<li class=indent>Synagogue of the Pavilion of, +<a href="#page_65">65</a>.</li> + +<li>Daniel, the son of Hisdai, exilarch, his authority, <a href="#page_61">61</a>, +<li class=indent>and its extent, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>; +<li class=indent>his dress, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>; +<li class=indent>his possessions, +<a href="#page_63">63</a>; +<li class=indent>his visits to the Caliph of Bagdad, <a href="#page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>Dar-al-Maristan, +<a href="#page_59">59</a>.</li> + +<li>Dar Melicha (the Dwelling of Beauty), +<a href="#page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>David, king, +<a href="#page_12">12</a>, +<a href="#page_61">61</a>; +<li class=indent>sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_39">39</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--gate of, in Jerusalem, +<a href="#page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--house of, +<a href="#page_64">64</a>, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>; +<li class=indent>sepulchres of the, +<a href="#page_38">38</a>, +<a href="#page_39">39</a>, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--seed of, Daniel the Exilarch, +<a href="#page_61">61</a>, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>; +<li class=indent>Salmon the Nasi of Teima, +<a href="#page_71">71</a>; +<li class=indent>R. Todros, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>; +<li class=indent>R. Zakkai, +<a href="#page_52">52</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--Tower of, +<a href="#page_35">35</a>.</li> + +<li>David Alroy, his learning, +<a href="#page_77">77</a>; +<li class=indent>his rebellion, +<a href="#page_78">78</a>; +<li class=indent>his pretended miracles, +<a href="#page_78">78</a>; +<li class=indent>his imprisonment and escape, +<a href="#page_78">78</a>; +<li class=indent>his departure +<li class=indent>from Amadia, +<a href="#page_79">79</a>; +<li class=indent>his murder, +<a href="#page_81">81</a>.</li> + +<li>Dayanim, at the river Virae, +<a href="#page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>Daylam (Gilān), princes of, +<a href="#page_57">57</a>.</li> + +<li>Demented people, provided for by Caliph of Bagdad, <a href="#page_59">59</a>.</li> + +<li>Demetrizi, +<a href="#page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li>Dimin (Latmin), <a href="#page_50">50</a>.</li> + +<li>Disciples, twenty sepulchres of, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>"Dominus," one of the twelve ministers of Greece, <a href="#page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li>Diyār Kalach (Bekr), +<a href="#page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>Drama, +<a href="#page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li>Druses, the, +<a href="#page_29">29</a>.</li> + +<li>Duchbin, <a href="#page_92">92</a>.</li> + +<li>Dyers, at Beit Nubi, +<a href="#page_43">43</a>; +<li class=indent>Bethlehem, +<a href="#page_40">40</a>; +<li class=indent>Brindisi, +<a href="#page_15">15</a>; +<li class=indent>among the Druses, +<a href="#page_29">29</a>; +<li class=indent>at Jaffa, +<a href="#page_43">43</a>; +<li class=indent>Jerusalem, +<a href="#page_34">34</a>, +<a href="#page_35">35</a>; +<li class=indent>Jezreel, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>; +<li class=indent>KarjatĪn, +<a href="#page_49">49</a>; +<li class=indent>Ludd, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>.</li> + +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Earthquake, at Hama (Hamath), +<a href="#page_49">49</a>; +<li class=indent>at Tripoli, +<a href="#page_27">27</a>, +<a href="#page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li>Ebal, Mount, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>, +<a href="#page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li>Ebro, river, <a href="#page_1">1</a>.</li> + +<li>Eden (Aden), <a href="#page_95">95</a>.</li> + +<li>Edom, merchants from, <a href="#page_3">3</a>, <a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Edom, sons of, <i>see</i> Franks. + +<li>Egripo, +<a href="#page_17">17</a>.</li> + +<li>Egypt, <a href="#page_96">96-198</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_3">3</a>, +<a href="#page_20">20</a>; +<li class=indent>frontier of, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>.</li> + +<li>El-Anbar, <a href="#page_53">53</a>, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>El-Khabur (Habor), river, +<a href="#page_51">51</a>, +<a href="#page_83">83</a>.</li> + +<li>El-Mosul (Assur), +<a href="#page_52">52</a>, +<a href="#page_53">53</a>, +<a href="#page_80">80</a>.</li> + +<li>Elahutha, fire named, +<a href="#page_92">92</a>.</li> + +<li>Elam, <i>see</i> Khuzistan. + +<li>Elazar, R., son of Zemach, +<a href="#page_60">60</a>.</li> + +<li>Eleazar ben Arak, R., sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Eleazar ben Azariah, R., sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>El-id-bed Ramazan, feast, +<a href="#page_57">57</a>.</li> + +<li>Elijah, altar on Mount Carmel repaired by, +<a href="#page_31">31</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--cave of, +<a href="#page_31">31</a>.</li> + +<li>Elim, <i>see</i> Ailam. + +<li>Emanuel, sovereign of the Greeks, +<a href="#page_15">15</a>; +<li class=indent>resides at Constantinople, +<a href="#page_19">19</a>; +<li class=indent>built Blachernae, +<a href="#page_21">21</a>.</li> + +<li>Embalming, by natives of Malabar, +<a href="#page_92">92</a>.</li> + +<li>Embriacus, Guillelmus, governor of Gubail, +<a href="#page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li>Emesa, +<a href="#page_49">49</a>.</li> + +<li>Emir al Muminin, the Fatimite Caliph, resides in Mizraim, +<a href="#page_98">98</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--al Abbasi, +<a href="#page_54">54-63</a>, +<a href="#page_79">79</a>, +<a href="#page_99">99</a>; +<li class=indent><i>see also</i> Caliph of Bagdad. + +<li>England, merchants from, +<a href="#page_3">3</a>, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Epacto, <i>see</i> Lepanto. + +<li>Ephraim, Mount, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--tribe of, +<a href="#page_33">33</a>.</li> + +<li>Epikursin, in Cyprus, +<a href="#page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li>Ermine, found in Russia, +<a href="#page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>Esther, grave of, +<a href="#page_81">81</a>.</li> + +<li>Euphrates, river, +<a href="#page_50">50</a>, +<a href="#page_53">53</a>, +<a href="#page_59">59</a>, +<a href="#page_66">66</a>, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>Evil-merodach, +<a href="#page_66">66</a>.</li> + +<li>Exilarch, the, his authority, +<a href="#page_61">61</a> +<li class=indent>and its extent, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>, +<a href="#page_76">76</a>; +<li class=indent>his functions, +<a href="#page_63">63</a>; +<li class=indent>his honour, +<a href="#page_61">61</a>; +<li class=indent>his installation, +<a href="#page_63">63</a>; +<li class=indent>his revenues, +<a href="#page_63">63</a>; +<li class=indent>his Synagogue, +<a href="#page_64">64</a>; +<li class=indent>visits Synagogue of Ezekiel, +<a href="#page_67">67</a>; +<li class=indent>dwelt originally at Sura, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>; +<li class=indent>consulted by independent Jews of Arabia, <a href="#page_71">71</a>; +<li class=indent>warned against David Alroy, +<a href="#page_80">80</a>.</li> + +<li>Ezekiel, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_66">66-8</a>; +<li class=indent>Synagogue of, +<a href="#page_66">66</a>, +<a href="#page_67">67</a>.</li> + +<li>Ezra the priest, +<a href="#page_43">43</a>; +<li class=indent>sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_73">73</a>; +<li class=indent>Synagogue of, +<a href="#page_52">52</a>; +<li class=indent>Synagogue of, at Harrān, +<a href="#page_51">51</a>; +<li class=indent>at Rakka, +<a href="#page_51">51</a>.</li> +</ul> +<ul> + + +<li>Farming, by Jews at Crissa, +<a href="#page_16">16</a>; +<li class=indent>on banks of the Nile, +<a href="#page_101">101</a>; +<li class=indent>by Jews in Arabia, +<a href="#page_70">70</a>; +<li class=indent>by Jews of the mountains of Naisabur, <a href="#page_83">83</a>.</li> + +<li>Fars, or Shiraz, +<a href="#page_82">82</a>.</li> + +<li>Fayum, <a href="#page_97">97</a>.</li> + +<li>Fer, river, <i>see</i> Orontes. + +<li>Fera, a fair at Synagogue of Ezekiel, +<a href="#page_67">67</a>.</li> + +<li>Fighting-men, Jews of Aden, +<a href="#page_96">96</a>; +<li class=indent>Jews of Kheibar, <a href="#page_72">72</a>; +<li class=indent>among Jews of the mountains of Naisabur, <a href="#page_83">83</a>; +<li class=indent>in Pisa, +<a href="#page_7">7</a>; +<li class=indent>Jews of Tadmor, +<a href="#page_49">49</a>; +<li class=indent>Jews of Teima, +<a href="#page_70">70</a>.</li> + +<li>Fire-worshippers, of Ibrig, +<a href="#page_92">92-4</a>.</li> + +<li>Fish, caught when Nile recedes, +<a href="#page_100">100</a>.</li> + +<li>Fishing, forbidden near Synagogue of Daniel, <a href="#page_76">76</a>.</li> + +<li>Flanders, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Flax, grown at Sunbat, +<a href="#page_107">107</a>.</li> + +<li>Fortifications, near Naples, +<a href="#page_12">12</a>; +<li class=indent>at Salerno, +<a href="#page_13">13</a>.</li> + +<li>France (Zarfath), +<a href="#page_112">112</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_3">3</a>, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Franks, the, +<a href="#page_27">27</a>; +<li class=indent>in Jerusalem, +<a href="#page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li>Freising, +<a href="#page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>Frisia, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Fur, river, <i>see</i> Orontes. + +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Gad, tribe of, +<a href="#page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>Galid, <a href="#page_48">48</a>.</li> + +<li>Galilee, lower, <a href="#page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Gallipoli, <a href="#page_24">24</a>.</li> + +<li>Gamaliel, Rabban, grave of, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Gana, +<a href="#page_97">97</a>.</li> + +<li>Gardens and plantations: at Amalfi, +<a href="#page_13">13</a>; +<li class=indent>Baalbec, +<a href="#page_49">49</a>; +<li class=indent>Babylon, +<a href="#page_63">63</a>; +<li class=indent>Bagdad, +<a href="#page_64">64</a>; +<li class=indent>Damascus, +<a href="#page_46">46</a>; +<li class=indent>Galid, +<a href="#page_48">48</a>; +<li class=indent>Messina, +<a href="#page_108">108</a>; +<li class=indent>on banks of Nile, +<a href="#page_101">101</a>; +<li class=indent>at Palermo, +<a href="#page_108">108</a>; +<li class=indent>Rahbah, +<a href="#page_53">53</a>; +<li class=indent>Sebastiya, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>; +<li class=indent>Shushan, +<a href="#page_74">74</a>; +<li class=indent>Teima, +<a href="#page_71">71</a>.</li> + +<li>Gardiki, +<a href="#page_18">18</a>.</li> + +<li>Gascony, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Gate of Mercy, at Jerusalem, +<a href="#page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li>Gates, iron, made by Alexander, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>Gath, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>.</li> + +<li>Gazigan (Resen), +<a href="#page_64">64</a>.</li> + +<li>Gebal (Gebela, Baal-Gad), +<a href="#page_27">27</a>.</li> + +<li>Gebal (Gubail), <a href="#page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li>Genoa, +<a href="#page_6">6</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Genoese, at Montpellier, +<a href="#page_3">3</a>; +<li class=indent>at Armylo, +<a href="#page_18">18</a>; +<li class=indent>rule over Gubail, +<a href="#page_28">28</a>; +<li class=indent>military and naval exploits of the, +<a href="#page_7">7</a>.</li> + +<li>Gentiles, in Jerusalem, +<a href="#page_36">36</a>; +<li class=indent>pilgrims to Bourg de St. Gilles, <a href="#page_5">5</a>.</li> + +<li>Georgians, in Jerusalem, +<a href="#page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li>Gerizim, Mount, +<a href="#page_32">32-4</a>.</li> + +<li>Germany, +<a href="#page_109">109</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Gerona, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>.</li> + +<li>Geziret Ibn Omar, +<a href="#page_51">51</a>.</li> + +<li>Ghaznah, +<a href="#page_82">82</a>.</li> + +<li>Ghetto, the, at Constantinople, defiled by tanners, <a href="#page_24">24</a>; +<li class=indent>at Bourg de St. Gilles, +<a href="#page_5">5</a>.</li> + +<li>Ghuz, the sons of, +<a href="#page_86">86</a>.</li> + +<li>Ghuzz, +<a href="#page_57">57</a>.</li> + +<li>Gibeah of Saul, +<a href="#page_42">42</a>.</li> + +<li>Gibeon the Great, +<a href="#page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li>Gihon, river, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>Gilān, <i>see also</i> Daylam.</li> + +<li>Gilboa, Mount, +<a href="#page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li>Gilead, <i>see</i> Galid. + +<li>Girgashites, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>Glass-making, at Antioch, +<a href="#page_26">26</a>; +<li class=indent>at Tyre, +<a href="#page_30">30</a>.</li> + +<li>Golden calf, at Dan, +<a href="#page_46">46</a>.</li> + +<li>Goshen, +<a href="#page_102">102</a>.</li> + +<li>Gozan, river, +<a href="#page_51">51</a>, +<a href="#page_75">75</a>, +<a href="#page_78">78</a>, +<a href="#page_82">82</a>, +<a href="#page_83">83</a>, +<a href="#page_85">85</a>.</li> + +<li>Graves, <i>see</i> Sepulchres. + +<li>Great Sea, the, +<a href="#page_31">31</a>.</li> + +<li>Greece (Byzantine Empire), attacked by Genoese, +<a href="#page_7">7</a>; +<li class=indent>administered by twelve ministers, +<a href="#page_19">19</a>; +<li class=indent>extent of, +<a href="#page_26">26</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>, +<a href="#page_3">3</a>, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Greek buildings at Tarragona, +<a href="#page_1">1</a>.</li> + +<li>Greeks, in Constantinople, +<a href="#page_22">22</a>; +<li class=indent>Gardiki, +<a href="#page_18">18</a>; +<li class=indent>Jerusalem, +<a href="#page_34">34</a>; +<li class=indent>Taranto, +<a href="#page_14">14</a>; +<li class=indent>despoiled by the Wallachians, +<a href="#page_17">17</a>; +<li class=indent>Naples founded by the, +<a href="#page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li>Griffin, sailors rescued by, +<a href="#page_95">95</a>.</li> + +<li>Gubail (Gebal), +<a href="#page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li>Gurgan, land of, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>.</li> + +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Habor, river, <i>see</i> El-Khabur. + +<li>Hadadezer, +<a href="#page_11">11</a>.</li> + +<li>Hadara, +<a href="#page_54">54</a>.</li> + +<li>Hafiz, <i>see</i> Caliph of Bagdad. + +<li>Hahepher, <i>see</i> Haifa. + +<li>Hai, R., sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>Haifa (Hahepher), +<a href="#page_31">31</a>.</li> + +<li>Hainault, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Hakkadosh, Rabbenu, grave of, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Halah, +<a href="#page_83">83</a>.</li> + +<li>Haleb, <i>see</i> Aleppo. + +<li>Ham, sons of, +<a href="#page_97">97</a>.</li> + +<li>Hamah (Hamath), +<a href="#page_26">26</a>, +<a href="#page_49">49</a>.</li> + +<li>Hamadan, +<a href="#page_81">81</a>.</li> + +<li>Hanan, R., the Nasi, +<a href="#page_70">70</a>.</li> + +<li>Hananel, R., the physician, +<a href="#page_13">13</a>.</li> + +<li>Hananiah, furnace into which he was thrown, +<a href="#page_65">65</a>; +<li class=indent>sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>Hanes, <i>see</i> Tanis. + +<li>Har Gaash, <i>see</i> Montpellier. + +<li>Harrān, +<a href="#page_51">51</a>.</li> + +<li>Hashishim (al-), <i>see</i> Assassins. + +<li>Havilah, <a href="#page_97">97</a>, +<a href="#page_101">101</a>.</li> + +<li>Hazor, <a href="#page_50">50</a>.</li> + +<li>Head of a giant used as a bath, +<a href="#page_47">47</a>.</li> + +<li>Head of the Captivity, <i>see</i> Exilarch, Bostanai the Nasi, and Daniel the son of Hisdai. + +<li>Hebron, +<a href="#page_40">40</a>.</li> + +<li>Heluan (Helwan), +<a href="#page_97">97</a>.</li> + +<li>Heretical Jews in Cyprus, +<a href="#page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li>Hermon, Mount, +<a href="#page_29">29</a>, +<a href="#page_46">46</a>.</li> + +<li>Hiddekel (Tigris) river, +<a href="#page_52">52-4</a>, +<a href="#page_58">58</a>, +<a href="#page_64">64</a>, +<a href="#page_73">73</a>, +<a href="#page_74">74</a>, +<a href="#page_88">88</a>.</li> + +<li>Hillah, +<a href="#page_65">65</a>, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>Hillel, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>"Hipparchus," king, +<a href="#page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li>Hippodrome, at Constantinople, +<a href="#page_21">21</a>.</li> + +<li>"Holy of Holies," +<a href="#page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li>Hospices, owned by Exilarch, +<a href="#page_63">63</a>; +<li class=indent>of the Jews, +<a href="#page_63">63</a>.</li> + +<li>Hospital, built by Caliph of Bagdad, +<a href="#page_59">59</a>; +<li class=indent>in Jerusalem, +<a href="#page_35">35</a>.</li> + +<li>Hot-water springs, at Pozzuoli, +<a href="#page_12">12</a>; +<li class=indent>Tiberias, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Huna, Rab, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>Hungaria, merchants from, +<a href="#page_20">20</a>, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Ibelin, +<a href="#page_43">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Ibrig, +<a href="#page_92">92</a>.</li> + +<li>Idol of the children of Ammon, +<a href="#page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li>India, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>, +<a href="#page_72">72</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_89">89</a>, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Indian Ocean, +<a href="#page_88">88</a>, +<a href="#page_107">107</a>.</li> + +<li>Inns, in Alexandria, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>; +<li class=indent>Mizraim, +<a href="#page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>Inscriptions, Alexandria, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>; +<li class=indent>Ramleh, +<a href="#page_43">43</a>; +<li class=indent>dates on sepulchres, +<a href="#page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>Intermarriage among Druses, +<a href="#page_29">29</a>.</li> + +<li>Irbil, +<a href="#page_52">52</a>.</li> + +<li>Ireland, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Isaac, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_41">41</a>.</li> + +<li>Isaac Napcha, R., Synagogue of, +<a href="#page_66">66</a>.</li> + +<li>Ishmael, merchants from, +<a href="#page_3">3</a>.</li> + +<li>Ishmaelites, +<a href="#page_49">49</a>.</li> + +<li>Islam, men of, +<a href="#page_55">55</a>, +<a href="#page_57">57</a>, <a href="#page_58">58</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--great mosque of, +<a href="#page_57">57</a>.</li> + +<li>Ispahan, <a href="#page_82">82</a>.</li> + +<li>Israel, land of, earthquake in the, +<a href="#page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li>Israelites, bones of the, at Hebron, +<a href="#page_41">41</a>.</li> + +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Jabbok, river, +<a href="#page_26">26</a>, +<a href="#page_49">49</a>.</li> + +<li>Jabneh, +<a href="#page_43">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Jabustrisa, +<a href="#page_17">17</a>.</li> + +<li>Jacob, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_41">41</a>.</li> + +<li>Jacobites, in Jerusalem, +<a href="#page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li>Jaffa, +<a href="#page_43">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Javan, land of, <i>see</i> Greece. + +<li>Jean de Maurienne, mountain of, +<a href="#page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>Jeconiah, king of Judah, built Hadara, +<a href="#page_54">54</a>; +<li class=indent>built Synagogue of Ezekiel, +<a href="#page_66">66</a>; +<li class=indent>property belonging to, +<a href="#page_67">67</a>; +<li class=indent>sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>Jehoshaphat, gate of, +<a href="#page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--valley of, +<a href="#page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>Jehuda, Rab, grave of, +<a href="#page_53">53</a>.</li> + +<li>Jehuda ben Bethera, R., sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Jehudah Halevi, R., sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Jerusalem, +<a href="#page_9">9</a>, +<a href="#page_34">34-7</a>; +<li class=indent>earth of, +<a href="#page_79">79</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--mourners of, +<a href="#page_39">39</a>, +<a href="#page_70">70</a>, +<a href="#page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>Jesus the Nazarene, +<a href="#page_9">9</a>; +<li class=indent>burial-place of, +<a href="#page_35">35</a>.</li> + +<li>Jewish names adopted by the Wallachians, +<a href="#page_17">17</a>.</li> + +<li>Jews: in Achelous, +<a href="#page_15">15</a>; +<li class=indent>Acre, +<a href="#page_31">31</a>; +<li class=indent>Aden, +<a href="#page_95">95-6</a>; +<li class=indent>Al-Bubizig, +<a href="#page_103">103</a>; +<li class=indent>Al-Gingaleh, +<a href="#page_95">95</a>; +<li class=indent>Aleppo, +<a href="#page_50">50</a>; +<li class=indent>Alexandria, +<a href="#page_107">107</a>; +<li class=indent>Almah, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>; +<li class=indent>Amadia, +<a href="#page_77">77</a>; +<li class=indent>Amalfi, +<a href="#page_13">13</a>; +<li class=indent>Antioch, +<a href="#page_26">26</a>; +<li class=indent>Arles, +<a href="#page_5">5</a>; +<li class=indent>Armylo, +<a href="#page_18">18</a>; +<li class=indent>Arta, +<a href="#page_15">15</a>; +<li class=indent>near Babylon, +<a href="#page_65">65</a>; +<li class=indent>in Bagdad, +<a href="#page_59">59-64</a>; +<li class=indent>Balis, +<a href="#page_50">50</a>; +<li class=indent>Barcelona, +<a href="#page_1">1</a>; +<li class=indent>Basra, +<a href="#page_73">73</a>; +<li class=indent>Beirut, +<a href="#page_28">28</a>; +<li class=indent>Benevento, +<a href="#page_13">13</a>; +<li class=indent>Benha, +<a href="#page_103">103</a>; +<li class=indent>Beziers, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>; +<li class=indent>Bilbais, +<a href="#page_103">103</a>; +<li class=indent>Bohemia, +<a href="#page_111">111</a>; +<li class=indent>Bourg de St. Gilles, +<a href="#page_5">5</a>; +<li class=indent>Brindisi, +<a href="#page_14">14</a>; +<li class=indent>Caesarea, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>; +<li class=indent>Capua, +<a href="#page_11">11</a>; +<li class=indent>Chios, +<a href="#page_25">25</a>; +<li class=indent>Christopoli, +<a href="#page_19">19</a>; +<li class=indent>Corfu, +<a href="#page_15">15</a>; +<li class=indent>Corinth, +<a href="#page_16">16</a>; +<li class=indent>Crissa, +<a href="#page_16">16</a>; +<li class=indent>Cyprus, +<a href="#page_25">25</a>; +<li class=indent>Damascus, +<a href="#page_47">47</a>; +<li class=indent>Damietta, +<a href="#page_107">107</a>; +<li class=indent>Damira, +<a href="#page_103">103</a>; +<li class=indent>Demetrizi, +<a href="#page_19">19</a>; +<li class=indent>Drama, +<a href="#page_19">19</a>; +<li class=indent>Egripo, +<a href="#page_17">17</a>; +<li class=indent>El-Anbar, +<a href="#page_53">53</a>; +<li class=indent>El-Mosul, +<a href="#page_52">52</a>; +<li class=indent>Emesa, +<a href="#page_49">49</a>; +<li class=indent>Fayum, +<a href="#page_97">97</a>; +<li class=indent>Galid, +<a href="#page_48">48</a>; +<li class=indent>Gallipoli, +<a href="#page_24">24</a>; +<li class=indent>Gardiki, +<a href="#page_18">18</a>; +<li class=indent>Gazigan, +<a href="#page_64">64</a>; +<li class=indent>Genoa, +<a href="#page_6">6-7</a>; +<li class=indent>Germany, +<a href="#page_110">110</a>; +<li class=indent>Gerona, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>; +<li class=indent>Geziret Ibn Omar, +<a href="#page_52">52</a>; +<li class=indent>Ghaznah, +<a href="#page_82">82</a>; +<li class=indent>Gubail, +<a href="#page_28">28</a>; +<li class=indent>Hadara, +<a href="#page_54">54</a>; +<li class=indent>Hamadan, +<a href="#page_81">81</a>; +<li class=indent>Harrān, +<a href="#page_51">51</a>; +<li class=indent>Heluan, +<a href="#page_97">97</a>; +<li class=indent>Hillah, +<a href="#page_65">65</a>; +<li class=indent>Ibrig, +<a href="#page_92">92</a>; +<li class=indent>Ispahan, +<a href="#page_82">82</a>; +<li class=indent>Jabustrisa, +<a href="#page_17">17</a>; +<li class=indent>Kalat Jabar, +<a href="#page_51">51</a>; +<li class=indent>Kales, +<a href="#page_24">24</a>; +<li class=indent>Kaphri, +<a href="#page_66">66</a>; +<li class=indent>Karkisiya, +<a href="#page_53">53</a>; +<li class=indent>Katifa, +<a href="#page_89">89</a>; +<li class=indent>Kheibar, +<a href="#page_70">70</a>, +<a href="#page_72">72</a>; +<li