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+<pre>
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A General History and Collection of Voyages
+and Travels, Vol. 5, by Robert Kerr
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+Title: A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, Vol. 5
+       Arranged in Systematic Order: Forming a Complete History of the
+       Origin and Progress of Navigation, Discovery, and Commerce, by Sea
+       and Land, from the Earliest Ages to the Present Time
+       
+
+Author: Robert Kerr
+
+Release Date: February 8, 2005 [EBook #14984]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A GENERAL HISTORY, VOL. 5 ***
+
+
+Produced by Robert Connal, Graeme Mackreth and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team. This file was produced from images generously
+made available by the Canadian Institute for Historical
+Microreproductions.
+
+[Transcriber's Note: The spelling inconsistencies of the original have
+been retained in this etext.]
+
+</pre>
+
+<h2>A</h2>
+
+<h2>GENERAL</h2>
+
+<h2>HISTORY AND COLLECTION</h2>
+
+<h2>OF</h2>
+
+<h1>VOYAGES AND TRAVELS,</h1>
+
+<h2>ARRANGED IN SYSTEMATIC ORDER:</h2>
+
+<h2>FORMING A COMPLETE HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS</h2>
+
+<h2>OF NAVIGATION, DISCOVERY, AND COMMERCE,</h2>
+
+<h2>BY SEA AND LAND,</h2>
+
+<h2>FROM THE EARLIEST AGES TO THE PRESENT TIME.</h2>
+
+<hr align="center" width="25%">
+<h2>BY</h2>
+
+<h2>ROBERT KERR, F.R.S. &amp; F.A.S. EDIN.</h2>
+
+<hr align="center" width="25%">
+<h2>ILLUSTRATED BY MAPS AND CHARTS.</h2>
+
+<h2>VOL. V.</h2>
+
+<h3>WILLIAM BLACKWOOD, EDINBURGH:</h3>
+
+<h3>AND T. CADELL, LONDON.</h3>
+
+<h3>MDCCCXXIV.</h3>
+
+<hr align="center" width="50%">
+<h2>CONTENTS OF VOLUME V.</h2>
+
+<p><a href="#part2"><b>PART II.--(Continued.)</b></a></p>
+
+<p><a href="#book2-2"><b>BOOK II.--(Continued.)</b></a></p>
+
+<p>HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, AND OF SOME OF THE
+EARLY</p>
+
+<p><b>HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, AND OF SOME OF THE
+EARLY CONQUESTS IN THE NEW WORLD.</b></p>
+
+<p><a href="#chapter2-7"><b><i>CHAPTER
+VII.--Continued.</i></b></a></p>
+
+<p>Continuation of the early history of Peru, after the death of
+Francisco Pizarro to the defeat of Gonzalo Pizarro, and the
+reestablishment of tranquillity in the country; written by
+Augustino Zarate,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION III. Continuation of the Viceroyalty of Blasco Nunnez
+Vela, to his deposition and expulsion from Peru,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION IV. History of the usurpation of Gonzalo Pizarro, from
+the expulsion of the Viceroy to his defeat and death,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION V. Continuation of the Usurpation of Gonzalo Pizarro,
+to the arrival of Gasca in Peru with full powers to restore the
+Colony to order,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION VI. History of the Expedition of Pedro de la Gasca,
+the death of Gonzalo Pizarro, and the Restoration of Peru to
+Tranquillity,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION VII. Insurrection of Ferdinand and Pedro de Contreras
+in Nicaragua, and their unsuccessful attempt upon the Royal
+Treasure in the Tierra Firma,</p>
+
+<p><a href="#chapter2-8"><b><i>CHAPTER VIII.</i></b></a></p>
+
+<p>Continuation of the early history of Peru, from the
+restoration of tranquillity by Gasca in 1549, to the death of the
+Inca Tupac Amaru; extracted from Garcilasso de la Vega,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION I. Incidents in the History of Peru, from the
+departure of Gasca, to the appointment of Don Antonio de Mendoza
+as Viceroy,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION II. History of Peru during the Viceroyalty of Don
+Antonio de Mendoza,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION III. Narrative of the Troubles in Peru, consequent
+upon the Death of the Viceroy Mendoza,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION IV. Continuation of the Troubles in Peru, to the
+Viceroyalty of the Marquis de Cannete,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION V. History of Peru during the Viceroyalty of the
+Marquis del Cannete,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION VI. Incidents in the History of Peru, during the
+successive Governments of the Conde de Nieva, Lope Garcia de
+Castro, and Don Francisco de Toledo,</p>
+
+<p><a href="#chapter2-9"><b><i>CHAPTER IX.</i></b></a></p>
+
+<p>History of the Discovery and Conquest of Chili,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION I. Geographical View of the Kingdom of Chili,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION II. Of the Origin, Manners, and Language of the
+Chilese,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION III. State of Chili, and Conquests made in that
+Country by the Peruvians, before the arrival of the
+Spaniards,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION IV. First Expedition of the Spaniards into Chili under
+Almagro,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION V. Second Expedition into Chili, under Pedro de
+Valdivia, to the commencement of the War between the Spaniards
+and Araucanians,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION VI. Narrative of the War between the Spaniards and
+Araucanians, from the year 1550, to the Defeat and Death of Pedro
+de Valdivia on the 3d of December 1553,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION VII. Continuation of the War between the Spaniards and
+Araucanians, from the death of Valdivia, to that of
+Caupolican,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION VIII. Continuation of the Araucanian War, after the
+Death of Caupolican, to the Reduction of the Archipelago of
+Chiloe by the Spaniards,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION IX. Continuation of the Araucanian War to the
+Destruction of all the Spanish Settlements in the territories of
+that Nation,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION X. Farther Narrative of the War, to the Conclusion of
+Peace with the Araucanians,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION XI. Renewal of the War with the Araucanians, and
+succinct Narrative of the History of Chili, from 1655 to
+1787,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION XII. State of Chili towards the end of the Eighteenth
+Century,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION XIII. Account of the Archipelago of Chiloe,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION XIV. Account of the native tribes inhabiting the
+southern extremity of South America,</p>
+
+<p><a href="#chapter2-10"><b><i>CHAPTER X.</i></b></a></p>
+
+<p>Discovery of Florida, and Account of several ineffectual
+Attempts to Conquer and Settle that Country by the Spaniards,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION I. Discovery of Florida, by Juan Ponce de Leon,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION II. Narrative of a Disastrous attempt by Panfilo de
+Narvaez to conquer Florida; together with some account of that
+Country,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION III. Adventures and wonderful escape of Cabeza de
+Vaca, after the loss of Narvaez,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION IV. Narrative of a new attempt to Conquer Florida, by
+Ferdinand de Soto,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION V. Continuation of the Transactions of Ferdinand de
+Soto in Florida,</p>
+
+<p>SECTION VI. Conclusion of the Expedition to Florida by
+Ferdinand de Soto, [Illustration: VICEROYALTY OF NEW GRANADA]</p>
+
+<hr align="center" width="50%">
+<h2>A GENERAL HISTORY AND COLLECTION OF VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.</h2>
+
+<hr align="center" width="25%">
+<h2><a name="part2" id="part2">PART II.--Continued</a></h2>
+
+<h2><a name="book2-2" id="book2-2">BOOK II.--Continued.</a></h2>
+
+<hr align="center" width="25%">
+<p><b>HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, AND OF SOME OF THE
+EARLY CONQUESTS IN THE NEW WORLD.</b></p>
+
+<h2><a name="chapter2-7" id="chapter2-7">CHAPTER
+VII.--Continued</a></h2>
+
+<p><b>CONTINUATION OF THE EARLY HISTORY OF PERU, AFTER THE DEATH
+OF FRANCISCO PIZARRO, TO THE DEFEAT OF GONZALO PIZARRO, AND THE
+RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF TRANQUILITY IN THE COUNTRY; WRITTEN BY
+AUGUSTINO ZARATE.</b></p>
+
+<p>SECTION III.</p>
+
+<p><i>Continuation of the Viceroyalty of Blasco Nunnez Vela, to
+his deposition and expulsion front Peru</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The viceroy received immediate intelligence of the revolt of
+Puelles, as mentioned in the foregoing section, which; was
+brought to him by a Peruvian captain named Yllatopa; and, though
+he considered it as a very unfortunate incident, he took
+immediate measures to counteract their intentions of joining the
+enemy, by sending a detachment to occupy the passes of the valley
+of Jauja, through which they must necessarily march on their way
+from Guanuco to join Gonzalo. For this purpose, he immediately
+ordered his brother Vela Nunnez to march in all haste with a
+detachment of forty light armed cavalry, and thirty musqueteers
+under the command of Gonzalo Diaz, besides whom ten of the
+friends and relations of Nunnez went as volunteers on this
+expedition. On purpose to expedite the march of this detachment
+as much as possible, the viceroy caused thirty-six mules to be
+purchased, which cost 12,000 ducats, the money being taken from
+the royal treasury. Being thus excellently equipped, they set out
+from Lima, and marched to Guadachili[1], about twenty leagues
+from Lima on their way to the valley of Jauja. At this place a
+plot was formed by the soldiers for killing Vela Nunnez and
+deserting to the army of Gonzalo, which was revealed by the
+following incident. Certain scouts who preceded the detachment
+about four leagues beyond Guadachili in the district of
+Pariacaca, met the friar Thomas de San Martino, provincial of the
+Dominicans, who had been sent by the viceroy to Cuzco to try if
+it were possible to come to some agreement with Gonzalo; on this
+occasion one of the soldiers secretly informed the provincial of
+the particulars of the conspiracy, begging him to take immediate
+means of prevention, as it was to be executed on the following
+night. The provincial accordingly hastened his journey to
+Guadachili, taking all the scouts he could meet with along with
+him, as he told them their present expedition was entirely
+useless, as Puelles and his troops had passed through Jauja two
+days before, and it was now impossible to intercept them. On his
+arrival in Guadachili, the provincial immediately informed Vela
+Nunnez of the danger to which he was exposed, who accordingly
+consulted with some of his friends and relations on the means of
+escape. In the evening, they ordered out their horses, as if for
+the purpose of sending them to water, and mounting them
+immediately, they saved themselves by flight under the cloud of
+night, being guided on their way by the provincial.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 1: The place mentioned in the text is
+probably what is now named Guarochiri, which is in the direction
+of the march, and nearly at the distance
+indicated.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>When the flight of Vela Nunnez and his friends was known, Juan
+de la Torre, Pedro Hita, Jorge Griego, and the other soldiers who
+had formed the conspiracy, went immediately to the main guard,
+where they compelled all the other soldiers, under threats of
+instant death, to promise going off along with them to join
+Gonzalo. Almost the whole of the detachment promised compliance,
+and even the captain Gonzalo Diaz was of the number; but he was
+apparently more harshly treated by the conspirators than the
+others. They tied his hands as if fearing he might use measures
+against them; yet he was not only believed to have been a
+participator in the plot, but was even supposed to be its secret
+leader. Most of the inhabitants of Lima expected Diaz to act in
+the way he did, as he was son-in-law to Puelles against whom he
+was sent, and it was not to be supposed he would give his aid to
+arrest his father-in-law. The whole party therefore, immediately
+set out in search of Gonzalo, mounted on the mules which had cost
+so high a price, and joined him near the city of Guamanga, where
+Puelles had arrived, two days before them. At that time of their
+junction, the adherents of Gonzalo were so much discouraged by
+the lukewarmness of Gaspard Rodriguez and his friends, that in
+all probability the whole army under Gonzalo would have dispersed
+if they had been three days later in arriving. But the arrival of
+Puelles gave the insurgents great encouragement, both by the
+reinforcement which he brought of forty horse and twenty
+musketeers, and by his exhortations; as he declared himself ready
+to proceed against the viceroy even with his own troops, and had
+no doubt of being able to take him prisoner or to drive him out
+of the country, he was so universally hated. The encouragements
+derived by the insurgents from the junction of Puelles, was still
+farther strengthened by the arrival of Diaz and his
+companions.</p>
+
+<p>Vela Nunnez got safe to Lima, where he informed the viceroy of
+the unfortunate result of his expedition, who was very much cast
+down on the occasion, as his affairs seemed to assume a very
+unpromising aspect. Next day Rodrigo Ninno, and three or four
+others who refused to follow the example of Diaz, arrived at Lima
+in a wretched condition, having suffered a thousand insults from
+the conspirators, who deprived them of their horses and arms, and
+even stripped them of their clothes. Ninno was dressed in an old
+doublet and breeches, without stockings, having only a pair of
+miserable pack-thread sandals, and had walked all the way with a
+stick in his hand. The viceroy received him very graciously,
+praising his loyalty, and told him that he appeared more nobly in
+his rags than if clothed in the most costly attire.</p>
+
+<p>When Balthasar de Loyasa had procured the safe conduct from
+the viceroy for his employers, he set out without loss of time
+for the army of Gonzalo Pizarro. As his departure and the nature
+of his dispatches were soon known in Lima, it was universally
+believed there that the troops under Pizarro would soon disperse
+of their own accord, leaving the viceroy in peaceable and
+absolute command of the whole colony, upon which he would
+assuredly put the ordinances in force with the utmost rigour to
+the utter ruin of every one: For this reason, several of the
+inhabitants, and some even of the soldiers belonging to the
+viceroy, came to the resolution of following Loyasa and taking
+his dispatches from him. Loyasa left Lima in the evening of a
+Saturday, in the month of September 1545, accompanied by Captain
+Ferdinand de Zavallos. They were mounted on mules, without any
+attendants, and had no baggage to delay their journey. Next
+night, twenty-five persons set out from Lima on horseback in
+pursuit of them, determined to use every possible expedition to
+get up with Loyasa that they might take away his dispatches. The
+chiefs in this enterprize were, Don Balthasar de Castro, son of
+the Conde de la Gomera, Lorenzo Mexia, Rodrigo de Salazar, Diego
+de Carvajal usually called the gallant, Francisco de Escovedo,
+Jerom de Carvajal, and Pedro Martin de Cecilia, with eighteen
+others in their company. Using every effort to expedite their
+journey, they got up with Loyasa and Zavallos about forty leagues
+from Lima, and found them asleep in a <i>tambo</i> of palace of
+the Incas. Taking from them the letters and dispatches with which
+they were entrusted, they forwarded these immediately to Gonzalo
+Pizarro by means of a soldier, who used the utmost diligence in
+travelling through bye ways and short cuts through the mountains,
+with all of which he was well acquainted. After this, de Castro
+and the rest of the malecontents continued their journey towards
+the camp of Gonzalo, taking Loyasa and Zavallos along with them
+under strict custody.</p>
+
+<p>Upon receiving the intercepted dispatches which were brought
+to him by the soldier, Gonzalo Pizarro secretly communicated them
+to Captain Carvajal, whom he had recently appointed his
+lieutenant-general, or maestre de campo, in consequence of the
+sickness of Alfonzo de Toro, who held that commission on
+commencing the march from Cuzco. After consulting with Carvajal,
+he communicated the whole matter to the captains and those other
+chiefs of the insurgent-army who had shewn no intentions of
+abandoning him, as they had not participated in applying for the
+safe conduct from the viceroy. Some of these, from motives of
+enmity against individuals, others from envy, and others again
+from the hope of profiting by the forfeiture of the lands and
+Indians belonging to the accused, advised Gonzalo to punish these
+persons with rigor, as a warning to others not to venture upon
+similar conduct. In this secret consultation, it was determined
+to select the following from among those who were clearly
+implicated in taking part with the viceroy, by their names being
+contained in the safe conduct taken from Loyasa: Captain Gaspard
+Rodriguez; Philip Gutierrez, the son of Alfonso Gutierrez of
+Madrid who was treasurer to his majesty; and Arias Maldonado, a
+gentleman of Galicia, who had remained along with Gutierrez at
+Guamanga, two or three days march in the rear of the army, under
+pretence of having some preparations to make for the journey.
+Accordingly, Gonzalo sent off Pedro de Puelles to Guamanga
+accompanied by an escort of cavalry, who arrested these two
+latter gentlemen and caused them to be beheaded.</p>
+
+<p>Gaspar Rodriguez was in the camp, where he commanded a body of
+near two hundred pikemen; and as Gonzalo and his advisers dared
+not to put him to death openly, as he was a very rich man of
+considerable influence and much beloved, they had to employ a
+stratagem for his arrestment. Gonzalo ordered a hundred and fifty
+musqueteers of the company commanded by Ceremeno to hold
+themselves in readiness around his tent, near which likewise he
+caused his train of artillery to be drawn up ready for service,
+and then convened all the captains belonging to his troops in his
+tent, under pretence of communicating some dispatches which he
+had received from Lima. When the whole were assembled, and
+Rodriguez among them, he became alarmed on seeing that the tent
+was surrounded by armed men and artillery, and wished to have
+retired under pretext of urgent business. At this time, and in
+presence of the whole assembled officers, the lieutenant-general
+Carvajal, came up to Rodriguez as if without any premeditated
+intention, caught hold of the guard of his sword, and drew it
+from the scabbard. Carvajal then desired him to make confession
+of his sins to a priest, who was in attendance for that express
+purpose, as he was to be immediately put to death. Rodriguez used
+every effort to avoid this sudden and unlooked for catastrophe,
+and offered to justify himself from every accusation which could
+be brought against him; but every thing he could allege was of no
+avail, as his death was resolved upon, and he was accordingly
+beheaded.</p>
+
+<p>The execution of these three leaders astonished every one,
+being the first which were ventured upon since the usurpation of
+Gonzalo; but they more especially terrified those other persons
+who were conscious of having participated in the same plot for
+which their chiefs were now put to death. A few days afterwards,
+De Castro and his companions arrived at the camp of the
+insurgents, with their prisoners Loyasa and Zavallos. It has been
+reported that, on the very day of their arrival, Gonzalo sent off
+his lieutenant-general Carvajal to meet them on the road by which
+they were expected, with orders to have Loyasa and Zavallos
+strangled: But, fortunately for them, their conductors had left
+the ordinary road, taking a circuitous and unfrequented path, so
+that Carvajal did not fall in with them; and, when they were
+brought before Gonzalo, so many of his friends and accomplices
+interceded for their pardon, that he agreed to spare their lives.
+Loyasa was commanded immediately to quit the camp, on foot and
+without any provisions. Zavallos was detained in the camp as a
+prisoner; and, rather more than a year afterwards, was appointed
+superintendent of those who were employed in digging for gold in
+the province of Quito. While in that employment, it was
+represented to Gonzalo that Zavallos had become so exceedingly
+rich, that he must have purloined a great proportion of the gold
+which was drawn from the mines. Being predisposed against him by
+his former conduct in the service of the viceroy, Gonzalo was
+easily persuaded to believe him guilty, and ordered him to be
+hanged.</p>
+
+<p>The departure of De Castro and his companions from Lima, as
+already mentioned, though conducted in great secrecy, was soon
+discovered. On the same night, as Diego de Urbina, the major
+general of the army belonging to the viceroy, was going the
+rounds of the city, he happened to visit the dwellings of several
+of those who had accompanied De Castro; and finding that they
+were absent, and that their horses, arms, servants, and Indians
+were all removed, he immediately suspected that they were gone
+off to join Gonzalo. Urbina went directly to the viceroy, who was
+already in bed, and assured him that most of the inhabitants had
+fled from the city, as he believed that the defection was more
+general than it turned out to be. The viceroy was very justly
+alarmed by this intelligence, and ordered the drums to beat to
+arms. When, in consequence of this measure, all the captains and
+other officers in his service were assembled, he gave them orders
+to visit the whole houses of the city, by which means it was soon
+known who had deserted. As Diego and Jerom de Carvajal, and
+Francisco Escovedo, nephews of the commissary Yllan Suarez de
+Carvajal were among the absentees, the viceroy immediately
+suspected Yllan Suarez of being a partisan of Gonzalo Pizarro,
+believing that his nephews had acted by his orders, more
+especially as they dwelt in his house, and could not therefore
+have gone away without his knowledge; though assuredly they might
+easily have escaped by a different door at a distance from the
+principal entrance. Actuated by these suspicions, the viceroy
+sent his brother, Vela Nunnez, with a detachment of musqueteers,
+to bring Suarez immediately to the palace for examination. On
+arriving at his house, Suarez was in bed, but was brought
+immediately before the viceroy, who was now dressed is his
+armour, and reposing on a couch. It is reported by some who were
+present, that the viceroy addressed Suarez on entering the
+following words. "Traitor! you have sent off your nephews to join
+Gonzalo Pizarro." "Call me not traitor, my lord," replied Suarez,
+"I am as faithful a subject to his majesty as you are." The
+viceroy was so much irritated by the insolent behaviour of
+Suarez, that he drew his sword and advanced towards him, and some
+even allege that he stabbed him in the breast. The viceroy,
+however, constantly asserted that he did not use his sword
+against Suarez; but that the servants and halberdiers who were in
+attendance, on noticing the insolent behaviour of the commissary
+to their master, had put him to death, without allowing him time
+for confession, or even for speaking a single word in his own
+defence. The body was immediately carried away for interment; and
+as the commissary was very universally beloved, it was thought
+dangerous to take his dead body through the great court of the
+viceregal palace, where there were always a hundred soldiers on
+guard during the night, lest it might occasion some disturbance.
+For this reason, it was let down from a gallery which overlooked
+the great square, whence some Indians and negroes carried it to a
+neighbouring church, and buried it without any ceremony in his
+ordinary scarlet cloak.</p>
+
+<p>Three days after this tragical event, when the judges of the
+royal audience made the viceroy a prisoner, as shall be presently
+related, among their first transactions, they made a judicial
+examination respecting the circumstances attendant upon the death
+of Suarez. It was ascertained in the first place, that he had
+disappeared since the time when he was carried before the viceroy
+at midnight; after which, the body was dug up, and the wounds
+examined[2]. When the intelligence of the death of Suarez spread
+through Lima, it gave occasion to much dissatisfaction, as every
+one knew that he had been always, favourable to the interest and
+authority of the viceroy, and had even exerted his whole
+influence in procuring him to be received at Lima, in opposition
+to the sentiments of the majority of the magistrates of that
+city. His death happened on the night of Sunday the 13th of
+September 1544. Early next morning, Don Alfonzo de Montemayor was
+sent by the viceroy with a party of thirty horse, in pursuit of
+De Castro and the others who had gone after Loyasa and Zavallos.
+When Montemayor had travelled two or three days in the pursuit,
+he learnt that De Castro and his companions were already so far
+advanced in their journey that it would be utterly impossible to
+get up with them. He accordingly turned back, and receiving
+information on his return towards Lima, that Jerom de Carvajal
+had lost his companions during the night, and, being unable to
+discover the road by which they were gone, had concealed himself
+in a marsh among some tall reeds, where Montemayor found him out,
+and carried him prisoner to Lima, on purpose to give him up to
+the viceroy. Fortunately for Carvajal, the viceroy was himself a
+prisoner when Montemayor returned to Lima.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 2: This judicial examination, so formally
+announced, is left quite inconclusive by
+Zarate.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>When the anger of the viceroy had somewhat subsided, he used
+great pains to justify himself, in regard to the death of Suarez,
+explaining the reasons of his conduct in that affair to all who
+visited him, and endeavouring to convince them that he had just
+reasons of suspicion, giving a detailed account of all the
+circumstances respecting the arrest and death of Suarez. He even
+procured some judicial informations to be drawn up by the
+licentiate Cepeda, respecting the crimes which he laid to the
+charge of the commissary, of which the following is an
+abstract.</p>
+
+<p>"It appeared reasonable to suppose that Suarez must have been
+privy to the desertion of his nephews, as they lived in his house
+and could not have gone off without his knowledge. He alleged
+that Suaraz had not exerted all the care and diligence that were
+necessary and proper, in several affairs connected with the
+present troubles which had been confided to him. It was objected
+to him, that he was particularly interested in opposing the
+execution of the obnoxious regulations; since he would have been
+obliged, along with the rest, to give up the lands and Indians he
+then held as an officer of the crown, which he had not done
+hitherto on account of the subsisting disturbances in the
+country. Lastly, the viceroy charged against him, that having
+entrusted Suarez at the very beginning of the troubles with
+certain dispatches for his brother, the licentiate Carvajal, who
+then dwelt at Cuzco, intended for procuring intelligence by his
+means of what was going on in that city, he had never given or
+procured any answer on that subject; although it must certainly
+have been easy for him to have procured intelligence from his
+brother, by means of the Indian vassals of both, and by those
+belonging to the king who were at his disposal officially, all of
+whom dwelt on the road between Lima and Cuzco." Besides that all
+these allegations carry very little weight in themselves, as
+evidences of the presumptive guilt of Suarez, none of them were
+ever satisfactorily established by legal proof.</p>
+
+<p>As the viceroy found that all his affairs had turned out
+unfortunate, and that every person seemed much discontented in
+consequence of the death of Suarez, he changed his intention of
+waiting for Gonzalo Pizarro at Lima, which he had caused fortify
+in that view with ramparts and bastions. He now resolved to
+retire to the city of Truxillo, about eighty leagues from Lima,
+and entirely to abandon and even to dispeople the city of Lima;
+in the execution of this project he meant to send the invalids,
+old persons, women, children, and all the valuable effects and
+baggage belonging to the inhabitants by sea to Truxillo, for
+which purpose he had sufficient shipping, and to march all who
+were able to carry arms by land, taking along with him all the
+European inhabitants of every settlement in the plain between
+Lima and Truxillo; and sending off all the Indian population of
+the plain to the mountainous region. By these decisive measures,
+he hoped to reduce the adherents of Gonzalo Pizarro to such
+straits, by depriving them of every possible succour and
+refreshment, after the fatigues of a long and painful march,
+encumbered with baggage and artillery, as might constrain them to
+disband their army, when they might find the whole way between
+Lima and Truxillo reduced to a desert entirely devoid of
+provisions. The viceroy considered himself under the necessity of
+employing these strong measures, as some of his people deserted
+from him almost daily to the enemy, in proportion as the
+insurgents approached towards Lima.</p>
+
+<p>In pursuance of this resolution, on Tuesday the 15th of
+September, two days after the slaughter of the commissary Suarez,
+the viceroy gave orders to Diego Alvarez de Cueto, with a party
+of horse, to convey the children of the late Marquis Pizarro on
+board ship, and to remain in charge of them and the licentiate
+Vaca de Castro. On this occasion, he gave the command of the
+fleet to Cueto, being afraid lest Don Antonio de Ribera and his
+wife, who then had the charge of young Don Gonzalo and his
+brothers, children of the late marquis, might conceal them and
+give them up to their uncle. This measure occasioned much emotion
+among the inhabitants of Lima, and gave great offence to the
+oydors or judges of the royal audience, particularly to the
+licentiate Ortiz de Zarate, who made strong remonstrances to the
+viceroy against sending Donna Francisco Pizarro among the sailors
+and soldiers, where she could not reside in decent comfort. This
+young lady, who was both beautiful and rich, was now almost grown
+a woman, and the conduct of the viceroy towards her on this
+occasion was considered as harsh, tyrannical, and unnecessary.
+Ortiz was unable to prevail on the viceroy to recall his orders
+respecting the children of the late marquis; and he even openly
+declared that he had come to the resolution of abandoning Lima in
+the way already mentioned. All the oydors considered these
+intended steps as highly improper and ruinous to the colony; and
+declared, that as they had been ordered by his majesty to take up
+their residence in Lima, they were determined not to quit that
+place without a new royal order for the express purpose. As the
+viceroy found that every thing he could say was quite ineffectual
+to bring over the oydors to his sentiments, he resolved to gain
+possession of the <i>royal seal</i>, and to carry it off with
+himself to Truxillo, by which measure the oydors would be reduced
+to the state of private persons in Lima, and unable to hold any
+sitting of the royal audience, unless they chose to accompany him
+to Truxillo. When this resolution of the viceroy was communicated
+to the oydors, they called the chancellor before them, from whom
+they took the seal, which they committed to the custody of the
+licentiate Cepeda, the senior oydor. This was done by three of
+the oydors, Cepeda, Texada, and Alvarez, Ortiz being absent at
+the time.</p>
+
+<p>On the same evening, all the four oydors assembled in the
+house of Cepeda, and agreed to present a formal requisition to
+the viceroy to bring back the family of the late marquis from the
+fleet in which he had embarked them. After this resolution had
+been engrossed in the register, the licentiate Ortiz retired to
+his own house, being indisposed. The other three oydors continued
+in consultation on the measures which were proper to be adopted,
+for defending themselves against the power of the viceroy, in
+case he should persist in his plans, and endeavour to make them
+embark by force, which they publickly asserted was his intention.
+On this occasion, they drew up an ordinance or public act, by
+which, in the name and authority of the king "they commanded all
+the inhabitants of the city of Lima, captains, soldiers, and
+others, civil and military, in case the viceroy should give
+orders to remove them, the oydors of the royal audience, by force
+and violence from Lima, that they should aid, assist, and defend
+them, in opposition to such a measure, as illegal and unjust, and
+contrary to the orders of his majesty, clearly expressed in the
+new regulations, and in the commission granted to them as oydors
+of the royal audience."</p>
+
+<p>Having formally extended and authenticated this <i>act</i>,
+they communicated it in secret to Captain Martin de Robles, whom
+they desired to hold himself and his soldiers in readiness to
+defend them in case of need. De Robles engaged to stand by them;
+for though one of the captains in the troops, he was not on good
+terms with the viceroy. Several other persons of importance in
+the city, to whom the oydors communicated the resolutions which
+they had formed, promised likewise to stand by them against the
+tyranny of the viceroy. That same evening, all who were in
+concert with the oydors held themselves in readiness, anxiously
+waiting the event of an open breach between the viceroy and the
+judges of the royal audience. However secret the steps taken by
+the oydors might have been, they became known to the viceroy, or
+at least he entertained violent suspicions of their nature and
+tendency. At night-fall, Martin de Robles went privately to the
+house of the oydor Cepeda, to whom he communicated his opinion
+that the viceroy was already informed of all their proceedings,
+and that, unless prompt measures were taken for their security,
+they would all be put to death. Cepeda sent immediately for
+Alvarez and Texada, two others of the oydors; and these three
+came immediately to the determination of openly defending
+themselves against the viceroy, if he should attempt their
+arrest. For this purpose, several of their friends, and some of
+the soldiers of the company, commanded by De Robles, assembled in
+arms at their residence. While this was going on, Urbina the
+maestre de campo or major-general, when going his rounds met
+several of these soldiers in the street, and immediately
+suspected the truth. He went, therefore, straight to the viceroy,
+to whom he communicated the suspicious circumstances he had
+observed, that some prompt measures might be concerted for
+counteracting the machinations of the oydors. The viceroy desired
+him to fear nothing, as they had only civilians to deal with, who
+had not sufficient courage to concert any enterprize against his
+authority. Urbina went away accordingly to continue his round;
+but as he still continued to meet several armed horsemen in the
+streets, all of whom were going towards the house of Cepeda, he
+returned again to the palace, and remonstrated with the viceroy
+on the absolute necessity of taking instant measures of defence.
+The viceroy immediately put on his armour and ordered to sound an
+alarm, after which he went out into the great square before the
+palace, accompanied by his nightly guard of a hundred soldiers
+and all his domestic establishment, meaning to have proceeded to
+the house of Cepeda, to arrest the oydors, to chastise the
+mutineers, and to re-establish order in the city. While in the
+great square near the gate of the palace, he noticed that it was
+impossible to prevent the soldiers from going to join the oydors,
+as the horsemen who filled all the streets constrained them to
+take that direction. If, however, the viceroy had persisted in
+his first design, he could hardly have found much difficulty or
+considerable resistance, as he then had a greatly superior force
+to what had assembled with Cepeda and the other judges. He was
+disuaded from executing these intentions by Alfonzo Palomino,
+alcalde or police-judge of Lima, who asserted that a great
+majority of the troops were assembled at the house of Cepeda, and
+were about to attack him; for which reason, the best measure was
+to fortify himself in the palace, which could easily be defended;
+whereas he had not a sufficient force to assail the oydors and
+their adherents. Influenced by this advice, the viceroy retired
+into the palace, accompanied by his brother Vela Nunnez, Paul de
+Meneses, Jerom de la Cerna, Alfonso de Caceres, Diego de Urbina,
+and others of his friends and followers, with all his relations
+and servants. The hundred soldiers of the nightly guard were
+posted at the great gate of the palace, with orders to prevent
+any one from going in.</p>
+
+<p>While these vacillatory measures were going on at the
+viceregal palace, information was brought to the oydors, that the
+viceroy had drawn out his troops in the great square, with the
+intention of attacking them. Having as yet collected only a small
+force for their protection, they resolved to go out into the
+street; believing, if the viceroy should come to blockade them,
+and should occupy the streets leading to the house of Cepeda,
+that all those who were disposed to aid them would be
+intercepted. They advanced therefore by the streets which led
+towards the great square, and were soon joined by others of their
+adherents, to the number of about two hundred men. To justify
+their conduct on this occasion, they caused the act which they
+had drawn up to be publickly read; but so great was the noise and
+confusion, that very few of those present were able to hear its
+tenor. On the arrival of the judges and their partizans in the
+great square, day began to dawn. At this time, the troops
+attached to the viceroy fired a few musket-shots, from the
+corridore of the palace, and began to extend themselves in front
+of the main gate. The soldiers who accompanied the oydors were
+much displeased at this procedure, and proposed to assault the
+palace, and to slay all that resisted them; but the oydors
+restrained and appeased them. The oydors then deputed Gaspard de
+Carvajal, the superior of the Dominicans, and Antonio de Robles,
+to inform the viceroy, that their only demand from him was an
+assurance that they should not be compelled to embark against
+their will and contrary to the express orders of his majesty,
+which fixed their residence at Lima. They farther required, that,
+without proceeding to hostilities, the viceroy should come to the
+great church, where they proposed, going to meet him, and where
+all their differences might be amicably settled; as otherwise he
+would put both himself and all who were with him in extreme
+danger. While these envoys were in the palace in the execution of
+their commission, the hundred soldiers who formed the guard of
+the viceroy went over in a body to the oydors; by which, as the
+entrance to the palace was left entirely unguarded, several of
+the malecontents got admission to the chambers belonging to the
+officers of the viceroy in the outer court, which they pillaged.
+At this time, the licentiate Ortiz de Zarate went from his house
+towards the palace, meaning to have joined the viceroy; but
+meeting the other oydors on his way, and seeing that it was
+impossible for him to prosecute his original design, he
+accompanied them to the church.</p>
+
+<p>When the viceroy received the message of the oydors from
+Carvajal and Antonio de Robles, considering at the same time that
+his palace was already in possession of the insurgents, and that
+his own troops had abandoned him, he determined to proceed to the
+church, and to give himself up to the oydors who there waited for
+him. They carried him directly, in his coat of mail and cuirass,
+to the house of Cepeda; where, seeing Ortiz along with the other
+judges, he exclaimed: "Is it possible that you, in whom I had so
+much confidence as one of my best friends, have joined with the
+rest in making me a prisoner." To this the licentiate replied,
+"Whoever has told you so spoke falsely, as it is known to every
+one who those are that have caused you to be arrested, and that I
+have no share in the matter." The three other judges gave
+immediate orders to convey the viceroy on board ship, that he
+might be sent to Spain; justly fearing, if Gonzalo Pizarro should
+find him in custody on his arrival at Limn, that he would put him
+to death, or that the relations and friends of the commissary
+Suarez might kill him in revenge for the murder of that officer;
+as in either of which cases the blame might be imputed to them,
+the judges were much embarrassed how best to act in this delicate
+emergency, considering that if they merely sent the viceroy on
+board the fleet which lay at anchor off the harbour of Calao, he
+might be soon in condition to return in force against them. In
+this dilemma, they appointed Cepeda, one of their number, to act
+as captain-general of the colony; who, with a strong guard,
+conducted the deposed viceroy to the sea side on purpose to put
+him on board one of the ships. They found some difficulty in
+executing this measure, as Diego Alvarez de Cueto, who commanded
+the fleet, on seeing the assemblage of people on the shore, and
+learning that they had the viceroy among them as a prisoner, sent
+Jerom de Zurbano, one of his captains in an armed boat to collect
+all the boats of the fleet, with which, accompaniment he
+approached the shore and demanded the liberation of the viceroy
+from the judges. This measure was altogether ineffectual, as the
+judges refused to listen to the demands of Cueto; who, after
+exchanging a few shots with those on shore, went back to his
+ships.</p>
+
+<p>After this, the judges sent off a message to Cueto, by means
+of Friar Gaspard de Carvajal, in which the deposed viceroy
+concurred, ordering him to surrender the command of the fleet,
+and to give up the children of the late marquis, in return for
+which they would place the viceroy under his charge, who would
+otherwise be in great peril of his life. On getting aboard ship,
+Friar Gaspard presented his commission to Cueto and gave him a
+full account of the state of affairs, in presence of the
+licentiate Vaca de Castro, who still remained a prisoner in that
+vessel. In consideration of the danger to which the viceroy was
+exposed, Cueto sent the children of the marquis on shore together
+with Don Antonio de Ribera and his wife who had the care of them.
+The judges still insisted that Cueto should surrender the fleet
+to their command, threatening to behead the viceroy if he
+refused; and though Vela Nunnez, brother to the viceroy, went
+several times with messages to induce compliance, the captains of
+the ships would not consent to that measure, so that the judges
+were constrained to return to Lima with the viceroy still in
+custody.</p>
+
+<p>Two days afterwards, the commanders of the ships were informed
+that the judges and their partizans had come to the resolution of
+sending a strong force of musqueteers in boats to make themselves
+masters of the ships by force. They might perhaps have easily
+persuaded Cueto to give up the fleet, of which in reality Jerom
+de Zurbano had more the command than he, as all the soldiers and
+sailors who were attached to the deposed viceroy were at his
+disposal; but Zurbano, to whom the judges made great offers, was
+quite inflexible. The captains of the fleet came even to the
+resolution of quitting the port of Lima, to cruise upon the coast
+of Peru, till such time as they might receive orders from his
+majesty how to conduct themselves in the present crisis. They
+believed that the viceroy had many friends and adherents in Lima
+and other parts of Peru; as many persons who had not taken any
+share in the deposition and imprisonment of the viceroy, and
+several of those who were best disposed to the royal service
+continued almost daily to make their escape on board the fleet.
+The ships were tolerably well armed and appointed, having ten or
+twelve iron cannon, and three or four of brass, besides forty
+quintals of powder. As to provisions, they had above four hundred
+quintals of biscuit, five hundred bags of maize, and a large
+store of salt meat; so that they were victualled sufficiently for
+a considerable time, and they could easily procure water on any
+part of the coast. Their force however was very small, as they
+had only twenty five soldiers, and by no means a sufficient
+number of mariners for the ten ships which composed their fleet.
+They resolved therefore to abandon four of the smallest vessels,
+which they were unable to man; and not thinking it right to leave
+these behind, lest they might have been employed against
+themselves by the partizans of the judges, they set these small
+vessels on fire the day after the imprisonment of the viceroy, as
+likewise two fishing barks which were in the harbour, and then
+set sail. The four small ships were entirely destroyed, but the
+two fishing vessels were saved after sustaining very little
+damage.</p>
+
+<p>The fleet went into the harbour of Guavra, which is eighteen
+leagues <i>below</i>[3] the port of Lima, where they took in a
+supply of wood and water. They carried the licentiate Vaca de
+Castro along with them, and resolved to wait at Guavra to see
+what consequences might follow from the imprisonment of the
+viceroy. When this came to the knowledge of the judges, who
+believed the ships might not go to any considerable distance from
+Guavra, on account of the attachment of their commanders to the
+viceroy whose life was in danger, they determined to send a force
+both by sea and land to attempt acquiring possession of the ships
+almost at any risk. For this purpose, they gave orders to Diego
+Garcias de Alfaro, an inhabitant of Lima who was versant in
+maritime affairs, to repair and fit out the two barks which had
+drifted on shore. When that was done, Alfaro embarked in them
+with thirty musqueteers, and set sail towards Guavra. At the same
+time, Don Juan de Mendoza and Ventura Beltran,[4] were sent off
+by land with a party of soldiers in the same direction. On coming
+to Guavra in the night, Garcias de Alfaro concealed his two barks
+behind a light house[5], in the harbour very near the ships,
+where he could not be seen. At the same time, the party which
+went by land began to fire off their muskets, and the people in
+the ships believed they were some friends of the viceroy who
+wished to embark. Vela Nunnez was sent accordingly in a boat to
+the shore, to learn what was meant by the firing, on which Diego
+Garcias pushed on his barks between Vela Nunnez and the ships,
+firing upon him and obliged him to surrender. Intelligence of
+this event was immediately sent to Cueto, with a message assuring
+him that both the viceroy and his brother would be immediately
+put to death unless he surrendered his ships to the judges.
+Cueto[6] accordingly submitted, being afraid lest the threat
+might be executed; but had certainly not been allowed to do so if
+Zurbano had been present, who had sailed from Guavra with his
+ships, two days before the arrival of Diego Garcias, with the
+intention of going all along the coast between Lima and Tierra
+Firma to take possession of every ship he might fall in with, to
+prevent them from being employed by the oydors.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 3: The expression in the text <i>below</i>,
+is probably an error in the French translator in rendering
+<i>barlovento</i> which signifies to leeward. Accordingly, to the
+north of Lima, and about the indicated distance, there is a
+sea-port or coast town named Huaura, certainly the place meant by
+Zarate. <i>Hua</i> and <i>Gua</i> are often inchanged by the
+Spaniards in the names of places in America, probably from the g
+having a guttural sound, or strong aspiration.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 4: Garcilasso names this person Ventura
+Veltran.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 5: In Garcilasso de la Vega, obviously
+copying this part of the story from Zarate, Garcias is said to
+have concealed his barks behind a rock.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 6: This person is always named Cuero, by
+Garcilasso; who likewise informs us that he was brother-in-law to
+the viceroy.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Immediately after the departure of the fleet under Cueto from
+the port of Lima, the judges became apprehensive lest the
+relations of the commissary might put the viceroy to death, which
+they actually threatened; on which account they came to a
+resolution, to transport him to an island about two leagues from
+the coast. For this purpose he was embarked along with a guard of
+twenty men in one of those barks or floats made of dried reeds
+which the Indians call <i>henea</i>. When the judges learnt the
+surrender of the fleet under Cueto, they determined upon sending
+him as a prisoner to Spain, with a formal memorial of all that
+had passed, and deputed the licenciate Alvarez, one of their
+number to take charge of him thither, and to support their
+memorial at the court of Spain, giving him 8000 crowns to defray
+the expences of the voyage. For this purpose all the necessary
+dispatches were prepared, which were signed by all the judges of
+the royal audience, excepting Ortiz de Zarate, who refused his
+concurrence. Alvarez went by land to Guavra, to which place the
+viceroy was transported in one of the barks fitted out by Diego
+Garcias, and given into the custody of Alvarez, who immediately
+set sail with three ships that had been placed at his disposal,
+without waiting even for the dispatches from his brother judges.
+At this time, Vaca de Castro was carried back to the port of
+Lima, still a prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>SECTION IV.</p>
+
+<p><i>History of the usurpation of Gonzalo Pizarro, from the
+expulsion of the Viceroy to his defeat and death</i>.</p>
+
+<p>While the viceroy remained in the small island, as formerly
+mentioned, Alfonso de Montemayor and those who had gone along
+with him to succour Loyasa and Zavallos, returned to Lima, upon
+which the judges caused them to be arrested and disarmed,
+ordering them, and several of the captains who were attached to
+the viceroy, to be detained as prisoners in the house of Martin
+de Robles, and in the houses of several of the citizens of Lima.
+These prisoners were persuaded, if the viceroy could regain his
+liberty, that he would still be able to prevent the arrival of
+Gonzalo Pizarro at Lima, and to avert the disorders and evils
+which must flow from his successful usurpation, prejudicial to
+the rights of the crown and the interest of the colony. With this
+view, therefore, they concerted to unite together under arms, to
+bring back the viceroy from the place of his confinement, and to
+reinstate him in his authority; resolving in the execution of
+this project, to make the judges prisoners, or even to kill them
+if necessary, and to take possession of the city in the name of
+his majesty. They had assuredly executed their project, had they
+not been betrayed by a soldier, who discovered the whole plot to
+Cepeda. Immediately on receiving notice of this conspiracy,
+Cepeda in concert with the other judges apprehended all the
+leaders, namely Alfonso de Montemayor, Paolo de Meneses, Alfonso
+de Caceres, Alfonso de Barrionuevo, and some others. Several of
+these when put to the torture, had sufficient resolution to
+refuse confession; but Barrionuevo confessed partly, in hopes of
+satisfying the judges, and that they might not continue his
+torments. Upon his confession, he was at first condemned to lose
+his head; but in the sequel the judges satisfied themselves with
+causing his right hand to be cut off; and all the other leaders
+of the conspiracy, who persisted in refusing to confess, were
+banished from Peru.</p>
+
+<p>After all these revolutionary events, information of every
+thing that had occurred in Lima, was transmitted to Gonzalo
+Pizarro, the judges and their friends being in hopes that, he
+would now be induced to dismiss his army. They were however quite
+mistaken in this expectation; for he believed that every thing,
+even the imprisonment of the viceroy, was a false rumour, or a
+mere concerted trick to force him to lay down his arms, and that
+they would put him to death when left without support.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time the licentiate Alvarez, as already mentioned,
+set sail from Guavra having charge of the viceroy and his
+brothers. Notwithstanding that this judge had been the chief
+promoter of every thing that had been done against the viceroy,
+having even especially contributed to make him a prisoner, and
+been most active in punishing those who had conspired to restore
+him to the government; yet, on the very first day of the voyage,
+he went into the cabin which had been appointed for the captive
+viceroy, declaring his repentance for all that he had done
+against him, and his earnest desire for a reconcilement. He
+assured him, that, in accepting the charge of his conveyance as a
+prisoner, he had been entirely actuated by the desire of serving
+him, that he might get him from under the power of Cepeda, and
+prevent him from falling into the hands of Gonzalo Pizarro, who
+was expected to arrive shortly at Lima. To satisfy the viceroy of
+his sincerity, Alvarez assured him that he was from that moment
+at full and perfect liberty, and that he now surrendered the
+command of the vessel into his hands; humbly beseeching him to
+forgive all that was passed, and declaring himself ready to obey
+his commands in all things. Alvarez then gave orders to the ten
+men who had been given him as guards over the viceroy, that they
+were now to obey the viceroy and not him. The viceroy expressed
+his entire satisfaction at this conduct in Alvarez, and took the
+command accordingly; yet in a very short time he treated Alvarez
+very ill, often calling him villain, traitor, mutineer, and other
+opprobrious names, and threatening that, though he spared his
+life for the present because he had occasion for his service, he
+would certainly have him hanged in the sequel. Yet they continued
+together till their arrival at Truxillo, as shall be related in
+the sequel.</p>
+
+<p>It was soon suspected at Lima that Alvarez had entered into
+terms with the viceroy, from certain circumstances which had
+transpired before he embarked, but more especially from his
+having set sail without waiting for the dispatches of the royal
+court of audience, which had been delayed a day in waiting for
+the consent of Ortiz. While they were still in some degree of
+uncertainty on this subject, and waiting anxiously to know the
+whole truth, they judged proper to send a representation on the
+state of affairs to Gonzalo Pizarro, of which the following was
+the tenor. "That, in consequence of their commissions, and of the
+express powers confided to them by his majesty of doing every
+thing which might be necessary for the due administration of
+justice, and to place the country in good order, they had
+suspended the execution of the obnoxious regulations, as demanded
+by the colonists, and had even sent off the viceroy to Spain,
+which was more than had been required or could have been
+reasonably asked. As, therefore, there now remained no call or
+pretence for the military preparations which he had set on foot,
+they commanded him immediately to dismiss his troops: But, if he
+were inclined to come to Lima, he must come there as a man of
+peace, without warlike array; yet, if he considered it necessary
+to his safety to have an escort, they granted him permission to
+bring fifteen or twenty horsemen along with him."</p>
+
+<p>When these orders were prepared, the judges were desirous of
+sending some of the inhabitants of Lima to carry them to Gonzalo
+Pizarro; but no one would undertake the commission, which they
+considered as extremely hazardous. They represented to the
+judges, that Gonzalo and his officers would reproach them for
+opposing the just measures in which they were engaged; as they
+had associated for the general interest of the colony. On this
+refusal of the inhabitants, the judges gave orders to Augustino,
+the royal treasurer of Peru[7], and Don Antonio de Ribeta, one of
+the citizens of Lima, to carry this order to Gonzalo. To these
+messengers they gave formal letters of credence, with which they
+set out upon their journey for the valley of Jauja, in which
+Gonzalo Pizarro was then encamped with his army. Gonzalo had
+already received notice of this intended embassy; and was afraid,
+if the envoys should give a public notification of the message
+with which they were entrusted, that his troops might mutiny; as
+he knew they were exceedingly desirous of marching to Lima in
+full force, that they might be in condition to pillage that city
+on the first pretext that offered. To prevent this, he sent Jerom
+de Villegas with thirty mounted musqueteers to intercept the two
+messengers now on their way to the army. According to his
+instructions, Villegas allowed Ribera to continue his journey to
+the camp; but made Augustino de Zarate a prisoner, and deprived
+him of his dispatches. Zarate was carried back by Villegas to the
+province of Pariacaca[8], where he was detained a prisoner for
+ten days, and every means were employed to intimidate him that he
+might not execute the commission with which he was entrusted.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 7: The author of the History of the
+Discovery and Conquest of Peru, which forms the subject of the
+present article; who accordingly, might justly say of these
+events, <i>quorum pars magna fui</i>. His associate on this
+occasion was the person who had charge of the family of the late
+marquis Don Francisco Pizarro, and had married the widow of
+Francisco Martin de Alcantara, as we learn from
+Garcilasso.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 8: No such province is now to be found in
+the best maps of Peru; but seventy or eighty miles to the north
+of Jauja, there is a district called the valley of Pari, with a
+town of the same name on the <i>Chinchay Cocha</i>, or lake of
+Chinchay, which may then have been called Pari-cocha, or Pari on
+the lake. From this circumstance, it appears the messengers had
+been obliged to make a great circuit towards the north, on
+purpose to get a passage across the main western ridge of the
+Andes.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>At the end of that period Gonzalo Pizarro arrived with his
+army at Pariacaca, and called Zarate into his presence to give an
+account of the subject of his mission: Zarate had been already
+made to understand that his life would be in danger if he
+attempted to execute the orders he had received literally: For
+which reason, after having explained the whole distinctly to
+Gonzalo in private, on being taken into the tent where all the
+insurgent captains were assembled, he proceeded, as instructed by
+Gonzalo, to discharge his commission with prudent reserve.
+Gonzalo desired him to repeat all that he had already
+communicated to him, but Zarate, understanding distinctly what
+was expected of him by Gonzalo, in addressing the assembled
+officers in the name of the judges of the royal audience, used
+considerable address, and availed himself of the full powers
+contained in his credentials. He was silent therefore regarding
+the dismissal of the troops, which was the point of delicacy, and
+confined himself to such other matters as seemed proper for the
+service of his majesty and the good of the colony. In this view,
+he represented to them, "that, since the viceroy was deported,
+and their demand for suspending the obnoxious ordinances was
+granted, it seemed just that they should repay the sums which
+Blasco Nunnez Vela had taken from the royal treasury, as they had
+promised. That they should forgive those inhabitants of Cuzco who
+had deserted from their camp to join the late viceroy, since it
+could not be denied that these men had substantial reasons for
+what they had done; and that they ought to send a humble
+deputation to his majesty, to excuse and exculpate themselves
+from the measures in which they had been engaged." Zarate added
+several things of a similar nature; to all of which the only
+answer given by the council of officers, which he was directed to
+carry back to the judges was, "that it was indispensably
+necessary for the well being of the colony, that they should
+appoint Gonzalo Pizarro governor of Peru. After which every thing
+that was required should be done: But if this were refused, the
+military council was determined to give up Lima to be plundered
+by the soldiers."</p>
+
+<p>Zarate would willingly have excused himself from bearing this
+answer; but as no other could be procured, he was obliged to
+return to Lima, where he reported it to the judges, to whom it
+gave much uneasiness and dissatisfaction. Gonzalo Pizarro had not
+hitherto carried his pretensions so high, having only insisted
+for the departure of the viceroy from Peru, and the suspension of
+the obnoxious regulations, and the judges were much at a loss how
+to conduct themselves under this new and unexpected demand. After
+mature deliberation, they sent to inform the insurgent officers,
+"that they were unable to grant their demand, or even to take it
+into consideration, unless some person should appear before them
+authorised to present the request according to the accustomed
+forms." Upon this message, all the procurators or deputies of the
+cities who were in the insurgent army repaired to Lima; where, in
+conjunction with such other deputies of the cities as were
+resident in that place, they presented a formal request in
+writing, demanding the same thing which had been formerly done by
+a verbal message. The auditors, considering this affair as
+exceedingly delicate, and that they neither had any right to
+grant what was now demanded, nor sufficient power to refuse it,
+as Gonzalo was now very near Lima which he held strictly
+blockaded; they resolved to submit the whole to the consideration
+of the principal persons of the city, that they might receive
+their sentiments and advice in the present crisis. For this
+purpose, they drew up a formal instrument of the whole matter,
+which was communicated to Don Jerom de Loyasa archbishop of Lima,
+Don Juan Solano archbishop of Cuzco, Don Garcia Diaz bishop of
+Quito, Fray Thomas de San Martino provincial of the Dominicans,
+Augustino de Zarate the treasurer, and to the royal accountant
+and controller general[9]. This extraordinary council was desired
+to consider maturely the demands of the deputies, and to give
+their opinion freely on what was proper to be done in
+consequence. In this instrument, the judges explained at full
+length the reasons which induced them to require advice on this
+important subject, openly avowing that this measure was not
+resorted to in the view of following what the council might judge
+best, since neither the judges nor the council had any power in
+the present situation of affairs to act otherwise than as
+prescribed by Gonzalo Pizarro and his officers; but that the
+judges had called in this manner on the members of this
+extraordinary council, as recorded witnesses of the constraint
+and oppression under which they all now acted.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 9: By Garcilasso, Zarate is represented as
+holding all the three offices, Treasurer, accountant, and
+controller.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>While these deliberations were going on in Lima, Gonzalo
+Pizarro drew nigh with his army and encamped about a quarter of a
+league from the city, drawing up his numerous train of artillery
+in readiness for service. As a whole day elapsed without the
+formal appointment as governor being transmitted to him, he
+became impatient; and dispatched thirty musqueteers into the city
+under the command of his lieutenant-general, who made prisoners
+of twenty-eight persons, among whom were those who had formerly
+deserted him at Cuzco, and others who were most obnoxious for
+having taken part with the viceroy. Among these were Gabriel de
+Roias, Garcilasso de la Vega, Melchior Verdugo, the licentiate
+Carvajal, Pedro de Barco, Martin de Florencia, Alfonso de
+Caceres, Pedro de Manjares, Luis de Leon, Antonio Ruys de
+Guevara, and some others of highest consideration in the colony.
+These were committed to the common prison, of which the
+lieutenant-general took possession, taking away the keys from the
+alcalde or keeper. The judges were utterly unable to make the
+smallest opposition to this strong measure, and dared not even to
+express their disapprobation, as there did not now remain fifty
+soldiers in the city; all those who had been formerly attached to
+them or to the viceroy having gone over to the camp of Gonzalo,
+who had now a force of twelve hundred men completely armed,
+including his original troops and those who deserted to him on
+this occasion.</p>
+
+<p>Next morning, several of the insurgent officers came into the
+city, and required the judges to make out the commission for
+Gonzalo, and to proclaim him governor-general of Peru without
+delay, otherways threatening to give up the city to plunder, and
+to massacre the inhabitants, in which case they would begin by
+putting the judges to death. The judges endeavoured to excuse
+themselves, alleging that they had neither right nor authority to
+do what was desired. Whereupon Carvajal, the lieutenant-general
+under Pizarro, caused four of his prisoners to be brought from
+the prison, and ordered three of them to be hanged on a tree near
+the city. These unfortunate men were Pedro de Barco, Martin de
+Florencia, and Juan de Saavedra. Carvajal only allowed them a
+short half hour to confess their sins and to prepare for death,
+adding insult and mockery to his cruelty. He particularly
+indulged in raillery against Pedro de Barco, who was last
+executed; saying, as he was a brave commander who had made
+several conquests, and was one of the most considerable and
+richest men in Peru, he was inclined to allow him some
+distinction in his death, and that he therefore granted him the
+high and honourable privilege of choosing which branch of the
+tree he preferred for being hanged upon. Luis de Leon escaped at
+the intercession of his brother who served under Gonzalo.</p>
+
+<p>On seeing these arbitrary proceedings, and being threatened by
+Carvajal with a similar treatment of all the other prisoners, and
+that the city should be given up to pillage if they did not
+execute the required commission without delay, the judges sent to
+the members of the extraordinary council formerly mentioned,
+desiring them to give their undisguised sentiments: upon what was
+proper to be done. They accordingly agreed unanimously that it
+was necessary to comply with the demands of Gonzalo; and the
+judges immediately made out a commission appointing Gonzalo
+Pizarro governor-general of Peru, until his majesty might give
+orders to the contrary, and without prejudice to the rights and
+authority of the royal audience, to which Gonzalo was required to
+make oath that he would renounce his authority whenever it might
+please his majesty or the audience to demand it from him, and
+likewise engaging to submit to their authority in the event of
+any complaints against him, either as an individual, or in the
+execution of his high office.</p>
+
+<p>On receiving his commission, Gonzalo Pizarro made his public
+entry into Lima, with all his troops in martial order. Captain
+Bachicao marched at the head of the vanguard with the artillery,
+consisting of twenty field pieces, which with all their
+ammunition, carriages, and other equipments, were carried on the
+shoulders of six thousand Indians, who completely filled all the
+streets through which they had to pass. The artillery was
+accompanied by a guard of thirty musqueteers and fifty canoneers.
+The company of two hundred pikemen commanded by Diego de Gumiel
+followed next. Then two companies of musqueteers, commanded by
+the Captains Guevara and Pedro Cermeno, the former consisting of
+150, and the latter of 200 men. After these followed three
+companies of infantry who preceded Gonzalo Pizarro as his body
+guards, who followed on horseback in his coat of mail, over which
+he wore a robe of cloth of gold. He was followed by three
+captains of cavalry: Don Pedro de Porto Carrero in the middle
+carrying the royal standard belonging to his troop, having
+Antonio de Altamirano on his right with the standard of Cuzco,
+and Pedro de Puelles on his left with a standard of the arms of
+Gonzalo Pizarro. The whole cavalry of the army brought up the
+rear in regular order. In this array, the whole column of march
+moved towards the house of the oydor Ortiz de Zarate, where the
+other judges were assembled. Ortiz had feigned sickness, on
+purpose to avoid attending the royal court of audience at the
+reception of Gonzalo, but his brethren adjourned the sitting to
+his house on the occasion.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving his cavalry drawn up in the great square, Gonzalo made
+his appearance before the assembled judges, who received him in
+form, and administered to him the oath as governor. From thence
+he proceeded to the town house, where all the magistrates of the
+city were assembled, and where he was received with all the usual
+solemnities. Having gone through all the ceremonies, he retired
+to his own house, and the lieutenant-general Carvajal dismissed
+the army to its quarters upon the citizens, who were ordered to
+entertain them at free quarters. Gonzalo Pizarro continued to
+reside in Lima, exercising his authority as governor in all
+things pertaining to military affairs, without interfering in the
+administration of justice, which he confided entirely to the
+oydors, who held their sittings for that purpose in the house of
+the treasurer Alfonso Riquelme. Immediately after assuming the
+office of governor, Gonzalo sent Alfonso de Toro as his
+lieutenant to Cuzco, Pedro de Fuentes to Arequipa, Francisco de
+Almendras to La Plata, and others in the same quality to the
+other cities of Peru[10].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 10: According to Garcilasso, the entry of
+Gonzalo Pizarro into Lima was in October 1544, forty days after
+the deposition and imprisonment of the viceroy. In the History of
+America, II. 373, this event is dated on the 28th
+October.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>As in the sequel of this history we shall have much to say
+respecting Gonzalo Pizarro and his lieutenant-general Francisco
+de Carvajal, it may be proper in this place to give a short
+account of the age, qualities, and characters of these two men.
+At this period, Gonzalo Pizarro was about forty years of age,
+large made and tall, well proportioned, of a dark brown
+complexion, with a long black beard. He was well versant in
+military affairs and took great delight in war, of which he
+endured the labours and privations with much patient fortitude.
+He was an excellent horseman; and though his genius was rather
+confined, and his language vulgar, he could express his
+sentiments with sufficient clearness. He was exceedingly remiss
+in keeping his secrets to himself, by which weakness he often
+suffered much prejudice in his affairs and military transactions.
+He was rather avaricious, and disliked much to give away money;
+owing to which want of liberality his affairs frequently suffered
+material injury. He was exceedingly amorous, not confining
+himself like his brother the marquis to the native women, but
+gave much offence by his intrigues among the Spanish ladies in
+Peru.</p>
+
+<p>Francisco de Carvajal was a man of low descent, the son of a
+person employed in collecting the tax on salt, and was born in
+the village of Ragama near Arevala. He had served long in the
+wars of Italy under Count Pedro de Navarre, having been in the
+battle of Pavia, where the king of France was taken prisoner. On
+his return to Spain he was accompanied by a lady of a good
+family, Donna Catalina de Leyton, to whom he was said to be
+married; though most people believed otherwise, and some even
+alleged she had been a nun. After his return to Spain, he lived
+for some time at the commandry of Heliche, in the capacity of a
+steward; and went afterwards into New Spain with the lady who
+passed for his wife. He was for some time employed in Mexico,
+where he held some office; whence he was sent by the viceroy of
+that kingdom to Peru, along with reinforcements to the marquis
+Pizarro, at the time when the Indians revolted, as formerly
+related. On this occasion, the marquis gave him some lands and
+Indians at Cuzco, where he resided till the arrival of the
+viceroy; when he was about to have returned into Spain with a
+considerable sum which he had amassed from the Indians of his
+repartimiento; but not being able to procure an opportunity, he
+had remained in the country. When Gonzalo Pizarro assumed the
+government of Peru, Carvajal was said to be eighty years of age.
+He was of the middle stature, but very gross, full-faced, and
+high-complexioned. He was skilled in warlike affairs, having had
+long experience, and was able to undergo fatigue infinitely
+better than could have been expected at his advanced age. He
+hardly ever quitted his armour, either by day or night; and
+scarcely ever slept, except on a chair, leaning his head on his
+hand. He was so much addicted to wine, that when he could not
+procure such as was brought from Spain, he used to content
+himself with the strong liquors made by the Indians, of which he
+drank more freely than any other Spaniard. His disposition was
+addicted to cruelty, insomuch that he frequently put people to
+death upon very slight grounds, sometimes even without any reason
+at all, except merely under pretence of keeping up proper
+military discipline. Even when ordering any unfortunate persons
+to condign punishment, he was wont to crack his jokes, and to pay
+them ironical compliments. He was a bad Christian, and much
+addicted to impiety, as was manifest in all his words and
+actions; and was prodigiously avaricious in the acquisition of
+money, for which purpose he pillaged many of their wealth, by
+threatening to put them to death, and then letting them free for
+a good round sum. He ended his days in a miserable manner, with
+small hope of salvation, as will appear in the sequel.</p>
+
+<p>To return to the incidents of our history: Our readers may
+recollect that Luis de Ribera, lieutenant governor in La Plata,
+and Antonio Alvares alcalde or judge ordinary of that city, with
+most of its inhabitants, had taken the field with the purpose of
+joining the viceroy. After journeying a long way in the deserts
+without receiving any intelligence of the events which were
+passing at Lima, they at length learnt that the viceroy was
+deposed and that Gonzalo Pizarro had usurped the government of
+Peru. As Ribera and Alvarez were the chief leaders and
+instigators of the citizens of La Plata, they did not dare to
+return to that city in the present situation of affairs, and took
+therefore the resolution of seeking refuge among the Indians in
+the inaccessible mountains. Some of their associates, however,
+ventured to return to their city, while others went to Lima,
+where they obtained pardon from Gonzalo; but he forfeited their
+lands and Indians, and sent Francisco de Almendras to take
+possession of their repartimientos in his name, as funds for
+reimbursing the expences of the war.</p>
+
+<p>We must now advert to the deposed viceroy. After he had been
+set at liberty by the oydor Alvarez, as has been already related,
+and the two other vessels which carried his brother, friends, and
+servants, had likewise submitted to his authority, he continued
+his voyage with all the three ships to the port of Tumbez, where
+he and Alvarez landed, leaving proper persons to take charge of
+the ships. Immediately on landing, the viceroy and oydor began to
+exercise their respective authorities, by constituting a royal
+audience, and proclamations were dispersed through every part of
+the country, giving an account of the illegal deposition and
+imprisonment of the viceroy and the usurpation of Gonzalo, and
+commanding all faithful subjects of his majesty to join the
+standard of the viceroy. He issued these orders to the cities of
+Quito, San Miguel, Puerto Viejo, and Truxillo; and commissioned
+captains to go to different places to raise troops; sending,
+among others, Jerom de Pereira on this errand into the province
+of Bracamoras. In consequence of these proceedings, many persons
+came to Tumbez to join his standard. He applied himself likewise
+to collect provisions and ammunition, strengthening his party as
+much as possible; and issued orders to transmit to him all the
+money which was contained in the royal coffers, which was obeyed
+in many places. Some of the inhabitants however, fled into the
+mountains, being unwilling to attach themselves to either of the
+parties which now divided the unhappy colony, while others went
+to join Gonzalo Pizarro. Intelligence was soon carried to Gonzalo
+of the arrival of the viceroy at Tumbez, and of his preparations
+for recovering his authority, and some even of the proclamations
+and orders of the viceroy were brought to him at Lima. Gonzalo
+was by no means negligent in endeavouring to counteract the
+proceedings of the viceroy; for which purpose he sent orders to
+Ferdinand de Alvarado, his lieutenant at Truxillo, and the
+captains. Gonzalo Diaz and Jerom Villegas, to collect as many
+soldiers as possible in that part of the country, lest they might
+have gone to Tumbez to join the party of the viceroy. He
+commanded these officers to give every possible interruption to
+the preparations of the viceroy, yet ordered them on no account
+to risk coming to a battle with the royalists, however powerful
+and numerous they might conceive their troops to be in comparison
+with those of the viceroy.</p>
+
+<p>It had been long proposed to send a deputation from Gonzalo
+and the communities of Peru into Spain, to lay an account before
+his majesty of all that had occurred in the colony; and many of
+the principal insurgents insisted on the necessity of this
+measure, to justify their conduct. Others again, among whom the
+principal persons were the lieutenant-general Carvajal and
+Captain Bachicao, were of an opposite opinion; insisting that it
+were better to wait till his majesty might think proper to send
+out persons to inquire into the cause of his revenues being
+detained. They alleged that the viceroy must have already fully
+informed his majesty upon all the late transactions, and would
+doubtless be listened to in preference to any thing which they
+could say in defence of their conduct. On this account, the
+leaders of the insurgents regretted that they had not at the
+first sent over the judges of the royal audience into Spain, to
+give an account of their reasons for having made the viceroy a
+prisoner. And, after many deliberations on this subject, it was
+at length determined to send home the Doctor Texada, one of the
+oydors, in the name of the royal audience, to lay an account of
+the whole before the king. It was at the same time resolved, that
+Francisco Maldonado, who was master of the household of Gonzalo
+Pizarro, should accompany Texada, carrying justificatory letters
+from his master; but without any title, credence, or powers
+whatever. By these measures, two purposes were served at the same
+time, both of which were deemed useful: In sending a deputation
+to the king to justify their proceeding, those of their party who
+pressed that measure were satisfied; and by employing Texada on
+this errand, the court of royal audience was virtually broken up,
+as Ortiz de Zarate could not then hold sittings by himself[11].
+When this proposal was communicated to Texada, he readily
+consented to undertake the office, on condition that he were
+furnished with 6000 crowns to defray the expences of his voyage.
+Accordingly, Cepeda and he composed all the memorials and
+dispatches which were deemed necessary, which were signed by
+these two judges only, as Ortiz refused his concurrence.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 11: Zarate seems to forget the existence of
+Cepeda, one of the judges; but he seems to have entirely devoted
+himself to the party of the usurper, while Ortiz affected at
+least to retain a sense of loyalty.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>When all was in readiness for the dispatch of Texada and
+Maldonado, a ship which lay in the harbour of Lima was ordered to
+be fitted out for their reception, of which Captain Bachicao was
+to have taken the command, with a sufficient number of cannon,
+and twenty soldiers; having orders to take possession of all the
+ships he might fall in with along the coast. At this time, Vaca
+de Castro, the ex-president, who still remained a prisoner in
+this ship, contrived to gain over a majority of the seamen
+belonging to the vessel, with the assistance of his friend Garcia
+de Montalva who occasionally visited him. By these means he
+acquired the command of the vessel, which was already provided
+with every thing needful for the voyage, and immediately set
+sail. This untoward incident gave much uneasiness to Gonzalo
+Pizarro, both because it delayed the departure of Texada, and
+because he judged that it could not have happened without the
+concurrence of several concealed enemies to the present state of
+affairs. On this the troops were ordered under arms, and all the
+principal persons who were suspected of disaffection to the party
+of Pizarro were taken into custody and committed to the common
+prison of the city, both those who had fled from Cuzco, and those
+belonging to other cities who had not joined his party. One of
+the persons committed to prison on this occasion was the
+licentiate Carvajal, to whom the lieutenant-general Carvajal sent
+a message, desiring him to confess and make his will, as he was
+immediately to be put to death. The licentiate did accordingly
+what he was desired, and prepared himself to die with much
+firmness and resolution; yet he was urged to be more expeditious,
+and the executioner was present, provided with cords for tying
+his hands and strangling him. Every one believed the last hour of
+the licentiate was come; more especially as, considering his rank
+and quality, it was not thought possible that he could be treated
+in this manner merely to frighten him. It was likewise
+universally believed, that the execution of the licentiate would
+be speedily followed by that of all the other prisoners; which it
+was conceived would prove of material detriment to the colony, as
+they consisted of the very principal people of the country, and
+of those who had always evinced the most zealous loyalty to the
+service of his majesty.</p>
+
+<p>While matters seemed fast tending to this extremity, several
+of the most judicious persons went to Gonzalo Pizarro, and
+requested of him to reflect that the licentiate Carvajal was one
+of the principal persons in the country, and that his brother had
+been already unjustly put to death by the viceroy, under pretence
+of the licentiate having joined the party of Pizarro. They urged
+that it was exceedingly imprudent at this time to put the
+licentiate to death, as that would necessarily renew the
+discontents which had formerly taken place on the death of his
+brother the commissary. They even added, that much good service
+might be expected from the licentiate, were it only in pursuit of
+revenge for the death of his brother. They insisted that neither
+the licentiate nor any of the other prisoners had any hand in the
+flight of Vaca de Castro; but that it might easily be seen that
+the slightest pretexts were resorted to on purpose to accuse
+them, who were already under suspicion as disaffected to the
+ruling party. Teased and fatigued by these solicitations, Gonzalo
+Pizarro refused to be spoken to on the subject; so that the
+licentiate and his friends were induced to try another expedient
+for his release. They conveyed to the lieutenant-general an ingot
+of gold weighing forty marks[12], with a promise of a much larger
+present if he would save the life of the licentiate. The
+lieutenant-general accepted their offers, delayed the execution
+of the licentiate, and prevailed on Gonzalo Pizarro to set him
+and all the other suspected persons at liberty.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 12: The weight of this is 820 ounces, which
+at L. 4 an ounce comes to L. 1280, and was then worth as much as
+L. 7680 is in efficient value.--E]</blockquote>
+
+<p>After the conclusion of this business, measures were taken for
+the dispatch of Texada and Maldonado; and at this time there
+happened to arrive a brigantine from Arequipa, which was fitted
+out along with some other vessels, and armed with a part of the
+artillery which had been brought down from Cuzco. In these
+vessels Bachicao embarked along with the deputies, accompanied by
+sixty musqueteers, who were all that could be prevailed upon to
+undertake the voyage. They proceeded on their voyage along the
+coast to the northwards, and arrived one morning early at Tumbez,
+where they understood the viceroy then resided. Immediately on
+their being perceived making for the coast, the adherents of the
+viceroy gave the alarm and stood on their defence: But as the
+viceroy believed that Gonzalo Pizarro was on board in person
+accompanied by a formidable body of troops, he retired in all
+haste from Tumbez accompanied by an hundred and fifty men, taking
+the road for Quito. Several of his people however did not think
+fit to accompany his flight, and preferred giving themselves up
+to Bachicao, who likewise took possession of two ships which
+happened to be in the port of Tumbez. From thence, Bachicao went
+to Puerto Viejo and other places, where he drew together about an
+hundred and fifty men, all of whom he took along with him in the
+ships of his squadron. Among these were Bartholomew Perez, and
+Juan Delmos, respectable inhabitants of Puerto Viejo.</p>
+
+<p>Continuing his voyage towards Panama, Bachicao put in at the
+Isle of Pearls, about twenty leagues from Panama to procure
+refreshments. While at that place, the inhabitants of Panama
+received notice of his arrival, and sent two deputies to learn
+his intentions, requesting at the same time that he would not
+come into their boundaries with his troops. Bachicao sent back
+word, that although he happened to be accompanied by armed men,
+it was merely on purpose to defend himself against the viceroy,
+and that he had not the most distant intention of injuring or
+even displeasing the inhabitants of Panama. He informed them,
+that he was entrusted with the transport of the Doctor Texada,
+one of the royal judges, who was charged with a commission from
+the court of audience to give an account to his majesty of the
+events which had occurred in Peru. He farther declared that he
+should only land in Panama to provide necessaries for his voyage
+back to Peru, and would reimbark without delay. Lulled into
+security by these assurances, the inhabitants of Panama took no
+measures for defence. On coming into the port, two ships which
+happened to be there, made sail to go away; one of which was
+taken possession of by one of the brigantines belonging to
+Bachicao, and brought back to the harbour, with the master and
+chief mate hanging from the yard arms. This sad spectacle gave
+great uneasiness to the inhabitants, who judged from this
+tragical event, that the purposes of Bachicao were very different
+from his words and promises. But it was not now time to think of
+defence, and they were constrained to submit, though filled with
+terror and dismay, leaving their lives and properties entirely at
+the discretion of Bachicao, who was no less cruel than the
+lieutenant-general Carvajal, or even more so if possible; being
+at the same time exceedingly addicted to cursing and blasphemy,
+and among all his vices not a single spark of virtue could be
+found to relieve the picture.</p>
+
+<p>At this time Captain Juan de Gusman was in Panama raising
+soldiers for the service of the viceroy; but he found it
+advisable to retire on the arrival of Bachicao, with whom all
+these soldiers now inlisted. Bachicao likewise got possession of
+the artillery which had belonged to the vessel in which Vaca de
+Castro escaped from Lima. Seeing himself master of Panama,
+Bachicao who was a brutal passionate fellow, exercised the
+command there in a cruel and tyrannical manner, disposing at his
+will of the goods and properties of every one, violating every
+rule of law and justice, oppressing the liberties of the
+community, and holding every individual under such slavish
+constraint, that no one dared to act otherwise than as he pleased
+to dictate. Learning or suspecting that two of his captains had
+formed the design of putting him to death, he ordered them both
+to be beheaded without any form of trial; and in similar acts of
+injustice, and in every transaction, he used no other formality
+than ordering it to be intimated by the public crier, "That
+Captain Ferdinand Bachicao had ordained such and such to be
+done." He thus usurped supreme and absolute authority, paying not
+the smallest regard to the laws, or even to the external forms of
+justice.</p>
+
+<p>The licentiate Vaca de Castro, who was at Panama when Bachicao
+arrived, fled immediately across the isthmus to Nombre de Dios on
+the Atlantic, where he embarked accompanied by Diego Alvarez de
+Cueto and Jerom Zurbano. Doctor Texada and Francisco Maldonado
+escaped likewise to the same port, where they all embarked
+together for Spain. Texada died on the voyage while passing the
+Bahamas. On their arrival in Spain, Moldonado and Cueto went
+directly to Germany, where the emperor Don Carlos then was, where
+each gave an account of the business with which they were
+entrusted. Vaca de Castro remained for some time at Tercera in
+the Azores; whence he went to Lisbon, and afterwards to the court
+of Spain; alleging that he did not dare to go by way of Seville,
+on account of the influence in that place of the brothers
+relations and friends of Juan Tello, whom he had put to death
+after the defeat of the younger Almagro. On his arrival at court,
+De Castro was put under arrest in his own house by order of the
+council of the Indies. He was afterwards brought to trial on a
+variety of accusations, in the course of which he was kept
+prisoner for five years in the citadel of Arevalo. He was
+afterwards removed to a private house in Simanca, from which he
+was not permitted to go out: And in consequence of a subsequent
+revolution in the court of Spain, he was allowed to remain a
+prisoner at large in the city and territory of Valladolid, till
+his cause was finally adjuged[13].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 13: We learn from Garcilasso, that Vara de
+Castro was in the end honourably acquitted, and that in the year
+1461, when Garcilasso was at Madrid, De Castro was senior member
+of the council of the Indies. His son, Don Antonio, was made
+knight of St. Jago, and had a grant of lands and Indians in Peru
+to the extent of 20,000 pieces of eight yearly.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>On the flight of the viceroy from Tumbez with an hundred and
+fifty men, as before related, in consequence of the arrival of
+Bachicao, he retired to Quito, where he was honourably received.
+In this place he increased his force to two hundred men, and
+finding the country fertile and abounding in provisions, he
+determined to remain there till he might receive ulterior orders
+from his majesty, in reply to the informations he had transmitted
+by Diego Alvarez de Cueto. In the mean time he appointed strong
+guards to defend the passes in the mountains, and stationed spies
+on the different roads, that he might have early intimation of
+the procedure of Gonzalo Pizarro at Lima, which is three hundred
+leagues from Quito. About this time four soldiers belonging to
+Gonzalo deserted on account of some injurious treatment, and
+seized a small bark in the port of Lima, in which they sailed
+northwards to a place where they landed, and whence they
+travelled by land to Quito. On their arrival, they represented to
+the viceroy, that the inhabitants of Lima and other places were
+exceedingly discontented by the conduct of Gonzalo, who subjected
+them to the most harassing and vexatious tyranny, driving them
+from their houses, and despoiling them of their goods, so that
+many of the colonists were reduced to depend on other persons for
+their subsistence. That Gonzalo imposed such burthensome
+contributions on the whole inhabitants, that they were unable to
+endure them; and that all were so weary of his tyranny, that they
+would gladly join any person who might come among them in the
+name of the king, to relieve them from the cruel oppression and
+tyrannous violence of the usurper. In consequence of this
+statement, the viceroy was induced to march from Quito towards
+San Miguel, appointing to the command of his troops one Diego de
+Occampo, an inhabitant of Quito, who had joined him on his
+arrival at Tumbez, and had expended large sums in his service
+from his own private fortune.</p>
+
+<p>The licentiate Alvarez always accompanied the viceroy, and
+these two established themselves as the court of royal audience,
+in virtue of a commission from his majesty which the viceroy
+still held. By this royal order, the viceroy was authorised after
+his arrival at Lima, to hold audience in conjunction with two or
+one of the oydors who might first arrive, or even in case that
+any two or three of them should chance to die. In pursuance of
+this authority, the viceroy ordered a new seal to be made, which
+he committed to the custody of Juan de Leon, alcalde or police
+judge of Lima, who had been nominated by the Marquis of Camarosa,
+grand-chancellor of the Indies, as his deputy or chancellor of
+the audience of Lima. De Leon had fled from Gonzalo Pizarro, and
+had joined the viceroy at Quito. In consequence of this
+arrangement, the viceroy issued such orders and proclamations as
+seemed needful or expedient, in the name of the emperor Don
+Carlos; authenticating them with the royal seal, and by the
+signatures of himself and the licentiate Alvarez. By these means
+there were two royal audiences in Peru, one at the city of Lima,
+and the other wherever the viceroy happened to reside; so that it
+frequently happened that two opposite and contradictory decrees
+were pronounced and promulgated, in one and the same cause.</p>
+
+<p>On taking the resolution of marching from Quito, the viceroy
+sent his brother-in-law, Diego Alvarez de Cueto, to inform his
+majesty of the state of affairs, and to solicit such
+reinforcements as might enable him to re-establish his authority
+in Peru, by waging war against Gonzalo Pizarro. Cueto went
+accordingly to Spain in the same fleet with Vaca de Castro and
+Texada, as already related. The viceroy advanced southwards to
+San Miguel, which is an hundred and fifty leagues from Quito,
+determining to remain at that place till he might receive farther
+orders from his majesty. The inhabitants of San Miguel gave him
+the best reception in their power, and furnished him as far as
+they were able with every thing he was in want of. He continually
+kept his small army on foot, to preserve the honour and
+reputation of his character as viceroy, and that he might be in a
+convenient situation for receiving such reinforcements as might
+come from Spain or from any of the American colonies; as every
+one coming by land from these quarters must necessarily pass by
+the way of San Miguel, especially if accompanied by horses or
+beasts of burthen. He expected therefore to be able in this place
+to collect reinforcements to his army, so as to be in condition
+to renew the war, and employed himself to collect men, horses,
+and arms, so that he was soon at the head of five hundred men,
+tolerably equipped. Some of these indeed were in want of
+defensive armour, which they endeavoured to supply by fabricating
+cuirasses of iron, and of hard leather.</p>
+
+<p>At the time when Gonzalo Pizarro sent Bachicao with the
+brigantines to get possession of the ships belonging to the
+viceroy, he dispatched Gonzalo Diaz de Pinera and Jerom de
+Villegas to collect the soldiers who dwelt in Truxillo and San
+Miguel, that they might make head against the viceroy in the
+north of Peru. These officers remained in San Miguel with about
+eighty men whom they had drawn to their party, till they heard of
+the approach of the viceroy; on which, not being in sufficient
+force to oppose him, they retreated towards Truxillo, and
+established themselves in the province of <i>Collique</i>, about
+forty leagues[14] from San Miguel. From thence they sent
+intimation to Gonzalo of the advance of the viceroy, and that his
+army increased daily in numbers, insomuch that it behoved him to
+think of some appropriate measures to avert the threatened
+danger. Diaz and Villegas were likewise informed that the viceroy
+had sent Juan de Pereira, one of his officers, into the province
+of Chachapoyas, in which there were very few Spanish settlers, to
+endeavour to collect reinforcements. As they believed that
+Pereira and his followers entertained no suspicions of their
+being in the neighbourhood, Diaz and Villegas determined on
+attempting to surprize them, which they did so effectually one
+night, that they made the whole party prisoners without
+resistance. Having beheaded Pereira and two of his principal
+followers, they obliged the rest of the party, about sixty
+horsemen, to enter into the service of Gonzalo, by threats of
+putting them all to death if they refused; after which they
+returned to their post.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 14: The distance in the text is probably a
+mistake for <i>fourteen</i> leagues, as about that distance to
+the S.E. of San Miguel there is a river named <i>Chola</i>, which
+may have given name to the district or valley in which it
+runs.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The viceroy was greatly incensed by this untoward event, and
+determined to seek an opportunity of revenge. With this view he
+departed secretly from San Miguel with a body of an hundred and
+fifty horse, and took such judicious measures that he arrived one
+night undiscovered at <i>Collique,</i> where he surprized the
+enemy, and obliged them to fly in all directions. Diaz made his
+escape almost alone into a district inhabited by hostile Indians,
+who assailed him and put him to death. Villegas and Ferdinand
+Alvarado were more fortunate in their escape, as they were able
+to collect some of their dispersed troops, with whom they took up
+a new and more secure position not far from Truxillo, and at a
+safer distance from San Miguel.</p>
+
+<p>As Gonzalo Pizarro was informed that the viceroy augmented his
+army from time to time, more especially after this successful
+enterprize, he resolved to march against him without delay; as
+hardly a day passed in which the viceroy was not joined by
+soldiers, horses, and arms from Spain, or some of the American
+colonies, all of which were landed at the port of Tumbez. He was
+likewise in dread lest some dispatch might arrive from the
+emperor, favourable to the viceroy, by which his own adherents
+might be intimidated, and numbers might be induced to change
+sides. With this view he assembled his army, determined to march
+in person against the viceroy, and if possible to bring him to
+action. He issued therefore the proper orders to all his
+officers, reviewed and mustered his troops, advanced them the
+necessary funds for taking the field, and sent off the baggage,
+artillery, ammunition and provisions, with the main body of the
+army towards Truxillo, remaining behind at Lima with some of his
+principal officers, to follow in proper time. About this time a
+vessel arrived from Arequipa with a very seasonable supply of
+100,000 crowns; and another vessel from Tierra Firma, belonging
+to Gonzalo Martel, sent by his wife to enable him to return home.
+The arrival of these two vessels was very opportune for Gonzalo
+Pizarro, as they served to transport great quantities of
+musquets, pikes, ammunition, and other implements of war,
+together with a guard of an hundred and fifty men, and greatly
+facilitated the intended expedition against the viceroy.</p>
+
+<p>On quitting Lima, Gonzalo Pizarro thought proper to take the
+oydor Cepeda and Juan de Caceres the accountant-general along
+with him, both to give the more eclat and appearance of legal
+authority to his measures, and on purpose to break up the court
+of royal audience, as Ortiz de Zarate would then be the only
+judge remaining at Lima, who was not thought of much importance,
+as he was in bad health. Besides, Blas de Soto, his brother, had
+married the daughter of that judge; and although that marriage
+had been effected contrary to the wish of Ortiz, it was
+considered as some tie upon his conduct. For greater security,
+however, Gonzalo used the precaution of carrying the royal seal
+along with him. Gonzalo Pizarro chose to go by sea; and on
+leaving Lima, he appointed Lorenzo de Aldana as
+lieutenant-governor of that city, with a garrison of eighty
+soldiers, to preserve tranquillity during his absence. This small
+number was considered sufficient to prevent any attempt towards a
+revolutionary movement, as most of the inhabitants of Lima
+accompanied the expedition. Gonzalo embarked in March 1545, and
+landed at the port of Santa, fifteen leagues south from Truxillo,
+at which city he arrived on Palm Sunday. He remained at this
+place for some time, waiting the junction of his troops, sending
+messages in various directions to expedite their march. After
+some time, he marched from Truxillo into the province of
+Collique, where the whole of his army assembled. At this place he
+reviewed his army, which amounted to above six hundred horse and
+foot. The troops under the viceroy were nearly as numerous; but
+those under Gonzalo were much better armed, and better supplied
+with every thing requisite for war, as well as being all veteran
+soldiers, accustomed to war and discipline, and well acquainted
+with all the difficult passes of the country. The troops of the
+viceroy on the contrary, had for the most part come recently from
+Spain, were quite unaccustomed to war, and ill armed; besides
+which their powder was bad in quality.</p>
+
+<p>Gonzalo used every effort to collect provisions and all kinds
+of necessaries for his army, more especially as he had to pass
+through a desert country which intervened between the province of
+Motupe[15] and the city of San Miguel, a distance of twenty-two
+leagues without any inhabitants, and entirely destitute of water
+or other means of refreshment, consisting every where of burning
+sands without shelter from the heat of the sun and almost under
+the equinoctial line. As this march was necessarily attended with
+much inconvenience and difficulty, Gonzalo used every proper
+precaution that his troops might be supplied abundantly with
+water and other necessaries. For this purpose all the
+neighbouring Indians were ordered to bring a prodigious quantity
+of jars and other vessels calculated to contain water. The
+soldiers were ordered to leave at Motupe all their clothes and
+baggage of which they were not in immediate want, which were to
+be brought forward by the Indians. Above all things, it was taken
+care that a sufficiency of water should accompany the army, both
+for the troops, and for the horses and other animals. Every thing
+being in readiness, Gonzalo sent forwards a party of twenty-five
+horsemen by the ordinary road through the desert, that they might
+be observed by the scouts belonging to the viceroy, and that he
+might be led to believe the army came in that direction. He then
+took a different route through the same desert with the army,
+marching as expeditiously as possible, every soldier being
+ordered to carry his provisions along with him on his horse. By
+these precautions, and the rapidity of the march, the viceroy was
+not informed of the approach of Gonzalo and his army, till they
+were very near San Miguel. Immediately on learning their
+approach, he sounded the alarm, giving out that he intended to
+meet and give battle to the insurgents; but as soon as his army
+was drawn out from the city, he took a quite opposite course,
+directing his march with all possible expedition towards the
+mountain of Caxas.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 15: Named Morrope in modern maps. The
+desert in the text is of great extent, reaching from the river
+Leche to the Piura, a distance of above eighty English
+miles.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Gonzalo Pizarro got notice of the retreat of the viceroy about
+four hours afterwards, in consequence of which he made no halt at
+San Miguel, except to procure guides to direct him in the road
+which the viceroy had taken. In the first night of this pursuit,
+the army of Gonzalo marched eight Spanish leagues, or near thirty
+English miles, and several of the royalists who had lagged behind
+the rest, together with the whole baggage belonging to the
+retreating army fell into his hands. Gonzalo hanged such of his
+prisoners as were most obnoxious to him, and continued the
+pursuit of the flying royalists with the utmost diligence,
+through difficult and almost impracticable roads, where no
+provisions could be procured, always coming up with some of the
+hindmost of the enemy. Gonzalo likewise sent on several Indians
+with letters to the principal officers who served under the
+viceroy, urging them to put him to death, and offering them their
+pardons for the past and to give them high rewards. He continued
+the pursuit above fifty leagues or two hundred miles, till at
+length the horses were no longer able to carry their riders, and
+the men were incapable of proceeding, both from excessive fatigue
+and by the failure of provisions. The insurgent army at length
+arrived at Ayabaca[16], where the hot pursuit of the viceroy was
+discontinued, and the troops of Gonzalo halted for rest and
+refreshment. Besides the difficulty of overtaking the royalists,
+Gonzalo had received assurances from some of the principal
+followers of the viceroy that they would either put him to death,
+or deliver him up as a prisoner; and, as this came afterwards to
+the knowledge of the viceroy, he put several of these officers
+and gentlemen of his army to death. After Gonzalo had supplied
+his army with such provisions as could be furnished at Ayabaca,
+he resumed the pursuit, but with less rapidity than before, and
+keeping his army always in compact order; yet at this time some
+of his troops remained behind, partly owing to extreme fatigue,
+and partly from discontent. Leaving the viceroy to continue his
+retreat to Quito, and Gonzalo in pursuit, it is proper to mention
+some events that occurred at this time in other parts of
+Peru.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 16: Notwithstanding the distance mentioned
+in the text, Ayabaca is only about 60 miles, or fifteen Spanish
+leagues in a straight line N.N.E. from San
+Miguel.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>In this march, Gonzalo did not think proper to carry along
+with his army any of the soldiers belonging to the viceroy whom
+he had taken during the pursuit, both because he could not
+confide in them, because he had already a sufficient force in
+proportion to the enemy, and because provisions were very
+difficult to be procured, as the viceroy had stripped every place
+through which he passed as much as possible. For this reason,
+Gonzalo Pizarro sent back all his prisoners to Truxillo, Lima, or
+such other places as they thought proper, having in the first
+place put to death such of their chiefs as he considered most
+strongly attached to the viceroy. As these soldiers were
+dispersed over several parts of the country, they began to
+declaim in favour of the viceroy and against the tyrannical
+conduct of Gonzalo, and found many persons abundantly disposed to
+listen to their harangues; both because what they alleged was
+true in itself, and because most of the Spanish inhabitants of
+Peru were much inclined to revolution and change of party,
+especially the soldiery and those who were lazy and unoccupied.
+The real settlers and principal inhabitants of the cities were
+quite of an opposite description, being friends of peace and
+order, as most conducive to their interest and happiness, and
+necessary to the preservation of their properties, and being more
+exposed in time of civil war than even the soldiers to be
+harassed and tormented in many ways, as the ruling party was apt
+on the slightest pretexts to put them to death on purpose to
+seize their effects, with which to gratify and reward the
+partizans of their tyranny and injustice. These seditious
+discourses were so openly indulged in, that they reached the
+knowledge of the lieutenants of Gonzalo; who, each in his
+peculiar jurisdiction, punished the authors as they deemed right.
+At Lima, to which most of these prisoners had gone, Pedro Martin
+de Cecilia the provost marshal was a violent partizan of Gonzalo,
+and caused several of these malecontents to be hanged. Lorenzo de
+Aldana, who had been left by Gonzalo as lieutenant-governor of
+Lima, was a prudent man, and conducted himself in a quite
+different manner, being disinclined from acting with such
+violence as might occasion displeasure to either party in the
+sequel; for which reason he used all his influence to prevent
+putting any one to death, or from injuring any person in any
+manner. Although he held his office from Gonzalo, he never
+exerted himself zealously in his service, so that the partizans
+of that usurper considered him as secretly gained by the other
+party, more especially as he always behaved well to the known
+friends of the viceroy. On this account, all these men flocked to
+Lima, where they believed themselves in greater security than
+anywhere else. The partizans of Gonzalo, on the other hand, made
+loud complaints against the favourable behaviour of Aldana to the
+royalists; and in particular one of the alcaldes of Lima, named
+Christopher de Burgos, spoke of it so openly that Aldana thought
+it necessary to give him a public reprimand, and even committed
+him to prison for some time. Several even went so far as to
+communicate their suspicions of the fidelity of Aldana to Gonzalo
+Pizarro by letters, and even persuaded him of the truth of their
+allegations: But he refrained from manifesting his want of
+confidence in the lieutenant-governor, considering it dangerous
+to deprive him of his office while the army was at so great a
+distance, more especially as Aldana had a respectable military
+force, and was much esteemed by the citizens of Lima.</p>
+
+<p>We have formerly mentioned that several inhabitants of the
+city of La Plata in the province of Las Charcas, on receiving
+orders to that effect from the viceroy, had set out from that
+city on purpose to offer him their services against Gonzalo; but
+having learnt his imprisonment while on their way to Lima, they
+returned to their habitations. Gonzalo Pizarro was particularly
+displeased with these men, as he expected to have been especially
+favoured by the inhabitants of his own peculiar district, and
+sent therefore a person named Francisco de Almendras as
+lieutenant-governor to La Plata, a coarse brutal fellow without
+feeling or humanity, and one of the most cruel satellites of his
+tyrannical usurpation; whom he instructed to be peculiarly
+watchful of the behaviour of those who had shewn an intention of
+joining the viceroy, and to make them feel on every opportunity
+how much he was dissatisfied with their conduct on that occasion.
+In pursuance of his instructions, Almendras deprived the
+principal persons among these loyalists of their lands and
+Indians, and exacted heavy contributions from them towards
+defraying the expences of the war. He likewise affronted and used
+them ill on all occasions, and even on very frivolous pretences.
+One Don Gomez de Luna, a principal person among the loyalists of
+La Plata, happened one day to observe in conversation at his own
+house, that the emperor Don Carlos must assuredly at length
+recover the command over Peru. This loyal sentiment was reported
+to Almendras, who immediately ordered De Luna to be arrested and
+thrown into the common prison. The magistrates of the city went
+in a body to supplicate Almendras either to liberate De Luna, or
+at least to confine him in a place more conformable to his rank;
+and as Almendras refused to give a satisfactory answer to their
+representation, one of the magistrates declared publicly, that,
+if he would not liberate de Luna, they would do so in spite of
+him. Almendras dissembled his sentiments at the time, but went
+next night to the prison, whence he caused De Luna to be taken
+out to the public square and beheaded.</p>
+
+<p>The inhabitants of the city were exceedingly disgusted by this
+cruel act of tyranny, which they considered as an outrage against
+the whole community; and particularly one Diego Centeno was most
+sensibly affected, as he and De Luna had been extremely intimate.
+At the commencement of the troubles respecting the obnoxious
+regulations, Centeno had attached himself to Gonzalo Pizarro,
+whom he had accompanied to Cuzco, in the capacity of procurator
+from the province of Las Charcas, being one of the principal
+persons of his party. Having noticed the bad intentions of
+Pizarro, and that he did not limit his designs to those objects
+which he at first proposed, Centeno abandoned the party of
+Gonzalo and returned to his own house. He now determined to use
+his utmost endeavours to revenge the cruel death of his friend De
+Luna, that he might save himself and others from the tyrannous
+rule of Almendras, and on purpose to restore the country to
+obedience to its legitimate sovereign. With this view, he
+communicated his sentiments to some of the principal settlers,
+among whom were Lopez de Mendoza, Alfonso Perez de Esquivel,
+Alfonzo de Camargo, Fernando Nunnez de Segura, Lopez de Mendiera,
+Juan Ortiz de Zarate, and several others whom he believed to have
+loyal intentions, all of whom he found disposed to second him in
+executing the enterprize which he had in view. In the prosecution
+of this purpose, they all assembled one Sunday morning, according
+to custom, at the house of Almendras, under pretence of
+accompanying him to church. When all were assembled, although
+Almendras had a considerable guard, Ceuteno went up to him as if
+to converse on some affair of moment, and stabbed him repeatedly
+with his dagger. The conspirators then dragged him out to the
+public square and cut off his head, declaring him a traitor, and
+proclaiming that they had done so for the service of the
+king.</p>
+
+<p>Considering that Almendras was universally detested, the
+conspirators had not thought it necessary to use any precautions
+for conciliating the people; yet all the inhabitants declared for
+the king, and took immediate measures to support his authority
+and to defend themselves against the resentment of Gonzalo and
+the insurgents. For this purpose, they elected Centeno as
+commander in chief of the province; in which capacity he
+appointed proper persons to be captains of cavalry and infantry
+under his authority, and used every effort to inlist a body of
+troops, which he paid out of his own funds, being one of the
+richest men in the country; but in this he was assisted by the
+other inhabitants of the province, who contributed towards the
+expence. Centeno was of an honourable family, being descended
+from Hernan Centeno who had made himself illustrious in the wars
+of Castillo. He was about thirty-five years of age, of very
+agreeable manners, of a liberal disposition, personally brave, of
+an excellent character and universally respected. At this time he
+enjoyed a revenue exceeding 80,000 crowns; but about two years
+afterwards, on the discovery of the famous mines of Potosi, he
+became possessed of above 100,000 crowns of annual rent by means
+of his Indians, as his estate lay very near these mines.</p>
+
+<p>Having assembled a body of troops, Centeno used every effort
+to provide them with arms and all other necessary equipments. He
+placed guards at all the passes, to prevent any intelligence from
+being conveyed to the enemy till his affairs were in proper
+order. He sent likewise Lopez de Mendoza one of his captains,
+first to Porco and thence to Arequipa to collect as many men as
+possible, and to endeavour to arrest Pedro do Puentes the
+lieutenant of Gonzalo at Arequipa. But Puentes fled immediately
+from Arequipa on receiving intelligence of the events which had
+occurred at Las Charcas. Mendoza therefore took possession of
+Arequipa without resistance; whence he reinforced himself with
+all the men, arms, and horses, he could procure, and carried off
+all the money he could find, with which and his reinforcement he
+returned to Centeno at La Plata.</p>
+
+<p>On the return of Mendoza, Centeno found himself at the head of
+two hundred and fifty men well equipped for war, to whom he
+explained his sentiments and views, and gave an account of the
+criminal usurpation of Gonzalo Pizarro, in the following terms.
+"You know that Gonzalo, on leaving Cuzco, pretended merely to
+present the humble remonstrances of the colonists respecting the
+obnoxious regulations; and you have been informed that, even at
+the outset, he put to death Gaspard de Roias, Philip Gutierrez,
+and Arias Maldonado. You have learnt how he conspired with the
+judges of the royal audience and other inhabitants of Lima, to
+arrest and depose the viceroy, both of which were done
+accordingly. After this, while at the very gates of Lima, and
+before his public entry into that city, he sent in his
+lieutenant-general, who arrested many of the most considerable
+and richest inhabitants of the country, under the eyes of the
+judges, merely because these men had joined the viceroy, and even
+hanged three of them without any form of trial, Pedro de Barco,
+Martin de Florencia, and Juan Saavedra. He in the next place has
+broken up the royal court of audience, sending off its judges to
+different places, having in the first place obliged them to
+appoint him to the government. He has since, as you well know,
+caused many others to be put to death, merely on suspicion that
+they were favourable to the viceroy, and intended to join his
+party. Not satisfied with all this, he has seized all the
+treasure belonging to his majesty in the different receipts of
+the colony, and has imposed excessive contributions on the
+inhabitants, from whom he has exacted above 150,000 ducats by
+means of taxes imposed at his own pleasure. Adding crime to
+crime, he has again levied forces against the authority of his
+majesty, with which he has marched against the viceroy, and has
+carried insubordination and confusion into every part of the
+country; permitting and encouraging many to hold public discourse
+contrary to the respect and obedience which is due to his
+majesty. They were likewise aware, that Gonzalo had token away
+the repartimientos, or allotments of lands and Indians from many
+persons, and had converted them to his own emolument. Finally, he
+laid before them the strong obligations by which they were all
+bound, as faithful subjects, to exert their utmost endeavours in
+the service of their sovereign, lest they should draw upon
+themselves the imputation of being rebels and traitors." By these
+representations, and others which it were tedious to repeat, he
+disposed his auditors to concur in his loyal sentiments, and
+willingly to obey his orders. After this, Centeno sent one of his
+captains with a detachment to Chicuito, a place belonging
+particularly to the king, between Orcaza and Las Charcas, with
+orders to guard the passes with the utmost vigilance, till he and
+the royalists were in full readiness to execute their principal
+enterprize, as will be related in the sequel.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding every precaution employed by Centeno to
+conceal his operations and intentions, it was impossible to
+prevent intelligence from spreading in various directions, more
+especially after the expedition of Mendoza to Arequipa. Every
+thing he had already done, even the number of his troops, and of
+the musquets and horses he had collected, was fully known, by
+means of Indians and Spaniards who had escaped from La Plata, in
+spite of the guards which had been set, to watch the passes of
+the mountains. Alfonso de Toro, who acted as lieutenant governor
+of Cuzco under Gonzalo Pizarro, happened at this time to be a
+hundred leagues to the northward of that city, keeping guard in
+one of the passes of the mountains, as by letters from Gonzalo
+the viceroy was reported to have gone into the mountainous
+country, and was supposed to have directed his march by that road
+toward the south of Peru. On receiving notice of the late
+revolution at La Plata, De Toro returned in all diligence to
+Cuzco, where he levied forces to oppose Centeno; and, having
+assembled the magistrates and principal inhabitants of Cuzco, he
+informed them of what had occurred at Las Charcas, and as there
+was a sufficient force in Cuzco to suppress the royalists, he
+thought it incumbent on him to march to La Plata for that
+purpose. To gain them over to his purpose, he represented that
+Centeno had revolted without any just cause, and had usurped
+authority in Las Charcas for his own private ends, under pretence
+of serving the king; whereas Gonzalo Pizarro, being actual
+governor of the kingdom of Peru, ought to be obeyed as such till
+his majesty sent orders to the contrary. That the revolt of
+Centeno, being both criminal in itself and contrary to the law,
+every one was bound to resist him, and to punish his temerity. He
+recalled to their remembrance, that Gonzalo Pizarro was engaged
+in serving the general interest of the colonists, to procure the
+revocation of the obnoxious ordinances, in which common cause he
+had exposed his fortune and personal safety to every hazard, as
+it was well known that every inhabitant of Peru would be stripped
+of his property if the regulations were put in force. That
+besides the general advantage procured by Gonzalo in setting
+aside the obnoxious regulations, for which all were infinitely
+indebted to him, it was obvious that he had not in any respect
+conducted himself contrary to the royal orders, and had not in
+any manner set himself against the authority of the sovereign;
+since, on his arrival at Lima for the purpose of presenting their
+remonstrances, the judges of the royal audience had already
+arrested the viceroy and sent him out of the kingdom, of which
+these judges had appointed Gonzalo interim governor; and that in
+marching in a warlike manner against the viceroy, he had acted at
+the request and by the orders of the royal audience; as was
+manifest by his being accompanied by Cepeda, one of the royal
+judges and chairman of the audience. He asserted that no person
+in Peru could take upon him to determine whether the audience had
+acted right or otherwise in conferring the government on Gonzalo;
+and that it was the duty of all to support him in that office,
+till they received the ulterior orders of the sovereign.</p>
+
+<p>At the close of this discourse, every one acknowledged the
+justice of what he had represented, and voluntarily offered to
+support Gonzalo with their lives and fortunes; although in
+reality most of them did so more from fear than good will, as
+they stood in great awe of De Toro, who had hanged several
+persons in a summary manner, and had made himself universally
+dreaded by his cruel and ferocious disposition and conduct, so
+that no one dared to oppose or contradict him in any thing. After
+a short deliberation, a set of resolutions were entered into, in
+which the transactions of Centeno in Las Charcas were recited as
+seditious and unlawful, and he was declared to have assassinated
+Francisco de Almendras, the lieutenant governor, to have levied
+forces in rebellion against the legitimate government, and to
+have passed the boundaries of the province of Las Charcas in
+hostile manner; for all which reasons it was just and proper to
+make war upon him, and to reduce him to obedience. All this was
+done principally to satisfy or to amuse the people, and to make
+them believe that the partizans of Gonzalo acted reasonably and
+lawfully, as all those who signed these resolutions were
+perfectly aware of the real state of affairs. In reality,
+although matters were thus represented in the popular
+assemblages, in justification of the measures of the insurgent
+party, or at least to excuse their actions under specious
+pretences, those who took an active part on the present occasion,
+used often to declare, both in the presence and absence of
+Gonzalo, that the king would certainly give, or ought to give him
+the government of Peru, as they were resolved not to receive any
+other person in that capacity, such being the resolution of
+Gonzalo in which they all concurred.</p>
+
+<p>Alfonso de Toro now proceeded to levy an army, of which he
+declared himself captain general and commander in chief, and
+appointed captains and other officers to command under his
+authority. In all his proceedings he carried himself with a high
+hand, employing force and violence, instead of persuasion and
+good treatment. He protested publickly and with many oaths, that
+he would hang up every one who did not assist and contribute to
+the cause; and even had several persons carried to the foot of
+the gallows, whose lives he was induced to spare by dint of
+solicitations. He abused and maltreated others, using everyone in
+the most outrageous manner who did not give way to him in all
+things. By this violent procedure he completed his warlike
+preparations at very small expence; insomuch that it appeared
+afterwards by his accounts, that he had not expended above twenty
+thousand crowns in this expedition, as he took away gratuitously
+all the horses that were to be found in Cuzco, and constrained
+all the inhabitants who were able to carry arms to accompany him
+in the expedition against Centeno. By these means De Toro
+collected three hundred men, tolerably armed and equipped, with
+which he marched from Cuzco to a place named Urcos, about six
+leagues from that city, where he remained three weeks in anxious
+expectation of intelligence from Las Charcas: But all the roads
+and passes between and La Plata, were so well guarded by the
+Indians, who were entirely disposed to favour Centeno, that he
+was unable to learn any thing of the movements or intentions of
+the royalists in Las Charcas, so that he was constrained to
+remain continually on the alert lest he might have been
+surprized. Besides these military precautions, he rigorously
+punished all who presumed to show the slightest disinclination
+towards the interest of the Pizarrian faction, or to express
+their sentiments in any respect in disapprobation of his own
+designs; insomuch that all were constrained from dread of
+punishment to appear heartily attached to the cause in which he
+was engaged.</p>
+
+<p>After remaining three weeks encamped at Urcos, he determined
+to march in search of Centeno, and advanced for that purpose to
+the village named Del Rey. As the troops of Centeno happened to
+be a good deal scattered at this time, he was under the necessity
+of retreating on the approach of De Toro. These hostile chiefs
+being encamped at the distance of about twelve leagues, entered
+into a negotiation to endeavour to form an accommodation; but, as
+they were unable to agree upon any terms, De Toro advanced for
+the purpose of attacking Centeno; who, on the other hand, was
+unwilling to risk the chance of an engagement, owing to the
+inferiority of his force, and because a defeat might have
+dispirited his own party and have been of great advantage to the
+cause of the insurgents. On this account he retired in proportion
+as De Toro advanced, accompanied by a great number of large
+Peruvian sheep loaded with provisions and ammunition, and
+carrying along with him all the principal <i>curacas</i> or
+native chiefs, to prevent De Toro from being able to avail
+himself of the assistance of the Indians. In this manner Centeno
+continued to retreat across a desert and uninhabited country of
+forty leagues extent, till he arrived at a place named
+<i>Casabindo</i>, through which Diego de Roias had formerly
+descended from the elevated region of Peru into the eastern plain
+of the Rio de la Plata. Alfonso de Toro continued the pursuit as
+far as the city of La Plata, which is an hundred and eighty
+leagues to the south of Cuzca. Finding that place abandoned and
+entirely stript of every thing which might contribute to the
+subsistence of his troops, and being unable to procure provisions
+on account of the absence of all the curacas or caciques, he was
+under the necessity to discontinue his pursuit of Centeno, and
+even found himself compelled to return towards Cuzco. In this
+retreat, De Toro took the command of the advanced guard of fifty
+men, ordering the main body to march at leisure, and left a
+rear-guard of thirty of his best mounted cavalry under Alfonso de
+Mendoza, with orders to use every possible means of procuring
+intelligence of the motions of Centeno; that, in case of his
+following, the troops might be collected together in good order
+to rejoin the van.</p>
+
+<p>The departure of De Toro from La-Plata on his return to Cuzco
+was soon communicated to Centeno by means of the Indians. He was
+astonished at this sudden alteration of affairs; and, as he
+understood that De Toro marched in great hast, without keeping
+his troops in close array, he supposed that circumstance to have
+been occasioned by De Toro entertaining suspicions of the
+fidelity of his followers, and that he had found them
+ill-disposed towards the party of the Pizarrians. On these
+considerations, Centeno resolved to pursue in his turn, in hope
+of drawing some advantage to the cause in which he was engaged
+from this measure, and even expecting that several of the
+followers of Toro might come over to his side. He sent off
+therefore the captain Lope de Mendoza with fifty light armed
+cavalry in pursuit of the enemy. Mendoza got in a short time to
+Collao; and, although de Toro and most of his troops had already
+passed beyond that place, he made prisoners of about fifty who
+remained behind, whom at first he deprived of their horses and
+arms. Soon afterwards, however, he returned these to his
+prisoners, and even distributed some money among them, receiving
+their engagements upon oath to join him when required; but he
+hanged a few of them who were suspected of being particulary
+attached to De Toro. After this successful exploit, Lope returned
+in great haste to La Plata, in hope of being able to cut off
+Alfonzo de Mendoza and his small party, who still occupied that
+place. But Alfonzo had received intelligence of what had happened
+at Collao, and had already quitted La Plata in great haste,
+taking a different road from that pursued by Lope, by which means
+he got safe to Cuzco.</p>
+
+<p>Centeno arrived soon afterwards at La Plata with the remainder
+of his troops, where he assembled all the force under his
+command, and where he made every possible preparation for
+continuing the war to advantage, and in particular caused a
+number of musquets to be made. De Toro continued his retreat to
+Cuzco, dreading much to be pursued, and lest Centeno might have
+acquired possession of Cuzco, which he might easily have
+accomplished in the present situation of affairs; but Centeno
+thought it more prudent to remain at La Plata, where he augmented
+the number of his troops and collected treasure which was found
+in great plenty in the province of Las Charcas.</p>
+
+<p>The events which had taken place in Las Charcas were soon
+known at Lima; and as several of the soldiers in that city were
+attached to the party of the viceroy, they spoke almost openly of
+going away to join Centeno; and, from the small attention paid by
+Lorenzo de Aldana to repress these men, he was even suspected of
+favouring the same cause. Antonio de Ribera likewise, although
+the brother-in-law of Pizarro, was strongly suspected of being
+secretly devoted to the royal interest, as indeed his conduct in
+the sequel evinced; and several other persons of consideration
+lay under suspicions of the same nature. All this gave much
+uneasiness to the friends of Pizarro: Yet those persons at Lima
+who wished well to the interests of his majesty, did not think it
+prudent at this time to make any open attempt, being satisfied
+that it was better to wait a more favourable opportunity, and
+that De Aldana would prepare matters for that purpose, as he
+seemed clearly favourable to the same cause. His abilities were
+universally acknowledged, and his good intentions were not
+doubted, so that all were satisfied that he would conduct matters
+with much prudence to a favourable issue.</p>
+
+<p>At this time it became known at Lima that the viceroy had
+retreated with a small body of troops into the province of
+Popayan; and that during his retreat he had put to death several
+of the officers and other persons of consideration in his army;
+among whom were Rodrigo de Ocampo, Jerom de la Cerna, Gaspard Gil
+Olivarez and Gomez Estacio; some of these because they were
+inclined to abandon him, and others for corresponding with
+Gonzalo Pizarro, and conspiring to put the viceroy to death. On
+the communication of this intelligence at Lima, it produced
+different effects according to the different inclinations and
+views of the inhabitants. It occasioned more reserve among those
+who were of loyal dispositions; whereas the partizans of the
+Pizarrian tyranny considered themselves more at liberty to avow
+their sentiments to Aldana. They went therefore to him in a body,
+and represented that there were many persons in Lima who were
+strongly suspected of being hostile to Gonzalo Pizarro, and only
+waited a favourable opportunity to take up arms against him; and
+that it was incumbent therefore on the lieutenant governor to
+punish these men for the scandalous freedoms in which they had
+indulged, or at least to banish them from the city. They offered
+to furnish sufficient proof of these facts, and urged him to
+exert his authority on the occasion. Aldana assured them that
+none of these things had ever come to his knowledge; and that if
+he knew who those were against whom they complained, he would
+take such measures as were necessary on the occasion.</p>
+
+<p>The partizans of Pizarro became at length so bold that they
+arrested fifteen of those whom they most strongly suspected of
+attachment to the deposed viceroy, among whom was Diego Lopez de
+Zuniga. Having thrown these men into prison, the Pizarrians were
+inclined to have given them the torture to extort confession, and
+afterwards to have procured their condemnation by Pedro Martin
+the provost marshal of the city; so that they were in imminent
+danger of being put to death, if Lorenzo de Aldana had not
+exerted himself promptly and effectually to take them out of the
+hands of the Pizarrians. For this purpose, he caused them all to
+be brought to his own residence, on pretence that they would be
+there in more safe custody, and provided them with every thing of
+which they stood in need, even secretly furnishing them with a
+vessel in which they embarked and saved themselves from their
+enemies. This transaction gave much dissatisfaction to the
+friends of Pizarro, both on account of the escape of the
+prisoners, and because Aldana refused to allow of any formal
+investigation into the circumstances of their escape; on which
+account the Pizarrians firmly believed that Aldana was in secret
+league with the opposite party. They wrote therefore to Gonzalo
+Pizarro, giving him an account of all these events, and urging
+him to give proper orders on the occasion. But Gonzalo did not
+think it prudent at this time to make any change in affairs at
+Lima, or to attempt any thing against Aldana; because, as it has
+been reported, he was afraid of matters taking an unfavourable
+issue while he was at so great a distance.</p>
+
+<p>When Gonzalo Pizarro was informed of what had been done by
+Centeno in the province of Las Charcas against his interest and
+authority, he believed it necessary to use prompt measures for
+reducing that country to subjection, and not to give his enemies
+time and opportunity for strengthening themselves and increasing
+the number of their partizans; as he flattered himself that he
+would become absolute master of the whole kingdom of Peru, if he
+were able to get rid of Centeno. After several consultations with
+the principal officers of his army, on the measures necessary to
+be pursued on this emergency, in which Gonzalo could not act in
+person as he had still to oppose the viceroy in the north, it was
+determined to confide the care of an expedition against Centeno
+to the lieutenant-general Carvajal. For this purpose all the
+necessary orders and commissions were made out immediately in the
+name of Gonzalo Pizarro, by which Carvajal was authorized to levy
+what men and money he might deem necessary. This employment was
+very acceptable to Carvajal, as he believed he might derive
+considerable profit to himself in its execution; and he set out
+from Quito accompanied only by twenty persons, in whom he had
+great confidence. The council of Gonzalo Pizarro had other and
+secret motives for recommending the employment of Carvajal on
+this occasion, besides those which they publickly avowed. Some
+were desirous of acquiring by his absence a greater share in the
+management of affairs; while others were anxious to send him to a
+distance, from the terror inspired by his cruel and ferocious
+conduct, and his passionate temper, owing to which he used often
+to put people to death on the most trifling offences or the
+slightest suspicions. But all the leaders in the army disguised
+their real sentiments on this occasion, pretending that the
+importance of the affair required the talents and experience of
+Carvajal to bring it to a successful issue.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving Quito, Carvajal went, directly to San Miguel, where
+the principal inhabitants went out to meet him, and conducted him
+with much respect to the house which was prepared for his
+reception. On arriving there, he desired six of the most
+considerable persons belonging to the city to dismount and
+accompany him into the house, under pretence that he had
+something of importance to communicate to them from the governor.
+Having caused the doors to be shut, and posted centinels to
+prevent any communication with the rest of the inhabitants, he
+represented to these men, that Gonzalo was much incensed against
+them for having always taken part with his enemies, and more
+especially on account of having received and favoured the deposed
+viceroy, and of having readily supplied his army with every thing
+of which they stood in need. On this account it had been his
+first intention to have destroyed the city with fire and sword,
+without sparing a single inhabitant. But, on reflecting that the
+magistrates and principal inhabitants only were to blame, the
+people at large having been constrained by force or fear, he was
+now determined to punish only the most guilty and to pardon the
+rest. Yet, having certain private reasons for dissembling for the
+present with some of the principal persons of the place, he had
+selected the six who were now present, as principal inhabitants,
+to punish them as they richly deserved, that they might serve as
+a warning to all Peru. For this reason, therefore, he desired
+them to confess their sins in preparation for death, as he was
+resolved to have them all executed immediately.</p>
+
+<p>They used every argument to exculpate themselves from the
+crimes kid to their charge, but all they could say was without
+avail; and Carvajal even caused one of them to be strangled,
+against whom he was particularly incensed, as he had been
+principally instrumental in constructing the royal seal which the
+viceroy employed in his dispatches. In the mean time, a rumour of
+what was going forward at the residence of Carvajal spread over
+the city, and came to the knowledge of the wives of the
+prisoners. These ladies immediately implored the priests and
+monks who dwelt in San Miguel to accompany them to the place
+where their husbands were in so great danger. They all went there
+accordingly, and got in by a private door which had not been
+noticed by the people belonging to Carvajal, and which had
+consequently been omitted to be guarded. Coming into the presence
+of Carvajal, the wives of the prisoners threw themselves at his
+feet, and implored mercy for their husbands. He pretended to be
+softened, and granted pardon to the prisoners, so far as their
+lives; yet reserving to himself to punish them in such other
+manner as he might see fit. Accordingly, he banished them from
+the province, depriving them of their lands and Indians, and
+condemned them in the payment of heavy fines towards defraying
+the expences of the war.</p>
+
+<p>From San Miguel Carvajal went to Truxillo, collecting every
+where on his route all the soldiers, horses, arms, and money he
+could find. Carvajal had resolved to have put one Melchior
+Verdugo to death, who dwelt in Truxillo; but as Verdugo got
+intimation of this intention, he fled to the province of
+Caxamarca, where his repartimiento of Indians was situated. The
+bussiness on which Carvajal was engaged was of too great
+importance to admit of pursuing Verdugo; wherefore, after having
+got possession of as much money as possible under pretence of a
+loan, he went on to Lima, always collecting all the soldiers he
+could procure. He gave no money to his recruits, only supplying
+them with horses and arms, which he took wherever they could be
+found. He kept all the money he could find for his own use, every
+where pillaging the royal coffers and public funds, and even
+searching for treasure among the ancient tombs. After arriving at
+Lima, he completed his military preparations, and departed for
+Cuzco by way of the mountain and the city of Guamanga, at the
+head of two hundred men well equipped, and carrying with him a
+great sum of money which he had collected during his march; and
+at Guamanga he conducted himself in the same rapacious manner as
+in other places.</p>
+
+<p>Seven or eight days after the departure of Carvajal from Lima,
+a conspiracy was detected among those who were well affected to
+the royal cause, in consequence of which fifteen of the principal
+persons of that city were committed to prison. Among these were,
+Juan Velasquez, Vela Nunnez nephew to the viceroy, Francisco
+Giron another gentlemen of his household, and Francisco
+Rodriguez. By means of the torture, these unhappy persons were
+made to confess that they had concerted with Pedro Manxarres, an
+inhabitant of Las Charcas, to kill the lieutenant-governor
+Aldana, the provost marshall Pedro Martin, and other friends and
+partizans of Gonzalo Pizarro, after which they proposed to induce
+the citizens of Lima to declare for his majesty, confidently
+expecting that all those who now followed Carvajal by constraint
+would join their party; and they intended finally to have gone
+off with all the strength they could muster to join Centeno. Upon
+this forced confession, Giron and one other of these prisoners
+were strangled. By the intercession of several respectable
+persons the life of Juan Velasquez was spared, but his right hand
+was cut off. All the rest of these prisoners were so severely
+tortured that they continued lame for the rest of their lives.
+Manxarres saved himself by flight, and continued to conceal
+himself among the mountains for more than a year; but fell at
+last into the hands of one of the officers in the interest of
+Gonzalo, who caused him to be hanged.</p>
+
+<p>As Pedro Martin, the provost-marshal, strongly suspected that
+some of those who accompanied Carvajal had participated in this
+plot; he endeavoured to discover this by torturing Francisco de
+Guzman, one of the prisoners. Finding that Guzman made no
+confession on this head, he interrogated him particularly
+respecting a soldier along with Carvajal named Perucho de Aguira,
+and some of his friends, demanding to know whether these men were
+in the secret. On purpose to free himself from the torture,
+Guzman said they were. After this confession, Guzman was formally
+condemned to become a monk in the convent belonging to the order
+of mercy, in which he accordingly assumed the habit. After this,
+Martin demanded from the registrar a certificate of the
+confession of Guzman, by which Aguira and others were implicated
+in the plot, and Martin immediately sent off this writing by an
+Indian messenger to Carvajal who was then at Guamanga. On the
+receipt of this paper, Carvajal ordered Aguira and five others to
+be hanged, without any further proof or examination. A short time
+afterwards, the registrar being sensible of the error he had
+committed in supplying the certificate, sent off a full copy of
+the confession made by Guzman, in which was an ample revocation
+of all he had said under torture, declaring that he had falsely
+charged Aguira and the others, merely to get free from torture.
+This was however of no avail, as it arrived too late, Aguira and
+the others having been already executed, although they asserted
+their innocence to the last moment of their lives, as was
+certified by the confessors who attended them at their execution;
+but Carvajal was inexorable.</p>
+
+<p>Learning while at Guamanga, that Centeno had retired through
+the desert to Casabindo as he was unable to cope with Toro,
+Carvajal was satisfied that the affaire of the insurgent party
+were in a fair train in Las Charcas, where his presence was not
+now needed, and determined therefore to return to Lima. He was
+besides induced to take this step in consequence of a difference
+which subsisted between Toro and himself, occasioned by the
+charge of lieutenant general under Gonzalo having originally
+belonged to Toro, of which he had been deprived in favour of
+Carvajal. He feared therefore, lest Toro, on his victorious
+return from Las Charcas, being at the head of a much stronger
+force, might renew their former quarrel. Carvajal had likewise
+received letters from some inhabitants of Lima, remarking the
+lukewarmness of Aldana to the cause of Gonzalo Pizarro, and
+requesting his presence to place affairs at that city on a more
+secure footing. He returned therefore to Lima; but learning
+shortly afterwards the successful return of Centeno against De
+Toro, he again collected his troops and prepared to march against
+Centeno. With this view, he had his standards solemnly
+consecrated, not forgetting to impose fresh exactions on the
+inhabitants of Lima. On this occasion, he designated his army,
+<i>The happy army of Liberty, against the Tyrant Centeno.</i></p>
+
+<p>Before leaving Lima, he sent off messengers to Cuzco by way of
+the mountain, but chose to march by the route of the plain or low
+country of Peru to Arequipa, exacting money from the inhabitants
+wherever he passed. At Arequipa he received letters from the
+magistrates of Cuzco and De Toro, earnestly requesting his
+immediate presence in that city; whence, as being the capital of
+the kingdom, it was proper that the army should march against the
+rebels. They assured him of being there provided with
+considerable reinforcements of men arms and horses, and that all
+the principal persons of the city were ready to accompany him on
+the expedition: adding, that being himself a citizen of Cuzco it
+seemed reasonable he should honour that city by his presence. By
+these and other considerations he was induced to march for Cuzco,
+though still entertaining some distrust and even fear of Toro,
+who he was informed had often spoken against him in his absence.
+When De Toro was informed of the approach of Carvajal to Cuzco,
+he made every necessary preparation for reinforcing the army, and
+providing for the intended expedition against Centeno; yet could
+not conceal his dissatisfaction, that he who had begun the war,
+and had already suffered great fatigues, and even had gained
+material advantages, should be superseded by another commander
+whom he must now obey, and more especially that it should be
+Carvajal who was put over him, with whom he had been already
+engaged in disputes. He dissembled however as much as possible,
+and concealed his resentment, saying publickly that his only wish
+was for the fortunate management of affairs, whoever might
+command. Yet with all his caution, he could not so carefully
+conceal his sentiments, but that he occasionally dropped
+expressions of resentment.</p>
+
+<p>The discontent of De Toro was well known to the inhabitants of
+Cuzco, yet they were in hopes that Carvajal would set every thing
+to rights on his arrival. Carvajal having arrived in the
+neighbourhood of the city, which he was to enter next day at the
+head of two hundred men, part cavalry and part musqueteers, De
+Toro was very anxious to muster all that were able to carry arms;
+and from this measure, and the precautions he took that every one
+should be in the most perfect equipment, and the troops steady in
+their ranks, it was suspected that he entertained some evil
+design. De Toro was thus posted with his troops, as if in ambush,
+in the way by which Carvajal had to march into the city. As these
+circumstances were made known to Carvajal, he ordered his troops
+to march in close array, and even ordered their arms to be loaded
+with ball, prepared for whatever might happen. On entering the
+city, De Toro and his troops were seen on one side, as if ready
+to dispute the passage. Carvajal halted his men, and the two
+parties remained for some time observing each other with mutual
+distrust. At length, as neither side seemed inclined to commence
+hostilities, both parties broke their ranks, and intermingled as
+friends.</p>
+
+<p>Carvajal was exceedingly irritated against De Toro for his
+conduct on this occasion, but dissembled till he had entered into
+Cuzco, where he was received in the most honourable manner. A few
+days afterwards, he caused four of the principal inhabitants to
+be arrested, and ordered them to instant execution, without
+consulting De Toro, or even assigning any reason for this cruel
+and arbitrary proceeding. Some of those whom he put to death were
+among the most intimate friends of De Toro, who deemed it prudent
+and necessary to be silent on the occasion. The unexpected
+cruelty of Carvajal occasioned much astonishment and
+consternation among the inhabitants of Cuzco, insomuch that none
+of them dared to refuse accompanying him on the expedition, and
+he was enabled to leave Cuzco at the head of three hundred well
+appointed soldiers with which he marched by Collao in the way
+towards the province of Las Charcas in search of Centeno. As the
+latter had a considerably stronger force, it was believed by many
+that Carvajal would be unsuccessful in this expedition, more
+especially as most of his followers acted more from force than
+good will, because he allowed them no pay and treated them with
+much severity. In his whole conduct and deportment Carvajal acted
+in a brutal and passionate manner, evincing himself on all
+occasions the enemy of good men; for he was a bad Christian,
+constantly addicted to blasphemy, and of a cruel and tyrannical
+disposition, insomuch that it was generally expected his own
+people would put him to death to rid themselves of his tyrannous
+and oppressive conduct. Besides all this, it was obvious to many,
+that right and justice were on the side of Centeno, who was a man
+of honour and probity, and, being exceedingly rich, had both the
+power and inclination to reward his followers. It is necessary to
+quit Carvajal and his expedition for the present, that we may
+relate the events which took place at Quito.</p>
+
+<p>We have already mentioned that Gonzalo Pizarro pursued the
+viceroy from San Miguel to Quito, a distance of 150 leagues or
+600 miles, with much perseverance and rapidity, insomuch that
+almost every day the light armed men belonging to the two armies
+had opportunities of speaking with each other. During the whole
+of that long march, neither party had an opportunity to unsaddle
+their horses. Those belonging to the viceroy, owing to the
+necessity they were under of escaping from a force so much
+superior, were even more alert than their pursuers. When at any
+time they stopped to take a short rest during the night, they
+slept on the ground in their clothes, holding their horses by the
+halters, without wasting time in fixing up piquets, or making any
+of the usual preparations for accommodating themselves and horses
+during the night. It is true that piquets are seldom used in the
+sands of Peru for the horses, as it would be necessary to drive
+these very deep to take sufficient hold; and as there are no
+trees to be met with in many parts of that country for making
+piquets, necessity has introduced a substitute in some measure
+equivalent: For this purpose each horseman has a small bag, which
+he fills with sand and burries in a hole of sufficient depth,
+having one end of the halter fixed to the bag, the hole being
+afterwards filled up and pressed well down to prevent the bag
+from being drawn up by the efforts of the horse. But on this
+urgent occasion, the troops of the viceroy did not take time for
+this measure, but held the halters in their hands, that they
+might be ready to mount and set out the moment it was necessary
+by the approach of their pursuers.</p>
+
+<p>In this long march, both the pursuers and the pursued suffered
+exceedingly from want of provisions; more especially the
+Pizarrians, as the viceroy used the precaution of removing the
+curacas and Indians from all the country through which he passed,
+that his enemy might find every part of the country deserted and
+unprovided with any means of subsistence. During this precipitate
+retreat, the viceroy carried along with him eight or ten of the
+best horses he had been able to procure, which were led by
+Indians for his own particular use; and when any of these became
+so tired as to be unable to proceed, he ordered them to be
+hamstrung, to prevent them from being useful to the enemy. While
+on this march in pursuit of the viceroy, Gonzalo Pizarro was
+joined by Captain Bachicao, who now returned from Tierra Firma
+with a reinforcement of three hundred and fifty men and a large
+quantity of artillery, having disembarked, from twenty vessels
+which he had procured, on a part of the coast as near as possible
+to Quito, and had made his way in such a manner across the
+mountains that he got to Quito rather before Gonzalo. On the
+junction of Bachicao, Gonzalo found himself at the head of more
+than eight hundred men, among whom were many of the principal
+people in South America, both townsmen or burgesses, planters,
+and soldiers. Owing to this large reinforcement, Gonzalo Pizarro
+found himself in such a state of tranquil security at Quito as
+hardly any usurper or tyrant had ever before enjoyed; as besides
+that this province abounded in provisions of every kind, several
+rich mines of gold had been recently discovered; and as most of
+the principal people of the province were either now along with
+the viceroy, or had attached themselves to him while at Quito,
+Gonzalo Pizarro appropriated all their Indians to himself,
+employing them in the collection of gold. From the Indians
+belonging to the treasurer, Rodrigo Nunnez de Bonilla, he
+procured about 800 marks [17] of gold in the course of eight
+months; besides that there were other repartimientos of greater
+value, and that he appropriated all the revenues and rights
+belonging to the crown, and even pillaged the tombs of the
+ancient sovereigns of Quito in search of treasure.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 17: Eight hundred marks of gold, or 6400
+ounces, at L.4 an ounce; are worth L.25,600: and at six for one,
+the value put upon bullion in those days by the Historian of
+America, are now worth at least L.153,600, perhaps a quarter of a
+million. As there were other repartimientos of more value than
+those of the treasurer, besides others not so valuable, it is not
+beyond bounds to suppose that Gonzalo may have acquired as much
+treasure at Quito as was equal to a million of our present money:
+A prodigious sum, considering that his army did not exceed 800
+men; being equal to L.1250 for each soldier.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>After a short stay at Quito, Gonzalo learnt that the viceroy
+had halted at the city of Parto, about forty leagues from thence,
+at the frontiers of the government of Benalcazar. Resolving to
+follow him, Gonzalo pushed on as he had done from San Miguel, and
+the light troops of the hostile parties had some interference at
+a place called Rio Caliente. When the viceroy was informed of the
+approach of Gonzalo, he hastily quitted Parto and retired to the
+city of Popayan at a greater distance from Quito, and was pursued
+by Gonzalo for twenty leagues beyond Parto. As Gonzalo found that
+he would have to march through a desert country, altogether
+destitute of provisions, he here discontinued the pursuit, and
+returned to Quito. Perhaps this was the longest and hottest
+pursuit ever made in war; as, counting from La Plata whence
+Gonzalo first set out, to Parto where the pursuit was
+discontinued, the distance is not less than 700 large Spanish
+leagues, or 2800 miles.</p>
+
+<p>On his return to Quito, Gonzalo Pizarro was so puffed up with
+the success which had hitherto attended him, that he frequently
+spoke of his majesty with much disrespect; alleging that the king
+would be reduced to the necessity of granting him the government
+of Peru, and even went so far as to say, if this favour were
+denied him, he would throw off his allegiance. For the most part
+indeed, he concealed these ambitious sentiments, pretending that
+he was always ready to submit to the orders of his majesty; but
+all his officers were satisfied that he meant to assert an
+independent dominion, and publickly avowed these absurd and
+criminal pretensions. On returning from Parto, he remained a long
+while at Quito, continually feasting and rejoicing; he and his
+adherents abandoning themselves to every degree of licence and
+debauchery, particularly in regard to the sex. It is even
+asserted that Gonzalo caused a citizen of Quito to be
+assassinated, whose wife he publickly lived with, and that he
+hired a Hungarian soldier, named Vincente Pablo to execute this
+infamous deed. This man was afterwards hanged at Valladolid, in
+the year 1551, by a sentence of the royal council of the
+Indies.</p>
+
+<p>As Pizarro found himself in the command of a strong body of
+excellent troops, which appeared entirely attached to his
+service, some of their own accord and others by constraint, he
+persuaded himself that no one could oppose him, or prevent him
+from enjoying his present elevation in peace and tranquillity. He
+was even convinced that the emperor would be obliged to treat him
+with cautious respect, and must find himself under the necessity
+of entering into a compromise. It was at this time, when Gonzalo
+considered himself as unresisted master of all Peru, that Centeno
+revolted from his tyrannical usurpation in the province of Las
+Charcas, and that he dispatched Carvajal for the reduction of
+that loyal officer, as has been already mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>Having continued a long time at Quito without receiving any
+intelligence of the measures which were taken by the viceroy,
+Gonzalo became anxious to learn what was become of him. Some
+alleged that he would return to Spain by way of Carthagena, while
+others gave it as their opinion that he would retire to Tierra
+Firma, to keep possession of the isthmus, to assemble troops,
+arms, ammunition, and provisions, and to wait for orders from his
+majesty; and a third opinion was that he would wait for these
+orders in Popayan, where he now was. No one suspected that he
+would be able to collect a sufficient number of troops in that
+place to enable him to undertake any enterprise for recovering
+his authority in Peru; yet it seemed advisable to Gonzalo and his
+officers to take possession of the Tierra Firma, on purpose to
+occupy the only direct passage between Spain and Peru. For this
+purpose, Gonzalo Pizarro appointed Pedro Alfonzo De Hinojosa to
+command the fleet which Bachicao had collected, giving him a
+detachment of two hundred and fifty men to enable him to occupy
+the isthmus, and directed him while on his voyage to Panama to
+coast along the province of Buenaventura and the mouth of the
+river of San Juan.</p>
+
+<p>Hinojosa set out immediately on this expedition, dispatching a
+single vessel, commanded by Captain Rodrigo de Carvajal direct
+for Panama, with letters from Gonzalo to some of the principal
+inhabitants of that city urging them to favour his designs. In
+these letters, he pretended that he was exceedingly displeased on
+hearing of the violence and rapacity with which Bachicao had
+conducted himself towards the inhabitants of Panama, in direct
+contradiction to his orders, which were to land the Doctor Texada
+without doing injury to any one. He informed them that Hinojosa
+was now on his way to their city, for the express purpose of
+indemnifying all those who had been injured by Bachicao; and
+desired them not to be under any apprehension of Hinojosa,
+although accompanied by a considerable force, as it was necessary
+for him to be on his guard against the viceroy and some of his
+officers, who were understood to be then in the Tierra Firma
+levying soldiers for their master. On the arrival of Rodrigo
+Carvajal at a place named Ancona about three leagues from Panama,
+he learnt that two officers belonging to the viceroy, Juan de
+Guzman and Juan Yllanez, were then in Panama, having been sent to
+that place to procure recruits and to purchase arms, with which
+they were to have gone to Popayan. They had already enrolled
+above an hundred soldiers, and had procured a considerable
+quantity of arms, among which were five or six small
+field-pieces; but, instead of going with these to join the
+viceroy, they remained to defend Panama against Gonzalo Pizarro,
+who they expected might send a force to occupy that important
+station.</p>
+
+<p>As Rodrigo Carvajal had only fifteen men along with him, he
+did not think it prudent to land in person; but sent secretly by
+night one of his soldiers to deliver the letters with which he
+was entrusted. The soldier accordingly delivered them to the
+inhabitants for whom they were addressed, who immediately
+communicated them to the magistrates and the officers of the
+viceroy. The soldier was taken into custody, from whom they
+learnt the coming of Hinojosa, and the orders with which he was
+entrusted. Upon this intelligence, they armed the whole
+population of Panama, and fitted out two brigantines which were
+sent off on purpose to capture Rodrigo Carvajal; but, as his
+messenger did not return, Carvajal suspected what had actually
+taken place, and set sail for the Pearl Islands to wait the
+arrival of Hinojosa, by which means he escaped from the
+brigantines. Pedro de Casaos was then governor of the Tierra
+Firma; and to be in readiness to defend his province against
+Hinojosa, he went immediately to Nombre de Dios, where he
+collected all the musquets and other arms he could procure,
+arming all the inhabitants of that place who were fit for
+service, whom he carried along with him to Panama, making every
+preparation in his power for defence. The two captains belonging
+to the viceroy, Guzman and Yllanez, likewise put their troops in
+order for resistance, and at first there was some jealousy
+between them and Casaos as to the supreme command; but it was at
+length agreed that Casaos should command in chief, as governor of
+the province, while they retained the immediate authority over
+their own men, and bore their own standards. Differences had
+subsisted for some time between these officers and the governor,
+because he had repressed some disorderly conduct in which they
+had indulged, and had advised them to set off with their men to
+the assistance of the viceroy for whom they were employed to levy
+troops; while they were averse from that measure, and finding
+themselves at the head of a respectable force, they made light of
+the orders of Casaos, and refused to obey him: But the necessity
+they were now under of providing for their mutual defence,
+occasioned them to enter into an accommodation of their
+disputes.</p>
+
+<p>After the dispatch of Carvajal to Panama, as already
+mentioned, Hinojosa set sail with ten vessels, and continued
+along the coast to the north till he arrived at Buenaventura, a
+small sea port at the mouth of the river San Juan which forms the
+southern boundary of Popayan, the government of Benalcazar. He
+proposed to learn at this place the situation and intentions of
+the viceroy, and to have seized any vessels that might be at this
+harbour, to prevent them from being employed by the viceroy for
+returning to Peru. On arriving at Buenaventura, Hinojosa sent
+some soldiers on shore, who brought off eight or ten of the
+inhabitants, from whom he learnt that the viceroy remained at
+Popayan, engaged in assembling troops and military stores for
+attempting to return into Peru; and that finding Yllanez and
+Guzman delayed their return from Panama, he had sent off his
+brother Vela Nunnez with several corporals on their way to
+Panama, to expedite the transmission of such reinforcements as
+could be procured, and had supplied him for that purpose with all
+the money belonging to the king at Popayan. Hinojosa was likewise
+informed that Vela Nunnez had the charge of a bastard son of
+Gonzalo Pizarro of twelve years old, who was found by the viceroy
+at Quito, and was now sent away to Panama, in the hope that the
+merchants of Panama might ransom him at a high price to acquire
+the good will of Gonzalo. The individual who communicated all
+this information added that the viceroy had employed a number of
+Indians to cut down a quantity of timber, which was to be
+conveyed to Buenaventura, on purpose to build a small vessel for
+the accommodation of Vela Nunnez; who must now be within a short
+distance of Buenaventura, and had sent this person before to
+inquire if he might come in safety to that place.</p>
+
+<p>On receiving this intelligence, Hinojosa landed two
+confidential officers with a party of soldiers, giving them
+orders to take two several routes into the interior, as pointed
+out by the informant, on purpose to take Vela Nunnez.
+Accordingly, one of these officers came up with Vela Nunnez, and
+the other got hold of Rodrigo Mexia and Saavedra with the son of
+Gonzalo Pizarro [18]. Both of these parties carried considerable
+sums of money, which was pillaged by the soldiers of Hinojosa;
+and the prisoners were brought on board the vessels, where great
+rejoicings were made for the happy success of this enterprize, by
+which their acquisition of Panama must be facilitated, and
+because they had done especial good service to Gonzalo by the
+liberation of his son.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 18: By Garcilasso de la Vega, this son of
+Gonzalo Pizarro is named Rodrigo Mexia; but Zarate could hardly
+be mistaken in giving that name to one of his
+conductors.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+. 
+
+<p>Hinojosa now resumed his voyage, in the course of which he
+fell in with Rodrigo de Carvajal, who gave him an account of the
+situation of affairs at Panama, and recommended the propriety of
+using judicious measures against that place, as it was provided
+for defence. Hinojosa accordingly appeared before Panama with
+eleven ships and two hundred and fifty soldiers. At this time
+there were more than five hundred men in Panama, all tolerably
+well armed, who were drawn, out under the command of Casaos to
+oppose the landing of the Pizarrians. But among these there were
+many merchants and tradesmen, little adapted for war, who hardly
+knew how to use their weapons, and many of whom were even unable
+to fire off a musquet. Many among them had no intention of
+fighting or of opposing the descent of the insurgents of Peru,
+whose arrival they were disposed to consider as more advantageous
+than prejudicial. The merchants expected to be able to sell their
+commodities, and the tradesmen were in hope of procuring
+profitable employment, each according to his occupation. Besides,
+the rich merchants had partners or factors who resided in Peru,
+and had charge of their most valuable effects; and were afraid,
+if they concurred in opposing Hinojosa, that Gonzalo Pizarro
+might revenge himself by seizing their goods and maltreating
+their partners and factors. Those who were principally inclined
+to oppose the landing of Hinojosa, were Pedro Casaos the
+governor, Guzman and Yllanez the captains belonging to the
+viceroy, Arias de Azevedo, Juan Fernandez de Rebollido, Andrew de
+Arayza, Juan de Zabala, Juan Vendrel, and some other considerable
+inhabitants of Panama; some from principles of loyalty, others
+from fear of future evils, lest Hinojosa might act with the same
+violence as had been done by Bachicao.</p>
+
+<p>Finding himself resisted, Hinojosa landed with two hundred men
+about two leagues from Panama, towards which place he marched
+close along the shore, being, protected on one flank by a range
+of rocks from the attack of cavalry, and on the other by the
+boats of his squadron armed with some pieces of artillery. Fifty
+of his soldiers were left on board for the defence of the ships,
+and orders were given to hang up Vela Nunnez and the other
+prisoners whenever the enemy were seen to attack him. Casaos
+marched with all his troops from Panama to meet Hinojosa, with
+the determination of giving battle: But when the hostile parties
+were almost within musquet shot and ready to engage, the whole
+priests and monks of Panama interposed between in procession,
+having their crucifixes veiled and every other demonstration of
+mourning, and prevailed on both sides to agree to a truce for
+that day, that endeavours might be used to bring about an
+accommodation. For this purpose negotiators were appointed on
+both sides; Don Balthasar de Castilia, son of the Conde de
+Gomera, was named by Hinojosa, and Don Pedro de Cabrera on the
+part of Casaos, and hostages were mutually interchanged.</p>
+
+<p>The deputy of Hinojosa affected to be astonished at the
+opposition of the governor and inhabitants of Panama, since he
+not only meant no harm to any one, but had come expressly to
+repair the injuries which had formerly been done by Bachicao, to
+purchase such provisions and clothing as they wanted, and to
+repair their ships; declaring that their only object was to
+oblige the deposed viceroy to return to Spain, pursuant to the
+orders of the royal audience, as his continuance in the country
+occasioned perpetual discord in Peru. But, as the viceroy was not
+there, Hinojosa intended to make only a short stay in the place,
+having orders from Gonzalo to offer no injury to any one unless
+attacked, in which case he must defend himself as he best could.
+The opposite party alleged that the presence of Hinojosa in
+warlike guise was sufficient to excite suspicion; since, even
+allowing the government of Gonzalo in Peru to be legitimate as
+they pretended, he had no jurisdiction in Panama, and had no
+right to direct the proceedings of any one at that place. That
+Bachicao had formerly come among them under pretence of peace,
+yet had committed all those violences and injuries, which
+Hinojosa now pretended he was come to repair. After a long
+conference, it was at length agreed that Hinojosa should be
+permitted to take up his residence in Panama for thirty days,
+accompanied by fifty soldiers to serve as a guard for his
+personal safety; but that the fleet and all the other soldiers of
+his party should repair to the Pearl Islands, where workmen and
+all necessaries for the reparation of the ships could be
+procured; and that at the expiry of these thirty days, Hinojosa
+and his armament were to return to Peru.</p>
+
+<p>On the conclusion of this convention, which was confirmed by
+mutual oaths and the interchange of hostages, Hinojosa took up
+his residence in Panama with a guard of fifty picked men, and
+hired a house in which he kept open table for every one who
+pleased to visit him, all of whom he allowed to divert themselves
+in play or otherwise as they pleased. By this procedure, he
+gained over most of the soldiers of Yllanez in a few days, and
+many other idle fellows joined themselves secretly to his party.
+It was even said that all these men had previously engaged by
+letter to have gone over to him if he and the governor had come
+to a battle on the former occasion. Indeed the governor and other
+principal persons of Panama had been chiefly induced to agree to
+the present accommodation by distrust of their soldiers, who were
+all eager for an opportunity of getting to Peru. By the
+above-mentioned means, Hinojosa soon saw himself at the head of a
+considerable body of troops, while the captains Yllanez and
+Guzman were almost deserted by all their men. As they saw
+likewise that the convention was in other respects ill observed,
+they secretly withdrew with fifteen men who yet remained, and
+endeavoured to get to Carthagena. Yllanez was taken soon
+afterwards by one of Hinojosas officers; on which he entered into
+the service of Gonzalo Pizarro, and was afterwards engaged on
+that side in the engagement at Nombre de Dios against Verdugo, to
+be afterwards related. Hinojosa continued to reside in Panama,
+where no one dared to oppose him. He increased the number of his
+troops from day to day, and kept them under excellent discipline,
+without allowing them to do injury to any of the inhabitants;
+neither did he intermeddle in any thing whatever except what
+concerned his troops. At this time Don Pedro de Cabrera and his
+son-in-law Hernan Mexia de Guzman, who had been banished from
+Peru by the viceroy, resided in Panama; and these two gentlemen
+were sent by Hinojosa, with a party of soldiers, to keep
+possession of the port of Nombre de Dios, which was of great
+importance to his security, and whence he might receive early
+intelligence from Spain and other places.</p>
+
+<p>Melchior Verdugo, an inhabitant of the city of Truxillo, was
+one of the richest men in Peru, being proprietor of the entire
+province of Caxamarca. On the arrival of the viceroy Blasco
+Nunnez Vela, Verdugo, who was originally from the same city in
+Spain, engaged heartily in his service, and continued in his
+suite at Lima, till the time when the viceroy proposed to
+dismantle that city and retire to Truxillo. At that period he
+commanded Verdugo to go before, that he might secure possession
+of Truxillo, with orders to levy soldiers and provide arms; and
+Verdugo accordingly embarked all his baggage and effects,
+intending to have set sail on the very day when the viceroy was
+imprisoned. As all the vessels at the port of Lima were then
+detained, Verdugo was unable to proceed; and, as Verdugo was
+particularly obnoxious to Gonzalo and his partizans, on account
+of his known attachment to the viceroy, he was one of the
+twenty-five who were committed to prison by Carvajal on his
+arrival at Lima, when De Baro and several others were hanged, as
+formerly related. For a long while afterwards he was in continual
+danger of being put to death; but at length Gonzalo granted him a
+pardon, though he still entertained suspicions of his conduct,
+but had no convenient opportunity of getting rid of him, till the
+departure of Carvajal against Centeno, when it was proposed by
+the lieutenant-general to have surprised him while at Truxillo,
+as formerly mentioned: But having some suspicions of his
+intention, Verdugo saved himself by flight, and concealed himself
+among his Indians in the province of Caxamarca.</p>
+
+<p>After Carvajal quitted Truxillo, Verdugo returned to that
+city; but as he expected Gonzalo might soon become master of that
+place, and would make him feel the effects of his displeasure, he
+resolved to abandon the country, yet wished to do it in such a
+manner as might distress Gonzalo as much as possible. While
+waiting a favourable opportunity for this, he made every
+preparation in his power for his intended enterprize, collecting
+as many men in his service as he possibly could, and employed
+workmen secretly to construct musquets, iron chains, fetters, and
+manacles. At this time a vessel arrived from Lima in the harbour
+of Truxillo, on which Verdugo sent for the master and pilot,
+under pretence of purchasing some of their commodities; and on
+their arrival at his house he confined them in a deep dungeon
+which he had previously prepared. After this, he returned to his
+chamber, causing his legs to be swathed with bandages, under
+pretence of certain malignant warts or ulcers to which he was
+subject, and sat down at one of his windows which looked towards
+the public square in which the magistrates and principal
+inhabitants used to assemble every day. When the magistrates came
+as usual to the square, he requested them to come into his house,
+as he wished to execute certain deeds in their presence, and the
+disorder in his legs rendered him unable to go out. Immediately
+on entering, he caused them to be carried into the dungeon, where
+they were deprived of their badges of office and put in chains.
+Leaving them under the guard of six musqueteers, he returned to
+the window of his chamber, whence he gradually enticed about
+twenty of the principal citizens into his house, all of whom he
+put in chains and fetters. He then went out into the city
+accompanied by a guard of soldiers, and proclaimed the king with
+much loyal solemnity, making prisoners of all who presumed to
+oppose him; which were very few, as Gonzalo had carried off most
+of the inhabitants on his expedition to Quito. Having thus made
+himself master of the city, and returned to his house, he
+addressed his prisoners, whom he reviled for having embraced the
+party of Gonzalo, and declared that he was resolved to withdraw
+from under the usurpation of the tyrant to join the viceroy, and
+meant to take along with him all the men and arms he was able to
+procure. For this purpose, he demanded that all his prisoners
+should contribute in proportion to their abilities, as it was
+quite reasonable they should give assistance to the royal cause,
+having frequently made large contributions to the usurper. He
+insisted therefore that every one of them should instantly
+subscribe for such sums as they were able to furnish, all of
+which were to be paid immediately, as he was otherwise resolved
+to carry them all along with him as prisoners. Every one of them
+accordingly agreed to advance such sums of money as they were
+able to procure, which were all instantly paid.</p>
+
+<p>Having brought this contrivance to a favourable issue, Verdugo
+made an agreement with the master and pilot of the vessel, and
+had every thing that could be useful or necessary carried on
+board. He then carried all his prisoners in irons in carts or
+waggons to the shore, and embarked with about twenty soldiers,
+and a considerable sum of money, partly exacted from the
+inhabitant, partly from the royal funds belonging to the city,
+and partly, from his own extensive revenues. Leaving his
+prisoners still in fetters on the carriages, to be liberated as
+they best might, he set sail along the coast to the northwards.
+In the course of his voyage he fell in with and captured a vessel
+belonging to Bachicao, containing a great deal of valuable
+articles which that officer had acquired by plunder in Tierra
+Firma, all of which Verdugo divided among his soldiers. He at
+first inclined to have landed at Buenaventura, on purpose to join
+the viceroy; but considering the small amount of his force, and
+the danger of falling in with the fleet of Gonzalo Pizarro, he
+directed his course for the province of Nicaragua, where he
+landed and applied to the principal persons there for assistance
+against the usurper. Finding small encouragement in that quarter,
+he addressed himself to the royal audience, which was established
+on the frontiers of Nicaragua, who promised him protection and
+aid, and sent for that purpose one of their number, the oydor
+Ramirez de Alarcon to Nicaragua, with orders to the inhabitants
+of that city to hold themselves in readiness to march with their
+arms and horses.</p>
+
+<p>Intelligence was soon received at Panama of the exploit of
+Verdugo at Truxillo, and his having gone to Nicaragua; and as
+Hinojosa suspected he might increase his force in that province
+so as to be enabled to disturb him in the possession of the
+Tierra Firma, he sent Alfonso Palamino with two ships and an
+hundred and eighty musqueteers to endeavour to dislodge Verdugo.
+Palamino easily took possession of the ship belonging to Verdugo;
+but as the inhabitants of Grenada and Leon, the two principal
+cities in the province of Nicaragua assembled in arms, under
+Verdugo and the licentiate Ramirez, to oppose his landing, and
+were much superior in number to his troops and provided with
+cavalry, he found himself unable to land with any prospect of
+success. After waiting some time in vain, he was obliged to sail
+back to Panama, taking several vessels along with him which he
+had captured on the coast, and burning several others which he
+could not carry away.</p>
+
+<p>On the departure of Palomino, Verdugo levied about an hundred
+well armed men, with whom he resolved to give as much
+interruption as possible to the schemes of the insurgents in the
+Tierra Firma. With this view he determined to make an attempt on
+Nombre de Dios, which he learnt was occupied only by a small
+detachment, which had no suspicion of being attacked. For this
+purpose, he fitted out three or four small vessels, in which he
+embarked his troops on the lake of Nicaragua, whence he descended
+into the gulf of Mexico by the river Chagre, which discharges the
+waters of that lake into the Atlantic. Finding some trading
+vessels at the mouth of that river, he received accurate
+information from their commanders of the state of affairs in
+Nombre de Dios, the number of the soldiers which occupied that
+place, and the different quarters in which they were lodged.
+Taking some of these mariners along with him as guides, he
+contrived to arrive at Nombre de Dios undiscovered about
+midnight, and went immediately to the house of Juan de Zabala, in
+which the captains Pedro de Cabrera and Hernan Mexia were
+quartered with some soldiers; who, roused by the noise, put
+themselves in a state of defence. Verdugo and his people set the
+house on fire, so that Mexia and his soldiers, who defended the
+staircase, were constrained to rush from the house to save
+themselves from the flames; and as the night was exceedingly
+dark, they escaped unseen, and saved themselves in the woods near
+Nombre de Dios, whence they escaped across the isthmus to
+Panama.</p>
+
+<p>Hinojosa was much chagrined at this exploit, and determined on
+revenge; but as he wished to give his conduct on the occasion
+some appearance of justice, he directed some of the inhabitants
+of Nombre de Dios to enter a regular accusation before the Doctor
+Ribera, the governor of that place, giving an exaggerated account
+of the insolent invasion of his government by Verdugo, who
+without any just pretence, had levied contributions, imprisoned
+the magistrates, and invaded the town of Nombre de Dios on his
+own private authority. They were likewise instructed to request
+Ribera to march in person to chastise the insolence of Verdugo,
+and Hinojosa offered to accompany him on this expedition with his
+troops. Ribera, who appears to have been then resident in Panama,
+agreed to all that was desired, and, accepted the proffered
+military aid to drive Verdugo from his government; on which
+Hinojosa and his officers swore to obey his orders as their
+commander on this expedition, and the troops were put in motion
+to march across the isthmus. On receiving notice of the approach
+of Hinojosa, Verdugo disposed his troops to defend the place, and
+caused the inhabitants of Nombre de Dios to take up arms, in
+addition to his own men. But as it was obvious that the
+inhabitants shewed no inclination for fighting, Verdugo suspected
+they might abandon him while engaged, and came therefore to the
+resolution of abandoning the town, and took post on the shore
+near his small barks. He waited for Hinojosa in that situation,
+having some boats in his rear, which he had seized to enable him
+to secure his retreat in case of necessity. Immediately on his
+arrival, Hinojosa attacked Verdugo, and several persons were
+killed at the first brunt. As the inhabitants of Nombre de Dios
+who were along with Verdugo, observed their governor acting as
+commander of the adverse party, they withdrew on one side from
+the engagement into an adjoining wood; by which the soldiers
+belonging to Verdugo were thrown into disorder, and they were
+forced to take to their boats and retreat on board their
+barks.</p>
+
+<p>After this repulse, Verdugo took possession of several ships
+that lay at anchor near Nombre de Dios, the largest of which he
+armed with some pieces of artillery and endeavoured to cannonade
+the town. But finding that he could do very little injury to the
+place, which was situated in a bottom, and as he was in want of
+provisions, and most of his soldiers had been left on shore, he
+retired with his small vessels and the ship he had seized to
+Carthagena, to await a more favourable opportunity of annoying
+the insurgents. Having restored Nombre de Dios to order, Ribera
+and Hinojosa left a sufficient garrison in the place, under the
+command of Don Pedro de Cabrera and Hernan Mexia, and returned to
+Panama, where they proposed to wait for such orders as might be
+sent from Spain respecting the troubles in Peru.</p>
+
+<p>On arriving at Popayan, as formerly related, the viceroy
+collected all the iron which could be procured in the province,
+erected forges, and procured workmen, so that in a short time he
+got two hundred musquets constructed, besides other arms both
+offensive and defensive, and provided every other species of
+warlike stores. Learning that the governor, Benalcazar, had
+detached a brave and experienced officer, named Juan Cabrera, to
+reduce some refractory Indians, with an hundred and fifty
+soldiers; the viceroy wrote a letter to Cabrera, in which he gave
+a detailed account of the insurrection and usurpation of Gonzalo
+Pizarro, and of his own determination to restore the kingdom of
+Peru to allegiance whenever he could collect a sufficient number
+of troops for that purpose. He earnestly intreated therefore,
+that Cabrera would immediately join him at Popayan with all his
+men, that they might commence their march together for Quito, to
+punish the rebellious usurper. To induce compliance, he
+represented in strong colours to Cabrera, the great and signal
+service which he had in his power to perform for the sovereign on
+this occasion; which likewise would be far more advantageous to
+his own personal interests, than any which could accrue from the
+expedition in which he was now engaged; as, on the defeat of
+Pizarro, he would be entitled to partake in the distribution of
+the lands belonging to Gonzalo and his partizans, and he might
+depend on being gratified with ample possessions for himself and
+his followers in the best districts of Peru. Farther to encourage
+Cabrera, the viceroy informed him of the events which had lately
+occurred in the south of Peru, where Centeno had erected the
+royal standard at the head of a respectable force; so that the
+present conjuncture was extremely favourable for an attack on
+Gonzalo, who could hardly resist when pressed from both
+extremities of the kingdom at once; and besides, that the
+inhabitants of Peru were now quite weary of the tyrannical
+violence and extortion of Gonzalo, and would doubtless revolt
+against him on the first favourable opportunity. As an additional
+inducement to Cabrera to join him, the viceroy sent him an order
+by which he was authorized to take from the royal coffers at
+Carthagena, Encelme, Cali, Antiochia, and other places, to the
+extent of 30,000 pesos for the pay and equipment of his troops;
+and as Cabrera acted under the orders of Benalcazar, he procured
+letters to him from that governor by which he was commanded
+immediately to obey the requisition of the viceroy. On receiving
+these dispatches, Cabrera immediately secured the funds which he
+was authorized to take, which he divided among his men, and set
+out with all possible expedition to join the viceroy at Popayan
+with an hundred well appointed soldiers. The viceroy had likewise
+sent orders for reinforcements from the new kingdom of Grenada,
+the province of Carthagena, and other places, so that his troops
+daily increased; and having learnt the capture of his brother
+Vela Nunnez, and the loss of Yllanez and his troops, he had no
+expectation of procuring any additional reinforcements.</p>
+
+<p>At this time, Gonzalo Pizarro was very anxious to devise some
+stratagem for inveigling the viceroy into his hands, as he
+considered his usurpation unsafe so long as that officer remained
+alive and at the head of a military force. With this view, that
+the viceroy might return into Peru where he might have it in his
+power to bring him to action, Gonzalo gave out that he intended
+to proceed to Las Charcas at the southern extremity of Peru, to
+repress the disorders occasioned by Centeno, leaving Captain
+Pedro de Puelles at Quito with three hundred men to oppose the
+viceroy. He proceeded even ostensibly to take such measures as
+were proper for executing this design; selecting such troops as
+were to accompany himself to the south, and those who were to
+remain at Quito; even distributing money to both divisions, and
+set off on his march for the south after a general muster and
+review of his army. Gonzalo contrived that intelligence of these
+proceedings should be conveyed to the viceroy, by means of a spy
+in the employment of that officer, who had betrayed his trust,
+and had even communicated to Gonzalo the cypher which he used in
+corresponding with his employer. Gonzalo made this person send
+intelligence to the viceroy of these pretended motions; and
+Puelles wrote likewise to some friends in Popayan, as if
+privately to inform them that he was left in the command at Quito
+with three hundred men, with which he believed himself able to
+resist all the force the viceroy might be able to bring against
+him; and these letters were sent purposely in such a manner that
+they might fall into the hands of the viceroy. Gonzalo likewise
+took care to spread these reports among the Indians who were
+present at the review, and who, having seen Gonzalo set off on
+his march to the south, were perfectly acquainted with the number
+of troops which accompanied him on the march, and of those which
+remained under Puelles at Quito. To give the greater appearance
+of truth to these reports, Gonzalo actually set out on his march;
+but halted at two or three days journey from Quito, under
+pretence of falling sick.</p>
+
+<p>On receiving intelligence of these circumstances, which he
+implicitly believed, the viceroy determined to march from Popayan
+to Quito, satisfied that he should be easily able to overpower
+the small force left there under Puelles, who had no means of
+being reinforced. He accordingly began his march, during which he
+was unable to procure any intelligence whatever respecting
+Gonzalo and his troops, so carefully were all the passes guarded
+to prevent either Christians or Indians from conveying advices on
+the road towards Popayan. While, on the contrary, Gonzalo
+procured regular notice of every step taken by the viceroy, by
+means of the Indians called <i>Cagnares</i>, a cunning and
+intelligent race. Accordingly, when the viceroy was arrived
+within a few days march of Quito, Gonzalo returned thither with
+his troops to join Puelles, and they marched together to meet the
+viceroy, who was then at Oravalo about twelve leagues from Quito.
+Although the viceroy was at the head of eight hundred men, and
+his force increased daily on his approach to Quito, Gonzalo
+confided in the valour and experience of his troops, among which
+were many of the principal persons in Peru, his soldiers being
+inured to war, accustomed to hardships and fatigue, and full of
+confidence in themselves from the many victories they had gained.
+Gonzalo did every thing in his power to satisfy his troops of the
+justice of the cause in which he and they were engaged;
+representing to them that Peru had been conquered by him and his
+brothers; recalling to their remembrance the cruelties which had
+been exercised by the viceroy, particularly in putting to death
+the commissary Yllan Suarez and several of his own captains. In
+the next place, he gave an exaggerated picture of the tyrannical
+conduct of the viceroy during the whole period of his government,
+owing to which he had been deposed by the royal audience, and
+sent out of the country to give an account to the king of his
+conduct: Instead of which, he now endeavoured to disturb the
+colony by sowing dissensions and encouraging insurrections, and
+had even levied an army in other provinces, with which he
+intended to reduce the country under his tyrannous rule, and to
+ruin all its inhabitants. After a long speech, by which he
+endeavoured to animate his troops with resentment against the
+viceroy, they all declared their readiness to march against him
+and bring him to battle. Some were actuated by interested
+motives, to prevent the enforcement of the obnoxious regulations;
+others by a desire of avenging private injuries; and others again
+by the fear of punishment for having taken up arms. But it is not
+to be concealed, that the majority acted from dread of the
+severity of Gonzalo and his officers, who had already put several
+persons to death, merely for having shewn some degree of coldness
+or disinclination towards the cause of the insurgents.</p>
+
+<p>On reviewing and mustering his force, Gonzalo found himself at
+the head of 130 well mounted cavalry, 200 musqueteers, and 350
+armed with pikes, or near 700 in all, with abundance of excellent
+gun-powder[19]. Learning that the viceroy had encamped on the
+banks of the river about two leagues from Quito, Gonzalo advanced
+to meet him. Juan de Acosta and Juan Velez de Guevara were his
+captains of musqueteers, Hernando Bachicao commanded the pikemen,
+and the horse were led by Pedro de Puelles and Gomez de Alvarado.
+On this occasion there was no person appointed to the office of
+major-general, the duties of which Gonzalo chose to execute in
+person. He detached seventy of his cavalry to occupy a ford of
+the river, by which he meant to cross over towards the camp of
+the viceroy, over whom he expected to gain an easy victory. It
+was now Saturday the 15th of January 1546, and the two armies
+remained all night so near each other that the advanced posts
+were able to converse, each calling the other rebels and
+traitors, those on each side pretending that they only were loyal
+subjects to the king.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 19: According to Garcilasso, the army of
+Gonzalo on this occasion amounted to 700 men, 200 of whom were
+armed with firelocks, 350 with pikes, and 150 were cavalry. In
+the History of America, II. 375, the force under the viceroy is
+only stated at 400; but both in Zarate and Garcilasso the
+royalists are mentioned as 800 strong.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>At this time, Gonzalo Pizarro was accompanied by the
+licentiate Benedict Suarez de Carvajal brother to the commissary
+Yllan Suarez de Carvajal who had formerly been put to death at
+Lima in presence of the viceroy. At that former period Benedict
+was on his journey from Cuzco to Lima, intending to have joined
+the viceroy against Gonzalo, and had arrived within twenty
+leagues of Lima when he learnt the murder of his brother, after
+which he dared not to trust himself in that city until the
+viceroy had been deposed and sent on board ship. He was
+afterwards made prisoner by Gonzalo, who was even on the point of
+putting him to death; but on setting out for Quito, Gonzalo took
+him into favour. Carvajal now followed him with good will against
+the viceroy, upon whom he was eager to take signal vengeance for
+the unmerited death of his brother; and was even followed on this
+occasion by about thirty of his friends and relations, who formed
+a separate company under his immediate command.</p>
+
+<p>The viceroy had arrived at a village called Tuza, about twenty
+leagues from Quito, when he learnt that Gonzalo Pizarro was
+returned to that city, and was now at the head of about seven
+hundred men. Believing himself however in sufficient force to
+attempt the recovery of his authority in Peru, the viceroy
+communicated this intelligence to his principal officers, whom he
+commanded to have every thing in readiness for battle. On his
+arrival at the river within two leagues of Quito, and in presence
+of the enemy who occupied the slope of a hill on the other side,
+he determined to endeavour to get into their rear, for which
+purpose he advanced with his troops by a road in a different
+direction from that on which the insurgents were posted,
+expecting to derive great advantages from this measure, as the
+whole infantry of Gonzalo, which formed his principal force, were
+posted on the slope of the hill directly in front, and his
+rear-guard of cavalry could have no suspicion of being liable to
+attack. The viceroy accordingly began his march on the night of
+the 15th January, leaving his camp standing with all his Indians
+and dogs, and with fires burning in many places, to deceive the
+enemy into a belief that he still remained in the camp. Marching
+therefore in perfect silence by the road which had been pointed
+out to him for gaining the rear of the insurgents, he expected to
+have attained his object before day: But as the road, had not
+been frequented for a long time, he encountered so many
+obstructions and difficulties, in consequence of the road being
+broken up in many places, that when day broke he was still a
+league from the enemy, by which all hope or opportunity of
+surprizing them was entirely lost. In this dilemma, he came to
+the resolution of marching straight upon Quito, in which there
+were very few to oppose him, and which was in no situation to
+give any resistance. He was in hopes of finding several loyal
+subjects in that place, who might have contrived to elude
+following the usurper to the field, and might now join his army,
+and he expected to find some arms and military stores left there
+by Gonzalo. On arriving at Quito, the soldiers of the viceroy
+learnt that Gonzalo was present with all his troops, which
+circumstance had hitherto been carefully concealed from their
+knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>In the morning of the 16th, the scouts of Gonzalo were
+surprised to hear so little noise in the camp of the viceroy; and
+having cautiously advanced, they learnt from the Indian followers
+of the royalist army in what manner the viceroy had passed the
+insurgents during the night. The scouts therefore made haste to
+apprize Gonzalo of this event, who learnt soon afterwards by
+messengers from Quito that the viceroy had taken possession of
+that city. Gonzalo therefore immediately marched for Quito,
+determined to give battle to the viceroy without delay; and
+although the viceroy was perfectly aware of the advantages
+possessed by Pizarro in the superior discipline and equipment of
+his troops, he courageously resolved to run the risk of battle,
+and even to expose himself personally to all its dangers. In this
+determination, he boldly marched from the city of Quito directly
+towards the enemy, as if assured of gaining a victory. To Don
+Alfonzo de Montemayor, who commanded his first company with the
+royal standard, he assigned the office of lieutenant-general,
+commanding every one to obey him in that capacity. Cepeda and
+Bazan led the cavalry, and Ahumada carried the great standard.