class=indent>Kish, +<a href="#page_89">89</a>; +<li class=indent>Kotsonath, +<a href="#page_68">68</a>; +<li class=indent>Kufa, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>; +<li class=indent>Kutz, +<a href="#page_97">97</a>; +<li class=indent>Ladikiya, +<a href="#page_27">27</a>; +<li class=indent>Lammanah, +<a href="#page_103">103</a>; +<li class=indent>Lepanto, +<a href="#page_16">16</a>; +<li class=indent>Lucca, +<a href="#page_7">7</a>; +<li class=indent>Lunel, +<a href="#page_3">3</a>; +<li class=indent>Mareshah, +<a href="#page_42">42</a>; +<li class=indent>Marseilles, +<a href="#page_6">6</a>; +<li class=indent>Melfi, +<a href="#page_13">13-14</a>; +<li class=indent>Messina, +<a href="#page_108">108</a>; +<li class=indent>Mytilene, +<a href="#page_25">25</a>; +<li class=indent>Mizraim, +<a href="#page_98">98</a>; +<li class=indent>Muneh Sifte, +<a href="#page_103">103</a>; +<li class=indent>Naples, +<a href="#page_12">12</a>; +<li class=indent>Narbonne, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>; +<li class=indent>Nehardea, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>; +<li class=indent>Otranto, +<a href="#page_15">15</a>; +<li class=indent>Palermo, +<a href="#page_108">108</a>; +<li class=indent>Patras, +<a href="#page_15">15</a>; +<li class=indent>Pera, +<a href="#page_24">24</a>; +<li class=indent>Pisa, +<a href="#page_7">7</a>; +<li class=indent>Posquières, +<a href="#page_4">4</a>; +<li class=indent>Rabonica, +<a href="#page_17">17</a>; +<li class=indent>Rahbah, +<a href="#page_53">53</a>; +<li class=indent>Rakka, +<a href="#page_51">51</a>; +<li class=indent>Rams, +<a href="#page_43">43</a>; +<li class=indent>Ras-el-Ain, +<a href="#page_51">51</a>; +<li class=indent>Rhaedestus, +<a href="#page_24">24</a>; +<li class=indent>Rhodes, +<a href="#page_25">25</a>; +<li class=indent>Rome, +<a href="#page_8">8</a>; +<li class=indent>Rudbar, +<a href="#page_76">76</a>; +<li class=indent>Salerno, +<a href="#page_12">12-13</a>; +<li class=indent>Salonica, +<a href="#page_18">18</a>; +<li class=indent>Samarkand, +<a href="#page_82">82</a>; +<li class=indent>Samnu, +<a href="#page_103">103</a>; +<li class=indent>Samos, +<a href="#page_25">25</a>; +<li class=indent>near Sepulchre of Ezra, +<a href="#page_73">73</a>; +<li class=indent>in Shiraz, +<a href="#page_82">82</a>; +<li class=indent>Shushan, +<a href="#page_73">73</a>; +<li class=indent>Sidon, +<a href="#page_29">29</a>; +<li class=indent>Simasim, +<a href="#page_107">107</a>; +<li class=indent>Sinon Potamo, +<a href="#page_17">17</a>; +<li class=indent>Slavonia, +<a href="#page_111">111</a>; +<li class=indent>Tabaristan, +<a href="#page_82">82</a>; +<li class=indent>Tanai and district, +<a href="#page_71">71</a>; +<li class=indent>Tanis, +<a href="#page_107">107</a>; +<li class=indent>Taranto, +<a href="#page_14">14</a>; +<li class=indent>Tarmod, +<a href="#page_49">49</a>; +<li class=indent>Thebes, +<a href="#page_16">16</a>; +<li class=indent>Tiberias, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>; +<li class=indent>Tilmas, +<a href="#page_71">71-2</a>; +<li class=indent>Trani, +<a href="#page_14">14</a>; +<li class=indent>Tyre, +<a href="#page_30">30</a>; +<li class=indent>near river Virae, +<a href="#page_72">72</a>; +<li class=indent>in Vissena, +<a href="#page_18">18</a>; +<li class=indent>Zebid, +<a href="#page_95">95</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--excluded from city of Constantinople, +<a href="#page_23">23</a>; +<li class=indent>oppression of, +<a href="#page_24">24</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--Black, of Malabar, +<a href="#page_92">92</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--heretical (Epikursin), in Cyprus, <a href="#page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--independent, of Abyssinia, +<a href="#page_95">95</a>; +<li class=indent>Kheibar and Teima, +<a href="#page_70">70</a>; +<li class=indent>land of Mulahid, +<a href="#page_76">76</a>; +<li class=indent>mountains of Naisabur, +<a href="#page_83">83-7</a>; +<li class=indent>Tadmor, +<a href="#page_49">49</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--Karaïtes, in Constantinople, +<a href="#page_23">23</a>; +<li class=indent>Cyprus, +<a href="#page_25">25</a>; +<li class=indent>New Askelon, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>; +<li class=indent>Damascus, +<a href="#page_48">48</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--Rabbanite, +<a href="#page_23">23</a>, <a href="#page_25">25</a>, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--Samaritans (Cuthim), in Caesarea, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>; +<li class=indent>Nablous, +<a href="#page_33">33</a>; +<li class=indent>New Askelon, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>; +<li class=indent>Damascus, +<a href="#page_48">48</a>.</li> +<li class=indent>--Occupations of the: archers, +<a href="#page_88">88</a>; +<li class=indent>artificers in silk, +<a href="#page_16">16</a>, +<a href="#page_19">19</a>, +<a href="#page_23">23</a>; +<li class=indent>astronomers, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>, +<a href="#page_52">52</a>, +<a href="#page_80">80</a>; +<li class=indent>dyers, +<a href="#page_15">15</a>, +<a href="#page_29">29</a>, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>, +<a href="#page_34">34</a>, +<a href="#page_35">35</a>, +<a href="#page_40">40</a>, +<a href="#page_43">43</a>, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>, +<a href="#page_49">49</a>; +<li class=indent>fighting men, +<a href="#page_49">49</a>, +<a href="#page_70">70</a>, +<a href="#page_72">72</a>, +<a href="#page_83">83</a>, +<a href="#page_96">96</a>; +<li class=indent>glass-makers, +<a href="#page_26">26</a>, <a href="#page_30">30</a>; +<li class=indent>handi-craftsmen, +<a href="#page_29">29</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants, +<a href="#page_23">23</a>, +<a href="#page_29">29</a>; +<li class=indent>officials of the Pope, +<a href="#page_8">8</a>; +<li class=indent>owners of cattle, +<a href="#page_70">70</a>; +<li class=indent>physicians, +<a href="#page_4">4</a>, +<a href="#page_13">13</a>, <a href="#page_24">24</a>, +<a href="#page_48">48</a>; +<li class=indent>shipowners, +<a href="#page_30">30</a>; +<li class=indent>tillers of the soil, +<a href="#page_16">16</a>, +<a href="#page_17">17</a>, +<a href="#page_83">83</a>.</li> + +<li>Jezreel, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Joab, <a href="#page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li>Johanan ben Zakkai, R., sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Jonah, Synagogue of Obadiah built by, +<a href="#page_53">53</a>.</li> + +<li>Jonah, son of Amittai, grave of, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Jonathan, crags of, +<a href="#page_43">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Jordan, river, +<a href="#page_33">33</a>, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>, <a href="#page_46">46</a>.</li> + +<li>Jose Hagelili, R., sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_46">46</a>.</li> + +<li>Joseph, grave of, +<a href="#page_33">33</a>; +<li class=indent>store-house of, in Old Mizraim, <a href="#page_102">102</a>.</li> + +<li>Joseph, R., Burhan al-mulk, the astronomer, +<a href="#page_52">52</a>, <a href="#page_80">80</a>.</li> + +<li>Joseph Amarkala, R., +<a href="#page_83">83</a>.</li> + +<li>Joseph ben Hama, Rab, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>Joseph Sinai, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>Judah, kings of, sepulchres of the, +<a href="#page_39">39</a>.</li> + +<li>Judah, R., ben Tibbon, the physician, +<a href="#page_4">4</a>.</li> + +<li>Jugglery, +<a href="#page_21">21</a>.</li> +</ul> +<ul> + + +<li>Kadmus, +<a href="#page_27">27</a>.</li> + +<li>Kako, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>.</li> + +<li>Kalat Jabar (Selah), +<a href="#page_50">50</a>.</li> + +<li>Kales, +<a href="#page_24">24</a>.</li> + +<li>Kalonymos, R., of Narbonne, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>.</li> + +<li>Kaphri, +<a href="#page_66">66</a>.</li> + +<li>Karaïtes, in Constantinople, +<a href="#page_23">23</a>; +<li class=indent>Cyprus, +<a href="#page_25">25</a>; +<li class=indent>Damascus, +<a href="#page_48">48</a>; +<li class=indent>New Askelon, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>.</li> + +<li>KarjatĪn (Kirjathim), +<a href="#page_49">49</a>.</li> + +<li>Karkisiya, +<a href="#page_53">53</a>.</li> + +<li>Katifa, +<a href="#page_89">89</a>.</li> + +<li>Kedemoth <i>see</i> Kadmus. + +<li>Kedesh Naphtali, +<a href="#page_46">46</a>.</li> + +<li>Kedumim, brook of, +<a href="#page_31">31</a>.</li> + +<li>Kefar al-Keram, +<a href="#page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>Keilah, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>.</li> + +<li>Kenisat-al-Irakiyyin, +<a href="#page_98">98</a>.</li> + +<li>Kenisat-al-Schamiyyin, +<a href="#page_98">98</a>.</li> + +<li>Khazaria, merchants from, +<a href="#page_20">20</a>, <a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Kheibar, +<a href="#page_70">70</a>, +<a href="#page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>Khulam (Quilon), +<a href="#page_90">90</a>.</li> + +<li>Khurasan, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>Khuzistan (Elam), +<a href="#page_73">73</a>, +<a href="#page_88">88</a>; +<li class=indent>princes of, +<a href="#page_57">57</a>.</li> + +<li>Kidron, brook of, +<a href="#page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>Kieff, +<a href="#page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>Kifto <i>see</i> Lepanto. + +<li>Kirjathim, <i>see</i> KarjatĪn. + +<li>Kish, +<a href="#page_88">88-9</a>.</li> + +<li>Kishon, brook, +<a href="#page_31">31</a>.</li> + +<li>Knights Templars and Hospitalers, +<a href="#page_35">35</a>.</li> + +<li>Kofar-al-Turak, the, <a href="#page_83">83-7</a>.</li> + +<li>Kotsonath, <a href="#page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>Kufa, <a href="#page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>Kurch, <i>see</i> Curicus. + +<li>Kurland, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Kus (Kutz), +<a href="#page_97">97</a>.</li> +</ul> +<ul> + + +<li>Ladikiya, +<a href="#page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li>Lammanah, +<a href="#page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>Larta, <i>see</i> Arta. + +<li>Latmin, <i>see</i> Dimin. + +<li>Law, the, method of reading, in Cairo Synagogues, <a href="#page_98">98</a>.</li> + +<li>Leah, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_41">41</a>.</li> + +<li>Learning, centres of: Bagdad, +<a href="#page_61">61</a>, <a href="#page_64">64</a>; +<li class=indent>Basra, +<a href="#page_73">73</a>; +<li class=indent>Beziers, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>; +<li class=indent>Bourg de St. Gilles, +<a href="#page_5">5</a>; +<li class=indent>Capua, +<a href="#page_11">11</a>; +<li class=indent>Constantinople, +<a href="#page_23">23</a>; +<li class=indent>Damascus, +<a href="#page_48">48</a>; +<li class=indent>El-Anbar, +<a href="#page_53">53</a>; +<li class=indent>Kheibar, +<a href="#page_72">72</a>; +<li class=indent>Lunel, +<a href="#page_3">3</a>; +<li class=indent>Marseilles, +<a href="#page_6">6</a>; +<li class=indent>Montpellier, +<a href="#page_3">3</a>; +<li class=indent>Narbonne, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>; +<li class=indent>Paris, +<a href="#page_112">112</a>; +<li class=indent>Posquières, +<a href="#page_4">4</a>; +<li class=indent>Rome, +<a href="#page_8">8</a>; +<li class=indent>Rudbar, +<a href="#page_76">76</a>; +<li class=indent>Salerno, +<a href="#page_12">12</a>, +<a href="#page_13">13</a>; +<li class=indent>Thebes, +<a href="#page_16">16</a>.</li> + +<li>Lebanon, Mount, +<a href="#page_26">26</a>, +<a href="#page_27">27</a>, <a href="#page_49">49</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--plains of, +<a href="#page_48">48</a>.</li> + +<li>Lega, <i>see</i> Ladikiya. + +<li>Lepanto, +<a href="#page_16">16</a>.</li> + +<li>Levites, +<a href="#page_60">60</a>.</li> + +<li>Lighthouse at Alexandria, +<a href="#page_104">104</a>, +<a href="#page_105">105</a>.</li> + +<li>Lipar, straits of, +<a href="#page_108">108</a>.</li> + +<li>Lombardy, merchants from, +<a href="#page_3">3</a>, +<a href="#page_20">20</a>, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>; +<li class=indent>sick people of, +<a href="#page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li>Lot's wife, +<a href="#page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>Louis, king of France, +<a href="#page_112">112</a>.</li> + +<li>Lucca, <a href="#page_7">7</a>, +<a href="#page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>Ludd (Lydda), +<a href="#page_32">32</a>, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Lunel, +<a href="#page_3">3</a>.</li> + +<li>Lybia, +<a href="#page_95">95</a>, +<a href="#page_96">96</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a> + +<li>Lydda, <i>see</i> Ludd. + +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Machpelah, field of, +<a href="#page_40">40</a>.</li> + +<li>Magicians at Bagdad, +<a href="#page_64">64</a>.</li> + +<li>Mahomerie-le-Grand, +<a href="#page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li>Mahomerie-le-Petit, +<a href="#page_43">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Malaria, in principality of Capua, +<a href="#page_11">11</a>.</li> + +<li>Malmistras (Tarshish), +<a href="#page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li>Manar al Iskandriyyah, lighthouse built by Alexander, <a href="#page_104">104</a>.</li> + +<li>Manasseh, tribe of, +<a href="#page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>Mantern, +<a href="#page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>Maon, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>.</li> + +<li>Mar Keshisha, Synagogue of, at Hillah, +<a href="#page_65">65</a>.</li> + +<li>Maresha, +<a href="#page_42">42</a>.</li> + +<li>Mari, R., Synagogue of, at Hillah, +<a href="#page_65">65</a>.</li> + +<li>Market-places, in Mizraim, +<a href="#page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>Marmora, sea of, +<a href="#page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li>Marsala, +<a href="#page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>Marseilles, +<a href="#page_6">6</a>.</li> + +<li>Martyrs, graves at Rome of the ten, +<a href="#page_10">10</a>.</li> + +<li>Mastic, obtained at Chios, +<a href="#page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li>Masud, Sultan, +<a href="#page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li>Mata Mehasya, <i>see</i> Sura. + +<li>Mazliach, R., the lecturer, +<a href="#page_48">48</a>.</li> + +<li>Mecca, pilgrims to, +<a href="#page_55">55</a>.</li> + +<li>Media, land of, +<a href="#page_51">51</a>, +<a href="#page_77">77</a>, +<a href="#page_81">81</a>, +<a href="#page_83">83</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_20">20</a>; +<li class=indent>princes of, +<a href="#page_57">57</a>.</li> + +<li>Medicinal properties, of Nile water, +<a href="#page_101">101</a>; +<li class=indent>of petroleum and hot-water springs at Pozzuoli, <a href="#page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li>Medicine, school of, at Salerno, <a href="#page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li>Medon, <i>see</i> Meron. + +<li>"Megas Domesticus," <a href="#page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li>"Megas Ducas," <a href="#page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li>Meir, R., "crown of the scholars" at Damascus, <a href="#page_48">48</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--Synagogue of, at Hillah, +<a href="#page_65">65</a>.</li> + +<li>Melfi, +<a href="#page_13">13</a>.</li> + +<li>Merchants in Alexandria, +<a href="#page_105">105</a>, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>; +<li class=indent>Amalfi, +<a href="#page_13">13</a>;</li> +<li class=indent>Armylo, +<a href="#page_18">18</a>;</li> +<li class=indent>Bagdad, +<a href="#page_64">64</a>;</li> +<li class=indent>Constantinople, +<a href="#page_20">20</a>, +<a href="#page_23">23</a>;</li> +<li class=indent>among the Druses, +<a href="#page_29">29</a>;</li> +<li class=indent>in Egripo, +<a href="#page_17">17</a>;</li> +<li class=indent>Ghaznah, +<a href="#page_82">82</a>;</li> +<li class=indent>Khulam, +<a href="#page_90">90</a>;</li> +<li class=indent>Kish, +<a href="#page_89">89</a>;</li> +<li class=indent>Montpellier, +<a href="#page_3">3</a>; +<li class=indent>New Askelon, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>; +<li class=indent>at Synagogue of Ezekiel, +<a href="#page_67">67</a>; +<li class=indent>in Tarragona, +<a href="#page_1">1</a>; +<li class=indent>Tyre, +<a href="#page_31">31</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--Exilarch's revenue derived from, <a href="#page_63">63</a>.</li> + +<li>Meron (Medon), +<a href="#page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Mesopotamia, <i>see</i> Aram Naharaim. + +<li>Messina, +<a href="#page_108">108</a>.</li> + +<li>Metz, +<a href="#page_110">110</a>.</li> + +<li>Micah, graven image of, +<a href="#page_46">46</a>.</li> + +<li>Mills, at Baalbec, +<a href="#page_49">49</a>.</li> + +<li>Ministers of religion, power to appoint, given to Exilarch, <a href="#page_63">63</a>.</li> + +<li>Mishael, <a href="#page_65">65</a>; +<li class=indent>sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>Mizraim, New, +<a href="#page_97">97</a>, +<a href="#page_98">98</a>, +<a href="#page_101">101</a>, +<a href="#page_102">102</a>; +<li class=indent>Old, +<a href="#page_102">102</a>.</li> + +<li>Mohammed, +<a href="#page_56">56</a>, +<a href="#page_61">61</a>, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>, +<a href="#page_67">67</a>; +<li class=indent>family of, +<a href="#page_54">54</a>, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>Mohammedans, +<a href="#page_51">51</a>, +<a href="#page_52">52</a>, +<a href="#page_67">67</a>, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>, +<a href="#page_73">73</a>, +<a href="#page_108">108</a>.</li> + +<li>Montpellier (Har Gaash), +<a href="#page_2">2</a>, <a href="#page_3">3</a>.</li> + +<li>Mordecai, grave of, +<a href="#page_81">81</a>.</li> + +<li>Moselle, river, +<a href="#page_110">110</a>.</li> + +<li>Moses, "our teacher," +<a href="#page_60">60</a>; +<li class=indent>law of, +<a href="#page_92">92</a>, +<a href="#page_111">111</a>; +<li class=indent>Synagogue of, outside Mizraim, <a href="#page_102">102</a>.</li> + +<li>Moses, R., the archer, +<a href="#page_88">88</a>.</li> + +<li>Mosque, at Damascus, +<a href="#page_47">47</a>; +<li class=indent>of Islam at Bagdad, +<a href="#page_57">57</a>; +<li class=indent>of Mohammedans at Kufa, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>; +<li class=indent>Noah's Ark made into a, +<a href="#page_52">52</a>.</li> + +<li>Mourners of Zion and Jerusalem, +<a href="#page_39">39</a>, +<a href="#page_70">70</a>, +<a href="#page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>Mulahid, <a href="#page_76">76</a>.</li> + +<li>Muneh Sifte, <a href="#page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>Münster, <a href="#page_110">110</a>.</li> + +<li>Musk, from Tibet, <a href="#page_75">75</a>, <a href="#page_82">82</a>.</li> + +<li>Mytilene, <a href="#page_25">25</a>.</li> + +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Nabal, the Carmelite, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>.</li> + +<li>Nablous, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>.</li> + +<li>Nahum, the Elkoshite, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_68">68</a>; +<li class=indent>Synagogue of, +<a href="#page_53">53</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--village of, <i>see</i> Capernaum. + +<li>Naisabur, mountains of, +<a href="#page_83">83</a>, +<a href="#page_85">85</a>.</li> + +<li>Names, Jewish, adopted by Wallachians, +<a href="#page_17">17</a>.</li> + +<li>Naphtali, tribe of, +<a href="#page_83">83</a>.</li> + +<li>Naples, +<a href="#page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li>Narbonne, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>.</li> + +<li>Nasi of the Seed of David, the, Daniel, +<a href="#page_61">61</a>, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>; +<li class=indent>R. Hanan, +<a href="#page_70">70</a>; +<li class=indent>Salmon, +<a href="#page_71">71</a>; +<li class=indent>R. Todros, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>; +<li class=indent>R. Zakkai, +<a href="#page_52">52</a>.</li> + +<li>Nathan, R., composer of the Aruch, +<a href="#page_8">8</a>.</li> + +<li>Naupactus, <i>see</i> Lepanto. + +<li>Navarra, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Nebo, Mount, <a href="#page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>Nebuchadnezzar, palace of, +<a href="#page_65">65</a>.</li> + +<li>Nehardea, +<a href="#page_53">53</a>, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>Nero, Emperor, palace of, at Rome, +<a href="#page_9">9</a>.</li> + +<li>Nethanel, "the Prince of Princes," +<a href="#page_98">98</a>.</li> + +<li>Nihawand, +<a href="#page_76">76</a>.</li> + +<li>Nikpa, Sea of, +<a href="#page_94">94</a>.</li> + +<li>Nile (Pison), river, +<a href="#page_96">96</a>, +<a href="#page_102">102</a>.</li> + +<li>Nilometer, +<a href="#page_99">99-101</a>.</li> + +<li>Nineveh, +<a href="#page_52">52</a>.</li> + +<li>Noah's Ark, +<a href="#page_52">52</a>.</li> + +<li>Nob, <i>see</i> Beit Nuba. + +<li>Normandy, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Norway, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Nur-ed-din, King of the Togarmim, +<a href="#page_46">46</a>, +<a href="#page_49">49</a>, +<a href="#page_50">50</a>, +<a href="#page_52">52</a>.</li> + +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Obadiah, Synagogue of, +<a href="#page_53">53</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--R., the Nasi, +<a href="#page_82">82</a>.</li> + +<li>"Oeconomus Megalus," the, +<a href="#page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li>Oil, obtained from fish of the Nile, +<a href="#page_100">100</a>.</li> + +<li>Oil-spring at Pozzuoli, +<a href="#page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li>"Old Man of the Hashishim," +<a href="#page_76">76</a>.</li> + +<li>Olives, Mount of, +<a href="#page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>Omar ben al Khataab, +<a href="#page_36">36</a>, +<a href="#page_52">52</a>.</li> + +<li>Orion, star, <a href="#page_94">94</a>.</li> + +<li>Orontes, river, <a href="#page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li>Otranto, <a href="#page_15">15</a>.</li> + + + +<li>Palace of: Ahab at Sebastiya, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>; +<li class=indent>Ahasuerus at Shushan, +<a href="#page_73">73</a>; +<li class=indent>Caliph of Bagdad, +<a href="#page_54">54</a>; +<li class=indent>eighty emperors at Rome, +<a href="#page_9">9</a>; +<li class=indent>Emir al Muminim at Mizraim, +<a href="#page_98">98</a>; +<li class=indent>Julius Caesar at Rome, +<a href="#page_8">8</a>; +<li class=indent>Nebuchadnezzar at Babylon, +<a href="#page_65">65</a>; +<li class=indent>Nur-ed-din at Aleppo, +<a href="#page_50">50</a>; +<li class=indent>Pharaoh's daughter at Baalbec, +<a href="#page_48">48</a>; +<li class=indent>Pope at Rome, +<a href="#page_8">8</a>; +<li class=indent>Salmon the Nasi at Tanai, +<a href="#page_71">71</a>; +<li class=indent>Solomon at Jerusalem, +<a href="#page_35">35</a>; +<li class=indent>Titus outside Rome, +<a href="#page_9">9</a>; +<li class=indent>Vespasianus at Rome, +<a href="#page_9">9</a>; +<li class=indent>King William at Palermo, +<a href="#page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>Palermo, +<a href="#page_108">108</a>.</li> + +<li>Palestine, merchants from, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>, +<a href="#page_3">3</a>.</li> + +<li>Palmid, <a href="#page_43">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Papa, Rab, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>Paris, +<a href="#page_112">112</a>.</li> + +<li>Passover, Feast of the, +<a href="#page_33">33</a>.</li> + +<li>Patras, +<a href="#page_15">15</a>.</li> + +<li>Patriarch of Jerusalem, +<a href="#page_38">38</a>.</li> + +<li>Patriarchs, tombs of the, at Hebron, +<a href="#page_41">41</a>.</li> + +<li>Patzinakia, merchants from, +<a href="#page_20">20</a>, <a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Pavilion of Daniel, Synagogue of the, +<a href="#page_65">65</a>.</li> + +<li>Pearl-fishery, at Katifa, +<a href="#page_89">89</a>.</li> + +<li>Pedigrees: of Daniel the son of Hisdai, +<a href="#page_61">61</a>; +<li class=indent>R. Elazar the son of Zemach, +<a href="#page_60">60</a>; +<li class=indent>Hanan the Nasi, +<a href="#page_71">71</a>; +<li class=indent>R. Kalonymos the son of R. Todros, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>; +<li class=indent>Salmon the Nasi, +<a href="#page_71">71</a>; +<li class=indent>R. Samuel the son of Eli, +<a href="#page_60">60</a>.</li> + +<li>Pepin, king, +<a href="#page_9">9</a>.</li> + +<li>Pepper, grown at Khulam, +<a href="#page_91">91</a>.</li> + +<li>Pera, +<a href="#page_24">24</a>.