+Sancho Sanchez de Avila, Hernandez Giron, Pedro Heredia, and
+Rodrigo Nunnez de Bonilla were captains of infantry, over which
+Juan de Cabrera commanded as major-general. The viceroy was
+earnestly requested by all his officers not to engage in the
+front of battle as he intended, but to take post in the rear with
+fifteen horsemen, whence he might send succours to wherever they
+might be required; yet, when the engagement was about to
+commence, the viceroy rode up to the vanguard, and took his place
+beside the lieutenant-general, Don Alfonzo, in front of the royal
+standard. On this occasion the viceroy was mounted on a grey
+horse, dressed in an upper garment of white muslin, with large
+slashes, shewing an under vest of crimson satin fringed with
+gold. Just before beginning the engagement, he addressed his
+troops to the following effect: "I do not pretend, my loyal
+friends, to encourage you by my words and example, as I rather
+look for an example of bravery from your courageous efforts, and
+am fully convinced you will do your duty as brave and faithful
+subjects of our gracious sovereign. Knowing therefore your
+inviolable fidelity to the king our common master, I have only to
+say that we are engaged in the cause of God." These last words he
+repeated several times, exclaiming, "It is the cause of God! It
+is the cause of God!"</p>
+
+<p>After this short exhortation, the viceroy with Don Alfonzo and
+Bazan advanced to the charge, being opposed on the other side by
+the licentiate Carvajal. Gonzalo Pizarro had likewise intended to
+have taken post in the front of battle, but his officers insisted
+upon his remaining in the rear with eight or ten horsemen. In the
+first charge the cavalry shivered their lances, after which they
+continued to fight obstinately with swords, battle-axes and
+war-clubs or maces. In this part of the battle the cavalry of the
+viceroy were much galled by a line of musqueteers of the adverse
+army which plied them in flank. While fighting bravely, the
+viceroy beat down one of the insurgents named Montalva; but
+immediately afterwards received so severe a blow on the head with
+a battle-axe from Ferdinand de Torres, that he fell stunned from
+his horse. Indeed, both he and his horse had been so excessively
+fatigued by the difficult march of the preceding night, in which
+they had neither been able to take food or rest, that they were
+both easily overthrown. While this was passing with the cavalry
+of the van, the infantry on both sides advanced to engage,
+setting up such loud shouts, that one would have believed them
+much more numerous than they were in reality. Juan de Cabrera was
+slain at the very commencement of this part of the battle. Sancho
+de Avilla, advanced boldly at the head of his company to attack
+the enemy, brandishing a two-handed sword, which he employed with
+so much strength and address that he soon broke through and
+defeated half of the company by which he was opposed. But as the
+soldiers of Pizarro were more numerous in this part of the field
+than those who followed Avilla, he was surrounded on all sides,
+and he and most of his men slain. Until the death of the viceroy
+was known, the battle was very bravely contested by his infantry;
+but as soon as the knowledge of that unfortunate event had spread
+through their ranks, they lost heart and relaxed in their
+efforts, and were soon entirely defeated with considerable
+slaughter. At this time, the licentiate Carvajal observed Pedro
+de Puelles about to end the life of the unfortunate viceroy,
+already insensible and almost dead in consequence of the blow he
+had received from De Torres and a wound from a musquet ball:
+Carvajal immediately dismounted and cut off his head, saying,
+"That his only object in joining the party of Gonzalo was to take
+vengeance for the death of his brother."</p>
+
+<p>When the victory was completely decided, Gonzalo Pizarro
+ordered a retreat to be sounded to recal his troops who were
+engaged in pursuit of the enemy. In this battle, the royalists
+lost about two hundred men, while only seven were slain on the
+side of the victors. Pizarro ordered the slain to be buried on
+the field of battle, and caused the bodies of the viceroy and
+Sancho de Avilla to be carried to Quito, where they were buried
+with much solemn pomp, attending himself at the funeral and in
+mourning[20]. He soon afterwards ordered ten or twelve of the
+principal royalists to be hanged, who had taken shelter in the
+churches of Quito, or had concealed themselves in other places.
+The oydor Alvarez, Benalcazar governor of Popayan, and Don
+Alfonzo de Montemayor, were wounded and made prisoners in the
+battle. Gonzalo intended to have ordered Don Alfonzo to be
+beheaded; but as he had many friends among the insurgents who
+interceded for his life, and who assured Gonzalo that he could
+not possibly recover from his wounds, he was spared. Some time
+afterwards, Gomez de Alvarado sent notice to Benalcazar that it
+was intended to administer poison to these three prisoners in the
+dressings applied to their wounds or in their food; and
+accordingly he and Don Alfonzo took great precautions to avoid
+this treachery. As the oydor Alvarez was lodged in the same house
+with his brother judge Cepeda, he had not in his power to use
+similar precautions, and died soon after; and every one believed
+that he was poisoned in some almond soup.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 20: This authentic circumstance by no means
+agrees with the assertion in the History of America, II. 376,
+that the head of the viceroy was affixed on the public gibbet in
+Quito. From the text of Zarate, this battle appears to have been
+fought on the 16th January 1546. In the History of America, it is
+dated on the 18th; but the difference is quite
+immaterial.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Finding that he could not get secretly rid of Don Alfonzo as
+he wished, and having no hope of gaining him over to his party,
+Pizarro resolved to banish him into Chili, above a thousand
+leagues from Quito, and to send to the same place Rodrigo de
+Bonilla the treasurer of Quito, and seven or eight other persons
+of importance, who had always faithfully accompanied the viceroy
+under every change of fortune. Gonzalo did not put these men to
+death, as several of his own partizans interceded for their
+lives; and he did not deem it prudent to keep them near his
+person, or to permit them to remain in Peru. These exiles were
+accordingly sent off for Chili, under the charge of Antonio de
+Ulloa with a party of soldiers. After a march of more than four
+hundred leagues, mostly on foot, although their wounds were not
+entirely healed, these prisoners determined to make an effort to
+recover their liberty, or to lose their lives in the attempt.
+They accordingly rose against Ulloa and his men with so much
+courage and resolution that they succeeded in making him and most
+of his men prisoners. Being near a sea-port, they contrived by
+great address to gain possession of a vessel, in which were
+several soldiers and others of the insurgent party whom they
+overpowered; and leaving all their prisoners, they embarked
+without either sailors or pilot, and though none of them were in
+the least acquainted with navigation, they had the good fortune
+to reach New Spain.</p>
+
+<p>Not satisfied with wreaking his vengeance on those of his
+enemies who had fallen into his hands in consequence of the
+victory of Quito, Gonzalo sent Guevara to the city of Parto to
+apprehend some of his enemies who resided in that place, one of
+whom only was put to death, and all the rest sent into exile. He
+pardoned Benalcazar, who promised faithfully to become attached
+to his party, and sent him back to his government of Popayan,
+with part of the troops he had brought from thence in the service
+of the viceroy. He likewise assembled all the fugitive troops of
+the viceroy, to whom he in the first place urged the many causes
+of displeasure which he had for their past conduct, yet pardoned
+them as he knew they had either been misled or forced to act
+against him, and promised, if they served him faithfully in the
+sequel, that he would treat them as well as those who had been on
+his side from the beginning, and would reward them equally when
+the country was restored to peace. He sent off messengers in
+every direction, to announce the victory he had obtained, and to
+encourage his partizans, so that his usurpation seemed
+established in greater security than ever. Captain Alarcon was
+sent to Panama, to communicate the intelligence to Hinojosa, with
+orders to bring back along with him Vela Nunnez and the others
+who had been made prisoners in that quarter.</p>
+
+<p>SECTION V.</p>
+
+<p><i>Continuation of the Usurpation of Gonzalo Pizarro, to the
+arrival of Gasca in Peru with full powers to restore the Colony
+to order.</i></p>
+
+<p>At this period, some of Gonzalo's adherents advised him to
+send his fleet to scour the coasts of Nicaragua and New Spain, on
+purpose to take or burn all the vessels which might be found in
+these parts, by which he would effectually secure himself from
+any attack by sea. By this means, they alleged, when the
+dispatches and orders from his majesty should arrive in the
+Tierra Firma, finding no means of sending these into Peru, the
+ministers of the crown would be under the necessity of granting
+him favourable terms of accommodation almost equal to his wishes.
+Pizarro however had great confidence in the fidelity and
+attachment of Hinojosa and those who were with him, believing
+that he might trust implicitly to their vigilance, and refused to
+follow the measures proposed, as tending to evince too much
+weakness and want of confidence in the goodness of the cause in
+which he was engaged. He was besides so puffed up by the victory
+which he had gained over the viceroy, that he believed himself
+able to resist any power which could now be brought against
+him.</p>
+
+<p>Alarcon went accordingly to Panama, whence he brought back to
+Peru the prisoners who had been taken at that place by Hinojosa,
+and was accompanied on his return by the son of Gonzalo. When
+near Puerto Viejo on his voyage back, Alarcon ordered Saavedra
+and Lerma, two of his chief prisoners, to be hanged on account of
+some words they were said to have spoken against the insurgents.
+He was disposed to have put Rodrigo Mexia, another of these
+prisoners, to death at the same time; but the son of Gonzalo
+pleaded strongly to save his life, by representing how kindly he
+had been used by Mexia while in his custody. Vela Nunnez was
+conducted to Quito, where he was pardoned by Gonzalo, yet
+admonished to behave very carefully for the future, as the
+slightest suspicion would be fatal. Cepeda, one of the oydors of
+the royal audience, always continued to accompany Gonzalo, so
+that Ortiz de Zarate, the only judge who remained in Lima was
+unable to act in the absence of all the other judges. Indeed he
+was now less feared, ever since Gonzalo Pizarro had almost by
+force procured a marriage between one of the daughters of that
+judge and his brother Blas Soto[21]. Still however this judge
+retained every proper sentiment of loyalty to the king, although
+constrained by the exigency of the times to conceal his
+principles, and to seem in some measure reconciled to the
+usurper.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 21: Of this brother of the Pizarro family,
+no other notice occurs in Zarate.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>While these transactions were going on in the north of Peru,
+the lieutenant-general Carvajal continued his operations in the
+south against Centeno. As formerly related, he departed from
+Cuzeo with three hundred men, well provided with horses, musquets
+and other arms, marching by way of the Collao for the province of
+Paria, in which Centeno then was with about two hundred and fifty
+men, determined to await the arrival of the enemy and to run the
+chance of battle. When Carvajal was come within about two leagues
+of that place, Centeno retired a short space to the other side of
+the city, taking post on the side of a river in what appeared to
+him strong ground, and Carvajal took possession of the
+<i>tambo</i> of Paria, about a league from the camp of Centeno.
+Next day, Centeno sent fifteen well mounted musqueteers to bid
+defiance to Carvajal, and to challenge him to battle. On arriving
+within a stones throw of the tambo, they required a conference
+with Carvajal, to whom they delivered the following message:
+"That Centeno was ready to give battle in the cause of his
+majesty; but if Carvajal, who had grown old in the royal service,
+would return to his duty and abandon the service of the usurper,
+Centeno and all his followers would be happy to serve under his
+command." To this message Carvajal only returned abusive
+language, and the two parties mutually reproached each other as
+rebels and traitors. After some time spent in this manner, the
+fifteen royalists discharged their musquets and returned to
+Centeno, to whom they gave an account of the number and
+disposition of the enemy. This occurrence took place on Holy
+Friday in the year 1546.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after this defiance, Carvajal put his troops in
+motion to attack the royalists, but Centeno thought proper to
+retire to a more advantageous post, not deeming it prudent to run
+the risk of a pitched battle, and meaning rather to harass the
+enemy by means of skirmishes and night attacks. He was likewise
+in hopes that a good many of those who followed Carvajal might
+come over to his side as opportunity offered, as he understood
+many of them were much discontented with the harsh and brutal
+behaviour of the lieutenant-general, whom they served from fear
+and constraint, not from attachment. Besides, Centeno was
+unwilling to run the risk of battle, as Carvajal though inferior
+in cavalry to the royalist party was greatly superior in point of
+fire arms. In fact this resolution of retreating was much against
+the inclination of Centeno, who wished to have given battle to
+Carvajal; but as all the inhabitants of La Plata on his side
+opposed that measure, he was obliged to conform to their wishes,
+yet always determined to give battle on the first favourable
+opportunity. Centeno accordingly retreated fifteen leagues that
+day, and was followed by Carvajal with great diligence, insomuch
+that the hostile parties encamped at night very near each other,
+on which occasion Carvajal confided the guard of his camp to such
+of his followers as he could most surely depend upon. Towards
+midnight, Centeno detached eighty horsemen to assault the camp of
+the insurgents, which they did accordingly with much spirit,
+making several discharges of their fire arms, but without any
+favourable impression; as Carvajal drew up his troops in order of
+battle, and kept them all night in their ranks, strictly
+forbidding any one to quit their post on any pretence, lest some
+might desert over to the enemy. At break of day, Centeno decamped
+and resumed his march, and was followed by Carvajal with equal
+diligence always very near. In this second day of the retreat the
+two parties marched ten leagues, or near forty miles; and towards
+evening Camijal came up with one of the soldiers belonging to
+Centeno, who had lagged behind owing to extreme fatigue. Carvajal
+ordered him immediately to be hanged, swearing that he would
+treat every one of the enemy who fell into his hands in the same
+manner.</p>
+
+<p>Centeno continued always to retreat, and Carvajal to pursue
+close in his rear, both parties using the utmost possible
+diligence, insomuch that they every day marched twelve or fifteen
+long leagues, almost always within sight of each other. After
+some days, Centeno made a countermarch upon Paria by taking a
+different road, and even directed his march, towards the Collao,
+always followed by Carvajal. At Hayohayo[22] Carvajal came up
+with twelve soldiers belonging to Centeno, who had fallen behind,
+all of whom he ordered to be hanged. In consequence of these
+continued rapid marches, several of the soldiers of both sides
+used daily to lag behind from excessive fatigue, all of whom
+endeavoured to hide themselves as well as they could to avoid
+being made prisoners. Finding his force daily diminishing,
+Centeno complained loudly of his officers and followers for
+having prevented him from fighting; and as he found the whole
+country through which he now marched attached to the enemy, he
+determined to direct his march towards the coast intending to
+escape if possible by sea. For this purpose he took the direction
+of Arequipa, and sent off one of his officers named Ribadeneyra
+to endeavour to procure a ship somewhere on the coast, which he
+was to bring to Arequipa, that it might be in readiness to embark
+the whole remnant of the retreating party immediately on their
+arrival[23]. Ribadeneyra fell in with a ship on the coast which
+was ready to sail for Chili, of which he easily took possession,
+and found it well adapted for his purpose.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 22: The Callao is a district at the north
+end of the great lake of Titicaca. Paria and Hayohayo are two
+towns on the east side of the Rio Desaguadero, which flows from
+the south into the lake of Titicaca.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 23: Arequipa is not less than twenty-five
+miles from the nearest coast, at which place there is a bay or
+port named La Guata.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>"In the course of this pursuit, it happened, one day that
+Centeno had to pass a deep dell or narrow valley between two
+mountains, as often happens in that country, the descent to which
+was about a league from the top to a stream of water in the
+bottom, yet the hills were so precipitous and close together that
+their tops hardly exceeded a musquet shot. As Carvajal was well
+acquainted with this pass, he was confident of catching his enemy
+at this place as in a trap; believing that while Centeno was
+descending to the bottom, he should be able to gain the top of
+the hill, whence he might greatly annoy Centeno and his men while
+clambering up the opposite hill. Centeno was however fully aware
+of his danger, and was accordingly very careful to provide
+against the mischief which he foresaw might occur. He therefore
+placed six of his best mounted cavalry in ambush near the top of
+the first mountain, with directions to assail the rear of
+Carvajal's troops after the van and main body were past, so as to
+make a diversion and oblige Carvajal to return to succour his
+people, by which he and his men would be enabled, to get beyond
+the pass in safety. The ambush accordingly remained concealed
+until Carvajal and the best part of his troops were gone past;
+after which they sallied forth, and fell with great resolution on
+the rear which was marching on in disorder, consisting of a mixed
+multitude of Indians, Negroes, and straggling Spaniards, with
+horses mules and other beasts of burden, all in confusion and
+disorder, among whom they did great execution. Although he heard
+the noise occasioned by this unexpected assault, Carvajal
+continued his march for some time, believing it only a false
+alarm. The six horsemen therefore continued their assault almost
+unopposed, carrying all before them, and doing incredible
+mischief. Among the rest they overthrew a loaded mule which
+carried several quintals of gun-powder, which they blew up with
+so violent a noise that Carvajal was convinced of the serious
+nature of the assault, and found it necessary to desist from the
+pursuit of Centeno, and to return for the protection of his rear.
+When the six horsemen belonging to Centeno observed the approach
+of the troops of Carvajal, they immediately fled by cross ways
+and bye paths, under the guidance of some friendly Indians, and
+rejoined Centeno six or seven days afterwards. By this successful
+stratagem Centeno was enabled to escape across the dangerous
+pass, and even gained considerably in the retreat, as Carvajal
+was obliged to remain on the top of the first mountain all the
+rest of that day and the following night. Carvajal was much
+displeased at being thus foiled by one so much less experienced
+than he in the art of war, and observed to his officers, that
+during forty years service in the wars of Italy, where he had
+seen many fine retreats, accomplished by the king of France, by
+Antonio de Leyva, Count Pedro de Navarro, Mark Antony Colona, and
+other famous captains, he had never seen one so excellently
+contrived as this by Centeno[24]."</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 24: This paragraph, marked by inverted
+commas, is inserted from Garcilasso de la Vega in the text, as
+too long for a note.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Centeno arrived soon afterwards at Arequipa, and in less than
+two days Carvajal arrived there in pursuit. As the vessel
+procured by Ribadeneyra was not come to that part of the coast,
+and Centeno had not even received notice of its capture, he
+determined to dismiss his followers, now reduced to eighty men,
+that they might endeavour to escape separately, being utterly
+unable to make head against the enemy who was fast approaching.
+Centeno, accompanied only by two friends, withdrew, into the
+mountains, where he remained concealed in a cave till the arrival
+of the licentiate Gasca, being all the time supplied with
+provisions by a friendly cacique. On arriving at the coast of
+Arequipa, Carvajal was informed that Centeno and his people were
+dispersed; and hearing that Lope de Mendoza was at no great
+distance with eight or ten of the royalists, he detached one of
+his officers with twenty mounted musqueteers in pursuit. Mendoza
+however fled with so much diligence, that although followed for
+more than eighty leagues, his pursuers were unable to overtake
+him, and were at last obliged to return. Mendoza continued his
+retreat beyond the ridge of the Andes, into the eastern plain of
+the Rio Plata, where we must leave him for the present to
+continue the narrative of events in Peru.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the arrival of Carvajal in Arequipa, the ship
+which, had been seized by Ribadeneyra appeared on the coast, and
+Carvajal was informed by some of the soldiers of Centeno who
+remained at Arequipa of the intention of this vessel, and of the
+signal which had been agreed, upon between Centeno and
+Ribadeneyra. Wishing to gain possession of the vessel, Carvajal
+concealed twenty musqueteers near the coast, and made the
+appointed signal. Ribadeneyra at first believed that the signal
+was made by order of Centeno and sent the boat on shore; but
+having some suspicions of the actual state of affairs, he
+directed the people in the boat to be extremely cautious against
+surprize before venturing on shore. They accordingly, refused to
+land, unless Centeno himself made his appearance; and as this of
+course could not be complied with, they returned to the ship,
+with which Ribadeneyra immediately set sail for Nicaragua. As no
+part of the late force under Centeno remained in the field,
+Carvajal resolved to take up his residence for some time in the
+city of La Plata, as he was informed that Centeno and his friends
+had concealed a large quantity of treasure at that place, and
+that he might both endeavour to discover that deposit, and might
+draw as large a sum as possible from the rich mines in that
+neighbourhood. Carvajal was willing to communicate to Gonzalo a
+portion of the wealth he expected to acquire in that district,
+for defraying the expences of the war; but he proposed especially
+to enrich himself on this occasion, being exceedingly covetous,
+as has been already remarked. He accordingly went to La Plata,
+which submitted without resistance, and remained there for a
+considerable time amassing wealth, till obliged to take the field
+against Mendoza.</p>
+
+<p>Lope de Mendoza, as already mentioned, made his escape from
+Arequipa with a small number of followers, and was pursued for a
+long way. He for some time followed the line of the coast, and
+after he had eluded the pursuit of the party sent after him by
+Carvajal, he and his companions resolved so endeavour to
+penetrate into the government of Diego de Roias on the Rio Plata,
+as all the country of Peru had universally submitted to the
+domination of Gonzalo. For this purpose Mendoza followed the same
+route which Centeno had formerly taken when retreating from
+Alfonso de Toro; both because he thought his enemies would not
+pursue him by that road and because the Indians belonging to
+Centeno and himself dwelt in that part of the country, and he
+expected to procure provisions and other assistance from them.
+While travelling across these deserts, Mendoza met with Gabriel
+Bermudez, who had accompanied Diego de Roias on his expedition
+into the country on the Rio Plata. From this person Mendoza was
+informed of the events which had occurred to the expedition under
+De Roias, of which the following is an abstract:</p>
+
+<p>Diego de Roias, Philip Gutierrez and Pedro de Heredia, who
+went upon this expedition, had to fight their way among hostile
+Indians, in the course of which De Roias was slain. After his
+death, violent disputes arose between Francisco de Mendoza who
+succeeded in the command and the other officers engaged in the
+expedition, in the course of which Gutierrez was cashiered and
+banished. They continued after this to prosecute their
+discoveries all the way to the Rio Plata, receiving information
+that great riches were to be found in some districts in the
+neighbourhood, in which there were certain Spaniards who had
+penetrated into the country by ascending the Rio Plata from the
+Atlantic, and had formed establishments in the interior. In
+prosecuting the exploration, of that great river, they had fallen
+in with some forts which were built by Sebastian Gabota; and
+reported many other surprizing and wonderful things which they
+had seen in that country. In the course of their proceedings,
+Francisco de Mendoza was assassinated by Pedro Heredia, owing to
+which violent disputes had taken place among them, by which and
+the smallness of their force they had been rendered unable to
+proceed in conquering the country, so that at length they had
+come to the resolution of returning into Peru, that his majesty
+or the viceroy of that kingdom might nominate a new commander.
+They were likewise persuaded, when the riches of the country in
+which they had been came to be known, that they would be able to
+procure a considerable accession of new adventurers, so as to
+enable them to atchieve the conquest.</p>
+
+<p>In the course of their expedition they asserted that they had
+penetrated six hundred leagues to the eastwards of La Plata,
+through a champaign country of very easy access, and tolerably
+abounding in provisions and water. Bermudez added, that within a
+very few days they had learnt, from some Indians who occasionally
+traded into the province of Las Charcas, of the revolt which had
+taken place in Peru, but had been unable to procure information
+respecting the causes of this insurrection or as to who were
+chiefly engaged in it; for which reason he had been sent on
+before to inquire into these circumstances, and had received
+orders from the captains and other principal persons in the
+expedition, to offer their services to the party that acted for
+the royal interests, in which cause they might be of material
+importance, as they had a considerable number of excellent horses
+and plenty of arms. After the conclusion of this narrative,
+Mendoza gave Bermudez an account of all the late events in Peru;
+on which, in, virtue of the commission with which he had been
+entrusted, Bermudez promised in the name of all his companions to
+march against the lieutenant-general.</p>
+
+<p>Lope Mendoza and Bermudez went after this to meet the troops
+which were returning from the Rio Plata, which were at no great
+distance. When they were informed of the situation of affairs in
+Peru, they received Lope with every demonstration of respect, and
+confirmed the offers of assistance which Bermudez had already
+made in their name, declaring their resolution to devote
+themselves heartily to the service of the king. Lope de Mendoza
+gave them hearty commendations for their loyalty, and represented
+to them how honourable and praiseworthy it was to exert their
+utmost endeavours in the cause of their lawful sovereign;
+assuring them that they might all depend upon being amply
+provided for, when the country was restored to obedience. Lope de
+Mendoza was unanimously received as their chief, and conducted
+them to the village of Pocona, about forty leagues to the
+north-east of La Plata; whence he sent some confidential persons
+to certain secret places where he and Centeno had hidden above a
+thousand marks of silver under ground. On recovering this
+treasure, he proposed to divide it among those persons who had so
+nobly offered to follow his orders; but most of them refused his
+preferred bounty, either because they were already sufficiently
+rich, or because hitherto the soldiers who had been engaged in
+the wars of Peru had been unused to any regular pay, and only
+accepted money to answer their immediate wants, and to provide
+themselves with horses and arms. Even the lowest soldier, in
+those days expected, when the enterprizes of their leaders
+succeeded, to be rewarded for his services in repartitions or
+advantageous establishments in the country, by which they
+flattered themselves to acquire riches, so great was the
+reputation of the richness of Peru. By means of these men from
+the Rio Plata, Lope Mendoza found himself unexpectedly at the
+head of an hundred and fifty well mounted cavalry; all
+excellently armed and equipped for service. It was a great
+misfortune to the royal cause, that Centeno was now concealed,
+instead of having retreated into the interior along with Mendoza
+as he had done formerly; as if he had now been at the head of the
+royalists, with this important reinforcement, affairs might have
+taken a better turn than they actually did.</p>
+
+<p>While Carvajal was on his way from Arequipa for the city of La
+Plata, he received intelligence of the success of Gonzalo Pizarro
+at Quito, and that all Peru was entirely reduced under his
+command. He resolved therefore to repair to La Plata, as formerly
+mentioned, intending to regulate the affairs of the province of
+Las Charcas, and to collect treasure. On his arrival however at
+Paria on his way to La Plata he received intelligence of the
+arrival of the troops from the Rio Plata and of their junction
+with Lope Mendoza. Being informed at the same time that these
+unexpected opponents were by no means united among themselves,
+and that they marched very carelessly in separate and unconnected
+detachments, most of which refused to acknowledge any one as
+their commander, he determined to set out against them with the
+utmost diligence, that he might fall upon them in their present
+divided state. Being rejoined by the detachment which had pursued
+Lope Mendoza, and having put his men in order for a fresh
+expedition, Carvajal set out from La Plata and marched towards
+the enemy with the utmost possible speed, encouraging his troops
+by the assurance of an easy and bloodless victory, even asserting
+that he had received letters from the principal officers among
+the enemy in which they offered their services to him, so that
+they would only have the trouble of marching, without any danger
+of fighting.</p>
+
+<p>During this march Carvajal was joined by thirty men in
+addition to his former force, so that he was now at the head of
+two hundred and fifty men. At length he came in sight of Pocona,
+which is eighty leagues from Paria, about four o'clock of an
+afternoon, and made his appearance in good order, on the top of a
+rising ground within view of Lope de Mendoza, who was then making
+a distribution of money among such of his new companions as were
+willing to accept his bounty: Mendoza had already got some
+intimation of the approach of Carvajal; and as his own force
+consisted entirely of cavalry, most of whom were persons of some
+consideration, remarkably well mounted and armed, he drew up his
+men in good order in a plain at some distance from the village,
+in which he left the baggage and his money; saying, that he
+trusted through their bravery to be soon able to recover both,
+and even to increase their store by that belonging to their
+enemies. Carvajal immediately descended from the hill he had
+first taken possession of, and took post in the place which
+Mendoza had just quitted, which was an inclosare of considerable
+extent surrounded with walls, in which there were openings in
+several places. Carvajal chose this as a convenient post for the
+night, in which the enemy would not be able to attack with their
+cavalry. On learning that Lope de Mendoza and his men had left
+their baggage in the town of Pocona, the troops of Carvajal
+immediately quitted their ranks to go in search of plunder,
+insomuch that Carvajal was left in his camp with hardly eight
+men. If Mendoza had availed himself of this opportunity to attack
+Carvajal, he might have gained an easy victory, and might have
+boasted of having left his baggage exposed to plunder as a
+stratagem of war, which on similar occasions had often been the
+cause of signal victories. On purpose to recall his troops to
+their duty, Carvajal ordered a false alarm to be sounded, which
+occasioned the return of the greater part of his men; but so
+strong was their avidity for spoil that most part of the night
+was spent before they all returned to the camp.</p>
+
+<p>At this time there was a secret conspiracy entered into by
+many of Carvajal's followers, with the intention of putting him
+to death out of revenge for his harsh and tyrannical conduct
+towards them, and one Pedro de Avendano, his secretary, in whom
+he reposed entire confidence was the principal ringleader of the
+conspirators. To facilitate the execution of this enterprize,
+Avendano, sent a message by a clever fellow of an Indian to give
+Mendoza notice of the intentions of the conspirators, and to
+request he would make an attack upon Carvajal's camp in the
+course of the night, in the confusion attendant upon which he and
+the other conspirators might have an opportunity of executing
+their intended plot. Mendoza had previously determined upon
+withdrawing about four or five leagues from Pocona, to a level
+plain in which his cavalry would be able to act with much
+advantage. But on receiving the message of Avendano, he ordered
+his men to hold themselves in readiness to attack the camp of
+Carvajal at the going down of the moon, preferring the obscurity
+of night in order to avoid the danger of the more numerous
+firearms of the enemy. At that time he advanced in good order
+towards the enemy, sending some scouts in advance, who made
+prisoner of one of Carvajal's soldiers. After interrogating this
+man, they advanced to the openings of the wall which surrounded
+the camp, which they found guarded by some musqueteers and
+pikemen. Mendoza made a brisk attack, but was bravely resisted by
+the enemy, and so great was the confusion and noise that it was
+impossible to enter upon any parley, as no one could be heard by
+reason of the continual firing and the shouts of the
+combatants.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately on the alarm, Carvajal used his utmost efforts to
+get his troops into order and to animate and encourage them to
+exert themselves against the enemy. At this period, Avendano
+pointed out Carvajal to a musqueteer who was one of the
+conspirators, and encouraged him to take a steady aim at the
+lieutenant-general; but owing to the darkness, the shot missed of
+its intended effect; and only wounded him in one of his thighs.
+Finding himself wounded, and being satisfied it had been done by
+one of his own people, Carvajal deemed it prudent to conceal the
+circumstance for the present; and retired along with Avendano, of
+whose fidelity he had no suspicion, on purpose to disguise
+himself in an old brown coat-and a shabby hat, that he might not
+be conspicuous, after which he returned to animate his men to
+defend the camp. Avendano again pointed him out to another
+conspirator, who fired a second time at Carvajal, but entirely
+missed his aim. In the meantime the assailants frequently called
+out to know if Carvajal were dead; but receiving no answer, and
+finding that all the avenues to the camp were bravely defended,
+Lope de Mendoza drew off his men. In this night engagement about
+fourteen were slain on both sides, and several wounded. Carvajal
+got his wound secretly dressed, so that none of his people knew
+that such a thing had happened.</p>
+
+<p>After the cessation of the engagement, one Placentia deserted
+from Carvajal's camp, and informed Mendoza that all the baggage
+belonging to Carvajal and his troops had been left at a place
+which he described about five or six leagues from Pocona, among
+which was a large quantity of gold and silver, several horses,
+and some musquets and powder. On this information, Meodoza set
+off immediately with his troops for that place, guided by the
+deserter; and marching diligently all the remainder of the night,
+he arrived quite unexpectedly at the place where Carvajal had
+secured his baggage; but as the night was exceedingly dark, above
+seventy of his men lost their way and fell behind. Yet, with such
+of his people as had kept up with him, Mendoza took possession of
+the whole without any resistance. After this, being sensible that
+he was not in sufficient force to cope with Carvajal, Mendoza
+resolved to retreat by way of the desert in which Centeno had
+formerly taken shelter, which he did accordingly with about fifty
+men, all the rest of his troops having fallen behind during the
+night, as already mentioned. In the prosecution of this plan of
+retreat, Mendoza and his people reached a certain river about two
+leagues and a half from Pocona, where they halted to take some
+rest and refreshment after the excessive fatigues of the past
+night. Carvajal was soon apprised of the capture of his baggage
+and the route which Mendoza had taken, and immediately set off in
+pursuit with about fifty of his best mounted troops; and, using
+every possible diligence, he came to the place where Mendoza had
+halted, about noon of the next day, and immediately attacked the
+royalists, some of whom were asleep, while others were taking
+food. Thus unexpectedly assailed, and believing that Carvajal was
+followed by his whole force, the royalists made a feeble
+resistance, and very soon took to flight, dispersing themselves
+in every direction. Lope de Mendoza and Pedro de Heredia, with a
+good many others, were made prisoners and Carvajal immediately
+ordered these two chiefs, and six or seven other principal
+persons among the royalists to be beheaded.</p>
+
+<p>On this occasion Carvajal recovered the whole of his own
+baggage, and got possession of all that had belonged to the
+enemy, with all of which and the prisoners he had made, he
+returned to Pocona, engaging to do no injury to those who had
+escaped from the soldiers in the late attack, and even restored
+their horses arms and baggage to his prisoners, most of whom he
+sent off to join Gonzalo Pizarro. On leaving Pocona, he took
+Alfonso de Camargo and Luis Pardamo along with him, who had
+formerly fled along with Mendoza, and whose lives he now spared,
+as they gave him information respecting a considerable treasure
+which Centeno had concealed under ground near Paria, and where in
+fact he discovered above 50,000 crowns. After this, he went with
+his troops to the city of La Plata, where he proposed to reside
+for some time. At this place he appointed persons in whom he
+could confide to the offices of judges and magistrates, and
+dispatched intelligence of the success of his arms over the whole
+kingdom of Peru. He remained for some time at La Plata, where he
+collected treasure from all the surrounding country, under
+pretence of supplying Gonzalo Pizarro, but in reality he retained
+much the larger share for himself.</p>
+
+<p>Having thus succeeded, in all his enterprizes and established
+his authority in the south of Peru on such firm foundations that
+no opposition remained in the whole country, fortune seemed to
+determine to exalt him to the summit of his desires by the
+discovery of the richest mines which had ever been known. Some
+Indians who belonged to Juan de Villareal, an inhabitant of La
+Plata, happening to pass over a very high isolated mountain in
+the middle of a plain, about eighteen leagues from that city,
+named Potosi, noticed by some indications that it contained mines
+of silver. They accordingly took away some specimens of the ore
+for trial, from which they found that the mineral was exceedingly
+rich in pure silver; insomuch that the poorest of the ore
+produced eighty marks of pure silver from the quintal of native
+mineral[25], being a more abundant production than any that ever
+had been heard of before. When this discovery became known in the
+city of La Plata, the magistrates went to the mountain of Potosi,
+which they divided among the inhabitants of their city, setting
+up boundary marks to distinguish the allotments or each person in
+those places which appeared eligible for workings. So great was
+the resort to these new mines, that in a short time there were
+above seven thousand <i>Yanaconas</i>, or Indian labourers,
+established in the neighbourhood, who were employed by their
+Christian masters in the various operations of these mines. These
+men laboured with so much industry, that each Indian, by
+agreement, furnished two marks or sixteen ounces of silver weekly
+to their respective masters; and so rich was the mine, that they
+were able to do this and to retain an equal quantity to
+themselves[26]. Such is the nature of the ore extracted from the
+mineral veins of this mountain, that it cannot be reduced in the
+ordinary manner by means of bellows, as is customary in other
+places. It is here smelted in certain small furnaces, called
+<i>guairas</i> by the Indians, which are supplied with a mixed
+fuel of charcoal and sheeps dung, and are blown up by the wind
+only, without the use of any mechanical contrivance.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 25: This produce is most extraordinarily
+large, being equal to <i>four</i> parts of pure silver from
+<i>ten</i> of ore, or 640 ounces of silver from the quintal or
+1600 ounces of ore. At the present time, the silver mines in
+Mexico, which are the most productive of any that have ever been
+known, are remarkable for the poverty of the mineral they
+contain. A quintal or 1600 ounces of ore affording only at an
+average 3 or 4 ounces of pure silver. The profit therefore of
+these must depend upon the abundance of ore, and the facility
+with which it is procured and smelted.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 26: The gross amount of this production of
+silver, on the data in the text, is 11,648,000 ounces yearly;
+worth, at 5s. 6d. per ounce, L. 3,203,200 sterling; and,
+estimating silver in those days, at six times its present
+efficacy, worth L. 19,219,200 of modern value. In the present day
+before the revolutionary troubles, Humboldt estimates the entire
+production of gold and silver from Spanish and Portuguese America
+at L. 9,787,500; only about three times the quantity said to have
+been at first extracted from Potosi alone, and only about half
+the effective value.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>These rich mines are known by the name of Potosi, which is
+that of the district, or province in which the mountain is
+situated. Owing to the easy labour and great profit experienced
+by the Indians at these mines, when any of the Yanaconas was once
+established at this place it was found almost impossible to
+induce them to leave it or to work elsewhere; and indeed, they
+were here so entirely concealed from all dangers, and so much
+exempted from their usual severe drudgery and the unwholesome
+vapours they had been subjected to in other mines, that they
+preferred working at Potosi to any other situation. So great was
+the concourse of inhabitants to Potosi, and the consequent demand
+for provisions, that the sack of maize was sold for twenty
+crowns, the sack of wheat for forty, and a small bag of
+<i>coca</i> for thirty dollars; and these articles rose
+afterwards to a higher price. Owing to the astonishing
+productiveness of these new mines, all the others in that part of
+Peru were speedily abandoned. Even those of Porco, whence
+Ferdinand Pizarro had formerly procured great riches, were left
+unwrought. All the Yanaconas who had been employed in searching
+for gold in the province of Carabaya, and in the auriferous
+rivers in different parts of southern Peru, flocked to Potosi,
+where they were able to make vastly more profit by their labour
+than in any other place. From various indications, those who are
+most experienced in mining believe that Potosi will always
+continue productive and cannot be easily exhausted[27].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 27: It has however become very much
+exhausted, and has been in a great measure abandoned. The mines
+of Lauricocha, in a different part of Peru, are now in greater
+estimation. But those of Guanaxuato and Zacatecas in Mexico,
+notwithstanding the poverty of their ore, have been long the most
+productive of the American mines.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Carvajal did not fail to take advantage of this favourable
+discovery, and immediately set about the acquisition of treasure
+for himself by every means which his present uncontroulable power
+afforded. In the first place, he appropriated to his own use all
+the Yanaconas, or Indian labourers in the mines, which had
+belonged, to such of the inhabitants as had opposed him, or to
+those who had died or fled from the province. He likewise
+appropriated to his own use above 10,000 Peruvian sheep,
+belonging to the Yanaconas of the crown or to individuals, which
+were employed in transporting provisions for the miners. By these
+means, he amassed in a short time near 200,000 crowns, all of
+which he retained to his own use. His soldiers were so much
+dissatisfied with his conduct, as he gave them no share of his
+exactions, that they plotted together against him. Luis Pardamo,
+Alfonso de Comargo, Diego de Balsameda, and Diego de Luxan, with
+thirty others, who had entered into this conspiracy, had
+determined to put him to death about a month after his arrival in
+La Plata from his expedition against Mendoza; but, owing to some
+obstacles, they had been induced to deter the execution of their
+enterprize to a future period. By some unknown means the
+circumstances of this plot came to the knowledge of Carvajal, who
+put to death the before-mentioned leaders of the conspiracy, and
+ten or twelve others, and banished all the rest. By these
+merciless executions, in which he indulged on all occasions,
+Carvajal inspired so much terror that no one dared in future to
+make any similar attempt; as he not only punished in the severest
+manner all who evinced any intention of revolt, but put people to
+death on the slightest suspicion. Owing to this the loyal
+servants of his majesty may assuredly be exculpated from the
+blame which has been imputed to them, for not putting Carvajal to
+death: In reality, there were many persons sufficiently anxious
+to have done so, on purpose to escape from the cruel tyranny
+under which they groaned in secret; and four or five conspiracies
+were entered into for the purpose, which were all discovered, and
+occasioned the destruction of at least fifty individuals. By
+these means every one was terrified from attempting any thing
+against him, more especially as he gave high rewards to all who
+communicated any intelligence of the kind, so that all were
+forced to temporize and to wait in anxious hope of some
+favourable opportunity to deliver them from his cruel tyranny.
+Carvajal continued to remain at La Plata, frequently publishing
+accounts of the successes of Gonzalo Pizarro, to whom he often
+sent large remittances; derived from his own resources, from the
+royal fifths which he appropriated, and from the confiscated
+estates of those whom he put to death, all of which he seized
+upon, under pretence of supplying funds for prosecuting the
+war.</p>
+
+<p>From the 18th of January 1546, the day on which he defeated
+the viceroy, Gonzalo Pizarro continued to reside at Quito till
+the middle of July of that year, accompanied by a force of about
+five hundred men, occupied in almost continual feastings and
+revelry. Various reasons were assigned for his long residence in
+that place; some alleging that it was on purpose to be more at
+hand for receiving early intelligence from Spain; while others
+attribute it to the great profits he derived from the gold mines
+which had been recently discovered in that neighbourhood; and
+others again alleged that he was detained by attachment to the
+lady formerly mentioned, whose husband he had procured to be
+assassinated by Vincente Pablo. That woman was delivered, after
+the death of her husband, of a child which was put to death by
+her father; for which inhuman action he was ordered to be hanged
+by Pedro de Puelles.</p>
+
+<p>During his residence in Quito, Gonzalo Pizarro sent off
+several detachments of soldiers to different places, giving
+commissions and instructions to their commanders in his own name
+as governor of Peru. Among these, the lieutenant Benalcazar was
+sent back to his former government; having been pardoned and even
+taken into favour by Gonzalo. A reinforcement was also sent to
+Pedro de Valdivia who commanded in Chili, under the command of
+Captain Ulloa, whom he had sent to ask assistance to enable him
+to continue and maintain his conquests in that country. Other
+officers and soldiers were sent to other parts, which are
+unnecessary to be particularized. At length Gonzalo determined to
+leave Quito, and to establish his residence in Lima; and it has
+been alleged that he was principally induced to take this step
+from suspicion of the fidelity of Lorenzo de Aldana, his
+lieutenant at Lima, who was so much beloved by all the
+inhabitants of that city as to be almost in condition to have
+revolted to the royal cause. Gonzalo is said likewise to have
+been somewhat suspicious of his lieutenant-general Carvajal,
+being afraid lest he might be so puffed up by the many victories
+he had gained, and by his immense distance, as to be induced to
+set up for himself. He accordingly left Quito under the command
+of Pedro de Puelles, whom he appointed his lieutenant and
+captain-general in that province, with a force of three hundred
+men, having great confidence in his attachment ever since he had
+succoured him when in straits on his march from Cuzco to Lima,
+and when his army was on the point of abandoning him. He reposed
+so entirely on Puelles, that he believed, if the king were to
+send any force against him by the route of the province in which
+Benalcazar commanded, that Puelles would prevent them from being
+able to penetrate into Peru.</p>
+
+<p>While on his progress from Quito towards Lima, Gonzalo assumed
+in everything the deportment and authority of governor of Peru,
+and was treated in every respect as such by all the inhabitants
+of the country. He seemed to believe that his authority was so
+well and firmly established that he had nothing to fear from the
+attempts of his enemies, and that even the king would be obliged
+to grant him any terms he might require. All his officers
+soldiers and dependents obeyed and respected him entirely, as if
+satisfied that they were always to be subject to his authority,
+and to depend upon him alone for advancement and reward. In the
+exercise of his usurped authority, he made many grants or
+repartitions of lands and Indians, all of them for long periods,
+which every one considered as secure of being continued. He and
+his principal officers pretended that they frequently received
+letters from some of the highest of the nobles in Spain, praising
+his conduct and approving of every thing he had done, which these
+pretended letters justified on account of the infringements which
+had been made on the rights and privileges of the colonists. In
+these letters likewise, the pretended Spanish grandees were made
+to engage their favour and credit at court to support his
+interest and authority with the sovereign. The well informed
+among the followers of Gonzalo Pizarro saw clearly that these
+letters were mere fabrications to impose upon the vulgar, and had
+no foundation whatever in truth.</p>
+
+<p>On his arrival at the city of San Miguel, Gonzalo learned that
+there were a considerable number of Indians in that neighbourhood
+who had not been reduced under subjection; for which reason he
+gave orders to establish a military post in the province of
+<i>Garrochamba[28]</i>, the command of which he conferred on
+Captain Mercadillo, with a force of an hundred and thirty men,
+and gave him instructions for completing the conquest of that
+district, and for dividing the lands and Indians into
+repartitions like the rest of the country. At this time likewise,
+he detached Captain Porcel with sixty soldiers to complete the
+conquest of the Bracamoros. In these proceedings, he wished it to
+be believed that his sole object was for the advantage of the
+colony; but his real purpose was to keep his troops on foot and
+in employ, in case of needing them at a future period for his own
+defence in support of his usurpation. Before leaving Quito,
+Gonzalo sent off the licentiate Carvajal by sea with a party of
+soldiers, in the ships which Juan Alonzo Palomino had brought
+from Nicaragua after his pursuit of Verdugo. Carvajal was ordered
+to proceed along the coast towards Lima, and to settle all the
+maritime towns in his way in good order.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 28: No such province or district is now
+found in the maps of Peru; but it appears to have been on the
+confines between the northern part of Peru Proper and the
+southern extremity of Quito, where Valladolid now
+stands.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The licentiate Carvajal after executing the before-mentioned
+orders, came to Truxillo to meet Gonzalo Pizarro, whence they
+went together to Lima, accompanied by a force of two hundred men.
+On approaching Lima, there was a diversity of opinions among the
+followers of Pizarro, respecting the ceremonies with which he
+should be received into the capital of Peru. Some of his officers
+were desirous that the magistracy should come out to meet him
+with a canopy, under which he should make his entry after the
+manner usually practised with kings. Some even proposed that a
+breach should be made in the walls, and some of the houses of the
+city thrown down, so as to make a new entrance on purpose in
+memory of his victory over the viceroy, as used to be done
+anciently in Rome for the reception of triumphant generals. In
+this, as in all other important affairs, Gonzalo was guided by
+the advice of the licentiate Carvajal, and entered the city on
+horseback, preceded by all his captains on foot leading their
+horses by the bridles. On this occasion he was accompanied by the
+archbishop of Lima, the bishops of Cuzco and Quito, and the
+bishop of Bogota, who had come into Peru by way of Carthagena on
+purpose to receive consecration. He was likewise accompanied by
+Lorenzo de Aldana, his lieutenant-governor of Lima, and by all
+the magistrates and inhabitants of the city; no one daring to
+remain at home lest they might be suspected of disaffection. The
+streets were all ornamented with green herbs and flowers; all the
+bells of the churches and monasteries were kept ringing; and the
+cavalcade was preceded by a numerous band of trumpets
+kettle-drums and other warlike instruments of music. In this
+pompous manner, Pizarro was conducted in the first place to the
+great church, and thence to his own residence.</p>
+
+<p>From this time, Gonzalo Pizarro conducted himself with much
+more pride and haughtiness than formerly, conceiving high ideas
+of his own importance from these public ceremonials of respect,
+as usually happens to men of feeble minds on any sudden
+elevation. He had a guard for his person of eighty halberdiers,
+besides several horsemen, who acompanied him wherever he went. No
+person whatever was permitted to be seated in his presence; and
+there were very few persons whom he designed to honour so far as
+to return their salute. By these haughty manners, and still more
+by his frequent disobliging and even abusive manner of speaking,
+he displeased every one and became universally disliked. It must
+likewise be mentioned, that the soldiery, to whom he owed
+everything, became exceedingly discontented with him, as he gave
+them no pay. All this had a powerful influence on his downfall in
+the sequel; though for the present every one concealed their real
+sentiments, waiting for a more favourable opportunity.</p>
+
+<hr align="center" width="25%">
+<p>"Following Garcilasso de la Vega and other authors, the
+Historian of America[29] alleges that Gonzalo Pizarro was urged
+by several of his adherents, and in particular by Carvajal, to
+assume the sovereignty of Peru; to attach the Spaniards to his
+interest by liberal grants of lands and Indians, and by the
+creation of titles of nobility similar to those in Europe; to
+establish military orders of knighthood, with privileges
+distinctions and pensions, resembling those in Spain, as
+gratifications to the officers in his service; and to gain the
+whole body of natives to his service, by marrying the Coya, or
+Peruvian princess next in relation to the reigning Inca. Thus at
+the head of the ancient inhabitants of the country and of the
+colonists, he might set the power of Spain at defiance, and could
+easily repel any force that might be sent from Spain to such a
+distance. These counsellors who urged Pizarro to adopt this plan,
+insisted that he had already gone too far to expect pardon from
+the emperor; and endeavoured to convince him that all the
+founders of great monarchies had risen by their personal merit
+and their own valour, without any pretensions to ancient lineage
+or valid rights of sovereignty; and that, besides, his family had
+a strong title to the dominion of Peru, founded on the rights of
+discovery and conquest. But the inferior talents of Gonzalo
+circumscribed his ambition within more narrow bounds, and
+confined his views to the obtaining a confirmation of the
+authority which he now possessed from the emperor; for which
+purpose he sent an officer of distinction to Spain, to give such
+a representation of his conduct and the state of the country, as
+might induce the court, from inclination or necessity, to
+continue him as governor of Peru for life. Although Garcilasso de
+la Vega gives full warrant for this account of the proposals of
+the insurgents, Zarate, who was then resident in a public
+character in Peru, makes no mention of any such plan having been
+agitated, which could hardly have happened without his knowledge:
+It is probable therefore that these additional circumstances were
+invented by the enemies of Gonzalo after his fall, on purpose to
+blacken his memory by the imputation of even deeper crimes than
+those he was actually guilty of."--E.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 29: History of America, II.
+378.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>SECTION VI.</p>
+
+<p><i>History of the Expedition of Pedro de la Gasca, the Death
+of Gonzalo Pizarro, and the Restoration of Peru to
+Tranquillity.</i></p>
+
+<p>While these things were transacting in Peru, the emperor
+Charles V. was residing in Germany, where he had gone on purpose
+to overthrow the party of the Lutherans and others who had
+separated from the church of Rome. The emperor was desirous to
+receive an account of the disturbances in that distant and
+valuable colony from Diego Alvarez Cueto, the brother-in-law of
+the late viceroy, and Francisco Maldonado the messenger of
+Gonzalo Pizarro, both of whom went into Germany for that purpose.
+At this time, however, though acquainted with the revolt of Peru,
+the imprisonment of the viceroy, and the usurpation of the
+government by Pizarro, the court necessarily remained ignorant of
+the death of the viceroy. Frequent deliberations were held for
+devising proper remedies to restore tranquillity to Peru; but the
+matter lay over for some considerable time, in consequence of the
+absence of the emperor from Spain, and because he was at this
+time frequently attacked by illness. At length it was determined
+to send over into Peru the licentiate Pedro de la Gasca, at that
+time a counsellor of inquisition. The prudent and intelligent
+character of this man was already well known, from the skill and
+success with which he had already conducted several affairs of
+consequence with which he had been entrusted, and particularly by
+the excellent dispositions and preparations which he had made,
+only a few years before, to defend the kingdom of Valencia
+against an expected invasion of the Turks and Moors, and in
+various matters respecting the new converts in that kingdom,
+which he took the management of while occupied in some of the
+affairs of the holy office on which he had been sent thither by
+the emperor.</p>
+
+<p>The title granted to Gasca on occasion of going into Peru, was
+only that of president of the royal court of audience. But, by
+his commision, he was invested with full powers in every thing
+respecting the government of the country; to pacify the troubles
+and restore peace; and to pardon as he might see proper all
+crimes, whether committed before his arrival or during his
+residence in the country. Along with Gasca, the licentiates Ganas
+and Renteria went out to Peru, as judges or oydors of the supreme
+tribunal or royal court of audience. Gasca was likewise furnished
+with full powers to raise troops in case of necessity, and to do
+every thing that the exigency of affairs might require, without
+waiting for orders or instructions from Spain. His powers and
+orders however were kept secret, as it was wished to attempt the
+restoration of order by gentle means; for which reason nothing
+was spoken of but pardon and indemnity, and he was desired to
+endeavour to restore the colony to peace and tranquillity by
+means of clemency if possible.</p>
+
+<p>Gasca embarked from Spain in the month of May 1546, on purpose
+to quell the formidable rebellion which had long subsisted in
+Peru, without either money or troops, and merely accompanied by
+such servants and officers of his household as were requisite to
+support the dignity of his office as president of the high court
+of audience. On arriving at St Martha, he received information of
+the defeat of Melchior Verdugo, formerly mentioned, and that
+Verdugo waited for him at Carthagena with the small remnant of
+his men who had escaped on that occasion. Knowing that Hinojosa
+and his people were exceedingly irritated against Verdugo, Gasca
+resolved to go by way of Nombre de Dios, to prevent the
+insurgents from entertaining any suspicions of his pacific
+intentions, as he believed they would prevent him from having any
+access into the country if he held any intercourse with Verdugo,
+and still more if he were joined by that obnoxious person. Gasca
+cast anchor in the harbour of Nombre de Dios on the 27th of July
+1546, where Hernan Mexia had been posted by Hinojosa with an
+hundred and eighty men, to protect that place and neighbourhood
+against Melchior Verdugo. The president sent on shore Alfonzo de
+Alvarado, who had accompanied him from Spain, to notify his
+arrival and the purposes of his mission to Mexia. After some
+conference, they separated without communicating their real
+sentiments to each other, as both were suspicious and kept up
+much reserve. On the return of Alvarado to the ship, Mexia sent
+to request the president to disembark, which he did accordingly.
+On this occasion Mexia went to meet him, in a barge attended by
+twenty musqueteers, leaving the rest of his troops drawn up on
+the beach. Mexia immediately left his own barge, and accompanied
+the president in his boat to the shore, where he caused him to be
+received with every mark of respect, under a salute from the
+troops.</p>
+
+<p>After landing, the president, in a private conference, gave
+Mexia an account of the object of his voyage to Peru; on which
+Mexia expressed his determined resolution to yield implicit
+obedience to the royal orders, and to devote his services
+accordingly to the president. He declared, that he had long and
+anxiously waited the arrival of some person possessing authority
+to put an end to the troubles; and that, fortunately,
+circumstances were now extremely favourable for this purpose,
+without any one to oppose, as he was now the sole commander of
+most of the troops belonging to Gonzalo Pizarro in that
+neighbourhood, the greater part of which were now in Nombre de
+Dios. Mexia said farther that, Hinojosa and the other captains
+having gone to Panama, he found himself at liberty to declare
+himself openly for his majesty, if that were judged proper by the
+president; and that they might then go in company to Panama,
+where they would easily become masters of the fleet in that port,
+by means which he explained; and that he was likewise convinced
+that, when Hinojosa and the other captains were informed of the
+powers and intentions of the president, they would receive him
+with all submission. The president thanked Mexia for his good
+intentions, observing that it was necessary to use lenient
+measures on this occasion, as his majesty was very desirous to
+restore the country to peace and good order, without having
+recourse to warlike measures, if it could possibly be
+accomplished. As it was obvious to every one, that the chief
+cause of the disturbances was owing to the inflexible rigour of
+the late viceroy, he wished, therefore, that it might be known by
+all, that his majesty wished to remedy all grievances in the most
+gracious manner; and he trusted, therefore, when it was publickly
+known that all might expect safety and pardon by returning to
+their duty, that all the colonists would evince their respectful
+loyalty by tendering their services, rather than continue in
+rebellion against the sovereign. The president concluded by
+declaring his resolution to refrain from any endeavour to use
+force, till all the colonists were apprized of his intentions as
+now expressed.</p>
+
+<p>Mexia assured the president, that he was ready to obey his
+orders in all things; yet considered it proper for him to
+observe, that although he was now able to command the soldiers
+then at Nombre de Dios; matters might assume a very different
+aspect on proceeding to Panama, where the soldiers would be under
+the orders of Hinojosa. The president expressed his
+determination, however, to proceed in his enterprize, to which
+Mexia consented; and they mutually agreed to keep their
+intentions secret till affairs should take a favourable turn, as
+will be seen in the sequel.</p>
+
+<p>When Hinojosa, who acted as general under Pizarro in the
+Tierra Firma, learnt the reception which the president had met
+with from Mexia, he was much dissatisfied, both because he was
+ignorant of the orders and instructions under which the president
+acted, and because Mexia had not communicated his intentions.
+Hinojosa wrote therefore to Mexia in a harsh and peremptory
+manner, reflecting bitterly on his conduct, and, at the same
+time, some friends of Mexia, who were then resident in Panama,
+wrote to dissuade him from coming to that place, as Hinojosa was
+much irritated against him for the friendly reception he had
+given to the president. Notwithstanding this, it was agreed upon
+in a conference between the president and Mexia, that the latter
+should go immediately to Panama to confer with Hinojosa, lest the
+minds of the soldiery should take any adverse turn by delay.
+Despising the dangers with which he was threatened, and the
+suspicions that had been endeavoured to be instilled into his
+mind, Mexia set out for Panama, confiding in the friendship which
+subsisted between him and Hinojosa, and in his knowledge of the
+character and dispositions of that officer. In an interview with
+Hinojosa, he fully explained the reasons of his conduct in
+receiving the president; adding, that whatever party they might
+choose ultimately to favour, all that had hitherto been done
+could do no harm. Hinojosa was entirely satisfied with this
+explanation, and allowed Mexia to return to Nombre de Dios.</p>
+
+<p>After the return of Mexia, the president went across the
+isthmus to Panama, where he held separate conferences with
+Hinojosa and the different captains, which he conducted with so
+much prudence and secrecy, that he gained them all over to the
+royal cause, without any of them having any communication with
+the others on the subject, so that he was soon in condition to
+speak with them publickly on the objects of his mission, having
+brought them all over to his sentiments and engaged them to
+second his intentions. By supplying the soldiers with every thing
+of which they were in need, he brought them all easily into his
+measures, believing that the most effectual means of succeeding
+in his mission, was by acting gently and in a conciliating manner
+with every one: yet in all this he acted without meanness or
+servility, constantly preserving the dignity becoming his rank
+and authority. In all his negociations, the president was ably
+and faithfully seconded by his major-general Alfonzo de Alvarado,
+who was exceedingly serviceable on every occasion, both in
+consequence of having many friends among the officers, and
+because those even who were not among the number were much
+influenced by his authority and character. At first Hinojosa
+hesitated about declaring for the president, and even notified
+his arrival to Gonzalo Pizarro. Some of the captains and other
+principal persons at Panama had likewise written to Gonzalo, even
+before the arrival of the president at Panama, giving it as their
+advice that he ought not to be allowed to enter Peru; but in the
+sequel these persons changed their opinion by the persuasion of
+Gasca. During his residence at Panama, the president contrived to
+manage so judiciously with Hinojosa, whom he frequently visited,
+that he procured his consent to send Pedro Hernandez Paniagua, a
+gentleman who had accompanied him from Spain, with letters to
+Gonzalo Pizarro apprizing him of his arrival in Tierra Firma, and
+the object of his mission. Among these letters was one from the
+king, to the following effect:</p>
+
+<p>THE KING, TO GONZALO PIZARRO.</p>
+
+<p>"Gonzalo Pizarro, from your letters and the information of
+other persons, we have been informed of the commotions and
+disorders which have arisen in all the provinces of Peru, since
+the arrival of the viceroy Blasco Nunnez Vela and the judges of
+the royal audience. We are convinced that these troubles have
+been produced by endeavouring to establish and enforce, in their
+utmost rigour, the new laws and regulations which we had judged
+proper for the government of that country, and for insuring good
+treatment to the native inhabitants. We are satisfied that you,
+and those who have acted along with you during these troubles,
+have not been actuated by any disinclination to your obedience
+and loyalty towards us, but merely in opposition to the extreme
+rigour and inexorable obstinacy of the viceroy, who refused to
+listen to the supplications and remonstrances which were made to
+him on the new regulations."</p>
+
+<p>"Being well informed in regard to all these affairs, and
+having heard every thing that Francisco Maldonado had in charge
+to say on the subject from you and the inhabitants of these
+provinces, we have thought proper to send over as our president
+the licentiate De la Gasca, a member of our council of the holy
+inquisition, to whom we have given full power and authority to do
+every thing that he may deem proper and necessary for restoring
+tranquillity and good order in the country, to replace its
+affairs on a proper footing, and to introduce such regulations as
+may tend to the good of our service and the glory of God, and the
+advantage of the country and its inhabitants, both such as are
+our natural subjects and the original inhabitants. For this
+reason we will and command, and expressly desire, that you may be
+punctually obedient to every thing which the said Gasca shall
+order you in our name, in the same manner as if his commands were
+from ourselves; and that you give him every assistance in your
+power in every thing which he may require, and which may be
+necessary for executing the orders which we have given him,
+according as he may inform you, or shall require in our name,
+conform to the confidence we repose in your fidelity. On our
+part, we assure you that we entertain a just estimation of the
+services which you and your brother the marquis have done, and
+that we shall reward the same in time and place convenient to his
+children and brothers by effective marks of our good will. Given
+at Venlo, this sixteenth of February in the year of grace one
+thousand five hundred and forty-six."</p>
+
+<p>I THE KING. <i>By order of his Majesty,</i> FRANCISCO DE
+ERASO.</p>
+
+<p>Along with this letter from the emperor, the president wrote
+to Gonzalo Pizarro, dated on the 26th of September 1546 from
+Panama, and addressed to the illustrious senior Gonzalo Pizarro,
+in the city of Lima, of which the following is the substance.</p>
+
+<p>"I have delayed sending the letter of his imperial majesty,
+which accompanies this present communication, till now, in the
+hope of being able to set out for Peru immediately after my
+arrival in this country, and because it appeared more conformable
+to the respect and obedience which I owe to his majesty to have
+delivered his royal letter in person than to allow it to be
+preceded by any writing from myself. Finding, however, that my
+voyage is necessarily delayed, and being informed that you have
+called a meeting of the colonists at Lima to consult upon the
+past transactions, and on what may be proper in the present
+situation of affairs, I have thought it improper any longer to
+delay sending his majestys letter, together with this from myself
+which I transmit by Pedro Hernandez Paniagua, a person of honour
+and merit, who professes to be your friend and servant."</p>
+
+<p>"After the most mature and careful deliberations respecting
+all that has occurred in Peru, since the arrival of the late
+viceroy in that country, his majesty is satisfied that the
+commotions have not been excited by a spirit of rebellion and
+disobedience in the Spanish inhabitants, but through the
+inflexible rigour with which the viceroy endeavoured to enforce
+the regulations, in spite of the supplications of the colonists
+and their appeal to his majesty, by which they were justified in
+defending themselves against so great severity, at least until
+they should learn the royal will on the subject in answer to
+their remonstrances. All this appears from the letter which you
+addressed to his majesty, in which you declared that the
+principal reason which had induced you to accept the situation of
+governor of Peru, was that it had been given to you by the royal
+audience, in the name and under the seal of his majesty; by the
+acceptance of which employment you were enabled to do good
+service to the royal interests, which might otherwise have
+suffered much prejudice; and as you have declared these to be
+your motives for assuming the government, until his majesty might
+think proper to issue his commands, which you were ready to obey
+like a good and loyal subject."</p>
+
+<p>"Therefore, his majesty, having seen and duly considered all
+these things, and heard the opinions of his councillors
+thereupon, has sent me for the express purpose of restoring
+peace, tranquillity, and good order to the country, by the
+revocation of the obnoxious regulations, with full power to
+extend his royal pardon for all that has already occurred, and to
+take the opinion and advice of the colonists upon those measures
+that may be most proper and advantageous for the royal service,
+the glory of God, the good of the country, and the benefit of its
+inhabitants. In respect to such Spaniards as cannot be provided
+in the country with repartitions of lands and Indians, I have
+orders to employ them in new discoveries, where they may acquire
+honour and riches, as has already been done by so many other
+persons. I earnestly entreat you therefore, as a Christian, and a
+wise and prudent gentleman of honour, to reflect seriously on all
+these things. As you have hitherto always evinced much affection
+and attachment to the welfare of the country and its inhabitants,
+you certainly have great reason of thankfulness to the Almighty,
+that in so important and delicate an affair, neither his majesty
+nor his councillors have been disposed to consider your past
+conduct in the light of revolt and rebellion against the
+legitimate authority of the sovereign, but have rather been
+pleased to view it in the light of a just and necessary defence
+of your own rights, and those of the Spanish inhabitants of Peru,
+until the decision of his majesty upon your supplications and
+remonstrances might be made manifest. Therefore, since his
+majesty has been graciously pleased to grant to you and the other
+colonists all that you required by your supplications, by
+abrogating the obnoxious regulations, it is incumbent upon you,
+as an obedient and loyal subject, to evince a respectful and
+prompt obedience to the royal orders[30]."</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 30: In translating this letter the
+substance has been materially compressed; omitting much loose and
+declamatory argumentation, with several instances of the
+irresistible power of the emperor, to convince Pizarro of the
+absolute necessity of submission. Among other arguments, Gasca
+quotes with approbation an instance of a Spaniard who had
+assassinated his brother in the midst of the German Lutherans for
+deserting the religion of his country; and threatens him with the
+vengeance of his brother Ferdinand if he should persist in
+rebellion against his sovereign.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>"I have represented all these things to you, that you may not
+flatter yourself by a false confidence of being able to resist
+the power of his majesty, who is able if it should so please him
+to employ irresistible force in repressing the commotions and
+disorders of Peru, instead of those measures of clemency, which
+it has pleased God that he should now resort to; and that if
+reduced to the necessity of using force, it will be necessary for
+his majesty to take care not to ruin the country by sending too
+great a number of troops, instead of being under any difficulty
+as to sending a sufficient power to overcome all possibility of
+resistance. You ought likewise to reflect that matters will
+necessarily take a quite different turn than they have hitherto
+done. Hitherto your followers have been influenced by their own
+self-interest, not only considering the late viceroy as your
+enemy and your cause as good, but all of them looked upon him as
+their personal enemy, who wished to deprive them of their
+properties, and to put to death every one who opposed his
+designs. Under these circumstances your followers were
+necessarily impelled to adhere to your party in the defence of
+their own lives and properties. But as both are now secured, by
+the revocation of the obnoxious regulations, and the amnesty
+granted by his majesty, the Spanish inhabitants of Peru have now
+their legitimate sovereign as their friend and protector, to whom
+we all owe the most entire loyalty and obedience. I entreat you
+to reflect seriously on these things, and to consider that, in
+the present situation of affairs, and the turn which they must
+assuredly take in the sequel, you cannot count upon the adherence
+of any one, if you unfortunately choose to follow wrong measures.
+By contributing your assistance to put an end to the commotions
+which have distracted the kingdom of Peru, the whole inhabitants
+of that country will remain indebted to your exertions for the
+maintenance of their rights and privileges, in having opposed the
+execution of the obnoxious regulations, and having procured a
+favourable attention to their supplications and remonstrances;
+insomuch that his majesty has been pleased to send me with an
+express commission to listen to and redress all grievances.
+Should you unfortunately resolve upon refusing submission to the
+royal authority, you will obliterate all the merit you derive
+from your past conduct; as by endeavouring to continue the
+troubles and commotions, you will shew yourself actuated by
+motives of personal interest and ambition, instead of any regard
+for the good of the public. Instead of serving the interests of
+the Spanish inhabitants of Peru, you will become the cause of
+infinite injury to all, and will be considered as the enemy of
+the kingdom, by perpetuating the troubles, and occasioning the
+destruction of the lives and fortunes of your friends and
+adherents. You ought likewise to consider that, by continuing the
+war, you will render it necessary to bring over a numerous army
+into Peru, so that you will become accountable to God and man for
+all the miseries and disorders which may follow, and for the
+entire ruin of the country and its inhabitants, by which you will
+incur the hatred of all the principal colonists, merchants, and
+other rich persons."</p>
+
+<p>"To conclude, I pray God to take you and all your followers
+under his most holy protection, and that he may inspire you with
+proper sentiments on this occasion, for the good service of his
+majesty, the eternal welfare of your souls, and the preservation
+of your lives, honours, and estates; and I remain; illustrious
+Sir, yours, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>PEDRO DE LA GASCA."</p>
+
+<p>Gonzalo had only been a few days in Lima on his return from
+Quito, when he received letters from Hinojosa informing him of
+the arrival of the president. He was much disturbed by this
+intelligence, which he immediately communicated to the captains
+and other principal persons of his party, and with whom he
+consulted upon the steps necessary to be taken in this
+conjuncture of affairs. Some were of opinion that it was
+necessary to get rid of the president, either openly or by secret
+assassination; while others recommended that he should be invited
+into Peru, where it would be easy to oblige him to agree to all
+their demands; or where at least they could draw their
+negociations with him to a great length, by insisting on
+convening an assembly of deputies and procurators from all the
+cities of the kingdom at Lima, to deliberate on the subject of
+his reception, and to determine whether he should be received or
+not; and, as Peru was of vast extent, it would be easy to put off
+the meeting of that assembly for two years, during which period
+the president might be kept in the isle of Puna under a
+confidential guard, by which he might be prevented from writing
+to Spain that the country was in rebellion; more especially as
+they could keep him in continual suspense, by representing that
+the general assembly could not meet sooner on account of the vast
+distance of some of the cities. Even the most moderate were for
+obliging the president to return into Spain.</p>
+
+<p>In this council of the leaders of the insurrection, it was
+likewise proposed to send deputies from all parts of Peru to his
+majesty, to explain the state of the colony, and the events which
+had occurred; and particularly to exculpate their conduct in
+regard to the battle of Quito in which the viceroy was slain, by
+throwing the whole blame upon him as the aggressor. It was
+likewise proposed that these deputies should humbly implore his
+majesty to invest Gonzalo Pizarro in the government of Peru, for
+which especial purpose they should be so instructed and empowered
+by all the cities. They were also to be instructed, during their
+residence at Panama on their way into Spain, carefully to learn
+what were the powers and instructions of the president; and to
+endeavour to prevail upon him to delay proceeding to Peru, until
+they had informed his majesty of the true state of the kingdom,
+that ulterior orders might be issued in consequence. It was
+proposed at the same time, if the president persisted in coming
+into the country, to take him into custody. Some even proposed to
+put him to death during the journey, while others proposed to
+have him poisoned at Panama and likewise to put Alonzo de
+Alvarado to death. Many other proposals of a similar nature and
+tendency are said to have been made at this time; but as all
+these transactions took place in the secret meetings of the chief
+of the insurgents, it is difficult or impossible to ascertain the
+precise nature of their deliberations. It was besides resolved,
+that the messengers who were to be sent to the president should
+be charged to deliver him letters from the principal inhabitants
+of Lima, strongly urging him to refrain from coming into Peru,
+even in terms of insolence and implied threatening.</p>
+
+<p>After long deliberations respecting the persons who should be
+sent into Spain to lay their representations before the emperor,
+Don Jerom de Loyasa archbishop of Lima, Lorenzo de Aldana, Friar
+Thomas de San Martino provincial of the Dominicans, and Gomez de
+Solis were chosen for that purpose. The provincial was much
+suspected by the insurgents of being inimical to their party, by
+several expressions of his opinion, both in his sermons and in
+private conversations: Yet they thought proper to employ him and
+the others in this commission, although they were almost equally
+suspicious of the rest; both to give weight to their
+representations through the respectability of their messengers,
+and because no other persons of any consequence in the country
+dared to appear before his majesty on this occasion, being afraid
+of punishment for the share they had taken in the past
+commotions. They considered likewise, if these deputies should
+declare against them while in Spain, as they actually suspected,
+that it was better to have them out of the country; as, if
+matters should assume an unfavourable aspect for Gonzalo and his
+adherents, these persons might have done them much injury by
+remaining, as they were much respected in Peru, both on account
+of their rank and character. Gomez de Solis, who was major domo
+to Gonzalo Pizarro, was the only one of these commisioners in
+whom he reposed confidence; though indeed some alleged that he
+was only intended to proceed to Panama with a supply of money and
+provisions for Hinojosa and his troops, while others believed he
+was to have accompanied the other deputies into Spain. Besides
+these persons, the bishop of St Martha was likewise requested to
+accompany the deputation; and they were all supplied with the
+necessary funds for the expences of their voyage.</p>
+
+<p>Lorenzo de Aldana set off by sea for Panama in all haste,
+while the other deputies were making preparations for their
+voyage, being commissioned by Gonzalo to send him intelligence as
+quickly as possible as to the true state of affairs in the Tierra
+Firma. As Lorenzo set out from the port of Lima in October 1546,
+Gonzalo confidently expected to receive dispatches from him from
+Panama by the ensuing Christmas, or early in January 1547; and
+for this purpose, he appointed a set of couriers to remain in
+waiting all along the coast of Peru to the northward of Lima, to
+be in readiness to forward the dispatches as quickly as possible.
+The two bishops and the provincial embarked a few days after
+Aldana, and all of them arrived safely at Panama.</p>
+
+<p>Vela Nunnez, the brother of the late viceroy, who had long
+remained a prisoner at large, being allowed to go out on hunting
+parties, and to ride about unarmed, yet under strict injunctions
+to take care of his conduct, was drawn about this time into a
+private engagement with a soldier named Juan de la Torre, by
+means of which he lost his life. De la Torre was one of those who
+had deserted from the viceroy to Gonzalo, along with Gonzalo Diaz
+and others, when on the expedition against Pedro de Puelles and
+the inhabitants of Guanuco. He had afterwards the good fortune to
+discover a concealed treasure of gold and silver in the valley of
+Hica, which had been consecrated by the Indians to their idols,
+and which was said to have contained to the value of 60,000
+crowns in the precious metals, besides a great quantity of
+emeralds and turquoises. De la Torre placed all this treasure in
+the hands of the father guardian of the Franciscans; to whom he
+one day revealed in confession that he wished to return into
+Spain, that he might enjoy his riches in quiet; but, having
+followed the party of Gonzalo, and consequently incurred the
+displeasure of his majesty, he wished to be able to perform some
+acceptable service to the king before his departure, on purpose
+to merit pardon for his past offences. For this purpose, he
+intended to embark with his treasure from the port of Lima for
+Nicaragua, where he proposed to enlist a party of soldiers, and
+to fit out one or two vessels with which to cruize for some time
+along the coast of Peru against Gonzalo and his confederates, by
+landing, and pillaging in such places as were unprovided with
+troops: But, as he had not sufficient knowledge or experience for
+conducting such an enterprize, he wished to find a person
+properly qualified to act as commander on this occasion, and had
+a strong desire to induce Vela Nunnez to undertake the direction
+of the enterprize, as a gentleman experienced in war, and who was
+besides in a great measure bound to seek an opportunity of being
+revenged upon Gonzalo for the death of his brother the viceroy
+and many others of his friends and relations. With this view,
+therefore, it was his intention to place himself and his treasure
+at the disposal of Vela Nunnez, whom he wished to consult on this
+subject with some adherents of the late viceroy who dwelt in
+Lima, that these persons might likewise be induced to join in the
+enterprize. De la Torre, therefore, requested the father guardian
+to converse on the subject with Vela Nunnez.</p>
+
+<p>At first Vela Nunnez was on his guard, lest it might be a
+false confidence devised for his ruin. But De la Torre satisfied
+his doubts in presence of the father guardian, by a solemn oath
+on a consecrated altar, and Vela Nunnez agreed to take charge of
+the enterprize, immediately using his endeavours to engage the
+adherents of the late viceroy in the plot. It is not known how
+this affair came to be divulged, which it certainly was to
+Gonzalo, who immediately caused Vela Nunnez to be arrested and
+brought to trial as a traitor and rebel against the king, and had
+him publickly beheaded. Vela Nunnez was a brave and honourable
+gentleman, much esteemed by all, and was exceedingly regretted by
+the whole inhabitants of Peru.[31]</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 31: From the sequel, it would appear that
+Juan de la Torre escaped entirely on this occasion; at least a
+person of exactly the same name appears afterwards as an officer
+in the service of Gonzalo.--E]</blockquote>
+
+<p>About this time likewise, Alfonzo de Toro, who was
+lieutenant-governor of Cuzco under Gonzalo Pizarro, was
+assassinated by his own father-in-law, in consequence of some
+dispute. Gonzalo was much grieved by the death of this person,
+from whom he expected to have derived important services in the
+approaching crisis. He appointed Alfonzo de Hinojosa to succeed
+as lieutenant-governor of Cuzco, who had in fact been elected to
+the vacant charge by the magistrates of that city. Under his
+administration some tumults were excited in Cuzco by Lope Sanchez
+de Valenzuela and Diego Perez Bezerra; but by the exertions of
+Hinojosa and Pedro de Villacastin the tumults were happily
+quelled; Valenzuela and Bezerra were put to death as the
+ringleaders, and some others who had been particularly active on
+the occasion were banished.</p>
+
+<p>It is well known that Lorenzo de Aldana, who has been already
+mentioned as dispatched by Gonzalo to Panama, carried several
+letters from Gonzalo and the other leaders of the insurrection
+which were couched in very disrespectful terms: But Aldana,
+anxious to prevent the present troubles from becoming even more
+serious than they were, prudently destroyed these letters, so
+that they were not delivered. On his arrival at Panama, he went
+to lodge with Hinojosa, with whom he was extremely intimate,
+there being likewise some relationship between them. He went
+likewise without delay to pay his respects to the president; but
+at this first visit they both confined themselves to conversation
+on general topics, so that Aldana did not reveal his sentiments
+for some days, wishing, like a prudent person, to learn in the
+first place what were the sentiments and intentions of the
+officers who then resided at Panama. When he found that they were
+disposed to act for the service of his majesty, he revealed his
+real sentiments to the president, offering his best services in
+any manner that might be most conducive to the royal interest.
+From the confidence which was reposed in Aldana, it was at length
+resolved to treat openly with Hinojosa, with whom hitherto the
+president and Mexia had acted with much reserve. Accordingly,
+Mexia represented to him, that the affairs of Peru were now in
+such a situation that it was requisite to restore them to order,
+which might easily be done by agreeing to offer the services of
+all the faithful subjects of his majesty resident in Panama to
+the president; and if the present favourable opportunity for this
+purpose were neglected, another might not occur for a long time.
+Hinojosa replied, that he was entirely disposed to serve the
+president, to whom, he had already declared, if his majesty were
+not disposed to grant the demands of Gonzalo, he was ready in all
+things to yield obedience to the commands of the sovereign, being
+resolved to give no just cause of reproach as a rebellious
+subject.</p>
+
+<p>In reality Hinojosa, although an excellent soldier and
+experienced in every thing relative to warlike affairs was
+exceedingly ignorant in political matters. He had always believed
+that every thing which had been done by the insurgents was
+founded in justice, and that the authors of the supplications and
+remonstrances had a right to use their utmost efforts to succeed
+in procuring all that they had demanded; having even been so
+assured by several learned men. Yet in all the past transactions,
+he had conducted his own actions with much prudent reserve, so as
+not to go beyond the original and avowed purposes of the
+remonstrants, having never put any one to death or confiscated
+the wealth of any of the royalists, as had been done by the other
+insurgent commanders. On perceiving the erroneous sentiments by
+which he was deluded, Mexia strongly represented to him, that, as
+the pleasure of his majesty had been clearly expressed, by means
+of the commission and instructions given to the president, there
+was no room now to wait for any new declaration of the royal
+will. That all the officers and soldiers in the Tierra Firma Were
+resolved to obey the president, and that Hinojosa must determine
+without delay on the part he chose to embrace as a loyal subject,
+without allowing himself to be misled by these ridiculous
+sentiments of pretended men of learning. Hinojosa requested to be
+allowed one day to consider what answer he should give to these
+representations; and accordingly the very next day he determined
+to follow the advice of his friend Mexia, whom he accompanied to
+the president, and engaged to obey him in all things conformable
+to the royal orders. After this, all the captains of the troops
+and other principal persons in Panama were convened; who all
+pledged their obedience to the president, engaging to keep the
+matter a profound secret till farther orders. Yet the soldiers
+began to suspect the real situation of affairs, as they noticed
+that the president gave orders on every affair of importance that
+occurred, and that all their officers visited him very
+frequently, and always behaved to him in public as their
+superior.</p>
+
+<p>As president considered that any farther delay might be
+prejudicial to the royal cause, he resolved to dispatch Aldana
+with the command of about three hundred men in three or four
+vessels, with orders to proceed to the port of Lima, to assemble
+at that place all who were well affected to his majesty. By this
+measure, he wished to prevent Gonzalo from having time to learn
+the actual situation of matters in the Tierra Firma, and from
+placing his own affairs in perfect order; and was in hopes
+likewise by these means to prevent him from putting several of
+the principal loyalists to death, as had been often threatened by
+the insurgents. Accordingly, four vessels were fitted out with
+all expedition, of which the command was given to Aldana, having
+under his orders the captains Mexia, Palomino, and Yllanez. On
+this occasion, in a general review of the troops, all the colours
+were publickly resigned into the hands of the president; who
+immediately restored them to the respective officers, in his
+majestys name, and reappointed Hinojosa as general of the army.
+After this, the three hundred men above mentioned were embarked
+under Aldana, pay and equipments, being advanced to such of the
+soldiers as were in need. Aldana immediately set sail on his
+expedition, being accompanied by the provincial of the
+Dominicans, a person of merit and influence, whose authority and
+example were expected to confirm those who might be indetermined
+to follow the party which he espoused. Aidaria carried along with
+him several copies of the amnesty and of the royal orders for
+restoring peace and order to Peru; and was expressly enjoined not
+to land on any part of the coast if possible, till he got to the
+port of Lima, that he might endeavour to surprise Gonzalo.</p>
+
+<p>About this time, the archbishop of Lima and Gomez de Solis
+arrived at Panama; both of whom expressed their satisfaction on
+learning the turn which affairs had taken at that place, and
+openly declared themselves for the royal party, offering their
+best services to the president. At this, time likewise, the
+president sent Don Juan de Mendoza to Mexico, with letters for
+the viceroy of that kingdom, Don Antonio de Mendoza, requiring
+the aid of all the soldiers that could be spared from that
+country. Don Balthazar de Castille was sent at the same time to
+Guatimala and Nicaragua on a similar mission; and other persons
+were dispatched to San Domingo, to procure every possible
+assistance for prosecuting the war in Peru, if that measure
+should ultimately be necessary.</p>
+
+<p>It has been already mentioned that Pedro Hernandez Paniagua
+was dispatched by the president with letters for Gonzalo Pizarro.
+Paniagua arrived at Tumbez about the middle of January 1547,
+whence he went to San Miguel, where Villalobos then commanded for
+Gonzalo. Paniagua was immediately arrested by Villalobos, who
+took from him his dispatches and forwarded them with all speed to
+Gonzalo at Lima, by means of Diego de Mora the commandant of
+Truxillo. On learning the arrest of Paniagua, Gonzalo sent a
+confidential person to conduct him to Lima, with strict orders
+not to permit any person to converse with him by the way. On his
+arrival at Lima, Gonzalo, in presence of all his confederate
+officers, restored to Paniagua his credentials and dispatches,
+desiring him to declare every thing that had been confided to him
+by his employer, and assuring him of entire personal safety in
+regard to every thing connected with his commission: But, if he
+should presume to converse either publickly or privately with any
+other person on any subject connected with the president, he
+might rest assured of losing his head. Accordingly, Paniagua
+boldly explained the subject of his mission. When he had
+withdrawn from the council of officers, some were for putting him
+to death, alleging that he had previously communicated his
+sentiments to some confidential persons. Gonzalo Pizarro did not
+communicate to his officers either of the two letters formerly
+mentioned, which were addressed to himself, by the king and the
+president. In this consultation, it was the universal opinion of
+the insurgent leaders, that they ought on no account to admit the
+president into Peru; many of the officers, in expressing their
+sentiments on this occasion, spoke of the president in a very
+abusive manner, and even mentioned his majesty with very little
+respect, at which Gonzalo seemed well pleased.</p>
+
+<p>At this time, Gonzalo Pizarro wrote to his lieutenant-general
+Carvajal, who still remained in La Plata, directing him to come
+immediately to Lima, and bring thither along with him all the
+treasure he could procure, and all the musquets and other arms
+that were in that place. These orders did not proceed from any
+idea that these were necessary for defence, as the transactions
+at Panama were still unknown in Peru; but on account of the many
+complaints which had been made of the continual murders and
+confiscations which were perpetrated by Carvajal. Some alleged
+that he was summoned to the capital to receive deserved
+punishment for his cruel and tyrannical conduct; while others
+said it was on purpose to strip him of more than 150,000 crowns
+which he had amassed by pillage. At this time Lima was so
+entirely occupied with suspicions, that no one dared to confide
+in any other, or to speak a single word respecting the present
+state of affairs; as the slightest misplaced word, or the most
+trifling pretext or suspicion, was sufficient to place the life
+of any one in imminent danger. Gonzalo took the greatest possible
+precautions for his safety, of which the following is a
+remarkable instance. He had noticed on many occasions that the
+oydor Zarate was by no means attached to his interests, although
+his daughter was married to the brother of Pizarro: And though
+Zarate was sick, it was confidently asserted that Gonzalo
+procured him to be poisoned, by means of certain powders which he
+sent him under pretence of a remedy. In the sequel this rumour
+was confirmed by the testimony of several persons who were in the
+service of Pizarro at the time. Whether Pizarro were really
+guilty of this crime or innocent, it is a certain fact that he
+expressed much satisfaction on learning the death of Zarate.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time, Paniagua procured permission, through the
+intermediation of the licentiate Carvajal, to return to Panama,
+though contrary to the opinion of the other insurgent officers,
+who were clear for detaining him; and he may assuredly be
+reckoned fortunate in having got away from Lima before
+intelligence arrived there that the fleet and army at Panama had
+submitted to the president. Although this circumstance had not
+reached the knowledge of the insurgents, it began to be
+vehemently suspected, in consequence of receiving no reports from
+that place for so long a time; insomuch that Gonzalo sent off
+orders to Pedro de Puelles, who commanded in Quito, and all his
+other captains, to keep themselves vigilantly on their guard, and
+to hold all their troops in continual readiness for taking the
+field.</p>
+
+<p>At this period the lieutenant-general Carvajal arrived at Lima
+from Las Charcas accompanied by an hundred and fifty soldiers,
+and bringing with him three hundred musquets and treasure to the
+value of more than 800,000 crowns. He was received at Lima with
+extraordinary pomp, Gonzalo going out to meet him with all the
+inhabitants of the city, accompanied with bands of music and
+every demonstration of rejoicing. Just at this time intelligence
+was received from Puerto Viejo, that four ships had been seen
+near the coast, as if reconnoitering, which had stood out again
+to sea without coming to anchor or sending on shore for water or
+provisions, as was usual with ships navigating in these seas.
+This was looked upon as a sign of hostile intentions. It was a
+considerable time after this, before Gonzalo was entirely
+certified of the intention of these four ships, which in fact
+were those under Aldana, both because they were exceedingly
+cautious of coming near the land, and because Diego de Mora, his
+lieutenant at Truxillo, detained certain letters which had been
+sent through his hands on the subject. Yet their suspicious
+appearance on the coast gave great uneasiness to Gonzalo, and
+occasioned him to take every means of precaution for his
+security; ordering continual watch to be kept up day and night,
+both by the soldiers and the inhabitants, all of whom appeared to
+do so with much care and satisfaction. Some time after the
+appearance of the ships off Puerto Viego, they arrived at the
+harbour of Malabrigo, five or six leagues to the northwards of
+Truxillo, and Diego de Mora learnt their arrival by the same
+messenger who was charged with the news of their appearance at
+Puerto Viejo. As he was quite ignorant of the persons who were
+embarked in these ships, and of their intentions, he went on
+board a vessel in the harbour of Truxillo, accompanied by several
+inhabitants of that city, intending to seek for these four
+vessels wherever they might happen to be, and carried along with
+him a considerable supply of provisions and warlike stores. He
+considered it quite safe to board these strange vessels; as, if
+they belonged to the partisans of Gonzalo, it was easy for him to
+allege that he came in quest of news, and to supply them with
+refreshments; whereas if they should be of the royal party, so
+much the better, as he was resolved to join them with all his
+followers. He fortunately came up with Aldana on the very day in
+which he left the harbour of Truxillo; and, having entered into
+mutual explanations, joined company to the reciprocal
+satisfaction of both, supplying Aldana with such refreshments as
+were needed for his ships.</p>
+
+<p>Next night, Aldana and De Mora with all the ships came to
+anchor in the harbour of Truxillo, where it was not deemed proper
+to land the troops; but it was agreed that De Mora and all the
+inhabitants of Truxillo should retire into the province of
+Caxamarca, in which place they could remain in safety till their
+assistance might be required, and where they might endeavour to
+assemble all that were favourable to the royal cause. At the same
+time messengers were dispatched with letters and orders from the
+president in the kings name, to Chachapoyas, Guanuco, and Quito,
+and to the frontier posts commanded by Mercadillo and Porcel,
+inviting all who were inclined to serve his majesty to declare
+themselves. Intelligence of these proceedings at Truxillo were
+speedily carried to Gonzalo by a monk of the order of Mercy, who
+had always favoured the Pizarrian faction; but who could only
+relate the departure of De Mora and the inhabitants of Truxillo,
+without being able to give any distinct account of their
+intercourse and agreement with those on board the fleet.
+Accordingly, Gonzalo concluded, from the information brought by
+the monk, that De Mora and the inhabitants of Truxillo had gone
+off for Panama to join the president. Gonzalo therefore sent off
+the licentiate Garcias de Leon, who had always accompanied him
+hitherto, with the commission of lieutenant-governor of Truxillo,
+accompanied by fifteen or twenty soldiers, to whom he gave grants
+of the lands and Indians which had belonged to the citizens of
+Truxillo who had gone off with De Mora. Along with De Leon,
+Gonzalo sent the superior of the order of Mercy, with orders to
+embark the wives of all the inhabitants of Truxillo who had gone
+off, and to carry them to their husbands at Panama, whither he
+supposed they were gone; and he sent at the same time proper
+persons to be married to the widows who remained in Truxillo,
+commanding that such of these widows as refused compliance should
+be deported along with the married women to Panama. Various and
+specious pretexts were alleged for this procedure; but the true
+reason was, that Gonzalo wished to be entire master of the
+country, and to dispose at his pleasure of the lands, Indians,
+houses, and properties of all who had fled from his usurped
+power.</p>
+
+<p>As Garcias de Leon was sent on this expedition by sea, he fell
+in, a few days after his departure, with the four ships commanded
+by Aldana, and joined himself to them with all his followers,
+embracing the party of his majesty. On this occasion, the
+superior of the order of Mercy was sent by land to Lima, with
+directions to inform Gonzalo of what had happened, and the
+purpose of these four ships making their appearance on the coast.
+He was likewise desired to communicate the intelligence to
+several of the loyal inhabitants of Lima; and to tell them, if
+they were at any time able to go to the port belonging to that
+city, they would find boats ready to carry them on board the
+ships. On receiving this news, Gonzalo sent orders to the
+superior to keep out of the way, and on no account to have
+intercourse with any person whatever, either publickly or
+privately, as he valued his life. Gonzalo complained loudly
+against Aldana for deserting him; saying that if he had followed
+the advice of his principal officers, he would have put him to
+death long before.</p>
+
+<p>When the arrival and intention of the fleet was certainly
+known and understood, by which it appeared necessary to prepare
+for war, Gonzalo began immediately to put every thing in proper
+order, and to assemble his troops; having hitherto believed
+himself in perfect security against any hostile attack. He
+appointed the licentiates Carvajal and Cepeda to be captains of
+cavalry, as persons in whose attachment he could confide,
+considering the weighty obligations they had received from him.
+Juan de Acosta, Juan Velez de Guevara, and Juan de la Torre were
+made captains of musqueteers; and Ferdinand Bachicao, Martin de
+Robles, and Martin de Almendras captains of pikemen. Francisco de
+Carvajal, who had hitherto enjoyed that office, was nominated
+lieutenant-general, having an hundred of the musqueteers he had
+brought with him from Las Charcas appointed for his guard. It was
+proclaimed by beat of drum, that all the inhabitants of Lima, and
+all strangers residing there, of whatever quality or condition,
+were to enrol themselves among the troops under pain of death;
+and money was issued to the several captains for the pay and
+equipment of their companies. The two captains of horse received
+50,000 crowns, with which they were each ordered to levy and
+equip fifty horsemen; besides which, several merchants and
+others, very unfit for warfare, enrolled themselves. It was well
+known that these men were quite unfit for being soldiers; but
+they were constrained to enlist on purpose to exact money from
+them for their discharge, which in fact they purchased by
+furnishing horses, arms, and money to such as were in want.
+Martin de Robles received 25,000 crowns with which he was to
+enlist and equip a company of 130 pikemen. Ferdinand Bachicao had
+20,000 to raise 120 pikemen; and Juan d'Acosta a similar sum for
+an equal number. Martin de Almendras had 12,000 crowns to raise
+45 pikemen; and Juan de la Torre 12,000, to levy 50 musqueteers,
+who were to form the ordinary guard of Gonzalo. Antonio
+Altamirano, one of the principal inhabitants of Cuzco was
+appointed to carry the grand standard, with a troop of 80 horse;
+and he received 12,000 crowns for some particular purpose, as his
+men had no need of pay or equipments, being all chosen from among
+the rich inhabitants of the country.</p>
+
+<p>On this occasion the several captains had standards or colours
+painted according to their respective fancies, the grand standard
+alone carrying the royal arms. Among these, Bachicao had the
+letters G.P. or the cypher of Gonzalo Pizarro, interlaced upon
+his colours, surmounted by a royal crown. Every thing being in
+order, posts were assigned to each officer, of which they were to
+take especial care by day and night. Gonzalo Pizarro made liberal
+donations to several soldiers who were unfit for service, as well
+as to those who took the field; giving them, besides what they
+were entitled to for their equipment, considerable sums according
+to their respective merits and occasions. In a general review, he
+mustered a thousand men, as well armed and equipped and furnished
+with all necessaries, as any that had been seen in the most
+prosperous campaigns in the Italian war. Besides their arms,
+which were all excellent, most of the soldiers were clothed in
+silken hose and doublets, and many had theirs of cloth of gold,
+or embroidery of gold silver or silk, with gold embroidery on
+their hats, their ammunition pouches, and the covers of their
+musquets. The army was well supplied with excellent powder; and
+Gonzalo gave orders that every soldier should have either a horse
+or a mule to ride upon during a march. In the equipment of this
+army, Gonzalo expended above half a million of crowns.</p>
+
+<p>Besides these preparations, Gonzalo sent Martin Silveira to
+the city of La Plata, to bring from thence all the men and money
+that could be procured in that quarter. Antonio de Robles was
+sent to Cuzco, to conduct to Lima all the troops that were there
+under the charge of Alfonzo de Hinojosa, the lieutenant-governor
+of that city. He wrote to Lucas Martinez, his lieutenant at
+Arequipa, desiring him to join him immediately with all the
+soldiers he could raise. He sent orders to Pedro de Puelles, his
+lieutenant at Quito, to join him as soon as possible with all the
+troops from that province; and likewise ordered Mercadillo and
+Percel to abandon the passes of which they had the charge,
+bringing all their men along with them to Lima, and sent similar
+orders to Saavedra the lieutenant-governor of Guamanga. By these
+means Gonzalo exerted himself to the uttermost to collect a
+respectable force; and he particularly enjoined all his officers
+not to leave behind them any horses or arms, or any other
+conveniencies for those who remained to enable them to join the
+president. He endeavoured to justify his present conduct, by
+representing that Aldana, whom he had sent to give an account to
+the king of all that had occurred in Peru, had leagued with the
+president, and now employed against himself and the colony those
+vessels which had been confided to his charge, and which had cost
+more than 80,000 crowns in their equipment. He alleged that the
+president, who had been sent expressly by his majesty to restore
+peace and tranquillity to the kingdom, had raised troops of his
+own authority, and now proposed to come in arms into Peru, to
+punish all who had taken part in the late commotions, so that all
+were equally interested in opposing him. That no one ought
+therefore to reckon upon the pardon and amnesty with which the
+president was said to be entrusted, and which it was reported he
+was to extend to all who joined him; but rather that this ought
+to be considered as a fraudulent contrivance to divide and ruin
+the colonists. Even admitting the truth of the reported amnesty;
+it could only refer to the original opposition to the obnoxious
+regulations and tyrannical conduct of the viceroy, and could have
+no reference to those who were engaged in the battle of Quito,
+and the consequent death of the viceroy; as these transactions
+could only be known in Spain after the departure of the
+president, and nothing respecting them could therefore be
+included in his instructions and powers. Therefore, until his
+majesty were fully informed of the whole series of events, and
+had issued new orders on the subject, it became necessary to
+prevent the president from coming into Peru, more especially as
+Gonzalo Pizarro was informed by letters from Spain, that the
+president was not authorized by his majesty to deprive Gonzalo of
+the government, but merely to preside in the royal court of
+audience. He pretended to be perfectly assured of this
+circumstance, by letters from Francisco Maldonado, whom he had
+sent to the king, and that the president had even in some measure
+acknowledged this in the letter which was brought from him by
+Paniagua. He alleged farther, that the captains in his own
+employment, who had been sent into the Tierra Firma for the
+defence of Peru, having revolted to the president, had now
+persuaded him to change his tone and to invade Peru by force of
+arms; at which procedure his majesty would be assuredly much
+displeased, when informed. By these and other arguments of a
+similar nature, Gonzalo endeavoured to demonstrate that the
+president was highly to blame in detaining those persons whom he,
+Gonzalo, had sent to Spain, and that it was justifiable on these
+grounds to oppose him by force of arms.</p>
+
+<p>Gonzalo, by the advice of his lieutenant-general and other
+confidential officers, took additional measures to justify their
+conduct, and to satisfy the soldiers and inhabitants in the
+goodness of their cause. In an assembly of all the men learned in
+the law who were then in Lima, they arraigned the president as
+having acted criminally, in taking possession of the ships
+belonging to the colony, and by invading the country in a warlike
+manner, contrary to the tenor of the commission and instructions
+he had received from the king; endeavouring at the same time to
+convince the assembly, that it was just and proper to proceed
+judicially against the president, and those captains and others
+who adhered to him and abetted him in these proceedings, and that
+they ought to be proceeded against in a formal manner, by legal
+process. The persons composing this assembly of men of learning,
+dared not to contradict Gonzalo on this occasion or to oppose his
+will in any respect: A process was accordingly instituted in due
+form, informations taken and recorded, and judgment pronounced in
+the following tenor: "Considering the crimes established by the
+judicial informations given against the licentiate De la Gasca
+and those captains who adhere to him; they are found guilty and
+deserving of condemnation; wherefore, the said licentiate De la
+Gasca is hereby adjudged to be beheaded, and the captains Aldana
+and Hinojosa to be quartered." The other captains and officers
+serving under the president, were at the same time condemned to
+various punishments, according to the measure of guilt which
+Gonzalo and the leaders of his faction were pleased to charge
+against them; and the sentences were ordered to be signed in due
+form by the oydor Cepeda, and other men of letters at Lima.</p>
+
+<p>Among these persons of the law who were desired to sign on the
+present occasion, was a licentiate from Valladolid named Polo
+Hondegardo, who had the boldness to wait upon Gonzalo, and to
+represent to him, that the promulgation of such a sentence was by
+no means advisable or politic; as it might possibly happen
+hereafter that those officers who were now in the service of the
+president might incline to revert to his party, which they would
+not dare to do when once this cruel sentence was pronounced
+against them. He represented farther, that it was necessary to
+keep in mind the sacred character of the president as a priest;
+in consequence of which circumstance all who might sign a
+sentence of death against him would incur the pains and penalties
+of the greater excommunication. By this remonstrance, these
+strong measures were arrested in their progress, and the intended
+sentence was not promulgated.</p>
+
+<p>About this time, intelligence was brought to Pizarro, that the
+squadron under Lorenzo de Aldana had quitted the port of Truxillo
+and was approaching along the coast towards Lima. On this
+intelligence, Gonzalo sent off Juan d'Acosta with fifty mounted
+musqueteers, with orders to keep in view of the ships, to prevent
+the royalists from being able to land for provisions or water. On
+arriving at Truxillo, Acosta only ventured to remain one day at
+that place, being afraid that Diego de Mora might bring a
+superior force against him from Caxamarca. He learnt likewise,
+that the royalists squadron had gone to the port of Santa, to
+which place he accordingly marched. Aldana got notice of his
+coming from some Spanish inhabitants of that place, and laid an
+ambuscade for him, consisting of an hundred and fifty
+musqueteers, in a place overgrown with tall reeds on the side of
+the road by which Acosta had to march in his way to Santa. Acosta
+had certainly fallen into the snare, if he had not fortunately
+made prisoners of some spies who had been sent on shore from the
+squadron, whom he was about to have hanged, when they prevailed
+on him to save their lives by giving him notice of the
+ambushment, and by farther informing him that he might make
+prisoners of some sailors who were taking in fresh water for the
+ships, by quitting the common road and going nearer the shore. He
+accordingly took that road and made the sailors prisoners, whom
+he sent to Gonzalo at Lima. Those belonging to Aldana, who were
+in ambush, learnt this transaction; but, being all on foot, and
+the insurgent party all horsemen, they could not attempt to
+rescue the prisoners from Acosta, as that part of the country
+consisted of very deep sands. Acosta returned to the port of
+Guavera, where he waited fresh orders from Lima.</p>
+
+<p>Gonzalo treated the prisoners sent to him by Acosta with much
+kindness, supplying them with clothes and arms, and gave them
+their choice of any of the companies of his troops in which they
+might think proper to serve. From these men, he received exact
+information of all the late events which had occurred at Panama,
+of the succours which the president expected to receive from
+different parts of America, and of the force which accompanied
+Aldana on the present expedition. They informed him likewise that
+Aldana had set on shore Pedro de Ulloa, a Dominican friar,
+disguised in a secular habit, who had orders to distribute copies
+of the amnesty in every direction. In consequence of this
+information, he was sought for and soon found; and Gonzalo had
+him confined in a dungeon near the fish-ponds in his garden,
+which was infested with toads and vipers, where he remained till
+he recovered his liberty on the arrival of the fleet some time
+afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>About this time, it was determined to dispatch the licentiate
+Carvajal with three hundred mounted musqueteers, together with
+the detachment under Juan d'Acosta, to scour the coast to the
+northwards, and to attack Diego de Mora who had withdrawn into
+the province of Caxamarca. When every thing was in readiness for
+this expedition, the lieutenant-general Carvajal went one morning
+early to Gonzalo, and represented to him, that it was by no means
+safe to entrust so important a command to the licentiate, as a
+person in whom they could not repose implicit confidence. That
+although he had hitherto attached himself to their party, it was
+obviously for the sole purpose of being revenged of the late
+viceroy; and, as that purpose was now accomplished, it did not
+appear that his fidelity could be depended upon. It was proper to
+recollect, he added, that all the brothers of the licentiate were
+greatly attached to his majesty, particularly the bishop of Lugo
+who enjoyed several high employments; so that it was not to be
+imagined the licentiate would act cordially in the interest of a
+party which was diametrically opposed to that in which all his
+nearest relations were engaged. Besides all which, this person
+had formerly been made a prisoner by themselves, without any just
+foundation, and had even been so nearly punished capitally, that
+he had been ordered to make his testament and to confess himself
+in preparation for death, which injurious treatment he could not
+be supposed to have forgotten. Gonzalo was so much convinced by
+these arguments, that he countermanded the order given to the
+licentiate Carvajal, and sent off Juan d'Acosta on the expedition
+to Caxamarca, with a force of two hundred and eighty men.
+D'Acosta accordingly set out on this intended service, taking the
+road for Truxillo; but on arriving at Baranza, about twenty four
+leagues from Lima, he halted at that place for reasons which will
+appear in the sequel.</p>
+
+<p>At this period, the Captain Saavedra, who was
+lieutenant-governor of Guanuco for Gonzalo, received letters from
+Aldana urging him to quit the insurgent party and to declare for
+his majesty. He accordingly determined to do so; and under
+pretence of obeying the orders he had received from Gonzalo of
+joining his army at Lima, along with Hernando Alonzo, he
+assembled all the soldiers he could procure in that province,
+with whose assistance he fortified the city of Guanuco, and
+informed them of his resolution to exert his best endeavours in
+the service of the king. All his soldiers agreed to follow his
+example, except three or four who fled and informed Gonzalo of
+the defection of their governor. Saavedra retired immediately to
+Caxamarca, with forty horsemen, where he joined Diego de Mora and
+those who had withdrawn along with him from Truxillo, where both
+declared themselves for the royalist party. On learning the
+defection of Saavedra and the principal inhabitants of Guanuco,
+Gonzalo sent an officer to that place at the head of thirty
+soldiers; with orders to pillage and destroy the city: But the
+Indians of the neighbourhood, having armed themselves and taken
+possession of the place by the orders of their masters, made so
+resolute a defence that the insurgent detachment was beaten off,
+and constrained to return to Lima, being unable to procure any
+other plunder except some mares cattle and other animals
+belonging to the settlers.</p>
+
+<p>On the arrival of Antonio de Robles at Cuzco, whom Gonzalo had
+sent to take the command in that city and province, Alfonso de
+Hinojosa, who had hitherto been lieutenant-governor there,
+resigned the command of the city and troops, but as was believed
+with much dissatisfaction. De Robles immediately collected as
+much money as he could procure, and enlisted all the soldiers
+that were to be found in that neighbourhood, with whom he marched
+to Xaquixaguana, about four leagues from Cuzco. At that place he
+learned that Diego Centeno; who had concealed himself for more
+than a year in a cave among the mountains, had recently left his
+concealment, on learning the arrival of the president, and had
+collected several of his former partisans, who had hidden
+themselves from the fury of Gonzalo in various parts of the woods
+and mountains. By this time Centeno had collected about forty
+men, mostly on foot, though some of them still had the horses
+with which they had made their escape. Although these men were
+neither so well armed or equipped as they could have wished,
+Centeno resolved to make an attempt upon Cuzco, shewing as much
+confidence as if he had been at the head of five hundred well
+armed troops. His principal followers were Luis de Ribera,
+Alfonso Perez de Esquival, Diego Alvarez, Francisco Negral, Pedro
+Ortiz de Zarate, and Friar Dominic Ruiz, commonly called Father
+Viscayno. With this small band of followers, Centeno drew nigh to
+Cuzco, being doubtless invited to that step by some of the
+principal inhabitants, for the purpose of freeing them from the
+tyranny of De Robles, a young man of low origin and little
+ability. It was even said that Alfonso de Hinojosa, from
+resentment against Gonzalo for superseding him in the government,
+had sent privately to offer his assistance to Centeno. Both of
+these reports are highly probable; as otherwise it would have
+been a most inexcusable rashness in Centeno, to call it no worse,
+to have presumed upon attacking Cuzco with the small number of
+men he had collected; as, besides the inhabitants of the city,
+there were more than five hundred soldiers there and in the
+environs, while he had only forty ill armed men, most of whom had
+swords or daggers fastened to poles, instead of pikes or
+lances.</p>
+
+<p>On learning the approach of Centeno, De Robles returned to
+Cuzco, where he made such preparations as seemed necessary; and,
+on hearing that Centeno was within a days march, he took the
+field with three hundred men, sending forwards Francisco de
+Aguira to procure intelligence. This person was brother to one
+Peruchio de Aguira who had formerly been put to death by the
+lieutenant-general Carvajal, and was consequently a secret enemy
+to the insurgent party. Instead therefore of executing the
+commission confided to him by De Robles, he went immediately to
+join Centeno, whom he informed of every thing that was going on
+at Cuzco and of the state of affairs in that city. In the night
+before the festival of Corpus Christi of the year 1547, Centeno
+advanced toward the city of Cuzco, by a different road from that
+in which De Robles and his troops were posted; and, having turned
+one of his flanks, made an unexpected assault with great
+resolution, as resolved to conquer or die. Completely surprised
+and thrown into confusion, the troops of De Robles were unable to
+get into any order for defence, and even in several instances
+turned their arms against each other, insomuch that a good many
+of them were slain by their own comrades. On this occasion
+Centeno used the following stratagem, which succeeded admirably:
+Having taken off the saddles and bridles from the horses
+belonging to his small band of followers, he ordered them to be
+driven by his attendant Indians along the road which led to the
+front of the enemies camp, to call off their attention from his
+real attack on their flank and rear. By this means, as the horses
+were urged on by the Indians behind, they threw the troops of De
+Robles into confusion, and enabled Centeno to penetrate into the
+camp unperceived and unopposed, where he and his men exerted
+themselves so courageously that the insurgents were completely
+defeated and put to flight. [Illustration: Map: VICEROYALTY OF
+PERU]</p>
+
+<p>By this successful exploit Centeno acquired great honour; it
+having been seldom seen that so small a number had defeated so
+disproportioned a force of infinitely better armed troops. It has
+been reported that, on this occasion, some men belonging to
+Alfonso de Hinojosa were the first to fly, in consequence of
+secret orders for that purpose: But these men never acknowledged
+the truth of this allegation, as disgraceful to themselves; and
+Centeno denied the story, as detracting from the glory of his
+victory.</p>
+
+<p>After the derout of De Robles, Centeno took possession of
+Cuzco, where he was immediately elected captain-general of that
+city and province for his majesty. Next day, he caused Antonio de
+Robles to be beheaded, and distributed 100,000 crowns, which he
+found in that city belonging to Gonzalo, among his followers. He
+in the next place took measures for raising a respectable force;
+appointing Pedro de Rios and Juan de Vargas, the brother of
+Garcilasso de la Vega, captains of infantry, and Francisco Negral
+captain of Cavalry; Luis de Ribera being named major-general.
+Having armed and equipped about four hundred men, he set out for
+La Plata, with the intention of persuading Alfonso de Mendoza,
+who commanded at that place for Gonzalo, to declare for the king,
+or otherwise to take possession of that place by force.</p>
+
+<p>About this time, Lucas Martin, who had been sent by Gonzalo to
+conduct the troops of Arequipa to Lima, set out from Arequipa
+with 130 men for that purpose; but when he had proceeded about
+four leagues on his march, his people mutinied and made him
+prisoner, electing Jerom de Villegas as their commander, and
+immediately marched off to join Centeno, who was then in the
+Collao waiting the issue of some negotiations in which he had
+employed Pedro Gonzalo de Zarate, schoolmaster at Cuzco. While in
+the Collao, Centeno was informed that Juan de Silveira, the
+Serjeant major of the army of the insurgents, had been sent by
+Gonzalo to conduct the troops of that province to Lima, and had
+made prisoners of five or six of the royalists whom he met with
+on his march. Silveira had collected about three hundred men on
+this occasion, and we shall relate what befel them in the
+sequel.</p>
+
+<p>On learning the success of Centeno at Cuzco and the death of
+De Robles, and being likewise informed that the people of San
+Miguel had declared for his majesty, and that the captains
+Mercadillo and Porcel had joined Diego de Mora at Caxamarca;
+Gonzalo Pizarro saw that he had now only to depend on the force
+which was along with himself at Lima, and those under Pedro de
+Puelles, on whose fidelity he reposed entire confidence. In this
+predicament, he determined to alter the destination of Juan
+d'Acosta and to send him against Centeno with a respectable
+force, resolving to follow d'Acosta in person with all his army
+if necessary, then amounting to nine hundred men, among whom were
+many of the principal inhabitants of Peru. In forming this new
+resolution, his object was in the first place to reduce all the
+upper or mountainous provinces to subjection, and afterwards to
+make war on every other part of the country which had withdrawn
+from his authority. It has likewise been conjectured, that
+Gonzalo proposed to himself, in case of any reverse, to endeavour
+to make some new discovery and conquest, towards the Rio Plata,
+or Chili, or in some other place to the south and east of Peru.
+He certainly never avowed this intention openly, nor is it
+alleged that he communicated it to any of his confidents, as this
+would have indicated a want of confidence in his cause; so that
+this idea rests only on conjecture. In consequence of this new
+plan, Gonzalo recalled D'Acosta to Lima with all his troops, to
+the great mortification of that person and his followers;
+insomuch that seven or eight of them deserted, choosing Jerome de
+Soria as their commander. Many others would certainly have
+followed this example, if it had not been for the severe
+precautions exercised by D'Acosta on the occasion, who put to
+death Lorenza Mexia, son-in-law to the Conde de Gomera, and
+another soldier, whom he suspected of intending to desert. He
+likewise arrested several others who were suspected of similar
+intentions, whom he carried prisoners to Lima.</p>
+
+<p>A few days before the arrival of D'Acosta at Lima, Gonzalo
+took some suspicion of the fidelity of Antonio Altamarino, his
+standard bearer, who appeared to conduct himself with a degree of
+coldness in the present emergency; and, without any direct proof
+or even any strong suspicious circumstances being alleged against
+him, he caused him to be arrested and put in irons as a criminal,
+had him strangled in prison during the night, and ordered his
+dead body to be suspended upon the public gibbet. Altamarino was
+one of the richest colonists in Peru, and Gonzalo, having
+confiscated all his wealth, distributed it among his most
+attached followers. After this, he gave the charge of the royal
+standard to Don Antonio de Ribera, who had just joined with
+thirty men from Guamanga, whence also he had brought some arms
+and cattle which he had taken from the inhabitants of that place.
+At this time Gonzalo found his affairs much embarrassed and
+growing every day worse, insomuch that he could only count upon
+the force which accompanied him in Lima; whereas a short time
+before he seemed absolute master of the whole kingdom of Peru. He
+was in great fear, if the new royal orders, the general amnesty,
+and the revocation of the obnoxious regulations, all of which had
+been brought out from Spain by the president, should come to the
+knowledge of his remaining followers, that they would all abandon
+him. In this state of uncertainty and dread, he assembled all the
+principal inhabitants and citizens of Lima at his house, to whom
+he represented, "That he had brought himself into a very
+embarrassing and even dangerous situation by his exertions in
+their service, during which he had endured much labour and danger
+in the wars he had carried on for their benefit, and for the
+protection of their property and rights, for all which they were
+indebted to the genius and valour of his brother the marquis.
+That, in the present situation of affairs, the whole colonists
+ought to consider their honour and interests as identified with
+his own, the conduct of both being sufficiently justified in
+sending deputies to inform the king of all that had occurred
+during the troubles and commotions. That the president had
+arrested these deputies at Panama, had seduced his officers, and
+had taken possession of his ships. That the president certainly
+had done all these things to advance his own private interest;
+as, if he had received orders from his majesty to make war
+against the kingdom, he would assuredly have given intelligence
+of this circumstance through Paniagua. That not satisfied with
+these outrages, the president now invaded the government to which
+he, Gonzalo, had been lawfully appointed, and disseminated
+numerous libels against him throughout the kingdom, as was well
+known to them all. That consequently, he was determined to use
+his utmost efforts to oppose the president, who treated him as an
+enemy without any legitimate cause. That the general interests of
+all the colonists and his own were obviously identified; as,
+should the president carry matters to extremity as every thing
+seemed to indicate, they would all be brought to a severe account
+for the consequences of the late wars and disorders, and would be
+held responsible for the murders and plunders which had been
+perpetrated during their continuance. He requested them therefore
+to reflect maturely on all these things; and, as he had hitherto
+exerted his utmost efforts in defence of their rights, it still
+remained not only to continue to defend the same, but even to
+preserve their lives and honours. For these purposes, therefore,
+he had now assembled them, and to lay before them a clear state
+of the present situation of affairs; and he requested of them to
+declare freely and openly their undisguised sentiments; engaging,
+on the faith and honour of a gentleman and a knight, which he was
+ready to confirm by a solemn oath, that he would not injure any
+one in person or estate for the opinion or advice they might now
+give; but should leave every one at full liberty to declare for
+either party in the present troubles, and even to retire wherever
+they might judge proper. Therefore, he expected that all who were
+disposed to adhere to him on the present occasion should declare
+themselves without reserve, as he would demand of them to confirm
+their promise by a written and signed engagement. He advised them
+accordingly to look well to their promises when once made; as if
+any one should violate the same, or should appear lukewarm or
+feeble in their efforts in the approaching crisis, he would
+immediately order them to be put to death even upon very slight
+circumstances of suspicion."</p>
+
+<p>Every person in the assembly answered unhesitatingly, that
+they were ready to obey his orders in every thing to the utmost
+of their power and abilities, and to devote their lives and
+fortunes in his cause. Some even went so far in their pretended
+attachment, as to say that they would willingly risk their
+eternal salvation in his service. Many of them emulously strove
+to find out arguments for justifying the war which was now about
+to commence, and to enhance the obligations which the whole
+country lay under to Gonzalo for undertaking the management of
+the enterprize. Some even carried their base and scandalous
+flattery to such a pitch of extravagance, to conciliate the
+tyrant, that it were improper to contaminate our pages with a
+repetition of their words. After they had all expressed their
+attachment to the cause, Gonzalo drew out a paper in which the
+proposed engagement was already engrossed at full length; at the
+bottom of which he caused the licentiate Cepeda to write a solemn
+promise of executing all which that paper contained, and to obey
+Gonzalo in every thing he should command; after which, he made
+Cepeda sign that promise, and take a solemn oath to observe all
+its conditions. After Cepeda, all who were present in the
+assembly were made to sign and swear to the engagement in a
+similar manner.</p>
+
+<p>After the conclusion of this affair, Juan d'Acosta was ordered
+to prepare for marching to Cuzco by way of the mountain, at the
+head of three hundred men. Paez de Sotomayor was appointed his
+major-general on this expedition, Martin d'Olmos captain of
+cavalry, Diego de Gumiel captain of musqueteers, Martin de
+Almendras captain of pikemen, and Martin de Alarzon
+standard-bearer. The whole of this detachment being well provided
+with arms and all necessary equipments, left Lima taking the
+mountain road for Cuzco, on purpose to recover that important
+city from Centeno. At the same time Gonzalo received notice that
+the squadron commanded by Lorenzo de Aldana had been seen at the
+distance of about fifteen leagues from the port of Lima. It was
+determined therefore in a council of war, to encamp the whole
+insurgent army between Lima and the sea; as it was feared, if the
+ships got possession of the port, it might occasion great
+confusion and disturbance in the city, especially as in that case
+the necessary orders would have to be hastily issued and
+executed; by which means the malcontents might have an
+opportunity of withdrawing during the battle, and might even
+escape on board the ships to join the enemy; while, at the same
+time, there would be no leisure to watch the behaviour of the
+wavering, and to compel them to join the army. Orders were issued
+accordingly for the army to take the field, and it was publickly
+proclaimed throughout the city, that every one fit to carry arms,
+of every age and condition, was to join the troops, on pain of
+death. Pizarro gave notice that he would behead every person who
+acted contrary to these orders; and, while he marched in person
+at the head of the troops, he should leave the lieutenant-general
+in charge of the city, to execute rigorous punishment on all who
+lagged behind. All the inhabitants were so confounded and
+terrified by these threats, that no one dared to converse with
+another, and none had the courage either to fly or to determine
+what was best to be done in this emergency. Some however
+contrived to conceal themselves in places overgrown with tall
+reeds, or in caves, and many concealed their valuable effects
+under ground.</p>
+
+<p>On the day preceding that which had been fixed upon by Gonzalo
+for marching from Lima, news was brought that three ships had
+entered the port of Lima, which occasioned universal
+consternation. The alarm was sounded, and Gonzalo marched out
+with all the men who could be collected on a sudden, taking up
+his encampment about midway between the city and the port, at the
+distance of about a league or four miles from each, that he might
+at the same time make head against his enemies if they attempted
+to land, and might prevent the inhabitants of Lima from having
+any communication with the vessels. He was at the same time
+unwilling to abandon the city, and wished to know exactly the
+intentions of Aldana, before going to a greater distance, and if
+possible to gain possession of the vessels by some contrivance or
+negociation, having no means of preventing them from gaining
+possession of the port, as one of his own captains, contrary to
+the opinion of the other officers, had lately sunk five vessels
+in the harbour. On this occasion Gonzalo mustered five hundred
+and fifty men, cavalry and infantry included; and, after
+encamping in the situation already mentioned, he placed eight
+horsemen in ambush close to the sea, with orders to prevent any
+person landing from the vessels to deliver or to receive letters,
+or to converse with any one. Next day, Gonzalo sent Juan
+Hernandez, an inhabitant of Lima, in a boat on board the ships,
+with orders to say in his name, if Aldana chose to send any of
+his people on shore to explain the object of his coming into
+Peru, that Hernandez would remain on board as an hostage for the
+safety of his messenger. Hernandez was conducted on board the
+admiral where Aldana retained him as proposed, and sent on shore
+the captain Penna to wait upon Gonzalo.</p>
+
+<p>Penna was not conducted to camp till night, that he might have
+no opportunity of conversing with any one; and on being
+introduced to Gonzalo in his tent, he delivered to him a writing,
+containing the orders and instructions which the president had
+received from his majesty, the general amnesty granted by his
+majesty to all the colonists of Peru, and the revocation of the
+obnoxious regulations. He then expatiated, as instructed by
+Aldana, on the universal and great advantages which would accrue
+to all by giving a prompt and entire obedience to the commands of
+his majesty, who had not judged it convenient to continue Gonzalo
+in the government of Peru. That his majesty, being fully informed
+of all that had occurred in that country, had sent out De la
+Gasca as president, with instructions and full powers to provide
+a remedy for all the existing evils. Gonzalo proudly answered,
+that he would severely punish all who were on board the fleet,
+and would chastise the audacity of the president for the outrage
+he had committed in detaining his envoys and seizing his ships.
+He complained loudly against Aldana, for coming now against him
+as an enemy, after receiving his money, and accepting his
+commission to go into Spain on purpose to give an account of his
+conduct to the king.</p>
+
+<p>After some farther discourse, all the officers belonging to
+Gonzalo left the tent, leaving him and Penna alone together.
+Gonzalo made him a long discourse, endeavouring to justify his
+conduct in regard to his past and present conduct; and concluded
+by making him an offer of 100,000 crowns, if he would contrive to
+put him in possession of the galleon commanded by Aldana, which
+composed the principal force of the hostile fleet. Penna rejected
+his proposal with disdain, declaring himself dishonoured by the
+offer, and that nothing whatever would induce him to be guilty of
+such treacherous conduct. At the conclusion of this conference,
+Penna was committed to the custody of Antonio de Ribeira, with
+strict injunctions that he should not be allowed to have the
+smallest intercourse with any individual whomsoever; and was sent
+back next day to the fleet, when Juan Fernandez returned to camp,
+having in the interval promised and resolved to use his utmost
+efforts in the service of his majesty on every favourable
+opportunity.</p>
+
+<p>Aldana had rightly judged, that the surest means for
+succeeding in the mission on which he had been entrusted by the
+president, was to communicate the knowledge of the general pardon
+among the soldiers. For this purpose, therefore, he devised
+exceedingly proper measures to diffuse the intelligence among the
+troops, but which were at the same time exceedingly dangerous for
+Juan Hernandez. Aldana gave him copies of all his dispatches in
+duplicate, and entrusted him with letters for several principal
+persons in the camp of Gonzalo. Fernandez concealed such of these
+papers as he judged necessary in his boots, giving all the rest
+to Pizarro. Taking Gonzalo afterwards aside, he told him secretly
+that Aldana had endeavoured to prevail upon him to publish the
+royal pardon in the camp; and that accordingly he had thought it
+prudent to pretend compliance, and had taken charge of that
+general amnesty among his other dispatches, both to blind Aldana
+by the expectation of, doing what he wished, and on purpose to
+get these from him for the information of Gonzalo; pretending to
+be ignorant that Gonzalo knew of any such thing existing. Gonzalo
+thanked him for his prudent conduct, and considered him as a
+person worthy of entire confidence and much attached to the
+cause. He then received the papers which Fernandez offered,
+threatening the severest punishment against Aldana. Having thus
+craftily deceived Gonzalo, Fernandez contrived to deliver some of
+the letters he had in charge, and allowed some of them to fall on
+the ground, as if lost, yet so as they might be found by those to
+whom they were addressed.</p>
+
+<p>When Gonzalo quitted Lima to encamp on the road towards the
+sea-port of Calao, he left Pedro Martin de Cicilia in charge of
+the city as provost-marshal. This man, who had attached himself
+to Gonzalo with much zeal from the very commencement of the
+troubles, was now about seventy years of age, yet healthy and
+vigorous, of a rough and cruel disposition, and entirely
+destitute of piety towards God or of loyalty to the sovereign.
+Gonzalo had given him orders to hang up every person he might
+find loitering in the city with out a written permission, or who
+might return thither from camp without a pass. Martin executed
+these rigorous orders with so much exactitude, that, meeting a
+person who came under the foregoing predicament, he had not
+sufficient patience to have him hanged, but dispatched him
+directly with his poignard. He generally went about the streets
+followed by the hangman, carrying a parcel of ropes, and loudly
+declared that he would hang up every one whom he found in the
+city without permission from Ganzalo.</p>
+
+<p>One day several of the citizens came from the camp to the
+city, under the authority of a pass, to procure such provisions
+and other articles as they stood in need of, the principal
+persons among whom were Nicolas de Ribeira, who was alcalde or
+police judge of the city, Vasco de Guevara, Hernando Bravo de
+Lagunas, Francisco de Ampuero, Diego Tinoco, Alfonzo Ramirez de
+Sosa, Francisco de Barrionueva, Alfonzo de Barrionuevo, Martin de
+Menezes, Diego d'Escobar, and some others. After they had
+collected the articles of which they were in want, they left the
+city with their horses arms and servants; but, instead of
+returning towards the camp, they went off in the road for
+Truxillo. Being noticed by some spies, who gave immediate notice
+to Gonzalo, he caused them to be pursued by Juan de la Torre with
+a party of mounted musqueteers. At the distance of eight leagues
+from Lima, De la Torre came up with Vasco de Guevara and
+Francisco Ampuero, who had fallen behind with the intention of
+acting as a kind of rear guard, to give notice to the rest in
+case of a pursuit. They defended themselves courageously, and as
+their enemies could not take any certain aim, it being under
+night, they contrived to make their escape unwounded. De la Torre
+and his men found themselves unable to continue the pursuit with
+any chance of success, as their horses were already completely
+tired with their rapid march from camp. They returned, therefore,
+believing that, even if they were to get up with the fugitives,
+they would be unable to take them by force, as they were all men
+of quality, who would rather be slain than surrender. On their
+way back to camp, they fell in with Hernando Bravo, who had
+fallen behind his companions, and on bringing him a prisoner to
+Gonzalo he was ordered to immediate execution. Donna Ynez Bravo,
+who was sister to the prisoner and wife to Nicolas de Ribeira,
+one of the fugitives, on hearing the situation of her brother,
+hastened to the camp accompanied by her father, and threw herself
+at the feet of Gonzalo, whom she earnestly implored to spare the
+life of her brother. Being one of the most beautiful women of the
+country, and of the highest rank, and being seconded by most of
+the officers who served under Gonzalo, he at length allowed
+himself to be prevailed on to pardon her brother, who was the
+only person, during the whole subsistence of his usurpation, whom
+he forgave for a similar offence. On granting this pardon,
+Alfonzo de Caceres, one of the captains under Gonzalo, kissed his
+hand saying: "Illustrious prince! accursed be he who abandons
+you, or hesitates to sacrifice his life in your service." Yet,
+within three hours afterwards, Hernando Bravo and several others
+made their escape from the camp. Among these who now deserted
+were several persons of consideration who had attached themselves
+to Gonzalo from the very commencement of the troubles, so that
+their defection gave him infinite vexation and alarm, insomuch
+that hardly any one dared to speak to him, and he issued
+peremptory orders to put to death every person who might be found
+beyond the precincts of the camp.</p>
+
+<p>On the same night, Captain Martin de Robles sent a message to
+Diego Maldonado, who had been alcalde of Cuzco, usually called
+the rich, intimating that Gonzalo had resolved in a consultation
+with his officers to put him to death. Maldonado very readily
+believed this information, as he had formerly been one of the
+inhabitants of Cuzco who made offer of their services to the late
+viceroy. Likewise, although then pardoned by Gonzalo, whom he
+accompanied in the march to Quito against the viceroy, he had
+fallen under new suspicions, and had even been put to the
+torture, on account of a letter which was dropt near Gonzalo,
+containing some very unpleasant truths; and although the real
+authors of that letter had been afterwards discovered, Maldonado
+could never forget the treatment he had suffered at that time.
+Besides this, he was the intimate friend of Antonio Altamirano,
+whom Gonzalo had recently put to death. Considering all these
+circumstances, Maldonado was so thoroughly convinced of the
+imminent danger in which he stood, that he immediately quitted
+his tent with only his sword and cloak, not even taking time to
+saddle a horse, though he had several good ones, or speaking to
+any of his servants. Though a very old man, he walked as fast as
+possible all night in a direction towards the sea, and concealed
+himself in the morning among some tall reeds near the shore about
+three leagues from where the ships of Aldana lay at anchor. As he
+was much afraid of being pursued, he revealed his situation to an
+Indian who happened to be near; and whom he prevailed upon to
+construct a float of reeds and straw, on which the Indian carried
+him on board one of the ships.</p>
+
+<p>In the morning, Martin de Robles went to the tent of
+Maldonado; and finding him withdrawn as he expected, he
+immediately waited on Gonzalo, whom he informed of the
+circumstance, adding, "As the army was diminishing daily by the
+number and quality of the fugitives, he begged leave to advise
+that they should quit the present camp, and march into the
+interior provinces, as formerly agreed upon, without granting
+permission to any one to go into the city of Lima, lest many more
+might use that pretence for an opportunity to desert. Several of
+his own company, he said, had applied for leave to go into the
+city, to procure provisions; but he considered it better for
+himself to go therewith a detachment of soldiers to collect the
+provisions and necessaries required, that he might keep all his
+men in sight, and that he proposed on this occasion to take
+Maldonado from the Dominican convent, where he understood he had
+taken refuge, and to bring him a prisoner to the camp, where he
+ought to undergo condign punishment, as a warning to others."
+Gonzalo approved all that was said on this occasion by De Robles,
+in whom he had great confidence as a person who had taken part
+with him in all the past troubles, and desired him to act in the
+way he proposed. De Robles accordingly, taking all his own horses
+and attendants and those belonging to Maldonado, took along with
+him to Lima all the soldiers of his company in whom he could
+confide. After collecting such provisions and other necessaries
+as might serve his purpose, he set off for Truxillo with thirty
+armed horsemen, declaring publickly that Gonzalo was a tyrant and
+usurper, that all good subjects were bound to obey the orders of
+his majesty, and that he was resolved to join the president.</p>
+
+<p>When this serious defection became known in the camp, it was
+universally believed that the army would soon disperse, and that
+Gonzalo would be massacred. Gonzalo endeavoured to restore order
+and confidence among his troops, pretending to care little for
+those who had deserted him; yet resolved to decamp next morning.
+That very night, Lope Martin, an inhabitant of Cuzco, deserted
+almost in sight of the whole army. Next morning Gonzalo quitted
+his present camp, and marched about two leagues to a new camp
+near an aqueduct, taking every precaution to prevent his people
+from deserting; believing that his principal danger on that
+account would be got over if he were once ten or twelve leagues
+from Lima. The licentiate Carvajal was appointed to take charge
+of the night guard, with strict injunctions to prevent desertion:
+But even he, in the middle of the night, quitted the camp
+accompanied by Paulo Hondegardo, Marco de Retamoso, Pedro Suarez
+d'Escovedo, Francisco de Miranda, Hernando de Vargas, and several
+others belonging to his company. These men went in the first
+place to Lima, whence they took the road towards Truxillo. A few
+hours afterwards, Gabriel de Roias left the camp, accompanied by
+his nephews Gabriel Bermudez and Gomez de Roias and several other
+persons of quality. These men left the camp unseen by any one, as
+they went through the quarter which had been confided to the
+charge of the licentiate Carvajal.</p>
+
+<p>In the morning, Gonzalo was much distressed on learning the
+events of the past night, and more especially by the desertion of
+the licentiate Carvajal, whom he had disobliged by superseding
+him in the command which had been conferred on Juan d'Acosta, and
+by refusing him his niece Donna Francisca in marriage. The
+departure of the licentiate had a very bad effect on the minds of
+the troops; as they knew he was entrusted with all Gonzalos
+secrets, and had been greatly in his confidence ever since the
+death of the viceroy whom he had slain in the battle of Quito.
+Carvajal left to the value of more than 15,000 crowns in the
+camp, in gold silver and horses, all of which was immediately
+confiscated and divided among the soldiers: But the army was
+convinced he would not have abandoned so much valuable property,
+unless he had been satisfied that the affairs of Gonzalo were in
+a very bad condition, both in regard to power of resisting the
+president, and in respect of the right and justice of his
+pretensions. So great was the defection in the camp, that the
+greater part of the troops had resolved to disperse; and next
+morning, when the army had begun its march, two cavaliers, named
+Lopez and Villadente, quitting the ranks and causing their horses
+to vault in sight of the whole army, they cried, out aloud, "Long
+live the king, and let the tyrant die!" These men trusted, to the
+speed of their horses; and Gonzalo was so exceedingly suspicious
+of every one, that he expressly forbid these men to be pursued,
+being afraid that many might use that pretence for joining them.
+He continued his march accordingly, in all haste by the road of
+the plain country, leading towards Arequipa; in which march
+several of his musqueteers and others deserted, although he
+hanged ten or twelve persons of consideration in the course of
+three or four days. At length his force was reduced to two
+hundred men, and he was in continual dread that in some false
+alarm all his remaining men might disperse. Continuing his march,
+he at length came to the province of Nasca, about fifty leagues
+from Lima.</p>
+
+<p>After Gonzalo had gone to a considerable distance from Lima,
+Don Antonio de Ribeira, Martin Pizarro, Antonio de Leon, and some
+other inhabitants of Lima, who as old and infirm had been allowed
+by Gonzalo to remain behind the army on giving up all their
+horses and arms, erected the standard of the city, and,
+assembling the small number of inhabitants that remained in the
+great square, they publickly declared for his majesty in their
+own names and in the names of all the loyal citizens of the city.
+After proclaiming the new regulations and orders of the
+president, the general amnesty granted by the king, and the
+abrogation of the obnoxious regulations, they sent notice of all
+the recent events to Aldana, who still remained on the coast to
+receive and protect all who were inclined to quit the party of
+the insurgents. At the same time, and for the same purpose, Juan
+Alfonso Palamino had landed with fifty men, yet keeping his boats
+always in readiness to reimbark, in case of the return of
+Gonzalo. Aldana likewise placed an advanced picket of twelve
+horsemen, of those who had deserted from the insurgents, on the
+road towards Arequipa, to bring him timely notice of any thing
+that might occur in that quarter, with orders to return with all
+speed in case of the enemy making a countermarch, or of any
+important event. Aldana likewise gave orders to Captain Alfonzo
+de Caceres to remain at Lima, to collect any of the deserters
+from Pizarro that might come there; and he dispatched Juan
+Yllanez in one of his vessels along the coast, with orders to
+land a monk and a soldier in some secure place, to carry
+dispatches to Centeno, announcing the events that had occurred at
+lima, and to furnish him with copies of the royal orders and
+general amnesty, and to communicate similar intelligence at
+Arequipa. He sent likewise several intelligent persons by land to
+Arequipa, with letters to different persons of consideration, and
+to carry orders and instructions to the captains Alfonzo de
+Mendoza and Juan de Silveira at La Plata. By means of the Indians
+of Jauja, who belonged to him, Aldana transmitted letters and
+copies of the amnesty to several of those persons who accompanied
+Juan d'Acosta, that the royal clemency might be made known in all
+parts of Peru. Most of these measures succeeded, and produced
+material advantages as will appear in the sequel. In the mean
+time, Lorenzo de Aldana remained on board ship, with about an
+hundred and fifty men, issuing such orders as seemed necessary in
+the present state of affairs.</p>
+
+<p>It was soon learnt that Gonzalo received regular advices of
+ever thing that occurred, and great care was likewise taken by
+Aldana to procure intelligence of all that passed in the camp of
+the insurgents; so that every day messengers went and came
+between both parties, and both were continually endeavouring to
+mislead each other by false reports. Accordingly it was reported
+one day that Gonzalo and his troops Were in full march for Lima,
+which occasioned much confusion and dismay in that city; but it
+was known afterwards that this rumour had been purposely spread
+by Gonzalo and his lieutenant-general, on purpose to prevent
+Aldana from pursuing them, a measure of which they were much
+afraid. In this unpromising state of his affairs, great numbers
+of the adherents of Gonzalo abandoned him, believing that he
+could not resist the power of his enemies. Such of them as had
+horses took the road to Truxillo; and all the rest endeavoured to
+reach the ships of Aldana, concealing themselves as well as they
+could in retired places till they might ascertain that Gonzalo
+had proceeded farther on his march, which indeed he continued to
+do with much precipitation. When he had proceeded to a
+considerable distance from Lima, all those who had abandoned him
+flocked to that city, and every day some fresh deserters came
+there, by which means Aldana got accurate intelligence of the
+proceedings of Gonzalo, who was reported to be in continual dread
+of being put to death by his own men. After the flight of the
+licentiate Carvajal and Gabriel de Roias, Gonzalo made no farther
+use of the royal standard, only displaying that which contained
+his own arms. His cruelty increased with his disappointment,
+insomuch that not a day passed in which he did not put some one
+to death. He took extraordinary precautions for his own personal
+safety, which were so far effectual, but every effort to prevent
+desertion was unavailing.</p>
+
+<p>Lorenzo de Aldana sent intelligence of all these matters to
+the president, by means of messengers dispatched both by sea and
+land, earnestly urging him to come into Peru as quickly as
+possible, as the insurgent party seemed at so low an ebb that
+nothing was wanting but his presence to make it fall entirely in
+pieces and submit without a struggle. On the 9th. of September
+1547, when assured that Gonzalo had retreated eighty leagues from
+Lima, Aldana landed with all his officers and all the inhabitants
+of Lima that had taken shelter on board his ships. He was
+received on shore with every demonstration of joy and respect,
+every one who was able appearing in arms to do him honour. Having
+appointed Juan Fernandez to the command of the ships, he took
+charge of the vacant government of Lima, where he made every
+possible preparation for carrying on the war, collecting arms
+ammunition and all other necessaries.</p>
+
+<p>Some time after the departure of Juan d'Acosta from Lima for
+Cuzco by the mountain road, as already mentioned, at the head of
+three hundred men well armed and equipped, he got notice that
+Gonzalo Pizarro had abandoned that city; on which he sent Fra
+Pedro, a monk of the order of Mercy, to Gonzalo, to demand
+instructions for his ulterior proceedings. Pizarro sent back the
+monk with directions for Acosta to join him at a certain place.
+On his return to Acosta, accompanied by a person named Gonzalo
+Muquos, after delivering his dispatches, Friar Pedro gave him an
+account of all that had happened in the army of Gonzalo, and in
+particular of the great number of men that had deserted from him;
+which Acosta had not before learnt, though several of his
+soldiers had received the intelligence by letters brought to them
+by the Indians who frequented the camp, but which they dared not
+to communicate to each other. On the present occasion, the
+messengers from Gonzalo recommended to Acosta to keep this matter
+as secret as possible till such time as he should join Gonzalo.
+Acosta therefore, gave out that he had received favourable
+intelligence from the monk, and that Gonzalo had been successful
+on several occasions, being daily joined by many additional
+soldiers; and, as he had found it convenient and necessary to
+send off many confidential persons in various directions, these
+persons pretended to have deserted from Gonzalo by way of
+stratagem, on purpose, to gain possession of the ships commanded
+by Aldana. All this however was insufficient to disguise the
+truth from many of the followers of Aldana, particularly
+Pa&euml;z de Sotomayor, his major-general, and Martin d'Olmos one
+of his captains; who, coming to a knowledge of the real state of
+affairs, entered into a resolution of putting D'Acosta to death.
+They formed this resolution unknown to each other, as no one at
+this time dared to avow his sentiments to any other person, for
+fear of being put to death; yet, from certain indications, they
+began to suspect each other of entertaining similar sentiments,
+and at length opened themselves reciprocally, and communicated
+their purposes to several soldiers in whom they confided. Just
+when they were about to have put their enterprize into execution,
+Sotomayor got notice that D'Acosta was holding a secret
+conference in his tent with two of his captains, and that he had
+doubled his ordinary guard. From these circumstances, Sotomayor
+concluded that their conspiracy, having been revealed to several
+persons, had been betrayed to Acosta. He took therefore prompt
+measures to inform all his confederates, and both he and they
+took horse without delay, and left the camp in sight of all the
+army, to the number of thirty-five in all; among whom, besides
+Sotomayor and D'Olmos, the principal persons were Martin
+d'Alarzon who carried the grand standard, Hernando de Alvarado,
+Alfonzo Regel, Antonio de Avila, Garcias Gutierrez d'Escovedo,
+and Martin Monje; who, with all who went off on this occasion,
+were men of consideration and of much experience in the affairs
+of Peru. These men took immediately the road for Guamanga, and
+used such expedition that, though Acosta sent off sixty mounted
+musqueteers to pursue them, they made their escape in safety.</p>
+
+<p>Acosta caused immediate investigations to be made in regard to
+such as had participated in this plot, and ordered several
+persons to be hanged who were proved to have known its
+circumstances: some others in the same predicament he detained
+prisoners, and dissembled with the rest who had been implicated,
+pretending not to know that they had participated in the
+conspiracy: Yet, during his march towards Cuzco, he put to death
+several of those of whom he was suspicious, and others who
+endeavoured to desert. On his arrival at Cuzco, he displaced all
+the magistrates who had been appointed by Centeno, nominating
+others in their stead in whom he thought he could confide, and
+appointed Juan Velasquez de Tapia to take the chief direction of
+affairs in that city and province; and having regulated every
+thing to his mind, he resumed his march for Arequipa to join
+Gonzalo, according to his directions. In this latter part of his
+march, about thirty of his men deserted from him, by two or three
+at a time, all of whom went directly to Lima where they joined
+Lorenzo de Aldana. Besides these, when Acosta had got about ten
+leagues beyond Cuzco, Martin de Almandras abandoned him with
+twenty of the best soldiers of his small army, and returned to
+Cuzco, where he found a sufficient number of the inhabitants
+disposed to join him in returning to their duty, and in
+concurrence with whom he deposed the magistracy appointed by
+Acosta, one of whom he sent away prisoner to Lima, and
+established a new set in the name of his majesty. Finding that
+the number of his followers diminished from day to day, Acosta
+accelerated his march as much as possible, both for his own
+security and to serve the insurgent cause in which he was
+engaged. Out of three hundred well armed and excellently equipped
+men, with whom he had set out from Lima, only one hundred
+remained with him on his arrival at Arequipa. He found Gonzalo
+Pizarro at that place, with only about three hundred and fifty
+men, who a very short while before had a fine army of fifteen
+hundred, besides all those who were dispersed in different parts
+of Peru under various captains, all of whom were then under his
+orders. Gonzalo was now exceedingly irresolute as to his future
+proceedings; being too weak to wait the attack of the royalists,
+who continually augmented in their numbers, and yet deeming it
+dishonourable to fly or to endeavour to conceal himself.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time Centeno remained in the Collao, waiting an
+answer from Captain Mendoza to the message he had sent by Gonzalo
+de Zarate as formerly mentioned. While there he received
+dispatches from the president, which were forwarded by Aldana,
+and accounts of the events which had occurred at Lima,
+particularly the flight of Gonzalo Pizarro to Arequipa, and the
+junction of Acosta with the insurgents at that place. On
+receiving this intelligence he sent a new message to Mendoza by
+means of Luis Garcias, giving him an account of all these events,
+and particularly informing him of the orders and instructions
+given to the president, the general amnesty, the revocation of
+the obnoxious regulations, and the determination of his majesty
+that Gonzalo Pizarro was not to continue in the government of
+Peru. He apprized him likewise, that most of the gentlemen and
+persons of consideration, who had hitherto followed Gonzalo, had
+now abandoned him on account of his tyrannical conduct, in
+murdering and plundering all the principal colonists, and more
+especially because of his rebellion against the sovereign, and
+refusal to submit to his royal orders, and to the authority of
+him who had been appointed to regulate the affairs of the
+kingdom. Wherefore, although all that had been done hitherto
+might in some measure be excused, he urged Mendoza to consider
+that in continuing to obey Gonzalo he could no longer avoid the
+reproach of acting as a rebel against the king. It was now
+necessary and proper therefore, to forget all individual
+interests or past disputes, and to devote himself entirely to his
+majesty, to whom he was enabled by his present situation to
+render important service.</p>
+
+<p>Alfonzo de Mendoza was already well disposed to act the part
+of a loyal subject in the present situation of affairs, yet
+uncertain how best to conduct himself for that purpose; but by
+this message from Centeno, he was completely determined as to the
+regulation of his conduct on the present emergency, and
+immediately declared for his majesty. By agreement between him
+and Centeno, each was to retain the chief command of the troops
+now under their orders, and Mendoza departed from La Plata with
+his men to join Centeno in the Collao. The union of these leaders
+and their troops occasioned great joy to all their followers, now
+exceeding a thousand men; and they resolved to march immediately
+against Gonzalo, taking up a position at a certain pass to
+prevent him from escaping, and were likewise induced to remain at
+that place for the convenience of procuring provisions.</p>
+
+<p>At this time the whole extent of Peru from Quito to Lima had
+declared for his majesty. Juan d'Olmos, who commanded under
+Gonzalo at Puerto Viejo, on observing the vessels under Aldana
+passing the port of Manta in that province, had sent an express
+to Gonzalo giving his opinion that these vessels seemed hostile,
+as they had not called at the port for refreshments. He at the
+same time sent some Indians on board, in their ordinary rafts or
+flat boats, to inquire the purpose of their voyage; by means of
+which Indians Aldana transmitted letters to D'Olmos, urging him
+to quit the insurgent party, with copies of all the papers
+connected with the mission of the president. After perusing these
+papers, D'Olmos transmitted them to Gomez Estacio who was
+lieutenant-governor of the province for Gonzalo at St Jago de
+Guyaquil, usually called Culata. On learning that his majesty did
+not approve of continuing Gonzalo in the government, and had sent
+out Gasca as president, Gomez wrote back to D'Olmos, that when
+the president arrived in the country he should know better how to
+act, and might probably join him; but in the present situation of
+affairs, he thought it best for both to remain quiet. Juan
+d'Olmos went immediately to visit Gomez, accompanied by seven or
+eight friends, under pretence of communing with him on the state
+of affairs; but, taking his opportunity, one day when Gomez was
+off his guard, he stabbed him with his poniard, and immediately
+got the people to declare for his majesty, after which he did the
+same at his own government of Puerto Viejo.</p>
+
+<p>When Pedro de Puelles, the governor of Quito, became
+acquainted with these proceedings of D'Olmos, and that the fleet
+and army at Panama had declared for the president, he became
+exceedingly anxious as to the measures proper for him to pursue.
+At this time D'Olmos sent Diego de Urbina to Quito to endeavour
+to prevail on Puelles to declare for the royal party. Puelles
+declared he was ready to receive and obey the person sent out by
+the king, when once he was satisfied that his majesty had no
+intention of continuing Gonzalo in the government, but would make
+no alteration in the mean time; and with this indecisive answer
+Urbina returned to D'Olmos. A few days afterwards, Rodrigo de
+Salazar, in whom Puelles reposed entire confidence, entered into
+a conspiracy with several soldiers at Quito, assassinated
+Puelles, and declared for his majesty. After this exploit,
+Salazar set out from Quito for Tumbez with three hundred men,
+with the intention of joining the president. By these several
+events, and others which have been formerly related, almost the
+whole of Peru had already returned to obedience before the
+arrival of the president in the kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>While these favourable events were going on in Peru, the
+president embarked at Panama with about five hundred men, and
+arrived safely at the port of Tumbez; one of his ships, commanded
+by Don Pedro de Cabrera, being under the necessity of stopping at
+Buenaventura, whence Cabrera and his men marched by land to
+Tumbez. On his arrival in Peru, the president received letters
+from all parts of the kingdom, by which the writers offered him
+their services and assistance, besides communicating their
+sentiments on the situation of the colony, and giving their
+advice how best to proceed in reducing it to order; to all of
+which letters he replied with great condescension. So many
+flocked to his standard from all quarters, that he considered
+himself sufficiently strong to overcome all resistance from the
+remnant of the insurgents, without drawing any reinforcements
+from the other Spanish colonies in America; on which account he
+sent off messengers to New Spain, Guatimala, Nicaragua, and St
+Domingo, informing the governors of these colonies of the
+favourable turn of affairs in Peru, and that he should now have
+no occasion for the reinforcements which he had formerly thought
+necessary. Soon after his arrival, he gave orders to his
+lieutenant-general, Pedro Alfonzo de Hinojosa, to march with the
+troops to form a junction with the royalists in Caxamarca. In the
+mean time Polo de Menzes remained in charge of the fleet, with
+which he advanced along the coast to the southwards, while the
+president, with a sufficient escort, went by the road of the
+plain to Truxillo, at which place he received intelligence from
+all parts of the country, stating that every thing went on
+well.</p>
+
+<p>The president had resolved that he would not go to Lima till
+he had completed the purposes of his mission, by the final
+conquest of Gonzalo and his adherents, and the restoration of
+peace and order in the kingdom of Peru; on which account he
+transmitted orders to all quarters, that all who had declared for
+his majesty should meet him in the valley of Jauja, which he
+considered to be a convenient situation in which to assemble the
+whole loyal force of the kingdom, as in that place abundance of
+provisions could easily be procured. For this purpose, he sent
+orders to Lorenzo de Aldana, then at Lima, to march with all his
+force for Jauja; and joining the army under Hinojosa, now
+exceeding a thousand men, he marched for Jauja, all the army
+expressing the utmost satisfaction at the prospect of being freed
+from the tyranny of Gonzalo. Many of the principal persons who
+had joined with Gonzalo at the beginning of the troubles, were
+now exceedingly offended and displeased by the cruel murders of
+so many of their friends and neighbours; above five hundred men
+having been put to death, many of whom were persons of
+consideration and importance; insomuch that those who still
+remained along with him were continually in fear of their
+lives.</p>
+
+<p>On his arrival at Arequipa, Gonzalo found that city entirely
+deserted, as most of the inhabitants had gone to join Diego
+Centeno after that officer got possession of Cuzco. Hearing that
+Centeno was in the Collao, near the lake of Titicaca, where after
+his junction with Mendoza, he had an army of near a thousand men,
+composed of the troops of Cuzco Las Charcas and Arequipa, and
+with which they occupied all the passes towards the interior,
+Gonzalo believed it almost impossible to attack these officers
+with any probability of success. He waited therefore at Arequipa
+about three weeks, expecting the junction of D'Acosta, who at
+length arrived, but with very diminished numbers, as already
+related, many having abandoned him, and having put many of his
+followers to death on suspicion that they intended to desert.
+After the junction of D'Acosta, Gonzalo found himself at the head
+of five hundred men. He now wrote to Centeno, giving a recital of
+all the events which had occurred during the troubles, and dwelt
+particularly on the favour he had always shewn him, and
+particularly instanced the pardon he had granted him when Gaspard
+Rodriguez and Philip Guttierrez were executed, though equally
+guilty with them, and although all his officers had urged him to
+put Centeno to death. In addition, Gonzalo made high offers to
+Centeno, promising to accede to every demand he might choose to
+make, if he would now join him. He sent this letter to Centeno by
+a person named Francisco Vaso, who immediately offered his
+services to Centeno, to whom he intimated that Diego Alvarez his
+standard-bearer was in correspondence with Gonzalo. Centeno was
+already informed of this circumstance by Alvarez himself, who
+assured him he had entered into this correspondence for a quite
+different purpose than that of betraying him or the royal
+cause.</p>
+
+<p>Centeno thought proper to send a civil answer to Gonzalo,
+giving him many thanks for his offers, and freely acknowledging
+the favour he had formerly experienced. That as a mark of his
+gratitude, therefore, he now earnestly entreated him to reflect
+seriously on the present situation of affairs, to consider the
+gracious clemency of the king, who had granted a free pardon to
+him and all those who had taken any part in the past troubles. He
+assured Gonzalo, if he would abandon the insurrection, now
+evidently hopeless, and submit to the royal orders, that he would
+use his utmost endeavours to procure him an honourable and
+advantageous situation, and at the same time endeavoured to
+convince him that he would run no risk either in his person or
+property by following the present advice. On his return to
+Gonzalo with this letter, Vaso was met by the lieutenant-general
+Carvajal, who made minute inquiry respecting every thing he had
+seen and learnt, and gave him strict injunctions not to let it be
+known to the followers of Gonzalo that the force of Centeno
+exceeded seven hundred men. On being informed that Centeno
+refused to join him, Gonzalo disdained to read his letter, and
+ordered it immediately to be burnt in presence of several of his
+officers.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after this, Gonzalo determined to march into the
+province of Las Charcas, and accordingly took the direct road
+towards the pass occupied by Centeno and Mendoza. In this march
+the van-guard was commanded by the lieutenant-general, who took
+and hanged more than twenty persons whom he fell in with during
+the march. Among these was a priest named Pantaleon, who carried
+some letters for Centeno, and whom Carvajal ordered to be hung
+up, with his breviary and ink-horn suspended from his neck.
+Continuing this march, the scouts of the two armies fell in with
+each other on Thursday the 19th of October 1547. Gonzalo
+immediately sent one of his chaplains with a message to Centeno,
+demanding leave to continue his march through the pass, without
+being obliged to give battle[32]. The chaplain was conducted by
+the bishop of Cuzco, who happened to be in the army of Centeno,
+to his tent; and Centeno gave strict charges to his troops to be
+on their guard and always in good order to receive the enemy in
+case of an attack. For above a month Centeno had been afflicted
+by an obstinate fever, for which he had been six times blooded
+without any relief, and was not expected to recover; so that he
+was quite incapable of acting on the present emergency, being
+confined constantly to bed.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 32: No consequences seem to have followed
+from this demand, which does not appear to have been acceded or
+even listened to.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The illness of Centeno was known in the army of Gonzalo, and
+that his tent was pitched at some distance from the rest, to
+avoid the noise and bustle of the camp. Founding on this
+intelligence, Juan d'Acosta was detached with twenty picked men,
+with orders to approach silently in the night to the camp of the
+royalists, and to endeavour to carry off Centeno. Acosta
+accordingly drew near with so much caution that he surprised the
+centinels that were on guard over Centeno, and had very near
+reached his tent when the alarm was given by some negro servants.
+Being thus discovered, Acosta ordered his men to fire off their
+musquets, and immediately retreated back to the camp of Gonzalo
+without losing a man. In the confusion occasioned by this
+exploit, great numbers of the royalists hastened towards the tent
+occupied by Centeno; but on this occasion several of the soldiers
+belonging to Valdivia threw away their arms and fled. Next
+morning the scouts of both armies approached each other, followed
+by the respective armies, which at length came in sight. The army
+of Centeno consisted of about a thousand men, two hundred of whom
+were cavalry, an hundred and fifty armed with musquets, and all
+the rest with pikes. Of this army, Luis de Ribera was
+major-general, Pedro de Rios, Jerom Villegas, and Pedro de Ulloa,
+captains of cavalry, and Diego Alvarez carried the
+grand-standard. The captains of infantry were Juan de Vargas,
+Francisco Retamoso, Negral, Pantoia, and Diego Lopez de Zuniga;
+Luis Garcias being sergeant-major, or adjutant-general[33]. The
+army of Gonzalo consisted only of five hundred men, of which
+three hundred were musqueteers, and eighty cavalry, the remainder
+being armed with pikes. Of this army Carvajal was
+lieutenant-general; the licentiate Cepeda and Juan Velez de
+Guevara were captains of horse; and Juan d'Acosta, Ferdinand
+Bachicao, and Juan de la Torre captains of foot.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 33: It is not easy to understand how
+Mendoza, who had joined Centeno some time before, happens to be
+omitted in this enumeration--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Both armies being drawn up in good order, the insurgents
+advanced, to the sound of trumpets and other musical instruments,
+till within six hundred paces of the enemy, when Carvajal ordered
+them to halt. The royalists continued to advance till within a
+hundred paces less, and then halted likewise. At this time, forty
+musqueteers were detached from the army of Gonzalo, with orders
+to begin the engagement; and two other parties of musqueteers, of
+forty men each, were posted on the wings, Pizarro taking his
+station between his cavalry and infantry. Thirty musqueteers were
+likewise advanced from the army of Centeno, to skirmish with
+those of the insurgents. As Carvajal observed that the royalists
+waited the attack in good order, he ordered his troops to advance
+a few steps very slowly, in hopes of inducing the enemy to make
+some movement or evolution which might occasion confusion in
+their ranks. This had the desired, effect, as the royalists,
+believing that their enemies, though interior in number, wished
+to have the honour of making the attack, they began immediately
+to advance, and the insurgents by order of Carvajal stood firm to
+receive them. When tolerably near, Carvajal gave orders for a
+small number of his troops to fire their musquets, on which the
+royalists made a general discharge, and marched forwards at a
+quick step with levelled pikes, during which the royalist
+musqueteers made a second discharge without occasioning any loss
+to the enemy, as they were still three hundred paces distant.
+Carvajal made his men reserve their fire till the enemy was
+within about an hundred paces; when, with a few pieces of
+artillery, and the whole of his musqueteers, he threw in so
+destructive a volley that above an hundred and fifty of the
+royalists were slain, among whom were two of their captains. By
+this terrible slaughter, the whole infantry of the royalist army
+was thrown into disorder, entirely defeated, and took to flight,
+in spite of every effort of Captain Retimoso to rally them, who
+lay wounded in the field. Notwithstanding the defeat of the
+infantry, the royalist cavalry made a brave charge against the
+insurgents, of whom they killed and wounded a considerable
+number. On this occasion Gonzalo had his horse killed and was
+thrown to the ground, yet escaped unhurt. Pedro de Rios and Pedro
+de Ulloa, captains of cavalry belonging to Centeno, wheeled with
+their squadrons round the wing of the insurgent infantry,
+intending to charge their flank; but were opposed by the
+detachments of musqueteers which were posted on the wings, on
+which occasion De Rios and several others were slain. Being thus
+repulsed, and seeing their own infantry entirely defeated, the
+cavalry took likewise to flight and dispersed, every one
+endeavouring to save himself as he best could.</p>
+
+<p>Gonzalo Pizarro, having thus gained an easy victory, marched
+on with his army in good order to the camp of Centeno, putting
+every person to death that came in the way. A considerable number
+of the dispersed royalists happened to seek safety in passing by
+the camp of Pizarro, which they found entirely deserted, insomuch
+that they were able to make use of the horses and mules belonging
+to the insurgent infantry to facilitate their flight, and even
+made a considerable booty in gold and silver. While the royalist
+cavalry were engaged vigorously with the insurgents, Bachicao,
+one of Gonzalos captains, believing that the royalists would be
+victorious, went over to them. After the victory was decided in
+favour of Gonzalo, Bachicao, imagining that his conduct had not
+been observed, and would remain unknown, or that he would be able
+to justify himself under some colourable pretence, returned to
+his post. But as his defection was known to Carvajal, he caused
+him to be instantly hung up, adding insulting raillery to his
+cruelty, calling him his dear comrade and using many other
+bantering expressions.</p>
+
+<p>During this unfortunate battle, Centeno was so ill that he was
+carried on a kind of litter by six Indians, almost in a state of
+insensibility; yet, by the care and attention of some of his
+friends, he was saved after the defeat of his army. In this
+bloody engagement, which was fought near a place called Guarina,
+above three hundred and fifty men were slain on the side of the
+royalists, besides thirty more who were put to death in the
+pursuit by the insurgent cavalry. Among these were, the
+major-general Luis de Ribera, the captains Retamoso, Diego Lopez
+de Zuniga, Negral, Pantoia, and Diego Alvarez, with Friar Gonzalo
+of the order of Mercy, and several other persons of condition.
+The insurgents lost about an hundred men. After the battle,
+Carvajal pursued the fugitives at the head of the insurgent
+cavalry for several days, on the road towards Cuzco. He was very
+anxious to take the bishop of Cuzco, against whom he was much
+incensed for having joined Centeno and being present in the
+battle. The bishop however made his escape; but Carvajal
+gratified his revenge on several royalists whom he got up with,
+all of whom he hung up without mercy, among whom were a brother
+of the bishop and a Dominican friar. After the return of Carvajal
+from the pursuit, Gonzalo made a distribution of lands and
+Indians among his troops, engaging to put them into possession at
+a convenient opportunity. He likewise took great care of his
+wounded men, and caused the slain to be buried. He then sent
+Bovadilla with a detachment to the city of La Plata and the
+mines, to collect all the gold and silver that could be procured,
+and dispatched Diego de Carvajal, usually called the <i>Beau</i>,
+on a similar mission to Arequipa. Juan de la Torre was sent to
+take possession of Cuzco, where he put to death Vasquez de Tapia
+and the licentiate Martel.</p>
+
+<p>After this favourable turn of affairs, Pizarro issued a
+proclamation by which all the soldiers who had served under
+Centeno were commanded to join his standard, under pain of death;
+granting an amnesty for all that passed, with the exception only
+of those principal leaders who had particularly exerted
+themselves for the royal cause. He then sent Pedro de Bustincia
+with a detachment, to oblige the curacas of Andaguaylas and the
+neighbouring districts to furnish provisions for his army. A few
+days afterwards Gonzalo repaired to Cuzco with about four hundred
+men, and used every effort to put himself into a situation for
+opposing the president; being so elated by the victory he had
+gained at Guarina over such superior numbers, that he and his
+followers believed themselves almost invincible.</p>
+
+<p>While these things were going on in the south of Peru, the
+president marched by the mountain road for the valley of Jauja,
+accompanied by the troops which he had brought from the Tierra
+Firma, and those of the captains Diego de Mora, Gomez de
+Alvarado, Juan de Saavedra, Porcel, and the others that had
+assembled in Caxamarca. He sent orders likewise to Salazar, who
+now commanded at Quito, to join him with all his men; and ordered
+Lorenzo de Aldana to join him from Lima with all the soldiers
+from the fleet and those he had drawn together after the flight
+of Gonzalo to Arequipa. The president arrived first of all at
+Jauja with an escort of an hundred men, where he immediately took
+the proper measures for collecting arms and military stores, and
+provisions. On the same day he was joined by the licentiate
+Carvajal and Gabriel de Royas; and soon afterwards Ferdinand
+Mexia de Guzman, and Juan Alphonzo Palamino arrived with their
+companies. Lorenzo de Aldana remained at Lima with his own
+company, it being of great importance to keep possession of that
+city and its post. In a short time the president had collected an
+army of above fifteen hundred men in Jauja, and employed all the
+forges and artists he could procure to fabricate new musquets, to
+put all the old ones into good repair, and to provide abundance
+of pikes and all other arms, both offensive and defensive. In
+these preparations he not only exerted the utmost diligence, but
+shewed a great deal of intelligence and knowledge, far beyond
+what could tare been expected from a person who had hitherto been
+entirely occupied in civil and religious pursuits. He carefully
+visited his camps, and inspected the workmen who were employed by
+his orders, taking at the same time every possible care of such
+of his soldiers as were sick, exerting himself to the utmost in
+every thing relative to the good of the service, beyond what
+could have been expected from any single person, by which means
+he acquired the entire confidence and affection of all who were
+under his command. His army had always been in hope that their
+services would not be required, and even at one time believed
+that the president would not have had occasion to assemble an
+army, as they thought that Centeno was strong enough to have
+conquered Gonzalo.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately on receiving intelligence of the victory which
+Gonzalo had gained at Guarina, the president sent the captains
+Lope Martin and Mercadillo, with a detachment of fifty men, to
+occupy the passes of Guamanga, about thirty leagues from Jauja on
+the way to Cuzco, to learn the motions of the enemy, and to
+collect all who might have been able to escape from Cuzco. While
+at Guamanga, Lope Martin got notice that Pedro de Bustincia was
+in the district of Andahuaylas collecting provisions for the army
+of Gonzalo, as formerly mentioned. Accompanied by fifteen mounted
+musqueteers, Martin went into that district, where he
+unexpectedly attacked Bustincia during the night, and made him
+and all his people prisoners. After hanging some of these men, he
+returned to Guamanga, bringing all the curacas of the
+neighbourhood along with him, by whose means intelligence was
+conveyed to all parts of the country, giving notice of the
+arrival of the president in the valley of Jauja, and the great
+preparations he was making in that place.</p>
+
+<p>From Jauja the president sent his lieutenant-general, Alfonzo
+de Alvarado, to bring up from Lima all the soldiers that could be
+spared from that place, together with some pieces of artillery
+from the ships, and clothes and money for the supply of such of
+the soldiers as were in want; all of which services were
+performed by Alvarado in a short time. The president now mustered
+his army, of which Pedro Alfonzo de Hinojosa was
+lieutenant-general, and the licenciate Bendicto de Carvajal
+carried the royal standard, Don Pedro de Cabrera, Gomez de
+Alvarado, Juan de Saavedra, Diego de Mora, Francisco Hernandez,
+Rodrigo de Salazar, and Alfonzo de Mendoza were captains of
+cavalry; Don Balthazar de Castillo, Pablo de Menezes, Hernando
+Mexia de Guzman, Juan Alfonzo Palomino, Gomez de Solis, Francisco
+Mosquera, Don Ferdinand de Cardinas, the adelantado Andagoya,
+Francisco d'Olmos, Gomez d'Arias, and three other captains,
+Porcel, Pardaval, and Serna, commanded the infantry. Gabriel de
+Royas was appointed to command the artillery. Besides the
+military officers already mentioned, the president was attended
+by the archbishop of Lima, the bishops of Cuzco and Quito, the
+provincials of the Dominicans and of the order of Mercy, and by
+several other ecclesiastics, both priests and friars. On a
+general muster and review of the army, it was found to consist of
+seven hundred musqueteers, five hundred pikemen, and four hundred
+cavalry. Afterwards, on arriving at Xaquixaguana on the march
+towards Cuzco, it was augmented to nineteen hundred men, by the
+junction of several other detachments, forming the largest and
+best appointed array hitherto seen in Peru.</p>
+
+<p>The president, having completed his preparations, began his
+march from Jauja in good order on the 19th of December 1547,
+taking the route of Cuzco, and especially desirous of crossing
+the river Abancay[34] in some safe place. In this part of his
+march he was joined by Pedro de Valdivia, the governor of Chili.
+Valdivia had come by sea to Lima, on purpose to raise men, and to
+procure various stores of which he was in want, with clothing and
+ammunition, on purpose to enable him to proceed in the conquest
+of Chili. On his arrival at Lima, and learning the situation of
+affairs in Peru, he determined upon joining the president. His
+arrival was considered as an indication of good fortune; for,
+although the president had already in his army many officers of
+merit and capacity, and of eminent rank and fortune, there was
+not any one in Peru who possessed so much experience in the
+manner of conducting warlike operations in that country as
+Valdivia, on which account he was considered as a fit person to
+be opposed to the experience and stratagems of Carvajal, who was
+much dreaded by every one in the presidents army, more especially
+since the late defeat of Centeno, which was entirely attributed
+to the talents of Carvajal. About the same time Centeno joined
+the president with more than thirty horse, who had accompanied
+him ever since the defeat of Guarina. Continuing his march amid
+considerable difficulties, owing to the scarcity of provisions,
+the president at length reached the province of Andahuaylas,
+where he judged it proper to remain during the winter, on account
+of the violent rains which fell night and day almost without
+ceasing, by which the tents were all rotted. The maize which they
+procured as food for the troops was all wet and spoiled, by which
+a considerable number of the soldiers were afflicted with
+dysentery, of which some died, notwithstanding the care taken of
+the sick by Francisco de la Rocha, a Trinitarian monk, who acted
+as physician to the army. Although there were above four hundred
+sick at one time, so great was the care bestowed, that they were
+as well attended and as plentifully supplied with medicines as if
+in a populous city, insomuch that they almost all recovered.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 34: Rather the Pachacamac, near which the
+town or city of Abancay is situated, and where probably the
+president proposed to pass that river.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The arrival of Valdivia and Centeno diffused much joy through
+the army, which was expressed in frequent feasts and
+entertainments, with concerts of music, running at the ring, and
+similar amusements. During the continuance of the army in winter
+quarters at Andahuaylas, the general Hinojosa with Alfonzo de
+Alvarado and Valdivia applied themselves indefatigably to have
+every thing in the best possible order for taking the field. On
+the commencement of spring, and when the rains began sensibly to
+diminish, the army broke up from Andahuaylas and marched to the
+bridge of Abancay, about twenty leagues from Cuzco, where it
+halted until bridges were constructed across the Apurimac at the
+distance of twelve leagues from Cuzco[35], as the enemy had
+broken down all the bridges over that river, and it was necessary
+either to construct new ones, or to make a circuit of more than
+seventy leagues to get to Cuzco. On purpose to distract the
+enemy, the president caused materials for the construction of
+bridges to be carried to three different points on the Apurimac;
+one on the great road of the Incas[36], a second in the valley of
+Cotabamba, about twelve leagues farther up the river, and a third
+still farther up the Apurimac, at a village belonging to Don
+Pedro de Puertocarrero, where that officer was posted with a
+hundred men to guard the passage. For the construction of these
+bridges cables and ropes were prepared, after the manner of the
+native Peruvians as formerly described in our general account of
+the country; and beams and pillars were got ready on which to fix
+the cables when the army should be collected at the intended
+place of passing the river. Had Gonzalo been able to ascertain
+the place at which it was intended to pass, he had assuredly
+opposed the royalists, and would at least have made it
+exceedingly difficult for them to construct a bridge; but as he
+could not ascertain the actual point fixed on, he did not
+consider it safe to divide his force so as to oppose the
+royalists at the three points of demonstration, and satisfied
+himself therefore by posting spies at the different places, to
+bring him immediate notice of the place where the royalists might
+begin their operations, that he might know where to march to
+oppose them. But the secret was confined to the knowledge of the
+president, and the members of his council of war.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 35: Abancay on the Pachacamac is not above
+14 Spanish leagues from Cuzco in a straight line. The other
+bridges mentioned in the text must have been thrown over the
+Apurimac Proper, somewhere near the town or village of
+Limatambo.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 36: This was probably by Limatambo, as on
+the great road the Incas had palaces for lodging in with their
+attendants, called <i>tambos</i>.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>When all the materials were in readiness, the army began its
+march for Cotabamba, at which place it was determined to pass the
+river. In this march the army had to encounter very considerable
+difficulties in passing through mountains covered with snow.