</li> + +<li>Persia, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_20">20</a>, <a href="#page_89">89</a>; +<li class=indent>princes of, +<a href="#page_57">57</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--Shah of, exacts poll-tax from Jews of Amadia, +<a href="#page_77">77</a>; +<li class=indent>extent of his dominions, +<a href="#page_75">75</a>; +<li class=indent>his expedition against the Kofar-al-Turak, +<a href="#page_84">84-7</a>; +<li class=indent>imprisoned David Alroy, +<a href="#page_78">78</a>, <a href="#page_79">79</a>.</li> + +<li>Pethor, <i>see</i> Balis. + +<li>Petralia, +<a href="#page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>Petroleum, spring of, at Pozzuoli, +<a href="#page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li>Pharpar, river, +<a href="#page_46">46</a>, +<a href="#page_47">47</a>.</li> + +<li>Physicians: R. Hananel, +<a href="#page_13">13</a>; +<li class=indent>R. Judah, +<a href="#page_4">4</a>; +<li class=indent>R. Solomon Hamitsri, +<a href="#page_24">24</a>; +<li class=indent>R. Zedekiah, +<a href="#page_48">48</a>.</li> + +<li>Pilgrims, to Bourg de St. Gilles, +<a href="#page_5">5</a>; +<li class=indent>Jerusalem, +<a href="#page_14">14</a>, +<a href="#page_31">31</a>, +<a href="#page_35">35</a>, +<a href="#page_108">108</a>; +<li class=indent>Mecca, +<a href="#page_55">55</a>.</li> + +<li>"Pillar of Salt," +<a href="#page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>Pisa, <a href="#page_7">7</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Pisans, at Montpellier, <a href="#page_3">3</a>; at Armylo, <a href="#page_18">18</a>.</li> + +<li>Pishon, river, <i>see</i> Nile. + +<li>Pithom, <a href="#page_97">97</a>.</li> + +<li>Plantations, <i>see</i> Gardens. + +<li>Poitiers, merchants from, <a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Pool in Jerusalem, used for sacrifices, +<a href="#page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li>Pope of the Greeks, +<a href="#page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li>Pope of Rome, +<a href="#page_8">8</a>, +<a href="#page_20">20</a>, +<a href="#page_54">54</a>.</li> + +<li>Posquières, +<a href="#page_4">4</a>.</li> + +<li>Pozzuoli, +<a href="#page_11">11</a>.</li> + +<li>Prague, +<a href="#page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>Priests, Samaritan, <a href="#page_32">32</a>.</li> + +<li>Provence, +<a href="#page_5">5</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Psalms, inscribed in Synagogue of Exilarch, +<a href="#page_64">64</a>.</li> + +<li>Pul, land of (Apulia), +<a href="#page_13">13</a>.</li> + +<li>Pumbedita, <i>see</i> El-Anbar. +</ul> +<ul> + + +<li>Quilon, <i>see</i> Khulam. +</ul> +<ul> + + +<li>Rab and Samuel, Synagogue of, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>Rabbah, Synagogue of, +<a href="#page_64">64</a>.</li> + +<li>Rabbanite Jews, in Constantinople, +<a href="#page_23">23</a>; +<li class=indent>Cyprus, +<a href="#page_25">25</a>; +<li class=indent>New Askelon, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Rabbis, among Jews at river Virae, +<a href="#page_73">73</a>; +<li class=indent>appointed by Nethanel, Head of the Academy, +<a href="#page_98">98</a>; +<li class=indent>power to appoint, given by Exilarch, +<a href="#page_63">63</a>.</li> + +<li>Rabonica, <a href="#page_17">17</a>.</li> + +<li>Rachel's grave, +<a href="#page_40">40</a>.</li> + +<li>Raga, river, +<a href="#page_68">68</a>.</li> + +<li>Ragusa, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Rahbah, +<a href="#page_53">53</a>.</li> + +<li>Rakka (Salchah), +<a href="#page_51">51</a>.</li> + +<li>Ramah (Ramlah), +<a href="#page_42">42</a>.</li> + +<li>Rams (Ramleh), +<a href="#page_43">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Ramses, <i>see</i> Ain-al-Shams. + +<li>Ras-el-Ain, +<a href="#page_51">51</a>.</li> + +<li>Raymond V, Count of Toulouse, +<a href="#page_5">5</a>.</li> + +<li>Rayy, +<a href="#page_84">84</a>.</li> + +<li>Rebekah, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_41">41</a>.</li> + +<li>Red Sea, +<a href="#page_107">107</a>.</li> + +<li>Regensburg, +<a href="#page_109">109</a>, +<a href="#page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>Rephidim, +<a href="#page_107">107</a>.</li> + +<li>Resen, <i>see</i> Gazigan. + +<li>Reshid (Rosetta), +<a href="#page_101">101</a>.</li> + +<li>Reuben, tribe of, +<a href="#page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>Rhaedestus, +<a href="#page_24">24</a>.</li> + +<li>Rhine, river, +<a href="#page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>Rhodes, +<a href="#page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li>Rhone, river, +<a href="#page_5">5</a>.</li> + +<li>Rib of a giant, at Damascus, +<a href="#page_47">47</a>.</li> + +<li>Riding on horseback forbidden to Jews of Constantinople, +<a href="#page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li>Romagna, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Roman road between Pozzuoli and Naples, +<a href="#page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li>Rome, +<a href="#page_8">8-11</a>, +<a href="#page_109">109</a>; merchants from, +<a href="#page_3">3</a>.</li> + +<li>Romulus, king, +<a href="#page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li>Rosetta, <i>see</i> Reshid. + +<li>Rudbar, +<a href="#page_76">76</a>.</li> + +<li>Ruins: at Ain-al-Shams, +<a href="#page_103">103</a>; +<li class=indent>Babylon, +<a href="#page_65">65</a>; +<li class=indent>Fayum, +<a href="#page_97">97</a>; +<li class=indent>Gardiki, +<a href="#page_18">18</a>; +<li class=indent>Nineveh, +<a href="#page_52">52</a>; +<li class=indent>Old Mizraim, +<a href="#page_102">102</a>; +<li class=indent>Palmid (Ashdod), +<a href="#page_43">43</a>; +<li class=indent>Pozzuoli, +<a href="#page_11">11</a>; +<li class=indent>Rams, +<a href="#page_43">43</a>; +<li class=indent>Shushan, +<a href="#page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>Russia, extent of, +<a href="#page_111">111</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_20">20</a>, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Saadiah Al-Fiumi, R., sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>Saba, <i>see</i> Yemen, el. + +<li>Sabbath, observance of, +<a href="#page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li>Sable, found in Russia, +<a href="#page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>Sacrifices, on Mount Gerizim, on Passover and other festivals, +<a href="#page_33">33</a>.</li> + +<li>Saffuriya, <i>see</i> Sepphoris. + +<li>Sahara, +<a href="#page_97">97</a>.</li> + +<li>Saida, <i>see</i> Sidon. + +'<li>Saidna ben Daoud,' +<a href="#page_61">61</a>, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>St. Abram, church of, +<a href="#page_40">40</a>.</li> + +<li>St. Abram de Bron, +<a href="#page_40">40</a>.</li> + +<li>St. Elias, structure erected on Mount Carmel, +<a href="#page_31">31</a>.</li> + +<li>St. George of Ludd, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>.</li> + +<li>St. Gilles, Bourg de, +<a href="#page_5">5</a>.</li> + +<li>St. John in the Lateran, Church of, +<a href="#page_10">10</a>.</li> + +<li>St. Peter's Church, Rome, +<a href="#page_8">8</a>.</li> + +<li>St. Samuel of Shiloh, +<a href="#page_42">42</a>.</li> + +<li>Salchah, <i>see</i> Rakka. +--<i>see</i> Salkat. + +<li>Salerno, +<a href="#page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li>Salkat (Salchah), +<a href="#page_48">48</a>.</li> + +<li>Salmon, the Nasi, +<a href="#page_70">70</a>.</li> + +<li>Salonica, +<a href="#page_18">18</a>.</li> + +<li>Salt Sea (Sea of Sodom), +<a href="#page_37">37</a>, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Samara, river, +<a href="#page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>Samaritan alphabet, <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image04.gif" width="14" height="25">, +<img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image05.gif" width="18" height="16"> + and <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image06.gif" width="22" height="18">,lacking in, +<a href="#page_33">33</a>.</li> + +<li>Samaritans in Caesarea, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>; +<li class=indent>Nablous (Shechem) <i>See</i> Cuthim., +<a href="#page_32">32</a>.</li> + + +<li>Samarkand, +<a href="#page_57">57</a>, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>, +<a href="#page_82">82</a>.</li> + +<li>Samnu, +<a href="#page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>Samos, +<a href="#page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li>Samson, statue of, at Rome, +<a href="#page_11">11</a>.</li> + +<li>Samuel, the prophet, grave of, +<a href="#page_42">42</a>; +<li class=indent>descendant of, +<a href="#page_60">60</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--Synagogue with graves of Rab and, +<a href="#page_53">53</a>, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--ben Hofni, Rab, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--R., head of the Jews in Salonica, +<a href="#page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li>Samuel, the son of Eli, chief rabbi, +<a href="#page_60">60</a>, +<a href="#page_61">61</a>.</li> + +<li>Sand-storms, in the Sahara, +<a href="#page_97">97</a>.</li> + +<li>Santa Sophia, Church of, at Constantinople, +<a href="#page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li>Sar Shalom, head of the Beth Din, +<a href="#page_48">48</a>.</li> + +<li>Sar Shalom, chief rabbi of Ispahan, +<a href="#page_82">82</a>, +<a href="#page_88">88</a>.</li> + +<li>Sarafend, <i>see</i> Sarepta. + +<li>Saragossa, <a href="#page_1">1</a>.</li> + +<li>Sarah, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_41">41</a>.</li> + +<li>Sarepta, +<a href="#page_30">30</a>.</li> + +<li>Saxony, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Scorpions, at Babylon, +<a href="#page_65">65</a>.</li> + +<li>Scotia, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Seba, +<a href="#page_96">96</a>.</li> + +<li>Sebastiya, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>.</li> + +<li>Seine, river, +<a href="#page_112">112</a>.</li> + +<li>Selah, <i>see</i> Kalat Jabar. + +<li>Seleucus, king, +<a href="#page_18">18</a>.</li> + +<li>Seljuks, <i>see</i> Togarmim. + +<li>Senators of Rome, +<a href="#page_9">9</a>.</li> + +<li>Seneh, +<a href="#page_43">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Sepharad, <i>see</i> Spain. + +<li>Sephardi, the, <i>see</i> Judah, R., ben Tibbon. + +<li>Sepphoris (Saffuriya), +<a href="#page_44">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Sepulchre, Church at Jerusalem. + +<li>Sepulchres: of Abaji and other sages, near Kefar al-Keram, +<a href="#page_68">68</a>; +<li class=indent>Barak ben Abinoam, at Kadesh Naphtali, +<a href="#page_46">46</a>; +<li class=indent>Bostanai the Nasi, at El Anbar, +<a href="#page_53">53</a>; +<li class=indent>Rab Chisdai at Kefar al-Keram, +<a href="#page_68">68</a>; +<li class=indent>Daniel at Shushan, +<a href="#page_74">74-6</a>; +<li class=indent>R. Eleazar ben Arak, &c., at Almah, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>; +<li class=indent>Ezekiel near Kaphri, +<a href="#page_66">66</a>; +<li class=indent>Ezra the priest, +<a href="#page_73">73</a>; +<li class=indent>Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah near Synagogue of Ezekiel, <a href="#page_68">68</a>; +<li class=indent>House of David on Mount Zion, +<a href="#page_38">38</a>; +<li class=indent>Israelites near Jerusalem, +<a href="#page_37">37</a>; +<li class=indent>Hillel, &c., near Meron, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>; +<li class=indent>King Jeconiah at Kufa, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>; +<li class=indent>Rab (Jehuda) and Samuel at El-Anbar, +<a href="#page_53">53</a>, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>; +<li class=indent>R. Jehudah Halevi, &c., near Tiberias, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>; +<li class=indent>Joseph at Shechem, +<a href="#page_33">33</a>; +<li class=indent>the ten Martyrs near river Tiber, +<a href="#page_10">10</a>; +<li class=indent>Mordecai and Esther at Hamadan, +<a href="#page_81">81</a>; +<li class=indent>Nahum at Ain Siptha, +<a href="#page_68">68</a>; +<li class=indent>the Patriarchs at St. Abram de Bron, +<a href="#page_41">41</a>; +<li class=indent>Rab Papa, &c., at Kotsonath, +<a href="#page_68">68</a>; +<li class=indent>Rahbah at Gazigan, +<a href="#page_64">64</a>; +<li class=indent>Rabbenu Hakkadosh, &c., at Sepphoris, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>; +<li class=indent>Samuel the Ramathite at Ramah, +<a href="#page_42">42</a>; +<li class=indent>R. Sherira, &c., at Sura, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>; +<li class=indent>Uzziah in valley of Jehoshaphat, +<a href="#page_37">37</a>; +<li class=indent>King Zedekiah, near river Raga, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>; +<li class=indent>at foot of Mount Carmel, +<a href="#page_31">31</a>; +<li class=indent>marble sepulchre at Alexandria, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Serpents at Babylon, +<a href="#page_65">65</a>.</li> + +<li>Shafjathib, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, +<a href="#page_72">72</a>, +<a href="#page_77">77</a>, +<a href="#page_83">83</a>.</li> + +<li>Shammai, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Shechem, +<a href="#page_32">32</a>.</li> + +<li>Sheik Al Hashishim, +<a href="#page_27">27</a>.</li> + +<li>Sheizar, +<a href="#page_50">50</a>.</li> + +<li>Sherira, R., sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>Shiloh, +<a href="#page_42">42</a>.</li> + +<li>Shinar, land of, +<a href="#page_51">51</a>, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>, +<a href="#page_64">64</a>, +<a href="#page_70">70</a>, +<a href="#page_72">72</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_20">20</a>, +<a href="#page_89">89</a>, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Shipping at Acre, +<a href="#page_31">31</a>; +<li class=indent>Genoa, +<a href="#page_7">7</a>; +<li class=indent>New Tyre, +<a href="#page_30">30</a>; +<li class=indent>Pisa, +<a href="#page_7">7</a>.</li> + +<li>Shiraz, +<a href="#page_82">82</a>.</li> + +<li>Shittim, valley of, +<a href="#page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>Shomron, <i>see</i> Samaria. + +<li class=indent>--Jews of, <i>see</i> Samaritans. + +<li>Shushan (Susa), +<a href="#page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>Siberia, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>Sicily, +<a href="#page_7">7</a>, +<a href="#page_108">108</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Sidon (Saida), +<a href="#page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li>Sihon, land of, +<a href="#page_27">27</a>.</li> + +<li>Silk, artificers in, +<a href="#page_16">16</a>, +<a href="#page_23">23</a>; +<li class=indent>silk-weaving at Salonica, +<a href="#page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li>Siloam, Waters of, +<a href="#page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>Simasim, +<a href="#page_107">107</a>.</li> + +<li>Simeon ben Gamaliel, Raban, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Simon the Just, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Sinai, Mount, +<a href="#page_107">107</a>.</li> + +<li>Sin-ed-din, King of the Togarmim, +<a href="#page_52">52</a>, +<a href="#page_81">81</a>.</li> + +<li>Singers of the Temple, their melodies known<br /> + by R. Elazar the son of Zemach, +<a href="#page_60">60</a>.</li> + +<li>Sinjar, Shah of Persia, <a href="#page_74">74</a>; +<li class=indent>extent of his dominions, +<a href="#page_75">75</a>; +<li class=indent>his defeat by Ghuzes, +<a href="#page_84">84-8</a>.</li> + +<li>Sinon Potamo, +<a href="#page_17">17</a>.</li> + +<li>Siponto, +<a href="#page_13">13</a>.</li> + +<li>Slaves, taken by men of Assuan, +<a href="#page_96">96</a>.</li> + +<li>Slavonia (Canaan), +<a href="#page_111">111</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">1-6</a>.</li> + +<li>Sodom, Sea of, <i>see</i> Salt Sea. + +<li>Solomon, King, +<a href="#page_48">48</a>, +<a href="#page_49">49</a>; +<li class=indent>palace of, +<a href="#page_36">36</a>; +<li class=indent>sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_39">39</a>; +<li class=indent>Temple of, +<a href="#page_10">10</a>, +<a href="#page_35">35</a>.</li> + +<li>Solomon Hamitsri, R., the physician, +<a href="#page_24">24</a>.</li> + +<li>Sorrento, +<a href="#page_11">11</a>.</li> + +<li>Spain (Sepharad), +<a href="#page_1">1</a>, +<a href="#page_9">9</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li>Spices, from India, +<a href="#page_89">89</a>, +<a href="#page_91">91</a>, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Stables, built by Solomon, +<a href="#page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li>Statues, at Rome, +<a href="#page_10">10</a>, +<a href="#page_11">11</a>.</li> + +<li>Strassburg, +<a href="#page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>Sugar, grown near Tyre, +<a href="#page_30">30</a>.</li> + + +<li>Sunbat, +<a href="#page_107">107</a>.</li> + +<li>Sun-dial, in mosque at Damascus, +<a href="#page_47">47</a>.</li> + +<li>Sun-worshippers, +<a href="#page_90">90-2</a>.</li> + +<li>Sūr, <i>see</i> Tyre. + +<li>Sura (Mata Mehasya), +<a href="#page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>Susa, <i>see</i> Shushan. + +<li>Synagogues: of Caleb ben Jephunneh at Tiberias, +<a href="#page_45">45</a>; +<li class=indent>Exilarch at Bagdad, +<a href="#page_64">64</a>; +<li class=indent>Ezekiel, +<a href="#page_66">66</a>, +<a href="#page_67">67</a>; +<li class=indent>Ezra, +<a href="#page_52">52</a>; +<li class=indent>Ezra, at Haran, +<a href="#page_51">51</a>; +<li class=indent>Ezra at Rakka, +<a href="#page_51">51</a>; +<li class=indent>R. Isaac Napcha at Kaphri, +<a href="#page_66">66</a>; +<li class=indent>Rab (Jehuda) and Samuel at El-Anbar, +<a href="#page_53">53</a>, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>; +<li class=indent>R. Meir, &c., at Hillah, +<a href="#page_65">65</a>; +<li class=indent>Moses, outside Mizraim, +<a href="#page_102">102</a>; +<li class=indent>Nahum the Elkoshite at Mosul, +<a href="#page_53">53</a>; +<li class=indent>Obadiah at Mosul, +<a href="#page_53">53</a>; +<li class=indent>the Pavilion of Daniel near Babylon, +<a href="#page_65">65</a>; +<li class=indent>Rabbah at Gazigan, +<a href="#page_64">64</a>; +<li class=indent>Samuel at Ramah, +<a href="#page_42">42</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--in Bagdad, +<a href="#page_64">64</a>; +<li class=indent>Kotsonath, +<a href="#page_68">68</a>; +<li class=indent>Kufa, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>; +<li class=indent>Mizraim, +<a href="#page_98">98</a>; +<li class=indent>near Sepulchre of Ezra, +<a href="#page_73">73</a>; +<li class=indent>in Shafjathib, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>; +<li class=indent>Shushan, +<a href="#page_73">73</a>.</li> + +<li>Syracuse, +<a href="#page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>Syria (Al-Sham), merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Syrians, in Jerusalem, +<a href="#page_34">34</a>; +<li class=indent>convent of, on Mount Sinai, +<a href="#page_107">107</a>.</li> +</ul> +<ul> + + +<li>Tabaristan, +<a href="#page_78">78</a>, +<a href="#page_81">81</a>.</li> + +<li>Tadmor (Tarmod), +<a href="#page_49">49</a>.</li> + +<li>Talmud, the, +<a href="#page_3">3</a>, +<a href="#page_4">4</a>, +<a href="#page_63">63</a>.</li> + +<li>Tanai, +<a href="#page_71">71</a>.</li> + +<li>Tanis (Hanes), +<a href="#page_107">107</a>.</li> + +<li>Tanners, in Constantinople, +<a href="#page_24">24</a>.</li> + +<li>Tarabulus el Sham, <i>see</i> Tripolis. + +<li>Taranto, +<a href="#page_14">14</a>.</li> + +<li>Tarmal Galsin, King, catacombs of, +<a href="#page_10">10</a>.</li> + +<li>Tarmod, <i>see</i> Tadmor. + +<li>Tarquinius, palace of, at Rome, +<a href="#page_9">9</a>.</li> + +<li>Tarragona, +<a href="#page_1">1</a>.</li> + +<li>Tarshish, +<a href="#page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li>Teima, +<a href="#page_70">70</a>, +<a href="#page_71">71</a>.</li> + +<li>Temple, of children of Ammon at Gubail, +<a href="#page_28">28</a>; +<li class=indent>of Solomon at Jerusalem, +<a href="#page_10">10</a>, +<a href="#page_35">35</a>, +<a href="#page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li>Terah, house of, at Harrān, +<a href="#page_51">51</a>.</li> + +<li>Thebes, +<a href="#page_16">16</a>.</li> + +<li>Thelasar, +<a href="#page_95">95</a>.</li> + +<li>Theodoros, a Greek captain, +<a href="#page_104">104</a>.</li> + +<li>Thoros, King of Armenia, +<a href="#page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li>Tiber, river, +<a href="#page_8">8</a>.</li> + +<li>Tiberias, +<a href="#page_44">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Tiberius, emperor, palace of, at Rome, +<a href="#page_9">9</a>.</li> + +<li>Tibet, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>, +<a href="#page_82">82</a>; +<li class=indent>princes of, +<a href="#page_57">57</a>.</li> + +<li>Tigris, river, <i>see</i> Hiddekel. + +<li>Tilmas, +<a href="#page_71">71</a>, +<a href="#page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>Timnathah, <i>see</i> Tymin. + +<li>Titus, reputed palace of, outside Rome, +<a href="#page_9">9</a>; +<li class=indent>stored Temple vessels in cave, +<a href="#page_10">10</a>.</li> + +<li>Todros, R., of the seed of David, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>.</li> + +<li>Togarma, princes of, +<a href="#page_57">57</a>.</li> + +<li>Togarmim (Seljuks), +<a href="#page_23">23</a>, +<a href="#page_46">46</a>, +<a href="#page_50">50</a>; +<li class=indent>land of the, +<a href="#page_51">51</a>, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>.</li> + +<li>Tombs, <i>see</i> Sepulchres. + +<li>Torah, the, +<a href="#page_2">2</a>.</li> + +<li>Tortosa, +<a href="#page_1">1</a>.</li> + +<li>Trani, +<a href="#page_14">14</a>.</li> + +<li>Transmigration of souls, belief of Druses in, +<a href="#page_29">29</a>.</li> + +<li>Trapani, +<a href="#page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>Trastevere, +<a href="#page_8">8</a>.</li> + +<li>Treves, +<a href="#page_110">110</a>.</li> + +<li>Tripolis, +<a href="#page_27">27</a>.</li> + +<li>Trunia, +<a href="#page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li>Tur Sinai, +<a href="#page_107">107</a>.</li> + +<li>Tuscany, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Tymin (Timnathah), +<a href="#page_45">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Tyre (ancient) (Sūr), +<a href="#page_30">30</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--New (Sūr), +<a href="#page_30">30</a>, +<a href="#page_31">31</a>.</li> + +<li>Tyrian glass-ware, +<a href="#page_30">30</a>.</li> + +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Uzziah, king, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_37">37</a>.</li> + +</ul> +<ul> +<li>Vair, found in Russia, +<a href="#page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>Val-de-Luna, <a href="#page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li>Vegetables and fruit grown in Egypt, +<a href="#page_101">101</a>.</li> + +<li>Venetia, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Venetians in Armylo, +<a href="#page_18">18</a>.</li> + +<li>Verdun, +<a href="#page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>Vespasianus, emperor, palace of, at Rome, +<a href="#page_9">9</a>.</li> + +<li>Vessels from the Temple, +<a href="#page_10">10</a>.</li> + +<li>Vessels, sea-going, of Jews of Tyre, +<a href="#page_30">30</a>.</li> + +<li>Virae, river, +<a href="#page_72">72</a>.</li> + +<li>Vissena, +<a href="#page_18">18</a>.</li> + + + +<li>Wales, merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Wallachia, +<a href="#page_17">17</a>.</li> + +<li>Wallachians, adopt Jewish names, +<a href="#page_17">17</a>; +<li class=indent>warlike nature of the, +<a href="#page_17">17</a>.</li> + +<li>Water, how supplied to Antioch, +<a href="#page_26">26</a>; +<li class=indent>bad, at Capua, +<a href="#page_11">11</a>; +<li class=indent>rain-water drunk at, Aleppo, +<a href="#page_50">50</a>; +<li class=indent>Jerusalem, +<a href="#page_37">37</a>; +<li class=indent>Kish, +<a href="#page_89">89</a>.</li> + +<li>William, King of Sicily, +<a href="#page_14">14</a>; +<li class=indent>palace of, +<a href="#page_108">108</a>.</li> + +<li>Witchcraft, of Duchbin priests, +<a href="#page_92">92-4</a>.</li> + +<li>Worms, +<a href="#page_110">110</a>.</li> + +<li>Würzburg, +<a href="#page_111">111</a>.</li> + +</ul> +<ul> + +<li>Yāfa (Jaffa), +<a href="#page_43">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Yemen, el, +<a href="#page_62">62</a>, +<a href="#page_70">70</a>, +<a href="#page_72">72</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_89">89</a>, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Yeshiba Gaon (Jacob), +<a href="#page_61">61</a>.</li> +</ul> +<ul> + + +<li>Zakkai, R., the Nasi, +<a href="#page_52">52</a>, +<a href="#page_80">80</a>.</li> + +<li>Zarfath, <i>see</i> France. + +<li>Zawilah (Havilah), +<a href="#page_97">97</a>; +<li class=indent>merchants from, +<a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Zebid, <a href="#page_95">95</a>.</li> + +<li>Zebulun, tribe of, +<a href="#page_83">83</a>.</li> + +<li>Zedekiah, king, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>Zedekiah, R., the physician, +<a href="#page_48">48</a>.</li> + +<li>Zeiri, Rab, Synagogue of, at Hillah, +<a href="#page_65">65</a>.</li> + +<li>Zelzah, <a href="#page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li>Zemarites, +<a href="#page_49">49</a>.</li> + +<li>Zephaniah, the prophet, sepulchre of, +<a href="#page_69">69</a>.</li> + +<li>Zerin, <i>see</i> Jezreel. + +<li>Zin, <i>see</i> China. + +<li>Zion, gate of, +<a href="#page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--Mount, +<a href="#page_37">37</a>.</li> + +<li class=indent>--mourners of, +<a href="#page_70">70</a>, +<a href="#page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>Zoan, +<a href="#page_99">99</a>.</li> + +<li>Zoan el-Medina, +<a href="#page_98">98</a>.</li> + +<li>Zur, son of Hadadezer, +<a href="#page_11">11</a>.</li> +</ul> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr style="width: 85%;"> +<h3><a name="FOOTNOTES" id="FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES:</a></h3> +<hr style="width: 85%;"> +<br /> +<div class="blockquot"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1">[1]</a></p> <p> Tudela was called in Benjamin's time <i>Tuteila</i>. Sepharad is Spain.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2">[2]</a></p> <p> There is a considerable difference of opinion as to the exact dates at + which Benjamin began and completed his journey. In my opinion, + the period can be placed within a very narrow compass. Early in his + journey he visited Rome, where he found R. Jechiel to be the steward + of the household of Pope Alexander. This can be no other than Pope + Alexander III, who played so important a part in the struggle between + King Henry II and Thomas a Becket. The German Emperor, Frederick + Barbarossa, supported the anti-Pope Victor IV, and in consequence + Alexander had to leave Rome soon after his election in 1159 and before + his consecration. He did not return to settle down permanently in Rome + until November 23, 1165, but was forced to leave again in 1167. Consequently + Benjamin must have been in Rome between the end of 1165 + and 1167. Benjamin terminated his travels by passing from Egypt to + Sicily and Italy, then crossing the Alps and visiting Germany. In Cairo + he found that the Fatimite Caliph was the acknowledged ruler. The + Caliph here referred to must have been El-'Adid, who died on Monday, + September 13, 1171—being the last of the Fatimite line. A short time + before his death, Saladin had become the virtual ruler of Egypt, and + had ordered the Khotba to be read in the name of the Abbaside Caliph + el-Mostadi of Bagdad. (See the <i>Life of Saladin</i>, by Bohadin: Palestine + Pilgrims' Text Society, p. 61.) It is clear, therefore, that Benjamin's + absence from Europe must be placed between the years 1166 and 1171. + Benjamin on his return journey passed through Sicily when the island + was no longer governed by a viceroy. King William II (the Good) + attained his majority in 1169, and Benjamin's visit took place subsequently. + It will be found in the course of the narrative that not + a single statement by Benjamin is inconsistent with this determination + of date; see p. 3, n. 4; p. 9, n. 2; p. 15, n. 4; p. 61, n. 1; and p. 79, n. 2.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3">[3]</a></p> <p> Saragossa was called in Benjamin's time <i>Sarakosta</i> (= Caesar-Augusta). + Charisi, in <i>Tachkemoni</i>, 46, refers to some of the Rabbis.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4">[4]</a></p> <p> The imposing ruins at Tarragona comprise prehistoric walls of + enormous unhewn blocks of stone, as well as the remains of Roman + aqueducts, tombs, amphitheatres, &c. Here and generally in this narrative + the letter R is used as an abbreviation for Rabbi.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5">[5]</a></p> <p> See Graetz, <i>Geschichte der Juden</i>, vol. VI, pp. 230 et seq.; also notes + 1 and 10 at the end of vol. VI.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6">[6]</a></p> <p> The ancient name of Gerona was Gerunda.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7">[7]</a></p> <p> See Geiger's <i>Jüdische Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Leben</i>, p. 281. The + Records of Narbonne bear evidence of sales of lands standing in the + name of R. Kalonymos (<i>Archives Israelites</i>, 1861, p. 449). His ancestor, + R. Machir, came to Europe in the time of Charlemagne.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8">[8]</a></p> <p> + R. Abraham ben Isaac (Rabad II) was author of the Rabbinic code; + Ha-Eshkol, and was one of the intermediaries between the Talmudists of + France and the Scholars of Spain. He died 1178.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9">[9]</a></p> <p> + A parasang is about 3-2/5 English miles, and the distance from Narbonne + to Beziers is correctly given. 10 parasangs make a day's journey.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"> [10]</a></p> <p> + The King of Portugal is even now styled King of the Algarves.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"> [11]</a></p> <p> + Cf. Graetz, VI, p. 240, also Joseph Jacob's <i>Angevin Jews</i>, p. 111. R. Asher + was one of a group of pious Rabbis known as Perushim—who might be + styled Jewish monks. His father, Rabbenu Meshullam, died 1170.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"> [12]</a></p> <p> + He is referred to in <i>Tosafoth Temurah</i>, fol. 12a and b.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"> [13]</a></p> <p> This eminent Talmudist, known as the Rabad, was son-in-law of the + R. Abraham of Narbonne before referred to. See Graetz, VI, 243.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"> [14]</a></p> <p> The Abbey of St. Aegidius was much resorted to in the Middle Ages. + The Jews of Beaucaire, and the neighbourhood, enjoyed the patronage + of Raymond V, Count of Toulouse, called by the Troubadour poets "the + good Duke." See Graetz, VI, note I, p. 401. It is impossible to enlarge + in these notes upon the several Jewish scholars referred to by Benjamin. + An interesting article by Professor Israel Levi on the "Jews in Mediaeval + France," and other articles, in the <i>Jewish Encyclopaedia</i>, also Gross, + <i>Gallia Judaica</i>, might be consulted with advantage.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"> [15]</a></p> <p> The BM. MS. calls R. Abba Mari dead, which statement, unless + qualified, as in a few other instances, by the insertion of the word + "since," would be unintelligible.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"> [16]</a></p> <p> Asher's Text and Epstein's MS. give the distance between Arles and + Marseilles as three days' journey. The actual distance is about fifty-three + English miles. Probably the Roman roads were still in use.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"> [17]</a></p> <p> R. Isaac, son of Abba Mari, is the celebrated author of "Baal + Haittur"; he wrote this work at Marseilles, 1179. It is doubtful + whether he was the son of Count Raymond's bailiff.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"> [18]</a></p> <p> His full name is R. Jacob Perpignano. See Graetz, VI, note 1, p. 399.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"> [19]</a></p> <p> The meaning of course is that the Genoese pillage Christian and + Mohammedan places alike.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"> [20]</a></p> <p> See Dr. H. Berliner's work <i>Die Geschichte der Juden in Rom.</i> His + derivation of the Hebrew word used for Pope, <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image07.gif" width="56" height="12"> from Peter, is + questionable. It is the Greek 'έπίφορος. See + Talmud, <i>Aboda Zarah</i>, 11 a.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"> [21]</a></p> <p> The great work alluded to is the <i>Talmudical Dictionary</i>, completed in + 1101. See Graetz, VI, p. 281.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"> [22]</a></p> <p> The palace of the Caesars on the Palatine Hill is no doubt here + referred to.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"> [23]</a></p> <p> <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image08.gif" width="52" height="22">, quoted by E and Asher, is a corrupt reading for <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image09.gif" width="54" height="21">.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"> [24]</a></p> <p> This is Josippon's story. Benjamin occasionally embodies in his + work fantastic legends told him, or recorded by his predecessors. + His authorities lived in the darkest period of the Middle Ages. Josippon, + Book I, Chap, iv, speaks of 320 senators. I have followed Breithaupt, + and rendered <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image10.gif" width="39" height="16"> "consul."</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"> [25]</a></p> <p> Having regard to the various readings, it is possible that the Thermae + of Diocletian or more probably the Flavian amphitheatre, which early + in the Middle Ages began to be called the Colosseum, is here referred to. + It had four stories, each floor composed of arcades containing eighty + separate compartments, making 320 in all. Our author in the course of + his narrative speaks more than once of buildings erected on a uniform + plan corresponding with the days of the year.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"> [26]</a></p> <p> I. Heilprin, the author of <i>Seder Hadoroth</i> (Warsaw, 1897 edition, p. 157) + as well as Zunz, appear to have here fallen into error, assuming as they do + that Benjamin refers to the ten teachers of the Mishna, R. Gamaliel, + R. Akiba and the other sages who suffered martyrdom in Palestine at + the hands of the Roman Emperors. The ten martyrs here alluded to + are those referred to in the Preface to Hakemoni, published by Geiger in</p> + <p><img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image11.gif" width="549" height="101"></p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"> [27]</a></p> <p> This is the statue of Marcus Aurelius now before the Capitol.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"> [28]</a></p> <p> Even in Benjamin's time the Campagna was noted for malaria.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"> [29]</a></p> <p> Professor Ray Lankester, in a lecture given on Dec. 29, 1903, at the + Royal Institution, illustrated changes in the disposition of land and + water by pointing to the identical ruined Temple referred to by Benjamin. + It now stands high above the sea, and did so in the second and third + centuries of the present era, but in the eighth and ninth centuries was + so low, owing to the sinking of the land, that the lower parts of its marble + pillars stood in the sea, and sea-shells grew in the crevices.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"> [30]</a></p> <p> Josippon gives these legends in Book I, chaps. iii and iv, when speaking + of Zur, whom he associates with Sorrento. Benjamin had few other + sources of information. In the immediate neighbourhood of Pozzuoli + is Solfatara, where sulphur is found. A destructive eruption from the + crater took place in 1198. Hot springs abound, and the baths at Bagnoli + are much frequented to the present day. The underground road is the + Piedi grotta of Posilipo, constructed by Augustus.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"> [31]</a></p> <p> R. Isaac, the father of R. Judah, must be the "Greek Locust" against + whom Ibn Ezra directed his satire when visiting Salerno some twenty + years before R. Benjamin. See Graetz, VI, p. 441.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"> [32]</a></p> <p> Cf. Isaiah lxvi. 19.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"> [33]</a></p> <p> This city was destroyed by William the Bad in 1156. It was ordered + to be restored by William the Good in 1169, so that Benjamin must have + visited Bari before that date. See p. 79, note 2. We have here another + clue as to the date of Benjamin's travels.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"> [34]</a></p> <p> See H. M. Adler's article on Jews in Southern Italy, <i>J.Q.R.</i>, XIV, p. 111. + Gibbon, <i>Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i>, chap. lvi, describing the + reconquest of the southern provinces of Italy by the Byzantine Emperor + Manuel, 1155, says. "The natives of Calabria were still attached to the + Greek language and worship."</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"> [35]</a></p> <p> The river Achelous falls into the Ionian Sea opposite to Ithaca.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"> [36]</a></p> <p> Anatolica is now known as Aetolicum.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"> [37]</a></p> <p> Patras, the ancient Patrae, was founded long before the time of + Antipater. <i>Josippon</i>, II, chap. xxiii, is again the questionable authority + on which Benjamin relied.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"> [38]</a></p> <p> Lepanto in the early Middle Ages was called Naupactus or Epacto, + and to reach it from Patras the Gulf of Corinth had to be crossed.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"> [39]</a></p> + +<p> Chalcis, the capital of Euboea or Negroponte, is even now called + Egripo. It is situated on the Straits of Euripus.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"> [40]</a></p> <p> Some twenty years later the Wallachians were in open revolt and + became independent of the Byzantine Empire. Gibbon, chap. lx.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"> [41]</a></p> <p> See Gibbon, chap. liii. He often quotes Benjamin.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"> [42]</a></p> <p> The Grand Duchy of Kieff was called Russia. See page 81.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"> [43]</a></p> <p> The Petchinegs, as well as the Khazars, Bulgarians, Hungarians, and + Turks, are called by Josippon, I, chap. i, descendants of Togarma. + Patzinakia was the country from the Danube to the Dnieper, and corresponds + with Dacia of classical times.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"> [44]</a></p> <p> The readings of E and A are corrupt. R has <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image12.gif" width="55" height="21">, and BM. has + <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image13.gif" width="43" height="21">, the southern provinces of Russia were spoken of as the land of + the Khazars, especially by Jewish writers, long after the Russian conquest + about the year 1000, and the Crimea was known to European + travellers as Gazaria. It took Rabbi Pethachia eight days to pass through + the land of the Khazars. See Dr. A. Benisch, <i>Translation of Petachia's + Travels</i>. In note 3, p. 70, he gives a short sketch of their history. + The ruling dynasty and most of the inhabitants embraced the Jewish + religion.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"> [45]</a></p> <p> <i>Procopius</i>, vol. I (Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society), gives a full description + of Constantinople.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"> [46]</a></p> <p> The commentator, wrongly supposed to be Rashi, gives an interesting + note upon the passage in I Chron. xx. 2, where it is mentioned that + David took the crown of the king of the children of Ammon, and found + it to weigh a talent of gold, and it was set upon David's head. Rashi + states that the meaning of the passage must be that this crown was + hung above David's throne, and adds that he heard in Narbonne that + this practice was still kept up by the kings in the East.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"> [47]</a></p> <p> See for a full account of these powerful Seljuk Sultans F. Lebrecht's + Essay on the Caliphate of Bagdad during the latter half of the twelfth + century. Vol. II of A. Asher's <i>Itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin</i>.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"> [48]</a></p> <p> Ibn Verga, <i>Shevet Jehuda</i>, XXV, states that a predecessor of the + Emperor Manuel Comnenus issued an edict prohibiting the Jews from + residing elsewhere than in Pera, and restricting their occupation to + tanning and shipbuilding.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"> [49]</a></p> <p> This place is mentioned by <i>Procopius</i>, p. 119, as having been fortified + by Justinian. It is now known as Rodosto.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"> [50]</a></p> <p> Ibn Ezra visited Cyprus before his arrival in London in 1158, when + he wrote the <i>Sabbath Epistle</i>. It is not unlikely that the heterodox + practices of the sect of whom Benjamin here speaks had been put + forward in certain books to which Ibn Ezra alludes, and induced him + to compose the pamphlet in defence of the traditional mode of observance + of the Sabbath day. This supposition is not inconsistent with + Graetz's theory, vol. VI, p. 447. See also Dr. Friedlander, <i>Ibn Ezra in + England, J.Q.R.</i>, VIII, p. 140, and Joseph Jacobs, <i>The Jews of Angevin + England</i>, p. 35.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"> [51]</a></p> <p> See Gibbon, chaps, lviii and lix; Charles Mills, <i>History of the Crusades</i>, + I, p. 159; C. R. Conder, <i>Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 39.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"> [52]</a></p> <p> The several MSS. give different readings. The kingdom reached to + the Taurus mountains and the Sultanate of Rum or Iconium.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"> [53]</a></p> <p> Beazley remarks that Benjamin must have passed along this coast + before 1167, when Thoros died at peace and on terms of vassalage to + the Emperor Manuel Comnenus. Malmistras is forty-five miles from + Tarsus. Both had been recaptured by Manuel in 1155. <i>Josippon</i>, I, chap. i, + identifies Tarshish with Tarsus.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"> [54]</a></p> <p> No doubt the river Fer, otherwise Orontes, is here referred to. + Ancient Antioch lies on the slope of Mount Silpius, and the city-wall + erected by Justinian extended from the river up to the hill-plateau. + Abulfeda says: "The river of Hamâh is also called Al Urunt or the + Nahr al Maklûb (the Overturned) on account of its course from south + to north; or, again, it is called Al' Âsi (the Rebel), for the reason that + though most rivers water the lands on their borders without the aid + of water-wheels, the river of Hamâh will not irrigate the lands except + by the aid of machines for raising its waters." (Guy le Strange, + <i>Palestine under the Moslems</i>, p. 59.) It is strange that R. Benjamin should + call the Orontes the river Jabbok, but he always takes care to add that + it rises in the Lebanon, to avoid any misconception that the Jabbok + which falls into the Jordan is meant.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"> [55]</a></p> <p> Boemond III, surnamed le Baube (the Stammerer), succeeded his + mother in 1163. We owe the doubtless correct rendering of this passage + to the ingenuity of the late Joseph Zedner. Benjamin visited Antioch + before 1170, when a fearful earthquake destroyed a great part of the city.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"> [56]</a></p> <p> It must be inferred from the context here, as well as from other + passages, that when Benjamin mentions the number of Jews residing at + a particular place he refers to the heads of families.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"> [57]</a></p> <p> Gebal is the Gabala of ancient geographers. See Schechter, <i>Saadyana</i>, + p. 25. Many travellers, among them Robinson, identify Baal-Gad with + Banias, others suppose it to be Hasbeya.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"> [58]</a></p> <p> Hashishim—hemp-smokers—hence is derived the word "assassin." + See Socin, <i>Palestine and Syria</i>, pp. 68 and 99. Ibn Batuta and other + Arabic writers have much to say about the Assassins or Mulahids, as + they call them. They are again referred to by Benjamin on p. 54, + where he states that in Persia they haunted the mountainous district + of Mulahid, under the sway of the Old Man of the Mountain. The + manner in which the Sheik acquired influence over his followers is + amusingly described by Marco Polo (<i>The Book of Ser Marco Polo</i>: translated + and edited by Colonel Sir Henry Yule; third edition, London, + John Murray, 1903): "In a fertile and sequestered valley he placed every + conceivable thing pleasant to man—luxurious palaces, delightful gardens, + fair damsels skilled in music, dancing, and song, in short, a veritable + paradise! When desirous of sending any of his band on some hazardous + enterprise the Old Man would drug them and place them while unconscious + in this glorious valley. But it was not for many days that + they were allowed to revel in the joys of paradise. Another potion was + given to them, and when the young men awoke they found themselves + in the presence of the Old Man of the Mountain. In the hope of again + possessing the joys of paradise they were ready to embark upon any + desperate errand commanded by the Old Man." Marco Polo mentions + that the Old Man found crafty deputies, who with their followers settled + in parts of Syria and Kurdistan. He adds that, in the year 1252, Alaü, + lord of the Tartars of the Levant, made war against the Old Man, and + slaughtered him with many of his followers. Yule gives a long list of + murders or attempts at murder ascribed to the Assassins. Saladin's + life was attempted in 1174-6. Prince Edward of England was slain + at Acre in 1172. The sect is not quite extinct. They have spread to + Bombay and Zanzibar, and number in Western India over 50,000. The + mention of the Old Man of the Mountain will recall to the reader the + story of Sinbad the Sailor in <i>The Arabian Nights</i>.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"> [59]</a></p> <p> See Parchi, <i>Caphtor wa-pherach</i>, an exhaustive work on Palestine + written 1322, especially chap. xi. The author spent over seven years + in exploring the country.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"> [60]</a></p> <p> Socin, the author of Baedeker's <i>Handbook to Palestine and Syria</i>, p. 557, + gives the year of the earthquake 1157. It is referred to again p. 31. + There was a very severe earthquake in this district also in 1170, and + the fact that Benjamin does not refer to it furnishes us with another + <i>terminus ad quem</i>.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"> [61]</a></p> <p> See the narrative of William of Tyre.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"> [62]</a></p> <p> Gubail, the ancient Gebal, was noted for its artificers and stonecutters. + Cf. I Kings v. 32; Ezek. xxvii. 9. The Greeks named the place + Byblos, the birthplace of Philo. The coins of Byblos have a representation + of the Temple of Astarte. All along the coast we find remains + of the worship of Baal Kronos and Baaltis, of Osiris and Isis, and it is + probable that the worship of Adonis and Jupiter-Ammon led Benjamin + to associate therewith the Ammonites. The reference to the children + of Ammon is based on a misunderstanding, arising perhaps out of + Ps. lxxxiii. 8.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"> [63]</a></p> <p> <i>The Quarterly Statements of the Palestine Exploration Fund</i> for 1886 and 1889 + give a good deal of information concerning the religion of the Druses. + Their morality is there described as having been much maligned.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"> [64]</a></p> <p> Tyre was noted for its glass-ware and sugar factories up to 1291, + when it was abandoned by the Crusaders, and destroyed by the Moslems.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"> [65]</a></p> <p> This name is applied to the Kishon, mentioned further on, celebrated + in Deborah's song (Judg. v. 21), but it is about five miles south of Acre, + the river nearest to the town being the Belus, noted for its fine sand + suitable for glass-making. It is not unlikely that R. Benjamin alludes + to the celebrated ox-spring of which Arab writers have much to say. + Mukkadasi writes in 985: "Outside the eastern city gate is a spring. + This they call Ain al Bakar, relating how it was Adam—peace be upon + him!—who discovered this spring, and gave his oxen water therefrom, + whence its name."</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"> [66]</a></p> <p> Gath-Hepher, the birthplace of Jonah, near Kefr Kenna, in the + territory of Zebulon (Joshua xix. 13), is not here referred to, but the land + of Hepher, I Kings iv. 10 is probably meant.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"> [67]</a></p> <p> In Benjamin's time hermits, who eventually founded the Carmelite + order of monks, occupied grottoes on Mount Carmel.