+Several of the captains were of opinion that this was an improper
+route, and proposed another place almost fifty[37], leagues
+higher up; but Lope Martin, who guarded the pass of Cotabamba,
+always insisted that the securest passage was to be had at that
+place. In consequence of this difference of opinion, the
+president sent Valdivia and three other captains to examine the
+different places; and on their report that Cotabamba was attended
+by the least difficulty and danger, that place was fixed upon.
+When Lope Martin got information that the army approached to
+Cotabamba, he set to work with the Spaniards and Indians of his
+detachment, to extend and tighten the cables and ropes across the
+river, of which the main support of the bridge was to be
+composed. Three of the cables were already fixed, when the spies
+employed by Gonzalo came to the place, and cut two of them
+without resistance. On this intelligence being communicated to
+the army, it gave much concern to the president and his officers,
+lest Gonzalo might bring up his forces to dispute the passage
+before the army could be able to get over. The president,
+therefore, accompanied by his principal officers, Hinojosa
+Alvarado and Valdivia, hastened to the scite of the bridge, where
+he immediately gave orders for some companies of infantry to pass
+the river on Peruvian flat boats or rafts, which was deemed a
+very hazardous enterprize, both on account of the rapidity of the
+current, and because it was believed the enemy might be in some
+force on the other side. Among the first who got over was
+Hondegardo with a few soldiers, after whom several other captains
+of infantry got across with their men, so that before night above
+four hundred men were got over, some of whom swam over their
+horses along with the flat boats, holding them by the bridles,
+and having their musquets and other arms tied to the saddles. Yet
+so rapid was the current, that above sixty horses were lost on
+this occasion, either drowned or dashed against the rocks.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 37: This may probably be an error of the
+press in the original for <i>fifteen</i> leagues. Fifty leagues
+even from Abancay would have carried the army almost to Arequipa,
+to turn the head of the Apurimac, and among the highest mountains
+of Peru.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>On receiving notice from his spies that a part of the
+royalists had got across the river, Gonzalo sent off Juan
+d'Acosta with two hundred mounted musqueteers, with orders to
+give no quarter to any of those who had passed the river,
+excepting such as had newly come from Spain. On the approach of
+Acosta, as the royalists then on that side of the river were not
+numerous, they mounted a considerable number of Indians and
+negroes on the horses which had been got over, arming them with
+lances, and by that means presented the appearance of a
+formidable squadron drawn up on a height, the few Spanish troops
+who were on that side of the river being placed in the front
+rank; insomuch that, when Acosta went to reconnoitre, they
+appeared so numerous that he did not venture to attack; and
+returned for a reinforcement. In the mean time, the bridge being
+got ready with the utmost possible diligence, most of the
+royalists passed the river, every one expressing the utmost
+astonishment at the negligence of Gonzalo in not being at hand to
+dispute the passage, as a hundred men at each of the three places
+where preparations had been made for passing, might have rendered
+the attempt exceedingly hazardous.</p>
+
+<p>Next day, when all the army with its stores and followers had
+passed the river, Don Juan de Sandoval was sent out upon
+discovery, who reported on his return that he had advanced three
+leagues into the country without seeing any thing of the
+insurgents. Hinojosa and Valdivia were then ordered to advance
+with several companies of infantry to occupy the passes in the
+neighbouring mountain, as Gonzalo might have given them much
+trouble if he had taken possession of these heights, which were
+above a league and a half in ascent; and this order was happily
+executed without meeting with any resistance. When Acosta
+retreated from the river, in consequence of believing himself too
+weak to attack those who had passed, he sent to demand a
+reinforcement from Gonzalo of a hundred musqueteers, with the aid
+of whom he alleged he would be enabled to defeat the royalist
+party which had crossed. At this time one Juan Nunnez de Prado
+deserted from him to the president, and gave him notice of the
+succours which were expected by Acosta. Believing therefore that
+Gonzalo would advance with all his forces, the president took
+post on the ridge of the mountain with above nine hundred men,
+both cavalry and infantry, and remained under arms all night.
+Next morning, Acosta advanced with the reinforcement he had
+demanded, and the scouts of the president brought notice of his
+approach. On this intelligence, believing the whole army of the
+insurgents at hand, the president sent his major-general Alfonzo
+de Alvarado back to the river, to bring up the artillery and the
+rest of the army: And as the colours of Pizarro came in sight,
+before the return of Alvarado, the president drew up his nine
+hundred men in order of battle, giving all the necessary orders
+in case of being attacked. But in a short time, it was discovered
+that these precautions were unnecessary, as Acosta soon retreated
+with his three hundred men, on seeing the greatly superior force
+of the royalists.</p>
+
+<p>The president remained two or three days in the position he
+had taken on the summit of the mountain, waiting for his
+artillery and the rest of his army. While at that place, Gonzalo
+sent him a message by a priest, demanding that he should dismiss
+his army, and refrain from making war against him till he should
+receive new orders from his majesty. On this occasion, the bishop
+of Cuzco, who was along with the president, ordered the priest
+into confinement. A little time before this, Gonzalo had
+dispatched another priest, to endeavour to gain over Hinojosa and
+Alvarado to his party, But that messenger, being resolved to
+desert the party of the insurgents, had taken measures in concert
+with his brother to go off in company with all their effects, in
+which they succeeded. At this time likewise the president wrote
+to Gonzalo, as he had repeatedly done during his march, earnestly
+entreating him to submit to the orders of his majesty, and
+sending him at the same time a copy of the amnesty. The usual
+manner in which these dispatches was forwarded to Gonzalo, was by
+means of the scouts of the army, who had orders to give them to
+those belonging to Gonzalo when they chanced to meet.</p>
+
+<p>When it was known at Cuzco that the president had crossed the
+river Apurimac with all his army, and had taken possession of the
+pass in the high mountain, Gonzalo Pizarro immediately marched
+out from that city with his army and encamped at Xaquixaguana,
+about five leagues from Cuzco, in a plain through which the road
+passed by which the royalists would have to march on their way
+from the mountain towards Cuzco. His army at this time consisted
+of five hundred and fifty musqueteers, with six pieces of cannon,
+and three hundred and fifty cavalry and pikemen. Gonzalo
+established his camp in a very strong position, as it was only
+accessible in front by means of a very narrow defile, one flank
+being secured by a river and morass, the other flank by the
+mountain, and the rear by precipitous rocks. During two or three
+days, that the two armies remained near each other before the
+battle, Gonzalo sometimes detached a hundred and sometimes two
+hundred men to skirmish with similar parties of the enemy. As the
+royalist army was now encamped only at a short distance from the
+insurgents, Gonzalo was afraid his troops might lose courage by
+noticing the vast superiority of the enemy in number, and that
+many of his men might abandon him; for which reason he always
+drew up his men under cover of a rising ground near his camp,
+pretending that he did so to induce the president to attack him
+in his present advantageous post, confiding in his numbers and
+believing the insurgents much fewer than they really were.</p>
+
+<p>After the president had passed the mountains and pitched his
+camp on the descent towards the plain, within view of the
+insurgents, Gonzalo drew up his army in order of battle, and
+caused some discharges to be made from his cannon and musquetry.
+On that day there arose so thick a mist, that the scouts and
+spies of the two armies often came against each other
+unexpectedly. Seeing that the insurgents were disposed to await
+his attack, or even to give battle, the president was inclined to
+defer bringing matters to that extremity for some time, in the
+hope that a considerable number of the enemy might come over to
+him if they could find an opportunity. Yet, as the season was
+exceedingly cold, even accompanied with strong frost, and as wood
+could not be procured for making fires, and provisions were
+scarce, it was impossible to remain long in a state of inaction.
+The army of Gonzalo was not subject to any of these
+inconveniencies, having plenty of provisions brought regularly
+from Cuzco, and being encamped in a comfortable and temperate
+situation in comparison with the position of the president, whose
+camp was on the slope of the mountain, while that of the
+insurgents was in the plain or valley below. Such is the
+difference in the temperature of Peru at very inconsiderable
+distances, that on the mountains a severe cold is experienced,
+accompanied by frost and snow, while only at eight or ten miles
+distance in the valley the inhabitants are obliged to use
+precautions to relieve them from excessive heat.</p>
+
+<p>Gonzalo and his lieutenant-general, Carvajal, had formed an
+arrangement for a night attack upon the president, intending to
+have assailed his camp in three points at the same time; but they
+were induced to abandon this project, in consequence of the
+desertion of one of their soldiers named Nava, who communicated
+their intentions to the president. By this person and some others
+who had joined him from the army of Gonzalo, the president was
+advised to delay coming to battle as long as possible; as they
+were certain that many of the followers of Gonzalo would take the
+first favourable opportunity of returning to their duty, more
+especially those soldiers who had served under Centeno, and who
+had been constrained after his defeat to enter into the ranks of
+the insurgents to save their lives. In expectation of the
+proposed attack, the president kept his army the whole of that
+night under arms, by which they suffered, much distress from the
+extreme coldness of the weather on the mountain, so that many of
+the soldiers were hardly able to keep hold of their arms, and
+waited impatiently for day. At daylight, a party of musqueteers
+belonging to Gonzalo was observed in march to gain possession of
+a height in the neighbourhood of the royal camp. Mexia and
+Palomino were immediately detached, with three hundred
+musqueteers, to dislodge them, and Valdivia and Alvarado advanced
+in the same direction, so that the enemy were soon forced to
+retire. During this skirmish, the president marched down from the
+mountain with the main body of his army, in the direction of
+Cuzco, under cover of the hill on which the skirmish had taken
+place; and, to distract the attention of the enemy, a small
+detachment of cavalry and infantry was ordered to advance in view
+of the insurgent camp from that hill. On the arrival of Valdivia
+and Alvarado at the top of the hill, observing that it was
+possible to cannonade the camp of the enemy from that place, they
+sent orders to Gabriel de Royas to bring up the artillery. On
+this occasion, De Royas promised a reward of five hundred crowns
+for each ball that should reach the enemy: In fact he paid that
+sum about a year afterwards to one of his gunners, who sent a
+ball through the tent of Gonzalo, which was exceedingly
+conspicuous, by which one of his pages was slain. In consequence
+of this incident, Gonzalo ordered all the tents to be struck,
+that they might not serve as marks for the cannoneers of the
+president. He likewise ordered his own artillery to commence
+firing, and drew up his army in order of battle, taking his own
+station at the head of his cavalry, which was commanded by the
+licentiate Cepeda and Juan d'Acosta. Carvajal was at the head of
+the infantry, having under him the captains Juan de la Torre,
+Diego Guillen, Juan Velasquez de Guevara, Francisco Maldonado,
+and Sebastian de Vergara. Pedro de Soria commanded his artillery.
+When the insurgent army was drawn up in order of battle, the
+numerous Indians that were attached to it quitted the camp, and
+posted themselves in view of both armies on the slope of a
+neighbouring hill.</p>
+
+<p>While the artillery on both sides kept up a constant fire, the
+royalist army descended from the mountain without keeping any
+regular order, and in all possible haste, the cavalry all on foot
+leading their horses, both on account of the ruggedness of the
+ground and the better to avoid the cannonade from the enemy, as
+they had no shelter from the balls. Immediately on getting down
+to the plain, the troops were drawn up in order of battle; the
+infantry in two battalions in the centre, and the cavalry on the
+two wings. The cavalry of the left wing was commanded by the
+captains Juan Saavedra, Diego de Mora, Rodrigo Salazar, and
+Francisco Hernandez de Aldana. The royal standard was displayed
+by the licentiate Carvajal in the right wing, in which likewise
+were posted the captains Don Pedro de Cabrera, Alfonso
+Mercadillo, and Gomez de Alvarado. The infantry marched between
+the wings of horse, but a little farther in advance, under the
+captains Ramirez, De Castro, De Solis, Cardenas, Menezes,
+Mosquera, De la Cerna, Urbina, Aliaga, De Robles, De Arias, and
+De Olmos. A little in advance of the infantry, Alfonso de Mendoza
+marched with his troop of horse to commence the attack,
+accompanied by Centeno, who was determined to exert himself on
+this occasion in revenge for his defeat at Guarina. Pedro de
+Villavicentio acted as serjeant-major or adjutant-general of the
+army. The president, accompanied by the archbishop of Lima, was a
+little on one side, on the slope of the mountain, by which the
+major-general Alvarado and Valdivia brought down the artillery
+and the three hundred musqueteers commanded by Mexia and
+Palomino. On getting into the plain, this body of musqueteers
+divided in two, Mexia marching to the right along the river, and
+Palomino keeping to the left along the skirts of the
+mountain.</p>
+
+<p>While the royalist artillery was coming down the mountain, the
+licentiate Cepeda, Garcilasso de la Vega, and Alfonso de Piedra,
+with several other persons of rank and some private soldiers,
+abandoned Gonzalo to surrender themselves to the president. They
+were closely pursued by Pedro Martin de Cicilia and some others
+of the insurgents, who wounded several of these deserters. The
+horse of Cepeda was killed under him by the thrust of a lance,
+and himself wounded, and he had assuredly been either taken or
+killed unless promptly succoured by order of the president. In
+the mean time Gonzalo kept his troops in firm array, waiting for
+the enemy, and in expectation that they might attack him in
+confusion and be easily defeated, as had happened in the battle
+of Guarina. Hinojosa on his side, advanced with the royalists in
+the best order and at a slow pace, to within musquet-shot of the
+insurgents, where he halted in some low ground, in such a
+situation that his men were secure from the cannon-balls of the
+enemy, which all flew over their heads, although the gunners used
+every effort to depress their guns so as to fire low. At this
+time the platoons of musquetry on the wings of both armies kept
+up a close fire, Alvarado and Valdivia using every effort to
+cause their men take good aim, while the president and archbishop
+encouraged their gunners to fire quickly and to purpose; making
+them often change the direction of their guns, as circumstances
+appeared to require.</p>
+
+<p>Observing that several of the soldiers of Gonzalo were
+endeavouring to abandon him and were hotly pursued, Centeno and
+Mendoza advanced with the cavalry under their command, on purpose
+to protect all who wished to come over. All those who quitted the
+insurgents, urged the commanders of the royal army not to advance
+to the charge, as they were certain the far greater part of the
+army of Gonzalo would abandon him, so that he would be easily
+defeated without any danger to the royalists, and with little
+effusion of blood. At this time, a platoon of thirty musqueteers,
+finding themselves near the royal army, came over in a body and
+surrendered themselves. Gonzalo wished to have these men pursued
+and brought back; but the attempt threw his troops into
+confusion, and his whole army began instantly to break up, some
+fleeing towards Cuzco, while others went over to the president
+and surrendered themselves. Some of the insurgent officers were
+so confounded by this sudden and universal derout, that they
+neither had presence of mind to flee or to fight. On seeing this
+hopeless turn of his affairs, Gonzalo lost all courage, and
+exclaimed in despair, "Since all surrender to the king, so must I
+also." It is reported, that Juan d'Acosta endeavoured to
+encourage him, saying, "let us rush upon the thickest of the
+enemy, and die like Romans;" to which Gonzalo is reported to have
+answered, "It is better to die like Christians."</p>
+
+<p>At this time, Gonzalo observing the serjeant-major of the
+royalists near him, surrendered to him, giving up a long small
+sword which he had used instead of a lance, as he had previously
+broken his lance upon some of his own men who were running away.
+He was immediately conducted to the president, to whom he used
+some very imprudent expressions, and by whom he was committed to
+the custody of Centeno. About the same time with Gonzalo, most of
+his officers were made prisoners. The lieutenant-general Carvajal
+endeavoured to save himself by flight, meaning to hide himself
+among some tall reeds in a marsh during the night; but his horse
+stuck fast in the morass, and he was brought prisoner to the
+president by some of his own men. In the pursuit, some of the
+insurgents were killed, but most of their officers were made
+prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>After the entire derout of the enemy, the soldiers of the
+royal army pillaged the camp of the insurgents, where they made a
+prodigious plunder in gold, silver, horses, mules, and rich
+baggage, by which many of them acquired considerable riches, some
+individuals having acquired so much as five or six thousand
+ducats. One of the soldiers happened to fall in with a fine mule
+having a load on his back, which seemed to consist only of
+clothes, he therefore cut the cords and threw off the load,
+carrying off the mule alone; immediately after which three other
+soldiers, more experienced in such matters, opened up the pack,
+which they found to contain a considerable quantity of gold and
+silver wrapped up in Indian cloaks for better concealment, worth
+five or six thousand ducats.</p>
+
+<p>As the army was much fatigued by the operations of that day;
+besides being under arms all night, the president allowed the men
+to rest one day, yet thought it necessary to dispatch the two
+Captains Mexia and De Robles with their companies to Cuzco, to
+prevent those soldiers who had pursued the fugitives towards that
+place from entering and plundering the city and killing a number
+of the inhabitants; more especially as many might now feel
+inclined to act from particular enmity towards such as had given
+them offence during the late troubles, under pretence of
+following up the victory. Those captains were likewise directed
+to secure such of the officers and soldiers of the defeated army
+as had fled in that direction. Next day, the president gave
+orders to the licentiate Cianca, one of the new oydors, and
+Alfonzo de Alvarado, his major-general, to bring the prisoners to
+trial. No other proof was requisite against Gonzalo Pizarro than
+his own acknowledgment and the notoriety of his having been in
+open rebellion against the sovereign. He was condemned to be
+beheaded, and that his head should be fixed in a niche or recess
+on the gibbet at Lima, secured by a trellis or net-work of iron
+through which it might be visible, with this inscription above.
+"The head of Gonzalo Pizarro, a traitor and rebel, who revolted
+against the royal authority in Peru, and presumed to give battle
+to the army under the royal standard in the valley of
+Xaquixaguana." His whole estates and property of every kind were
+confiscated; and his house in Cuzco was ordered to be rased, and
+salt sown upon its scite, on which a pillar or monument was to be
+erected with a suitable inscription to perpetuate the remembrance
+of his crime and condign punishment. Gonzalo was executed on the
+day of his trial, dying like a good Christian.</p>
+
+<p>While in prison and till his death, Centeno, to whose custody
+he had been committed, treated him with much civility, and would
+not allow any one to insult his fallen greatness. When about to
+be put to death, Gonzalo made a gift of the magnificent dress
+which he then wore to the executioner; but Centeno paid its full
+value to the executioner, that the body might not be stripped and
+exposed till carried away for interment; and next day he had it
+carried to Cuzco and respectfully buried. But the head, pursuant
+to the sentence, was carried to Lima.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day in which Pizarro was beheaded, his
+lieutenant-general Carvajal was drawn and quartered, and eight or
+nine of the insurgent captains were hanged; and in the sequel
+several others of the principal persons concerned in the revolt
+were punished when taken[38]. On the day following the president
+went to Cuzco with all his army, whence he sent Alfonzo de
+Mendoza with a detachment into Las Charcas, to make prisoners of
+those who had been sent into that district by Gonzalo in quest of
+silver, and such as might have fled thither from the battle. On
+account of the rich mines in the province of Las Charcas,
+especially Potosi, it was supposed that many of the fugitives had
+taken refuge in that place, to which Hondegardo was sent as
+lieutenant-governor and captain-general, with orders to chastise
+all those of the inhabitants who had been guilty either of
+favouring Gonzalo, or of neglecting to repair to the royal
+standard on the summons of the president. Along with Hondegardo,
+Gabriel de Royas was sent as receiver of the royal fifth and
+other tributes belonging to the king, and of the fines which the
+governor might inflict on the disaffected and recusants. As De
+Royas soon died, Hondegardo had to discharge the united functions
+of governor and receiver of the province, and in a short space of
+time he amassed treasure to the amount of 3,600,000 livres[39],
+which he transmitted to the president.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 38: Yet the Historian of American, II.
+392., says that "Gasca, happy in his bloodless victory, did not
+stain it with cruelty; Pizarro, Carvajal, and a small number of
+the most distinguished or notorious offenders being punished
+capitally." The executions seem however to have been sufficiently
+numerous, considering that the whole rebel army before the battle
+was only nine hundred strong, many of whom went over to the
+victor, and all the rest disbanded without
+fighting.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 39: L.157,000, if French livres are to be
+understood, and worth near a million sterling at the present
+value of money compared with that period,--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The president remained for some time at Guzco, occupied in
+punishing the insurgents according to the greatness of their
+crimes. Those whom he deemed most guilty, he condemned to be
+drawn in pieces by four horses, others he ordered to be hanged;
+some to be whipt, and others were sent to the galleys. He applied
+himself likewise with much attention to restore the kingdom to
+good order. In virtue of the authority confided to him by the
+king, he granted pardons to all who, having been in arms in the
+valley of Xaquixaguana, had abandoned Gonzalo and joined the
+royal standard. These pardons referred to all public crimes of
+which they had been guilty during the rebellion of Gonzalo
+Pizarro, yet leaving them liable to answer in civil actions for
+every thing respecting their conduct to individuals. This battle
+of Xaquixaguana, which will be long famous in Peru, was fought on
+Monday the 9th of April 1548.</p>
+
+<p>When the president had dispatched the most urgent affairs
+connected with the suppression of the rebellion, there yet
+remained an object of great importance for the quiet of the
+kingdom, which was surrounded with many difficulties. This was
+with regard to the dismissal of the army, in such a manner that
+so great a number of soldiers set free from the restraints of
+discipline might not occasion troubles similar to those now put
+an end to. On purpose to succeed in this delicate affair, the
+utmost prudence was requisite, as almost every soldier in the
+army considered himself entitled to one of the best of the vacant
+repartimientos, and as the number of the troops exceeded 2500
+men, while there were only 150 repartimientos to distribute.
+Hence it was quite obvious, that instead of being able to gratify
+every claimant, far the greater part must be dissatisfied. After
+a serious deliberation on this important subject, the president
+went to a place in the province of Apurimac, about twelve leagues
+from Cuzco, accompanied only by the archbishop and one secretary,
+on purpose to have leisure for mature reflection at a distance
+from the perpetual importunities of the claimants. In this place,
+they made the best distribution in their power of the vacant
+repartitions, giving sufficient means of living in a respectable
+manner to the captains and other persons of consideration, each
+in proportion to their respective merits and the services they
+had been of in suppressing the late rebellion, giving new
+repartitions to those who had none, and increasing those of
+others. On this occasion it was found that they had vacant
+repartitions to distribute to the value of a million of gold
+crowns in yearly rent. The greater number of the most valuable
+and extensive repartitions had become vacant during the troubles,
+partly from their former possessors having been put to death by
+Gonzalo, either under pretence of guilt in opposing his
+rebellion, or in the various engagements during the troubles. The
+president had likewise capitally punished several to whom Gonzalo
+had given repartitions. It must however be remarked, that several
+of these most valuable repartimientos had been retained by
+Gonzalo for his own benefit, under pretence of providing for the
+expences of the war.</p>
+
+<p>In making the new grants, the president retained the power of
+granting pensions upon some of the most extensive repartitions,
+of three or four thousand ducats from each, more or less
+according to their respective values, on purpose to have the
+power of dividing the money among such soldiers as he could not
+otherwise reward, to enable them to procure arms, horses, and
+other necessaries, meaning to send them off in various directions
+to discover and subdue the country which was hitherto unoccupied.
+Having thus regulated every thing to the best of his power, the
+president thought proper to retire to Lima, and sent the
+archbishop to Cuzco to publish the regulations and distribution
+of repartimientos, and to make payment of the several rewards in
+money which had been agreed upon. The arrangement of this affair
+occasioned much dissatisfaction among the soldiers, every one
+believing himself better entitled to some allotments of lands and
+Indians than several of those who had acquired such grants. All
+the fair speeches and promises of the archbishop and the
+principal officers were insufficient to quiet the murmurs and
+discontents of the troops, which even produced some commotions
+and seditious conspiracies, in which it was proposed to seize
+upon the archbishop and the chief officers of the army and
+government, and to send the licentiate Cienca with a remonstrance
+to the president, demanding of him to recal the repartition which
+he had decreed, and to make a new one more favourable to their
+wishes. They even threatened to revolt, and to take possession by
+force of what they considered due to their services. The
+licentiate Cienca, who had been appointed chief justice at Cuzco,
+had established so excellent a system of police that he had
+immediate notice of all these plots and commotions, and was soon
+enabled to restore order and tranquillity by arresting and
+punishing the principal agitators of these threatened troubles,
+by which he effectually checked the spirit of mutiny and
+insubordination, and averted at least for the present the danger
+of a new civil war in the kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>Before leaving Cuzco, the president had renewed the commission
+of Valdivia as governor of Chili, as a reward for the services he
+had rendered in the late war against Gonzalo. On purpose to
+provide the reinforcements of men, horses, and arms, which were
+necessary for defending and extending his conquests in that
+province, Valdivia went to Lima as the most convenient situation
+for procuring what he wanted. Having completed all his
+preparations, he embarked all his men and military stores at the
+port of Callao, and sent them off for Chili; but chose to go
+himself by land to Arequipa, where he proposed to take shipping
+in his way back to his government. A report was made to the
+president, that Valdivia had engaged some officers and soldiers
+from among those who had been sentenced to banishment from Peru,
+and even some of those who had been condemned to the galleys, on
+account of the share they had taken in the late rebellion. In
+consequence of this information, the president sent his
+lieutenant-general Hinojosa with orders to bring Valdivia before
+him to answer for his conduct in these things which were laid to
+his charge. As Valdivia was accompanied by a considerable number
+of men he believed himself in condition to resist this mandate,
+and refused the earnest solicitations of Hinojosa to go back
+along with him to the president. But, as Hinojosa observed that
+Valdivia took no precautions to prevent his arrest, and had no
+suspicions that any force would be used against him, he resolved
+to attempt to make him prisoner with the assistance only of six
+musqueteers, in which he succeeded without opposition. In this
+situation, Valdivia very properly determined to submit with a
+good grace, and so satisfactorily explained his conduct to the
+president, that he was allowed to resume his voyage, and to take
+all those people along with him whom he had engaged.</p>
+
+<p>Every thing in Peru being now reduced to good order, the
+president gave permission to all the citizens and other
+inhabitants of the country, who had hitherto served in his army,
+to retire to their homes, to look after the re-establishment of
+their private affairs, which had, suffered great injury from the
+unavoidable losses experienced during the rebellion, and their
+own necessary expences in the field. He likewise sent off several
+officers with detachments upon new discoveries, and appointed the
+licentiate Carvajal lieutenant-governor of Cuzco, taking up his
+own residence at Lima, which was the seat of government. About
+this time an hundred and fifty Spaniards arrived at the city of
+La Plata, having travelled all the way from the mouth of the Rio
+Plata under the command of Domingo de Yrala to that part of the
+country which had formerly been discovered by Diego de Royas, and
+were now come into Peru to solicit the president to appoint some
+one to act as governor of the country on the Rio Plata which they
+proposed to settle. He accordingly nominated Diego de Centeno to
+that new government, with authority to raise as many more men as
+he could procure, to enable him to complete the discovery and
+conquest of that country. When all their preparations were
+completed, and they were on the point of setting out on the
+march, Centeno died, and the president appointed another captain
+in his place.</p>
+
+<p>The Rio Plata, or River of Silver, derives its source from the
+high mountains continually covered with snow which lie between
+the cities of Lima and Cuzco[40]. From these mountains four
+principal rivers flow, which derive their names from the
+provinces through which they pass. The Apurimac, Vilcas, Abancay,
+and Jauja. This last derives its source from a lake in the
+province of Bombon[41], the most level and yet the highest plain
+in all Peru, where accordingly it snows or hails almost
+continually. This lake is quite crowded with small islands, which
+are covered with reeds, flags, and other aquatic plants, and the
+borders of the lake are inhabited by many Indians.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 40: Zarate is extremely erroneous in his
+account of the sources of the Rio Plata. All the streams which
+rise from the Peruvian mountains in the situation indicated, and
+for seven or eight degrees farther south, and which run to the
+eastwards, contribute towards the mighty Maranon or River of the
+Amazons.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 41: This is an egregious mistake; the Rio
+Jauja rises from the lake of Chinchay Cocha in the province of
+Tarma, and runs <i>south</i> to join the Apurimac. The river
+Guanuco rises in the elevated plain of Bombon, and runs
+<i>north</i> to form the Gualagua, which joins the Lauricocha or
+Tanguragua.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>In the late war against Gonzalo Pizarro, the president
+incurred enormous expences for the pay and equipment of his
+troops, for the purchase of horses, arms, and warlike stores, and
+the fitting out and provisioning of the ships which he employed.
+From his landing in the Tierra Firma to the day of his final
+victory over Gonzalo, he had expended on these necessary affairs
+more than nine hundred thousand dollars, most of which he had
+borrowed from the merchants and other private individuals, as all
+the royal revenues had been appropriated and dissipated by
+Gonzalo. After the re-establishment of tranquillity, he applied
+himself to amass treasure with the utmost diligence, both from
+the fifths belonging to the king, and by means of fines and
+confiscations; insomuch that after payment of his debts, he had a
+surplus of above a million and a half of ducats, chiefly derived
+from the province of Las Charcas.</p>
+
+<p>In his arrangements for the future government of the country,
+in conformity with the royal ordinance, he took much care to
+prevent the Indians from being oppressed. In consequence of the
+fatigues which they underwent, in the carriage of immense loads,
+and by numbers of the Spaniards wandering continually about the
+country attended by a train of Indians to carry their baggage,
+vast numbers of them had perished. Having re-established the
+royal audience, or supreme court of justice, in Lima, he applied
+earnestly to regulate the tributes which were to be paid by the
+Indians to the Spaniards upon fixed principles, which had not
+been hitherto done on account of the wars and revolutions which
+had distracted the country ever since its discovery and conquest.
+Before this new arrangement, every Spaniard who possessed a
+repartimiento or allotment of lands and Indians, used to receive
+from the curaca or cacique of his district such tribute as he was
+able or willing to pay, and many of the Spaniards often exacted
+larger sums from their Indians than they were well able to
+afford, frequently plundering them of their hard-earned property
+with lawless violence. Some even went so far as to inflict
+tortures on their Indians, to compel them to give up every thing
+they possessed, often carrying their cruelty to such a pitch as
+to put them to death in the most wanton and unjustifiable manner.
+To put a stop to these violent proceedings, the taxes of each
+province and district were regulated in proportion to the number
+of Indian and Spanish inhabitants which they respectively
+contained; and, in forming their arrangements, the president and
+judges carefully inquired into the productions of each province;
+such as its mines of gold and silver, the quantity of its cattle,
+and other things of a similar nature, the taxes on which were all
+regulated according to circumstances in the most reasonable and
+equitable manner.</p>
+
+<p>Having thus reduced the affairs of the kingdom to good order,
+all the unemployed soldiers being sent off to different places,
+some to Chili, others to the new province on the Rio Plata, and
+others to various new discoveries under different commanders, and
+all who remained in Peru being established in various occupations
+by which they might maintain themselves, according to their
+inclinations and capacities, mostly in the concerns of the mines,
+the president resolved to return, into Spain, pursuant to the
+authority he had received from his majesty to do so when he might
+see proper. One of his most powerful motives for returning to
+Spain proceeded from his anxiety to preserve the large treasure
+he had amassed for the king: as, having no military force for its
+protection, he was afraid such great riches might excite fresh
+troubles and commotions in the country. Having made all the
+necessary preparations for his voyage, and embarked his treasure,
+without communicating his intentions hitherto to any one, he
+assembled the magistrates of Lima, and informed them of his
+intended voyage. They started many objections to this measure;
+representing the inconveniencies which might arise from his
+departure, before his majesty had sent out some other person to
+replace him, either in the capacity of viceroy or president. He
+answered all their objections, stating that the court of royal
+audience, and the governors of the different provinces which they
+were authorized to nominate, were sufficient to dispense justice
+and to regulate all affairs, they at last consented; and
+immediately embarking, he set sail for Panama.</p>
+
+<p>Just before he sailed and while on board ship, the president
+made a new partition of such lands and Indians as had become
+vacant since the former distribution which he made at Cuzco. The
+number of vacant repartimientos was considerable, in consequence
+of the death of Centeno, De Royas, the licentiate Carvajal, and
+several other persons of rank; and as there were many candidates
+who demanded loudly to be preferred, he chose to defer the
+repartition till after he had embarked, as he was unable to
+satisfy all the claimants, and was unwilling to expose himself to
+the clamours of those whom he was unable to gratify. Having
+settled all these distributions, he left the different deeds
+signed and sealed with the secretary of the royal audience, with
+strict injunctions that they should not be opened until eight
+days after his departure. Every thing being finally concluded, he
+set sail from the port of Callao in December 1549, accompanied by
+the Provincial of the Dominicans and Jerom de Aliaga, who were
+appointed agents for the affairs of Peru at the court of Spain.
+He was likewise accompanied by several gentlemen and other
+considerable persons, who meant to return to Spain, carrying with
+them all the wealth they had been able to acquire.</p>
+
+<p>The voyage to Panama was prosperous. The president and all who
+were along with him immediately landed at that place, and used
+the utmost diligence to transport all the wealth belonging to his
+majesty and to individuals, to Nombre de Dios, to which place
+they all went, and made proper preparations for returning to
+Spain. Every one treated the president with the same respect as
+when he resided in Peru, and he behaved towards them with much
+civility and attention, keeping open table for all who chose to
+visit him. This was at the royal expence; as the president had
+stipulated for all his expences being defrayed by his majesty,
+before leaving Spain on his mission to Peru. In this he acted
+with much and prudent precaution; considering that the former
+governors had been accused of living penuriously in proportion to
+their rich appointments, and being satisfied that the
+administration in Spain would not allow him a sufficient income
+to defray the great expences he must incur in a country where
+every thing was enormously dear, he declined accepting any
+specified salary, but demanded and obtained authority to take
+from the royal funds all that was necessary for his personal
+expence and the support of his household. He even used the
+precaution to have this arrangement formally reduced to writing;
+and in the exercise of this permission he employed a person
+expressly for the purpose of keeping an exact account of all his
+expences, and of every thing that was purchased for his table or
+otherwise, which were all accordingly paid for from the royal
+coffers.</p>
+
+<p>SECTION VII.</p>
+
+<p><i>Insurrection of Ferdinand and Pedro de Contreras in
+Nicaragua, and their unsuccessful attempt upon the Royal Treasure
+in the Tierra Firma.</i></p>
+
+<p>At this period an extraordinary attempt was made to intercept
+the president in his passage through the Tierra Firma, and to
+gain possession of the royal treasure under his charge, which
+will require some elucidation for its distinct explanation. When
+Pedro Arias de Avilla discovered the province of Nicaragua, of
+which he was appointed governor, he married his daughter Donna
+Maria de Penalosa to Rodrigo de Contreras, a respectable
+gentleman of Segovia. Some time afterwards, Pedro Arias died,
+after having appointed his son-in-law to succeed him in the
+government, and this appointment was confirmed by the court in
+consideration of the merits and services of Contreras, who
+accordingly continued governor of Nicaragua for several years. On
+the appointment of a royal audience on the confines of Nicaragua
+and Guatimala, Contreras was displaced from his government; and,
+in pursuance of the ordinance which had occasioned so much
+commotion in Peru, both he and his wife were deprived of their
+repartitions of lands and Indians, and the grants which had been
+made to their children were likewise recalled. Contreras went in
+consequence to Spain, to solicit a reparation of the injury he
+had sustained, representing the services which had been performed
+to the crown by the discovery, conquest, and settlement of
+Nicaragua, by his father-in-law and himself; but his majesty and
+the council of the Indies confirmed the decision of the royal
+audience, as conformable with the regulations.</p>
+
+<p>On receiving information of the bad success of their father,
+Ferdinand and Pedro de Contreras were much chagrined, and rashly
+determined to revolt and seize the government of the province.
+They persuaded themselves with being joined by a sufficient force
+for this purpose, confiding in the advice and assistance of a
+person named Juan de Bermejo, and some other soldiers his
+companions, who had quitted Peru in much discontent against the
+president, for not having sufficiently rewarded them, in their
+own opinions, for their services in the war against Gonzalo.
+Besides these men, several of those who had fought under Gonzalo
+had taken refuge in Nicaragua, having been banished by the
+president from Peru, all of whom joined themselves to the
+Contreras on this occasion. By these people the young men were
+encouraged to erect the standard of rebellion, assuring them, if
+they, could pass over into Peru with two or three hundred men,
+sufficiently armed, that almost the whole population of the
+kingdom would join their standards, as all were exceedingly
+dissatisfied with the president for not rewarding their services
+sufficiently. The Contreras accordingly began secretly to collect
+soldiers, and to provide arms for this enterprize; and deeming
+themselves sufficiently powerful to set justice at defiance, they
+resolved to commence their revolt. As they considered the bishop
+of Nicaragua among the most determined enemies of their father,
+they began their operations by taking vengeance on him; for which
+purpose they sent some soldiers to his house, who assassinated
+him while playing chess. After this, they openly collected their
+followers and displayed their standard, assuming the title of the
+<i>Army of Liberty</i>; and seizing a sufficient number of
+vessels, they embarked on the Pacific Ocean with the intention of
+intercepting the viceroy on his voyage from Lima to Panama,
+intending to plunder him of all the treasure he was conveying to
+Spain. For this purpose they steered in the first place for
+Panama, both to gain intelligence of the proceedings of the
+president, and because the navigation from thence to Peru was
+easier than from Nicaragua.</p>
+
+<p>Embarking therefore with about three hundred men, they made
+sail for Panama, and on their arrival at that place they learnt
+that the president had already disembarked with all his treasure
+and attendants. They now believed that every thing was favourable
+to their intentions, and that by good fortune their desired prey
+had fallen into their hands. Waiting therefore till night, they
+entered the port as quietly as possible, believing that the
+president was still in Panama, and that they might easily execute
+their enterprize without danger or resistance. Their intelligence
+however was exceedingly defective, and their hopes ill founded;
+for the president had left Panama with all his people three days
+before, having previously sent off all his treasure to Nombre de
+Dios, to which place he was likewise gone. In fact, by this
+diligence, the president avoided the impending danger, without
+having the slightest suspicion that any such might befal.
+Immediately on landing, the brothers were informed that the
+president had already left the place; on which they went to the
+house of Martin Ruiz de Marchena, treasurer of the province,
+where they took possession of the money in the royal coffers,
+amounting to 400,000 pesos in base silver, which had been left
+there by the president in consequence of not having sufficient
+means of transporting it to Nombre de Dios along with the rest.
+After this they dragged Marchena, Juan de Larez, and some other
+respectable inhabitants to the public square, threatening to hang
+them all unless they gave immediate notice where the arms and
+money belonging to the province were deposited. But all their
+threats were unable to force any discovery, and they carried on
+board their ships all the treasure and other valuable plunder
+they had procured.</p>
+
+<p>Believing that the farther success of their enterprize
+depended on the diligence they should exert in reaching Nombre de
+Dios to surprize the president, before he might have time to
+embark or prepare for his defence, they determined to proceed to
+that place without delay. For this purpose, it was arranged that
+Ferdinand de Contreras should march to Nombre de Dios with the
+greater part of the troops, while Juan de Bermejo was to take
+post with an hundred men on a height near Panama, to protect the
+rear of Ferdinand, to prevent pursuit, to be in readiness to
+receive the valuable booty they expected, and to intercept such
+of the attendants on the president as might escape in that
+direction from Nombre de Dios. In the mean time, Pedro de
+Contreras was to remain on board with a small number of men to
+protect the ships. All this was done accordingly; but matters
+turned out in quite a different manner from their expectations.
+Marchena got some information respecting their plan of
+operations, and sent off two confidential intelligent negroes to
+give notice to the president of what had occurred in Panama, and
+of the ulterior designs of the Contreras. One of these negroes
+was directed to travel the whole way by land, and the other to go
+by way of the small river Chagre, which route had been taken by
+the president.</p>
+
+<p>This river has its source in the mountains between Panama and
+Nombre de Dios. Its course at first seems tending towards the
+Pacific Ocean; but it suddenly makes a turn at a cataract, and
+after a farther run of fourteen leagues it falls into the
+Atlantic; so that by means of a canal only five leagues in
+length, from that river to the South Sea, a navigation might be
+easily established between the two seas. It is true that it would
+be necessary to cut this canal through mountains, and in a
+country exceedingly uneven and full of rocks, so that the design
+has hitherto appeared impracticable. Hence, in going from Panama
+to Nombre de Dios by the river Chagre, it is necessary to travel
+by land in the first place to that river below the fall, a
+distance of five leagues. After descending to the mouth of the
+river, there still remains five or six leagues to go by sea to
+Nombre de Dios. The messenger who was sent by this road came up
+with the president before his arrival at Nombre de Dios, and gave
+him an account of the events which had taken place at Panama.
+Though much alarmed by this intelligence, he communicated it to
+the provincial and the officers who accompanied him without
+appearing to be under any apprehensions; but, on embarking on the
+North Sea, it fell so dead a calm that they could make no
+progress, and he could not then conceal his fears of the event.
+Still however preserving his presence of mind, he sent off Hernan
+Nunnez de Segura by land to Nombre de Dios, accompanied by some
+negroes who knew the country, with orders for all the inhabitants
+of that place to take up arms for the protection of the treasure
+which had been sent there. Segura had a most difficult and
+fatiguing journey on foot, having several rivers to cross, some
+of them by swimming, and to pass through woods and marshes in a
+road through which no person had travelled for a long while. On
+his arrival at Nombre de Dios, he found the news already
+communicated to that place, by the other negro, and that the
+inhabitants were already in arms, and had prepared as well as
+they were able to defend themselves, having landed the crews of
+nine or ten vessels which were in the harbour to give their
+assistance in repelling the rebels. The president arrived shortly
+afterwards, where he found every thing in order for defence; and
+immediately marched out at the head of the armed inhabitants on
+the road towards Panama, determined to give battle to Contrera in
+case of his approach.</p>
+
+<p>When Ferdinand de Contrera marched for Nombre Dios, and
+Bermejo took post on the hill near Panama, as formerly mentioned,
+Marchena and De Larez believed they might be able to defeat
+Bermejo in the divided state of the rebels. For this purpose they
+re-assembled all the inhabitants of Panama, most of whom had
+taken refuge in the mountains, with whom they joined a
+considerable number of negroes who were employed as labourers in
+husbandry and in driving mules with goods between Panama and
+Nombre de Dios. By these means they assembled a respectable
+force, which they armed as well as circumstances would allow.
+Having thrown up some intrenchments of earth and fascines in the
+streets, and leaving some confidential persons to protect the
+town against the small number of rebels left in the ships with
+Pedro de Contreras, they marched out boldly against Bermejo, whom
+they vigorously attacked. After some resistance, they gained a
+complete victory, killing or making prisoners of the whole of
+that detachment. After this complete success, Marchena determined
+immediately to march for Nombre de Dios, believing that the
+inhabitants of that city, on learning the late events at Panama,
+would have armed for their defence, and would even take the field
+against Ferdinand de Contreras, and being more numerous than his
+detachment, would oblige him to retire to form a junction with
+Bermejo. Accordingly, when Ferdinand de Contreras had proceeded
+about half way to Nombre de Dios, he learnt that the president
+had got notice of the approach of the rebels, and had marched out
+against them with a superior force; on which Ferdinand de
+Contreras resolved to return to Panama.</p>
+
+<p>While on his return, he took some negroes from whom he got
+notice of the entire defeat of Bermejo, and of the advance of
+Marchena against himself. He was so disconcerted by this
+intelligence, that he allowed all his men to disperse, desiring
+them to save themselves as they best might, and to endeavour to
+get to the shore, where his brother would take them on board the
+ships. They all separated, and Ferdinand with some of his people
+struck into the woods, avoiding the public road, that they might
+escape Marchena. As the country was much intersected with rivers,
+and Ferdinand was little accustomed to encounter such
+difficulties, he was drowned in an endeavour to pass one of the
+rivers. Several of the followers of Ferdinand were made
+prisoners, and it was never known what became of the others. The
+prisoners were carried to Panama, where they, and those others
+who were taken at the defeat of Bermejo, were all put to
+death.</p>
+
+<p>When Pedro de Contreras, who remained on board the ships, got
+intelligence of the miserable fete of his comrades, he was so
+much alarmed that he would not take time to hoist anchor and make
+seal, but threw himself into a boat with some of his men, leaving
+the ships at anchor with all the plunder untouched. He coasted
+along for a considerable way to the province of Nata; after which
+no farther intelligence was ever received either of him or any of
+those who were along with him, but it was supposed they were all
+massacred by the Indians of that country. On getting intelligence
+of the favourable termination of this threatening affair, the
+president returned to Nombre de Dios, giving thanks to God for
+having delivered him from this unforseen danger. Had the rebels
+arrived at Panama only a few days sooner, they might easily have
+made him prisoner, and would have acquired a much larger booty
+then ever fell into the hands of pirates.</p>
+
+<p>Tranquillity being entirely restored, the president embarked
+with his treasure, and arrived safely in Spain. One of his
+vessels, in which Juan Gomez de Anuaya was embarked, with part of
+the royal treasure, was obliged to put back to Nombre de Dios:
+But, having refitted at that port, she likewise arrived in Spain.
+Immediately on landing at San Lucar, the president sent Captain
+Lope Martin into Germany, where the emperor then was, to inform
+his majesty of his safe arrival from Peru. This news was
+exceedingly agreeable to the court, and occasioned much
+astonishment at the prompt and happy termination of the troubles,
+which had appeared so formidable and difficult to appease. Soon
+after the arrival of the president at Valladolid, he was
+appointed bishop of Placentia[42], then vacant in consequence of
+the death of Don Luis Cabeza de Vaca; and his majesty sent orders
+that he should come to court, to give a minute account of all the
+affairs in which he had been engaged. He went there accordingly,
+accompanied by the provincial of the Dominicans, and Jerom de
+Aliaga, the deputies or agents of the kingdom of Peru, and by
+several other gentlemen and persons of consideration, who were in
+expectation of getting some rewards from his majesty for their
+loyal services during the late commotions. The new bishop
+accordingly embarked at Barcelona, along with his companions, in
+some galleys which were appointed for the purpose; taking along
+with him, by order of his majesty, half a million of dollars of
+the treasure he had brought from Peru. Shortly afterwards, his
+majesty appointed Don Antonio de Mendoza, the viceroy of New
+Spain, to assume that office in Peru; sending Don Luis de
+Velasco, commissary-general of the customs of Castille, to
+succeed Mendoza in the viceroyalty of New Spain.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 42: In the Royal Commentaries of Garcilasso
+de la Vega, p. 876, he is said to have been first appointed to
+the bishopric of Placentia, and to have been afterwards
+translated to that of Ciguenza in 1561 by Philip II which he
+enjoyed till his death in 1577.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>END OF THE DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST OF PERU,</p>
+
+<p>BY AUGUSTINO ZARATE.</p>
+
+<hr align="center" width="25%">
+<h2><a name="chapter2-8" id="chapter2-8">CHAPTER VIII.</a></h2>
+
+<p><b>CONTINUATION OF THE EARLY HISTORY OF PERU, FROM THE
+RESTORATION OF TRANQUILLITY BY GASCA IN 1549, TO THE DEATH OF THE
+INCA TUPAC AMARU; EXTRACTED FROM GARCILASSO DE LA VEGA.</b></p>
+
+<p>INTRODUCTION.</p>
+
+<p>Having now given at considerable length the authentic
+histories of the discovery and conquest of the two greatest of
+the European colonies in the New World, Mexico and Peru, from
+original and contemporary authors whose works had not before
+appeared in any English Collection of Voyages and Travels, we now
+propose to give, as a kind of supplement or appendix to the
+excellent history of Zarate, an abridged deduction of the
+principal events in Peru for some time after the departure of the
+president De la Gasca from that kingdom, extracted from the
+conclusion of the Royal Commentaries of Peru by Garcilasso de la
+Vega Inca, Part II. Book VI. VII. and VIII. Having formerly given
+some account of that work, not very favourable to the character
+of that descendant of the Incas as a historian, it may only be
+here mentioned that the events to be now related on his authority
+all occurred in his own time, and that the relation of them which
+he has left would have been greatly more valuable if he had been
+pleased to favour us more frequently with their dates.</p>
+
+<p>In the present eventful period, while Spain, once the terror
+of Europe, seems in danger of sinking under the tyrannical grasp
+of the usurper of France, a vast revolution appears about to
+elevate the Spanish American colonies into extensive independent
+states; if the jealous collision of rights, interests, and
+pretensions between the various races of their inhabitants do not
+plunge them into all the horrors of civil war and anarchy. The
+crisis is peculiarly interesting to all the friends of humanity,
+and it is to be wished that the present commotions may soon
+subside into a permanent state of peace and good government,
+advantageous to all the best interests of the colonists, and
+beneficial to the commerce and industry of the rest of the
+world.</p>
+
+<p>Before proceeding to the abridged history of events in Peru,
+subsequent to the departure of the president De la Gasca, the
+following reflections on the state of manners among the early
+Spanish settlers in that opulent region, during the period of
+which we have already given the history, as drawn by the eloquent
+pen of the illustrious Historian of America, have appeared most
+worthy of insertion[43].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 43: Hist of America, II. p.
+393.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>"Though the Spaniards who first invaded Peru were of the
+lowest order in society, and the greater part of those who
+afterwards joined them were persons of desperate fortune, yet in
+all the bodies of troops brought into the field by the different
+leaders who contended for superiority, not one acted as a hired
+soldier or followed his standard for pay. Every adventurer in
+Peru considered himself as a conqueror, entitled by his services
+to an establishment in that country which had been acquired by
+his valour. In the contests between the rival chiefs, each chose
+his side as he was directed by his own judgment or affections. He
+joined his commander as a companion of his fortune, and disdained
+to degrade himself by receiving the wages of a mercenary. It was
+to their sword, not to pre-eminence in office or nobility of
+birth that most of the leaders whom they followed were indebted
+for their elevation; and each of their adherents hoped, by the
+same means, to open a way for himself to the possession of power
+and wealth."</p>
+
+<p>"But though the troops in Peru served without, any regular
+pay, they were raised at an immense expence. Among men accustomed
+to divide the spoil of an opulent country, the desire of
+obtaining wealth acquired incredible force. The ardour of pursuit
+augmented in proportion to the hope of success. Where all were
+intent on the same object, and under the dominion of the same
+passion, there was but one mode of gaining men, or of securing
+their attachment. Officers of name and influence, besides the
+promise of future establishments, received large gratuities in
+hand from the chief with whom they engaged. Gonzalo Pizarro, in
+order to raise a thousand men, advanced five hundred thousand
+pesos. Gasca expended in levying the troops which he led against
+Pizarro nine hundred thousand pesos. The distributions of
+property, bestowed as the reward of services, were still more
+exorbitant. Cepeda as the reward of his perfidy, in persuading
+the court of royal audience to give the sanction of its authority
+to the usurped jurisdiction of Pizarro, received a grant of lands
+which yielded an annual income of an hundred and fifty thousand
+pesos. Hinojosa, who, by his early defection from Pizarro, and
+surrender of the feet to Gasca, decided the fate of Peru,
+obtained a district of country affording two hundred thousand
+pesos of yearly value. While such rewards were dealt out to the
+principal officers, with more than royal munificence,
+proportional shares were conferred on those of inferior
+rank."</p>
+
+<p>"Such a rapid change of fortune produced its natural effects.
+It gave birth to new wants, and new desires. Veterans, long
+accustomed to hardship and toil, acquired of a sudden a taste for
+profuse and inconsiderate dissipation and indulged in all the
+excesses of military licentiousness. The riot of low debauchery
+occupied some; a relish for expensive luxuries spread among
+others. The meanest soldier in Peru would have thought himself
+degraded by marching on foot; and, at a time when the price of
+horses in that country was exorbitant, each individual insisted
+on being furnished with one before he would take the field. But,
+though less patient under the fatigues and hardships of service,
+they were ready to face danger and death with as much intrepidity
+as ever; and, animated by the hope of new rewards, they never
+failed, on the day of battle, to display all their ancient
+valour."</p>
+
+<p>"Together with their courage, they retained all the ferocity
+by which they were originally distinguished. Civil discord never
+raged with a more fell spirit than among the Spaniards in Peru.
+To all the passions which usually envenom contests among
+countrymen, avarice was added, and rendered their enmity more
+rancorous. Eagerness to seize the valuable forfeitures expected
+upon the death of every opponent, shut the door against mercy. To
+be wealthy was, of itself, sufficient to expose a man to
+accusation, or to subject him to punishment. On the slightest
+suspicions, Pizarro condemned many of the most opulent
+inhabitants of Peru to death. Carvajal, without searching for any
+pretext to justify his cruelty, cut off many more. The number of
+those who suffered by the hand of the executioner, was not much
+inferior to what fell in the field; and the greater part was
+condemned without the formality of any legal trial."</p>
+
+<p>"The violence with which the contending parties treated their
+opponents was not accompanied by its usual attendants, attachment
+and fidelity to those with whom they acted. The ties of honour,
+which ought to be held sacred among men, and the principle of
+integrity, interwoven as thoroughly in the Spanish character as
+in that of any nation, seem to have been equally forgotten. Even
+regard for decency, and the sense of shame, were totally
+abandoned. During these dissensions, there was hardly a Spaniard
+in Peru who did not abandon the party which he had originally
+espoused, betray the associates with whom he had united, and
+violate the engagements under which he had come. The viceroy
+Nunnez Vela was ruined by the treachery of Cepeda and the other
+judges of the royal audience, who were bound to have supported
+his authority. The chief advisers and companions of Gonzalo
+Pizarro in his revolt were the first to forsake him, and submit
+to his enemies. His fleet was given up to Gasca, by the man whom
+he had singled out among his officers to entrust with that
+important command. On the day that was to decide his fate, an
+army of veterans, in sight of the enemy, threw down their arms
+without striking a blow, and deserted a leader who had often
+conducted them to victory. Instances of such general and avowed
+contempt of the principles and obligations which attach man to
+man, and bind them in social union, rarely occur in history. It
+is only where men are far removed from the seat of government,
+where the restraints of law and order are little felt, where the
+prospect of gain is unbounded, and where immense wealth may cover
+the crimes by which it is acquired, that we can find any parallel
+to the levity, the rapaciousness, the perfidy, and corruption
+prevalent among the Spaniards in Peru."</p>
+
+<p>SECTION I.</p>
+
+<p><i>Incidents in the History of Peru, from the departure of
+Gasca, to the appointment of Don Antonio de Mendoza as
+Viceroy.</i></p>
+
+<p>Among those who were dissatisfied with the distribution of the
+repartimientos in Peru by the president, was Francisco Hernandez
+Giron, to whom De la Gasca granted a commission to make a
+conquest of the district called the Cunchos, to the north-east of
+Cuzco, and beyond one of the great chains of the Andes, with the
+title and authority of governor and captain-general of that
+country, which he engaged to conquer at his own expence. Giron
+was much gratified by this employment, as it afforded him a
+favourable opportunity for fomenting and exciting a new rebellion
+against the royal authority, which he had long meditated, and
+which he actually put in execution, as will be seen in the
+sequel. Immediately after the departure of the president from
+Peru, he went from Lima to Cuzco publishing the commission which
+he had received, and appointed several captains to raise men for
+his intended expedition in Guamanga, Arequipa, La Paz, and other
+places; while he personally beat up for volunteers in Cuzco.
+Being a man of popular manners and much beloved among the
+soldiers, he soon drew together above two hundred men. So great a
+number of the most loose and dissolute inhabitants being
+collected together at Cuzco and in arms, they took extreme
+liberty in canvassing the late events, and to speak with much
+licentiousness respecting the president and the officers he had
+left in the government of the kingdom. Their discourse was so
+open and scandalous, that the magistrates of the city deemed it
+necessary to interpose; and Juan de Saavedra, who was then mayor
+or regidor of Cuzco, requested Giron to depart upon his intended
+expedition without delay, that the peaceable inhabitants might no
+longer be scandalized by the seditious discourses of his
+soldiers, as most of them were quartered upon the citizens to
+whom they behaved with much insolence.</p>
+
+<p>I was then in Cuzco, though a boy, when Giron and his soldiers
+made their first disturbance; and I was present also about three
+years afterwards at their second mutiny; and, though I had not
+even then attained the age of a young man, I was sufficiently
+able to notice and understand the observations and discourses of
+my father on the various events which occurred; and I can testify
+that the soldiers behaved in so proud and insolent a manner that
+the magistrates were forced to take notice of their conduct. The
+soldiers thought proper to be much offended on this occasion,
+pretending that no one ought to have any authority over them
+except Giron under whose command they had inlisted; and they
+carried their mutinous insolence to such a height as to assemble
+in arms at the house of their commander to protect themselves
+against the magistrates. When this mutiny was known in the city,
+the magistrates and citizens found themselves obliged to arm, and
+being joined by many soldiers who were not of the faction, they
+took post in the market-place. The mutineers drew up likewise in
+the street where Giron's house stood, at no great distance from
+the market-place; and in this manner both parties remained under
+arms for two days and nights, always on the point of coming to
+action; which had certainly been the case if some prudent persons
+had not interposed between them, and prevailed on the magistrates
+to enter into a treaty for compromising their differences. The
+most active persons on this occasion were Diego de Silva, Diego
+Maldonado the rich, Garcilasso de la Vega my father, Vasco de
+Guevara, Antonio Quinnones, Juan de Berrio, Jeronimo de Loyasa,
+Martin de Meneses, and Francisco Rodriguez. By their persuasions
+the regidor Juan de Saavedra and Captain Francisco Hernandez
+Giron were induced to meet in the great church, on which occasion
+the soldiers demanded four hostages for the security of their
+commander. In this conference Giron behaved with so much
+insolence and audacity, that Saavedra had assuredly arrested him
+if he had not been restrained from respect for the hostages, of
+whom my father was one. In a second conference in the evening,
+under the same precautions, Giron agreed to remove his soldiers
+from the city, to give up eight of the most mutinous of his
+soldiers to the magistrates, and even to make compearance in
+person before the court to answer for his conduct during the
+mutiny.</p>
+
+<p>On being made acquainted with this agreement, the soldiers
+were exceedingly enraged; and if Giron had not pacified them with
+soothing words and promises they had certainly attacked the loyal
+inhabitants, the consequences of which might have been
+exceedingly fatal. The mutineers amounted to two hundred
+effective well-armed men, of desperate fortunes, while the
+loyalists consisted of only eighty men of quality, all the rest
+being rich merchants not inured to arms. But it pleased God to
+avert the threatened mischief, at the prayers and vows of the
+priests, friars and devout women of the city. The mutineers were
+under arms all night, setting regular guards and sentinels as in
+the presence of an enemy; and in the morning, when Saavedra saw
+that Giron had not marched from the city according to agreement,
+he sent a warrant to bring him before his tribunal. As Giron
+suspected that his men might not permit him to obey the warrant,
+he walked out in his morning gown, as if only going to visit a
+neighbour; but went directly to the house of Saavedra, who
+committed him to prison. On this intelligence being communicated
+to the soldiers, they immediately dispersed, every one shifting
+for himself as he best could. The eight men who were particularly
+obnoxious took sanctuary in the Dominican convent, and fortified
+themselves in the tower of the church, where they held out for
+several days, but were at last obliged to surrender. They were
+all punished, but not in that exemplary manner their rebellious
+conduct deserved; and the tower was demolished, that it might not
+be used in the same manner in future.</p>
+
+<p>After the dispersion of the mutineers and the punishment of
+the most guilty, Giron was released on his solemn engagement to
+make his appearance before the royal audience at Lima to answer
+for his conduct. He went there accordingly, and was committed to
+prison; but after a few days was permitted to go out as a
+prisoner at large, confining himself to the city of Lima. He
+there married a young virtuous noble and beautiful lady, with
+whom he went to reside at Cuzco, where he associated with none
+but soldiers, avoiding all society with the citizens as much as
+possible.</p>
+
+<p>About two years afterwards several soldiers residing in Cuzce,
+entered into a new plot to raise disturbances in the kingdom, and
+were eager to find some proper person to choose as their leader.
+At length this affair came to be so openly talked of that it
+reached the knowledge of Saavedra, who was required to take
+cognizance of the plot and to punish the ringleaders; but he
+endeavoured to excuse himself, being unwilling to create himself
+enemies, alleging that it more properly belonged to the
+jurisdiction of the court of audience. When this affair was
+reported to the oydors at Lima, they were much displeased with
+the conduct of Saavedra, and immediately appointed the marshal
+Alonzo de Alvarado to supersede him in the office of regidor or
+mayor of Cuzco, giving Alvarado an especial commission to punish
+the insolence and mutinous conduct of the soldiers, to prevent
+the evil from getting to an unsupportable height. Immediately on
+taking possession of his office, Alvarado arrested some of the
+soldiers; who, to screen themselves, impeached Don Pedro de
+Puertocarrero as a principal instigator of their mutinous
+proceedings. After a minute examination, Francisco de Miranda,
+Alonzo Hernandez Melgarejo, and Alonzo de Barrienuevo were
+capitally punished as chief ringleaders in the conspiracy; six or
+seven others were banished from Peru, and all the rest made their
+escape. Puertocarrero made an appeal to the royal audience, by
+whom he was set at liberty.</p>
+
+<p>These new commotions, and others of more importance which
+shall be noticed in the sequel, proceeded in a great measure from
+the imprudent conduct of the judges themselves, by enforcing the
+observance of the obnoxious regulations which had formerly done
+so much evil during the government of the viceroy Blasco Nunnez
+Vela. Just before his departure from Peru, the president Gasca
+had received fresh orders from his majesty to free the Indians
+from services to their lords: But having experienced that this
+had occasioned the most dangerous commotions in the country, he
+very wisely commanded before his departure that the execution of
+this new order should be suspended. The judges however, saw this
+matter in a different light, and circulated their commands over
+the whole kingdom to enforce this new royal order; which gave
+occasion to the mutinous and disorderly behaviour of the
+soldiery, who were encouraged in their rebellious disposition by
+many persons of consideration, the possessors of allotments of
+lands and Indians, who considered themselves aggrieved.</p>
+
+<p>SECTION II.</p>
+
+<p><i>History of Peru during the Viceroyalty of Don Antonio de
+Mendoza.</i></p>
+
+<p>About this time Don Antonio de Mendoza, the viceroy of Mexico,
+was appointed viceroy of Peru, and landed at Lima, where he was
+received with great demonstration of joy and respect. He was
+accompanied on this occasion by his son, Don Francisco de
+Mendoza, afterwards general of the galleys in Spain. Don Antonio
+was a nobleman of much sanctity, and had greatly impaired his
+health by long abstinence and frequent acts of penance; insomuch
+that his natural heat began to fail, and he was obliged to use
+violent exercise to keep him warm, even in the hot climate of
+Lima. In consequence of his want of health, he deputed his son
+Don Francisco to make a progress through all the cities of the
+kingdom, from Lima to Las Charcas and Potosi, to bring him back a
+faithful representation of the state and condition of the kingdom
+and its mines, to be laid before his majesty; and, after his
+return to Lima, Don Francisco was sent into Spain in 1552, to
+communicate an account of the whole kingdom to the emperor.</p>
+
+<p>About four years before the appointment of the marshal Alonzo
+de Alvarado to the mayoralty and government of Cuzco, a party of
+two hundred soldiers marched from Potosi towards the province of
+Tucuman; most of whom, contrary to the orders of the judges, had
+Indians to carry their baggage. On this occasion, the licentiate
+Esquival, who was governor of Potosi, seized upon one Aguira, who
+had two Indians to carry his baggage; and some days afterwards
+sentenced him to receive two hundred lashes, as he had no money
+to redeem himself from corporal punishment. After this disgrace,
+Aguira refused to proceed along with the rest for the conquest of
+Tucuman, alleging that after the shame which he had suffered,
+death was his only relief. When the period of Esquivals office
+expired, he learnt that Aguira had determined upon assassinating
+him in revenge for the affront he had suffered. Upon which
+Esquival endeavoured to avoid Aguira, by travelling to a great
+distance, but all to no purpose, as Aguira followed him wherever
+he went, for above three years, always travelling on foot without
+shoes or stockings, saying, "That it did not become a whipped
+rascal to ride on horseback, or to appear in the company of men
+of honour." At length Esquival took up his residence in Cuzco,
+believing that Aguira would not dare to attempt anything against
+him in that place, considering that the governor was an impartial
+and inflexible judge: Yet he took every precaution for his
+safety, constantly wearing a coat of mail, and going always armed
+with a sword and dagger, though a man of the law. At length
+Aguira went one day at noon-day to the house of Esquival, whom he
+found asleep, and completed his long resolved revenge by stabbing
+him with his dagger. Aguira was concealed for forty day in a
+hog-stye by two young gentlemen; and after the hue and cry was
+over on account of the murder, they shaved his head and beard,
+and blackened his skin like a negro, by means of a wild fruit
+called <i>Vitoc</i> by the Indians, clothing him in a poor habit,
+and got him away from the city and province of Cuzco in that
+disguise. This deed of revenge was greatly praised by the
+soldiers, who said, if there were many Aguiras in the world, the
+officers of justice would not be so insolent and arbitrary in
+their proceedings.</p>
+
+<p>During a long sickness of the viceroy, in consequence of which
+the government of the country devolved upon the judges of the
+royal audience, they proclaimed in all the cities of Peru that
+the personal services of the Indians should be discontinued,
+pursuant to the royal orders, under severe penalties. This
+occasioned new seditions and mutinies among the Spanish
+colonists, in consequence of which one Lois de Vargas, a
+principal promoter of the disturbances was condemned and
+executed; but as many principal persons of the country were found
+to be implicated, the judges thought fit to proceed no farther in
+the examinations and processes. Even Pedro de Hinojosa was
+suspected of being concerned in these seditious proceedings,
+having been heard to say to some of the discontented soldiers,
+that when he came to Las Charcas he would endeavour to satisfy
+them to the utmost of power. Though these words had no seditious
+tendency, the soldiers who were desirous of rebellion were
+willing to interpret them according to their own evil
+inclinations. On these slight grounds, and because it was known
+that Hinojosa was to go as governor and chief justice of the
+province of Las Charcas, as many of the discontented soldiers as
+were able went to that country, and wrote to their comrades in
+various parts of the kingdom to come there also. Some even of the
+better sort, among whom were Don Sebastian de Castilla, son to
+the Conde de Gomera, with five or six others of rank and quality
+went secretly from Cuzco, taking bye-paths out of the common road
+to prevent them from being pursued by the governor of that city.
+They were induced to this step by Vasco Godinez a ringleader
+among the malcontents, who informed Don Sebastian by a letter in
+cyphers that Hinojosa had promised to become their general.</p>
+
+<p>During these indications of tumult and rebellion, the viceroy
+Don Antonio de Mendoza died, to the great grief and detriment of
+the kingdom. On his death, the entire government of the kingdom
+of Peru devolved on the judges of the royal audience, who
+appointed Gil Ramirez de Avalos, who had been one of the
+gentlemen of the household to the viceroy, governor of the city
+of Lima; and the marshal was sent to command in the new city of
+La Paz, in which neighbourhood his lands and Indians were
+situated.</p>
+
+<p>SECTION III.</p>
+
+<p><i>Narrative of the Troubles in Peru, consequent upon the
+Death of the Viceroy Mendoza.</i>.</p>
+
+<p>At this threatening period, all the soldiers and discontented
+persons of Peru, flocked to Las Charcas, Potosi, and that
+neighbourhood, endeavouring to procure employment about the rich
+mines of that district. Disputes continually arose between the
+soldiers and principal inhabitants and merchants, and duels were
+fought almost daily. In some of these duels, the combatants
+fought naked from the waist upwards, while in others they were
+dressed in crimson taffety waistcoats, that they might not see
+their own blood. I shall only mention the particulars of one of
+these duels, between two famous soldiers, Pero Nunnez, and
+Balthazar Perez, with the former of whom I was acquainted in 1563
+at Madrid, who was then so much disabled in both arms by the
+wounds he received in that duel, that he could scarcely use his
+hands to feed himself.</p>
+
+<p>They fell out respecting some circumstances of a duel that had
+happened a few days before, in which they were seconds. Balthazar
+Perez had Egas de Guzman for his second, one of the greatest
+hectors and bullies of the time; and Hernan Mexia prevailed on
+Pero Nunnez to take him for his second, that he might have an
+opportunity to fight Guzman, who had defamed and spoken lightly
+of Mexia. When Egas de Guzman understood that Mexia was the
+person who was to be opposed to him, he sent a message to Pero
+Nunnez saying, as the principals were gentlemen of family, he
+ought not to debase himself by having a man for his second whose
+mother was a <i>Morisca</i> and sold broiled sardinas in the
+market of Seville. Pero Nunnez, knowing this to be true,
+endeavoured to get Mexia to release his promise, but could not
+prevail. They accordingly went out to fight in a field at some
+distance from Potosi. At the first rencounter of the principals,
+Pero Nunnez struck his adversaries sword to one side, and closing
+upon Perez threw him to the ground, where he cast dust into his
+eyes, and beat him about the face with his fists, but did not
+stab him with his dagger. In the mean time the seconds were
+engaged in another part of the field. Mexia was afraid to close
+with Guzman, knowing him to have great bodily strength, but kept
+him in play by his superior agility, leaping and skipping about,
+yet never coming near enough to wound him. At length, wearied
+with this mode of fighting, Guzman darted his sword at Mexia, who
+looking anxiously to avoid it, gave an opportunity to Guzman to
+close with him, and to give him a wound with his dagger in the
+skull, two fingers deep, where the point of the dagger broke off;
+Mexia became frantic with his wound, and ran about the field like
+a madman; and came up to where the two principals were struggling
+on the ground, where, not minding whom he struck, he gave his own
+principal a slash with his sword, and ran wildly away. Guzman
+came hastily up to the rescue of his own principal, when he heard
+Nunnez say that he had been wounded by his own second, and was
+still continuing to pummel Perez on the face, and to throw dust
+in his eyes. Then Guzman, after harshly reproving Nunnez from
+bringing such a rascal to the field as his second, attacked
+Nunnez with his sword, who defended himself as he best could with
+his arms, till he was left all hacked and hewed on the field,
+streaming with blood from many wounds. Guzman then helped up his
+companion, and taking all the four swords under his arm, took
+Perez on his back who was unable to stand, and carried him to an
+hospital where he desired them to bury him, after which he took
+sanctuary in a church. Nunnez was likewise taken to the hospital,
+where he recovered of his wounds, but Mexia died of the wound in
+his forehead, as the point of the dagger could not be extracted
+from his skull.</p>
+
+<p>When Pedro de Hinojosa took possession of his government of
+Las Charcas in place of Paulo de Meneses, he found a great number
+of soldiers in the country, who were exceedingly troublesome, as
+there were neither sufficient quarters nor provisions for so
+many; on which he took occasion to reprove Martin de Robles and
+Paulo de Menezes, alleging that their quarrels had drawn so many
+soldiers thither, for which reason they ought to provide for
+them, and not allow them to die of famine. So great was the
+confusion and disturbance, that many of the principal inhabitants
+retired from the city to their estates in the country, to avoid
+the violence of the soldiers, who were now come to such a pitch
+of insolence, that they held public meetings, openly avowed their
+cabals and plots, and upbraided Hinojosa with his breach of
+promise, alleging that he had engaged to be their general when he
+should arrive in Las Charcas. They even declared themselves ready
+for an insurrection, offering to put themselves under his
+command. Hinojosa endeavoured to amuse them with hopes, by
+telling them he expected very soon to receive a commission from
+the judges to enlarge their conquests by a new war, which would
+give them an opportunity to rise in arms. Although he had
+formerly let fall some dubious expressions at Lima, which the
+soldiers were disposed to consider as promises of support, he was
+far from any intention of complying with their turbulent and
+rebellions humours. Being now in possession of his government,
+with an estate in lands and Indians worth two hundred thousand
+dollars a-year, he was desirous to enjoy his fortune in peace,
+and not to risk the loss of these riches by a new rebellion,
+which he had gained in the former at the loss of Gonzalo
+Pizarro.</p>
+
+<p>Disappointed in their expectations from Hinojosa, the soldiers
+consulted how to manage their intended rebellion under another
+leader, and agreed to kill Hinojosa and to elect Don Sebastian de
+Castilla as their commander-in-chief; and their design was
+carried on with so little regard to secrecy that it soon became
+publickly known in the city of La Plata. Several persons of
+consideration therefore, who were interested in the peace of the
+country, communicated the intelligence to Hinojosa, advising him
+to take precautions for his security, and to banish these people
+from his government. One Hondegardo a lawyer was particularly
+urgent on this occasion; and offered, if Hinojosa would appoint
+him his deputy for one month, that he would secure both him and
+the city from the threatened danger of insurrection; but Hinojosa
+had so much confidence in the power of his office, and the
+influence of his vast wealth and reputation, that he despised
+every thing that he did not see with his own eyes, and neglected
+all their warnings. Being unable to persuade the governor to
+listen to him, and as the soldiers still proceeded in their
+rebellious designs, and threw out many threatenings against the
+governor, Hondegardo prevailed on the guardian of the Franciscan
+convent to intimate to the governor that he had received
+communications respecting these proposed schemes of the soldiers
+in confession, and to urge him to make judicial examinations into
+the affair and to punish the offenders; yet even this made little
+impression on Hinojosa. Notwithstanding these and other
+intimations of the plot, Hinojosa obstinately refused to attend
+to the suggestions of Hondegardo and others, proudly declaring he
+had only to hold up his hand to make the soldiers tremble before
+him.</p>
+
+<p>Impatient of any longer delay, the conspirators came at length
+to the determination of putting the governor Hinojosa to death,
+and rising in a general insurrection. The principal ringleaders
+in this conspiracy were Don Sebastian de Castilla, Egas de
+Gusman, Basco Godinez, Balthazar Velasquez, and Gomez Hernandez,
+besides several other soldiers of note, most of whom were then
+resident in the city of La Plata. Having arranged their plan of
+operations, Don Sebastian and seven chosen accomplices went one
+morning to the residence of the governor, as soon as his gate was
+opened, to execute their vile purpose. The first person they met
+on entering the house was Alonzo de Castro, the deputy-governor,
+who questioned them on the reason of their present tumultuous
+appearance, as they seemed extremely agitated. They immediately
+put De Castro to death. Then forcing their way into the apartment
+of Hinojosa, they were astonished to find him gone: But after
+some search he was found in a retired corner, and dispatched.</p>
+
+<p>After the death of Hinojosa, the conspirators went out to the
+market-place, proclaiming aloud, God save the king, the tyrant is
+dead! the common watchword in all the rebellions in Peru. Having
+collected all their associates, they seized on Pedro Hernandez
+Paniagua, the person employed by the late president Gasca to
+carry his letters to Gonzalo Pizarro, Juan Ortiz de Zarate,
+Antonio Alvarez, and all the wealthy citizens they could lay hold
+of. Martin de Robles, Paulo de Menezes, and Hondegardo the
+lawyer, against whom they were particularly incensed, made their
+escape. After this, they made proclamation by beat of drum, for
+all citizens and other inhabitants of La Plata, to repair
+immediately to the market-place and enrol themselves under their
+standard; on which Rodrigo de Ordlana, though then sheriff of the
+city, and many others, to the amount of a hundred and fifty-two
+persons, came forwards and inlisted, fearing for their lives in
+case of refusal. Don Sebastian was elected captain-general and
+chief-justice, and some days afterwards he got himself appointed
+mayor of the city: Gomez Hernandez a lawyer was appointed
+recorder; Hernando de Guillado and Garci Tello de Vega, were made
+captains; Juan de Huarte serjeant-major, Pedro de Castillo
+captain of artillery, Alvar Perez Payaz commissary-general, Diego
+Perez high sheriff, and Bartholomew de Santa Ana his deputy.
+Rodrigo de Orellana, and many of the citizens, who now joined the
+rebels, acted merely from fear of losing their lives if they
+refused or even hesitated, though loyal subjects in their
+hearts.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after the murder of Hinojosa, intelligence was
+sent in various directions of the insurrection, and great numbers
+of malcontents flocked to the city of La Plata to join the
+rebels. Among these was Basco Godinez, who had been a chief
+instigator of the conspiracy, and who seems to have promoted or
+permitted the elevation of Don Sebastian to be commander-in-chief
+merely to use him as an instrument of his own ambition, and to
+screen himself in case of failure at the commencement: For, in a
+very few days, Don Sebastion was put to death by Godinez and a
+few confidential associates; and they immediately proclaimed
+their bloody exploit to the rest of the insurgents, by exclaiming
+God save the king! the tyrant is slain! He even carried his
+dissimulation to such a length, as to erect a court of justice to
+try those who had murdered Hinojosa, in the vain hope of covering
+his own treasonable conduct, and to make himself and his abettors
+appear as loyal subjects. The murder of Hinojosa took place on
+the 6th of March 1553, and the subsequent slaughter of Don
+Sebastian on the eleventh of the same month, only five days
+after.</p>
+
+<p>Godinez and his associates immediately liberated Juan Ortiz de
+Zarate and Pedro Hernandez Paniagua from prison, pretending that
+their great purpose in taking arms was to procure their liberty,
+to deliver the city from the rebels and traitors who would have
+ruined it, and to evince their loyalty to the king. In the next
+place, he called together Zarate, Paniagua, Antonio Alvarez, and
+Martin Monge, the only citizens then remaining in La Plata, whom
+he desired to elect him captain-general of the province, and to
+grant him the vacant lands and Indians which had belonged to
+Hinojosa to enable him to maintain the dignity of that office.
+Not daring to refuse any thing in the present situation of
+affairs, they acceded to his demands, and Godinez was proclaimed
+lord chief-justice, governor, and captain-general of the
+province, and successor to Hinojosa in his great estate and rich
+mines, producing two hundred thousand dollars of yearly revenue.
+After this, Gomez Hernandez the lawyer was appointed
+lieutenant-general of the army; and Juan Ortiz and Pedro de
+Castillo were made captains of foot: pretending on this occasion
+to communicate a share in the administration of government to the
+citizens, which they were constrained to accept. Balthazar
+Velasquez, one of the conspirators, was appointed major-general.
+Next day Martin de Robles, Paulo de Meneses, Diego de Almendras,
+and Diego Velasquez returned to the city, having fled from some
+soldiers that had been sent in search of them by Don Sebastian;
+and were immediately enjoined to concur with the other citizens
+in confirming the appointment of Godinez.</p>
+
+<p>When intelligence of the insurrection of the soldiers in La
+Plata arrived at Cuzco, the citizens put themselves into a
+posture of defence against the enemy; and, with the consent of
+the Cabildo, Diego Maldonado, commonly called the rich, was
+elected governor and captain-general. Garcilasso de la Vega and
+Juan de Saavedra were made captains of horse; and Juan Julio de
+Hojeda, Thomas Vasquez, Antonio de Quinnones, and another whose
+name I have forgot, were made captains of foot. So diligently did
+these officers apply themselves to raise men, that in five days
+Juan Julio de Hojeda marched into the city accompanied by three
+hundred soldiers well armed and appointed. Three days afterwards
+news came of the death of Don Sebastian, by which they flattered
+themselves that the war was ended for the present.</p>
+
+<p>By the end of March intelligence was brought to the judges at
+Lima of the rebellion of Don Sebastian and the murder of
+Hinojosa: Six days afterwards, news came that Egas de Guzman had
+revolted at Potosi; and in four days more advices were brought of
+the destruction of both these rebels; on which there were great
+rejoicings at Lima. On purpose to inquire into the origin of
+these commotions and to bring the ringleaders to condign
+punishment, the judges immediately appointed Alonzo de Alvarado
+chief-justice of Las Charcas, giving him the assistance of Juan
+Fernandez the kings attorney-general, for proceeding against the
+delinquents. By another commission, Alvarado was nominated
+governor and captain-general of Las Charcas and all the
+neighbouring provinces, with full power to levy soldiers, and to
+defray their pay and equipment and all the necessary expences of
+the war, from the royal treasury. Godinez was soon afterwards
+arrested and thrown into prison at La Plata under a strong guard
+by Alonzo Velasquez. Alvarado the new governor, began the
+exercise of his authority in the city of La Paz, where he tried a
+number of rebel soldiers who had concealed themselves on the
+borders of the lake of Titicaca, whence they had been brought
+prisoners by Pedro de Encisco. Some of these were hanged, some
+beheaded, others banished, and others condemned to the gallies.
+Alvarado went next to the city of Potosi, where many of the
+followers of Egas de Guzman had been committed to prison, all of
+whom were treated according to their deserts like those at La
+Paz. Among the rebels at Potosi was one Hernan Perez de Peragua,
+a knight of the order of St John of Malta, who had taken part in
+the rebellion of Don Sebastian. From respect to the order to
+which he belonged, Alvarado only confiscated his lands and
+Indians, and sent him a prisoner to be disposed of by the grand
+master of the order at Malta. It would be tedious to relate the
+names and numbers of those who were tried, hanged, beheaded,
+whipt, and otherwise punished on this occasion: But, from the end
+of June 1553, to the end of November of the same year, the court
+sat daily, and every day four, five, or six were tried and
+condemned, who were all punished according to their sentences
+next day. The unthinking people styled Alvarado a Nero, who could
+thus condemn so many of a day, yet amused himself afterwards with
+the attorney-general in vain and light discourses, as if those
+whom he condemned had been so many capons or turkies to be served
+up at his table. In the month of October, Basco Godinez was put
+upon his trial, for many heinous offences, and was condemned to
+be drawn and quartered. But a stop was put to farther proceedings
+about the end of November, by the news of another rebellion
+raised by Francisco Hernandez Giron, as shall be related in the
+sequel.</p>
+
+<p>"The Indians of Cuzco prognosticated this rebellion openly and
+loudly in the streets, as I heard and saw myself: For the eve
+before the festival of the most holy sacrament, I being then a
+youth, went out to see how the two marketplaces of the city were
+adorned; for at that time the procession passed through no other
+streets but those, though since that time, as I am told, the
+perambulation is double as far as before. Being then at the
+corner of the great chapel of our lady of the <i>Merceds</i>,
+about an hour or two before day, I saw a comet dart from the east
+side of the city towards the mountains of the <i>Antis</i>, so
+great and clear that it enlightened all places round with more
+splendor than a full moon at midnight. Its motion was directly
+downwards, its form was globular, and its dimensions as big as a
+large tower; and coming near the ground, it divided into several
+sparks and streams of fire; and was accompanied with a thunder so
+loud and near as struck many deaf with the clap, and ran from
+east to west; which when the Indians heard and saw, they all
+cried out with one voice, <i>Auca, Auca, Auca</i>, which
+signifies in their language, <i>tyrant, traitor, rebel</i>[44],
+and every thing that may be attributed to a violent and bloody
+traitor. This happened on the nineteenth of June 1553, when the
+feast of our Lord was celebrated; and this prognostication which
+the Indians made, was accomplished on the 13th of November in the
+same year, when Francisco Hernandez Giron began a rebellion,
+which we shall now relate[45]."</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 44: In the language of Chili at least,
+<i>Auca</i> signifies <i>free</i>, or a <i>freeman</i>; it is
+possible however that in an absolute government, the same term
+may signify a rebel, yet it is a singular stretch of
+interpretation to make it likewise signify a
+tyrant.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 45: This paragraph, within inverted commas,
+is given as a short specimen of the taste of Garcilasso, and the
+respectable talents of his translator, Sir Paul Rycant, in 1688.