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"> [68]</a></p> <p> Benjamin travelled along the coast to Caesarea. Mr. Guy Le Strange + (<i>Palestine under the Moslems</i>, 1890, p. 477) writes: "Tall Kanîsah, or Al + Kunaisah, the Little Church, is the mound a few miles north of Athlith, + which the Crusaders took to be the site of Capernaum." Benjamin + must have known very well that Maon, which was contiguous to another + Carmel (referred to in Joshua xv. 55), belonged to Judah, and was not in + the north of Palestine. Here, as in the case of Gath and elsewhere, he + quotes what was the hearsay identification current at the time he visited + these places. See an article by C.R. Conder on "Early Christian Topography" + in the <i>Quarterly Statements of the Palestine Exploration Fund</i> for 1876, + p.16. Cf. <i>The Ancient Hebrew Tradition</i>, by Prof. Fr. Hommel, p. 243.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"> [69]</a></p> <p> In the time of the Crusaders Gath was supposed to be near Jamnia, + but nothing definite is known as to its site. (Baedeker, <i>Handbook to + Palestine and Syria</i>, 1876, p. 317.)</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"> [70]</a></p> <p> It lies between Caesarea and Lydda. See Conder's <i>Latin Kingdom + of Jerusalem</i>. Munk's <i>Palestine</i> might also be consulted with advantage.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"> [71]</a></p> <p> The tomb of St. George is still shown in the Greek church at Lydda.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"> [72]</a></p> <p> Mr. A. Cowley in an article on the Samaritan Liturgy in <i>J. Q. R.</i>, VII, + 125, states that the "House of Aaron" died out in 1624. The office then + went to another branch, the priest being called <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image14.gif" width="68" height="21">, the Levite Cohon. + Cf. Adler and Seligsohn's <i>Une nouvelle chronique Samaritaine</i>. (Paris: Durlacher, 1903.)</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"> [73]</a></p> <p> The small square building known as Joseph's tomb lies a short + distance north of Jacob's well, at the eastern entrance to the vale of + Nablous.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"> [74]</a></p> <p> Cf. Guy Le Strange, <i>Palestine</i>, 381, and Rapoport's Note 166, Asher's + <i>Benjamin</i>, vol. II, p. 87.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"> [75]</a></p> <p> The MSS. are defective here; starting from Shechem, Mount Gilboa, + which to this day presents a bare appearance, is in a different direction + to Ajalon. It is doubtful whether Benjamin personally visited all the + places mentioned in his <i>Itinerary</i>. His visit took place not long after the + second great Crusade, when Palestine under the kings of Jerusalem was + disturbed by internal dissensions and the onslaughts of the Saracens under + Nur-ed-din of Damascus and his generals. Benjamin could at best visit + the places of note only when the opportunity offered.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"> [76]</a></p> <p> This and most of the other places mentioned by Benjamin are more + or less identified in the very important work published by the Palestine + Exploration Fund, <i>The Survey of Western Palestine</i>. Our author's statements + are carefully examined, and Colonel Conder, after expatiating upon the + extraordinary mistakes made by writers in the time of the Crusaders, + some of whom actually confounded the sea of Galilee with the Mediterranean, + says: "The mediæval Jewish pilgrims appear as a rule to have + had a much more accurate knowledge both of the country and of the + Bible. Their assertions are borne out by existing remains, and are of the + greatest value."</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"> [77]</a></p> <p> King Baldwin III died in 1162, and was succeeded by his brother Almaric.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"> [78]</a></p> <p> The reading of the Roman MS. that there were but four Jewish + inhabitants at Jerusalem is in conformity with R. Pethachia, who passed + through Palestine some ten or twenty years after R. Benjamin, and found + but one Jew there. The <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image15.gif" width="14" height="13"> daleth meaning four would easily be misread for <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image16.gif" width="17" height="20"> resh + meaning 200.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"> [79]</a></p> <p> The Knights of the Hospital of St. John and the Templars are here + referred to. See Gibbon, <i>Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i>; Charles Mills, + <i>History of the Crusades</i>, 4th edition, vol. I, p. 342, and Besant and Palmer's + <i>Jerusalem</i>, chap. ix.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"> [80]</a></p> <p> Cf. the writings of Mukaddasi the Hierosolomite, one of the publications + of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society. See also Edrisi's and Ali of + Herat's works. Chap. iii of Guy Le Strange's <i>Palestine</i> gives full extracts + of Edrisi's account written in 1154 and Ali's in 1173. See also five + plans of Jerusalem designed between 1160 and 1180, vol. XV, <i>Zeitschrift des + Deutschen Palästina-Vereins.</i></p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"> [81]</a></p> <p> Ezek. xx. 35. The idea that the Gorge of Jehoshaphat will be the + scene of the last judgment is based upon Joel iv. 2. Cf. M. N. Adler, <i>Temple + at Jerusalem</i> and Sir Charles Warren's Comments.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"> [82]</a></p> <p> In memory of Absalom's disobedience to his father, it is customary + with the Jews to pelt this monument with stones to the present day. + The adjoining tomb is traditionally known as that of Zechariah, 2 Chron. + xxiv. 20, King Uzziah, otherwise Azariah, was buried on Mount Zion, + close to the other kings of Judah, 2 Kings xv. 7. Cf. P. E. F., <i>Jerusalem</i>, + as to identification of sites. Sir Charles Wilson, <i>Picturesque Palestine</i>, gives + excellent illustrations of the holy places, and his work might be consulted + with advantage.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"> [83]</a></p> <p> Pillars of salt are to be met with elsewhere, for instance at Hammam + Meskutim in Algeria. They are caused by spouts of water, in which so + great a quantity of salt is contained as at times to stop up the aperture + of the spring. The latter, however, is again unsealed through cattle + licking off the salt near the aperture, and the same process of filling up + and unstopping goes on continually. Cf. Talmud Berachot, 54 a.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"> [84]</a></p> <p> See Baedeker's <i>Palestine and Syria</i>, pp. 233, 236; also Schwartz, + <i>Palestine</i>, 1852, p. 230 and Dr. Robinson's <i>Palestine</i>, I, p. 516.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"> [85]</a></p> <p> Edrisi in 1154 writes: "The tomb is covered by twelve stones, and + above it is a dome vaulted over with stones."</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"> [86]</a></p> <p> Compare R. Pethachia's account of his visit (<i>Travels of Rabbi Petachia</i>: + translated by Dr. A. Benisch; London, Trübner & Co., 1856, p. 63). + See papers by Professors Goldziher and Guthe (<i>Zeitschrift des Deutschen + Palästina-Vereins</i>, XVII, pp. 115 and 238) for an account of the opening of + the tombs at Hebron in 1119, as given in a presumably contemporaneous + MS. found by Count Riant. Fifteen earthenware vessels filled with + bones, perhaps those referred to by Benjamin, were found. It is doubtful + whether the actual tombs of the Patriarchs were disturbed, but it is + stated that the Abbot of St. Gallen paid in 1180 ten marks of gold (equal + to about £5,240 sterling) for relics taken from the altar of the church + at Hebron. The MS. of Count Riant further mentions that before the + occupation of Hebron by the Arabs, the Greeks had blocked up and concealed + the entrance to the caves. The Jews subsequently disclosed the + place of the entrance to the Moslems, receiving as recompense permission + to build a synagogue close by. This was no doubt the Jewish place of + worship referred to by Benjamin. Shortly after Benjamin's visit in 1167 + the Crusaders established a bishopric and erected a church in the + southern part of the Haram. See also Conder's account of the visit of + His Majesty the King, when Prince of Wales, to the Haram at Hebron. + (<i>Palestine Exploration Fund's Quarterly Statement</i>, 1882.)</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"> [87]</a></p> <p> Beit Jibrin was fortified by King Fulk in 1134. See Baedeker's + <i>Palestine and Syria</i>, p. 309; Rapoport's <i>Erech Milin</i>, p. 54; also a + preliminary notice on the Necropolis of Maresha in <i>P.E.F.Q.S.</i>, Oct., + 1902, p. 393. The text has <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image17.gif" width="37" height="25">, but it should be + <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image18.gif" width="38" height="18">. Inscriptions on + tombs near Beit Jibrin show that the town, to which those buried + belonged, was called Mariseh. The passage in A and all printed editions + as to Shunem and Toron de Los Caballeros is corrupt. Shunem was a small + place in Galilee, and is not likely to have had 300 Jews at the time of the + Crusaders, still less so Toron the present Latrun.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"> [88]</a></p> <p> Shiloh, at the time of the Crusaders, was considered to occupy the + site of Mizpeh, the highest mountain near Jerusalem, where the + national assemblies were held at the time of the Judges. The present + mosque is dilapidated, but the substructure, which dates from the Frank + period, is beautifully jointed. The apse is raised. The reputed tomb of + Samuel is on the western side of the church. It is still called Nebi + Samwil, venerated alike by Jew and Moslem.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"> [89]</a></p> <p> This and Mahomerie-le-grand, already mentioned, are Crusaders' + churches. See Rey, <i>Les Colonies franques de Syrie aux XII'e et XIII'e siècles</i>, + p. 387; also Conder, <i>The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"> [90]</a></p> <p> Beit-Nuba near Ramleh has been identified without proof with Nob. + Richard Coeur-de-Lion encamped here some twenty-five years after + Benjamin's visit. He with the army of the Crusaders passed through + Ibelin on his way to Askelon. Cf. Vinsauf's <i>Itinerarium Regis Ricardi</i>.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"> [91]</a></p> <p> See an interesting Paper, "Der Pass von Michmas," by Prof. + D.G. Dalman, <i>Z.D.P.V.</i>, 1904, vol. XXVII, p. 161.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"> [92]</a></p> <p> Asher renders <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image19.gif" width="40" height="17"> Ramleh, for which there is some justification. + Ramleh did not exist in Bible times—it was founded in 716. It prospered + to such an extent that it became as large as Jerusalem. It was a + good deal damaged by an earthquake in 1033. Ramleh had a large + Moslem population, and the Jews there remained comparatively unmolested + by the Crusaders. This latter fact accounts for the somewhat + large number of Jews residing there. Asher's reading, and that of all + the printed editions, is "about three Jews dwell there." This is obviously + wrong. Probably the copyist is to blame in taking <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image20.gif" width="27" height="26"> to be an abbreviation + for <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image21.gif" width="37" height="22"> The reports of contemporary Arabic authors will be found + in Guy Le Strange's <i>Palestine</i>, pp. 303-8.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"> [93]</a></p> <p> Ali of Herat, Benjamin's contemporary, writes: "Askelon is a fine + and beautiful city. There is near here the well of Abraham, which they + say he dug with his own hand." Bohadin, in his <i>Life of Saladin</i>, gives + a detailed account of the demolition of the city in 1192, after the conclusion + of peace between King Richard I and Saladin. Ibn Batutah in + 1355 found the town in ruins, but gives a detailed account of the well. + (Guy Le Strange, pp. 402-3; cf. Dr. H. Hildesheimer, <i>Beiträge zur Geographie + Palästinas</i>.)</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"> [94]</a></p> <p> The cathedral at Lydda with the tomb of St. George was destroyed + when Saladin captured the place in 1191. It was rebuilt by a King of + England in the seventeenth century.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"> [95]</a></p> <p> A. M. Lunez in his Year-book for 1881, pp. 71-165, gives a complete + list of the reputed Jewish tombs in Palestine. There are many records + of the graves of Jewish worthies in our literature, but it is not easy to + reconcile the different versions. See Jacob ben Nethanel's Itinerary given + in Lunez's <i>Jerusalem</i>, 1906, VII, p. 87.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"> [96]</a></p> <p> Both BM. and R have <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image22.gif" width="106" height="19">, whilst E and A have the faulty + reading <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image23.gif" width="129" height="19">. The Seder Hadoroth has the same reading as + E and A. Jehuda Halevi died about thirty years before Benjamin's + visit, and the question of the burial-place of our great national poet + is thus finally settled.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"> [97]</a></p> <p> The common belief is that Simon the Just was buried near Jerusalem, + on the road to Nablous, about a mile from the Damascus Gate.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"> [98]</a></p> <p> Cf. Schechter's <i>Saadyana</i>, p. 89.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"> [99]</a></p> <p> The passage referring to the Arnon is evidently out of place.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"> [100]</a></p> <p> See Deut. xi. 24.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"> [101]</a></p> <p> For a description of the city and its great mosque, see Baedeker, + also Guy Le Strange, <i>Palestine under the Moslems</i>, chap. vi. The most eastern + dome of the mosque is to this day called Kubbet-es-Saa, the Dome of + Hours. Mukaddasi gives an elaborate description of the mosaics and + other features of this mosque.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"> [102]</a></p> <p> Cf. <i>Midrash Raba</i>, chap, xiv: </p> +<p> +<img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image24.gif" width="316" height="18">; also + Josephus, <i>Ant</i>. I, vii, 2 who quotes Nicolaus of Damascus in the words + "<i>In Damasco regnarit Abramus.</i>"</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"> [103]</a></p> <p> Pethachia estimates the Jewish population at 19,000. This confirms + the opinion already given (p. 26) that Benjamin refers to heads of families.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"> [104]</a></p> <p> Dr. W. Bacher with justice observes that, at the time of the Crusades, + the traditions of the Palestinian Gaonate seem to have survived at + Damascus. See <i>J. Q. R.</i>, XV, pp. 79-96.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"> [105]</a></p> <p> Galid as a city cannot be identified. Salchah is in the Eastern Hauran, + half a day's journey from Bosra, and is spoken of in Scripture as a frontier + city of Bashan. (Deut. iii. 10; Joshua xii. 5.) It lies a long way to the + south of Damascus, whilst Baalbec lies to the north.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"> [106]</a></p> <p> Tarmod is Tadmor or Palmyra.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"> [107]</a></p> <p> The important city Emesa, now called Homs, is here probably indicated. + In scripture, Gen. x. 18, the Zemarite and the Hamathite are + grouped together among the Canaanite families. In this district is the + intermittent spring of Fuwâr ed-Der, the Sabbatio River of antiquity, + which Titus visited after the destruction of Jerusalem. Josephus (<i>Wars of + the Jews</i>, Book VII, sec. 5) describes it as follows: "Its current is strong + and has plenty of water; after which its springs fail for six days together + and leave its channels dry, as any one may see; after which days it runs + on the seventh day as it did before, and as though it had undergone no + change at all: it has also been observed to keep this order perpetually + and exactly." The intermittent action is readily accounted for by the + stream having hollowed out an underground duct, which acts as a syphon.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"> [108]</a></p> <p> Hamath is often mentioned in Scripture, situated at no great + distance from the Orontes. In the troublous time after the first crusade + it was taken by the Ismailians or Assassins. The earthquake of 1157 + caused great damage. Twenty years later the place was captured by + Saladin.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"> [109]</a></p> <p> Robinson and Conder identify Hazor with a site near Kedesh Naftali, + but Sheiza is doubtless Sheizár, the ancient Larissa. Having regard to + the readings of the other MSS., there is no doubt that Latmin, the next + stage on the way to Aleppo, is the correct name of the place. See + M. Hartmann's articles, "Beiträge zur Kenntuis der Syrischen Steppe," + <i>Z.D.P.V.</i>, vols. XXII and XXIII, 1900 I. Cf. the article on the Boundaries + of Palestine and Syria by M. Friedmann, Luncz's <i>Jerusalem</i>, + vol. II.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"> [110]</a></p> <p> Edrisi writes that there was abundance of water at Aleppo, but there + is no discrepancy between Benjamin's and Edrisi's statements, as Asher + supposes. The old waterworks were restored by Malek about the year + 1200, some thirty years after Benjamin's visit.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"> [111]</a></p> <p> Edrisi and Abulfeda speak of Balis and Kalat Jabar. See Guy Le + Strange, p. 417. Zengy the Atabeg was slain at Kalat Jabar.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"> [112]</a></p> <p> Rakka is on the left bank of the Euphrates. It was an important + city of Upper Mesopotamia, commanding the Syrian frontier. Salchah + is in the Hauran. See p. 30, note 5. On the right bank of the + Euphrates, nearly opposite to Rakka, was Thapsacus. Here Cyrus + forded the river, and here Alexander crossed in pursuit of Darius.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"> [113]</a></p> <p> Harrān, the city of Nahor, is twenty-four miles SSE. of Edessa on + the Balikh. Mustawfi tells us of Abraham's Shrine.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"> [114]</a></p> <p> Ras-el-Ain, probably Rhesaina. The river Khabur—the Araxes of + Xenophon—flows from the Kurdistan mountains southwards, and runs + into the Euphrates.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"> [115]</a></p> <p> The Gozan river cannot be, as tacitly assumed by Asher, the Kizil + Uzun (also known as the Araxes). The Kizil Uzun is on the right of the + watershed of the mountains of Kurdistan, and falls into the Caspian Sea. + The Khabur above referred to flows through Mesopotamia, not through + Media. The misconception arises probably from the author being too + mindful of the passage occurring repeatedly in Scripture, e. g. 2 Kings + xvii. 6: " ... and placed them in Halah and in Habor by the river of + Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes."</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"> [116]</a></p> <p> All the MSS. except BM. have here: "Thence it is two days to the + city of Nisibis (Nasibin). This is a great city with rivulets of water, + and contains about 1,000 Jews."</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"> [117]</a></p> <p> Josephus (<i>Antiquities</i>, I, 3) mentions that Noah's Ark still existed in + his day. Rabbi Pethachia, who travelled through Armenia within twenty + years after Benjamin, speaks of four mountain peaks, between which the + Ark became fixed and from which it could not get free. Arab writers + tell us that Jabal Judi (Koran, ch. xi, ver. 46) with the Mosque of Noah + on the summit, could be seen from Geziret. See also <i>Marco Polo</i>, Bk. I. + ch. 3.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"> [118]</a></p> <p> See Lebrecht's Essay "On the State of the Caliphate at Bagdad." + Sin-ed-din, otherwise known as Seif-ed-din, died 1149, some twenty years + before Benjamin's visit, and Graetz (vol. VI, note 10) suggests that the + appointment of Astronomer Royal must have been made by Nur-ed-din's + nephew. None of the MSS. have this reading, nor is such a correction + needed. R. Joseph may have been appointed by Nur-ed-din's brother, + and would naturally retain the office during the reign of his successor.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"> [119]</a></p> <p> Irbil, or Arbela, is two days' journey from Mosul. See Saadyana, + <i>J. Q. R.</i>, vol. XIV, p. 503, and W. Bacher's note, p. 741.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"> [120]</a></p> <p> For a full account of Mosul and other places here referred to, see + Mr. Guy Le Strange's <i>The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate</i>, 1905, also + Layard's <i>Nineveh and its Remains</i> and <i>Nineveh and Babylon</i>. Layard carefully + examined Nebbi Junus, which is held in great veneration by the + Mussulmans, and came to the conclusion that the tradition which places + Jonah's tomb on this spot is a mere fable (p. 596). It will be seen that + Benjamin speaks of the Shrine as a <i>Synagogue</i>. At Alkush near Mosul + the tomb of Nahum is pointed out, and the Arabs say that after Jonah + had fulfilled his mission to the people of Nineveh they relapsed into + idolatry. Then Nahum denounced the city and was slain by the populace, + who proclaimed him and Jonah to be false prophets, since the doom the + latter foretold does not come to pass, See Schwarz, <i>Das Heilige Land</i>, + 1852, p. 259, identifying Kefar Tanchum near Tiberias with Nahum's burialplace</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"> [121]</a></p> <p> As to Jewish seats of learning in Babylon refer to Dr. Krauss's + Article "Babylonia" in the <i>Jewish Encyclopaedia</i>; see also Guy Le Strange, + p. 74, who suggests that Pumbedita means "mouth of the Badat canal." + Cf. <i>J. Q. R.</i>, XVII, p. 756.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"> [122]</a></p> <p> Hadara goes under the name Alhathr or Hatra. There must exist + great doubt as to whether Benjamin had personally satisfied himself as + to the Jewish population he gives for this and the other places he tells of, + till he comes to Egypt. Up to this point the Traveller has always + appeared to under-estimate the Jewish population. Henceforth it will + be found that he gives apparently exaggerated figures,—and this lends + colour to the view that Benjamin did not proceed beyond Ispahan, but + found his way thence direct to Egypt. The statements concerning the + intervening places must therefore be taken to have been based upon + hearsay information. Pethachia's remarks are significant: "In the + land of Cush and Babel are more than sixty myriads of Jews; as many + are in the land of Persia. But in Persia the Jews are subject to hard + bondage and suffering. Therefore Rabbi Pethachia visited only one city + in Persia." (Dr. Benisch's edition, p. 19.)</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"> [123]</a></p> <p> The Caliphs of the Abbaside Dynasty traced their descent from + Mohammed. Benjamin here refers to the Caliph El Mostanshed. The + Caliph is aptly compared to the Pope. In addition to his temporal + authority at Bagdad, he exercised as Leader of the Faithful—Emir + al-Muminin—religious authority over all Mohammedans from Spain to + India. At a later time the vizier arrogated all authority to himself, and + the Caliph spent his time either in the mosque or in the seraglio.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"> [124]</a></p> <p> <i>Lebrecht</i>, p. 391, states that this was a scarf of black velvet, generally + a portion of the hangings of the mosque of Mecca, which was suspended + from a balcony of the Palace and was called the Sleeve of the Caliph.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"> [125]</a></p> <p> The statements here made are strangely contradictory; see a suggestive + article by Dr. Goldziher in <i>Z.D.P.V.</i>, 1905, p. 151.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"> [126]</a></p> <p> A valuable work, <i>Bagdad during the Abbaside Caliphate, from Contemporary + Arabic and Persian Sources</i>, appeared in 1900, written by Mr. Guy Le Strange, + which helps to explain Benjamin's account of the Moslem metropolis. The + Caliph Mansur in 762 selected it as the Capital of the Empire. Numerous + references in the Talmud prove that a Jewish settlement was there + long before. Mansur built a double-walled Round City two miles in + diameter on the western side of the Tigris. It formed the nucleus of + suburbs, which spread over both banks of the Tigris. A very fair idea of + the metropolis may be obtained if we imagine the Round City as situated + on the Surrey side of the Thames, having the "Elephant and Castle" for + its centre. At this spot stood the great Mosque of Mansur, where the + Friday services were held, and where the Caliph took a prominent part + in the service on the Bairam, at the close of the Ramazan fast. The + Round City being subject to periodical inundations, the government + buildings were gradually transferred to the eastern side of the river. The + Royal Palaces, in the grounds called the Harim, which were fully three + miles in extent, occupied the site similar to that from Westminster to the + City. At one time there were as many as twenty-three palaces within the + royal precincts. The Caliph, when visiting the Mosque in state, left + the palace grounds, and proceeded over the main bridge, corresponding to + Westminster Bridge, along a road which in Benjamin's time led to the + Basrah Gate quarter. At the close of the ceremony in the Mosque, the + Caliph returned, crossing the bridge of boats, and proceeded to his palace + by a road corresponding to the Thames Embankment. The members of + his court and the nobles entered barges and escorted him alongside the + river. +</p><p> + The Arab writers mention that certain palaces were used as state + prisons, in which the Caliphs kept their nearer relations in honourable + confinement. They were duly attended by numerous servants, and amply + supplied with every luxury, but forbidden under pain of death to go + beyond the walls. Lebrecht, p. 381, explains the circumstances under + which the Caliph Moktafi imprisoned his brother and several of his + kinsmen. There were large hospitals in Bagdad: the one to which + Benjamin alludes is the Birmaristan of the Mustansiriyah, in Western + Bagdad, which for three centuries was a great school of medical science. + Its ruins, close to the present bridge of boats, are still to be seen. The + reader must bear in mind that at the time when Benjamin visited + Bagdad, the Seljuk Sultans had been defeated, and the Caliphs stood + higher than ever in power. They, however, took little interest in + political affairs, which were left entirely in the hands of their viziers.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"> [127]</a></p> <p> Asher and the other printed editions give the Jewish population + at 1,000. Pethachia makes the same estimate, which, however, is + inconsistent with his statement, that the Head of the Academy had 2,000 + disciples at one time, and that more than 500 surrounded him. The + British Museum and Casanatense MSS. solve the difficulty; they have + the reading <i>forty thousand</i>. It would be wearisome to specify in these + notes all the places where a superior reading is presented by these MSS.; + the student will, however, find that not a few anomalies which confronted + Asher are now removed.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"> [128]</a></p> <p> The last or tenth Academy.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"> [129]</a></p> <p> This appellation is applied in the Talmud to scholars who uninterruptedly + apply themselves to communal work.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"> [130]</a></p> <p> The first line of Exilarchs, which ended with Hezekiah in the year + 1040, traced their descent from David through Zerubbabel. Hisdai's + pedigree was through Hillel, who sprang from a female branch of the + Royal line (see Graetz, vol. VI, note 10). Pethachia writes (p. 17) that a + year before his arrival at Bagdad Daniel died. A nephew, David, became + Exilarch jointly with R. Samuel, the Head of the great Academy, whose + authority over all the communities in Asia became paramount. Samuel + had an only daughter, who was learned in the Scriptures and the Talmud. + She gave instruction through a window, remaining in the house, whilst + the disciples were below, unable to see her.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"> [131]</a></p> <p> The office of Exilarch had but recently been revived, and the + Mohammed here referred to may have been Mohammed El Moktafi, the + Caliph Mostanshed's predecessor.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"> [132]</a></p> <p> The Alans throughout the Middle Ages occupied Georgia and the + regions of the Caucasus. As to the Iron Gates which Alexander made, + Yule in commenting on Marco Polo's text (<i>Travels of Ser Marco Polo:</i> + edited by Sir Henry Yule, 3rd edition, London, John Murray, chap, iii) + says that Benjamin was the first European traveller to mention this pass. + Benjamin and Marco Polo both record the general belief currrent at + the time that the Pass of Derbend was traversed by Alexander. + It is still called in Turkish "Demis-Kapi" or the Iron Gate, and the + Persians designate it "Sadd-i-Iskandar"—the Rampart of Alexander. + Lord Curzon, however, in his valuable work <i>Persia and the Persians</i>, vol. 1, + p. 293, proves conclusively that the pass through which Alexander's + army marched when pursuing Darius after the battle of Arbela could not + have been at Derbend. Arrian, the historian of Alexander's expeditions, + writes that the pass was one day's journey from Rages (the noted city + mentioned in the Book of Tobit) for a man marching at the pace of + Alexander's army. But Derbend is fully 500 miles from Rages. In Lord + Curzon's opinion, confirmed by Spiegel, Droysen and Schindler, the Sirdara + Pass, some forty miles from Teheran on the way to Meshed, must + have been the defile which Alexander's army forced. I think it will be + found that Marco Polo's geography is less reliable than that of Benjamin. + In the third chapter referred to above, Marco Polo speaks of the Euphrates + falling into the Caspian Sea.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"> [133]</a></p> <p> Probably the Oxus, called by the Arabs "Gaihun." Rabad I, a contemporary + of Benjamin, speaks of the land of Gurgan in his Sefer + Hakabalah. The Nestorian Christians are probably here referred to.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"> [134]</a></p> <p> It is interesting to compare this account with that of the Installation + of the Egyptian Nagid (<i>J.Q.R.</i>, IX, p. 717).</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"> [135]</a></p> <p> This is a well-known sage, whose name often occurs in the Talmud.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"> [136]</a></p> <p> The Babel of Bible times was captured by Sennacherib; after + stopping up a dam of the Euphrates, the country was placed under + water and the city destroyed. Nebuchadnezzar restored the city; he + also erected a magnificent palace for himself—the Kasr—also the Temple + of Bel. Herodotus, Book I, chaps. 178-89, fully describes these edifices, + and dwells upon the huge extent of the metropolis, which was estimated + to have a circuit of fifty miles. Xerxes destroyed the city. Alexander + the Great contemplated the restoration of Bel's Temple, but as it would + have taken two months for 10,000 men merely to remove the rubbish, + he abandoned the attempt. The ruins have been recently explored by + Germans. The embankments which regulated the flow of the Euphrates + and Tigris have given way, and at the present time the whole region + round Babylon is marshy and malarious. In the words of Jeremiah, + li. 43, "Her cities are a desolation, a sterile land, and a wilderness, + a place wherein no man dwelleth."</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"> [137]</a></p> <p> The Valley of Dura mentioned in Daniel iii. is here referred to. + See Dr. Berliner's <i>Beiträge zur Geographie und Ethnographie Babyloniens</i>; also + Layard's <i>Nineveh and Babylon</i>, p. 469. Cf. Berachot, 57 b.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"> [138]</a></p> <p> Bereshith Rabba, chap, xxxviii, says the tower was at Borsippa, and + the ruins here spoken of are probably those of the Birs Nimroud, fully + described by Layard, <i>Nineveh and Babylon</i>, chap, xxii, p. 496. He says: + "The mound rises abruptly to the height of 198 feet, and has on its + summit a compact mass of brickwork 37 feet high by 28 broad.... + On one side of it, beneath the crowning masonry, lie huge fragments + torn from the pile itself. The calcined and vitreous surface of the + bricks, fused into rock-like masses, show that their fall may have been + caused by lightning. The ruin is rent almost from top to bottom. No + traces whatever now remain of the spiral passage spoken of by the + Jewish traveller." Cf. Professor T. K. Cheyne's article, "The Tower of + Babel," in the new <i>Biblical Cyclopaedia</i>. Nebuchadnezzar, in his Borsippa + inscription, records that the tower, which had never originally been + completed, had fallen into decay, and that the kiln-bricks had split. + These are the Agur bricks mentioned by Benjamin; cf. Isaiah xxvii. 9. + Al-ajur is the word still used by the Arabs for kiln-burnt bricks.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"> [139]</a></p> <p> Niebuhr, vol. II, 216, gives a full account of his visit to the tomb. + Layard, speaking of Birs Nimroud, says: "To the south-west in the + extreme distance rise the palm-trees of Kifil, casting their scanty shade + over a small dome, the tomb of Ezekiel. To this spot occasionally flock + in crowds, as their forefathers have done for centuries, the Jews of + Bagdad, Hillah, and other cities of Chaldea.... It is now but a plain + building, despoiled of the ornaments and MSS. which it once appears to + have contained" (<i>Nineveh and Babylon</i>, p. 500). Alcharizi composed a + beautiful ode when visiting this tomb (chap, xxxv, also chap. L).</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"> [140]</a></p> <p> This Mohammed, as in the case referred to p. 40, must have been + a predecessor of the reigning Caliph, as the Prophet was never in + Babylonia, and in no case would he have granted favours to the Jews. + It should be noted that the British Museum MS. on which our text + is based, as well as the Casanatense MS., generally styles the Prophet <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image56.gif" width="58" height="18">. + The MS., on which the Constantinople <i>editio princeps</i> is based, + had probably all passages where this epithet or other objectionable + remarks were used excised by the censor, and it will be seen that the + passage before us, with reference to the grant of land by Mohammed, + as well as that further on, referring to Ali, the son-in-law of Mohammed, + do not appear in any of the printed editions. Dr. Hirschfeld is of opinion that, on the one hand, the epithet is the translation of the + Arabic <i>majnūn</i>, a term against which Mohammed protested several times + in the Koran, because it means he was possessed by a <i>jinn</i>, like a soothsayer. + On the other hand, the word was chosen having regard to Hosea + ix. 7. This was done long before Benjamin's time, by Jafeth and others.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"> [141]</a></p> <p> See picture of the traditional tomb of Ezekiel in the <i>Jewish Encyclopaedia</i>, + vol. V, p. 315.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"> [142]</a></p> <p> The Talmud (Sabbath, II a) speaks of the destruction of Mata + Mehasya. Sura took its place as a centre of learning.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"> [143]</a></p> <p> See Berliner, pp. 45, 47, 54, and 57, for particulars derived from the + Talmud and Midrash as to the several centres of Jewish learning in + Babylonia.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"> [144]</a></p> <p> This synagogue is repeatedly mentioned in the Talmud. Zunz + (Note 255) omits mentioning Aboda Zarah, 43 b, where Rashi explains + that Shafjathib was a place in the district of Nehardea, and that + Jeconiah and his followers brought the holy earth thither, giving effect + to the words of the Psalmist: "For thy servants take pleasure in her + stones, and favour the dust thereof" (Ps. cii. 14).</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"> [145]</a></p> <p> Benjamin visited the various seats of learning in the neighbourhood, + and thus came again to Nehardea, which has been already mentioned + on p. 34. Rab Jehuda, not Rab, is there associated with Samuel.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"> [146]</a></p> <p> Asher, at this stage of Benjamin's narrative, has the following note: + "For the illustration of that portion of our text which treats of Arabia, + we refer the reader to the Rev. S.L. Rapoport's paper, 'Independent + Jews of Arabia,' which will be found at the end of these notes." No such + account appeared in the work, but in the <i>Bikkure Haittim</i> for the year 1824, + p. 51, there appears an interesting essay in Hebrew on the subject by + Rapoport, to which the reader is referred. It is a matter of history that + the powerful independent Jewish communities which were settled at + Yathrib, afterwards called Medina, and in the volcanic highlands of + Kheibar and Teima called the Harrah, were crushed by Mohammed. + Dr. Hirschfeld, in the <i>Jewish Quarterly Review</i>, vol. XV, p. 170, gives us + the translation of a letter found in the Cairo <i>Genizah</i>, addressed by + Mohammed to the people of Kheibar and Maqna, granting them certain + privileges from which the Jews, who were allowed to remain in their + homes, benefited. Omar, the second Caliph, broke the compact, but + allowed them to settle at Kufa on the Euphrates. Although pilgrims + pass annually up and down the caravan tracks to Mecca, the information + respecting the old Jewish sites in the Harrah is most meagre. Edrisi + and Abulfeda throw no light on Benjamin's account. In the year + 1904 an able work by Mr. D.G. Hogarth appeared under the title of + <i>The Penetration of Arabia</i>, being a record of the development of Western + knowledge concerning the Arabian Peninsula. He gives a full account + of the European travellers who have described the country. Niebuhr, + who visited Yemen in 1762, repeated the statement made by the Italian + traveller Varthema that there were still wild Jews in Kheibar. The + missionary Joseph Woolf visited Arabia in 1836, and he gives us an + account of an interview he had with some of the Rechabites. No weight, + however, can be attached to his fantastic stories. W.G. Palgrave, who + resided for some years in Syria as a Jesuit, where he called himself + Father Michael (Cohen), was entrusted in 1862 with a mission to Arabia + by Napoleon III in connexion with the projected Suez Canal; he was one + of the few visitors to the Harrah, but he makes no special reference to + the Jews. Joseph Halevi made many valuable discoveries of inscriptions + in South Arabia, which he traversed in 1869. He visited the oppressed + Jewish community at Sanaa in Yemen; he further discovered traces of + the ancient Minaean kingdom, and found that the Jews in the Nejran + were treated with singular tolerance and even favour; but he was not + able to tell us anything respecting the Jews of the Harrah. +</p><p> + C.M. Doughty was, however, more successful when visiting this district + in 1875. Of Kheibar he says "that it is now a poor village whose + inhabitants are a terrible kindred, Moslems outwardly, but, in secret, + cruel Jews that will suffer no stranger to enter among them." See + C.M. Doughty's <i>Arabia Deserta</i>, vol. II, p. 129. "Teima is a Nejd colony of + Shammar; their fathers came to settle there not above 200 years past. + Old Teima of the Jews, according to their tradition, had been (twice) + destroyed by flood. From those times there remain some great rude + stone buildings. It is now a prosperous open place" (vol. I, p. 286). +</p><p> + The only writer that casts any doubt upon Benjamin's record as to + independent Jewish tribes in Arabia is R. Jacob Safir, who visited + Yemen and other Arabian ports in the Red Sea in the year 1864. See + chaps. xv and xliii of <i>Iben Safir</i>, Lyck, 1866. Dr. L. Grünhut, in his + introduction, <i>Die Reisebeschreibungen des R. Benjamin von Tudela</i>, Jerusalem, + 1903, p. 16, refutes Safir's statements. +</p><p> + In Hogarth's work, p. 282, is shown a print of the Teima stone, with + its Aramaic inscription, considered to belong to the fourth or fifth + century B.C., and on p. 285 will be found Doughty's interesting sketch of + Kheibar.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"> [147]</a></p> <p> It is clear that, when speaking of the population of some of these + places, the whole oasis or district is intended, and not a particular town.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"> [148]</a></p> <p> In reading through the foregoing account of the Jews in Arabia, it is + quite clear that Benjamin never visited the country, nor did he pretend + to have done so. In the words of Mr. C. E. Beazley (The Dawn of Modern + Geography, p. 252), "It is no longer, for the most part, a record of personal + travel; it is rather an attempt to supplement the first part 'of things + seen' by a second 'of things heard.'" But Beazley is wrong when he + characterizes as "wild" the account of the Jews of Southern Arabia "who + were Rechabites." Does Benjamin say so? There is no such reading in the + MS. of the British Museum. The student, it is thought, will by this time + have come to the conclusion that it is the oldest and most trustworthy of + our available authorities. The whole misconception has arisen from the + fact that the unreliable MS. E and all the printed editions have transposed + the letters of <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image25.gif" width="164" height="18">of it. Rapoport, in the article + already referred to, seems to suspect the faulty reading: to justify it, he + connects the men of Kheibar with the Rechabites and the sons of Heber + the Kenite, basing his argument upon Jer. xxxv, Judges i. 16, I Sam. + xxvii. 10, and I Chron. ii. 55. +</p><p> + Neither Zunz nor Asher makes any comments upon this chapter of the + itinerary. Graetz gives an abstract of Benjamin's account; he, as well as + all other writers, is unable to identify Tilmas, but is of opinion that + Tanai must be Sanaa, the capital of Yemen, which, however, is twenty-five + days' journey beyond Kheibar. It is well known that Yemen has, + since Bible times, harboured a Jewish population, who—notwithstanding + all oppression, intensified under Turkish rule—inhabit many of its towns + and villages to the present day. It is comparatively accessible, owing + to its proximity to the sea. We must cherish the hope that Great + Britain, now that it claims the Hinterland of Aden, will extend its + protection to the Jews. +</p><p> + The volcanic highlands (Harrah) of Kheibar were always inaccessible, + owing to their being surrounded by waterless deserts and fanatic Bedouin + tribes. +</p><p> + R. Abraham Farissol, who flourished at the beginning of the sixteenth + century, writes that there was a large number of Jews in the district, + who lived in tents and in wooden houses or huts. His contemporary, + David Reubeni, who crossed from Arabia to Abyssinia and came to + Europe in 1524, pretended to be brother of Joseph, king of the tribes + of Reuben, Gad, and half-Manasseh in the desert of Chabor (Kheibar). + Benjamin takes care to qualify his statement as to the origin of the + Jews of Kheibar by adding <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image26.gif" width="170" height="17"> "<i>people say</i> they belong + to the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh, whom + Salmanesser, King of Assyria, led hither into captivity." +</p><p> + I would here mention an interesting work of Dr. R. Dozy, Professor + of History and Oriental Languages at Leyden, <i>Die Israeliten in Mecca</i>, + 1864. By a series of ingenious inferences from Bible texts (1 Sam. xxx, + 1 Chron. iv. 24-43, &c.) he essays to establish that the tribe of Simeon, + after David had dispersed the Amalekites who had already been weakened + by Saul, entered Arabia and settled all along in the land of the Minaeans + and at Mecca, where they established the worship at the Kaaba and + introduced practices which have not been altogether abandoned up to + the present day. Dr. Dozy further contends that after Hezekiah's reign + numerous Jewish exiles came to Arabia. +</p><p> + Hommel, in two articles in Ersch and Gruber's <i>Encyclopaedia</i>, under "Bedouins" + and "Anzah," gives full particulars respecting the Anizeh, otherwise + Anaessi, tribe—that they were in the habit of joining the Wahabees and + other Bedouin tribes in attacking caravans and levying blackmail. + The Turkish Pasha at Damascus had to pay annually passage-money + to ensure the safety of the pilgrims to Mecca. On one occasion two of the + Bedouin sheiks were decoyed by the Turks and killed; but the Anaessi, + aided by other tribes to the number of 80,000, took ample revenge by + pillaging the Mecca caravan on its return. They seized a quantity of + pearls, and the women were said to have attempted boiling them with + the rice. Seetzen (<i>Journey through Syria, &c.</i>, I, ch. i, p. 356) says, "In + Kheibar are no Jews now, only Anaessi." Layard and other modern + writers often refer to the Anizeh Bedouins. Travellers go in dread of + them in the Syrian desert and all along the Euphrates. Doughty mentions + that they, more than any other tribe, resemble the Jews both in + appearance and disposition. +</p><p> + Ritter (<i>Geographie</i>, vol. XII), in quoting Niebuhr, makes mention of + the widespread Anizeh tribe of Bedouins who were anciently known to + be Jews. He further states that the Jews of Damascus and Aleppo shun + them as they are non-observant Jews, considered by some to be Karaites. + Does all this give ground for any presumption that they are or were + crypto-Jews, the descendants of the former Kheibar Jews, possibly also + of those whom Omar allowed to settle at Kufa? +</p><p> + This lengthy note may be closed fitly with the following mysterious + remark in Doughty's usual quaint style (vol. I, p. 127), in connexion with + the murder of a Bagdad Jew who tried to reach Kheibar: "But let none + any more jeopardy his life for Kheibar! I would that these leaves might + save the blood of some: and God give me this reward of my labour! for + who will, he may read in them all the tale of Kheibar."</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"> [149]</a></p> <p> It will be seen further on (p. 67) that Benjamin speaks of Aden + as being in India, "which is on the mainland." It is well known that + Abyssinia and Arabia were in the Middle Ages spoken of as "Middle + India." It has been ascertained that in ancient times the Arabs extensively + colonized the western sea-coast of the East Indies. Cf. the + article "Arabia," in the ninth edition of the <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i> and + Supplement.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"> [150]</a></p> <p> The Casanatense MS. here interpolates: "Thence it takes seven days + to Lusis, where there are 2,000 Israelites." Asher substitutes for Lusis + Wasit, a place near the Tigris. I am unable to identify the river Virae, + and the words "which is in the land of Al Yemen" are evidently out of + place.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"> [151]</a></p> <p> See Dr. Hartwig Hirschfeld's account of a Fragment of a Work by + Judah Al-harizi, being a description of a pilgrimage through Mesopotamia + with a view to visit Ezra's grave. The Arab geographer Yakut locates + the grave in the village Maisan on the river Samara near the place where + the Euphrates and Tigris unite (<i>J. Q. R.</i>, vol. XV, 683). Layard writes as + follows:—"We stopped at the so-called tomb of the prophet Ezra, about + twenty-five miles from the junction of the Tigris and Euphrates, at Korna. + The building, which is of a comparatively modern date, consisted of two + chambers, an outer one which was empty, and an inner one containing + the tomb built of bricks, covered with white stucco and enclosed in + a wooden case, over which was thrown a large blue cloth fringed with + yellow tassels with the name of the donor embroidered on it in Hebrew + characters. No trace of either the large synagogue or of the mosque + mentioned by Benjamin now exists, and it may be doubted whether the + present building covers the tomb which was seen by the Hebrew + traveller. We could find no ancient remains near it, as the Tigris is + constantly changing its course, and was still eating away the bank of + alluvial soil, upon the edge of which the building stood. It is highly + probable that the tomb seen by Benjamin of Tudela had long before been + carried away by the river." Layard's <i>Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, + and Babylonia</i>, vol. II, p. 214. See also an elaborate note of Dr. Benisch, p. 91 + of his edition of Pethachia's Travels, and I. J. Benjamin II, <i>Eight Years in + Asia and Africa</i>, p. 167.</p></div> + + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"> [152]</a></p> <p> As for the river Gozan see p. 33, n. 3, and p. 58, n. 4. The mountains + of Chafton, referred to also in pp. 54, 55, would seem to include not only + the Zagros range, but also the highlands of Kurdistan.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"> [153]</a></p> <p> + <i>Marco Polo</i>, book II, chap, xlv, says of Tibet: "In this country there + are many of the animals that produce musk. The Tartars have great + numbers of large and fine dogs which are of great service in catching the + musk-beasts, and so they procure a great abundance of musk."