+It gives an account of one of these singular meteors or fire
+balls, improperly termed a comet in the text, which some modern
+philosophers are pleased to derive from the moon, and to suppose
+that they are composed of ignited masses of iron alloyed with
+nickel. It were an affront to our readers to comment on the
+ridiculous pretended prognostication so gravely believed by
+Garcilasso Inca.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>SECTION IV.</p>
+
+<p><i>Continuation of the Troubles in Peru, to the Viceroyalty of
+the Marquis de Cannete.</i></p>
+
+<p>On the 13th of November 1553, a splendid wedding was
+celebrated at Cuzco, between Alonzo de Loyasa, one of the richest
+inhabitants of the city, and Donna Maria de Castilla, at which
+all the citizens and their wives attended in their best apparel.
+After dinner an entertainment was made in the street, in which
+horsemen threw balls of clay at each other, which I saw from the
+top of a wall opposite the house of Alonzo de Loyasa; and I
+remember to have seen Francisco Hernandez Giron sitting on a
+chair in the hall, with his arms folded on his breast and his
+eyes cast down, the very picture of melancholy, being then
+probably contemplating the transactions in which he was to engage
+that night. In the evening, when the sports were over, the
+company sat down to supper in a lower hall, where at the least
+sixty gentlemen were at table, the ladies being by themselves in
+an inner room, and from a small court-yard between these
+apartments, the dishes were served to both tables. Don Balthazar
+de Castillo, uncle to the bride, acted as usher of the hall at
+this entertainment. I came to the house towards the end of
+supper, to attend my father and stepmother home at night. I went
+to the upper end of the hall, where the governor sat, who was
+pleased to make me sit down on the chair beside him, and reached
+me some comfits and sweet drink, with which boys are best
+pleased, I being then fourteen years of age.</p>
+
+<p>At this instant some once knocked at the door, saying that
+Francisco Hernandez Giron was there; on which Don Balthazar de
+Castillo, who was near the door ordered the door to be opened.
+Giron immediately rushed in, having a drawn sword in his right
+hand, and a buckler on his left arm; accompanied by a companion
+on each side armed with partizans. The guests rose in great
+terror at this unexpected interruption, and Giron addressed them
+in these words: "Gentlemen be not afraid, nor stir from your
+places, as we are all engaged in the present enterprize." The
+governor, Gil Ramirez, immediately retired into the apartment of
+the ladies, by a door on the left hand. Another door led from the
+hall to the kitchen and other offices; and by these two doors a
+considerable number of the guests made their escape. Juan Alonzo
+Palomino, who was obnoxious to Giron for having opposed him in a
+late mutiny, was slain by Diego de Alvarado the lawyer. Juan de
+Morales, a rich merchant and very honest man, was slain while
+endeavouring to put out the candles. My father and a number of
+others, to the number in all of thirty-six, made their escape by
+means of a ladder from the court-yard of Loyasa into that of the
+adjoining house, in which I accompanied them, but the governor
+could not be persuaded to follow them, and was made prisoner by
+the rebels. My father and all the companions of his flight agreed
+to leave the town that night, and endeavour to escape to
+Lima.</p>
+
+<p>Having assembled about an hundred and fifty soldiers, Giron
+assumed the office of commander-in-chief of the <i>army of
+liberty</i>, appointing Diego de Alvarado the lawyer his
+lieutenant-general; Thomas Vasquez, Francisco Nunnez, and Rodrigo
+de Pineda captains of horse; the two last of whom accepted more
+from fear than affection. Juan de Pedrahita, Nuno Mendiola, and
+Diego Gavilan were made captains of foot; Albertos de Ordunna
+standard-bearer, and Antonio Carillo serjeant-major; all of whom
+were ordered to raise soldiers to complete their companies with
+every possible expedition. It being reported through the country
+that the whole citizens of Cuzco had concurred in this rebellion,
+the cities of Guamanga and Arequipa sent deputies to Cuzco,
+desiring to be admitted into the league, that they might jointly
+represent to his majesty the burdensome and oppressive nature of
+the ordinances imposed by the judges in relation to the services
+of the Indians. But when the citizens of Guamanga and Arequipa
+became rightly informed that this rebellion, instead of being the
+act of the Cabildo and all the inhabitants, had been brought
+about by the contrivance of a single individual, they changed
+their resolutions, and prepared to serve his majesty. About this
+time, the arch rebel Giron caused the deposed governor, Gil
+Ramirez, to betaken from prison and escorted forty leagues on his
+way towards Arequipa, and then set free.</p>
+
+<p>Fifteen days after the commencement of the rebellion, finding
+himself at the head of a considerable force, he summoned a
+meeting of all the citizens remaining in Cuzco, at which there
+appeared twenty-five citizens who were lords of Indians, only
+three of whom were intitled from office to sit in that assembly.
+By this meeting, Giron caused himself to be elected procurator,
+captain-general, and chief-justice of Peru, with full power to
+govern and protect the whole kingdom both in war and peace. When
+news of this rebellion was brought to Lima by Hernando Chacon,
+who was foster-brother to Giron, the judges would not credit the
+intelligence, believing it only a false report, to try how the
+people stood affected to the cause, and therefore ordered Chacon
+to be imprisoned; but learning the truth soon afterwards, he was
+set at liberty, and the judges began seriously to provide for
+suppressing the rebellion, appointing officers and commanders to
+raise forces for that purpose. They accordingly sent a commission
+to Alonzo de Alvarado, then at La Plata, constituting him
+captain-general of the royal army against Giron, with unlimited
+power to use the public treasure, and to borrow money for the
+service of the war in case the exchequer should fail to supply
+sufficient for the purpose. Alvarado accordingly appointed such
+officers as he thought proper to serve under him, and gave orders
+to raise men, and to provide arms and ammunition for the war.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the army which they authorized Alvarado to raise and
+command in Las Charcas, the judges thought it necessary to raise
+another army at Lima, of which Santillan, one of themselves and
+the archbishop of Lima were appointed conjunct generals. Orders
+were likewise transmitted to all the cities, commanding all loyal
+subjects to take up arms in the service of his majesty, and a
+general pardon was proclaimed to all who had been engaged in the
+late rebellions, under Gonzalo Pizarro, Don Sebastian de
+Castilla, and others, provided they joined the royal army within
+a certain given time. They likewise suspended the execution of
+the decrees for freeing the Indians from personal services,
+during two years, and repealed several other regulations which
+had given great and general offence to the soldiers and
+inhabitants, and had been the cause of all the commotions and
+rebellions which distracted the kingdom for so long a time.</p>
+
+<p>While these measures were carrying on against him, Hernandez,
+Giron was not negligent of his own concerns. He sent off officers
+with detachments of troops to Arequipa and Guamanga, to induce
+the inhabitants of these cities to join him, and requiring them
+by solemn acts of their cabildos to confirm and acknowledge him
+in the offices he had usurped. He caused the cabildo of Cuzco to
+write letters to the other cities of Peru to concur in his
+elevation and to give assistance in the cause, and wrote many
+letters himself to various individuals in Las Charcas and other
+places, soliciting them to join him. Having collected an army of
+above four hundred men, besides the detachments sent to Guamanga
+and Arequipa, he resolved to march for Lima, to give battle to
+the army of the judges, as he called it, pretending that his own
+was the royal army, and that he acted in the service of his
+majesty. At the first he was undetermined, whether it might not
+be better to march previously against Alvarado, whose party he
+considered to be the weakest, owing to the great and cruel
+severity which that officer had exerted against the adherents of
+the late rebellions: And many judicious persons are of opinion
+that he would have succeeded better if he had first attacked the
+marshal, as in all probability he would have got possession of
+these provinces, and his men would not have deserted from him to
+a person so universally disliked for his cruelty, as they
+afterwards did when they marched towards Lima. He accordingly
+marched from Cuzco and crossed the river Apurimac; immediately
+after which Juan Vera de Mendoza and five others deserted from
+him, re-crossed the bridge, which they burnt to prevent pursuit,
+and returned to Cuzco, where they persuaded about forty of the
+inhabitants to set out for Las Charcas to join the marshal
+Alvarado.</p>
+
+<p>At this time Sancho Duarte who was governor of the city of La
+Paz, raised above two hundred men in the service of his majesty,
+which he divided into two companies, one of horse and the other
+of foot. Giving the command of his infantry to Martin d'Olmos, he
+took the command of the horse himself, and assumed the title of
+general. With this force he set out for Cuzco, intending to march
+against Giron, but not to join the marshal Alvarado that he might
+not submit to his superior command. On his arrival at the bridge
+over the Rio Desaguadero, he learnt that Giron had left Cuzco to
+attack Lima, and proposed to have continued his march for Cuzco
+remaining independent of the marshal. But, in consequence of
+peremptory commands from Alvarado as captain-general, who highly
+disapproved of so many small armies acting separately, he
+returned to his own province.</p>
+
+<p>Pursuing his march for Lima, Hernandez Giron learnt at
+Andahuaylas that the citizens of Guamanga had declared for his
+majesty, at which circumstance he was much disappointed. He
+proceeded however to the river Villca[46], where his scouts and
+those of the royal army encountered. He proceeded however to the
+city of Guamanga, whence he sent orders to Thomas Vasquez to
+rejoin him from Arequipa. Although the inhabitants of that place,
+as formerly mentioned, had written to those of Cuzco offering to
+unite in the insurrection, supposing it the general sense of the
+principal people; they were now ashamed of their conduct, when
+they found the rebellion only proceeded from a few desperate men,
+and declared for the king; so that Vasquez was obliged to return
+without success. Being now at the head of above seven hundred
+men, though disappointed in his expectations of being joined by
+the citizens of Guamanga and Arequipa, Hernandez Giron pursued
+his march for the valley of Jauja; during which march Salvador de
+Lozana, one of his officers, who was detached with forty men to
+scour the country, was made prisoner along with all his party by
+a detachment from the army of the judges.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 46: The river Cangallo is probably here
+meant, which runs through the province of Vilcas to the city of
+Guamanga.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding this unforseen misfortune, Giron continued his
+march to the valley of Pachacamac, only four leagues from Lima,
+where it was resolved in a council of war to endeavour to
+surprise the camp of the royalists near the capital. Intelligence
+of this was conveyed to the judges, who put themselves in a
+posture of defence. Their army at this time consisted of 300
+cavalry, 600 musqueteers, and about 450 men armed with pikes, or
+1350 in all. It may be proper to remark in this place, that, to
+secure the loyalty of the soldiers and inhabitants, the judges
+had proclaimed a suspension of the obnoxious edicts by which the
+Indians were exempted from personal services, and the Spaniards
+were forbidden to make use of them to carry their baggage on
+journeys; and had agreed to send two procurators or deputies to
+implore redress from his majesty from these burdensome
+regulations.</p>
+
+<p>Two days after the arrival of Giron in the valley of
+Pachacamac, a party of his army went out to skirmish with the
+enemy, on which occasion Diego de Selva and four others of
+considerable reputation deserted to the judges. For several days
+afterwards his men continued to abandon him at every opportunity,
+twenty or thirty of them going over at a time to the royal army.
+Afraid that the greater part of his army might follow this
+example, Hernandez Giron found it necessary to retreat from the
+low country and to return to Cuzco, which he did in such haste
+that his soldiers left all their heavy baggage that they might
+not be encumbered in their march. On this alteration of affairs,
+the judges gave orders to Paulo de Meneses to pursue the rebels
+with six hundred select men; but the generals of the royal army
+would not allow of more than a hundred being detached on this
+service. During his retreat, Giron, finding himself not pursued
+by the royalists with any energy, marched with deliberation, but
+so many of his men left him that by the time he reached the
+valley of Chincha his force was reduced to about 500 men. Paulo
+de Meneses, having been reinforced, proposed to follow and harass
+the retreating rebels; but not having accurate intelligence, nor
+keeping sufficient guard, was surprised and defeated by Giron
+with some considerable loss, and obliged to retreat in great
+disorder. Yet Giron was under the necessity to discontinue the
+pursuit, as many of his men deserted to the royalists.</p>
+
+<p>Sensible of the detriment suffered by the royal interests in
+consequence of the disagreement between the present generals,
+Judge Santillan and Archbishop Loyasa, to which the defeat of
+Meneses was obviously owing, these very unfit persons for
+military command were displaced, and Paulo de Meneses was
+invested in the office of commander-in-chief, with Pedro de
+Puertocarrero as his lieutenant-general. This new appointment
+occasioned great discontent in the army, that a person who had
+lost a battle, and rather merited ignominy and punishment for his
+misconduct, should be raised to the chief command. The
+appointment was however persisted in, and it was resolved to
+pursue the enemy with 800 men without baggage.</p>
+
+<p>Hernandez Giron, who retreated by way of the plain towards
+Arequipa, had reached the valley of Nasca, about sixty leagues to
+the southwards of Lima, before the confusion and disputes in the
+royal camp admitted of proper measures being taken for pursuit.
+At this time, the judges gave permission to a sergeant in the
+royal army, who had formerly been in the conspiracy of Diego de
+Royas, to go into the enemys camp disguised as an Indian, under
+pretence of bringing them exact information of the state of
+affairs. But this man went immediately to Hernandez, whom he
+informed of the quarrels among the officers and the discontents
+in the royal army. He likewise informed him that the city of San
+Miguel de Piura had rebelled, and that one Pedro de Orosna was
+coming from the new kingdom of Grenada with a strong party to
+join the rebels in Peru. But to qualify this favourable news for
+the rebels, Giron received notice at the same time that the
+marshal Alvarado was coming against him from Las Charcas with a
+force of twelve hundred men. About this time, on purpose to
+reinforce his army, Giron raised a company of an hundred and
+fifty negroes, which he afterwards augmented to 450, regularly
+divided into companies, to which he appointed captains, and
+allowed them to elect their own ensigns, sergeants, and
+corporals, and to make their own colours.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time, the marshal Alonzo de Alvarado, employed
+himself diligently in Las Charcas to raise men for the royal
+service, and to provide arms, ammunition, provisions, horses, and
+mules, and every thing necessary for taking the field. He
+appointed Don Martin de Almendras, who had married his sister,
+lieutenant-general, Diego de Porras standard-bearer, and Diego de
+Villavicennio major-general. Pera Hernandez Paniagua, Juan Ortiz
+de Zarate, and Don Gabriel de Guzman, were captains of horse. The
+licentiate Polo, Diego de Almendras, Martin de Alarzon, Hernando
+Alvarez de Toledo, Juan Ramon, and Juan de Arreynaga, were
+captains of foot; Gomez Hernandez the lawyer, military alguazil
+or judge-advocate, and Juan Riba Martin commissary-general. His
+force amounted to 750 excellent soldiers, all well armed and
+richly clothed, with numerous attendants, such as had never been
+seen before in Peru. I saw them myself a few days after their
+arrival in Cuzco, when they made a most gallant appearance. While
+on his march to Cuzco from La Plata, Alvarado was joined by
+several parties of ten and twenty together, who came to join him
+in the service of his majesty. On his way to Arequipa he was
+joined by about forty more; and after passing that place, Sancho
+Duarte and Martin d'Olmos joined him from La Paz with more than
+two hundred good soldiers. Besides these, while in the province
+of Cuzco, he was joined by Juan de Saavedra with a squadron of
+eighty five men of the principal interest and fortune in the
+country. On entering Cuzco, Alvarado was above 1200 strong;
+having 300 horse, 350 musqueteers, and about 530 armed with pikes
+and halberts. Not knowing what was become of Giron, Alvarado
+issued orders to repair the bridges over the Apurimac and
+Abancay, intending to pass that way in quest of the rebels. But
+receiving intelligence from the judges, of the defeat of Meneses,
+and that the rebels were encamped in the valley of Nasca, he
+ordered the bridges to be destroyed, and marched by the nearest
+way for Nasca, by way of Parinacocha, in which route he had to
+cross a rocky desert of sixty leagues.</p>
+
+<p>In this march four of the soldiers deserted and went over to
+Hernandez Giron at Nasca, to whom they gave an account of the
+great force with which Alvarado was marching against him, but
+reported in public that the royalists were inconsiderable in
+number. Giron, however, chose to let his soldiers know the truth,
+and addressed his army as follows. "Gentlemen, do not flatter or
+deceive yourselves: There are a thousand men coming against you
+from Lima, and twelve hundred from the mountains. But, with the
+help of God, if you stand firm, I have no doubt of defeating them
+all." Leaving Nasca, Giron marched by way of Lucanas, by the
+mountain road, intending to take post on the lake of Parinacocha
+before Alvarado might be able to reach that place. He accordingly
+left Nasca on the 8th of May[47] for this purpose.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 47: Although Garcilasso omits the date of
+the year, it probably was in 1554, as the rebellion of Giron
+commenced in the November immediately
+preceding.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>In the mean time pursuing his march, Alvarado and his army
+entered upon the desert of <i>Parihuanacocha</i>, where above
+sixty of his best horses died, in consequence of the bad and
+craggy roads, the unhealthiness of the climate, and continued
+tempestuous weather, though led by hand and well covered with
+clothes. When the two armies approached each other, Alvarado sent
+a detachment of an hundred and fifty select musqueteers to attack
+the camp of Giron, and marched forwards with the main body of his
+army to support that detachment. An engagement accordingly took
+place in rough and strong ground, encumbered with trees brushwood
+and rocks, in which the royalists could make no impression on the
+rebels, and were obliged to retire with the loss of forty of
+their best men killed or wounded. In the following night, Juan de
+Piedrahita endeavoured ineffectually to retaliate, by assailing
+the camp of Alvarado, and was obliged to retreat at daybreak.
+Receiving notice from a deserter that the rebel army consisted
+only of about four hundred men, in want of provisions, and most
+of them inclined to revolt from Giron and return to their duty,
+Alvarado determined upon giving battle, contrary to the opinion
+and earnest advice of all his principal officers and followers.
+But so strong was the position of the enemy, and the approaches
+so extremely difficult, that the royal army fell into confusion
+in the attack, and were easily defeated with considerable loss,
+and fled in all directions, many of them being slain by the
+Indians during their dispersed flight.</p>
+
+<p>On receiving the afflicting news of this defeat, the judges
+ordered the army which they had drawn together at Lima to march
+by way of Guamanga against the rebels. In the mean time Giron
+remained for forty days in his camp at Chuquinca, where the
+battle was fought, taking care of his wounded men and of the
+wounded royalists, many of whom now joined his party. He sent off
+however his lieutenant-general towards Cuzco in pursuit of the
+royalists who had fled in that direction, and ordered his
+sergeant-major to go to La Plaz, Chucuito, Potosi, and La Plata,
+to collect men arms and horses for the farther prosecution of the
+war. At length Giron marched into the province of Andahuaylas,
+which he laid waste without mercy, whence he went towards Cuzco
+on receiving intelligence that the army of the judges had passed
+the rivers Abancay and Apurimac on their way to attack him. He
+immediately marched by the valley of Yucay to within a league of
+Cuzco, not being sufficiently strong to resist the royalists; but
+turned off from that city at the persuasion of certain
+astrologers and prognosticators, who declared that his entrance
+there would prove his ruin, as had already happened to many other
+captains, both Spaniards and Indians.</p>
+
+<p>The army of the judges marched on from Guamanga to Cuzco
+unopposed by the rebels, their chief difficulty being in the
+passages of the great rivers, and the transport of eleven pieces
+of artillery, which were carried on the shoulders of Indians, of
+whom ten thousand were required for that service only. Each piece
+of ordinance was fastened on a beam of wood forty feet long,
+under which twenty cross bars were fixed, each about three feet
+long, and to every bar were two Indians, one on each side, who
+carried this load on their shoulders, on pads or cushions, and
+were relieved by a fresh set every two hundred paces. After
+halting five days in the neighbourhood of Cuzco, to refresh the
+army from the fatigues of the march, and to procure provisions
+and other necessaries, the royal army set out in pursuit of the
+rebels to Pucara[48], where the rebels had intrenched themselves
+in a very strong situation, environed on every side with such
+steep and rugged mountains as could not be passed without extreme
+difficulty, more like a wall than natural rocks. The only
+entrance was exceedingly narrow and intricate, so that it could
+easily be defended by a handful of men against an army; but the
+interior of this post was wide and convenient, and sufficient for
+accommodating the rebel army with all the cattle provisions and
+attendants with the utmost ease. The rebels had abundance of
+provisions and ammunition, having the whole country at their
+command since the victory of Chuquinca; besides which their negro
+soldiers brought in provisions daily from the surrounding
+country. The royal army encamped at no great distance in an open
+plain, fortifying the camp with an intrenchment breast-high all
+round, which was soon executed by means of the great numbers of
+Indians who attended to carry the baggage and artillery. Giron
+established a battery of cannon on the top of a rising ground so
+near the royal camp that the balls were able to reach
+considerably beyond the intrenchment: "Yet by the mysterious
+direction of Providence, the rebel cannon, having been cast from
+the consecrated metal of bells dedicated to the service of God,
+did no harm to man or beast."</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 48: Pucara is in the province of Lampa,
+near the north-western extremity of the great lake
+Titicaca.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>After a considerable delay, during which daily skirmishes
+passed between the adverse parties, Giron resolved to make a
+night attack upon the camp of the royalists, confiding in the
+prediction of some wise old woman, that he was to gain the
+victory at that place. For this purpose he marched out from his
+natural fortress at the head of eight hundred foot, six hundred
+of whom were musqueteers, and the rest pikemen, with only about
+thirty horse. His negro soldiers, who were about two hundred and
+fifty in number, joined with about seventy Spaniards, were
+ordered to assail the front of the royal camp, while Giron with
+the main body was to attack the rear. Fortunately the judges had
+got notice of this intended assault from two rebel deserters, so
+that the whole royal army was drawn out in order of battle on the
+plain before the rebels got up to the attack. The negro
+detachment arrived at the royal camp sometime before Giron, and,
+finding no resistance, they broke in and killed a great number of
+the Indian followers, and many horses and mules, together with
+five or six Spanish soldiers who had deserted the ranks and
+hidden themselves in the camp. On arriving at the camp, Giron
+fired a whole volley into the fortifications without receiving
+any return; but was astonished when the royal army began to play
+upon the flank of his army from an unexpected quarter, with all
+their musquets and artillery. Giron, being thus disappointed in
+his expectations of taking the enemy by surprise, and finding
+their whole army drawn up to receive him, lost heart and
+retreated back to his strong camp in the best order he could. But
+on this occasion, two hundred of his men, who had formerly served
+under Alvarado, and had been constrained to enter into his
+service after the battle of Chuquinca, threw down their arms and
+revolted to the royalists.</p>
+
+<p>Giron made good his retreat, as the general of the royalists
+would not permit any pursuit during the darkness of the night. In
+this affair, five or six were killed on the side of the judges,
+and about thirty wounded; while the rebels, besides the two
+hundred who revolted, had ten men killed and about the same
+number wounded. On the third day after the battle, Giron sent
+several detachments to skirmish with the enemy, in hopes of
+provoking them to assail his strong camp; but the only
+consequence of this was giving an opportunity to Thomas Vasquez
+and ten or twelve more to go over to the royalists. Heart-broken
+and confounded by these untoward events, and even dreading that
+his own officers had conspired against his life, Giron fled away
+alone from the camp on horseback during the night after the
+desertion of Vasquez. On the appearance of day he found himself
+still near his own camp, whence he desperately adventured to make
+his escape over a mountain covered with snow, where he was nearly
+swallowed up, but at last got through by the goodness of his
+horse. Next morning, the lieutenant-general of the rebels, with
+about an hundred of the most guilty, went off in search of their
+late general; but several others of the leading rebels went over
+to the judges and claimed their pardons, which were granted under
+the great seal.</p>
+
+<p>Next day, Paulo de Meneses, with a select detachment, went in
+pursuit of Diego de Alvarado, the rebel lieutenant-general, who
+was accompanied by about an hundred Spaniards and twenty negroes;
+and came up with them in eight or nine days, when they all
+surrendered without resistance. The general immediately ordered
+Juan Henriquez de Orellana, one of the prisoners, who had been
+executioner in the service of the rebels, to hang and behead
+Diego de Alvarado and ten or twelve of the principal chiefs,
+after which he ordered Orellana to be strangled by two
+negroes.</p>
+
+<p>"I cannot omit one story to shew the impudence of the rebel
+soldiers, which occurred at this time. The very next day after
+the flight of Francisco Hernandez Giron, as my father Garcilasso
+de la Vega was at dinner with eighteen or twenty soldiers, it
+being the custom in time of war for all men of estates to be
+hospitable in this manner according to their abilities; he
+observed among his guests a soldier who had been with Giron from
+the beginning of this rebellion. This man was by trade a
+blacksmith, yet crowded to the table with as much freedom and
+boldness as if he had been a loyal gentleman, and was as richly
+clothed as the most gallant soldier of either army. Seeing him
+sit down with much confidence, my father told him to eat his
+dinner and welcome, but to come no more to his table; as a person
+who would have cut off his head yesterday for a reward from the
+general of the rebels, was not fit company for himself or those
+gentlemen, his friends and wellwishers, and loyal subjects of his
+majesty. Abashed by this address, the poor blacksmith rose and
+departed without his dinner, leaving subject of discourse to the
+guests, who admired at his impudence."</p>
+
+<p>After his flight, Hernandez Giron was rejoined by a
+considerable number of his dispersed soldiers, and took the road
+towards Lima, in hopes of gaining possession of that place in the
+absence of the judges. He was pursued by various detachments, one
+of which came up with him in a strong position on a mountain;
+where all his followers, though more numerous than their
+pursuers, surrendered at discretion, and the arch rebel was made
+prisoner and carried to Lima, where he was capitally punished,
+and his head affixed to the gallows beside those of Gonzalo
+Pizarro and Francisco de Carvajal. This rebellion subsisted from
+the 13th of November 1553, reckoning the day on which Giron was
+executed, thirteen months and some days; so that he received his
+well-merited punishment towards the end of December 1554.</p>
+
+<p>SECTION V.</p>
+
+<p><i>History of Peru during the Viceroyalty of the Marquis del
+Cannete.</i></p>
+
+<p>Immediately after learning the death of Don Antonio de
+Mendoza, his imperial majesty, who was then in Germany, nominated
+the Conde de Palma to succeed to the viceroyalty of Peru: But
+both he and the Conde de Olivares declined to accept. At length
+Don Andres Hurtado de Mendoza, Marquis of Cannete, was appointed
+to the office. Having received his instructions, he departed for
+Peru and arrived at Nombre de Dios, where he resided for some
+time for the purpose of suppressing a band of fugitive negroes,
+called <i>Cimarrones</i> who lived in the mountains, and robbed
+and pillaged the merchants and others on the road between Nombre
+de Dios and Panama. Finding themselves hard pressed by a military
+force sent against them under the command of Pedro de Orsua, the
+negroes at length submitted to articles of accommodation,
+retaining their freedom, and engaging to catch and deliver up all
+negroes that should in future desert from their masters. They
+likewise agreed to live peaceably and quietly within a certain
+district, and were allowed to have free trade with the Spanish
+towns.</p>
+
+<p>Having settled all things properly in the Tierra Firma, the
+viceroy set sail from Panama and landed at Payta on the northern
+confines of Peru, whence he went by land to Lima, where he was
+received in great pomp in the month of July 1557. Soon after the
+instalment of the new viceroy, he appointed officers and
+governors to the several cities and jurisdictions of the kingdom;
+among whom Baptisto Munnoz a lawyer from Spain was sent to
+supersede my father Garcilasso de la Vega in the government of
+Cuzco. In a short time after taking possession of his office,
+Munnoz apprehended Thomas Vasquez, Juan de Piedrahita and Alonzo
+Diaz, who had been ringleaders in the late rebellion, and who
+were privately strangled in prison, notwithstanding the pardons
+they had received in due form from the royal chancery. Their
+plantations and lordships over Indians were confiscated and
+bestowed on other persons. No other processes were issued against
+any of the other persons who had been engaged in the late
+rebellion. But Munnoz instituted a prosecution against his
+predecessor in office, my father, on the four following charges.
+1st, For sporting after the Spanish manner with darts on
+horseback, as unbecoming the gravity of his office. 2d, For going
+on visits without the rod of justice in his hand, by which he
+gave occasion to many to despise and contemn the character with
+which he was invested. 3d, For allowing cards and dice in his
+house during the Christmas holidays, and even playing himself,
+contrary to the dignity becoming the governor. 4th, For employing
+as his clerk one who was not a freeman of the city, nor qualified
+according to the forms of law. Some charges equally frivolous
+were made against Monjaraz, the deputy-governor, not worth
+mentioning; but these processes were not insisted in, and no
+fines or other punishment were inflicted.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the viceroy was settled in his government, he sent
+Altamirano, judge in the court of chancery at Lima, to supersede
+Martin de Robles in the government of the city of La Plata. De
+Robles was then so old and bowed down with infirmities, that he
+was unable to have his sword girt to his side, and had it carried
+after him by an Indian page; yet Altamirano, almost immediately
+after taking possession of his government, hanged Martin de
+Robles in the market-place, on some pretended charge of having
+used certain words respecting the viceroy that had a rebellious
+tendency. About the same time the viceroy apprehended and
+deported to Spain about thirty-seven of those who had most
+eminently distinguished their loyalty in suppressing the late
+rebellion, chiefly because they solicited rewards for their
+services and remuneration for the great expences they had been at
+during the war, and refused to marry certain women who had been
+brought from Spain by the viceroy as wives to the colonists, many
+of whom were known to be common strumpets.</p>
+
+<p>The next object which occupied the attention of the viceroy
+was to endeavour to prevail upon Sayri Tupac, the nominal Inca or
+king of the Peruvians, to quit the mountains in which he had
+taken refuge, and to live among the Spaniards, under promise of a
+sufficient allowance to maintain his family and equipage. Sayri
+Tupac was the son and heir of Manco Capac, otherwise called Menco
+Saca, who had been killed by the Spaniards after delivering them
+out of the hands of their enemies. After a long negociation, the
+Inca Sayri Tupac came to Lima where he was honourably received
+and entertained by the viceroy, who settled an insignificant
+pension upon him according to promise. After remaining a short
+time in Lima, the Inca was permitted by the viceroy to return to
+Cuzco, where he took up his residence in the house of his aunt
+Donna Beatrix Coya, which was directly behind my fathers
+dwelling, and where he was visited by all the men and women of
+the royal blood of the Incas who resided in Cuzco. The Inca was
+soon afterwards baptized along with his wife, Cusi Huarcay, the
+niece of the former Inca Huascar. This took place in the year
+1558; and about three years afterwards he died, leaving a
+daughter who was afterwards married to a Spaniard named Martin
+Garcia de Loyola.</p>
+
+<p>Having settled all things in the kingdom to his satisfaction,
+by the punishment of those who had been concerned in the
+rebellion under Giron, and the settlement of the Inca under the
+protection and superintendence of the Spanish government; the
+viceroy raised a permanent force of seventy lancers or cavalry,
+and two hundred musqueteers, to secure the peace of the kingdom,
+and to guard his own person and the courts of justice. The
+horsemen of this guard were allowed each a thousand, and the foot
+soldiers five hundred, dollars yearly. Much about the same time,
+Alonzo de Alvarado, Juan Julio de Hojeda, my lord and father
+Garcilasso de la Vega, and Lorenzo de Aldana died. These four
+gentlemen were all of the ancient conquerors of Peru who died by
+natural deaths, and were all greatly lamented by the people for
+their virtuous honourable and good characters. All the other
+conquerors either died in battle, or were cut off by other
+violent deaths, in the various civil wars and rebellions by which
+the kingdom was so long distracted.</p>
+
+<p>On the arrival of those persons in Spain who had been sent out
+of Peru by the viceroy for demanding rewards for their services,
+they petitioned the king, Don Philip II, for redress; who was
+graciously pleased to give pensions to as many of them as chose
+to return to Peru, to be paid from the royal exchequer in that
+kingdom, that they might not need to address themselves to the
+viceroy. Such as chose to remain in Spain, he gratified with
+pensions upon the custom-house in Seville; the smallest being 80
+ducats yearly, to some 600, to some 800, 1000, and 1200 ducats,
+according to their merits and services. About the same time
+likewise, his majesty was pleased to nominate Don Diego de
+Azevedo as viceroy of Peru, to supersede the Marquis of Cannete;
+but, while preparing for his voyage, he died, to the great grief
+of all the colonists of the kingdom. The Marquis of Cannete was
+much astonished when those men whom he had banished from Peru for
+demanding rewards for their past services, came back with royal
+warrants for pensions on the exchequer of that kingdom, and still
+more so when he learnt that another person was appointed to
+succeed him in the office of viceroy. On this occasion he laid
+aside his former haughtiness and severity, and became gentle and
+lenient in his disposition and conduct for the rest of his days;
+so that, if he had begun as he ended his administration, he would
+have proved the best governor that ever commanded in the New
+World. On seeing this change of conduct, the heirs of those
+citizens who had been executed for having engaged in the
+rebellion of Giron, laid the pardons obtained by their fathers
+before the judges of the royal audience, and made reclamation of
+the estates which had been confiscated, and even succeeded in
+having their lands and Indians restored, together with all other
+confiscations which had been ordered at the first coming over of
+the viceroy.</p>
+
+<p>At this time likewise, the viceroy gave a commission to Pedro
+de Orsua, to make a conquest of the country of the Amazons on the
+river Marannon, being the same country in which Orellana deserted
+Gonzalo Pizarro, as formerly related. Orsua went to Quito to
+raise soldiers, and to provide arms and provisions, in which he
+was greatly assisted by contributions from the citizens of Cuzco,
+Quito and other cities of Peru. Orsua set out accordingly on his
+expedition, with a well appointed force of five hundred men, a
+considerable proportion of which was cavalry. But he was slain by
+his own men, at the instigation of Don Fernando de Guzman and
+some others, who set up Don Fernando as their king, yet put him
+to death shortly afterwards. Lope de Aguira then assumed the
+command, but the whole plan of conquest fell to the ground, and
+Aguira and far the greater part of the men engaged in this
+expedition were slain.</p>
+
+<p>SECTION VI.</p>
+
+<p><i>Incidents in the History of Peru, during the successive
+Governments of the Conde de Nieva, Lope Garcia de Castro, and Don
+Francisco de Toledo.</i></p>
+
+<p>On the death of Don Diego de Azevedo, Don Diego de Zuniga by
+Velasco, Conde de Nieva, was appointed to supersede the Marquis
+of Cannete as viceroy of Peru, and departing from Spain to assume
+his new office in January 1560, he arrived at Payta in Peru in
+the month of April following. He immediately dispatched a letter
+to the marquis informing him of his arrival in the kingdom as
+viceroy, and requiring the marquis to desist from any farther
+exercise of authority. On the arrival of the messenger at Lima,
+the marquis ordered him to be honourably entertained, and to
+receive a handsome gratification, to the value of 7000 dollars;
+but he forfeited all these advantages, by refusing to address the
+ex-viceroy by the title of excellency. This slight, which had
+been directed by the new viceroy, so pressed on the spirits of
+the marquis, already much reduced by the infirmities of age and
+the ravages of a mortal distemper, that he fell into a deep
+melancholy, and ended his days before the arrival of his
+successor at Lima.</p>
+
+<p>The Conde de Nieva did not long enjoy the happiness he
+expected in his government, and he came by his death not many
+months afterwards by means of a strange accident, of which he was
+himself the cause; but as it was of a scandalous nature I do not
+chuse to relate the particulars. On receiving notice of his
+death, King Philip II. was pleased to appoint the lawyer Lope
+Garcia de Castro, who was then president of the royal council of
+the Indies, to succeed to the government of Peru, with the title
+only of president of the court of royal audience and
+governor-general of the kingdom. He governed the kingdom with
+much wisdom and moderation, and lived to return into Spain, where
+he was replaced in his former situation of president of the
+council of the Indies.</p>
+
+<p>Don Francisco de Toledo, second son of the Conde de Oropeta,
+succeeded Lope Garcia de Castro in the government of Peru, with
+the tide of viceroy. He had scarcely been two years established
+in the government, when he resolved to entice from the mountains
+of Villcapampa[49] where he resided, the Inca Tupac Amaru, the
+legitimate heir of the Peruvian empire, being the son of Manco
+Inca, and next brother to the late Don Diego Sayri Tupac, who
+left no son. The viceroy was induced to attempt this measure, on
+purpose to put a stop to the frequent robberies which were
+committed by the Indians dependent on the Inca, in the roads
+between Cuzco and Guamanga, and in hope of procuring information
+respecting the treasures which had belonged to former Incas and
+the great chain of gold belonging to Huayna Capac, formerly
+mentioned, all of which it was alleged was concealed by the
+Indians. Being unable to prevail upon the Inca to put himself in
+the power of the Spaniards, a force of two hundred and fifty men
+was detached into the Villcapampa, under the command of Martin
+Garcia Loyola, to whom the Inca surrendered himself, with his
+wife, two sons, and a daughter, who were all carried prisoners to
+Cuzco.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 49: The river Quiliabamba, otherwise called
+Urabamba and Vilcamayo is to the north of Cuzco, and to the north
+of that river one of the chains of the Andes is named the chain
+of Cuzco or of the rebel Indians. This is probably the
+mountainous region mentioned in the text.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The unfortunate Inca was arraigned by the attorney-general, of
+having encouraged his servants and vassals to infest the roads
+and to rob the Spanish merchants, of having declared enmity
+against all who lived or inhabited among the Spaniards, and of
+having entered into a plot with the Caracas or Caciques, who were
+lords of districts and Indians by ancient grants of the former
+Incas, to rise in arms on a certain day and to kill all the
+Spaniards they could find. At the same time a general accusation
+was made against all the males of mixed race, born of Indian
+mothers to the Spanish conquerors, who were alleged to have
+secretly agreed with Tupac Amaru and other Incas to make an
+insurrection for extirpating the Spaniards and restoring the
+native, Inca to the throne of Peru. In consequence of this
+accusation, all the sons of Spaniards by Indian women who were of
+age sufficient to carry arms were committed to prison, and many
+of them were put to the torture to extort confession of these
+alleged crimes, for which they had no proof or evidence
+whatsoever. Many of them were accordingly banished to various
+remote parts of the New World, as to Chili, the new kingdom of
+Granada, the West India islands, Panama, and Nicaragua, and
+others were sent into Spain.</p>
+
+<p>All the males of the royal line of the Incas, who were in the
+capacity of being able to succeed to the throne, to the number of
+thirty-six persons, together with the two sons and the daughter
+of the Inca Tupac Amaru, were commanded to reside for the future
+in Lima, where in little more than two years they all died except
+three, who were permitted to return to their own houses for purer
+air: But even these three were beyond recovery, and died soon
+afterwards. One of these, Don Carlos Paula, left a son who died
+in Spain in 1610, leaving one son a few months old who died next
+year; and in him ended the entire male line of the Incas of
+Peru.</p>
+
+<p>Tupac Amaru was brought to trial, under pretence that he
+intended to rebel, and had engaged in a conspiracy with several
+Indians, and with the sons of Spaniards born of Indian mothers,
+intending to have dispossessed his majesty Philip II of the
+kingdom of Peru. On this unfounded accusation, and on the most
+inconclusive evidence, he was condemned to lose his head. Upon
+notice of this sentence, the friars of Cuzco flocked to prison,
+and persuaded the unfortunate prince to receive baptism, on which
+he assumed the name of Don Philip. Though the Inca earnestly
+entreated to be sent to Spain, and urged the absurdity and
+impossibility that he could ever intend to rebel against the
+numerous Spanish colonists who now occupied the whole country of
+Peru, seeing that his father with 200,000 men was utterly unable
+to overcome only 200 Spaniards whom he besieged in the city of
+Cuzco; yet the viceroy thought fit to order the sentence to be
+carried into execution. The Inca was accordingly brought out of
+prison, mounted on a mule, having his bands tied and a halter
+about his neck, and being conducted to the ordinary place of
+execution in the city of Cuzco, his head was cut off by the
+public executioner.</p>
+
+<p>After continuing sixteen years in the viceroyalty of Peru, Don
+Francisco de Toledo returned into Spain, with a fortune of above
+half a million of pesos. Falling under the displeasure of the
+king, he was ordered to confine himself to his own house, and all
+his fortune was laid under sequestration, which so affected his
+mind that he soon died of a broken heart. Martin Garcia Loyola,
+who made the Inca prisoner, was married to a coya, the daughter
+of the former Inca Sayri Tupac, by whom he acquired a
+considerable estate; and being afterwards made governor of Chili,
+was slain in that country by the natives.</p>
+
+<p>END OF THE EARLY HISTORY OF PERU.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="chapter2-9" id="chapter2-9">CHAPTER IX.</a></h2>
+
+<p><b>HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST OF CHILI</b></p>
+
+<p>INTRODUCTION.</p>
+
+<p>Not having the advantage of any original and contemporary
+author to lay before our readers on this occasion, it was at
+first our intention to have omitted any notice of Chili in the
+present division of this work: But under the existing and
+important circumstances of the Spanish American colonies, to
+which some allusion has been already made in the introduction to
+the preceding chapter, it has been deemed proper to deviate on
+this occasion from our general principle, and to endeavour to
+draw up a short satisfactory account of the Discovery and
+Conquest of Chili, and of the early History of that interesting
+region, the most distant of all the early European colonies in
+the New World, and which presents the singular and solitary
+phenomenon, of a native nation inhabiting a fertile and champaign
+country, successfully resisting the arts, discipline, and arms of
+Europeans, and remaining unconquered and independent to the
+present day, after the almost perpetual efforts of the Spaniards
+during a period of 277 years.</p>
+
+<p>In the composition of this chapter, we have been chiefly
+guided by the geographical natural and civil history of Chili, by
+the Abbe Don Juan Ignatio Molina, a native of the country, and a
+member of the late celebrated order of the Jesuits. On the
+dissolution of that order, being expelled along with all his
+brethren from the Spanish dominions, he went to reside at Bologna
+in Italy, where in 1787 he published the first part of his work,
+containing the natural history of Chili, and the second part, or
+civil history, some years afterwards. This work was translated
+and published some years ago in the United States of North
+America; and was republished in London in the year 1809, with the
+addition of several notes and appendixes from various sources by
+the English editor. In the present abridged version of the second
+part of that work, or civil history of Chili, we have collated
+the whole with An Historical Relation of the Kingdom of Chili, by
+Alonzo de Ovalle, or Ovaglia, likewise a native and a Jesuit,
+printed at Rome in 1649, of which an English translation is
+inserted in Churchill's collection of voyages and travels, Vol.
+III. p. 1-146. In other divisions of this work, more minute
+accounts will be furnished, respecting the country of Chili and
+its inhabitants and productions, by means of several voyages to
+that distant and interesting country.</p>
+
+<p>SECTION I.</p>
+
+<p><i>Geographical View of the Kingdom of Chili.</i></p>
+
+<p>The kingdom of Chili in South America, is situated on the
+coast of the Pacific Ocean or Great South Sea, between 24&deg;
+and 45&deg; of south latitude, and between 68&deg; 40&acute; and
+74&deg; 20&acute; of west longitude from Greenwich; but as its
+direction is oblique from N.N.E. to S.S.W. between the Andes on
+the east and the Pacific Ocean on the west, the middle of its
+northern extremity is in 70&deg;, and of its southern termination
+in about 73&deg; of W. longitude. Its extreme length therefore is
+1260 geographical, or 1450 statute miles; but its breadth varies
+considerably, as the Andes approach or recede from the sea. In
+the more northern parts, between the latitudes of 24&deg; and
+32&deg; S. the average breadth is about two degrees, or nearly
+140 English miles. Its greatest breadth in lat. 37&deg; S. is
+about 220 miles; whence it grows again narrower, and the
+continental part of the country, opposite to the Archipelago of
+Chiloe, varies from about 50 to 100 miles. These measures are all
+assumed as between the main ridge of the Andes and the sea; but
+in many places these mountains extend from 60 to 100 miles
+farther towards the east, and, being inhabited by natives of the
+same race with the indigenous Chilese, or confederated with them,
+that transalpine region may be likewise considered as belonging
+to Chili.</p>
+
+<p>Chili is bounded on the north by Peru, whence its lower or
+plain country, between the Andes and the Pacific, is divided by
+the extensive and arid desert of Atacama. On the east it is
+separated by the lofty chain of the southern Andes, from the
+countries of Tucuman, Cujo, and Patagonia, on the waters which
+run towards the Southern Atlantic. Through these lofty and almost
+impracticable mountains, there are eight or nine roads which lead
+from Chili towards the east, into the vast plains which depend
+upon the viceroyalty of La Plata, all of which are exceedingly
+difficult and even dangerous. The most frequented of these roads
+is that which leads from the province of Aconcagua in Chili to
+Cujo, running along the deep ravines of the rivers Chillan and
+Mendoza, bordered on one side by deep precipices overhanging
+these rivers, and on the other by lofty and almost perpendicular
+mountains. Both of these rivers derive their origin from the
+Alpine vallies of the Andes, the former running westwards to the
+Pacific; while the latter takes a much longer course towards the
+Southern Atlantic. This road requires at least eight days journey
+to get across the mountain range, and is so narrow and
+incommodious, that travellers are obliged in many places to quit
+their mules and proceed on foot, and every year some loaded mules
+are precipitated from this road into the rivers below. In some
+places the road passes over agreeable plains among the mountains,
+and in these the travellers halt for rest and refreshment. In
+these vallies, when the Incas conquered the northern provinces of
+Chili, before the coming of the Spaniards, they caused some
+<i>tambos</i> or stone houses to be constructed for the
+accommodation of their officers. Some of these are ruined but
+others remain entire, and the Spaniards have built some more for
+the convenience of travellers.</p>
+
+<p>On the west side Chili is bounded throughout its whole extent
+by the shores of the Pacific Ocean; and on the south it joins
+with the southern land usually called the Terra Magellanica, from
+the name of the navigator, Magellan or Magelhaens, who first
+circumnavigated the continent of South America, and opened the
+way by sea from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, through the
+Straits which are still known by his name.</p>
+
+<p>Chili may be considered under three natural divisions. The
+country of Chili Proper, between the main ridge of the Andes and
+the sea: The Andes themselves, from the main ridge eastwards to
+the plain country of La Plata, and the Chilese islands. Chili
+Proper, or that which lies between the main ridge of the Andes
+and the Pacific, is usually distinguished into the Maritime and
+Midland countries. The Maritime country is intersected by three
+chains of hills, running parallel to the Andes, between which are
+many fine vallies which are watered by delightful rivers. The
+Midland country consists almost entirely of a uniform plain of
+considerable elevation, having a few isolated hills interspersed
+which add much to its beauty. The Andes, which are among the
+loftiest mountains in the world, are mostly about 120 miles from
+east to west, in that part of their course which belongs to
+Chili, consisting of a vast number of mountains of prodigious
+height, as if chained together, and displaying all the beauties
+and horrors of the most sublime and picturesque grandeur,
+abounding everywhere with frightful precipices, interspersed with
+many fine vallies and fertile pastures, watered by numerous
+streams and rivers which rise in the mountains. Between the
+latitudes of 24&deg; and 33&deg; south, the Andes are entirely
+desert and uninhabited; but the remainder as far as 45&deg; S. is
+inhabited by various tribes or colonies of the Chilese, called
+Chiquillanes, Pehuenches, Puelches, and Huilliches, which are
+commonly known under the general appellation of Patagonians.</p>
+
+<p>S1. <i>Chili Proper.</i></p>
+
+<p>The political divisions of Chili consist of that part which
+has been conquered by the Spaniards, and that which still remains
+independent in the possession of the natives. The Spanish portion
+is situated between the latitudes of 24&deg; and 37&deg; south,
+and is divided into thirteen provinces; of which the following is
+an enumeration, with a short account of each, beginning on the
+north, at the desert of Atacama or frontiers of Peru. In each of
+these a <i>corregidor</i>, or deputy-governor resides, to whose
+command the civil and military officers of the province are
+subordinate, and on whom the respective cabildos or municipal
+magistracies are dependent.</p>
+
+<p>1. <i>Copaipo</i>, is bounded on the north by the great desert
+of Atacama, on the east by the Andes, on the south by Coquimbo,
+and on the west by the Pacific. It is about 300 English miles
+long by 120 in breath. It contains the rivers Salado, Juncal,
+Chineral, Copaipo, Castagno, Totoral, Quebradaponda, Guasco, and
+Chollai. This province abounds in gold, lapis lazuli, sulphur,
+and fossile salt, which last is found in almost all the mountains
+of the Andes on its eastern frontiers. Copaipo its capital is in
+lat. 27&deg; 15&acute; S. and long. 70&deg; 53&acute; W. The
+northern part of this province, beyond the river Juncal is hardly
+inhabited, except by hunters of the Vicugnas, which they catch by
+means of large palisaded inclosures. Besides lead mines to the
+north of the river Copaipo, there are several silver mines in
+this province, and some sugar is made in the valley of the
+Totoral. This province has five ports, at Juncal, Chineral,
+Caldera, Copaipo, and Huasca, or Guasco. The chief town, Copaipo,
+situated on the river of the same name, contains a parish church,
+a convent of the order of Mercy, and a college which formerly
+belonged to the Jesuits. The town of San Francisco della Salva,
+stands on the same river about sixty miles farther inland.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Coquimbo</i>, which is divided from Copaipo by the river
+Huasca or Guasco, is the next province towards the south. It is
+accordingly bounded on the north by Copaipo, on the east by the
+Andes, on the south-east by Aconcagua, on the south-west by
+Quillota, and on the west by the Pacific. It is about 135 miles
+from north to south, and 120 from east to west. Its principal
+rivers are the Coquimbo, Tongoi, Limari, and Chuapa. Its capital
+is called Coquimbo, or <i>La Serena</i>, founded in 1544 by
+Valdivia at the mouth of the river Coquimbo in lat. 29&deg; 53' S
+long. 71&deg; 12' W. This city is the residence of several
+ancient and honourable families, and is situated in a delightful
+country and charming climate; such being the mild temperature of
+the air, that though rain seldom falls, the surrounding country
+is continually verdant. This province is rich in gold, copper,
+and iron, and its fertile soil produces grapes, olives, and other
+fruits in great abundance, both those belonging to Europe, and
+such as are natural to the country.</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>Quillota</i>, is bounded on the north by Coquimbo, on
+the east by the province of Aconcagua, on the south by Melipilla,
+and on the west by the sea. Its chief rivers are the Longotoma,
+Ligua, Aconcagua, and Limache; and its territory is among the
+most populous and most abundant in gold of any in Chili. The
+capital, called Quillota or San Martin, stands in a pleasant
+valley, in lat. 32&deg; 42' S. and long. 71&deg; W. having three
+churches dedicated to the saints Dominic, Francis, and Augustine.
+The province likewise contains the cities of Plazza, Plazilla,
+Ingenio, Cassablanca, and Petorca; which last is very populous,
+owing to the resort of great numbers of miners who work in the
+celebrated gold mines in the neighbourhood. Valparaiso, or
+Valparadiso, the most celebrated and most commercial harbour in
+Chili is in this province, from whence all the trade is carried
+on with Peru and Spain. The harbour is very capacious, and so
+deep that large ships can lie close to the shore. Its convenience
+for trade, and the salubrity of its climate, have rendered this a
+place of considerable resort; so that besides the city, which is
+three miles from the port, there is a populous town along the
+shore of the harbour, called Almendral, in which those belonging
+to the shipping mostly reside. A deputy-governor or corregidor
+sent directly from Spain resides here, who has the command of the
+civil and military officers of the city, and is only amenable to
+the president of Chili.</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>Aconcagua</i>, is inclosed between the provinces of
+Coquimbo, Quillota, Santiago, and the Andes, being entirely
+inland and communicating with the sea through the former
+province, the same rivers belonging to both. The celebrated
+silver mines of Uspalata are in the Andes belonging to this
+province, which likewise are productive of excellent copper, and
+its lower grounds are fertile in grain and fruit. Aconcagua or
+San Filippe, the capital, is in lat. 32&deg; 18' S. and long.
+69&deg; 55' W.</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>Melipilla</i>, is bounded on the north by Quillota, on
+the east by Santiago, on the south by the river Maypo dividing it
+from Rancagua, and on the west by the Pacific. Its rivers are the
+Mapocho and Poangue, and its territory abounds in wine and grain.
+Melipilla, or San Joseph de Logronno, on the river Maypo, in lat
+33&deg; 36' S long. 70&deg; 42' W. is the chief town of the
+province, and is but thinly inhabited, though in a beautiful
+situation and fertile country, as most of the principal
+proprietors reside in the neighbouring city of St Jago, the
+capital of the kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>6. <i>St Jago</i>, or <i>San Jacopo</i>, is entirely inland,
+having the province of Aconcagua on the north, the Andes on the
+east, the river Maypo to the south, and Melipilla to the west.
+This is a small province, being only 45 miles from east to west,
+and 36 from north to south. Besides the rivers Mapocho, Colina,
+and Zampa, with several other beautiful streams, it contains the
+lake of Pudaguel which is about nine miles long. This province is
+very fertile, producing abundance of grain and wine, with fine
+fruits, especially peaches of exquisite flavour and large size.
+The inferior mountains of Caren abound in gold, and in the Andes
+belonging to this province there are mines of silver. Tin is
+likewise said to be found in the province. The beautiful city of
+St Jago, the capital of the province and of the kingdom of Chili,
+which was founded in 1541 by Pedro de Valdivia, stands in an
+extensive and beautiful plain, on the left bank of the river
+Mapocho, in lat 33&deg; 16' S. long. 69&deg; 48' W. having the
+suburbs of Chimba, Cannadilla, and Renca on the opposite side of
+the river. Both sides of the river are guarded by stone quay
+walls of considerable height to prevent inundations, and a fine
+bridge connects the city with its suburbs. St Jago is about 90
+miles from the sea, and about 20 from the foot of the main ridge
+of the Andes, whose lofty summits clad in perpetual snow form a
+fine contract with the continual verdure of a beautiful
+surrounding district. The streets are all in straight lines,
+thirty-six feet broad, and intersecting each other at right
+angles, and every house is amply supplied with excellent water by
+means of several aqueducts. The great square is 450 feet in
+extent on all its sides, having a bronze fountain in the centre.
+The north side of this square is occupied by the palace of the
+president and the public offices, beneath which is the prison. On
+the south side is the palace of the Conde dell Sierra-bella. The
+west side is occupied by the cathedral and the palace of the
+archbishop; and the east side contains the palaces of three
+noblemen. The other most remarkable buildings are the church of
+San Domingo, and that formerly belonging to the college of
+Jesuits. Though convenient and handsomely built, the private
+houses are generally of one story only, on account of frequent
+earthquakes. On the south side of the city, from which it is
+separated by a street called the Cannada, 144 feet broad, is the
+large suburb of St Isidore. On a hill in the eastern part of the
+city, called Santa Lucia, there formerly stood a fortress to
+guard against attacks of the Indians. This city contained in 1770
+a population of 46,000 inhabitants, which was rapidly increasing.
+Besides the cathedral and three other parish churches, there are
+two convents of Dominican friars, four of Franciscans, two of
+Augustins, two of the order of Mercy, and one belonging to the
+brothers of Charity, with an hospital, seven nunneries, a female
+penitentiary, a foundling hospital, a college for the nobility
+formerly under the direction of the Jesuits, and a Tridentine
+seminary. It contains also an university, a mint for coining gold
+and silver, and barracks for the soldiers who are maintained as
+guards to the president and royal audience.</p>
+
+<p>7. <i>Rancagua</i>, is bounded on the north by the river Maypo
+and by the Chachapoal on the south, by the Andes on the east, and
+the Pacific on the west. Besides the former rivers, it is watered
+by the Codegua and Chocalan, and some others of less importance;
+and contains the lakes of Aculen and Buccalemu, of no great
+importance. This province is fertile in grain, and its chief
+town, Santa Croce di Trianna, otherwise called Rancagua, is in
+lat. 34&deg; 18' S. long. 70&deg; 16' W. Near Alque, a town
+recently founded about 24 miles nearer the sea, there is a very
+rich gold mine.</p>
+
+<p>8. <i>Calchagua</i>, between the rivers Chachapoal and Teno,
+extends from the Andes to the sea, its breadth from north to
+south near the Andes being about 75 miles, while on the coast of
+the Pacific it does not exceed 40. Besides the rivers which form
+its boundaries, its territory is watered by the Rio Clarillo,
+Tinguiririca, and Chimbarongo; and in this province there are two
+considerable lakes, named Taguatagua and Caguil, the former being
+interspersed with beautiful islands, and the latter abounding
+with large clamps[50], which, are much esteemed. This province,
+which is fertile in grain, wine, and fruits, and abounds in gold,
+is part of the territories of the native tribe of the
+Promaucians, whose name is said to signify <i>the people of
+delight</i>, so called from the beauty and fertility of their
+country. The chief town San Fernando, built only in 1742, is in
+lat. 34&deg; 36' S. long. 70&deg; 34' W.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 50: Thus expressed by the translator of
+Molina, and probably some fresh water
+shell-fish.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>9. <i>Maule</i>, the next province to the south, is bounded on
+the east by the Andes, on the south-east by Chillan, on the
+south-west by Itata, and on the west by the Pacific. It is about
+176 miles from east to west, and about 120 from north to south
+where broadest; and is watered by the Lantue, Rio Claro, Pangue,
+Lircai, Huenchullami, Maule, Putagan, Achiguema, Longavi,
+Loncamilla, Purapel, and other inferior rivers. It abounds in
+grain, wine, fruits, gold, salt, cattle, and fish; which last are
+found in great quantities both in the sea and rivers. Its native
+inhabitants are brave, robust, and warlike, and are principally
+descended from the ancient Promaucians. Talca, or St Augustin,
+built in 1742 among hills near the Rio-claro, at a considerable
+distance from the sea, is in lat. 35&deg; 18' S. long. 70&deg;
+48' W. Its population is considerable, owing to the proximity of
+rich gold mines, and the abundance and cheapness of provisions
+supplied by its territory. From this last circumstance, several
+noble families from the cities of St Jago and Conception, whose
+finances had become diminished, have retired to this place, which
+has in consequence been called the bankrupt colony. There are
+several other towns in this province, and many villages of the
+native Chilese; among these Laro, near the mouth of the river
+Mataquito, contains a numerous population of the Promaucian
+nation, and is governed by an <i>Ulmen</i> or native chief.</p>
+
+<p>10. <i>Itata</i>, situated on the sea-coast, has Maule on the
+north, Chillan on the east, Puchacay on the south, and the
+Pacific on the west. It measures 60 miles from east to west, and
+about 33 from north to south, and is intersected by the river
+Itata, from which it derives its name. The best wine of Chili is
+made in this province, and being produced on lands belonging to
+citizens of the city of Conception, is usually known by the name
+of Conception wine. Its chief town named Coulemu, or Nombre de
+Jesus, stands on the Rio Jesus, in lat. 35&deg; 58' S. long.
+72&deg; 38' W. and was founded in 1743..</p>
+
+<p>11. <i>Chillan</i>, bounded on the north, by Maule, by the
+Andes on the east, on the south by Huilquilemu, and by Itata on
+the west, is entirety an inland province, about the same size
+with Itata. Its rivers are the Nuble, Cato, Chillan, Diguillin,
+and Dannicalquin. Its territory consists mostly of an elevated
+plain, particularly favourable for rearing sheep, which produce
+wool of a very fine quality. Its capital, Chillan or San
+Bartholomeo, in lat. 35&deg; 54' S. long. 71&deg; 30&acute; W.
+was founded in 1580. It has been several times destroyed by the
+Araucanians, and was overthrown by an earthquake and inundation
+in 1751; since which it has been rebuilt in a more convenient
+situation, out of danger from the river.</p>
+
+<p>12. <i>Puchacay</i>, is bounded on the north by Itata, on the
+east by Huilquilemu, on the south by the river Biobio, and on the
+west by the Pacific. It measures 24 miles from north to south,
+and 60 from east to west. This province affords a great quantity
+of gold, and its strawberries, both wild and cultivated, are the
+largest in all Chili. Gualqui, or San Juan, founded in 1754 on
+the northern shore of the Biobio, is the residence of the
+corregidor; but Conception, named Ponco in the native language,
+is the principal city of the province, and the second in the
+kingdom of Chili. It was founded by Pedro de Valdivia in a
+pleasant vale, formed by some beautiful hills, near the coast, in
+lat. 36&deg; 42' S. long. 73&deg; 4&acute; W. After suffering
+severely in the long wars with the Araucanians, this city was
+destroyed in 1730 by an earthquake and inundation of the sea, and
+again by a similar calamity in 1751; and was rebuilt in 1764 in a
+beautiful situation a league from the sea. Owing to so many
+calamities, its inhabitants scarcely exceed 13,000, who are
+attracted to this place on the frontiers of the warlike
+Araucanians, by the great abundance of gold that is procured in
+its neighbourhood. The climate is always temperate, the soil is
+fertile, and the sea abounds in fish of all kinds. The Bay of
+Conception is spacious and safe, extending above ten miles from
+north to south, and nearly as much from east to west. Its mouth
+is protected by a beautiful and fertile island, called
+Quiriquina, forming two mouths or entrances to the bay; that on
+the north-east called the <i>bocca grande</i> being two miles
+wide, and that on the south-west, or <i>bocca chica</i>, little
+more than a mile. The whole bay affords safe anchorage, and a
+port at its south-east extremity called Talcaguano is chiefly
+frequented by shipping, as being not far from the new city of
+Conception.</p>
+
+<p>13. <i>Huilquilemu</i>, commonly called Estanzia del Rei, or
+the royal possession, has Chillan on the north, the Andes on the
+east, the river Biobio on the south, and Puchacay on the west.
+This district is rich in gold, and produces an excellent wine
+resembling muscadel. To protect this province against the warlike
+and independent Araucanians, there are four forts on the north
+side of the Biobio, named Jumbel, Tucapel, Santa Barbara, and
+Puren; and as the boundary line is to the south of that river,
+the Spaniards have likewise the forts of Aranco, Colcura, San
+Pedro, Santa Joanna, Nascimento, and Angeles beyond that
+river.</p>
+
+<p>14. <i>Valdivia.</i> This province, or military station
+rather, is entirely separated from the other possessions of the
+Spaniards in Chili, being entirely surrounded by the territories
+of the Araucanians. It lies on the sea-coast, on both sides of
+the river Valdivia or Callacallas, being reckoned 36 miles from
+east to west, and 18 miles from north to south. It abounds in
+valuable timber, and affords the purest gold of any that is found
+in Chili, and produced great quantities of that precious metal to
+Valdivia the original conqueror. But owing to many calamities in
+the wars with the Araucanians, it is now of little importance
+except as a military station. Valdivia, the capital, in lat.
+39&deg; 48&acute; S. long. 73&deg; 24&acute; W. is situated at
+the bottom of a beautiful and safe bay, the entrance to which is
+protected by the island of Manzera. As this is a naval station of
+much importance for protecting the western coast of South
+America, it is strongly fortified, and is always commanded by a
+military officer of reputation sent directly from Spain, though
+under the direction of the president of Chili. He has always a
+considerable body of troops, which are officered by the five
+commanders of the five castles which protect the city, with a
+sergeant-major, commissary, inspector, and several captains.</p>
+
+<p>From the foregoing short abstract of the geographical
+circumstances of Chili Proper, or that part of the kingdom which
+is possessed by the Spaniards, it appears to extend from the lat.
+24&deg; to 37&deg; both south, or about 900 English miles in
+length by about 180 miles in medium breadth, containing about
+162,000 square miles of territory or nearly 104 millions of
+statute acres, mostly of fertile soil, in a temperate and
+salubrious climate, abounding in all the necessaries of life, and
+richly productive in gold and other metals. Hence this country is
+calculated to support a most extensive population, in all the
+comforts and enjoyments of civilized society, and if once settled
+under a regular government, will probably become at no great
+distance of time an exceedingly populous and commercial nation.
+The islands belonging to Chili consist principally of the
+Archipelago of Chilo&eacute;, with that of the Chones, which is
+dependent upon the former. The largest of these islands, named
+likewise Chilo&eacute;, is about 120 miles in extent from north
+to south, and about 60 miles from east to west. Between it and
+the main-land is a vast gulf or bay, which extends from lat.
+41&deg; 32&acute; to 44&deg; 50&acute; both S. and lies between
+the longitudes of 72&deg; 44&acute; and 74&deg; 20&acute; both W.
+This is called the gulf of Chilo&eacute;, Guaiteca, or Elancud;
+and besides the great island of Chilo&eacute;, contains
+eighty-two smaller islands, thinly inhabited by Indians and a few
+Spaniards. The land in Chilo&eacute;, as in all the smaller
+islands, is mountainous, and covered by almost impenetrable
+thickets. The rains are here excessive and almost continual, so
+that the inhabitants seldom have more than fifteen or twenty days
+of fair weather in autumn, and hardly do eight days pass at any
+other season without rain. The atmosphere is consequently
+extremely moist, yet salubrious, and the climate is exceedingly
+mild and temperate. Owing to the great humidity, grain and fruits
+are by no means productive, yet the inhabitants raise sufficient
+grain, mostly barley and beans, for their support, and grow
+abundance of excellent flax. The town of Castro, on the eastern
+shore, in lat. 42&deg; 44&acute; S. is the capital of the island,
+and was founded in 1565, by Don Martino Ruiz de Gamboa, and is
+built entirely of wood, containing only about a hundred and fifty
+inhabitants, yet has a parish church, a church formerly belonging
+to the Jesuits, and two convents. The port of Chaco, near the
+middle of the northern extremity of the island, in lat. 41&deg;
+53&acute; S. and about the same, longitude with Castro, has good
+anchorage, and enjoys the whole trade with Peru and Chili, which
+is not subjected to the duties which are paid in other ports of
+Spanish America.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the southern Archipelago of Chilo&eacute;, there are a
+few islands of no great importance on the coast of Chili, not
+worth notice. The two islands likewise of Juan Fernandez are
+considered as dependencies on Chili. The larger of these, called
+Isola de Tierra, is at present inhabited by a few Spaniards, who
+have a small fort at La Baya or Cumberland harbour. The smaller
+island, or Masafuera, otherwise called De Cabras or Conejos, is
+uninhabited.</p>
+
+<p>S2. <i>The Province of Cujo.</i></p>
+
+<p>Although the province of <i>Cujo,</i> on the east side of the
+Andes, be not strictly within the limits of Chili, yet as
+dependent on the presidency of that kingdom, it is proper to take
+notice of it in this place. Cujo is bounded on the north by the
+province of Tucuman, on the east by the Pampas or desert plains
+of Buenos Ayres, on the south by Patagonia, and on the west by
+the southern chain of the Andes. Being comprehended between the
+latitudes of 29&deg; and 35&deg; south, it is about 400 miles in
+extent from north to south, but its limits towards the east are
+uncertain. In temperature and productions, this province differs
+materially from Chili. The winter, which is the dry season, is
+extremely cold; and the summer is excessively hot both day and
+night, with frequent storms of thunder and hail, more especially
+in its western parts near the Andes. These storms commonly rise
+and disperse in the course of half an hour; after which the sun
+dries up the moisture in a few minutes. Owing to this excessive
+exsiccation, the soil is extremely arid, and will neither bear
+trees nor plants of any kind; unless when irrigated by means of
+canals, when it produces almost every vegetable in astonishing
+abundance. By these artificial means of cultivation, the fruits
+and grains of Europe thrive with extraordinary perfection, and
+come a month earlier to maturity than in Chili; and the wines
+produced in Cujo are very rich and full-bodied.</p>
+
+<p>This province is intersected by three rivers which have their
+sources in the Andes, the San Juan, the Mendoza, and the Tunujan.
+The two former are named from the cities which are built on their
+banks. After a course of from 75 to 90 miles, these rivers form
+the great lakes of Guanasache, which extend above 300 miles from
+north to south, and their waters are afterwards discharged by the
+river Tunujan into the south-eastern desert Pampas. These lakes
+abound with excellent fish of several kinds, and they produce a
+sufficient quantity of salt to supply the whole province of Cujo.
+The eastern part of this province, called La Punta, is watered by
+the rivers Contaro and Quinto, and several smaller streams, and
+is quite different in its climate and temperature from the
+western part near the Andes. The plains of La Punta are covered
+with beautiful trees of large size, and the natural herbage grows
+to such a height in many places as to conceal the horses and
+other cattle which roam at large in these extensive plains.
+Thunder storms are exceedingly violent and frequent, continuing
+often for many hours, accompanied by incessant and immoderate
+rain.</p>
+
+<p>Among the vegetable productions of Cujo, one of the most
+remarkable is a species of palm, which never exceeds eighteen
+feet high, putting forth all its branches so near the ground as
+to conceal the trunk. The leaves are extraordinarily hard, and
+terminate in a point as sharp as a sword. The fruit resembles the
+cocoa-nut, yet only contains a few hard round seeds, with no
+edible kernel. The trunk of this tree is very large, and is
+covered by a coarse outer bark of a blackish colour which is
+easily detached. Below this, there are five or six successive
+layers of a fibrous bark resembling linen cloth. The first is of
+a yellowish colour, and of the consistence and appearance of
+sail-cloth. The others gradually decrease in thickness, and
+become whiter and finer; so that the innermost is white and fine
+like cambric, but of a looser texture. The fibres of this natural
+cloth are strong and flexible, but harsher to the feel than those
+made from flax. This province produces great abundance of the
+<i>opuntia</i>, a species of the <i>cactus</i>, which nourishes
+the cochineal insect; but the natives are in use to string these
+insects on a thread by means of a needle, by which they acquire a
+blackish tint. The fruit of this plant is woolly, about the size
+of a peach, its internal substance being glutinous and full of
+small seeds. It is sweet and well-flavoured, and is easily
+preserved by cutting into slices which are dried in the sun.
+There are four different trees producing a species of beans; two
+of which are good eating, the third is employed as provender for
+horses, and ink is made from the fourth. The most singular
+vegetable production in this country is called <i>the flower of
+the air</i>, from having no root, and never growing on the
+ground. Its native situation is on the surface of an arid rock,
+or twining round the dry stem of a tree. This plant consists of a
+single shoot, like the stem of a gilly-flower, but its leaves are
+larger and thicker, and are as hard as wood. Each stalk produces
+two or three white transparent flowers, in size and shape
+resembling a lily, and equally odoriferous with that flower. They
+may be preserved fresh on their stalks for more than two months,
+and for several days when plucked off. This plant may be
+transported to almost any distance; and will produce flowers
+annually, if merely hung up on a nail.</p>
+
+<p>In the northern parts of Cujo there are mines of gold and
+copper, but they are not worked owing to the indolence of the
+inhabitants. It has also rich mines of lead, sulphur, vitriol,
+salt, gypsum, and talc or asbestos. The mountains near the city
+of Juan are entirely composed of white marble, in stratified
+slabs of five or six feet long by six or seven inches thick, all
+regularly cut and polished by nature. From this the inhabitants
+prepare an excellent lime, which they use in building bridges
+over the streams and canals of irrigation. Between the city of
+Mendoza and La Punta, on a low range of hills, there is a large
+stone pillar, 150 feet high and 12 feet diameter, called the
+giant, on which there are certain marks or inscriptions
+resembling Chinese characters. Near the Diamond river there is
+another stone, having marks which appear to be characters, and
+the impression of human feet, with the figures of several
+animals. The Spaniards call it the stone of St Thomas; from a
+tradition handed down from the first settlers, said to have been
+received from the native Indians, that a white man with a long
+beard, formerly preached a new religion from that stone to their
+ancestors, and left the impression of his feet, and the figures
+of the animals that came to hear him, as a memorial of his
+sanctity.</p>
+
+<p>The aboriginal natives of the province of Cujo are called
+Guarpes, of whom there are now very few remaining. They are of a
+lofty stature, very thin, and of a brown colour, and speak a
+quite different language from that of the Chilese. This people
+was anciently conquered by the Peruvians, after having taken
+possession of the northern part of Chili; and on the road across
+the Andes from Cujo to Chili, there still are some small stone
+buildings, or tambos, which had been erected for the
+accommodation of the Peruvian officers and messengers. The first
+Spaniards who attempted to reduce this country were sent by
+Valdivia, under the command of Francisco de Aguirre, who returned
+to Chili after the death of Valdivia. In 1560, Don Garcia de
+Mendoza sent a force under Pedro del Castillo, who subdued the
+Guarpes, and founded the cities of San Juan and Mendoza. The
+latter, which is the capital, is situated on a plain at the foot
+of the Andes, in lat 33&deg; 54' S. long. 68&deg; 34' W. This is
+supposed to contain about 6000 inhabitants, and is continually
+increasing in population, owing to its vicinity to the celebrated
+silver mine of Uspallatta, which is worked by the inhabitants to
+great profit. This city carries on a considerable commerce in
+wine and fruits with Buenos Ayres. The city of San Juan near the
+Andes, in lat. 31&deg; 40' S. and long. 68&deg; 34' W. is equally
+populous with Mendoza, from which it is about 160 miles due
+north, and trades with Buenos Ayres in brandy, fruits, and
+Vicunna skins. Its pomegranates are greatly esteemed in Chili, to
+which they are sent across the Andes. This city is governed by a
+deputy from the corregidor of Mendoza, assisted by a cabildo. In
+1596, the small city of La Punta, or San Luis de Loyola, was
+founded in the eastern part of Cujo, in lat. 33&deg; 47' S. long.
+65&deg; 33' W. Although the thoroughfare for all the trade from
+Chili and Cujo to Buenos Ayres, it is a miserable place with
+scarcely two hundred inhabitants; but its jurisdiction is
+extensive and populous, and is administered both in civil and
+military affairs by a deputy of the corregidor of Mendoza.
+Besides these three cities, the province of Cujo contains the
+towns of Jachal, Vallofertil, Mogna, Corocorto, Leonsito,
+Caliogarta, and Pismanta[51], which do not merit particular
+attention.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 51: Besides these, modern maps insert the
+following, beginning in the north. Betlen, Rioja la Nueva,
+Mutinan, San Juan de Jaeban, Guanachoca, all to the north of
+Mendoza.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The Patagonians who border upon Cujo towards the south, and of
+whose gigantic stature so much has been said, do not differ
+materially in this respect from other men. The Pojas, one of
+their tribes, are governed by several petty independent princes.
+A singular species of polygamy prevails among this people, as the
+women are permitted to have several husbands. As to the Cesari,
+of whom such wonderful stories have been reported, and who are
+supposed to be neighbours of the Chilese, they have no existence
+except in the fancies of those who take pleasure in marvellous
+stories.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>S3. <i>The Indian Country, or Araucania.</i></p>
+
+<p>That part of Chili which remains unconquered reaches from the
+river Biobio in the north to the Archipelago of Chiloe in the
+south, or between the latitudes of 37&deg; and 42' S. This
+country is inhabited by three independent nations, the
+Araucanians, the Cunches, and the Hu&igrave;ll&igrave;ches. The
+territory of the Araucanians, contains the finest plains in
+Chili, and is situated between the rivers Biobio and Callacallas,
+stretching along the sea-coast for about 186 miles, and is
+generally allowed to be the most pleasant and fertile district in
+the kingdom of Chili. Its extent from the sea to the foot of the
+Andes, was formerly reckoned at 300 miles; but as the Puelches, a
+nation inhabiting the western side of the mountains, joined the
+confederacy of the Araucanians in the seventeenth century, its
+present breadth cannot be less than 420 miles, and the whole
+territory is estimated at 78,120 square miles or nearly 50
+millions of acres.</p>
+
+<p>The Araucanians derive their name from the province of Arauco,
+the smallest in their territory, but which has given name to the
+whole nation, as having been the first to propose the union which
+has so long subsisted among the tribes, or from having at some
+remote period reduced them under its dominion. Enthusiastically
+attached to their independence, they pride themselves on the name
+of <i>auca</i>, signifying <i>freemen</i>[52]; and by the
+Spaniards who were sent from the army in Flanders to serve in
+Chili, this country has been called Araucanian Flanders, or the
+invincible state. Though the Araucanians do not exceed the
+ordinary height of mankind, they are in general muscular, robust,
+well proportioned, and of a martial appearance. Their complexion
+is of a reddish brown, but clearer than the other natives of
+America, except the tribe named Boroanes, who are fair and ruddy.
+They have round faces, small eyes full of animated expression, a
+rather flat nose, a handsome mouth, even white teeth, muscular
+and well shaped legs, and small flat feet. Like the Tartars, they
+have hardly any beard, and they carefully pluck out any little
+that appears, calling the Europeans <i>longbeards,</i> by way of
+reproach. The hair on their heads is thick, black, and coarse, is
+allowed to grow very long, and is worn in tresses wound around
+their heads. The women are delicately formed, and many of them
+are very handsome, especially the Boroanes. They are generally
+long lived, and are not subject to the infirmities of age till a
+late period of life, seldom even beginning to grow grey till
+sixty or severity, or to be wrinkled till fourscore. They are
+intrepid, animated, ardent, patient of fatigue, enthusiastically
+attached to liberty, and ever ready to sacrifice their lives for
+their country, jealous of their honour, courteous, hospitable,
+faithful to their engagements, grateful for services, and
+generous and humane to their vanquished enemies. Yet these noble
+qualities are obscured by the vices which are inseparable from
+their half savage state, unrefined by literature or cultivation:
+Being presumptuous, entertaining a haughty contempt for other
+nations, and much addicted to drunkenness and debauchery.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 52: According to Falkner the missionary,
+<i>auca</i> is a name of reproach given them by the Spaniards,
+signifying rebels or wild men; <i>aucani</i> is to rebel or make
+a riot, and <i>auca-cahual</i> signifies a wild horse.--This may
+be the case in the language of the subjected Peruvians and
+northern Chilese, while in that of the independent Araucanians it
+may signify <i>free</i>; just as republican is an honourable term
+in the United States, while it is a name of reproach under a
+monarchical government.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Their dress is manufactured from the wool of the vicunna, and
+consists of a shirt, vest, short close breeches, and a cloak or
+poncho, having an opening in the middle to admit the head, which
+descends all round as low as the knees. This cloak, which leaves
+the arms at liberty, and can be thrown back at pleasure, is so
+convenient for riding, and so excellent a protection from wind
+and rain, that it is now commonly adopted by the Spanish
+inhabitants of Chili, Peru, and Paraguay. The shirt, vest, and
+breeches, are always of a greenish blue, or turquois colour,
+which is the uniform of the nation. Among persons of ordinary
+rank, the <i>poncho</i>, or native cloak, is also of the same
+national colour; but those of the higher classes have it of
+different colours, as white, red, or blue, with stripes a span
+broad, on which figures of flowers and animals are wrought in
+different colours with much ingenuity, and the borders are
+ornamented with handsome fringes. Some of these <i>ponchos</i>
+are of so fine a texture and richly ornamented as to sell for 100
+or even 150 dollars. Their only head-dress is a fillet or bandage
+of embroidered wool, which they ornament in time of war with a
+number of beautiful feathers. Round the waist they wear a long
+sash or girdle of woollen, handsomely wrought; and persons of
+rank have leather sandals, and woollen boots, but the common
+people are always bare-footed.</p>
+
+<p>The dress of the women is entirely of wool, and the national
+greenish blue colour, consisting of a tunic or gown without
+sleeves reaching to the feet, fastened at the shoulder by silver
+buckles, and girt round the waist by a girdle; over which gown
+they wear a short cloak, which is fastened before by a silver
+buckle. They wear their hair in several long braided tresses,
+flowing negligently over their shoulders, and decorate their
+heads with false emeralds and a variety of trinkets. They wear
+square ear-rings of silver, and have necklaces and bracelets of
+glass-beads, and silver rings on all their fingers.</p>
+
+<p>Like all the other tribes in Chili, before the arrival of the
+Spaniards, the Araucanians still continue to construct their
+houses or huts rather of a square form, of wood plaistered with
+clay, and covered with rushes, though some use a species of
+bricks; and as they are all polygamists, the size of their houses
+is proportioned to the number of women they are able to maintain.
+The interior of their houses is very simple, and the furniture
+calculated only to serve the most necessary purposes, without any
+view to luxury or splendour. They never form towns, but live in
+scattered villages along the banks of rivers, or in plains that
+can be easily irrigated.</p>
+
+<p>The whole country of the Araucanian confederacy is divided
+into four principalities, called <i>Uthal-mapu</i> in their
+language, which run parallel to each other from north to south.
+These are respectively named <i>Lauquen-mapu</i>, or the maritime
+country; <i>Lelbun-mapu</i>, or the plain country;
+<i>Inapire-mapu</i>, or country at the foot of the Andes; and
+<i>Pire-mapu</i>, or the country on the Andes. Each principality
+or Uthal-mapu is divided into five provinces, called
+<i>Ailla-regue</i>; and each province into nine districts, termed
+<i>regue.</i> Hence the whole country contains 4
+<i>Uthal-mapus</i>, 20 <i>Ailla-regues</i>, and 180
+<i>Regues</i>. Besides these, the country of the <i>Cunches</i>,
+who are in alliance with the Araucanians, extends along the coast
+between Valdivia and the archipelago of Chiloe; and the
+<i>Huilliches</i>, likewise allies of the Araucanians, occupy all
+the plains to the eastward, between the Cunches and the main
+ridge of the Andes.</p>
+
+<p>The civil government is a kind of aristocratic republic, under
+three orders of hereditary nobility, each subordinate to the
+other. Each of the four <i>Uthal-mapus</i> is governed by a
+<i>Toqui</i>. The <i>Ailla-regues</i>, are each under the command
+of an <i>Apo-ulmen</i>; and every one of the <i>Regues</i> is
+ruled by an <i>Ulmen</i>. The four <i>toquis</i> are independent
+of each other, but are confederated for the public welfare. The
+<i>Apo-ulmens</i> govern the provinces under the controul or
+superintendence of the respective <i>toquis</i>; and the
+<i>ulmens</i> of the <i>regues</i> are dependent on the
+Apo-ulmens, or arch-ulmens. This dependence is however almost
+entirely confined to military affairs. The distinguishing badge
+of the toqui is a kind of battle-axe, made of marble or porpyhry.
+The Apo-ulmens and Ulmens carry staves with silver heads; the
+former being distinguished by the addition of a silver ring round
+the middle of their staves. The toqui has only the shadow of
+sovereign authority, as every question of importance is decided
+by an assembly of the great body of nobles, which is called
+<i>Buta-coyog</i> or <i>Auca-coyog</i> the great council, or the
+Araucanian council. This assembly is usually held in some large
+plain, on the summons of the toquis; and on such occasions, like
+the ancient Germans as described by Tacitus, they unite the
+pleasures of revelling and even drunkenness with their
+deliberations. By their traditionary laws, called <i>Ad-mapu</i>
+or customs of the country, two or more principalities, provinces,
+or districts cannot be held by the same chief. Whenever the male
+line of the ruling family becomes extinct, the vassals have the
+right to elect their own chief; and all the districts are
+directed entirely in civil matters by their respective Ulmens.
+The people are subject to no contributions or personal services
+whatever, except in time of war; so that all the chiefs of every
+rank or degree have to subsist on the produce of their own
+possessions.</p>
+
+<p>The military government is established upon a system of
+wonderful regularity. When the great council determines on going
+to war, they proceed immediately to elect a commander-in-chief,
+who is in some measure the dictator of the country during his
+continuance in office. The toquis have in course the first claim
+to this high dignity, as being the hereditary generals and
+stadtholders of the republic; yet, disregarding all respect for
+superior rank, the council often entrusts this supreme power to
+the most deserving of the Ulmens, or even to an officer of an
+inferior class, considering only on this occasion the talents
+that are deemed necessary for command. Thus in the war of 1722,
+the supreme command was confided to Vilumilla, a man of low
+origin, and in that which terminated in 1773, to Curignanca, the
+younger son of an Ulmen in the province of Encol. On his
+elevation to office, the generalissimo of the republic assumes
+the title of <i>toqui</i>, and the stone hatchet in token of
+supreme command; on which the four hereditary toquis lay aside
+theirs, as it is not permitted them to carry this ensign of
+authority during the continuance of the dictator in office, to
+whom all the toquis apo-ulmens and ulmens take the oath of
+obedience. Even the people, who during peace are exceedingly
+repugnant to subordination, are now entirely submissive to the
+commands of the military dictator. Yet he has not the power of
+putting any one to death, without the consent of his principal
+officers; but as all these are of his appointment, his orders are
+next to absolute.</p>
+
+<p>It has always happened since the arrival of the Spaniards in
+Chili, that the supreme toquis have been elected from among the
+natives of the provinces of Arauco, Tucapel, Encol, or Puren; but
+I know not whether this may be owing to some ancient law or
+agreement, or to some superstitious notion. The supreme toqui
+appoints his vice-toqui or lieutenant-general, and the other
+officers of his staff; who in their turn nominate the inferior
+officers. The vice-toqui is almost always elected from among the
+Puelches, to gratify the ambition of that valiant tribe, which
+forms about a fourth part of the population of the confederacy.