</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"> [154]</a></p> <p> The reputed sepulchre of Daniel is situated between Schuster and + Dizful in Persia, close by the river Shaour, an affluent of the Karun river, + which is supposed to be the Ulai of the Bible, Dan. viii. 2. It is within + sight of the vast mound which denotes the site of Susa, the ancient + Shushan. Here Mme. Dieulafoy in 1881 made extensive excavations of + the palace of the Persian kings, many relics of which are now on view at + the Louvre in Paris. +</p><p> + The tomb of Daniel has been fully described by Layard—see <i>Early + Adventures</i>, vol. II, p. 295. It is of comparatively recent date, not unlike + the shrines of Mussulman saints, and is surmounted by a high conical + dome of irregular brickwork, somewhat resembling in shape a pine cone. + The reader is referred to the beautiful pictorial illustrations of Daniel's + reputed tomb, of the ruins of Susa, and of Schuster and its bridges in + Mme. Dieulafoy's <i>La Perse, la Chaldée et la Susiane</i>, Paris, 1887. +</p><p> + There is nothing to connect the building on the banks of the Shaour + with the tomb of Daniel save the Mussulman tradition. There are many + legends connected with the reputed sepulchre, one of which is to the + effect that the men of Susa diverted the river in order to bury Daniel's + coffin in its bed. See Guy Le Strange, p. 240. +</p><p> + E.N. Adler, in his recent work <i>Jews in many Lands</i>, Jewish Historical + Society of England, p. 224, in describing Samarkand, writes + as follows: "Tradition has it that Tamerlane had seen the tomb at Susa + in Persia, with a warning inscribed thereon, that none should open its + door; and so he broke it open from behind, and found it written that + Nebi Daniel was there buried. The impetuous conqueror had the + sarcophagus removed with all reverence, and carried it with him to his + own capital to be its palladium. The sarcophagus is over twenty yards + long as beseems a prophet's stature. It has been recently covered by + a brick chapel with three cupolas, but photographs of the ancient + structure can be had in Samarkand. It is grandly placed at the edge of + a cliff overhanging the rapid river Seop. The local Jews do not believe + the story, nor do they quite disbelieve it, for I went with two who prayed + there at the grave of the righteous."</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"> [155]</a></p> <p> The reader will recollect that reference to this sect has already been + made on page 16. See Guy Le Strange, p. 220 and p. 354.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"> [156]</a></p> <p> Amadia (Imadiyah) is a city in Kurdistan in a mountainous district, + north of Mosul. Ben Virga and R. Joseph Hacohen, the author of <i>Emek + Habacha</i>, state that 1,000 Jewish families lived in the city at that time. + It is strange that in all the MSS., including Asher's text, this city is + called Amaria instead of Amadia. The mistake doubtless arose from the + fact that the copyists mistook the Hebrew letter 'resh' for a Hebrew letter 'daleth'. The scribe of the British + Museum MS. had made other errors of this kind, writing <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image27.gif" width="300" height="20">. See Guy Le Strange, p. 92.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"> [157]</a></p> <p> The author of <i>Emek Habacha</i> gives the date of the Alroy tragedy as + 1163. It should, however, be antedated by a few years. Benjamin must + have passed through Egypt on his return journey some time before + Sept., 1171. See note 2, p. 1. He here tells us that the Alroy catastrophe + took place just ten years before his visit to Bagdad and the neighbourhood. + It is clear therefore that 1160 is the latest date when this event could + have taken place.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"> [158]</a></p> <p> This Turkoman may have been the Prince of Arbela who in 1167 + joined Saladin in his successful invasion of Egypt. He was remarkable + for his great strength and courage (see Bohadin's <i>Life of Saladin</i>, + Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society, p. 51).</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"> [159]</a></p> <p> The accounts given by Ben Virga in <i>Sheret Jehudah</i>, and by Joseph + Hacohen in <i>Emek Habacha</i>, are evidently based upon Benjamin's record, + and throw no fresh light on this Messianic movement. Asher, vol. II, + note 300, promises but fails to give the contents of an Arabic document + written by a contemporary, the renegade Samuel Ibn Abbas, which the + savant S. Munk had discovered in the Paris library; a German translation + of this document appears in Dr. Wiener's <i>Emek Habacha</i>, 1858, p. 169. The + name of the pseudo-Messiah is given as Menahem, surnamed Al-Ruhi, + but Munk satisfactorily proves that he is identical with our David Alroy. + Being a young man of engaging appearance and great accomplishments, + he gained considerable influence with the governor of Amadia, and had + a considerable following among the Jews of Persia. With the intention + of occupying the castle, he introduced a number of his armed adherents + into the town, who were careful, however, to conceal their weapons. + The governor detected the conspiracy, and put Alroy to death. The + excitement among the Jews lasted for a considerable time. Two impostors, + with letters purporting to emanate from Alroy, came to Bagdad, and + worked upon the credulity of the community. Men and women parted + with their money and jewellery, having been brought to believe that on + a certain night they would be able to fly on angels' wings from the roofs + of their houses to Jerusalem. The only thing which made the women + feel unhappy was the fear that their little ones might not be able to keep + pace with them in the aerial flight. At daybreak the fraud was discovered, + but the impostors had meanwhile decamped with their treasure. + The chronicler adds that the year in which this occurred was called + The Year of Flight. +</p><p> + De Sacy, in his <i>Chrestomathie Arabe</i>, I, p. 363, gives a similar story, the + authorship of which he ascribes to Schahristani.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"> [160]</a></p> <p> Asher, vol. II, p. 167, n. 304, gives expression to a keen desire for + further particulars as to this tomb. Dr. J. E. Polak, formerly Physician + to the late Shah of Persia, gives the desired information, on p. 26, in an + interesting work on Persia. He writes as follows: "The only national + monument which the Jews in Persia possess is the tomb of Esther at + Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, whither they have made pilgrimages + from time immemorial. In the centre of the Jewish quarter there is to + be seen a low building with a cupola, on the top of which a stork has + built its nest. The entrance is walled up for the greater part; there + only remains below a small aperture which can be closed by a movable + flat stone serving the purpose of a door and affording some protection + from attacks, which are not uncommon. In the entrance hall, which + has but a low ceiling, are recorded the names of pilgrims; also the year + when the building was restored. Thence one gains access into a small + four-cornered chamber in which there are two high sarcophagi made of + oak, which are the monuments of Esther and Mordecai. On both of them + are inscribed in Hebrew the words of the last chapter of the Book of + Esther, as well as the names of three Physicians at whose expense the + tomb was repaired." Dr. Polak states that in the Middle Ages the Jewish + population of Persia was very large, especially in the southern provinces. + In recent years it has greatly diminished in consequence of dire persecution. + He was assured that not more than 2,000 Jewish families remained + in the country. Eighty years ago the entire community at Meshed were + forcibly converted to Islam. Cf. E. N. Adler, <i>Jews in Many Lands</i>, + p. 214.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"> [161]</a></p> <p> Referring to Benjamin's statement that Mordecai and Esther are + buried at Hamadan, an interesting article by Mr. Israel Abrahams upon + the subject, with an illustration of the traditional tomb, as well as + a picture of ancient Susa, will be found in the <i>Jewish Chronicle</i> of March 19, + 1897. In the issue of March 4, 1898, Mr. Morris Cohen, of Bagdad, + furnished a full copy of the inscriptions in the Mausoleum, but they + possess no historical value. The reputed Prayer of Esther seen there by + former travellers is no longer extant. +</p><p> + The statement of E. Jehiel Heilprin, in the <i>Seder Hadoroth</i>, that + Mordecai and Esther are buried at Shomron is devoid of foundation, and + may have arisen through reading here <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image28.gif" width="123" height="20">. For information + derived from the works of mediaeval Arab writers respecting Persia and + the adjacent countries the reader should consult Mr. Guy Le Strange's + book, <i>The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate</i>. The maps will be found most + useful.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"> [162]</a></p> <p> The British Museum version omits this passage. An inspection of + the map will show that Tabaristan lies a long distance to the north of the + trade route which leads from Hamadan to Ispahan.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"> [163]</a></p> <p> The great extent of Ispahan is accounted for by the fact that it consisted + of two towns; the one called Jay, measured half a league across; + the other, Al Yahudiyah, the "Jew Town" two miles to the westward, + was double the size of Jay. Mukadassi states that the city had been + originally founded by the Jews in the time of Nebuchadnezzar, because + its climate resembled that of Jerusalem. Le Strange, p. 203.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"> [164]</a></p> <p> Lord Curzon, in his work on Persia, devotes chap. xix in vol. II to + a description of the City of Ispahan, and of his journey there. Chap. xx + contains an account of his journey from Ispahan to Shiraz. The distance + between the two cities is 81 parasangs, equivalent to 312 miles. It will + be seen that here, as well as in the cases of Ghaznah, Samarkand, and + Tibet, Benjamin altogether under-estimates the true distances.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"> [165]</a></p> <p> Asher, following the printed editions, quotes the Jewish population + of this place as 8,000, and assumes, without any justification, that Khiva + is here referred to. He also substitutes Oxus for Gozan. In the Middle + Ages the Oxus was known under the name of Jayhun or Gihon + (Gen. ii. 13). The name of the city according to our text is Ghaznah, + which eight hundred years ago was the capital of Afghanistan. Ibn Batuta + says it was ten stages from Kandahar on the way to Herat. Le Strange + (p. 348) writes as follows: "Ghaznah became famous in history at the + beginning of the eleventh century as the capital of the great Mahmud of + Ghaznah, who at one time was master both of India on the east and + Bagdad on the west." Istakhri says: "No city of this countryside was + richer in merchants and merchandise, for it was as the port of India." + The river Gozan, on which we are told Ghaznah lies, must appear to the + reader to be ubiquitous. On p. 33 we find the Habor of Kurdistan is its + affluent; on p. 55 it is at Dabaristan; on p. 59 in Khorasan. There + is a simple solution of the difficulty. In each of the localities Benjamin + was told that the river was called Gozan; for in the Mongolian language + "Usun" is the name for water or river. Thus "Kisil-Usun" means + "Red River." The addition of a "g" before a "u" or "w" is quite + a common feature in language; it occurs, for instance, in the Romance + and Keltic languages.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"> [166]</a></p> <p> The British Museum text has: "And he put them in Halah and in + Habor and the mountains of Gozan and the mountains of the Medes." + Having regard to the passages 2 Kings xix. 12 and Isaiah xxxvii. 12, + Nöldeke maintains that there was a tract of land watered by the river + Gozan, known as Gozanitis, which Scripture refers to. See <i>J. Q. R.</i>, vol. I, + p. 186. +</p><p> + Naisabur is a city near Meshed, and close to high mountains which + are a continuation of the Elburz mountain range. +</p><p> + We draw attention to the cautious manner in which Benjamin speaks + here and elsewhere when alluding to the whereabouts of any of the + ten tribes. The tradition is widespread that independent Jewish tribes + were to be found in Khorasan until recent times. Mr. E. N. Adler was + told that in an Armenian monastery near Kutais, ancient records are + preserved which conclusively prove that the Jews were paramount in + certain districts three or four centuries ago; <i>Jews in many Lands</i>, + p. 178. Cf. <i>Wo wären die zehn Stämme Israels zu suchen?</i> Dr. M. Lewin, + Frankfort, 1901.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"> [167]</a></p> <p> It should be remembered that <i>Cush</i> in ancient Jewish literature does + not always signify Ethiopia, but also denotes parts of Arabia, especially + those nearest to Abyssinia. The name <i>Cush</i> is also applied to countries + east of the Tigris, see p. 63.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"> [168]</a></p> <p> Rayy is the ancient city of Rages, spoken of in the Book of Tobit i. 14. + The ruins are in the neighbourhood of Teheran.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"> [169]</a></p> <p> The incidents here related are fully gone into by Dr. Neubauer in the + third of his valuable articles "Where are the ten tribes?" (<i>J. Q. R.</i>, vol. I, + p. 185). There can be little doubt that the Kofar-al-Turak, a people + belonging to the Tartar stock, are identical with the so-called subjects of + Prester John, of whom so much was heard in the Middle Ages. They + defeated Sinjar in the year 1141; this was, however, more than fifteen + years prior to Benjamin's visit. To judge from the above passage, where + the allies of the Jews are described as "infidels, the sons of Ghuz of the + Kofar-al-Turak," Benjamin seems to confound the Ghuzes with the Tartar + hordes. Now the Ghuzes belonged to the Seldjuk clans who had become + Mohammedans more than 100 years before, and, as such, Benjamin would + never have styled them infidels. These Ghuzes waged war with Sinjar + in 1153, when he was signally defeated, and eventually made prisoner. + It is to this battle that Benjamin must have made reference, when he + writes that it took place fifteen years ago. See Dr. A. Müller's <i>Islam,</i> + also Dr. G. Oppert's <i>Presbyter Johannes in Sage und Geschichte, 1864.</i></p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"> [170]</a></p> <p> It will be noted that Benjamin uses here the terms <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image57.gif" width="148" height="15"> + evidently implying that he himself did not go to sea. +</p><p> + In the Middle Ages the island of Kish or Kis was an important + station on the trade route from India to Europe. Le Strange writes, + p. 257, that in the course of the twelfth century it became the trade + centre of the Persian Gulf. A great walled city was built in the island, + where water-tanks had been constructed, and on the neighbouring + sea-banks + was the famous pearl-fishery. Ships from India and Arabia crowded + the port. Kish was afterwards supplanted by Ormuz and Bandar-Abbas; + England held possession of the island from 1820 to 1879, and it has + recently been visited officially by Lord Curzon. For a description of the + island see <i>The Times,</i> Jan. 18, 1904.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"> [171]</a></p> <p> Katifa or El-Katif lies on the Persian Gulf, on the East coast of Arabia, + near Bahrein. Bochart is of opinion that this part of Arabia is the land + of Havilah, where, according to Gen. ii. 11 and 12, there is gold, bdellium, + and the onyx stone. Jewish authorities are divided in opinion as to + whether <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image58.gif" width="35" height="17"> is a jewel, or the fragrant gum exuded by a species of balsam-tree. + Benjamin follows Saadia Gaon, who in his Arabic translation of + the Bible renders it <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image59.gif" width="42" height="19">, the very word used by our author here for pearls. + Masudi is one of the earliest Arabic writers who gives us a description of + the pearl-fisheries in the Persian Gulf, and it very much accords with + Benjamin's account. See Sprenger's translation of Masudi's <i>Meadows of + Gold</i>, p. 344. At the present time more than 5,000 boats are engaged in + this industry along this coast, and it yields an annual income of + £1,000,000. See P. M. Sykes, <i>Ten Thousand Miles in Persia</i>, 1902.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"> [172]</a></p> <p> Khulam, now called Quilon, was a much frequented seaport in the + early Middle Ages where Chinese shippers met the Arab traders. It + afterwards declined in importance, being supplanted by Calicut, Goa, and + eventually by Bombay. It was situated at the southern end of the coast + of Malabar. Renaudot in a translation of <i>The Travels of Two Mohammedan + Traders</i>, who wrote as far back as 851 and 915 respectively, has given us + some account of this place; Ibn Batuta and Marco Polo give us interesting + details. Ritter, in the fifth volume of his Geography, dilates + on the cultivation of the pepper-plant, which is of indigenous growth. + In Benjamin's time it was thought that white pepper was a distinct + species, but Ritter explains that it was prepared from the black pepper, + which, after lying from eight to ten days in running water, would <ins class="correction" + Title="Transcriber's note: original reads 'admi'"> +admit</ins> + + + of being stripped of its black outer covering. Ritter devotes a chapter to + the fire-worship of the Guebers, who, as Parsees, form an important + element at the present day in the population of the Bombay Presidency. + Another chapter is devoted to the Jewish settlement to which Benjamin + refers. See <i>Die jüdischen Colonien in Indien</i>, Dr. Gustav Oppert; also + <i>Semitic Studies</i>, (Berlin,1897), pp. 396-419. +</p><p> + Under the heading of "Cochin", the Jewish Encyclopaedia gives an account + of the White and Black Jews of Malabar. By way of supplementing the + Article, it may be well to refer to a MS., No. 4238 of the Merzbacher Library + formerly at Munich. It is a document drawn up in reply to eleven questions + addressed by Tobias Boas on the 12 Ellul 5527 (= 1767) to R. Jeches Kel + Rachbi of Malabar. From this MS. it appears that 10,000 exiled Jews + reached Malabar A. C. 68 (i. e. about the time of the destruction of the + Second Temple) and settled at Cranganor, Dschalor, Madri and Plota. + An extract of this MS. is given in Winter and Wünsche's <i>Jüdische + Literatur</i>, vol III, p. 459. Cf. article on the Beni-Israel of India by Samuel + B. Samuel, <i>The Jewish Literary Annual</i>, 1905.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"> [173]</a></p> <p> The British Museum text has Ibrig, and the Casanatense has Ibriag: + neither can be identified. The printed editions have <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image29.gif" width="61" height="15"> the islands + of Candig, which Asher thinks may be taken to refer to Ceylon, having + regard to the name of the capital, Kandy. It was not the capital in + Benjamin's time. The difficulty still remains that it does not take + twenty-three days, but about four days, to reach Ceylon from Quilon. + Renaudot states that in the tenth century a multitude of Jews resided in + the island, and that they took part in the municipal government as well + as other sects, as the King granted the utmost religious liberty. See + Pinkerton's <i>Travels</i>, vol. VII, p. 217. A full description is also given of + the ceremonial when any notability proceeds to immolate himself by + committing himself to the flames.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"> [174]</a></p> <p> Benjamin's statements as to India and China are of course very + vague, but we must remember he was the first European who as much as + mentions China. Having regard to the full descriptions of other countries + of the old World by Arabic writers of the Middle Ages, and to the + fact that the trade route then was principally by sea on the route + indicated by Benjamin, it is surprising that we have comparatively little + information about India and China from Arabic sources. In none of + their records is the Sea of Nikpa named, and it is not improbable that + Benjamin coined this name himself from the root <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image30.gif" width="31" height="16"> which occurs in + the Bible four times; in the Song of Moses (Exod. xv. 8): <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image31.gif" width="157" height="16"> + "The depths were curdled in the heart of the sea" (not "<i>congealed</i>" as the + Version has it), Job x. 10: <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image32.gif" width="123" height="17"> "curdled me like cheese"; and + in Zeph. i. 12 and Zech. xiv. 6. The term "the curdling sea" would + be very expressive of the tempestuous nature of the China Sea and of some + of its straits at certain seasons of the year.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"> [175]</a></p> <p> Marco Polo has much to say about the bird "gryphon" when speaking + of the sea-currents which drive ships from Malabar to Madagascar. He + says, vol. II, book III, chap. 33: "It is for all the world like an eagle, + but one indeed of enormous size. It is so strong that it will seize an + elephant in its talons and carry him high into the air and drop him so + that he is smashed to pieces; having so killed him, the gryphon swoops + down on him and eats him at leisure. The people of those isles call the + bird 'Rukh.'" Yule has an interesting note (vol. II, p. 348) showing + how old and widespread the fable of the Rukh was, and is of opinion + that the reason that the legend was localized in the direction of Madagascar + was perhaps that some remains of the great fossil Aepyornis and its + colossal eggs were found in that island. Professor Sayce states that the + Rukh figures much—not only in Chinese folk-lore—but also in the old, + Babylonian literature. The bird is of course familiar to readers of + <i>The Arabian Nights</i>.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"> [176]</a></p> <p> Neither Al-Gingaleh nor Chulan can be satisfactorily identified. + Benjamin has already made it clear that to get from India to China takes + sixty-three days, that is to say twenty-three days from Khulam to Ibrig, + and thence forty days to the sea of Nikpa. The return journey, not + merely to India but to Zebid, which Abulfeda and Alberuni call the + principal port of Yemen, seems to take but thirty-four days. With regard + to Aden, the port long in England's possession, and the so-called first + outpost of the Indian Empire, it has already been explained (p. 50) that + this part of Arabia as well as Abyssinia on the other side of the Red Sea + were considered part of Middle India. Ibn Batuta says about Aden: + "It is situated on the sea-shore and is a large city, but without either + seed, water, or tree. They have reservoirs in which they collect the rain + for drinking. Some rich merchants reside here, and vessels from India + occasionally arrive." A Jewish community has been there from time + immemorial. The men until recent times used to go about all day in + their Tephillin. Jacob Saphir devotes vol. II, chaps, i-x of his <i>Eben + Saphir</i>, to a full account of the Jews of Aden.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"> [177]</a></p> <p> We must take Benjamin's statements here to mean that the independent + Jews who lived in the mountainous country in the rear of + Aden crossed the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb and made war against the + inhabitants of the Plains of Abyssinia. J. Lelewel, in a series of + letters addressed to E. Carmoly, entitled <i>Examen geographique des Voyages + de Benjamin de Tudèle</i> (Bruxelles, 1852), takes great pains to locate the + land of Hommatum <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image33.gif" width="107" height="23"> in lieu of which our text reads <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image34.gif" width="93" height="17"> the land of the Plains; but he quite fails in this and in many + other attempts at identification. The Jews coming from Aden had to + encounter the forces of the Christian sovereign of Abyssinia, and sought + safety in the mountainous regions of that country. Here they were + heard of later under the name of Falasha Jews. Cf. Marco Polo, vol. III, + chap. xxxv. The reader is referred to Colonel Yule's valuable notes to + this chapter. He quotes Bruce's <i>Abstract of Abyssinian Chronicles</i> with + regard to a Jewish dynasty which superseded the royal line in the tenth + century. See also Dr. Charles Singer's interesting communication in + <i>J. Q. R.