+At present the army of the Araucanians is composed both of
+cavalry and infantry. Originally it consisted entirely of foot;
+but in their first battles with the Spaniards, perceiving the
+vast advantage derived by their enemies from the employment of
+cavalry, they soon applied themselves to procure a good breed of
+horses; insomuch that in 1568, only seventeen years after their
+first encountering the Spaniards, they had several squadrons of
+cavalry; and by the year 1585, the Araucanian cavalry was
+regularly organized by the toqui Cadeguala. The infantry is
+divided into regiments of a thousand men, and these into ten
+companies of an hundred men each. The cavalry is divided in a
+similar manner; but the numbers in the regiments and troops are
+not always the same. Each body of horse and foot has its
+particular standard; but all bear a star, which is the national
+device. The soldiers are not clothed in uniforms, but all have
+cuirasses of hardened leather below their ordinary dresses, with
+shields and helmets of the same material. The cavalry are armed
+with swords and lances; and the infantry with pikes or clubs
+pointed with iron. In battle, the cavalry is distributed on the
+two wings of the army, while the infantry forms the centre or
+main body, divided into its several battalions or regiments, the
+ranks being composed alternately of pikemen and soldiers armed
+with clubs or maces. The right wing is confided to the
+vice-toqui, and the left to an experienced officer next in rank;
+while the toqui is present wherever occasion requires, and
+exhorts his soldiers to fight valiantly for the liberties of the
+nation. They formerly employed bows and slings in war; but taught
+by experience to avoid the destructive effects of musquetry in
+distant fight, they are now eager to close with their enemies.
+Impressed with the opinion that to die in battle for their
+country is the greatest honour that can be acquired, whenever the
+signal for battle is given, they advance with the utmost
+rapidity, despising the slaughter produced by the cannon and
+musquetry, yet preserving the strictest order and discipline, and
+often succeed in bearing down the firmest array of the
+Spaniards.</p>
+
+<p>One of the first measures of the national council, when war is
+resolved upon, is to dispatch messengers to the confederate
+tribes, and even to the Indians who live under the Spanish
+government, to summon them to make common cause with their
+countrymen. The credentials of these messengers are some small
+arrows tied together by a red string, the symbol of blood. But if
+hostilities have been already commenced, the finger of a slain
+enemy accompanies the arrows. This embassy is called
+<i>pulchitum</i>, which signifies to run the arrow, and the
+messengers are called <i>guerquenis</i>. The toqui or military
+dictator directs what number of soldiers is to be furnished by
+each Uthal-mapu or principality. The particular toquis regulate
+the contingencies of the Apo-ulmens; and these last apportion
+these among the several Ulmens of their provinces. The army of
+the state usually consists of five or six thousand men; besides
+which, a body of reserve is always in readiness for particular
+occasions, or to replace those who may be killed in battle.
+Before taking the field, the general assigns three days for
+consultation with his principal officers, during which the plan
+of the campaign is maturely deliberated upon, and every one has
+liberty to offer his opinion: But the general finally settles the
+plan of warfare in secret consultation, with his principal
+officers. After all is agreed upon, the army commences its march
+to the sound of drums, and is always preceded by several advanced
+parties, to guard against surprise. During the march, the
+infantry as well as the cavalry are on horseback; but on coming
+to action, the infantry dismounts and is regularly marshalled in
+companies and battalions. All the soldiers have to provide their
+own horses arms and provisions; and as all are liable to military
+service, no one has to contribute towards the supply of the army.
+Their provisions consist chiefly in a small sack of parched meal,
+which each soldier carries on his horse; and which, diluted with
+water, serves them as food till they can live at free quarters in
+the enemys country. Being thus unencumbered with baggage, they
+are able to move with astonishing celerity, either to attack or
+to retreat as may be necessary. They are extremely vigilant when
+in presence of the enemy, encamping always in secure and
+advantageous situations, strengthening their posts with
+entrenchments, and placing sentinels on all sides, every soldier
+being obliged during the night to keep a fire burning in front of
+his tent. When necessary they protect their posts and encampments
+with deep trenches, guarded by abatis or hedges of spinous or
+thorny trees, and strew calthrops at all the avenues to repress
+attacks from the cavalry of the enemy. In short there are few
+military stratagems with which they are unacquainted, and are
+wonderfully expert in tactics [53].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 53: From the singular excellence of the
+military institutions of the Araucanians, by which they have been
+enabled to preserve their liberties against the superior arms of
+the Spaniards, down even to the present day, we have been induced
+to extend these observations much beyond our usual limits on such
+occasions. Such as are inclined to inquire more minutely into the
+civil institutions of this wonderful people, will find them
+detailed in the work of the Abb&eacute; Molina, together with a
+minute account of the natural productions of
+Chili.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>SECTION II.</p>
+
+<p><i>Of the Origin, Manners, and Language of the
+Chilese</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The origin of the primitive inhabitants of Chili, like that of
+all the nations and tribes of the aboriginal Americans, is
+involved in impenetrable obscurity. Many of the natives consider
+themselves as indigenous, while others derive their origin from a
+foreign stock, supposing their ancestors to have come from the
+north or from the west; but as they were utterly unacquainted
+with the art of writing, they have no records or monuments from
+which to elucidate this inquiry, and their traditionary accounts
+are too crude and imperfect to afford any degree of rational
+information on the subject. The Chilese call their first
+progenitors <i>Pegni Epatum</i>, signifying the brothers named
+Epatum. They call them likewise <i>glyce</i>, or primitive men;
+and in their assemblies invoke their ancestors and deities in a
+loud voice, crying <i>Pom, pam, pum, mari, mari, Epunamen,
+Amimalguen, Pegni Epatum</i>. The meaning of these words is
+uncertain, unless we may suppose it to have some connexion with
+the word <i>pum</i>, used by the Chinese to signify the first
+created man, or the one who was saved from the deluge. The lamas
+or priests of Thibet are likewise said to repeat to their
+rosaries, the syllables <i>om, am, um</i>, or <i>hom, ham,
+hum</i>; which corresponds in some measure with the customary
+exclamation of the Chilese.</p>
+
+<p>It appears probable that the whole of Chili had been
+originally peopled by one nation, as all the native tribes,
+however independent of each other, speak the same language, and
+have a similar appearance. The inhabitants of the plains are of
+good stature, but those who dwell in the valleys of the Andes,
+usually surpass the ordinary height of man. The features of both
+are regular, and none of them have ever attempted to improve
+nature by disfiguring their faces, to render themselves more
+beautiful or more formidable. Their complexion, like the other
+American natives, is reddish brown or copper-coloured, but of a
+clearer hue than the other Americans; and readily changes to
+white. A tribe which dwells in the district of Baroa, is of a
+clear white and red like Europeans, without any tinge of copper
+colour. As this tribe differs in no other respect from the rest
+of the Chilese, this difference in complexion may be owing to
+some peculiar influence of the climate which they inhabit, or to
+their greater civilization. Some persons have been disposed to
+attribute this difference in colour to an intermixture with a
+number of Spanish prisoners taken during the unfortunate war of
+the sixteenth century: But the Spanish prisoners were equally
+distributed among the other tribes, none of whom are white; and
+besides, the first Spaniards who came to Chili were all from the
+southern provinces of Spain, where ruddy complexions are
+extremely rare.</p>
+
+<p>From the harmony, richness, and regularity of the Chilese
+language, we are led to conclude that the natives must in former
+times have possessed a much greater degree of civilization than
+now, or that they are the remains of a great and illustrious
+nation, which has been ruined by some of these physical or moral
+revolutions which have occasioned such astonishing changes in the
+world. The Chilese language is so exceedingly copious, both in
+radical words, and in the use of compounds, that a complete
+dictionary of it would fill a large volume. Every verb, either
+derivatively or conjunctively, becomes the root of numerous other
+verbs and nouns, both adjectives and substantives, which in their
+turn produce others of a secondary, nature which may be modified
+in a hundred different manners. From every word in the language,
+a verb may be formed by adding a final <i>n</i>. Even from the
+most simple particles, verbs may be thus formed, by which at the
+same time great precision and great strength are given to
+conversation. Yet the language contains no irregular verb or
+noun, every thing being regulated by the most wonderful precision
+and simplicity, so that the theory of the language is remarkably
+easy, and may be learnt in a very short time. It abounds also in
+harmonious and sonorous syllables, which give it much sweetness
+and variety; yet is injured by the frequent recurrence of the
+sound of <i>u</i>. The Chilese language differs essentially from
+every other American language, both in words and construction,
+with the exception of eighteen or twenty words of Peruvian
+origin, which is not to be wondered at, considering the
+contiguity of the two countries. The most singular circumstance
+in this language is, that it contains a considerable number of
+words apparently of Greek and Latin derivation, and having
+similar significations in both languages; yet I am inclined to
+believe that this circumstance is merely accidental[54].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 54: Perhaps these words may have been
+adopted into the Chilese language from the Spaniards, who speak a
+kind of dialect of Latin. The remainder of this section is an
+abridgement of an Essay on the Chilese language, appended to the
+second volume of Molina.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<hr align="center" width="25%">
+<p>The original language of Chili, generally called the
+Araucanian, is denominated by the natives <i>Chili-dugu</i>, or
+the Chili speech or language. The alphabet is the same as the
+Latin, except the want of <i>x</i>, which indeed is only a
+compound letter. The <i>s</i> likewise only occurs in about
+twenty of their words, and never at the termination; and the
+<i>z</i> is still more rare. Besides the ordinary letters, the
+Chilese has the mute <i>e</i>, and a peculiar <i>u</i> like the
+Greek and French; the former being designated by the
+<i>acute</i>, and the latter by the <i>grave</i> accent, to
+distinguish them from the ordinary <i>e</i> and <i>u</i>. This
+latter <i>u</i> is often changed to <i>i</i>. It has likewise a
+nasal <i>g</i> and a <i>th</i>; which latter is often changed to
+<i>ch</i>, as <i>chegua</i> for <i>thegua</i>, a dog. There are
+no gutturals or aspirates. All the words end either in one of the
+six vowels, or in <i>b,d,f,g,l,m,n,r, or v</i>; so that there are
+fifteen distinct terminations. The accent is usually on the
+penult vowel, sometimes on the last, but never on the antipenult.
+The radical words, mostly monosyllables or dissyllables, are
+estimated at 1973. As far as we have been able to discover, these
+radicals have no analogy with any other known idiom, though the
+language contains a number of Greek and Latin words very little
+varied, as in the following table. It is proper to mention, that
+the orthography of the Chilese words is given according to the
+Italian pronunciation.</p>
+
+<p>CHILESE. GREEK. SIGNIFICATION Aldun Aldein to increase. Ale
+Ele splendour. Amun Mouen to go. Cai Kai and. Ga Ga in truth.
+Lampaicon Lampein to shine. Mulan Mullen to pulverise. Pele Pelos
+mud. Reuma Reuma a stream. Tupan Tupein to whip.</p>
+
+<p>CHILESE. LATIN. Aren Ardere to burn. Cupa. Cupere to desire.
+Dapein Dapinare to feast. Ejun Ejulare to weep. Lev Levis active,
+swift. Lumalmen Lumen light. Lui Lux brightness. Man Manus the
+right. Putun Potare to drink. Valin Valere to be worth. Valen
+Valere to be able. Une Unus one.</p>
+
+<p>The nouns have only one declension, or rather are
+indeclinable, the numbers and cases being marked by various
+particles; but each, in this way, has the singular, dual, and
+plural, like the Greek. Thus <i>Cara</i> the city, has
+<i>Cara-egu</i> the two cities, and <i>Pu-cara</i> the cities, as
+in the following example.</p>
+
+<pre>
+   <i>Singular.       Dual.               Plural.</i>
+   Nom.   Cara            Cara-egu            pu-Cara
+   Gen.   Cara-ni         Cara-egu-ni         pu-Cara-ni
+   Dat.   Cara-meu        Cara-egu-meu        pu-Cara-meu
+   Accus. Cara            Cara-egu            pu-Cara
+   Voc.   a Cara          a Cara-egu          a pu-Cara
+   Abl.   Caramo          Cara-egu-mo         pu-Cara-mo
+
+Instead of <i>pu</i>, the mark of the plural, <i>ica</i> or <i>egen</i> may be affixed
+to the noun, or <i>que</i> placed between the adjective and substantive. Thus
+the plural of <i>cara</i> may be <i>pu-cara, caraica</i>, or <i>caraegen</i>,
+signifying the cities; or <i>cum-que cara</i>, the good cities.
+
+The Chilese language abounds with adjectives, both primative and
+derivative. The latter are formed from every part of speech by
+invariable rules: As, from <i>tue</i> the earth, comes <i>tuetu</i> terrestrial;
+from <i>quimen</i> to know, <i>quimchi</i> wise; and these, by the interposition
+of <i>no</i>, become negative, as <i>tuenotu</i> not terrestrial, <i>quimnochi</i>
+ignorant. The adjectives, participles, and derivative pronouns are
+unsusceptible of number or gender, in which they resemble the English;
+yet when it is necessary to distinguish the sexes, <i>alca</i> is used for
+the masculine, and <i>domo</i> for the feminine. The comparative is formed by
+prefixing <i>jod</i> or <i>doi</i> to the positive, and the superlative by <i>cad</i>
+or <i>mu</i>. Thus from <i>chu</i> limpid, are formed <i>doichu</i> more limpid, and
+<i>muliu</i> most limpid. There are no diminutives or augmentatives, which
+are supplied by means of the adjectives <i>picki</i> little, and <i>buta</i>
+great. Diminutives are also formed by changing a harsh sound into one
+more liquid; as <i>votun</i> son, to <i>vochiun</i> little son. The primitive
+pronouns are <i>inche</i> I, <i>eimi</i> you, <i>teye</i> which, &amp;c. The relatives are
+<i>iney</i> who, <i>chem</i> what, <i>ta</i> or <i>ga</i> that, &amp;c. The verbs all terminate
+in the syllables <i>an, en, in, an, un, &ugrave;n</i>; and are all regulated by a
+single conjugation, having all the voices, moods, and tenses of the
+Latin, with three or four others, and the singular dual and plural like
+the Greek. The terminations of the present tense of each mood form the
+roots of all the other tenses of the same mood, which are distinguished
+by certain particles, as <i>che</i> in the second present, <i>bu</i> in the
+imperfect, <i>uje</i> in the perfect, &amp;c. as in the following example, which
+are placed between the radical and the final <i>n</i>. Passive verbs are
+formed by the auxiliary <i>gen</i>, between the radical and final <i>n</i>.
+Impersonal verbs by the particle <i>am</i> added to the radical. The
+following example of the verb <i>elun</i> to give, will serve as a model for
+all the other verbs in the language without exception, as there is but
+one conjugation and no irregular verbs. It is to be noticed, that the
+first present of all the verbs is used, as our compound preterite: Thus
+<i>elun</i> signifies I give or I have given; while the second present is
+strictly confined to the present time.
+
+   ACTIVE VOICE.
+
+   INDICATIVE MOOD.
+
+   <i>Present Tense</i>.
+
+   Singular.
+   Dual.
+   Plural.
+
+   1.
+   <i>Elun</i>, I give.
+   <i>Eluvu</i>, We two give.
+   <i>Eluign</i>, We give
+
+   2.
+   <i>Eluimi</i>, Thou givest.
+   <i>Eluimu</i>, You two give.
+   <i>Eluimen</i>, Ye give
+
+   3.
+   <i>Elui</i>, He gives.
+   <i>Eluigu</i>, They two give.
+   <i>Eluigen</i>, They give
+
+   Second Present,
+   1. <i>Eluchen</i>, I give.
+   2. <i>Eluchemi</i>, Thou givest, &amp;c.
+
+   Imperfect,
+   1. <i>Elubun</i>, I did give.
+   2. <i>Elubuimi</i>, Thou, &amp;c.
+
+   Perfect,
+   1. <i>Eluuyen</i>, I gave.
+   2. <i>Eluuyeimi</i>, Thou, &amp;c.
+
+   Pluperfect,
+   1. <i>Elunyebun</i>, I had given, &amp;c.
+
+   1st Future,
+   1. <i>Eluan</i>, I will give, &amp;c.
+
+   2d Future,
+   1. <i>Eluayean</i>, I shall have given, &amp;c.
+
+   1st Mixed,
+   1. <i>Eluabun</i>, I had to give, &amp;c.
+
+   2d Mixed,
+   1. <i>Eluugabun</i>, I ought to have had to give; &amp;c.
+
+   IMPERATIVE MOOD.
+
+   Singular,
+   Dual.
+   Plural.
+
+   1
+   <i>Eluche</i>, let me give
+   <i>Eluyu</i>, let us two give
+   <i>Eluign</i>, let us give
+
+   2
+   <i>Eluge</i>, give thou
+   <i>Elamu</i>, let you two give
+   <i>Elumen</i>, give ye
+
+   3
+   <i>Elupe</i>, let him give
+   <i>Elugu</i> let these two give
+   <i>Elugen</i>, let them give
+
+   SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
+
+   Present tense, <i>Eluli</i>, if I may give
+   Imperfect,     <i>Elubili</i>, if I might give
+   Perfect,       <i>Eluuyeli</i>, if I may have given
+   Pluperfect,    <i>Eluuyebuli</i>, if I might have given
+   1st. Future,   <i>Eluaii</i>, if I shall give
+   2d. Future,    <i>Eluuyela</i>, if I shall have given
+   1st. Mixed,    <i>Eluabuli</i>, if I had to give
+   2d. Mixed,     <i>Eluyeabuli</i>, if I should have to give
+
+The <i>optative</i> is formed of the subjunctive, or of the two mixed-tenses
+of the indicative, by adding the desiderative particles <i>velem</i>, <i>uel</i>,
+or <i>chi</i>; as <i>eluli velem</i>! Would to God that I might give; <i>eluabun
+chi</i>! Would to God that I had to give; &amp;c. The affirmative <i>infinitive</i>
+is the same with the radical of the verb; or 1st person singular of the
+indicative tense; so that there are nine peculiar infinitives, which are
+distinguished from these tenses by some determinative particle.
+
+                         ACTIVE PARTICIPLES.
+   1st Present, <i>Elulu</i>, he who gives
+   2d Present,  <i>Eluquelu</i>, he who gives
+   Imperfect,   <i>Elubulei</i>, he who did give
+   Perfect,     <i>Eluuyelu</i>, he who gave
+   Pluperfect,  <i>Eluuyebula</i>, he who had given
+   1st Future,  <i>Elualu</i>, he who shall give
+   2d Future,   <i>Eluuyealu</i>, he who shall have given
+   1st Mixed,   <i>Eluabulu</i>, he who shall have to give
+   2d Mixed,    <i>Eluuyeabulu</i>, he who should have given
+
+   GERUNDS
+
+   1st Present, <i>Eluyum</i>, giving
+   2d Present,  <i>Elualu</i>, for to give
+   Imperfect,   <i>Eluyubum</i>, when giving
+
+   PASSIVE VOICE.
+
+   INDICATIVE MOOD.
+
+   <i>Present.     Elugen</i>, I am given
+   <i>Imperfect.   Elugebum</i>, I was given
+   <i>Participles Passive.</i>
+
+   1st Present, <i>Elugelu</i>, given
+   2d Present,  <i>Eluel</i>, given
+   Perfect,     <i>Elubuel</i>, that was given
+   Imperfect,   <i>Elugebulu</i>, that was given
+
+   IMPERSONAL VERB.
+
+   <i>Indicative Mood.</i>
+
+   1st Present, <i>Eluan</i>, that is giving
+   2d Present,  <i>Eluchean</i>, that is giving
+   Imperfect,   <i>Elubuam</i>, that was giving
+   Perfect,     <i>Eluuyeam</i>, that was given
+   Pluperfect,  <i>Eluuyebuam</i>, that had given
+   1st Future,  <i>Eluayam</i>, that shall be given
+   2d Future,   <i>Eluuyeayam</i>, that should be given
+   1st Mixed,   <i>Eluabuam</i>, that had to give
+   2d Mixed,    <i>Eluuyeabuam</i>, that should have to give
+
+   Imperative.  <i>Elupeam</i>, let us give, &amp;c.
+
+Instead of the impersonal verb, the third person singular of the passive
+may be used impersonally, as in Latin. The verb may be made negative
+through its whole conjugation, by means of inserting the particle <i>la</i>
+in the indicative, <i>qui</i> in the imperative which then takes the
+termination of the subjunctive mood, and by means of <i>no</i> in the
+subjunctive and infinitive moods, as in the following examples.
+
+Part II. Book II.
+
+   Indicative,   <i>Elulan</i>,   I do not give
+                 <i>Elulaimi</i>, thou doest not give
+   Imperative,   <i>Eluquili</i>, let me not give, &amp;c.
+   Subjunctive,  <i>Elunoli</i>,  if I do not give, &amp;c.
+   Infinitive,   <i>Elunou</i>,   not to give, &amp;c.
+
+NUMERALS OF THE CHILESE LANGUAGE.
+
+   <i>Cardinals.</i>
+
+   1.    <i>Quigne</i>  11. <i>Mari-guigne</i>   21. <i>Epumari quigne</i>
+   2.    <i>Epu</i>     12. <i>Mari-epu</i>. &amp;c.
+   3.    <i>Cula</i>
+   4.    <i>Meli</i>
+   5.    <i>Quechu</i>
+   6.    <i>Cayu</i>
+   7.    <i>Relghe</i>
+   8.    <i>Para</i>
+   9.    <i>Aylla</i>
+   10.   <i>Masi</i>
+   20.   <i>Epumari</i>
+   30.   <i>Culamari</i>
+   40.   <i>Melimari</i>, &amp;c.
+   100.  <i>Pataca</i>            102. <i>Pataca epu</i>
+   200.  <i>Epupataca</i>, &amp;c.
+   1000. <i>Huaranca</i>
+   2000. <i>Epuhuaranca</i>      2003. <i>Epuhuaranca cula</i>, &amp;c.
+
+   <i>Ordinals.</i>
+
+   <i>Unen, Unelelu, Quignelelu, Quignegetu, Quignegentu, Quigmentu, once
+   Epulelu, epugelu, epugentun, epuntu,</i> twice, &amp;c.[55]
+</pre>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 55: The translator seems here to have
+misunderstood the author, as these ordinal numbers ought surely
+to signify <i>first</i> and <i>second</i>.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<pre>
+   <i>Numeral Adverbs.</i>
+
+   <i>Quignechi, guignemel, quignemita,</i> once
+   <i>Epuchi, epumal, epumeta,</i> twice, &amp;c.
+
+   <i>Distributives.</i>
+
+   <i>Calique, mallquigne,</i> one by one
+   <i>Epuque, mollepu,</i> two by two, &amp;c.
+
+   <i>Numeral Verbs.</i>
+
+   <i>Quignen</i>, to be one.
+   <i>Quignelian</i>, to join.
+   <i>Epun</i>, to be two; &amp;c.
+
+   <i>Abstracts.</i>
+
+   <i>Quignegen</i>, unity.
+   <i>Epugen</i>, duality.
+   <i>Culagen</i>, trinity, &amp;c.
+
+   <i>Indefinites.</i>
+
+   <i>Quignelque</i>, several.
+   <i>Epulgen</i>, about two.
+   <i>Culalque</i>, about three.
+</pre>
+
+<hr align="center" width="25%">
+<p>It has not been deemed necessary to repeat a great number of
+minute observations given by Molina on this singular language,
+nor to report the shades of difference in its dialects. But it
+has been thought proper to give a short list of words from the
+Moluches, a tribe inhabiting Patagonia, but speaking a nearly
+related dialect of the Chilese language with that of the
+Araucanians.</p>
+
+<p>Vocabulary.</p>
+
+<p><i>P'llu</i>, the soul or a spirit <i>Autuigh</i>, the sun, a
+day <i>Lonco</i>, the head or the hair <i>Voso</i>, the teeth or
+bones <i>Az</i>, the face <i>Anca</i>, the body <i>N'ge</i>, the
+eyes <i>Pue</i>, the belly <i>Wun</i>, or <i>huun</i>, the mouth
+<i>Cuugh</i>, the hand <i>Gehuun</i>, the tongue <i>Namon</i>,
+the foot <i>Yu</i>, the nose <i>Pinque</i>, the heart
+<i>Nahue</i>, a daughter <i>P'nen</i>, a child <i>Peni</i>, a
+brother <i>Con'n</i>, to enter <i>Penihuen</i>, own brothers
+<i>Tipan</i>, to go out <i>Huinca</i>, a Spaniard <i>Cupaln</i>,
+to bring <i>Seche</i>, an Indian <i>Entun</i>, to take away
+<i>Huenuy</i>, a friend <i>Aseln</i>, to be adverse
+<i>Cainie</i>, an enemy <i>Aselgen</i>, to hate <i>Huincha</i>, a
+head fillet <i>M'len</i>, to be, to possess <i>Makun</i>, a
+mantle <i>Mongen</i>, life to live <i>Lancattu</i>, glass beads
+<i>Mongetun</i>, to revive <i>Cosque</i>, bread <i>Swam</i>, the
+will <i>Ipe</i>, food <i>Swamtun</i>, to will <i>In</i>, or
+<i>ipen</i> to eat <i>Pepi</i>, power <i>Ilo</i>, flesh
+<i>Pepilan</i>, to be able <i>Ilon</i>, to eat flesh
+<i>Quimn</i>, knowledge, to know <i>Putun</i>, to drink
+<i>Quimeln</i>, to learn <i>Putumum</i>, a cup <i>Quimelcan</i>,
+to teach <i>Chilca</i>, writing <i>Pangi</i>, a lion
+<i>Chilcan</i>, to write <i>Choique</i>, an ostrich <i>Sengu</i>,
+a word, language, or <i>Achahual</i>, a cock or hen a thing
+<i>Huayqui</i>, a lance <i>Malu</i>, a large lizard
+<i>Huay-quitun</i>, to lance <i>Cusa</i>, a stone an egg
+<i>Chinu</i>, a knife or sword <i>Saiguen</i>, a flower
+<i>Chinogoscun</i>, to wound <i>Milya</i>, gold
+<i>Chinogosquen</i>, to be wounded <i>Lien</i>, silver
+<i>Conan</i>, a soldier <i>Cullyin</i>, money payment
+<i>Conangean</i>, one who is to be <i>Cullingen</i>, to be rich.
+a soldier <i>Amon</i>, to walk <i>Cunnubal</i>, poor, miserable,
+an orphan <i>Anun</i>, to sit <i>Cum panilhue</i>, red metal,
+copper <i>Anupeum</i>, a stool or seat <i>Chos panilhue</i>,
+yellow metal, brass <i>Anunmahuun</i>, to feel inwardly
+<i>Gepun</i>, colour, painting <i>Poyquelhuun</i>, to feel or
+perceive <i>Cuyem, Kiyem</i> a mouth, the moon <i>Saman</i>, a
+trade an artificer <i>Tissantu</i>, a year <i>Mamel</i>, a tree
+<i>K'tal</i>, fire <i>Mamel-Saman</i>, a carpenter <i>Asee</i>,
+hot <i>Suca</i>, a house <i>Chosee</i>, cold <i>Sucu-Saman</i>, a
+house builder <i>Atutuy</i>, it is shivering cold.</p>
+
+<p><i>The beginning of the Lord's Prayer</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Inchin in Chao, huenumenta m' leymi, ufchingepe mi wi;</i>
+Our Father, in heaven thou that art, hallowed be thy name;
+<i>eymi mi toguin inchinmo cupape; eymi mi piel, chumgechi</i>
+thy kingdom to us may it come; thy will, as it is <i>vemgey
+huenu-mapumo, vemgechi cay vemengepe</i> done in heaven, so
+likewise may it be done <i>tue-mapumo, &amp;c.</i> on earth,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>SECTION III.</p>
+
+<p><i>State of Chili, and Conquests made in that Country by the
+Peruvians, before the arrival of the Spaniards.</i></p>
+
+<p>The History of Chili and its inhabitants does not precede the
+middle of the fifteenth century, and what little is known
+respecting it is contained in the traditionary accounts of the
+Peruvians, who first invaded the northern province of Chili about
+the middle of that century, not an hundred years before the
+overthrow of the Peruvian empire by Pizarro, and the first
+Spanish invasion of Chili under Almagro.</p>
+
+<p>About the year 1450, while the Inca Yupanqui reigned over the
+Peruvian empire which had then extended its limits from Cuzco
+northwards to the equator and southwards to the tropic of
+Capricorn, the ambition of the Peruvian government was attracted
+to the acquisition of the important country of Chili, a rich and
+delightful region of great extent, immediately adjacent to the
+southern extremity of Peru. Favoured by the fertility of the
+country and the salubrity of the climate, the population of Chili
+may be readily supposed to have then been considerable, as we
+know that the whole extent of its territory was occupied by
+fifteen independent tribes or communities, each of which was
+governed by its respective chiefs, or <i>Ulmens</i>. These,
+tribes, beginning at the north on the confines of the desert of
+Atacama, were called Copaipins, Coquimbans, Quillotans,
+Mapochians, Promaucians, Cures, Cauques, Pencones, Araucanians,
+Cunches, Chilotes, Chiquilanian, Pehuenches, Puelches, and
+Huilliches; which last tribe inhabited the south of Chili,
+adjoining the archipelago of Chilo&eacute;.</p>
+
+<p>Informed of the natural advantages possessed by the
+inhabitants of this delightful region, the Inca Yupanqui resolved
+to attempt the annexation of Chili to his extensive empire. He
+accordingly marched with a powerful army to the frontiers of the
+country: But, either from apprehensions of his personal safety,
+or to be in a favourable situation for reinforcing the invading
+army and directing its operations, he established himself with a
+splendid court in the province of Atacama, the most southerly
+district of Peru, and confided the command of the invading army
+to Sinchiruca, a prince of the blood royal of Peru. Preceded,
+according to the specious custom of the Peruvians, by several
+ambassadors, and attended by a considerable military force, this
+general reduced under the Peruvian government, more by persuasion
+than force, the four most northerly tribes of the Chilese, named
+Copaipins, Coquimbans, Quillotans, and Mapochians. After this,
+not being able by his ambassadors to persuade the Promaucians
+into submission, who inhabit the delightful country between the
+river Rapel on the north and Maule on the south, he passed the
+river Rapel with his army to reduce them by force of arms. The
+name of the Promaucians, which signifies <i>free-dancers</i>[56],
+had been given them on account of their fondness for every kind
+of amusement, and their peculiar attachment to dancing; yet the
+love of pleasure had not rendered them effeminate. With the
+assistance of their allies, they drew together a formidable army
+and fought the Peruvians with such heroic valour as to defeat
+them in a battle, which, according to Garcilasso, was continued
+during three successive days.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 56: On a former occasion their name is
+explained as signifying <i>the people of delight</i>, owing to
+the beauty, fertility, and charming climate of their
+country.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>On learning the defeat of his army and the invincible valour
+of the Promaucians, the Inca gave orders that the river Rapel
+should remain the southern boundary of his dominions, and all
+attempts to reduce the rest of Chili were laid aside. According
+to Garcilasso, the river Maule was established as the frontier of
+the Peruvian conquests: But this is by no means probable; as in
+this case the country of the conquerors would have been included
+within the territories of the vanquished. In fact, not far from
+the river Cachapoal, which with the Tinguiririca forms the Rapel,
+the remains of a Peruvian fortress are still to be seen on the
+top of a steep hill, which was undoubtedly built to protect that
+part of the frontier against the unconquered Promaucians. By this
+conquest of its four northern provinces, Chili became divided
+into two distinct portions; all to the south of the Rapel
+remaining free, while the districts to the north of that river
+were subjected to the dominion of the Incas. These four tribes,
+who had so readily submitted to the Inca Yupanqui, were subjected
+to an annual tribute in gold; but the conquerors never introduced
+their peculiar form of government into these provinces, the
+inhabitants of which remained subject to their own native
+<i>ulmens</i>, and preserved their original manners until the
+arrival of the Spaniards.</p>
+
+<p>When first known to the Spaniards, the Chilese were an
+agricultural people, dependent for their subsistence on the
+cultivation of such nutritious plants as accident or necessity
+had made them acquainted with. The plants chiefly cultivated by
+them for subsistence were maize, <i>magu, guegen, tuca, quinoa,
+pulse</i> of various kinds, the potatoe, <i>oxalis tuberosa</i>,
+common and yellow pumpkin or gourd, guinea pepper, <i>madi</i>,
+and the great strawberry; of each of which it may be proper to
+give a short account[57].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 57: The following account of the plants
+cultivated by the Chilese for food, is extracted from the natural
+history of Chili by Molina; but the enumeration from the text of
+his civil history will be found to differ materially from that
+given from the natural history of the same
+author.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Maize or Turkey wheat, the <i>Zea mais</i> of botanists, is
+called <i>gua</i> by the Chilese. It grows extremely well in
+Chili, where the inhabitants cultivate eight or nine distinct
+varieties. The kind in highest repute is called <i>uminta</i>,
+from which the natives prepare a dish by bruising the corn, while
+in a green unripe state, between two stones into a kind of paste,
+which they season with salt, sugar, and butter. This paste is
+then divided into small portions, which are separately inclosed
+in the skin or husk of the corn, and boiled for use. When ripe,
+the maize is prepared for winter use, either by slightly
+roasting, or by drying in the sun. From the former, named
+<i>chuchoca</i>, a kind of soup is prepared by boiling with
+water: From the latter they make a very pleasant beer or
+fermented liquor. The maize is sometimes reduced to meal by
+grinding between two stones, being previously parched or roasted
+by means of heated sand. For this purpose they prefer a variety
+of maize named <i>curagua</i>, which is smaller than the other,
+and produces a lighter and whiter meal, and in larger quantity.
+With this meal, mixed with sugar and water, they make two
+different beverages, named <i>ulpo</i> and <i>cherchan</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Magu</i> a species of rye, and <i>tuca</i>, a species of
+barley, were cultivated by the Chilese before the coming of the
+Spaniards to that country; but have been entirely neglected since
+the introduction of European wheat. They are still used however
+by the Araucanians, who make from them a kind of bread called
+<i>couvue</i>, which name they likewise give to bread made from
+maize or wheat.</p>
+
+<p><i>Quinua</i> is a species of <i>Chenopodium/</i>, having a
+black twisted grain of a lenticular form, from which they prepare
+a stomachic beverage of a pleasant taste. A variety of this
+plant, named <i>dahue</i>, produces white seeds, which lengthen
+out when boiled like worms, and are excellent in soup. The leaves
+of the <i>quinoa</i> have an agreeable taste, and are eaten by
+the natives.</p>
+
+<p><i>Degul</i> is a species of bean, of which the Chilese
+cultivated thirteen or fourteen kinds before the arrival of the
+Spaniards, differing but little from the common European bean or
+<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>, one of them having a straight stalk,
+and all the rest climbers[58].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 58: These beans are obviously what are
+called kidney-beans in this country.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Chili is considered by naturalists as the native country of
+that valuable esculent the potato, or <i>Solanun tuberosum</i>,
+which is known there by the names of <i>papa</i> and
+<i>pogny</i>. It is found indeed wild all over the country; but
+those wild plants, named <i>maglia</i>, produce only small roots
+of a bitterish taste. It is distinguished into two species, and
+more than thirty varieties are cultivated with much care. Besides
+the common species, the second is the <i>cari, Solanum cari</i>,
+which bears white flowers having a large central nectary like the
+narcissus. The roots of this species are cylindrical and very
+sweet, and are usually roasted under the ashes.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Oca</i>, or <i>Oxalis tuberosa</i>, produces five or
+six tuberosities on each root, three or four inches in length
+covered by a thin smooth skin. It is eaten boiled or roasted, and
+has a pleasant subacid taste. Like the potato, it is multiplied
+by means of its bulbs cut in pieces. There are several species of
+this plant; one of which called <i>red culle</i>, is much used in
+dyeing, and Is considered as a specific remedy for inflammatory
+fevers.</p>
+
+<p>Two species of gourds are known in Chili. The first species,
+with a white flower, called <i>quada</i>, has twenty-six
+varieties, several of which produce sweet and edible fruit, while
+that of the others is bitter. With one of these last, after
+extracting the seeds, the Chilese give a pleasant perfume or
+flavour to their cyder. The yellow-flowering gourd, called
+<i>penca</i>, has two kinds or varieties, the common and
+mamillary, owing to the fruit of the latter having a large
+nipple-shaped process at the end. Its pulp is sweet, and
+resembles in taste a kind of potato named <i>camote.</i></p>
+
+<p>The <i>quelghen,</i> or Chili strawberry has rough and
+succulent leaves, and its fruit is sometimes as large as a hens
+egg. This fruit is generally red and white; but in the provinces
+of Puchacay and Huilquilemeu, where they attain the greatest
+perfection, the fruit is yellow. "The Chili strawberry is
+<i>dioecial</i>, and has degenerated much in Europe by the want
+of male plants, and the females producing hybrid fruit by
+impregnation from the ordinary strawberries growing in the
+neighbourhood; in consequence of which circumstance the
+cultivation of this kind has been abandoned in Europe."</p>
+
+<p>The <i>madi,</i> a new genus of plants peculiar to Chili, has
+two species, one wild and the other cultivated. From the seeds of
+the latter an excellent oil is procured, either by expression, or
+by boiling in water, of an agreeable mild taste, and as clear as
+the best olive oil. This plant, hitherto unknown in Europe, would
+be a most valuable acquisition to those countries in which the
+olive cannot be raised.</p>
+
+<p>Many species of the capsicum, or guinea pepper, are cultivated
+in Chili, under the name of <i>thapi</i>, and are used as
+seasonings in the food of the natives.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>illmu,</i> or Bermudiana bulbosa, produces bulbous
+roots, which are excellent food either boiled or roasted, and are
+very pleasant in soups. The <i>liuto</i> produces a bulbous root,
+which yields a very white, light, and nutritious flour, which is
+much used as food for the sick.</p>
+
+<p>To these enumerated provisions from the vegetable kingdom, may
+be added the <i>cuy</i> or little rabbit, <i>Lepus minimus,</i>
+and the Chilihueque, or Araucanian camel; the flesh of which last
+affords an excellent food, and its wool furnishes clothing for
+the natives. If tradition may be credited, they had also the hog
+and the domestic fowl before the Spanish invasion. Besides these,
+the country produced the <i>guanaco,</i> and the <i>pudu,</i> a
+species of wild goat, and a great variety of birds. With these
+productions, which required only a moderate degree of industry,
+they subsisted with a sufficient abundance considering their
+situation and numbers; insomuch that, when Almagro invaded Chili,
+his army found abundance of provisions to recruit after the
+famine they had endured in their imprudent march through the
+deserts intervening between Peru and that country. With these
+advantages of abundant provisions in a fertile soil and mild
+climate, it appears that the first writers who treated of Chili
+cannot have greatly exaggerated in saying that it was filled with
+inhabitants at the first arrival of the Spaniards. Even the
+circumstance of one language being spoken through the whole
+country, is a proof that all the tribes were in the habit of
+continual intercourse, and that they were not isolated by vast
+unpeopled deserts, as is the case in many other parts of
+America.</p>
+
+<p>Agriculture appears to have made no inconsiderable progress
+among the Chilese, who cultivated a great variety of alimentary
+plants, all distinguished by peculiar and appropriate names,
+which could not have been the case except in consequence of an
+extensive and varied cultivation. They even had aqueducts in many
+parts of the country for watering or irrigating their fields;
+and, among these, the canal which runs for many miles along the
+rough skirts of the mountains near the capital, and waters the
+lands to the north of that city, remains a remarkably solid and
+extensive monument of their ingenious industry. They were
+likewise acquainted with the use of manure, called <i>vunalti</i>
+in their language; but, from the great fertility of the soil,
+little attention was paid to that subject. They used a kind of
+spade or breast-plough of hard wood for turning the soil, which
+was pushed forwards by their breasts. At present the native
+Chilese use a very simple plough, called <i>chetague</i>, made of
+the branch of a tree crooked at one end, having a wooden share
+and a single handle by which it is guided. Whether this simple
+implement has been taught them by the Spaniards, or is of their
+own invention I know not; but should believe it original, as
+Admiral Spilsberg observed a plough of this kind, drawn by two
+Chilihueques, used by the natives of the Isle of Mocha in the
+Araucanian Sea, where the Spaniards never had a settlement. The
+Fathers Bry add, that the Chilese tilled their lands by means of
+these animals before the arrival of any European cattle. However
+this may have been, it is certain that this Araucanian camel was
+employed by the natives as a beast of burden before the arrival
+of the Spaniards, and the transition from burden to draught is
+not difficult.</p>
+
+<p>The Chilese cooked their grain for food in various ways, by
+boiling in earthen pots, or roasting it in hot sand, and by
+grinding it into meal, which they prepared in the form of gruel,
+of cakes, and of bread. Meal made of parched grain was called
+<i>murque</i>, and when made from grain merely dried in the sun
+<i>rugo</i>. Of the first they made gruels, and a kind of
+beverage still used for breakfast. Of the second they made cakes,
+and a kind of bread called <i>covque</i>, which was baked in
+holes dug in the sides of hills or the banks of rivers, in the
+form of ovens, many of which are still to be seen. They had even
+invented a kind of sieve, called <i>chignigue</i>, to separate
+the bran from the flour, and employed leaven in baking their
+bread. From the grains already mentioned, and the fruits or
+berries of different trees, they made nine or ten different kinds
+of fermented liquors, which they made and kept in jars of
+earthen-ware.</p>
+
+<p>Having adopted the settled mode of life indispensable to an
+agricultural people, the Chilese were collected into families or
+septs more or less numerous, in those situations which were best
+suited for procuring subsistence, where they established
+themselves in large villages, called <i>cara</i>, or in small
+ones called <i>lov</i>. These villages consisted only of a number
+of huts irregularly dispersed within sight of each other, and
+some of them still subsist in several parts of Spanish Chili. The
+most considerable of these are <i>Lampa</i> in the province of St
+Jago, and <i>Lora</i> in the province of Maule. In each village
+or hamlet they had a chief named <i>Ulmen</i>, who was subject in
+certain points, to the supreme ruler of the tribe, or
+<i>apo-ulmen</i>. The succession of these chiefs was by
+hereditary descent; and from their title of office, which
+signifies a rich man, it would appear that wealth had been the
+original means of raising these families to the rank they now
+occupy, contrary to the usages of other savage nations in which
+strength, skill in hunting, or martial prowess appear to have
+been the steps by which individuals have risen to rank and power.
+The authority of these chiefs or <i>ulmens</i> appears to have
+been extremely limited, being merely of a directive nature and
+not absolute. The right of private property was fully established
+among the Chilese, as every individual was the absolute master of
+the land he cultivated, and of the produce of his industry, both
+of which descended to his posterity by hereditary succession.</p>
+
+<p>The houses or huts of the Chilese were built in a quadrangular
+form, of wood covered with clay, and the roof covered with
+rushes; though in some instances the walls were of brick, the use
+of which they seem to have learned from the Peruvians, as they
+used the Peruvian term <i>tica</i> for that material. From the
+wool of the Chilihueques they manufactured cloth for their
+apparel, using the spindle and distaff for spinning this wool
+into yarn, and two different kinds of looms for weaving the yarn
+into cloth. One of these, called <i>guregue</i>, is not very
+unlike the ordinary loom of Europe; but the other is vertical or
+upright, and called <i>uthalgue</i>, from the verb
+<i>uthalen</i>, signifying to stand upright. From a verb in their
+language, <i>nudaven</i>, which signifies to sew, they must have
+used some kind of needle to sew their garments; but I know not of
+what substance it was composed. They seem even to have been
+acquainted with the art of embroidery, called <i>dumican</i> in
+their language. From excellent clay which is found abundantly in
+Chili, they made pots, plates, cups, and large jars to hold their
+fermented liquors, baking these vessels in holes or ovens made in
+the declivities of hills; and they even used a kind of mineral
+earth called <i>colo</i>, for varnishing these vessels. Besides
+these vessels of clay, they made others of hard wood, and even of
+marble; some vases of which excellently polished have been dug
+out from under a large heap of stones in the mountains of Arauco.
+From the earth they extracted gold, silver, copper, tin, and
+lead, and employed these metals in a variety of useful and
+curious works. Particularly from their native copper, which is a
+kind of bell-metal and very hard, they made axes, hatchets, and
+other edged tools, but in small quantities, as these are very
+rarely met with in their ancient sepulchres; where, on the
+contrary, hatchets made of a species of basalt or very hard stone
+are very often found. They seem even to have known the use of
+iron, as it is called <i>panilgue</i> in their language, and
+weapons made of it are termed <i>chiuquel</i>, while those made
+of other materials are called <i>nulin</i>. A smith likewise is
+called <i>ruthav&eacute;</i>, from <i>ruthan</i>, signifying to
+work in iron.</p>
+
+<p>The ancient Chilese had discovered the art of making salt,
+both from sea water and from inland salt springs; calling the
+former <i>chiadi</i>, and the latter <i>lilco-chiadi</i>, or salt
+from the water of rocks. They procured dyes of various colours
+for their clothes, both from the juice of plants and from mineral
+earths, and had discovered the art of fixing them by means of the
+<i>polcura</i>, an aluminous or astringent mineral. Instead of
+soap, they used the back of the <i>quillai</i>, which is an
+excellent substitute. In their language there are many words
+discriminative of various kinds of baskets and mats, which they
+manufactured from various vegetables. From a plant called
+<i>gnocchia</i>, they procured a strong fibrous substance
+resembling hemp, of which they made ropes and fishing nets of
+different kinds; and the inhabitants on the coast used canoes of
+different kinds and sizes, and floats or rafts of wood, or of
+inflated seal skins. Though not peculiarly addicted to hunting,
+they were accustomed to kill the wild animals and birds of the
+country, both for amusement and subsistence; for which purpose
+they used bows and arrows, and the <i>laque</i> or running noose
+which is employed with so much ingenuity by many of the South
+American natives. It is a singular fact that they had the same
+device as the Chinese, for catching wild ducks in their lakes and
+rivers, covering their heads with perforated gourds, and wading
+among the flocks.</p>
+
+<p>They had advanced so far in the knowledge of numbers, as to
+have distinctive names for the ten units, and for an hundred and
+a thousand, with all the intermediate numbers compounded of
+decimal terms. To preserve the memory of their transactions, they
+used a bunch of threads of several colours called <i>pron</i>,
+similar to the <i>quippo</i> of the Peruvians, oh which they cast
+a number of knots according to circumstances. The subject was
+indicated by the colour of the threads, and the knots designated
+the number or quantity, but I have not been able to discover any
+other purpose to which this species of register could be applied.
+The <i>quippo</i> is still used by the shepherds in Peru, to keep
+an account of the number in their flocks, to mark the day and
+hour when the different ewes yeaned, or when any of their lambs
+are lost.</p>
+
+<p>The religious system of the Araucanians, formerly that of all
+the native tribes of Chili, resembles in a great measure the
+freedom of their modes of life and government. They acknowledge a
+Supreme Being, the creator of all things, whom they name
+<i>Pillan</i>, a word derived from <i>pulli</i> or <i>pilli</i>,
+the soul. He is likewise named <i>Guenu-pillan</i>, the soul or
+spirit of heaven; <i>Buta-gen</i>, the great being;
+<i>Thalcove</i>[59], the thunderer; <i>Vilvemvoe</i>, the creator
+of all things; <i>Vilpepilvoe</i>, the omnipotent;
+<i>Mollgelu</i>, the eternal; <i>Avnolu</i>, the omnipotent; and
+is designed by many other similar epithets. Their ideas of the
+government of heaven form in a great measure a prototype of the
+Araucanian system of civil polity; Pillan is considered as the
+great <i>Toqui</i> of the invisible world of Spirits[60], and is
+supposed to have his <i>Apo-ulmens</i> and <i>Ulmens</i>, or
+subordinate deities of two different ranks, to whom he entrusts
+the administration of lesser affairs. In the first class of these
+inferior deities, are <i>Epunamun</i>, or the god of war;
+<i>Meulen</i>, a benevolent being, the friend of the human race;
+and <i>Guecubu</i>, a malignant being, the author of all evil,
+who is likewise called <i>Algue</i>. Hence they appear to
+entertain the doctrine of two adverse principles, improperly
+called Manicheism. <i>Guecubu</i>, or <i>Huecuvu</i>, is named
+<i>Mavari</i> by the natives on the Orinoco, and is the same with
+the <i>Aherman</i> of the ancient Persians. To him every evil is
+attributed. If a horse tire, he has been ridden by
+<i>Guecubu</i>. In an earthquake, <i>Guecubu</i> has given the
+world a shock; and the like in all things. The <i>Ulmens</i>, or
+subaltern deities of their celestial hierarchy, resemble the
+genii, and are supposed to have the charge of earthly things, and
+to form, in concert with the benevolent Meulen, a counterpoise to
+the prodigious power of the malignant Guecuba. These
+<i>ulmens</i> of the spiritual world are conceived to be of both
+sexes, who always continue pure and chaste without propagation.
+The males are called <i>Gen</i>, or lords; the females
+<i>Amei-malghen</i>, or spiritual nymphs, and are supposed to
+perform the same friendly offices to men which were anciently
+attributed to the <i>lares</i>, and every Araucanian imagines he
+has one of these attendant spirits in his service. <i>Nien cai
+gni Amchi-malghen</i>, I keep my nymph still, is a common
+expression when any one succeeds in an undertaking. Pursuant to
+the analogy of their own earthly government, as their
+<i>Ulmens</i> have no right to impose any service or contribution
+on the people whom they govern, so they conceive the celestial
+race require no services from man, having occasion for none.
+Hence they have neither idols nor temples, and offer no
+sacrifices, except in case of some severe calamity, or on the
+conclusion of a peace, when they sacrifice animals, and burn
+tobacco as a grateful incense to their deities. Yet they invoke
+them and implore their aid on urgent occasions, chiefly
+addressing <i>Pillan</i> and <i>Meulen</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 59: <i>Pillan</i>, according to
+Dobrizhoffer, is likewise the word for thunder. In a similar
+manner, <i>Tupa</i> or <i>Tupi</i>, among all the Tupi tribes of
+Brazil, and the Guaranies of Paraguay, signifies both God and
+thunder.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 60: Among the Moluches, the general name of
+the Supreme Being, according to Falkner, is <i>Toqui-chen</i>, or
+the supreme ruler of the people.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+[Illustration: Map of CHILI] 
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the small regard which they pay to their
+deities, they are extremely superstitious in matters of less
+importance, and are firm believers in divination, paying the
+utmost attention to favourable and unfavourable omens, to dreams,
+the singing and flight of birds, and the like, which they believe
+to denote the pleasure of the gods. They have accordingly
+jugglers or diviners, who pretend to a knowledge of futurity, who
+are called <i>Gligua</i> and <i>Dugol</i>, some of them call
+themselves <i>Guenguenu</i> or masters of heaven,
+<i>Guenpugnu</i> or masters of disease, <i>Guen-piru</i>, or
+masters of worms, and the like. These diviners pretend to the
+power of producing rain, of curing diseases, of preventing the
+ravages of the worms which destroy the grain, and so on. They are
+in perpetual dread of imaginary beings, called <i>Calcus</i> or
+sorcerers, who in their opinion remain concealed in caverns by
+day, along with their disciples or servants, called
+<i>lvunches</i> or man-animals, who transform themselves at night
+into owls and shoot invisible arrows at their enemies.</p>
+
+<p>They all believe in the immortality of the soul, which they
+call <i>am</i> or <i>pulli</i>, and which they say is
+<i>aneanolu</i> or incorporeal, and <i>mugealu</i>, or existing
+for ever; but they are not agreed as to the state of the soul
+after this life. All say that it goes after death to the west
+beyond the sea, to a place called <i>Gulcheman</i>, or the
+dwelling of the men beyond the mountains. Some believe this
+country is divided into two provinces; one that is pleasant and
+filled with every thing delightful, the abode of the good; the
+other desolate and devoid of every comfort, the dwelling of the
+wicked. Others again conceive that all enjoy eternal pleasure
+after this life, and that the deeds done in the body have no
+influence on the future lot. They believe the soul retains its
+original attachments and dislikes, and that the spirits of their
+departed countrymen frequently return and fight furiously with
+those of their former enemies, when they meet in the air; and to
+these combats they attribute the origin of tempests and of
+thunder and lightning. When a storm happens on the Andes or the
+ocean, they ascribe it to a battle between the spirits of their
+departed countrymen and those of the Spaniards. If the storm take
+its course towards the Spanish territory, they exclaim
+triumphantly, <i>Inavimen, inavimen, puen, laguvimen!</i> Pursue
+them friends, pursue them, kill them! If the storm tends towards
+their own country, they cry out in consternation, <i>Yavulumen,
+puen, namuntumen</i>! Courage friends, be firm!</p>
+
+<p>They have a tradition of a great deluge, in which only a few
+persons were saved by taking refuge on a high mountain, named
+<i>Thegtheg</i>, the thundering or sparkling, which had three
+points, and had the property of floating on the waters. On the
+occurrence of violent earthquakes, they fly for refuge to the
+mountains, fearful that the sea may again deluge the world; and
+on these occasions, every one takes a good supply of provisions,
+and a large wooden platter to protect the head, in case the
+<i>Thegtheg</i> when raised by the waters should approach the
+sun.</p>
+
+<p>The year of the Araucanians is solar, and begins on the 22d of
+December, or immediately after the southern solstice, which they
+call <i>Thaumathipantu</i>, or the head and tail of the year, and
+are able to ascertain this period with tolerable precision by
+means of watching the shadows. The 22d of June is called
+<i>Udanthipantu</i>, the divider of the year, as dividing it into
+two equal parts. The whole year is called <i>Tipantu</i>, or the
+course of the sun, and is divided into twelve months of thirty
+days each, to which they add five intercallary days to complete
+the tropical year, but in what way I have not been able to
+determine. The months are called <i>cujen</i>, or moons, and have
+the following names:</p>
+
+<p>Avun-cujen, the month of fruit, -------------January
+Coji-cujen the month of harvest, ------------February Glor-cujen,
+the month of maize, ---------------March Rimu-cujen, the 1st
+month of rimu, ---------------April Inarimu-cujen, the 2d month
+of rimu, -----------------May Thor-cujen, the 1st month of foam,
+----------------June Inanthor-cujen, the 2d month of foam,
+----------------July Huin-cujen, the unpleasant month,
+--------------August Pillal-cujen, the treacherous month,
+---------- September Hueul-cujen, 1st month of new winds,
+-------------October Inan-hueul-cujen, 2d month of new winds,
+------------November Hueviru-cujen, the month of new fruits,
+----------- December</p>
+
+<p>The year is divided into four seasons; the spring being called
+<i>Peughen</i>, the summer <i>Ucan</i>, the autumn <i>Gualug</i>,
+and the winter <i>Pucham</i>. The natural day is divided into
+twelve parts or hours, called <i>gliaganiu</i>, six of which
+belong to the day and six to the night, all of which have
+particular names. Commencing at midnight, there are Puliuen,
+Ueun, Thipanantu, Maleu, Vutamaleu, Ragiantu, Culunantu,
+Gullantu, Conantu, Guvquenantu, Puni, Ragipun. The stars in
+general are named <i>huaglen</i>, which they distribute into
+constellations called <i>pal</i> or <i>ritha</i>. The pleiades
+are named <i>Cajupal</i>, or the constellation of six; the
+antarctic cross <i>Meleritho</i>, the Constellation of four, and
+so on. The milky-way is named <i>Rupuepen</i>, the fabulous road.
+The planets are called <i>gau</i>, a word derived from
+<i>gaun</i> to wash, as they suppose them to dip into the sea
+when they set; and some conceive them to be other earths
+inhabited like our own. The sky is called <i>Guenu-mapu</i>, or
+the heavenly country; the moon <i>Cuyenmapu</i>, or the country
+of the moon. Comets are called <i>Cheruvoc</i>, as believed to be
+terrestrial exhalations inflamed in the upper region of the air.
+The eclipses of the sun and moon are called <i>Lay-antu</i> and
+<i>Lay-cujen</i>, or the deaths of the sun and moon.</p>
+
+<p>Their measures of length are the <i>nela</i> or palm, the
+<i>duche</i> or foot, <i>namun</i> the pace, <i>the can,</i>
+<i>the ell</i>, and <i>tupu</i> the league, which answers to the
+marine league or the pharasang of the Persians: But they estimate
+long distances by mornings, corresponding to our days journeys.
+The liquid measures are the <i>guampar</i>, about a quart;
+<i>can</i> about a pint; and the <i>mencu</i>, which is still
+smaller. The dry measures are the <i>chiaique</i>, about six
+pints; and the <i>gliepu</i>, which is double that quantity.</p>
+
+<p>Oratory is held in high estimation, and is the road to honour
+and the management of public affairs; insomuch that the eldest
+son of an <i>Ulmen</i>, if deficient in that talent, is excluded
+from the right of succession, which devolves upon a younger son,
+or the nearest male relative who happens to be an able speaker.
+On this account, parents accustom their sons to speak in public
+from their early youth, and carry them to the national
+assemblies, where the best orators of the nation display their
+eloquence. Hence the universal attention to speak the language
+correctly and to preserve its purity. They are so careful to
+avoid the introduction of any foreign words into their language,
+that when any stranger settles among them he is obliged to adopt
+a new name in the <i>Chili-dugu</i> or language of the country,
+and even the missionaries must conform to this singular
+regulation, if they would obtain favour; and so fastidious are
+they in attention to the purity of their language, that the
+audience will interrupt a missionary while preaching, to correct
+the mistakes in language or pronunciation. Many of them are well
+acquainted with the Spanish language; and, from being accustomed
+to a soft regular and varied language, they are able easily to
+learn the pronunciation of the different European dialects, as
+was observed by Captain Wallis of the Patagonians, who are real
+Chilese. They are so unwilling however to use the Spanish, that
+they never use it in any of the assemblies or congresses between
+the two nations, and rather choose to listen to a tiresome
+interpretation than to degrade the dignity of their native tongue
+by using another on such occasions. Their style of oratory is
+highly figurative, elevated, allegorical, and replete with
+peculiar phrases and expressions that are only used on such
+occasions; whence it is called <i>coyag-tucan</i> or the style of
+public harangues. They commonly divide their subject into regular
+heads, called <i>thoy</i>, and usually specify the number they
+mean to enlarge upon; saying <i>Epu thoygei tamen piavin</i>,
+"what I am going to say is divided into two heads." Their
+speeches are not deficient in a suitable exordium, a clear
+narrative, a well-founded argument, and a pathetic peroration;
+and usually abound in parables and apologues; which sometimes
+furnish the main substance of the discourse.</p>
+
+<p>Their poets are called <i>gempin</i>, or lords of speech; and
+their poetry generally contains strong and lively images, bold
+figures, frequent allusions and similitudes, new and forcible
+expressions, and possesses the power of exciting sensibility. It
+is every where animated and metaphorical, and allegory is its
+very soul and essence. Their verses are mostly composed in
+stanzas of eight or eleven syllables, and are for the most part
+blank, yet rhyme is occasionally introduced, according to the
+taste or caprice of the poet.</p>
+
+<p>They have three kinds of physicians. Of these the
+<i>ampives</i>, who are skilful herbalists, are the best, and
+have even some skill in the pulse and other diagnostics of
+disease. The <i>vileus</i> pretend that all contagious diseases
+are produced by insects or worms, and are therefore often called
+<i>cutampiru</i>, which signifies vermiculous diseases, or
+diseases proceeding from worms. The <i>machis</i> are a
+superstitious class, or pretenders to sorcery, and allege that
+all diseases proceed from witchcraft, and pretend therefore to
+cure them by supernatural means, for which reason they are
+employed in desperate cases, when the exertions of the
+<i>ampives</i> and <i>vileus</i> have proved ineffectual; They
+have likewise a kind of surgeons, called <i>gutarve</i>; who are
+skilful in replacing luxations, setting fractured bones, and
+curing wounds and ulcers. Before the arrival of the Spaniards,
+the Chilese doctors used bleeding, blistering, emetics,
+cathartics, sudorifics, and even glysters. They let blood by
+means of a sharp flint fixed in a small stick; and for giving
+glysters they employ a bladder and pipe. Their emetics,
+cathartics, and sudorifics are all obtained from the vegetable
+kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>Their commerce, both internal and external, is all carried on
+by barter, as they have not adopted the use of money; and this is
+regulated by a conventional tariff according to which the values
+of all articles in commerce are appraised under the name of
+<i>cullen</i>, or payment. Their external trade is with the
+Spaniards, with whom they exchange <i>ponchos</i>, or Chilese
+cloaks, and animals, for wine or European articles. The Spaniards
+of the province of Maul&eacute; supply the Araucanians with iron
+ware, bits for bridles, cutlery, grain, and wine; and are paid in
+<i>ponchos</i> of which they receive above 40,000 yearly, in
+horned cattle, horses, ostrich feathers, curious baskets, and
+other trifles; for it has never been possible to induce them to
+open their gold mines. The Spanish merchant has in the first
+place to obtain permission from the ulmens or heads of families
+of a district, after which he proceeds to all the houses,
+distributing his merchandize indiscriminately to all, who present
+themselves. When he has completed his sale, he gives notice of
+his departure, and all the purchasers hasten to an appointed
+village, where they deliver the articles agreed for with the
+utmost punctuality.</p>
+
+<p>SECTION IV.</p>
+
+<p><i>First Expedition of the Spaniards into Chili under
+Almagro</i>.</p>
+
+<p>After the death of Atahualpa and the subjection of the
+Peruvian empire by Pizarro and Almagro, Pizarro persuaded his
+companion Almagro to undertake the conquest of Chili then
+celebrated for its niches, being desirous to enjoy the sole
+command in Peru. Filled with sanguine expectations of a rich
+booty, Almagro began his march for Chili in the end[61] of the
+year 1535, with an army of 570 Spaniards, and accompanied by
+15,000 Peruvians, under the command of Paullu[62], the brother of
+the Inca <i>Manco</i>, the nominal emperor of Peru, who had
+succeeded to Atahualpa and Huasear. Two roads lead from Peru to
+Chili; one of which by the maritime plain, is the arid desert of
+Atacama, destitute of water and provisions; while the other
+passes for about 120 miles over the immense ridge of the Andes,
+and is attended by excessive inconveniences and almost
+insurmountable difficulties Almagro chose this road because it
+was the shortest from Cuzco; and in this march his army had to
+endure infinite fatigue, and almost incessant conflicts with the
+barbarous tribes in the several districts through which he had to
+pass. He at length reached the eastern side of the vast chain of
+the Andes at the commencement of winter, almost destitute of
+provisions, and ill supplied with clothing to protect his people
+under the inclemencies of the region he had still to penetrate.
+At the season of the year which he unfortunately chose, snow
+falls almost continually among the Andes, and completely fills
+and obliterates the narrow paths that are even difficultly
+passable in summer. The soldiers, however, animated by their
+general, and ignorant of the dangers they had to encounter,
+advanced with inconceivable toil to the summit of the rugged
+ascent. But by the severity of the weather, and the want of
+provisions, 150 of the Spaniards perished by the way; and 10,000
+of the Peruvians, less able to endure the rigours of that frozen
+region, were destroyed. Not one of all the army would have
+escaped, had not Almagro pushed resolutely forward with a small
+party of horse to Copaipo, whence he sent back succours and
+provisions to his army still engaged in the defiles of the
+mountains. By these means, those of the most robust
+constitutions, who had been able to resist the inclemency of the
+weather, were enabled to extricate themselves from the snow, and
+at length reached the plains of Copaipo, the most northerly
+province in Chili, where they were kindly received and
+entertained by the inhabitants, through respect for the
+Peruvians.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 61: The beginning of that year according to
+Ovale.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 62: By Orale this Peruvian prince is called
+Paullo Topo, and the high priest of the Peruvians, Villacumu, is
+said to have been likewise sent in company with
+Almagro.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>As the Inca Paullu was well acquainted with the object of this
+expedition, he obliged the inhabitants of Copaipo to deliver up
+to him all the gold in their possession, which he immediately
+presented to Almagro, to the value of 500,000 ducats. Almagro was
+highly pleased with this first fruit of his labours, and
+immediately distributed the whole among his soldiers, to whom
+also he remitted immense debts which they owed him, as he had
+advanced them all the funds which were necessary to fit them out
+for the expedition. Almagro soon learnt that the reigning Ulmen
+of Copaipo had usurped the government of that province in
+prejudice of his nephew and ward, who had fled to the woods.
+Calling the lawful heir into his presence, he arrested the guilty
+chief, and reinstated the lawful heir in the government, with the
+universal applause of the natives, who attributed this conduct
+entirely to motives of justice and a wish to redress the
+injured.</p>
+
+<p>When the Spaniards were recovered from their fatigues, through
+the hospitable assistance of the Copaipins, and were reinforced
+by an additional number of soldiers brought by Rodrigo Orgonez
+from Peru, Almagro and his troops commenced their march towards
+the more southerly provinces of Chili, full of the most
+flattering hopes of acquiring vast riches and splendid
+establishments in a fine country, which was interspersed on all
+sides with numerous villages, evincing an extensive population
+and fertile soil. The natives every where crowded round them on
+the march, to examine the wonderful strangers, and to present
+them with such things as they thought might prove agreeable to
+beings whom they conceived of a superior order to other men. In
+the mean time, two soldiers who had separated from the army,
+proceeded to the river Huasco which forms the boundary between
+the provinces of Copaipo and Coquimbo, where they were well
+received at first by the inhabitants; but, in consequence of some
+acts of violence, they were afterwards put to death, being the
+first European blood spilt in Chili, which has since been so
+copiously watered with the blood of the Spaniards. On being
+informed of this unfortunate accident, calculated to weaken the
+exalted notion which he wished to inspire into the natives of the
+character of his soldiers, Almagro hastened his march for
+Coquimbo, where he immediately ordered <i>Marcando</i> the head
+<i>ulmen</i> of the province, his brother, and twenty others of
+the principal inhabitants to be brought before him; all of whom
+he committed to the flames; This act of cruelty appeared
+extraordinary and unjust to every one; for even among these
+adventurers, inured to rapine and bloodshed, there still were
+some men of humanity and justice. The majority of the army openly
+disapproved the severity of the general on this occasion, and
+from this time his affairs ceased to be prosperous.</p>
+
+<p>Some time in the year 1537, Almagro received a considerable
+reinforcement from Peru under the command of Juan de Rada; who
+likewise brought him letters patent from the king of Spain, by
+which he was appointed governor of 200 leagues of territory to
+the southward of the government which had been granted to
+Francisco Pizarro. By the same conveyance Almagro received
+letters from his friends in Peru, urging him to return to that
+country and to take possession of Cuzco, which they asserted was
+within the limits of the jurisdiction confided to him by his
+patent. But, as he entertained very sanguine ideas of the value
+of the conquest in which he was now engaged, he pursued his march
+towards the south, and passed the fatal <i>Cachapoal</i> or
+<i>Rapel</i>, regardless of the remonstrances of his Peruvian
+allies, who urged him to refrain from attempting to invade the
+country of the valiant Promaucians[63]. At the first appearance
+of the Spaniards, these brave Indians were astonished and
+terrified by the horses and thundering arms of the strangers; but
+soon recovering from the effects of their first surprise, they
+intrepidly opposed their new enemies on the banks of the
+Rio-claro. Despising their force, and ignorant of their bravery,
+Almagro placed his Peruvian allies in the first line, now
+considerably increased by an additional number whom Paullu had
+drawn from the Peruvian garrisons in Chili. But these troops were
+soon defeated by the Promaucians, and fell back in confusion on
+the line of Spaniards in the rear. The Spaniards, instead of
+remaining spectators of the battle, were now compelled to sustain
+the vigorous attack of the enemy; and, advancing with their
+horse, a furious battle was fought with considerable loss on both
+sides, and continued till night separated the combatants without
+either party having gained the victory.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 63: Called <i>Puramaucans</i> by Garcilasso
+and <i>Promocaes</i> by Ovale, who names the <i>Cauquenes</i> and
+<i>Peneos</i> as their allies.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Although the Promaucians had sustained a heavy loss in this
+battle, they courageously encamped within sight of the Spaniards,
+determined to renew the fight next morning. Though the Spaniards
+had kept possession of the field, and considered themselves
+victorious according to the customs of Europe, they were very
+differently inclined from their valiant enemies. Hitherto they
+had been accustomed to subdue extensive provinces with little or
+no resistance, and became disgusted with an enterprise which
+could not be accomplished without much fatigue and danger, and
+the loss of much blood, having to contend against a bold and
+independent nation, by whom they were not considered as immortal
+or as a superior order of beings. It was therefore resolved by
+common consent to abandon the present expedition, yet they
+differed materially as to the conduct of their retreat; some
+being desirous to return into Peru entirely, while others wished
+to form a settlement in the northern provinces of Chili, where
+they had already received so much hospitality, and had acquired
+considerable riches. The first opinion was supported by Almagro,
+now strongly impressed by the suggestions of his friends in Peru
+to take possession of Cuzco. He represented to his soldiers the
+dangers to which a settlement would be exposed in so warlike a
+country, and persuaded them to follow him to Cuzco, where he
+expected to be able to establish his authority either by
+persuasion or force, pursuant to his royal patent.</p>
+
+<p>Having determined to return into Peru, and having fatally
+experienced the dangers of the mountain road, Almagro resolved to
+march by the desert of Atacama in the maritime plain, by which he
+conducted his troops into Peru with very little loss in 1538. He
+took possession of Cuzco by surprise; and, after ineffectual
+negociations, he fought a battle with the brother of Pizarro, by
+whom he was taken prisoner, and beheaded as a disturber of the
+public peace. Such was the fate of the first expedition of the
+Spaniards against Chili, undertaken by the best body of European
+troops that had hitherto been collected in those distant regions.
+The thirst of riches was the moving spring of this expedition,
+and the disappointment of their hopes the cause of its
+abandonment.</p>
+
+<p>SECTION V.</p>
+
+<p><i>Second Expedition into Chili, under Pedro de Valdivia, to
+the commencement of the War between the Spaniards and
+Araucanians</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Having obtained absolute command of the Spanish possessions on
+the southern side of South America, by the defeat and death of
+his rival Almagro. Pizarro resolved to resume the conquest of
+Chili, which he conceived might become an important acquisition.
+Among the adventurers who had come from Spain to Chili, were two
+officers who held royal commissions to attempt this conquest,
+named Pedro Sanchez de Hoz, and Camargo. To Hoz had been confided
+the conquest of the country from the confines of Peru to the
+river Maul&eacute;; and to Camargo the remainder of the country
+beyond that river to the archipelago of Chilo&eacute;. Jealous of
+the interference of these officers in the country which he
+considered as his by right of discovery, Pizarro refused under
+frivolous pretences to confirm the royal nomination, and chose
+for the conduct of the expedition Pedro de Valdivia, his
+quarter-master, a prudent active and brave officer, who had
+acquired military experience in the wars of Italy, and who had
+already evinced a strong attachment to his party. On this
+occasion, Valdivia was directed to take Hoz along with him to
+Chili, and to allow him every advantage he could possibly desire
+in the allotment or repartition of lands and Indians in the
+expected conquest.</p>
+
+<p>Valdivia accordingly set out from Cuzco in 1540, with a force
+of 200 Spaniards, and accompanied by a numerous body of Peruvian
+auxiliaries, taking likewise along with him some monks, several
+Spanish women, and a great number of European quadrupeds, with
+every requisite for settling a new colony in the country. On his
+march for Chili he pursued the same route with Almagro; but
+instructed by the misfortunes of his predecessor, he did not
+attempt to pass the Andes till the middle of summer, by which
+precaution he was enabled to enter Chili without incurring any
+loss. His reception there however, even in the northern
+provinces, was very different from that which had been
+experienced by Almagro. Informed of the conquest of Peru by the
+Spaniards, owing to which they were freed from the submission
+they had come under to the Incas, they did not consider
+themselves bound to transfer their obedience to the present
+invaders. The Copaipans accordingly began to attack Valdivia
+immediately on entering their country, assailing him at every
+step with much valour, but with very little conduct. Like
+barbarians in general, they were incapable of making a common
+cause with each other; and having been long accustomed to
+servitude under the Peruvians, during which all union among the
+northern tribes had been dissolved, they attacked their invaders
+in separate hordes as they advanced into the country, and without
+that steady and firm courage which stamps the valour of a free
+people in the defence of their liberties. In spite of this
+desultory and uncombined opposition from the natives, Valdivia
+traversed the provinces of Copaipo, Coquimbo, Quillota, and
+Melipilla, with Very little loss though much harassed, and
+arrived in the province of Mapocho, now called St Jago.</p>
+
+<p>This province, which is more than 600 miles from the confines
+of Peru, is one of the pleasantest and most fertile in the
+kingdom. Its name of Mapocho signifies in the Chilese language,
+<i>the land of many people</i>; and according to the earliest
+writers respecting Chili, its population was then extremely
+numerous. This province, which borders on the Andes, is 140 miles
+in circumference, and is watered by the rivers Maypo, Colina,
+Lampa, and Mapocho, which last divides it into two nearly equal
+parts. In one place this river sinks into the earth, and after a
+subterraneous course of five miles, emerges again with an
+increase of its waters, and finally joins the river Maypo. The
+mountains of Caren, which terminate this province on the north,
+abound in gold, and in that part of the Andes which forms the
+eastern boundary, there are several rich mines of silver.
+Valdivia had penetrated thus far into the country on purpose to
+render it difficult for his soldiers to return into Peru, and he
+now determined to form a settlement in this province, which from
+its remote situation and natural advantages, seemed excellently
+calculated to become the centre of his intended conquests. Having
+selected with this view a convenient situation on the left shore
+of the Mapocho, he laid the foundation of the intended capital of
+the kingdom of Chili, on the 24th of February 1541, naming this
+new city St Jago, in honour of the tutelary saint of Spain. In
+laying out the ground plan of the intended city, he divided the
+whole into plots or squares of 4095 toises each[64], and allotted
+a quarter of each square as the scite of a house for each
+citizen, which plan has been followed in laying out all the other
+cities in Chili. One of these areas situated on one side of the
+great square was destined for the cathedral and bishops palace,
+and another for the house of the governor and the public offices.
+He then appointed a cabildo or magistracy, according to the usual
+forms in Spanish cities, from those persons in his small army
+that were best qualified for the purpose; and, for the protection
+of the new settlement, in case of attack from the Chilese, he
+built a fort on a hill in the centre of the city, which has since
+received the name of St Lucia.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 64: Though not distinctly so expressed,
+this must be considered as square toises, making each side of the
+square 64 toises, or 384 feet. In a former account of the city of
+St Jago, the public square is described as being 450 feet on each
+side.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Though many have applauded the sagacity of Valdivia in the
+choice of a situation for the capital of the new colony, it would
+in my opinion have been much better placed on the banks of the
+river Maypo, about fifteen miles farther south; as that river is
+much larger than the Mapocho, has a direct communication with the
+sea, and might easily be made navigable for ships of considerable
+burden. In the year 1787, this city contained more than 40,000
+inhabitants, and was rapidly increasing in population, owing to
+its being the seat of government, and the residence of many
+wealthy and luxurious families, by which it attracts considerable
+commerce.</p>
+
+<p>The natives observed the progress of this new settlement with
+much jealousy, and concerted measures for freeing themselves from
+such unwelcome intruders; but, as Valdivia discovered their
+intentions, he confined the chiefs of the conspiracy in his new
+fortress; and having intimation of a secret intelligence being
+carried on between the Mapochians and their neighbours, the
+Promancians, he repaired with a body of sixty horse to the river
+Cachapoal or Rapel to watch the motions of that brave and
+enterprising nation. This precaution was however altogether
+unnecessary, as that fearless people had not sufficient policy or
+foresight to think of uniting with their neighbours in order to
+secure themselves from the impending danger. Taking advantage of
+the absence of Valdivia, the Mapochians fell upon the new
+settlement with desperate fury, burnt all the half-built houses,
+and assailed the citadel on all sides, in which the inhabitants
+had taken refuge. While the Spaniards were valiantly defending
+their imperfect fortifications, a woman named Inez Suarez, beat
+out the brains of all the captive chiefs with an axe, under the
+apprehension that they were endeavouring to regain their liberty,
+and might assist the assailants in gaining possession of the
+fort. The attack began at day-break, and was continued without
+intermission till night, fresh assailants continually occupying
+the places of those who were, slain or disabled.</p>
+
+<p>The commandant of the Spaniards, Alonzo de Monroy, found means
+to send a messenger to inform Valdivia of his situation; and the
+governor accordingly hastened to the aid of the besieged with all
+possible expedition, and found the ditch almost filled with dead
+bodies, while the enemy, notwithstanding the heavy loss they had
+sustained, were preparing to renew the assault. Drawing out its
+infantry from the fort to join the cavalry he had along with him,
+Valdivia advanced in order of battle against the forces of the
+enemy, who were posted on the bank of the Mapocho. The battle was
+again renewed in this place, and obstinately contested with equal
+valour on both sides; but with great disadvantage on the part of
+the natives, who were far inferior in arms and discipline to the
+Spaniards. The musquetry and the horse made a dreadful slaughter
+among Mapochians, who were only armed with bows and slings; yet
+obstinately bent upon preserving their independence, and
+regardless of their own importance, they rushed on to inevitable
+destruction; till having lost the flower of their valiant
+warriors, and reduced to a small number, they at length fled and
+dispersed over the plain. Notwithstanding this memorable defeat,
+and others of not less importance which they sustained
+afterwards, the Mapochians did not cease for the space of six
+years to keep the Spaniards closely blockaded in St Jago,
+continually attacking them on every opportunity, and cutting off
+their provisions so effectually, that they were often reduced to
+great straits, having to subsist upon unwholesome and loathsome
+viands, and what little grain they were able to raise under
+protection of the cannon from the ramparts. At length, worn out
+and brought to utter ruin by this incessant warfare, the remnant
+of the Mapochians destroyed their own crops and retired to the
+mountains, leaving the fertile plains around the new city utterly
+deserted and uncultivated.</p>
+
+<p>The soldiers under Valdivia became wearied and disgusted by
+this continual war, so different from what they had expected; and
+as they believed him obstinately bent upon adherence to his own
+plan, and resolved to continue the settlement in spite of every
+opposition from the natives, they entered into a conspiracy to
+kill their general and to return into Peru, where they expected
+to enjoy more ease and tranquillity. Having fortunately got
+notice of this conspiracy, Valdivia, who possessed great prudence
+and an insinuating address, soon conciliated those who were least
+implicated. After this, as he only had the title of general which
+did not confer any civil and judicial power, he assembled the
+Cabildo of the city, and persuaded them to invest him in the
+office of governor of the city and kingdom. In this imposing
+capacity, he tried and capitally punished some of the ringleaders
+of the conspiracy, and then prudently exerted himself to soothe
+the turbulent and seditious spirits of the remainder, by buoying
+up their hopes with the most flattering promises of future
+wealth. He had often heard in Peru, that the valley of Quillota
+abounded in mines of gold, and was hopeful therefore of being
+able to obtain a sufficient quantity from thence to satisfy the
+avidity of his soldiers. Notwithstanding the difficulties with
+which he was surrounded, he sent a party of soldiers into the
+valley of Quillota, with orders to superintend and protect a
+number of labourers in digging for the precious metal said to be
+abound in that place. The mine which was opened upon this
+occasion proved remarkably rich and productive, surpassing their
+most sanguine hopes; so that all their past sufferings and
+present difficulties were soon buried in oblivion, and
+henceforwards no one had the remotest wish to leave the country.