</i>, XVII, p. 142, and J. Halevy's <i>Travels in Abyssinia</i> (Miscellany of + Hebrew Literature: 2nd Series, p. 175).</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"> [178]</a></p> <p> Assuan, according to Makrizi, was a most flourishing town prior to + 1403, when more than 20,000 of its inhabitants perished. Seba cannot + be identified. No doubt our author alludes to Seba, a name repeatedly + coupled in Scripture with Egypt, Cush and Havilah.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"> [179]</a></p> <p> Heluan is the present Helwan, fourteen miles from Cairo, which + was greatly appreciated by the early Caliphs for its thermal sulphur + springs. Stanley Lane Poole, in <i>The Story of Cairo</i>, p. 61, tells us of its + edifices, and adds: "It is curious to consider how nearly this modern + health-resort became the capital of Egypt." Heluan is situated on the + right bank of the Nile. One would have thought that the caravans + proceeding to the interior of Africa through the Sahara Desert would + have started from the left bank of the Nile; but we must remember + that ancient Memphis, which stood on the left bank and faced Heluan, + had been abandoned long before Benjamin's time. Edrisi and Abulfeda + confirm Benjamin's statement respecting Zawila or Zaouyla, which was + the capital of Gana—the modern Fezzan—a large oasis in the Sahara + Desert, south of Tripoli.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"> [180]</a></p> <p> This sentence is out of place, and should follow the sentence in + the preceding paragraph which speaks of the Sultan Al-Habash.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"> [181]</a></p> <p> Kutz, the present Kus, is halfway between Keneh and Luxor. The + old town, now entirely vanished, was second in size to Fostat, and was + the chief centre of the Arabian trade. The distance of Kus from Fayum + is about 300 miles. The letter <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image35.gif" width="18" height="19"> letter 'Sin' denotes 300, not 3.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"> [182]</a></p> <p> In the Middle Ages the Fayum was wrongly called Pithom. E. Naville + has identified the ruins of Tell-el-Maskhuta near Ismailieh with Pithom, + the treasure city mentioned in Exodus i. 11. Among the buildings, + grain-stores have been discovered in the form of deep rectangular + chambers without doors, into which the corn was poured from above. + These are supposed to date from the time of Rameses II. See <i>The + Store City of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus</i>: A Memoir of the Egypt + Exploration Fund. E. Naville, 1885. The Fayum, or Marsh-district, owes + its extraordinary fertility to the Bahr Yussuf (Joseph's Canal). +</p><p> + The Arab story is that when Joseph was getting old the courtiers tried + to bring about his disgrace by inducing Pharaoh to set him what + appeared to be an impossible task, viz. to double the revenues of the + province within a few years. Joseph accomplished the task by + artificially + adapting a natural branch of the Nile so as to give the district + the benefit of the yearly overflow. The canal thus formed, which is 207 + miles in length, was called after Joseph. The storehouses of Joseph + are repeatedly mentioned by Arabic writers. Cf. Koran xii. 55, <i>Jacut</i>, + IV, 933 and <i>Makrizi</i>, I, 241.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"> [183]</a></p> <p>'Mr. Israel Abrahams, in <i>J. Q. R.</i>, XVII, 427 sqq., and Mr. E. J. Worman, + vol. XVIII, 1, give us very interesting information respecting Fostat + and Cairo, as derived from Geniza documents, but to comprehend fully + Benjamin's account, we must remember that at the time of his visit + the metropolis was passing through a crisis. Since March, 1169, Saladin + had virtually become the ruler of Egypt, although nominally he acted + as Vizier to the Caliph El-Adid, who was the last of the Fatimite + line, and who died Sept. 13, 1171, three days after his deposition. + The student is referred to the biography of Saladin by Mr. Stanley + Lane Poole, 1878. Chap, viii gives a full account of Cairo as at 1170 + and is accompanied by a map. The well-known citadel of Cairo, + standing on the spurs of the Mukattam Hills, was erected by Saladin + seven years later. The Cairo of 1170, which was styled El Medina, + and was called by Benjamin <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image36.gif" width="150" height="16">, was founded in 969, and + consisted of an immense palace for the Caliph and his large household. + It was surrounded by quarters for a large army, and edifices for the + ministers and government offices. The whole was protected by massive + walls and imposing Norman-like gates. The civil population—more + particularly the Jews—dwelt in the old Kasr-esh-Shama quarter round + the so-called Castle of Babylon, also in the city of Fostat, founded in + 641, and in the El-Askar quarter, which was built in 751. These + suburbs went under the name of Misr or Masr, but are called by + Benjamin "Mizraim." Fostat was set on fire on Nov. 12, 1168, by the + order of the Vizier Shawar, in order that it might not give shelter to the + Franks who had invaded Egypt, but was soon rebuilt in part. It now + goes under the name Masr-el-Atika, and is noted at the present day for + its immense rubbish heaps. See Stanley Lane Poole's <i>Cairo</i>, p. 34.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"> [184]</a></p> <p> Cf. two elaborate papers by Dr. A. Büchler, "The Reading of the Law + and Prophets in a Triennial Cycle," <i>J. Q. R.</i>, V, 420, VI, I, and E. N. Adler, + ib. VIII, 529. For details as to synagogues, see <i>J. Q. R.</i>, XVIII, 11; Letter I + of R. Obadja da Bertinoro; <i>Miscellany of Hebrew Literature</i>, p. 133; Joseph + Sambari's Chronicle in Dr. Neubauer's <i>Anecdota Oxoniensia</i>, p. 118. + Sambari must have had Benjamin's <i>Itinerary</i> before him, as has been + pointed out by Mr. I. Abrahams, <i>J. Q. R.</i>, II, 107.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"> [185]</a></p> <p> Zunz was the first to put forward the supposition that R. Nethanel + is identical with Hibet Allah ibn al Jami, who later on became Saladin's + physician (Asher, vol. II, p. 253). Graetz, vol. VI, p. 307, inclines to the + same view. Dr. Steinschneider, <i>Die arabische Literatur der Juden</i>, 1902, + p. 178, confirms this opinion, and gives a detailed account of Hibet + Allah's medical and philosophical works. Dr. Neubauer, in an article, + <i>J.Q.R.</i>, VIII, 541, draws attention to a Geniza fragment which contains + a marriage contract dated 1160, wherein R. Nethanel is called a Levite. + Benjamin does not style him so here. The same article contains the + so-called + Suttah Megillah, on which Professor Kaufmann comments, <i>J.Q.R.</i>, + X, p. 171. It would appear that R. Nethanel never attained the dignity + of Nagid. During Benjamin's visit to Egypt Sutta, in his capacity of + Chief Collector of Taxes, filled nominally that office. Later on, after + Sutta's fall, the dignity of Nagid was offered to Moses Maimonides, but + was not accepted by him.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"> [186]</a></p> <p> This term (which is not given in the printed editions) means that + the people were followers of Ali, the son-in-law of Mohammed, founder + of the Shiite sect.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"> [187]</a></p> <p> This same Nilometer is readily shown to the visitor at the south + end of the Island of Roda, which is accessible by means of a + ferry-boat + from the Kasr-esh Shama, not far from the Kenisat Eliyahu, where the + Geniza manuscripts were found. See E. N. Adler's <i>Jews in Many Lands</i>, + p. 28, also <i>J.Q.R.</i>, IX, 669. The Nilometer is in a square well 16 feet in + diameter, having in the centre a graduated octagonal column with Cufic + inscriptions, and is 17 cubits in height, the cubit being 21-1/3 inches. The + water of the Nile, when at its lowest, covers 7 cubits of the Nilometer, + and when it reaches a height of 15-2/3 cubits the Sheikh of the Nile proclaims + the Wefa, i.e., that the height of the water necessary for irrigating + every part of the Nile valley has been attained. The signal is then given + for the cutting of the embankment. We know that the column of the + Nilometer has been frequently repaired, which fact explains the apparent + discrepancy between the height of the gauge as given in Benjamin's + narrative and the figures just mentioned.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"> [188]</a></p> <p> It has only been established quite recently that the periodical + inundations of the Nile are not caused by the increased outflow from + the lakes in Central Africa, inasmuch as this outflow is quite lost in + the marshy land south of Fashoda. Moreover, the river is absolutely + blocked by the accumulation of the Papyrus weed, known as Sudd, the + <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image37.gif" width="34" height="20"> êis of Scripture, Exod. ii. 3-5. The inundations are brought about purely + by the excessive rains in the highlands of Abyssinia, which cause the + flooding of the Blue Nile and the Atbara in June and July and of the + lower Nile in August and September.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"> [189]</a></p> <p> In a Geniza fragment C quoted by Dr. Neubauer in <i>J.Q.R.</i>, IX, p. 36, + this city is called <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image38.gif" width="108" height="23">. Probably the first two letters denote that + it is an island. Compare the passage in Schechter's <i>Saadyana</i>, pp. 90, + 91, <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image39.gif" width="290" height="24">.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"> [190]</a></p> <p> Ashmun is described by Abulfeda as a large city. We read in a + Geniza fragment that David ben Daniel, a descendant of the Exilarch, + passed through this place on the way to Fostat, <i>J.Q.R.</i>, XV, 87. The + fourth channel is the Tanitic branch. See p. 78, n. 2.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"> [191]</a></p> <p> See Koran xii. 55. Sambari, who being a native of Egypt knew + Cairo well, explains very fully, p. 119, that Masr-el-Atika is not here + referred to, but ancient Memphis, the seat of royalty in Joseph's time. + He explains that it was situated on the left side of the Nile, two + parasangs distant from Cairo. See Reinaud's <i>Abulfeda</i>, vol. II, p. 140.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"> [192]</a></p> <p> See <i>Makrizi</i>, vol. II, 464, and <i>J.Q.R.</i>, XV, p. 75; also XIX, 502.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"> [193]</a></p> <p> E. Naville in his <i>Essay on the Land of Goshen</i>, being the fifth Memoir of + the Egypt Exploration Fund, 1887, comes to the conclusion that the land + of Goshen comprised the triangle formed by Bilbais, Zakazig, and Tel-el-Kebir. + He is of opinion that the land of Ramses included the land of + Goshen, and is that part of the Delta which lies to the eastward of the + Tanitic branch of the Nile. The capital of the province—the Egyptian + nome of Arabia—was the Phakusa of the Greeks. A small railway station + is now on the spot, which bears the name Ramses. Cf. Gen. xlvii. 11.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"> [194]</a></p> <p> Ain-al-Shams was situated three parasangs from Fostat, according to + Jacut (III, 762), who records that in his day the place showed many traces + of buildings from Pharaoh's time. Benha is now a somewhat important + railway station about thirty miles north of Cairo. Muneh Sifte is a + station on the Damietta arm of the Nile.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"> [195]</a></p> <p> Samnu is perhaps Samnat, Dukmak, V, 20. On Damira see + Schechter, <i>Saadyana</i>, p. 82; Worman, <i>J.Q.R.</i>, XVIII, 10. The zoologist + Damiri was born here. Lammanah in the other versions is Mahallat + or Mehallet-el-Kebir, mentioned by Abulfeda as a large city with many + monuments, and is now a railway station between Tanta and Mansura. + Sambari (119, 10) mentions a synagogue there, to which Jews even now + make pilgrimages (Goldziher, <i>Z.D.P.G.</i>, vol. XXVIII, p. 153).</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"> [196]</a></p> <p> In the Middle Ages certain biblical names were without valid reason + applied to noted places. No-Ammon mentioned in Scripture (Jer. xlvi. + 25 and Nahum iii. 8), also in cuneiform inscriptions, was doubtless + ancient Thebes. See Robinson, <i>Biblical Researches</i>, vol. I, p. 542. Another + notable example is the application of the name of Zoan to Cairo. + Ancient Tanis (p. 78) was probably Zoan, and we are told (Num. xiii. + 22) that Zoan was built seven years after Hebron. It can be traced as far + back as the sixth dynasty—over 2,000 years before Cairo was founded.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"> [197]</a></p> <p> Josephus, who had the opportunity of seeing the Pharos before it + was destroyed, must likewise have exaggerated when he said that the + lighthouse threw its rays a distance of 300 stadia. Strabo describes the + Pharos of Alexandria, which was considered one of the wonders of the + world. As the coast was low and there were no landmarks, it proved + of great service to the city. It was built of white marble, and on the + top there blazed a huge beacon of logs saturated with pitch. Abulfeda + alludes to the large mirror which enabled the lighthouse keepers to + detect from a great distance the approach of the enemy. He further + mentions that the trick by which the mirror was destroyed took place + in the first century of Islamism, under the Caliph Valyd, the son of + Abd-almalek.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"> [198]</a></p> <p> It will be seen that the list of names given in our text is much more + complete than that given by Asher, who enumerates but twenty-eight + Christian states in lieu of forty given in the British Museum MS. In some + cases the readings of <i>R</i> and <i>O</i>, which appear to have been written by + careful scribes, and are of an older date than <i>E</i> and the printed editions, + have been adopted. In our text, through the ignorance of the scribe, + who had no gazetteer or map to turn to, some palpable errors have crept + in. For instance, in naming Amalfi, already mentioned on p. 9, the + error in spelling it <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image40.gif" width="34" height="17"> has been repeated. Patzinakia (referred to on + p. 12, as trading with Constantinople) is there spelt <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image41.gif" width="144" height="15">. + <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image42.gif" width="223" height="18">; I have rendered it Hainault in accordance + with Deguigne's <i>Memoir</i>, referred to by Asher. Maurienne (mentioned + p. 79) embraced Savoy and the Maritime Alps. It was named after the + Moors who settled there.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"> [199]</a></p> <p> Simasin or Timasin is doubtless near Lake Timsah. Sunbat is + spoken of by Arabic writers as noted for its linen manufactures and trade.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"> [200]</a></p> <p> Elim has been identified with Wadi Gharandel. It is reached in + two hours from the bitter spring in the Wadi Hawara, believed to be + the <i>Marah</i> of the Bible. Burckhardt conjectures that the juice of the + berry of the gharkad, a shrub growing in the neighbourhood, may have + the property, like the juice of the pomegranate, of improving brackish + water; see p. 475, Baedecker's <i>Egypt</i>, 1879 edition. Professor Lepsius was + responsible for the chapter on the Sinai routes.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"> [201]</a></p> <p> A journey of two days would bring the traveller to the luxuriant + oasis of Firan, which ancient tradition and modern explorers agree in + identifying as Rephidim. From Firan it is held, by Professor Sayce and + others, that the main body of the Israelites with their flocks and herds + probably passed the Wadi esh-Shekh, while Moses and the elders went + by Wadi Selaf and Nakb el-Hawa. The final camping-ground, at which + took place the giving of the Law, is supposed to be the Raha plain at + the foot of the peak of Jebel Musa. It may be mentioned that some + explorers are of opinion that Mount Serbal was the mountain of revelation. + There are authorities who maintain that Horeb was the name + of the whole mountain range, Sinai being the individual mountain; + others think that Horeb designated the northern range and Sinai the + southern range. See Dr. Robinson's <i>Biblical Researches</i>, vol. I, section iii: + also articles <i>Sinai</i> in Cheyne's <i>Encyclopaedia Biblica</i> and Dean Stanley's + <i>Sinai and Palestine</i>.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"> [202]</a></p> <p> The monastery of St. Catherine was erected 2,000 feet below the + summit of Jebel Musa. It was founded by Justinian to give shelter + to the numerous Syrian hermits who inhabited the peninsula. The + monastery was presided over by an Archbishop.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"> [203]</a></p> <p> The passage in square brackets is inserted from the Oxford MS. + The city of Tur, which Benjamin calls Tur-Sinai, is situated on the + eastern side of the Gulf of Suez, and affords good anchorage, the harbour + being protected by coral reefs. It can be reached from the monastery + in little more than a day. The small mountain referred to by Benjamin + is the Jebel Hammam Sidna Musa, the mountain of the bath of our lord + Moses.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"> [204]</a></p> <p> Tanis, now called San, was probably the Zoan of Scripture, but in + the Middle Ages it was held to be Hanes, mentioned in Isa. xxx. 4. + It was situated on the eastern bank of the Tanitic branch of the Nile, + about thirty miles south-west of the ancient Pelusium. The excavations + which have been made by M. Mariette and Mr. Flinders Petrie prove + that it was one of the largest and most important cities of the Delta. It + forms the subject of the Second Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund, + 1885. The place must not be confounded with the seaport town Tennis, + as has been done by Asher. In the sixth century the waters of the Lake + Menzaleh invaded a large portion of the fertile Tanis territory. Hence + Benjamin calls it an island in the midst of the sea. In a Geniza document + dated 1106, quoted by Dr. Schechter, <i>Saadyana</i>, p. 91, occurs the + passage:<br /> <br /> + <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image43.gif" width="474" height="18"> " <br />In the + city of the isle Hanes, which is in the midst of the sea and of the tongue + of the river of Egypt called Nile."</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"> [205]</a></p> <p> The straits of Messina were named Faro. Lipar has reference, no doubt, + to the Liparian Islands, which are in the neighbourhood.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"> [206]</a></p> <p> Cf. Bertinoro's interesting description of the synagogue at Palermo, + which he said had not its equal, <i>Miscellany of Hebrew Literature</i>, vol. I, p. 114.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"> [207]</a></p> <p> Hacina is the Arabic for a fortified or enclosed place.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"> [208]</a></p> <p> Buheira is the Arabic word for a lake. The unrivalled hunting + grounds of William II are well worth visiting, being situated between + the little town called Parco and the magnificent cathedral of Monreale, + which the king erected later on.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"> [209]</a></p> <p> King William II, surnamed "the Good," was sixteen years old when + Benjamin visited Sicily in 1170. During the king's minority the Archbishop + was the vice-regent. He was expelled in 1169 on account of his + unpopularity. Asher asserts that Benjamin's visit must have taken + place prior to this date, because he reads <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image45.gif" width="183" height="20"> <i>This is the + domain of the viceroy.</i> The Oxford MS. agrees with our text and reads + <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image46.gif" width="169" height="20"> <i>This is the domain of the king's garden.</i> Chroniclers tell + that when the young king was freed from the control of the viceroy he + gave himself up to pleasure and dissipation. Asher is clearly wrong, + because a mere boy could not have indulged in those frolics. The point + is of importance, as it absolutely fixes the date of Benjamin's visit to the + island. It was in the year 1177 that William married the daughter of + our English king, Henry II.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"> [210]</a></p> <p> Edrisi, who wrote his Geography in Sicily in 1154 at the request of + King Roger II, calls the island a pearl, and cannot find words sufficient + in praise of its climate, beauty, and fertility. He is especially enthusiastic + concerning Palermo. Petralia is described by him as being a fortified + place, and an excellent place of refuge, the surrounding country being + under a high state of cultivation and very productive. Asher has no + justification for reading Pantaleoni instead of Petralia.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"> [211]</a></p> <p> The passage in square brackets is to be found in most of the printed + editions, as well as in the Epstein (E) MS., which is so much akin to + them, and is comparatively modern. The style will at once show that + the passage is a late interpolation, and the genuine MSS. now forthcoming + omit it altogether.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"> [212]</a></p> <p> See Aronius, <i>Regester</i>, p. 131. This writer, as a matter of course, had + only the printed editions before him. His supposition that <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image44.gif" width="61" height="16"> is + Mayence is more than doubtful, but his and Lelewel's identification of + <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image47.gif" width="57" height="18"> with Mantern and +<img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image55.gif" width="57" height="18"> + +with Freising has been accepted. Aronius + casts doubts as to whether Benjamin actually visited Germany, in the + face of his loose statements as to its rivers. It will now be seen that he + is remarkably correct in this respect.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"> [213]</a></p> <p> The Jews of Prague are often spoken of in contemporary records. + Rabbi Pethachia started on his travels from Ratisbon, passing through + Prague on his way to Poland and Kieff.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"> [214]</a></p> <p> Benjamin does not tell us whether Jews resided in Kieff. Mr. A. + Epstein has obligingly furnished the following references: In <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image48.gif" width="152" height="12">, + Graetz, <i>Monatsschrift</i>, 39, 511, we read:</p> <p><img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image49.gif" width="319" height="15">. In <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image50.gif" width="77" height="15"> Monatsschrift, 40, 134, <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image51.gif" width="234" height="14"> + This Rabbi Moses is also mentioned in <i>Resp.</i> of R. Meir of Rothenburg, ed. + Berlin, p. 64. Later records give the name <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image52.gif" width="204" height="16">.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"> [215]</a></p> <p> The vair (vaiverge or wieworka in Polish) is a species of marten, + often referred to in mediaeval works. Menu-vair is the well-known fur + miniver.</p></div> + + <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_216_216">[216]</a></p> <p> Lelewel, having +the reading <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image53.gif" width="58" height="15"> +before him, thought Sedan was + here designated. H. Gross suspected that the city of Auxerre, situated + on the borders of the province of the Isle de France, the old patrimony + of the French kings, must have been intended, and the reading of our + text proves him to be right. The Roman name Antiossiodorum became + converted into Alciodorum, then Alcore, and finally into Auxerre. The + place is often cited in our mediaeval literature, as it was a noted seat of + learning. The great men of Auxerre, <img alt="Hebrew: " src="images/image54.gif" +width="97" height="18">, + joined the Synod convened + by Rashbam and Rabenu Tam. See <i>Gallia Judaica</i>, p. 60, also + Graetz, vol. VI, 395 (10).</p></div> +</div> + + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela +by Benjamin of Tudela + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ITINERARY OF BENJAMIN OF TUDELA *** + +***** This file should be named 14981-h.htm or 14981-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/4/9/8/14981/ + +Produced by Ted Garvin and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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