+Valdivia, encouraged by this success to new enterprises, ordered
+a carrack or ship of some considerable size to be built at the
+mouth of the river Chillan, which traverses the valley of
+Quillota, for the purpose of more readily obtaining succours from
+Peru, without which he was fully sensible he could not possibly
+succeed in the vast enterprise he had in view, which was no less
+than to accomplish the entire reduction of Chili.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time, considering the urgent state of his affairs,
+Valdivia resolved to dispatch two of his principal officers,
+Alonzo Monroy, and Pedro Miranda by land to Peru, with an escort
+of six horsemen, whose spurs, bits, and stirrups he directed to
+be made of solid gold, hoping thereby to entice a sufficient
+number of recruits to come to his assistance, by this obvious
+proof of the riches of the country. Although these messengers
+were escorted to the confines of Chili by thirty additional
+horsemen, they were attacked and defeated in the province of
+Copaipo by a hundred archers, commanded by Coteo, an officer of
+the <i>Ulmen</i> of that province. Of the whole party none
+escaped with life but the two officers, Monroy and Miranda, who
+were made prisoners and carried before the <i>ulmen</i> covered
+with wounds. The prince had resolved on putting them both to
+death; but, while deliberating on the mode of execution, his
+wife, the <i>ulmena</i> or princess of Copaipo, moved by
+compassion for their unhappy situation, successfully interceded
+with her husband to spare their lives, unbound them with her own
+hands, tenderly dressed their wounds, and treated them as if they
+had been her brothers. When they were entirely recovered, she
+desired them to teach her son the art of riding, as several of
+the Spanish horses had been taken in the late defeat. The two
+Spaniards readily consented to her request, hoping to avail
+themselves of this circumstance to give them an opportunity of
+recovering their liberty, which they did in effect; but the means
+they employed was marked by a cruel act of ingratitude to their
+compassionate benefactress, of so much deeper turpitude that it
+was unnecessary for their purpose. As the young prince was one
+day riding between them, escorted by a party of archers and
+preceded by an officer carrying a lance, Monroy suddenly
+dispatched him with two or three mortal wounds of a poniard. At
+the same time Miranda wrested the lance from the officer of the
+guard, who were thrown into confusion by this unexpected event,
+and the two Spaniards readily accomplished their escape. Being
+well mounted, they easily eluded pursuit, and made their way
+through the desert into Peru, whence they continued their way to
+Cuzco, where Vaca de Castro then resided, who had succeeded to
+the government after the cruel assassination of Francisco Pizarro
+by the Almagrian faction.</p>
+
+<p>When De Castro was informed of the critical situation of
+affairs in Chili, he immediately sent off a considerable
+reinforcement by land under the command of Monroy, who had the
+good fortune to conceal his march from the Copaipans, and to join
+Valdivia in safety. At the same time the president of Peru
+dispatched by sea Juan Batista Pastene, a noble Genoese, with a
+more considerable reinforcement for Valdivia. On receiving these
+two reinforcements, which arrived about the same time, Valdivia
+began to carry his great designs into execution. Being solicitous
+to have a complete knowledge of the sea-coast, he ordered Pastene
+to explore the whole as far to the southwards as possible, noting
+the most important places all along the coast; and, on his return
+from this maritime survey, he sent him back to Peru for
+additional reinforcements, as the natives had become every day
+bolder and more enterprising, ever since their victory in Copaipo
+over Monroy and Miranda. Only a little before this, the
+Quillotans had contrived to massacre all the soldiers employed at
+the gold mines in their country, by the following stratagem. One
+day a neighbouring Indian brought a pot full of gold to Gonzalo
+Rios, the commandant at the mines, and told him that he had found
+a great quantity in a certain district of the country which he
+offered to point out. On this information, all were eager to
+proceed immediately to the place, that they might participate in
+the imaginary treasure. As they arrived at the place described in
+a tumultuary manner and entirely off their guard, they fell into
+an ambush, by which the whole party was slain, except their
+imprudent commander and one negro, both of whom saved their lives
+by the speed of their horses. About the same time the vessel
+which Valdivia had ordered to be built at the mouth of the river
+Chillan was burnt by the natives, together with the store-houses
+or arsenal which he had established in that place.</p>
+
+<p>On receiving notice of the disaster which had taken place at
+the mines, Valdivia hastened to Quillota with a strong body of
+troops, and took revenge as far as he could on the Quillotans for
+the death of his soldiers; after which, he constructed a fort in
+their country in which he left a garrison for the protection of
+the people employed in the gold mines. Being soon afterwards
+reinforced by three hundred men from Peru, under the command of
+Francisco Villagran and Christoval Escobar, he made choice of a
+beautiful plain near the mouth of the river Coquimbo, at which
+place there is a very convenient natural harbour, near which he
+erected in 1544: a city which he named <i>Serena</i>, to serve as
+a place of arms to protect the northern part of Chili, and to
+secure the convoys and reinforcements which might come from Peru
+in that direction. This place is still known in geography by the
+name of Serena; but in Chili the native name of Coquimbo
+prevails, as is the case with most of the Spanish cities and
+towns in Chili.</p>
+
+<p>In the ensuing year, 1545, Valdivia marched into the country
+of the Promaucians, with the view of extending his conquests to
+the southwards. Contemporary historians have not left an account
+of the events of this year, nor of any battles having been fought
+on this occasion; yet it is hardly to be supposed that this
+valiant tribe, who had so gloriously repulsed the armies of the
+Inca and of Almagro, would allow Valdivia to reduce their
+territory to subjection without a struggle. However this may have
+been, it is certain that he had the art to persuade the
+Promaucians to enter into an alliance with him against the other
+tribes of Chili; as ever since the Spanish armies in Chili have
+been assisted by Promaucian auxiliaries, owing to which the most
+rooted antipathy has been constantly entertained by the
+Araucanians against the remnant of the Promaucians. In the year
+1546, Valdivia passed the river Maul&eacute;, and reduced the
+natives to obedience from that river to the Itata. While encamped
+at a place named Quilacura, near the latter river, he was
+attacked one night by the natives, who destroyed many of his
+horses, and put him into imminent danger of a total defeat. His
+loss on this occasion must have been considerable; as he found it
+necessary to relinquish his plan of farther conquest, and to
+return to St Jago to wait reinforcements from Peru. As the
+expected reinforcements did not arrive, and Pastene, who had been
+sent into Peru to endeavour to procure recruits, brought news in
+1547 of the civil war which then raged in Peru, Valdivia
+determined to go thither in person, expecting to reap some
+advantages from these revolutionary movements.</p>
+
+<p>Valdivia sailed therefore with Pastene for Peru, taking with
+him a great quantity of gold, and left Francisco Villagran in
+charge of the government of Chili during his absence. Valdivia
+accordingly arrived in Peru, where he offered his services to the
+president De la Gasca, and acted with great reputation as
+quarter-master-general of his army in the war against Gonzalo
+Pizarro. The president was so much satisfied with the services
+which were rendered by Valdivia on this occasion, that, after the
+insurrection of Gonzalo was entirely subdued, he confirmed him in
+the office of governor of Chili, and sent him back to that
+kingdom with abundance of military stores, and with two ships
+filled with the soldiers who had served under Gonzalo in the late
+insurrection, glad of an opportunity of getting rid of so many
+seditious people for whom there was then no fit employment in
+Peru.</p>
+
+<p>During the absence of Valdivia from Chili, Pedro de Hoz, who
+had been deprived of that share in the conquest and government
+which had been granted him by the court of Spain, and who had
+imprudently put himself under the power of his more successful
+rival, was accused of entering into secret practices for usurping
+the government. It is now unknown whether this accusation was
+well-founded, or if it were merely a pretence for getting rid of
+him; but, however this may have been, Villagran condemned him to
+be beheaded in 1548, either to please Valdivia by ridding him of
+a dangerous competitor, or perhaps in consequence of secret
+instructions for that purpose. About this time, the Copaipans
+killed forty Spaniards, who were proceeding in several separate
+detachments from Peru to Chili; and the Coquimbans, at the
+instigation of these northern neighbours, massacred all the
+inhabitants of the new city of Serena, and razed that place to
+the foundations. On this occasion Francisco Aguirre was sent into
+this part of Chili with a military force, to chastise the
+natives, and had several encounters with them with various
+success. In 1549, he rebuilt the city of Serena in a more
+commodious situation, and the inhabitants have ever since
+considered him as the founder of their city, many of the most
+distinguished inhabitants of which still boast of being his
+descendants.</p>
+
+<p>After an incessant contest of nine years, attended by
+incredible fatigues, numerous dangers, and many reverses,
+Valdivia considered himself as solidly established in the
+dominion of that portion of Chili which had formerly been under
+the authority of the Incas. He accordingly distributed the
+territory among his followers in repartimientos, assigning a
+considerable portion of land with all its native inhabitants to
+each of his followers in proportion to their rank and services,
+under the denomination of commanderies, according to the baneful
+system of feudalism then prevalent in Europe. Having thus quieted
+the restless ambition and mutinous spirit of his soldiers, he
+advanced towards the south to extend his conquests, accompanied
+by a respectable force both of Spanish and Promaucians. After a
+march of 250 miles, during which he encountered few obstacles of
+any moment, he arrived at the Bay of Penco, now generally called
+the Bay of Conception, which had been already explored by Pastene
+during his voyage of discovery formerly mentioned; and near that
+excellent bay he laid the foundation of the third city in Chili,
+on the 5th of October 1550, to which he gave the name of
+Conception.</p>
+
+<p>The situation of this place was admirably adapted for
+commerce, from the excellence of its harbour; as the bay extends
+six miles from east to west and nine miles from north to south,
+defended at its entrance from the sea by the pleasant island of
+Quiriquina. The passage into the bay on the north side of this
+island, called the <i>bocca grande</i>, is about half a league
+broad, and has sufficient water for the largest ships. That on
+the other side of the island, or <i>bocca chica</i>, is very
+narrow, and is only navigable by small vessels. The soil around
+this place, under the influence of an admirable climate, produces
+abundance of timber, excellent wine, and all the necessaries of
+life, and is not deficient in the valuable minerals; and both the
+sea and the adjoining rivers afford great quantities of fine
+fish. But owing to the lowness of the situation which was chosen
+for this city, it was much exposed to inundations of the sea
+during earthquakes, which are frequent in Chili. On the 8th of
+July 1730, this city was nearly destroyed by an earthquake and
+inundation; and experienced a similar calamity on the 24th of May
+1751. In consequence of these repeated calamities, the
+inhabitants established themselves on the 24th of November 1764
+in the valley of Mocha, nine miles south from Penco, between the
+rivers Andalian and Biobio, where they founded a city to which
+they gave the name of New Conception. The harbour named
+Talgacuano, situated at the south-east extremity of the bottom of
+the bay, is between six and seven miles from the new city; and a
+fort is all that now remains of the old city, now called
+Penco.</p>
+
+<p>SECTION VI.</p>
+
+<p><i>Narrative of the War between the Spaniards and Araucanians,
+from the year 1550, to the Defeat and Death of Pedro de Valdivia
+on the 3d of December 1553.</i></p>
+
+<p>Perceiving the intentions of Valdivia to occupy the important
+post of Penco by a permanent settlement, the adjacent tribes of
+the Pencones gave notice of this invasion to the great nation of
+the Araucanians, their neighbours and friends, whose territories
+began on the southern shore of the Biobio; who, foreseeing that
+the strangers would soon endeavour to reduce their own country to
+subjection, determined to succour their distressed allies for
+their own security. Accordingly, in a <i>butacoyog</i>, or
+general assembly of the Araucanian confederacy, <i>Aillavalu</i>
+was nominated supreme <i>toqui</i>, and was instructed to march
+immediately with an army to the assistance of the Pencones. In
+the year 1550, pursuant to the resolutions of the Araucanian
+confederacy, Aillavalu passed the great river Biobio, at the head
+of 4000 men, and boldly offered battle to Valdivia, who had
+advanced to meet him on the banks of the Andalian. The brave
+Araucanians sustained the first discharges of musquetry from the
+Spaniards with wonderful resolution, and even made a rapid
+evolution under its direful effects, by which they assailed at
+once the front and flank of the Spanish army. By this unexpected
+courageous assault, and even judicious tactical manoeuvre, the
+Spaniards were thrown into some disorder, and Valdivia was
+exposed to imminent danger, having his horse killed under him;
+but the Spaniards replaced their firm array, forming themselves
+into a hollow square supported by their cavalry, and successfully
+resisted every effort of their valiant enemies, of whom they slew
+great numbers by the superiority of their arms, yet lost at the
+same time a considerable number of their own men. The battle
+remained undecided for several hours; when at length, rashly
+pressing forwards with impetuous bravery, Aillavalu received a
+mortal wound[65], and many of the most valiant officers and
+soldiers of the Araucanians being slain, they retired in good
+order, leaving the field of battle to the Spaniards, who felt no
+inclination to pursue them after a so dear-bought victory.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 65: In Ovalle, this general is named
+Anabillo, and is said to have been made prisoner in the
+battle.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Valdivia, though he had been present in many battles, both in
+Europe and America, was astonished at the valour and military
+skill of this new enemy, and declared he had never been exposed
+to such imminent danger in the whole course of his military
+service. As he expected to be soon attacked again, he immediately
+proceeded to construct a strong fortification for the protection
+of his new city; and in fact, the Araucanian confederacy was no
+sooner informed of the defeat and death of their general
+Aillavalu, than a new and more numerous army was ordered against
+the Spaniards, under the command of <i>Lincoyan</i>, who was
+elected to the vacant office of supreme toqui. From his gigantic
+stature, and frequent displays of courage, this officer had
+acquired great reputation among his countrymen; but, though well
+suited for a subaltern officer, he was timid and irresolute in
+the supreme military command, and greatly disappointed the
+expectations which had been formed from his former behaviour.</p>
+
+<p>Having marshalled his army in three divisions, Lincoyan
+marched in 1551 to attack the Spaniards under Valdivia, who still
+remained at Conception, occupied in building and fortifying the
+new city. The Spaniards were so much alarmed by the approach of
+the Araucanian army, that after confessing themselves, they took
+shelter under the cannon of their fortifications, where the
+Araucanians boldly assailed them. But, finding the first assault
+unsuccessful, Lincoyan became apprehensive of losing the army
+which had been committed to his charge, and ordered a precipitate
+retreat, to the great surprise of Valdivia, who was apprehensive
+of some stratagem, and did not venture upon attempting a pursuit.
+When it was discovered that the enemy had actually retreated, the
+Spaniards considered their flight as a special favour from
+heaven, and some even alleged that they had seen the apostle St
+James, mounted on a white horse, waving a flaming sword and
+striking terror into their enemies. But the only miracle on this
+occasion proceeded from the timid circumspection of Lincoyan.</p>
+
+<p>Being now in some measure freed from the restraint imposed
+upon him by the Araucanians, Valdivia applied himself diligently
+to the building of the city of Conception, for which place he
+entertained a strong predilection, as he considered that it would
+become the centre of maritime communication between Chili and the
+ports of Peru and Spain. Although he had fixed upon St Jago for
+the capital of the kingdom of Chili, he determined upon
+establishing his own family at Conception; for which purpose he
+selected a pleasant situation for his own dwelling, reserving for
+himself the fertile peninsula between the rivers Andalian and
+Biobio, and resolved to ask as a reward for his services the two
+adjoining districts of Arauco and Tucapel, with the title of
+marquis: For, although these districts still remained in the
+possession of the Araucanians, he fully expected to be able to
+subjugate that valiant people in a short time.</p>
+
+<p>Having speedily reared the new city, in which he established a
+colony of his followers, he employed the remainder of the year
+1551 in regulating its internal policy; for which purpose, after
+having established a Cabildo or body of magistrates, in imitation
+of those in Spain, as usual in all the cities of Spanish America,
+he promulgated a body of fundamental regulations, comprised in
+forty-two articles or statutes, some of which respecting the
+treatment of the natives within its territory and jurisdiction
+evinced much prudent humanity; yet, as in all the other subjected
+countries of America, he left them in a great measure subject to
+the control and caprice of the citizens to whom they were
+allotted.</p>
+
+<p>After the settlement of his new city, and having received a
+reinforcement of soldiers from Peru, he resolved to attack the
+Araucanians in their own territories, believing that their
+courage was now entirely subdued, as they had made no attempt to
+molest him since their late repulse under Lincoyan. With these
+views, he passed the Biobio in 1552, and proceeding rapidly
+through the provinces of Encol and Puren, unopposed by the tardy
+and timid operations of Lincoyan, he arrived at the river Cauten,
+which divides the country of the Araucanians nearly into two
+equal parts. Near the confluence of this river with the Damas, he
+founded a new city which he named <i>Imperial</i>[66], in honour
+of the Emperor Don Carlos; though some say that it received this
+name in consequence of finding some wooden figures of eagles with
+two heads, fixed on some of the native huts. This city was placed
+in a beautiful situation, abounding in all the conveniences of
+life; and, during the short period of its existence became one of
+the most flourishing in Chili. Being placed on the shore of a
+large and deep river, capable of allowing large ships to lie
+close to the walls, it was excellently situated for commerce, and
+had free access to receive succours of all kinds by sea in case
+of being besieged. By modern geographers, this place is still
+spoken of as an existing city, strongly fortified, and the seat
+of a bishopric; but it has been in ruins for considerably more
+than two hundred years.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 66: The place where Imperial once stood is
+marked on our maps on the right or north shore of the conjoined
+streams of the Ouisa and Cauten, immediately above the junction
+of a small river which is probably the Damas of the
+text.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Intoxicated with his present prosperity, and the apparent
+submission of the Araucanians, he assigned extensive districts in
+the surrounding country among his officers. To Francisco
+Villagran, his lieutenant-general, he gave the warlike province
+of <i>Maquegua</i>, considered by the Araucanians as the key of
+their country, with about thirty thousand inhabitants. The other
+officers obtained grants of lands and Indians proportionate to
+their rank, and the degree in which they possessed his favour,
+some getting as far as eight or even ten thousand Indians. He
+likewise dispatched Alderte, with a detachment of sixty men, with
+orders to establish a settlement on the shore of a lake called
+<i>Lauquen</i>, to which he gave the name of <i>Villarica</i>, or
+the rich city, owing to the great quantity of gold that was
+procured in the environs.</p>
+
+<p>It may be here mentioned that the province of <i>Maquegua</i>
+was partitioned anew among the conquerors after the death of
+Villagran; the principal part of it being assigned to Juan de
+Ocampo, and another large share to Andreas Matencio. But, in
+consequence of its recapture by the Araucanians, they reaped very
+little advantage from their commanderies. Ocampo was afterwards
+rewarded for his distinguished services by being appointed to the
+office of corregidore of the cities of Serena Mendoza and St
+Juan, the two last in the province of Cujo; in which province he
+had likewise the grant of a considerable commandery of Indians,
+which he afterwards ceded to the crown.</p>
+
+<p>Receiving additional reinforcements from Peru, Valdivia
+resumed his march for the south of Chili, still followed but at a
+considerable distance by Lincoyan, who pretended continually to
+seek a favourable opportunity to attack the Spaniards, but whose
+timid and cautious procedure could never find one of which he
+dared to avail himself. In this manner Valdivia traversed the
+whole territory of the Araucunians from north to south, with
+exceedingly little opposition and hardly any loss. But on his
+arrival at the river Callacalla, which separates the Araucanians
+from the <i>Cunches</i>, he found that nation in arms on the
+opposite bank of the river, ready to dispute the passage. The
+Cunches are one of the most valiant of the tribes inhabiting
+Chili, and possess the maritime country from the river
+Callacalla, called Valdivia by the Spaniards, to the gulf of
+Chilo&eacute;. They are divided into several subordinate tribes
+or clans, each of which, as in the other parts of Chili, are
+governed by their respective <i>ulmens</i>. They are in strict
+alliance with the Araucanians, and have ever continued bitter
+enemies to the Spaniards.</p>
+
+<p>While Valdivia was deliberating upon the adoption of proper
+measures for crossing this river, a woman of the country, named
+<i>Recloma</i>, addressed the general of the Cunches with so much
+eloquence in behalf of the strangers, that he withdrew his army
+and allowed them to pass the river unmolested. Immediately after
+this unexpected event, the Spanish general founded a sixth city
+on the southern shore of the Callacalla, near its junction with
+the sea, giving it his own name of Valdivia; being the first of
+the conquerors in America who sought in this manner to perpetuate
+his name. This settlement, of which the fortress only now
+remains, attained in a few years a considerable degree of
+prosperity; owing to the superior fineness of the gold procured
+from its neighbouring mines, which obtained it the privilege of a
+mint, and because its harbour is one of the most convenient and
+secure of any on the shore of the Pacific Ocean. The river is
+here very broad, and so deep that ships of the line may be moored
+in safety within a few feet of the shore; and it has several
+other safe harbours and creeks in the vicinity.</p>
+
+<p>Satisfied with the extent of the conquests he had made, or
+rather with the incursions he had been able to make in the
+Araucanian territory, Valdivia now retraced his steps towards the
+north; and in his progress during the year 1553, he built
+fortresses in each of the three Araucanian provinces of Paren
+Tucapel and Arauco. From the warlike inhabitants of these
+provinces especially, he apprehended any attempt that might prove
+fatal to his more southerly settlements of Imperial Villarica and
+Valdivia, and he left garrisons in these more northern fortresses
+to preserve the communication, and to be in readiness to afford
+succours to the others in the south. According to the poet
+Breilla, the Spaniards had to sustain many battles and encounters
+with the natives in the course of this expedition in Araucania,
+but the particulars of none of these are recorded. This is
+however very probable; as it is not easy to account for the
+continuance of Lincoyan in the command on any other principles.
+It may be concluded, however, that, owing to the caution, or
+cowardice rather of the Araucanian toqui, these actions were so
+ill conducted and so inconclusive, as to give very little
+interruption to Valdivia in his triumphant progress through these
+provinces, between the Biobio and Callacalla, or from Conception
+to Valdivia.</p>
+
+<p>On his return to St Jago, the seat of government, Valdivia
+received a considerable body of recruits to his army from Peru,
+together with 350 horses; on which he dispatched Francisco de
+Aguirre with two hundred men, to reduce the provinces of Tucuman
+and Cajo on the eastern side of the Andes; not considering how
+inadequate was even his whole undiminished military force to
+retain so large an extent of country as that he had now occupied,
+and a so numerous and warlike people under subjection.
+Indefatigable in the execution of his extensive plans of
+conquest, Valdivia returned into Araucania, where he founded in
+the province of Encol, a city to which he gave the name of La
+Frontera, being the seventh and last of his foundation. This
+name, from events which could not then have been in the
+consideration of Valdivia, has become strictly applicable to its
+present situation, as its ruins are actually situated on the
+southern confines of the Spanish settlements in Chili. Though
+long ago destroyed, it is still mentioned by geographers as an
+existing city under the name of Angol, by which native
+denomination it was long known to the Spaniards. It was situated
+in a fertile district, excellently adapted for the cultivation of
+vines, and for some time was in a rich and flourishing condition,
+principally owing to its wines, which were in great repute at
+Buenos Ayres, to which place they were transported by a road
+across the Andes and through the plains of La Plata.</p>
+
+<p>After making suitable regulations for the security of this new
+colony, Valdivia returned to his favourite city of Conception,
+where he instituted three principal military officers for
+commanding the royal army of Chili, consisting of a
+quartermaster-general, a serjeant-major, and a commissary. In the
+present times only two of these subsist, the
+quarter-master-general and the serjeant-major; which latter
+office is now divided into two, one for the cavalry, and the
+other for the infantry; while the office of commissary is only
+now known in the militia. At this time he sent Alderte into
+Spain, with a large sum of money, and a particular relation of
+his transactions and conquests; and commissioned him to employ
+his utmost exertions to obtain for him the perpetual government
+of the country which he had conquered, together with the title of
+Marquis of Aranco. He dispatched likewise Francisco de Ulloa by
+sea, with directions to explore the Straits of Magellan, by means
+of which he hoped to open a direct communication with Spain,
+without being obliged to depend upon Peru for supplies.</p>
+
+<p>While occupied in the contemplation of these extensive plans
+for the amelioration of the extensive kingdom which he had
+subdued, and the advancement of his own rank and fortune,
+Valdivia had no suspicion of an extensive and determined system
+of warfare which was planning among the Araucanians, and which
+soon burst forth with irresistible violence, to the ultimate
+destruction of all the Spanish conquests beyond the Biobio, and
+to which Valdivia himself fell an early victim. <i>Colocolo</i>,
+an aged <i>Ulmen</i> of the province of Arauco, animated by love
+for his country, quitted the retirement in which he had long
+indulged, and traversed the provinces of the Araucanian
+confederacy, exciting with indefatigable zeal the dormant spirit
+of his countrymen, which had sunk after their late disasters, and
+eagerly solicited them to make choice of a new supreme
+<i>toqui</i> capable of directing their arms for the recovery of
+those parts of their country which had been subjugated by the
+Spaniards, through the timid conduct of Lincoyan. Colocolo was
+well versed in the principles of government which subsisted among
+the Araucanians, and had long enjoyed the reputation of wisdom
+throughout the whole country, in which he was so universally
+esteemed and respected, that his councils and opinion were always
+solicited and listened to on every subject of importance. Roused
+from their torpidity by his animating exhortations, the whole
+body of Araucanian ulmens assembled according to their custom in
+a <i>Butacayog</i>, or national council, in an open plain; and,
+after the usual feast, they proceeded to consult upon the
+situation of their national affairs, and the election of a new
+toqui to wipe off the disgraces which they had suffered under the
+direction of Lincoyan.</p>
+
+<p>Many chiefs aspired to the glorious situation of avenger of
+their oppressed country, the most distinguished among whom were
+Andalican, Elicura, Ongolmo, Renco, and Tucapel. The last of
+these was so highly celebrated by his martial prowess that the
+province of which he was <i>Apo-ulmen</i> has ever since retained
+his name. He was besides supported in his pretensions by a
+powerful party; but his elevation to the supreme command was
+opposed by the more prudent members of the assembly, who dreaded
+lest the impetuosity of his character might hasten the entire
+ruin of the nation, instead of retrieving their honour and
+independence. Dissensions arose so high that the opposite parties
+were on the point of turning their arms against each other, when
+the venerable Colocolo rose to speak, and obtained a patient and
+attentive hearing. By a judicious and energetic address, he
+pacified their factious irritation so completely, that the
+assembly unanimously submitted the nomination of a supreme
+<i>toqui</i> to his choice. The wise old man, on whom every eye
+was now fixed in anxious expectation, immediately named
+Caupolican, the ulmen of Pilmaquen a subordinate district of the
+province of Tucapel, and the whole assembly applauded and
+confirmed the choice. Caupolican was of a lofty stature and
+uncommon bodily strength; and though he had lost an eye, the
+majesty of his countenance evinced great endowments of mind. He
+was of a serious, patient, and sagacious disposition; and besides
+great personal bravery, had every requisite to constitute him an
+able general of the peculiar troops over whom he was now
+appointed to command. On being invested with the battle-axe, as
+the badge of his supreme authority, he immediately selected the
+officers who were to bear command under him in the army of the
+state, among whom were all the late competitors, and even
+Lincoyan the former <i>toqui</i>. The office of vice-toqui, or
+lieutenant-general, he conferred on Marientu, a person in whom he
+reposed entire confidence. Even the violent Tucapel, who had
+nearly involved his country in civil war for the attainment of
+the supreme command, did not disdain to serve under the orders of
+his own vassal, manifesting by this submission his eager wish to
+sacrifice his personal ambition to the service of his
+country.</p>
+
+<p>As the Araucanians believed themselves invincible under the
+command of their new toqui, they were desirous of going
+immediately from the place of assembly to attack the Spaniards.
+But Caupolican, no less prudent in council than valiant in the
+field, repressed this rash ardour, and persuaded them to disperse
+to their several places of abode, to provide themselves with good
+arms in order to be in readiness at the first summons to the
+field, and to leave the direction of the war to his management.
+Shortly afterwards, he collected and reviewed his army[67], and
+resolved to commence his operations by a stratagem suggested by
+an accident. He had that morning taken eighty Indian prisoners,
+who were conducting forage to the Spanish garrison in the
+neighbouring fort of Arauco. In place of these men, he
+substituted an equal number of his own bravest soldiers, under
+the command of Cajuguenu and Alcatipay, whom he directed to
+conceal their arms among the bundles of grass, and to maintain
+possession of the gate of the fortress until he could come to
+their assistance with the rest of his army. The pretended
+foragers conducted themselves with so much judgment that they
+were admitted into the fortress without any suspicion on the part
+of the garrison, and immediately seizing their arms, they
+attacked the guard at the gate, killing all that came in their
+way. The alarm however soon spread, and the rest of the garrison
+hastened in arms to the spot, under Francisco Reynoso the
+commandant, and drove the Araucanians from the gate after an
+obstinate contest, at the very moment when Caupolican came up
+with his army, so that the Spaniards had just sufficient time to
+raise the draw-bridge and hasten to defend their ramparts. Though
+disappointed in his expectation of gaining admittance by the
+gate, Caupolican was still in hope of profiting from the
+confusion of the garrison, and encouraged his soldiers to assail
+the fortress on all sides, notwithstanding the continual fire
+kept up by the Spaniards from two cannon and six small
+field-pieces. After losing a great number of men in this unequal
+contest, Caupolican drew off from the assault, and determined to
+attempt the reduction of Arauco by a strict blockade, in hopes
+that the Spaniards would be soon constrained by famine into a
+surrender.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 67: Ovalle carries the number of the
+Araucanian array on this occasion to the inconceivable amount of
+67,000 combatants in the field, besides a large body of
+reserve.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>After the blockade had continued for some time, during which
+the Spaniards made several unsuccesful sallies with considerable
+loss, Reynoso determined to abandon the fort and to retire with
+his remaining garrison to Puren, as provisions began to fail, and
+there was no prospect of being relieved. Accordingly the whole
+garrison mounted their horses at midnight, and rushing suddenly
+from the gate, made their escape through the middle of their
+enemies. As the Araucanians supposed this to have been one of the
+ordinary sallies, they took no measures to obstruct their flight,
+and Reynoso got off with his men. Having destroyed the fort of
+Arauco, Caupolican led his army to attack that of Tucapel, which
+was commanded by Martin Erizar with a garrison of forty men.
+Erizar defended himself gallantly for several days; but as
+provisions began to fail, and his small force was continually
+diminishing by the perpetually renewed assaults of the enemy, he
+likewise determined upon withdrawing to Puren, which he
+successfully executed, either by similar means as those pursued
+by Reynoso, or in consequence of a capitulation with Caupolican.
+Having destroyed this fortress, Caupolican encamped with his army
+in the neighbourhood, to wait the approach of the Spaniards, who
+he supposed would not be long of coming against him with an
+army.</p>
+
+<p>Valdivia, who then resided in the city of Conception, no
+sooner learnt that the Araucanians had besieged Arauco, than he
+began his march for that place with such forces as he was able to
+collect at a short notice; though contrary to the advice of his
+most experienced officers, who urged him to wait till he could
+collect a more formidable army, and seemed to have a presentiment
+of the fatal consequences which were to result from the present
+expedition. The historians of the times differ materially in
+their accounts of the force under Valdivia on this occasion.
+According to some of these his army consisted of two hundred
+Spaniards and five thousand Promaucian auxiliaries, while others
+reduce the number to a half. The same uncertainty is to be found
+respecting the number of the enemy, some estimating them at nine
+and others at ten thousand men[68]. On approaching the encampment
+of Caupolican, Valdivia sent forwards a detachment of ten
+horsemen under Diego del Oro to reconnoitre, all of whom were
+slain by the enemy, and their heads cut off and hung upon trees
+by the way in which the Spanish army had to advance. On arriving
+at this place, the Spaniards were filled with horror at this
+miserable spectacle, and many of them, in spite of their usual
+intrepidity, were eager to retreat till a greater force could be
+collected. Even Valdivia regretted that he had not conformed to
+the advice of his older officers; but encouraged by the boasting
+confidence of others, who proudly declared that ten Spaniards
+were sufficient to put the whole Araucanian army to flight, he
+continued his march and came in sight of the enemy on the 3d of
+December 1553. The prospect of the ruins of Tucapel and the well
+regulated array of the adverse army, with the insulting taunts of
+the enemy, who upbraided them as robbers and impostors, filled
+the minds of the Spaniards, hitherto accustomed to respect and
+submission from the Indians, with mingled sentiments of dread and
+indignation.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 68: Ovalle does not mention the amount of
+the army under Valdivia on this occasion, but extends the force
+of the Araucanians to twenty thousand men.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The two armies continued for some time to observe each other
+from a small distance. At length the vice-toqui Marientu, who
+commanded the right wing of the Araucanians, began the engagement
+by an attack against the left wing of the Spaniards. Bovadilla
+who commanded in that wing, moved forwards with a detachment to
+encounter Marientu; but was immediately surrounded, and he and
+all his men cut to pieces. The serjeant-major, who was dispatched
+by Valdivia to his succour with another detachment, experienced
+the same fate. In the mean time, Tucapel, the Apo-ulmen of
+Arauco, who commanded the left wing of the Araucanians, made a
+violent attack on the Spanish right wing with his accustomed
+impetuosity. The battle now became general, and the hostile
+armies joined in close fight from wing to wing. Animated by the
+commands and example of Valdivia, who performed at the same time
+the duty of a valiant soldier and experienced general, the
+Spaniards by the superiority of their arms overthrew and
+destroyed whole ranks of the enemy. But, notwithstanding the
+horrible slaughter produced by the cannon and musquetry of the
+enemy, the Araucanians continually supplied the places of those
+who were slain by fresh troops. Three times they retired in good
+order beyond the reach of the musquetry; and as often, resuming
+new courage, they returned vigorously to the charge, which they
+urged with the most determined and persevering valour. At length,
+after losing a vast number of their men, the Araucanians were
+thrown into disorder and began to give way; and in spite of every
+effort of Caupolican, Tucapel, and even of the aged and intrepid
+Colocolo, to reanimate their courage and rally their disordered
+ranks, they took to flight. The Spaniards shouted victory! and
+pressed ardently upon the fugitives, and the battle seemed
+decidedly won.</p>
+
+<p>In this critical moment, a young Araucanian only sixteen years
+of age, named Lautaro, who had been made prisoner by Valdivia,
+and baptized and employed as his page, went over from the ranks
+of the victorious Spaniards, loudly reproached his countrymen for
+their opprobious cowardice, and eagerly exhorted them to return
+to the contest, assuring them, that the Spaniards, being all
+wounded and spent with fatigue, were no longer able to bear up
+against a fresh attack. Having succeeded in stopping the flight
+of a considerable number of the Araucanians, Lautaro grasped a
+lance which he tunned against his late master, crying out,
+"Follow me my countrymen to certain victory." Ashamed at being
+surpassed in courage by a boy, the Araucanians turned with fury
+against their enemies, whose ranks were somewhat disordered by
+the pursuit, and put them completly to rout at the first shock,
+cutting the Spaniards and their allies to pieces, insomuch that
+only two Promaucians of the whole army had the good fortune to
+escape, by fleeing to a neighbouring wood, whence they withdrew
+during the night to Conception. When all hope was lost by the
+entire rout of his army. Valdivia withdrew from the massacre
+attended by his chaplain, to prepare himself for inevitable death
+by confession and absolution. He was pursued and made prisoner by
+the victors; and on being brought before Caupolican, is said to
+have humbly implored mercy from the victorious toqui, and to have
+solicited the intercession of his former page, solemnly engaging
+to withdraw from Chili with all the Spaniards if his life were
+spared. Naturally of a compassionate disposition, and desirous of
+obliging Lautaro to whom he owed this important victory, and who
+now interceded for Valdivia, Caupolican was disposed to have
+shewn mercy to his vanquished foe; but while deliberating on the
+subject, an old ulmen of great authority among the Araucanians,
+indignant at the idea of sparing the life of their most dangerous
+enemy, dispatched the prisoner with a blow of his war club,
+saying that it would be madness to trust the promises of an
+ambitious enemy, who would laugh at his oaths when once he
+escaped the present danger. Caupolican was much exasperated at
+this interference with his supreme authority, and was disposed to
+have punished it severely; but most of his officers opposed
+themselves to his just resentment[69].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 69: According to Ovalle, Caupolican was
+forced by his officers to pronounce condemnation against
+Valdivia, which was executed immediately, but different accounts
+were given of the manner in which this was performed: some saying
+that it was done in the way related in the text, while others
+allege that they poured melted gold down his throat; that they
+preserved his head as a monument of victory, to animate their
+youth to a valorous defence of their country, and that they
+converted the bones of his legs and arms into flutes and
+trumpets.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Thus fell Pedro de Valdivia, the conqueror of Chili; a man of
+superior genius and of great political and military talents, but
+who, seduced by the romantic spirit of his age and country, had
+not sufficient prudence to employ them to the best advantage. His
+undertakings had been more fortunate, if he had properly
+estimated his own strength, and had less despised the courage and
+skill of the Araucanians, presuming on the dastardly example of
+the Peruvians, and the want of concert in the more northern
+tribes of Chili, against whom he had hitherto been accustomed to
+contend. Historians do not impute to him any of those cruelties
+with which the contemporary conquerors of America have been
+accused. It is true that, in the records of the Franciscans, two
+monks of that order are mentioned with applause, as having
+dissuaded him from exercising those cruelties which had been
+usual with other conquerors upon the natives of America. By some
+he has been accused of avarice, and they pretend that the
+Araucanians put him to death by pouring melted gold down his
+throat, in punishment of his inordinate search for that metal:
+But this is a mere fiction, copied from a similar story in
+ancient authors.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>Garcilasso de la Vega, Part I. Book vii. Chap. xxi. gives the
+following account of the battle in which Valdivia was defeated by
+the Araucanians.</p>
+
+<p>"In many skirmishes Valdivia always defeated the Araucanians
+and put them to flight, as they were in such dread of the Spanish
+horse that they never dared to adventure into the open plains,
+where ten Spaniards were able to beat a thousand Indians, for
+which reason they always kept lurking in the woods and mountains,
+where the Spanish cavalry could not get at them; whence they
+often sallied out, doing all the injury they were able against
+the Spaniards. The war continued in this manner for a long time;
+till at length an old captain of the Araucanians, who had been
+long famous in their wars, began to consider the reason why so
+small a number as only 150 Spaniards should be able to subdue and
+enslave twelve or thirteen thousand Araucanian warriors. After
+mature deliberation, he divided the Araucanian force into
+thirteen battalions each of a thousand men, which he drew up in
+successive lines at some distance, so as to act as a series of
+reserves one after the other, and marched in this new order of
+battle against the Spaniards one morning at day-break, ordering
+them to give louder shouts than usual, and to make a great noise
+with their drums and trumpets. Alarmed by the noise and shouts of
+the Indians, the Spaniards sallied forth to battle, and seeing
+the many divisions of the enemy, they imagined it would be much
+easier to break through and defeat these smaller battalions than
+if united in one body."</p>
+
+<p>"So soon as the Araucanian captain saw the Spaniards
+advancing, he exhorted the foremost battalion of his army to do
+their best; 'not, said he, that I expect you to overcome them;
+but you must do your utmost in defence of your country, and when
+you are worsted, then betake yourselves to flight, taking care
+not to break into and disorder the other battalions; and when you
+get into the rear of all, you must there rally and renew your
+ranks.' He gave similar orders to all the successive battalions,
+and appointed another officer to remain in the rear to restore
+the order of those who should retreat, and to make them eat and
+refresh themselves while the others continued the fight
+successively. Accordingly the foremost battalion fought for some
+time against the Spaniards, and when no longer able to withstand
+the impetuosity of their charge, they retired as ordered into the
+rear. The second, third, fourth, and fifth battalions did the
+same in succession, and were all successively defeated by the
+Spaniards, all retiring according to orders when their array was
+broken; yet in these reiterated combats the Spaniards sustained
+some loss both in men and horses. The Spaniards, having already
+defeated and put to flight five successive bodies of the enemy,
+and having fought three long hours, were astonished still to
+observe ten or twelve similar successive battalions before them
+in firm array, yet they gallantly attacked the sixth body which
+they likewise overthrew, and in like manner the seventh, eighth,
+ninth, and tenth. Having now fought seven hours without
+intermission, both the Spanish men and horses began to fail from
+long fatigue, and were unable to charge with the same vigour as
+in the beginning of the action, yet they exerted their utmost
+efforts not to shew any appearance of failure to the Indians. Yet
+the Indians could clearly perceive a material relaxation in the
+exertions of their enemies, to whom they did not allow a moment
+of repose, but plied them as at first with new and fresh
+battalions."</p>
+
+<p>"At length, seeing there was likely to be no end of this new
+way of fighting, as there were still eight or nine battalions of
+the enemy in view, and it being now drawing towards evening,
+Valdivia determined upon making a retreat before his men and
+horses should be entirely worn out and disabled by incessant
+action. He accordingly gave orders to his men to retreat, that
+they might reach a narrow pass about a league and a half from the
+field of battle, where they would be secure against attack, as in
+that place two Spaniards on foot were able to keep off the whole
+army of the Araucanians. He accordingly issued orders to his
+soldiers to retreat to that narrow defile, passing the word from
+rank to rank, with directions to turn and make head occasionally
+against the enemy. At this time Valdivia was attended by an
+Araucanian, youth named <i>Lautaro</i>, the son of an ulmen, who
+had been bred up in his family from a boy, and baptized by the
+name of Philip. Knowing both languages, and being more biassed by
+affection to his country than love to God or fidelity to his
+master, on hearing the orders given to retreat, he called out to
+the Araucanians not to be satisfied with the retreat of the
+Spaniards, but immediately to take possession of the narrow pass,
+by which they would ensure the entire destruction of their
+enemies. To encourage his countrymen by his example as well as
+his words, Lautaro took up a lance from the ground, with which he
+joined the foremost rank of the Araucanians, and assisted them to
+fight against his former master."</p>
+
+<p>"When the Araucanian captain observed the Spaniards preparing
+to retire, he immediately followed the advice of Lautaro, and
+ordered two fresh battalions of his troops to hasten in good
+order to occupy the narrow pass, and to use their utmost efforts
+to defend it till the rest of the army could get up to their
+assistance. With the remainder of his troops he pressed on
+against the retreating Spaniards, still plying them as from the
+first with fresh bodies of his men, and not allowing a moments
+respite to the enemy. On coming to the entrance of the narrow
+pass, where they expected to have been in safety, the Spaniards
+found it already occupied by the enemy, and began to despair of
+being able to escape. At this time, perceiving that both the
+Spanish men and horses were completely tired, the Araucanians
+broke in among them, fifteen or twenty of them seizing upon one
+horse, some catching him by the legs, others by the tail, and
+others by the mane; while others knocked down both men and horses
+with their great war-clubs, killing them with the greatest rage
+and fury."</p>
+
+<p>"Pedro de Valdivia, and a priest who accompanied him, were
+taken alive and tied to trees, until the Indians had dispatched
+all the rest, only three Indian auxiliaries of the Spaniards
+making their escape by favour of the night into a thicket,
+whence, being well acquainted with the ways and more faithful to
+their masters than Lautaro, they carried the fatal news to the
+Spaniards in Chili. The manner in which Valdivia was afterwards
+put to death has been differently related. Some say that Lautaro,
+finding him tied to a tree, killed him after reviling and
+reproaching him as a robber and a tyrant. The most certain
+intelligence is, that an old captain beat out his brains with a
+club. Others again say that the Araucanians passed the night
+after their victory in dances and mirth; and that at the end of
+every dance, they cut off a piece of flesh from Valdivia and
+another from the priest, both yet alive, which they broiled and
+eat before their faces. During which horrid repast, Valdivia
+confessed to the priest and they both expired."</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>SECTION VII.</p>
+
+<p><i>Continuation of the War between the Spaniards and
+Araucanians, from the death of Valdivia, to that of
+Caupolican.</i></p>
+
+<p>This important victory, which was gained in the evening of the
+3d December 1553, was celebrated next day by the Araucanians with
+all kinds of games and diversions, which were exhibited in a
+meadow surrounded by high trees, on which the heads of the
+slaughtered enemies were suspended as trophies of the victory. An
+immense concourse of inhabitants from all the surrounding country
+flocked to Tucapel to enjoy the triumph obtained over an enemy
+hitherto considered as invincible, and to join in the festivities
+on this joyful occasion. In token of triumph, the Araucanian
+officers dressed themselves in the clothes and armour of their
+slain enemies, and Caupolican decorated himself with the armour
+and surcoat of Valdivia, which was magnificently embroidered with
+gold. After the conclusion of the rejoicings, Caupolican
+presented Lautaro to the national assembly or Butacayog, which
+had met to deliberate upon the proper measures to be pursued in
+farther prosecution of the war; and, after a speech in which he
+attributed the whole success of the late glorious battle to the
+young warrior, he appointed him extraordinary vice-toqui, and to
+enjoy the command of a second army which was to be raised for
+protecting the frontiers against invasion from the Spaniards. In
+consideration of the inappreciable service he had rendered to his
+country, the advancement of Lautaro to this new dignity was
+approved and applauded by all the chiefs of the confederacy.
+Besides the nobility of his origin, as he belonged to the order
+of ulmens, Lautaro was singularly beautiful in his appearance,
+and conciliating in his manners, and possessed talents far
+surpassing his years, so that in the sequel he fully confirmed
+the sentiments now entertained of him by Caupolican and the rest
+of his countrymen.</p>
+
+<p>The sentiments of the assembled chiefs in respect to the
+farther prosecution of the war, were various and discordant.
+Colocolo and most of the Ulmens were of opinion, that they ought
+in the first place to endeavour to free their country from the
+remaining Spanish establishments within its bounds, before
+attempting to carry their incursions to the north of the Biobio.
+Tucapel and some others of the most daring officers, insisted
+that they ought to take advantage of the present circumstances to
+attack the Spaniards even in the city of St Jago, the centre of
+their colonies, while in a state of consternation and dismay, and
+to drive them entirely from the whole kingdom of Chili.
+Caupolican applauded the heroic sentiments of Tucapel, yet
+adopted the council of the elder chiefs, as the most prudent and
+beneficial for the interests of the nation.</p>
+
+<p>About this time Lincoyan, the former toqui, who was at the
+head of a detached body of troops engaged in harassing the
+dispersed settlements of the Spaniards in Araucania, fell in with
+a party of fifteen Spaniards, on their march from Imperial to
+join Valdivia, of whose total defeat they had not yet received
+intelligence. Before engaging with the enemy, whom they
+confidently expected to defeat with the utmost facility, these
+Spaniards vainly regretted that their number exceeded twelve, in
+hope that the event of the day would stamp upon their names the
+chivalrous title of <i>the twelve of fame</i>. Their wishes were
+soon more than gratified, as seven of them fell at the first
+encounter with the enemy, and the remaining seven, taking
+advantage of the swiftness of their horses, escaped severely
+wounded to the fortress of Puren, carrying with them the
+melancholy intelligence of the total destruction of Valdivia and
+his army. On this distressing news the Spanish inhabitants of
+Puren, and Frontera or Angol, retired to Imperial, where they
+considered themselves in greater security than in these other
+more inland fortresses, which were entirely surrounded by the
+country of the victorious enemy. About the same time the
+inhabitants of Villarica abandoned that settlement and took
+refuge in Valdivia; so that two Spanish establishments only now
+remained in the Araucanian country, and both of them at a great
+distance from reinforcements or assistance. As Caupolican
+determined upon besieging these two cities, he committed to
+Lautaro the charge of defending the northern frontier against
+invasion, and set out for the south to reduce the cities of
+Imperial and Valdivia.</p>
+
+<p>The young and gallant vice-toqui, Lautaro, accordingly took
+post on the lofty mountain of Mariguenu, which intervenes between
+Conception and Arauco, and which he fortified with extraordinary
+care, rightly judging that the Spaniards would take that road in
+search of Caupolican on purpose to revenge the defeat and death
+of their general Valdivia. This mountain, which has proved fatal
+to the Spaniards on several occasions in their wars with the
+Araucanians, has a large plain on its summit interspersed with
+shady trees. Its steep sides are full of rude precipices and deep
+clefts or ravines, its western end being rendered inaccessible by
+the sea, while on the east it is secured by an impenetrable
+forest. The north side only was accessible to the Spaniards, and
+even in that way it was only possible to reach the top by a
+narrow and winding path.</p>
+
+<p>The two Promaucians who alone had escaped from the fatal
+battle of Tucapel, by favour of the darkness and under covert of
+a thick wood, reached Conception, which they filled with grief
+and consternation, by relating the total overthrow and massacre
+of the army of Valdivia. When the general terror and dismay had a
+little subsided, the magistrates proceeded to open the sealed
+instructions which had been left with them by Valdivia, when he
+departed on his late fatal expedition. In these he named Alderte,
+Aguirre, and Villagran successively to the vacant government in
+case of his own decease. Alderte being gone to Europe, and
+Aguirre absent on his expedition into the distant province of
+Cujo, the command devolved on Villagran. After such preparations
+as appeared necessary under the present emergency, Villagran
+crossed the Biobio with a considerable army of Spaniards and
+Promaucian auxiliaries, intending to march for Arauco in the
+first place. In a narrow pass at no great distance to the south
+of the Biobio, he was vigorously opposed by a body of Araucanian
+warriors, who withstood the utmost efforts of his army for three
+hours, and then withdrew continually fighting, towards the top of
+the mountain where Lautaro awaited the approach of the Spaniards
+with the main body of his army, in a well chosen post defended by
+a strong palisade. Villagran ordered the squadrons of cavalry to
+force their way up the difficult passage of the mountain, which
+they effected with infinite difficulty and severe fatigue, and
+were received at a short distance from the summit by showers of
+stones, arrows, and other missiles, which were incessantly
+discharged against them by the vigilant and brave Araucanians.
+Villagran, who followed his cavalry at the head of all the
+infantry of his army, with six pieces of artillery, seeing the
+determined opposition of the enemy, several detachments of whom
+were endeavouring to gain his flanks and rear, ordered his
+musquetry to advance, and the artillery to take a favourable
+position for annoying the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>The mountain was enveloped in smoke, and resounded on all
+sides with the thunder of the Spanish cannon and musquets, while
+the balls were heard whistling in every direction, and dealing
+destruction among the ranks of the valiant Araucanians, who
+continued vigorously to defend their post, undismayed at the
+numbers who fell amid their thick array. Perceiving that his
+principal loss was occasioned by the cannon, Lautaro gave orders
+to one of his bravest officers, named Leucoton, to sally from the
+camp with a select detachment of troops, and to gain possession
+of the cannon at all events, or never more to appear in his
+presence. Leucoton executed his orders with the utmost bravery,
+and after a furious and bloody contest with the guard of the
+guns, carried them off in triumph; while Lautaro, to prevent the
+Spaniards from sending succours to their artillery, made a
+furious general attack on the whole line with all his troops.
+Astonished by this bold and general attack, and dismayed by the
+loss of their cannon, the Spanish horse and foot fell into
+confusion and disorder, and were so furiously pressed upon by the
+valiant Lautaro and his troops, that they dispersed and fled with
+the utmost precipitation. Three thousand of the Spaniards and
+their Promaucian allies were slain in this decisive battle,
+Villagran himself, having fallen in the retreat, was on the point
+of being taken prisoner, when he was rescued by the almost
+incredible efforts of three of his soldiers, and remounted on his
+horse. The remaining Spaniards urged on their almost exhausted
+horses to regain the narrow defile where the engagement had
+commenced, and were closely pursued by the Araucanians; but on
+arriving at the pass, they found it blocked up with trees, which
+had been felled across by orders of Lautaro. The engagement was
+renewed at this place with the utmost fury, and not a man of the
+broken army would have escaped, had not Villagran opened the pass
+at the utmost hazard of his life. Though the Araucanians had lost
+above seven hundred men in the course of this eventful battle,
+they continued the pursuit a long way; but at length, unable to
+keep up with the horses, and exhausted with excessive fatigue,
+they gave up the pursuit, and Lautaro encamped for the night to
+refresh his men, determined upon passing the Biobio next day to
+follow up the consequences of his glorious and decisive
+victory.</p>
+
+<p>On the arrival of the few Spaniards at Conception who had been
+able to escape from the slaughter at Mariguenu, the city of
+Conception was filled with indescribable grief and dismay, not a
+family but had to deplore the loss of some near relation; and the
+alarm was greatly increased by learning that Lautaro was fast
+approaching with his victorious army. As Villagran considered it
+to be impossible to defend the city under the present dismay of
+his small remaining force, he hastily embarked all the old men,
+women, and children on board two ships that happened to be then
+in the harbour, one of which he ordered to proceed to Imperial,
+and the other to Valparaiso, while he proceeded by land for St
+Jago with all the rest of the inhabitants who were able to carry
+arms. Lautaro entered the city next day without opposition, which
+he found entirely deserted of its inhabitants, but filled with
+much valuable booty, as by its mines and commerce it had already
+attained considerable opulence, and the inhabitants were in such
+haste to escape with their lives, that they only took what
+provisions they could procure along with them, and abandoned
+their riches. After removing every thing that was valuable,
+Lautaro burnt all the houses, and razed the citadel and other
+fortifications; after which he returned with his army to Arauco,
+to celebrate his triumph after the manner usual in his
+country.</p>
+
+<p>While Lautaro thus bravely asserted the independence of his
+country on the frontiers, Caupolican marched into the south, as
+has been already mentioned, to invest the cities of Imperial and
+Valdivia, both of which he held closely blockaded. In this
+emergency, the governors of these two cities demanded succours
+from Villagran; who, notwithstanding his late terrible defeat,
+sent a sufficient number of troops for their defence with all
+possible speed; and both places being accessible by sea, these
+succours were able to arrive in time to prevent Caupolican from
+gaining possession of either.</p>
+
+<p>"When the army of Caupolican drew near to the city of
+Imperial, the air was suddenly enveloped in black clouds, whence
+arose a mighty storm of hail and rain. In the midst of the
+tempest the <i>epumanon</i> or war god of the Araucanians, made
+his appearance in form of a terrible dragon, casting out fire at
+his mouth and nostrils, and desired them to hasten their march as
+he would deliver the city into their hands, on which occasion he
+enjoined them to put all the Christians to the sword. The
+<i>epumanon</i> then disappeared, and they pursued their way
+joyfully, being animated by this oracle. On a sudden the heavens
+cleared up, and a most beautiful woman was seen, seated on a
+bright cloud, and having a charming yet severe and majestic
+countenance, which much abated the pride and haughtiness inspired
+by the former vision. This was the <i>queen of heaven</i>, who
+commanded them to return to their own homes, for God was resolved
+to favour the Christians; and they immediately obeyed[70]."</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 70: This paragraph, within inverted commas,
+is literally copied from Ovalle, as an instance of the puerile
+conceits indulged in by the true Catholic writers of the
+seventeenth century. The brave and faithful Bernal Diaz at the
+beginning of the sixteenth century saw no miracles during the
+conquest of Mexico, and the judicious Molina at the close of the
+eighteenth, modestly refrains from copying any such incredible
+absurdities into his history of Chili.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>On abandoning the sieges of Imperial and Valdivia, Caupolican
+went to join Lautaro at Conception, in order to attempt some
+enterprise against the Spaniards more practicable than the attack
+of fortifications, for the assault of which the Araucanians
+possessed no sufficient arts or arms. Availing himself of the
+absence of his redoubted enemy; Villagran, who appears to have
+gone along with the succours to Imperial, ravaged the whole
+Araucanian territory around that city, burning and destroying the
+houses and crops, and carrying off all the provisions that were
+not destroyed to the town. Though of a humane and generous
+disposition, averse from the exercise of violence, Villagran
+endeavoured to vindicate the employment of these rigorous
+measures by the necessity of circumstances, and the pretended
+rights of war: But on this occasion they were of no real service
+to the Spanish cause, which they contributed to render more
+odious to the Araucanians; and in general the only effect which
+such barbarous conduct produces, is to heap distress on the weak
+and helpless. To the other terrible calamities inseparable from
+war, especially when carried on in this barbarous manner, a
+pestilential disease was superadded which committed dreadful
+ravages in Chili, especially among the natives. During the
+incursions of Villagran into the Araucanian territory, some
+Spanish soldiers, who were either infected at the time or had
+recently recovered from the small pox, communicated that fatal
+disease for the first time to the Araucanians, among whom it
+spread with the more direful and rapid destruction, as they were
+utterly unacquainted with its nature. So universal and dreadful
+was the mortality on this occasion in several provinces, that, in
+one district containing a population of twelve thousand persons,
+not more than a hundred escaped with life. This pestilential
+disorder, which has been more destructive than any other to the
+human race, had been introduced a few years before into the
+northern parts of Chili, where it then occasioned great mortality
+among the natives, and where it has since frequently reappeared
+at uncertain intervals, and has greatly diminished the aboriginal
+population. For more than a century, counting from the present
+times, 1787, the southern provinces of Chili forming the
+Araucanian confederacy, have been exempted from the ravages of
+this cruel disease, in consequence of the most rigorous
+precautions being employed by the inhabitants to prevent all
+communication with the infected countries, similar to those used
+in Europe to prevent the introduction of the plague.</p>
+
+<p>"The following anecdote will shew what horror the small-pox
+has inspired into the natives of Araucania. Some considerable
+time ago[71], the viceroy of Peru sent as a present to the
+governor of Chili, several jars of honey, wine, olives, and
+different seeds. One of these jars happened to break while
+landing, and some Indians who were employed as labourers on this
+occasion, imagined that the contents of the jar were the purulent
+matter of the small-pox, imported by the governor for the purpose
+of being disseminated among the Araucanian provinces, to
+exterminate their inhabitants. They immediately gave notice to
+their countrymen, who stopped all intercourse with the Spanish
+provinces and flew to arms, killing above forty Spaniards who
+were then among them in the full security of peace. To revenge
+this outrage, the governor marched with an army into the
+Araucanian territory, and a new war was excited which continued
+for some time to the great injury of both nations."</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 71: The passage within commas is a note in
+the original English publication of Molina; and from subsequent
+parts of the history, the event here related appears to have
+occurred about the commencement of the seventeenth century, or
+more than two hundred years ago.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>While Villagran was using every possible exertion to maintain
+the Spanish power in the south of Chili, by combating the brave
+and victorious Araucanians, he found himself on the point of
+being compelled to turn his arms against his own countrymen. It
+has been already mentioned that Valdivia, in the instructions he
+left with the magistrates of Conception before his fatal
+expedition into Araucania, had nominated Francisco Aguirre in the
+second place as his own successor in the government, and that
+Villagran, only third in nomination, had succeeded to the command
+in consequence of the absence of the other two who were prior to
+himself. When Aguirre, who was then in Cujo, where he does not
+appear to have effected any thing of importance, was informed of
+the death of Valdivia, and his own destination to the government
+of Chili, he considered the assumption of the vacant command by
+Villagran as prejudicial to his own just rights, and immediately
+returned into Chili with sixty men who remained of his
+detachment, determined to acquire possession of the government by
+force or favour. His pretensions and those of Villagran must
+infallibly have kindled a civil war among the Spaniards in Chili,
+to the ruin or vast detriment of the Spanish interest, had not
+the competitors agreed to submit the decision of their respective
+claims to the royal audience at Lima, which at that time, 1555,
+held the supreme legal jurisdiction over all the Spanish
+dominions in South America. On this appeal, the court of audience
+thought proper to set aside the pretensions of both competitors,
+and issued an edict authorizing the corregidors of the different
+cities to command each in their respective districts, till
+farther orders. Perceiving the extreme inconvenience that must
+have necessarily resulted to the interests of the colony, from
+this divided government, especially during so important a war,
+the principal inhabitants remonstrated against the impolicy of
+this decree. The royal audience listened to the representations
+of the colonists, and appointed Villagran to resume the command,
+but only granted him the title of corregidor, and gave him orders
+to rebuild the city of Conception. Although convinced of the
+inutility of this measure in the present conjuncture, Villagran,
+in obedience to the orders, proceeded immediately to that place
+with eighty-five families, whom he established there, and erected
+a strong fortification for their defence.</p>
+
+<p>The native inhabitants of that part of the country which
+formed the territory of Conception, were indignant at being again
+subjected to the intolerable yoke of the Spaniards, and had
+recourse to the Araucanians for protection. Caupolican, who seems
+at this time to have remained in almost entire inaction, either
+ignorant of the proceedings of the Spaniards, or from some other
+cause of which we are not informed, immediately sent Lautaro at
+the head of two thousand warriors to the assistance of the
+distressed natives on the north side of the Biobio. The young
+vice-toqui, exasperated at what he called the obstinacy of the
+Spaniards in rebuilding the city which he had destroyed,
+immediately passed the Biobio, and the Spaniards imprudently
+awaited him in the open plain, confiding in their own valour and
+arms, despising the superior numbers of the barbarians. The
+Spaniards, however, were panic struck at the furious energy of
+the first encounter, and fled with precipitation to take shelter
+behind their ramparts; but were so closely pursued by Lautaro and
+his valiant followers, that they were unable to close the gate.
+The Araucanians entered the city along with the fugitives, many
+of whom were slain; and the small remnant made a precipitate
+retreat, part of them by embarking in a ship then in the port,
+and others by taking refuge in the woods, whence they returned
+through bye-paths to St Jago.</p>
+
+<p>Lautaro immediately plundered and burnt the city, and returned
+loaded with spoils to his usual station on the mountain of
+Mariguenu. The successful issue of this enterprise excited
+Caupolican to resume the sieges or blockades of Imperial and
+Valdivia, during which Lautaro undertook to make a diversion of
+the Spanish forces, by marching against St Jago, by which he
+expected to prevent them from sending reinforcements into the
+south, and he even conceived that it might be possible to gain
+possession of that capital of the Spanish dominions in Chili,
+notwithstanding its great distance; as the successes he had
+already obtained so filled his mind with confidence that no
+difficulty appeared too great to be overcome. In order to execute
+this hazardous enterprise, which appears to have been concerted
+with Caupolican, he only required five hundred men to be selected
+by himself from the Araucanian army; but so many pressed to serve
+under his victorious standard, that he was obliged to admit an
+additional hundred. With this determined band of six hundred
+warriors, he traversed all the provinces between the rivers
+Biobio and Maul&eacute;, without doing any injury to the natives,
+who hailed him as their deliverer from the Spanish tyranny. But
+on crossing the latter river, he immediately proceeded to lay
+waste the lands of the Promaucians, who were detested by the
+Araucanians for acting as auxiliaries to the Spaniards. Had he
+treated them with kindness, he might in all probability have
+detached them from the Spanish interest and united them in
+alliance with his own nation. But impelled by eagerness for
+revenge, he did not appreciate the good effects which might have
+flowed from a reconciliation with that numerous and warlike
+nation, whom he considered as traitors to the common cause.
+Having satiated his revenge, he fortified himself in an
+advantageous post in their territory on the banks of the
+Rio-claro, probably on purpose to gain more correct information
+respecting the state of the city he intended to attack.</p>
+
+<p>This ill-judged delay was of great importance to the
+inhabitants of St Jago, by giving them time to prepare for their
+defence. They could not at first believe it possible that Lautaro
+would have the audacity to undertake a march of three hundred
+miles beyond the Araucanian frontiers to attack their city; but
+undeceived by the refugees from Conception, and the daily reports
+of the ravages of the enemy in the territories of the
+Promaucians, they dispatched Juan Godinez with an escort of
+twenty-five horse into the Promaucian country to watch the
+motions of the enemy, and to send intelligence of his proceedings
+and designs. Godinez was unexpectedly attacked by a detachment of
+the Araucanians, and obliged to make a precipitate retreat to St
+Jago, with his numbers considerably diminished, and filled the
+capital with consternation and dismay at the intelligence of the
+near approach of their redoubted enemy. On this occasion the
+Araucanians took ten horses and some arms from the Spaniards,
+both of which were used by them in the succeeding actions.</p>
+
+<p>Villagran, who was at this time unable to take the field in
+consequence of illness, sent his son Pedro against Lautaro with
+such troops as could be procured, and immediately proceeded to
+fortify all the approaches to the city of St Jago with strong
+entrenchments. In the mean time, young Villagran attacked the
+Araucanians in their fortified post. Instructed by their intrepid
+yet wary commander, the Araucanians pretended to take flight
+after a short resistance; but the Spaniards were no sooner
+entered into the abandoned inclosure, than they returned upon
+them with such impetuosity, that Pedro and his men were
+completely routed, and only the cavalry was able to escape by
+flight, all the infantry who had penetrated the Araucanian camp
+being put to death. After procuring reinforcements, young
+Villagran returned three several times to attack the camp of
+Lautaro, in all of which attempts he was repulsed with
+considerable loss. He now encamped his force in a low meadow on
+the banks of the river Mataquito, at no great distance from the
+entrenched post of Lautaro. The Araucanian general formed a plan
+for inundating the camp of the Spaniards during night, by turning
+upon them a branch of the river; but the Spaniards being informed
+of this design by a spy, withdrew to St Jago.</p>
+
+<p>Having recovered from his illness, Villagran was solicited by
+the citizens of St Jago to exert himself to dislodge the
+Araucanians from their neighbourhood, as they every moment
+expected to see them at their gates. He accordingly, some time in
+the year 1556, set out from the city at the head of 196 Spaniards
+and 1000 Indian auxiliaries, in search of Lautaro. Instructed by
+his severe defeat at Mariguenu, Villagran resolved to attack the
+enemy by surprise; and quitting the direct road, he secretly
+directed his march towards the Araucanian encampment in the night
+by a private path under the guidance of a spy, and reached their
+entrenchments undiscovered at day-break. Lautaro, who had been on
+guard all night according to his usual custom, had just retired
+to rest when the alarm was given of the attack from the
+Spaniards. He hastened immediately to the spot, to observe the
+enemy and to issue his orders for defence; but at the moment of
+his arrival, a dart from the hand of one of the Indian
+auxiliaries pierced him to the heart. Encouraged by this
+fortunate event, which was soon known to the Spaniards, Villagran
+urged the assault of the entrenchments, and soon forced an
+entrance in spite of the Araucanians, who made an obstinate
+defence. Finding their post carried, the Araucanians retired to
+an angle of their works, determined rather to allow themselves to
+be cut in pieces than to surrender. In vain the Spanish commander
+repeatedly offered quarter; they continued fighting with the
+utmost obstinacy till every man of them was cut off, many of them
+even throwing themselves on the lances of the Spaniards, as if
+courting death in preference to submission. This victory, which
+was not obtained without considerable loss on the part of the
+Spaniards and their allies, was celebrated in St Jago and the
+other Spanish settlements with every demonstration of joy. The
+Spaniards felicitated themselves on being freed from a redoubted
+enemy, who at the early age of nineteen had already obtained so
+many victories over them, and who threatened to destroy their
+settlements in Chili, and even to harass them in Peru.</p>
+
+<p>When the terror which this young hero had inspired was removed
+by his death, even his enemies extolled his valour and military
+talents, and compared him to the greatest generals who had
+figured in ancient times, calling him the Chilese Hannibal. To
+use the words of the abbe Olivarez:--"It is not just to
+depreciate the merit of one, who, had he been of our nation, we
+should have vaunted as a hero. If we celebrate the martial
+prowess of the Spanish Viriatus, we ought not to obscure the fame
+of the American Lautaro, as both valorously contended in arms for
+the liberties of their country."</p>
+
+<p>For a long time the Araucanians lamented the untimely fate of
+the valiant Lautaro, to whom they owed all the success which
+their arms had hitherto atchieved, and on whose conduct and
+bravery they entirely relied for the preservation of their
+independence. His name is still celebrated in their heroic songs,
+and his actions are still proposed as the most glorious model for
+the imitation of their youth. Above all others, Caupolican felt
+and lamented the loss of his valiant associate. Far from thinking
+he had got free from a rival of his fame, he considered that he
+had lost his chief coadjutor in the glorious cause of restoring
+their nation to independence. Immediately on receiving the
+mournful intelligence, he quitted the siege of Imperial, though
+reduced to the last extremity, and returned with his army to
+defend the northern frontiers of Araucania, and to protect his
+country from the incursions of the Spaniards, as he learnt by his
+spies that they soon expected a large reinforcement of men and
+warlike stores from Peru under a new commander.</p>
+
+<p>On learning the death of Valdivia, as formerly related, Philip
+II. gave charge of the government and conquest of Chili to
+Alderete, the agent who had been sent by Valdivia into Spain, and
+furnished him for this purpose with six hundred regular troops.
+During the voyage to the Tierra Firma, the ship was set on fire
+by accident, by his sister who was accustomed to read in bed; and
+of the whole number on board, Alderete and three soldiers alone
+escaped to Porto Bello. Overcome with grief and disappointment at
+this melancholy catastrophe, Alderete died soon after in the
+small island of Taboga in the gulf of Panama. When informed of
+this disaster, and of the threatening aspect of affairs in Chili
+in consequence of the untoward events in the Araucanian war, the
+marquis of Canete, then viceroy of Peru, appointed his son Don
+Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza, to the vacant government. As this
+charge had become both important and dangerous, the marquis
+resolved that his son should be accompanied by such a body of
+forces as might be able to support his authority, and might
+enable him successfully to terminate the war against the
+Araucanians. As the civil dissensions in Peru were now at an end,
+and that country abounded in military adventurers eager for
+employment, he was soon able to levy a respectable force of horse
+and foot for this expedition. The infantry, all well equipped and
+appointed, with a great quantity of military stores; embarked in
+ten ships under the command of Don Garcia in person; and the
+cavalry marched by land under the orders of Garcia Ramon, who was
+appointed quarter-master-general of Chili.</p>
+
+<p>Don Garcia arrived with his fleet in safety in the Bay of
+Conception, in the month of April 1557, and came to anchor near
+the island of Quiriquina, which was chosen as the headquarters as
+a place of great security. The scanty population of the island
+attempted to oppose the disembarkation of the troops, but being
+soon dispersed by the artillery, they retired in their piraguas
+to the continent. A small number being made prisoners, the
+governor sent two or three of them with a message to the
+Araucanians, to inform them of his arrival, and that he was
+desirous to settle a lasting peace with them on fair terms. In an
+assembly of the Ulmens to deliberate upon this message, the
+general opinion was that no propositions ought to be listened to
+from an enemy who had returned in greater force than ever, under
+the idea that any terms they might propose would necessarily be
+treacherous and unfair. Old Colocolo observed, however, that no
+injury could arise from listening to the proposals of the Spanish
+governor; and that they even had now a favourable opportunity for
+obtaining a knowledge of the amount of his force, and for
+discovering his designs. For this purpose, therefore, he thought
+it advisable that they should send an intelligent person, under
+pretence of congratulating the new governor on his arrival, and
+thanking him for his offer of amicable terms of peace, who might
+at the same time gain information of whatever he should consider
+important to regulate their future conduct. Caupolican and most
+of the older officers adopted this judicious proposal, and the
+important commission was confided to Millalauco, a person who
+possessed every requisite for the business confided to his
+charge.</p>
+
+<p>Millalauco accordingly crossed the narrow strait which
+separates the island of Quiriquina from the continent, and
+presented himself to the Spaniards with all the pride which
+characterises the Araucanian nation. In their turn, the Spaniards
+were willing to give him a high idea of their military power, and
+drew out their troops in order of battle for his reception,
+conducting him to the tent of the governor amidst repeated
+discharges of their artillery. Not in the least disconcerted by
+this military parade, Millalauco complimented the governor in the
+name of Caupolican and the Araucanian chiefs, declaring that they
+would all be happy in the establishment of an honourable peace,
+advantageous to both nations, in their desire for which they were
+solely actuated by motives of humanity, and not by any dread of
+the Spanish power. Don Garcia, though much disappointed by these
+vague offers, replied in the same general terms respecting peace;
+and, after regaling the ambassador in a magnificent manner, he
+ordered some of his officers to conduct him over the whole
+encampment, in expectation of intimidating him by displaying the
+immense military preparations which accompanied him to Chili.
+This was exactly suited to the wishes of Millalauco, who observed
+every thing with the utmost attention, though with apparent
+indifference; and, having taken leave of the Spaniards, he
+returned to make his report to the assembled chiefs. On receiving
+an exact report of all that had been seen by their envoy, the
+Araucanian chiefs gave orders for the establishment of centinels
+along the coast of their country, to observe and communicate
+notice of the movements of the Spaniards, and commanded the
+warriors to prepare for taking the field at the first summons, as
+they believed a renewal of the war was near and inevitable.</p>
+
+<p>Don Garcia continued inactive almost the whole of the winter
+in the island of Quiriquina, waiting the arrival of his cavalry
+from Peru, and for reinforcements which he had required from the
+cities of Chili. At length, on the night of the 6th August 1557
+he privately landed 130 men and several engineers on the plain of
+Conception, and immediately took possession of Mount Pinto which
+commands the harbour, where he constructed a fort well garnished
+with cannon, and surrounded by a deep ditch. This event was
+immediately communicated to Caupolican, who hastily collected his
+forces, and passed the Biobio on the 9th of August, and next
+morning at day-break, a day remarkable in Europe by the defeat of
+the French at St Quintin, he assailed the new fortress on three
+sides at once, having sent on in front a body of pioneers to fill
+up the ditch with fascines and trunks of trees. The assault was
+long urged with all the furious and obstinate bravery which
+distinguishes the Araucanians. Numbers mounted the parapet, and
+some even leapt within the walls, destroying many of the
+defendants. But the cannon and musquetry of the Spaniards were so
+skilfully directed, and the slaughter of the assailants so
+prodigious, that the ditch was filled with dead bodies, serving
+as bridges for the new combatants who pressed on to replace their
+slain comrades. Tucapel, impelled by his rash and unparalleled
+valour, threw himself into the fort, where he slew four of the
+enemy with his formidable mace, and then made his escape by
+leaping from a precipice amidst a shower of balls.</p>
+
+<p>While the assault of the fortress was pushed with the utmost
+fury and was seen from the island of Quiriquina, the remainder of
+the Spanish army came over to the aid of the garrison, and formed
+in order of battle. The debarkation was observed by Caupolican
+who immediately sent a part of his troops to meet this new enemy.
+After a severe conflict of several hours, this detachment was
+driven back to the mountain with heavy loss, so that the
+Araucanians were now placed between two fires; yet they did not
+lose courage, and continued fighting till mid-day. At length,
+worn out with the length of the combat, the Araucanian general
+drew off to the Biobio, determined to collect a new army and to
+return to the attack. Having in a short time reinforced his army,
+Caupolican began his march towards Conception; but, learning on
+his way that the governor had received a numerous reinforcement,
+he halted on the banks of the Biobio, deeply chagrined at not
+being able to effect the destruction of the new fortress of
+Conception, which had been twice performed by Lautaro with the
+universal applause of the nation.</p>
+
+<p>In fact, on the preceding day the Spanish cavalry from Peru,
+consisting of 1000 well armed men, had arrived at Conception,
+together with another squadron of Spanish horse from Imperial,
+and 2000 Promaucian auxiliaries. Being now at the head of a
+numerous and well-appointed army, Don Garcia determined to invade
+the Araucanian territory. For this purpose he crossed the Biobio
+in boats, six miles above its mouth, where the river is about
+1500 paces broad. As the Spanish cannon in the boats commanded
+the opposite bank of the river, Caupolican made no attempt to
+obstruct the passage, but drew up his army at no great distance
+in a position flanked by thick woods, by which his retreat would
+be secured in case of being defeated. The battle began by several
+skirmishes, which ended in favour of the Araucanians; several
+advanced parties of the Spaniards being repulsed by the enemy
+with loss, though reinforced by order of Ramon the
+quarter-master-general. Alonzo Reynoso likewise, who was
+dispatched to their aid with fifty horse, was defeated in his
+turn, and obliged to retreat leaving several of his men dead on
+the field. At length the two armies met and joined battle.
+Encouraged by the advantages they had already gained, the
+Araucanians used every effort to come to close quarters with the
+Spaniards, notwithstanding the heavy fire of eight pieces of
+artillery which played incessantly from the front of the enemy.
+But when they came within reach of the musquetry, they were quite
+unable to resist the close and well directed fire continually
+kept up by the veteran troops of Peru. After many ineffectual
+attempts to close in with the Spaniards, and losing a vast number
+of their bravest warriors, they fell into confusion from the
+vacancies in their ranks, and began to give ground. By a well
+timed charge, the cavalry put them completely to the rout, and
+made a prodigious slaughter among them in their flight to the
+woods.</p>
+
+<p>Either from innate cruelty of disposition, or on mistaken
+principles of policy, Don Garcia pursued the most rigorous
+measures against the enemy. Contrary to the opinion and advice of
+most of his officers, he was the first who introduced the
+barbarous practice of mutilating and putting to death the
+prisoners; a system which may intimidate and restrain a base
+people accustomed to servitude, but cruelty is detestable in the
+estimation of a generous nation, and serves only to exasperate
+and render them irreconcileable[72]. Among the prisoners taken on
+this occasion was one named Galvarino, whose hands were cut off
+by order of Don Garcia, and was then set free. He returned to his
+countrymen, to whom he displayed his bloody and mutilated stumps,
+which so inflamed them with rage against the Spaniards, that they
+all swore never to make peace with them, and even denounced the
+punishment of death against any one who should have the baseness
+to propose such a measure. Even the women, excited by desire of
+revenge, offered to take up arms and fight along with their
+husbands, which was actually done by many of them in the
+subsequent battles. From thence originated the fable of Amazons
+in Chili, placed by some authors in the southern districts of
+that country.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 72: In a note of the original translation,
+it is said that "the Indian allies of the Spaniards cut off the
+calves from the Araucanian prisoners, which they roasted and eat.
+And, by means of certain leaves applied to the wounds, prevented
+the effusion of a single drop of blood."--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>After the victory, Don Garcia proceeded with his army into the
+province of Arauco, constantly harassed by flying detachments of
+the enemy, who never ceased doing them every possible injury. On
+his arrival at Melipuru[73], Don Garcia caused several native
+prisoners to be tortured, in order to obtain information of the
+situation of Caupolican, but none of them would discover the
+place of his retreat. On being informed of this barbarous
+procedure, Caupolican sent notice by a messenger that he was not
+far off, and meant to meet the Spaniards the next day. Don Garcia
+and his army, being alarmed by this intelligence, passed the
+whole night under arms, and accordingly the Araucanian army made
+its appearance next morning at day-break, advancing in regular
+array in three several lines. The Spanish cavalry made a furious
+charge upon the front line, commanded by Caupolican in person,
+who made his pikemen receive the charge with levelled spears,
+while the alternate mace-bearers were directed to strike at the
+horses heads. By this unexpected reception, the Spanish cavalry
+were obliged to retreat in confusion; upon which the Araucanian
+general and his division broke into the centre of the Spanish
+infantry with great slaughter, Caupolican killing five of them
+with his own hand. Tucapel advanced with his division in another
+quarter with equal success, and at the first attack broke his
+lance in the body of a Spaniard, and then drawing his sword slew
+seven others. He received several wounds at this time, yet seeing
+the valiant Rencu, formerly his rival for the office of toqui,
+surrounded by a crowd of enemies, he fell upon them with such
+fury that he killed a considerable number of them, and rescued
+Rencu from imminent danger. Victory, for a long time undecided,
+was on the point of declaring for the Araucanians, as the
+Spaniards were ready to give way; when Don Garcia gave orders to
+a body of reserve, hitherto unengaged, to attack that division of
+the enemy which was commanded by Lincoyan and Ongolmo. This
+order, which was executed with promptitude and success, preserved
+the Spanish army from total destruction. This line or division of
+the Araucanians being broken and routed, fell back tumultuously
+upon the other two divisions, then nearly victorious, and threw
+them into such inextricable confusion, that being utterly unable
+to restore his troops to order, after repeated ineffectual
+efforts, Caupolican was reluctantly constrained to sound a
+retreat, and yielded the victory to his enemies which he had
+fondly imagined was already secured to himself. In their retreat,
+the Araucanian army would have been utterly cut to pieces, had
+not Rencu, by posting himself in a neighbouring wood with a party
+of warriors whom he rallied, called off the attention of the
+victors from the pursuit, which they urged with the most deadly
+rancour. After sustaining the violence of the Spanish assault
+till such time as he judged his dispersed countrymen had ensured
+their safety, Rencu and his companions retired through the wood
+by a secret path and rejoined his countrymen.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 73: Called Millapoa, perhaps by mistake in
+Pinkerton's map of Chili, a place very near the southern shore of
+the Biobio, and marked <i>arruinada</i> probably meaning in
+ruins.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Before leaving Melipuru, Don Garcia caused twelve ulmens who
+were found among the prisoners, to be hanged on the trees that
+surrounded the field of battle, and Galvarino, now again a
+prisoner, was condemned to the same fate. That unfortunate youth,
+notwithstanding the loss of his hands, had accompanied the
+Araucanian army, and had never ceased during the late battle to
+excite his countrymen to fight valiantly, exhibiting his
+mutilated stumps to inspire them with fury and revenge, and even
+using his teeth to do all the injury he was able to the enemy.
+One of the captive ulmens, overcome with terror, abjectly
+petitioned for his life; but Galvarino reproached him in such
+severe terms for his cowardice, and inspired him with so great
+contempt for death, that he at length rejected a proffered
+pardon, and even entreated to die the first, as an expiation of
+his weakness, and the scandal he had brought upon the character
+of his nation. After this barbarous execution, by which he
+sullied the glory of his victory, Don Garcia proceeded into the
+province of Tucapel to the place where Valdivia had been defeated
+and slain, where he built, as if in contempt of the Araucanians,
+a city which he named <i>Canete</i>[74] from the titular
+appellation of his family. Being in the centre of the enemies
+country, he strengthened this new city or fortress with a good
+palisade, a deep ditch, and strong rampart, mounted with a number
+of cannon, and left a select garrison for its defence under the
+command of Alonzo Reynoso.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 74: Probably the place distinguished in
+modern maps by the name of Tucapel-viejo, about 40 miles south
+from the Biobio.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Believing that the Araucanians, whom he had now defeated in
+three successive battles, were no longer in condition to oppose
+his victorious arms, he went with his army to Imperial, where he
+was received in triumph. Soon after his arrival at that place, he
+sent off a plentiful supply of provisions for the garrison of his
+new city under a strong escort, which was attacked and routed in
+a narrow pass called Cayucupil by a body of Araucanians, and had
+certainly been entirely destroyed if the enemy had not given them
+an opportunity of escaping to Canete with little loss, by
+eagerness to seize the baggage. The fugitives were received in
+Canete with much joy, as Reynoso had learnt that Caupolican
+intended to attack him. In fact, only a few days afterwards, that
+indefatigable general, whom misfortune seemed to inspire with
+fresh courage, made a furious assault upon the place, in which
+his valiant troops, with arms so extremely inferior to their
+enemies, endured a continual fire of cannon and musquetry for
+five hours with the most heroic firmness, pulling up and burning
+the palisades, filling the ditch, and endeavouring to scale the
+ramparts. But valour alone was unable to prevail in this
+difficult enterprise, and Caupolican was constrained to desist
+from the attempt by open force, and to try some more secure
+expedient for attaining his end. With this view he persuaded one
+of his officers, named <i>Pran</i>, who was of an artful
+character, to introduce himself into the garrison as a deserter,
+in order to fall upon some device for delivering it up. Pran
+accordingly obtained admission in that character, and conducted
+himself with the most profound dissimulation. He soon formed a
+strict friendship with a Promaucian named Andrew, in the service
+of the Spaniards, who seemed a fit instrument for his purpose.
+One day, either artfully to sound or flatter him, Andrew
+pretended to sympathize with his new friend on the misfortunes of
+his country; and Pran eagerly took advantage of this favourable
+opportunity, as he thought, to carry his designs into execution,
+and revealed to Andrew the motive of his pretended desertion,
+earnestly entreating him to assist in the execution of his plan,
+which was to introduce some Araucanian soldiers into the place,
+during the time when the Spaniards were accustomed to indulge in
+their <i>siesta</i> or afternoon sleep. Andrew readily engaged to
+give every assistance in his power, and even offered to keep one
+of the gates open on the day assigned for executing the
+enterprise. Pran, elated with joy at the supposed acquisition of
+a so useful associate, hastened to Caupolican, who was only at a
+short distance from Canete, to whom he related the success of his
+endeavours. On his side, Andrew gave immediate notice of the
+intended plot to Reynoso, the commander of the fort, who desired
+him to keep up the deception by appearing to concur in its
+execution, in order to entrap the enemy in their own snare.</p>
+
+<p>Entirely occupied with an ardent desire of accomplishing this
+enterprise against Canete, Caupolican lost sight of his wonted
+prudence, and too easily reposed confidence in this ill concerted
+scheme. The better to arrange his measures on this occasion, he
+procured an interview with Andrew by means of Pran, and the
+artful Promaucian appeared before Caupolican with that flattering
+show of respect and attachment which villains know so well to
+assume. He broke out into virulent invectives against the
+Spaniards, whom he pretended to have always detested, and
+declared his readiness to perform the promise he had made to
+Pran, asserting that the execution of the plot would be perfectly
+easy. Caupolican applauded his partriotism, and engaged, if the
+plot succeeded, to raise him to the office of ulmen, and to
+appoint him first captain in the Araucanian army in reward of his
+services. He then shewed him the troops which he had along with
+him, appointing next day for executing the plot, and dismissed
+him with the strongest assurances of favour and esteem. Andrew
+immediately communicated the intelligence to Reynoso, and the
+Spaniards employed the whole of that night in making every
+preparation to obtain the greatest possible advantage from this
+double act of perfidy. When the particulars of this plot were
+communicated to the principal officers of the Araucanian army,
+they openly disapproved of it, as disgraceful to the national
+honour, and refused to accompany Caupolican in the expedition.
+But he obstinately adhered to his design, and began his march at
+day-break for Canete with three thousand men, with whom he posted
+himself in concealment near the place, till Pran came to inform
+him from Andrew that every thing was in readiness to deliver the
+place into his hands. The Araucanians immediately proceeded in
+silence towards the city, and finding the gate open according to
+promise began to enter it. When a sufficient number were got in,
+the Spaniards suddenly closed the gate upon them, and immediately
+opened a fire of grape-shot on those without who were crowding to
+the gate, making a dreadful slaughter. The cavalry belonging to
+the garrison, being all in readiness, issued from another gate,
+and completed the destruction of all who had escaped from the
+fire of the cannon, so that hardly one of all the Araucanians
+escaped. Caupolican escaped the general slaughter of his men with
+a small number of attendants, and retired to the mountains,
+whence he hoped to be soon able to return with a new army
+sufficiently numerous to keep the field. While the cavalry gave a
+loose to their fury on the Araucanians without the walls, the
+infantry were employed within the fort in putting to death all
+that had got through the gate; who, finding all chance of escape
+utterly hopeless, chose rather to be cut in pieces than
+surrender. Pran, discovering his error when too late, rushed
+among the thickest of the foe, and escaped by an honourable death
+from the well merited reproaches of his imprudent and fatal
+credulity. Among a few prisoners taken on this occasion were
+three ulmens, who were all blown from the mouths of cannon.</p>
+
+<p>As Don Garcia believed the Araucanian war was terminated by
+this destructive enterprise, he gave orders to rebuild the city
+of Conception, and desirous of adding fresh laurels to the
+victories he had already obtained, he marched in 1558 with a
+numerous army against the Cunches in the south of Chili, a nation
+which had not yet been assailed by the Spanish arms. On first
+hearing of the approach of the Spaniards, the chiefs of the
+Cunches met in council to deliberate whether they should submit
+or resist the invasion of these formidable strangers. On this
+occasion, one Tunconobal, an Araucanian exile, who was present in
+the assembly, was desired to give his opinion, which he did in
+the following terms. "Be cautious how you adopt either of these
+measures. If you submit, you will be despised as vassals and
+compelled to labour; if you resist in arms, you will be
+exterminated. If you desire to get free of these dangerous
+visitors, make them believe that you are miserably poor. Hide
+your property, particularly your gold; and be assured the
+Spaniards will not remain in your country if they have no
+expectation of procuring that sole object of all their wishes.
+Send them such a present as may impress them with an opinion of
+your extreme poverty, and in the mean time retire into the
+woods."</p>
+
+<p>The Cunches approved the wise council of the Araucanian, and
+deputed him with nine natives of the country to carry a present
+to the Spanish general, such as he had recommended. He clothed
+himself and his companions accordingly in wretched rags, and made
+his appearance with every mark of fear before Don Garcia. After
+complimenting him in rude terms, he presented him with a basket
+containing some roasted lizards and wild fruits, as all that the
+poverty of the country could supply. The Spaniards could not
+refrain from laughter at the wretched appearance of the
+ambassadors and their miserable present, and endeavoured to
+dissuade the governor from pursuing the expedition into so
+unpromising a region. Unwilling to relinquish his plan with too
+much facility, he exhorted his troops to persevere; assuring them
+that, according to information he had received, they would find a
+country abounding in the precious metals. This was indeed by no
+means improbable, as it was usual in America to meet with the
+richest countries after passing through frightful deserts. He
+then inquired of the Cunches which was the best road into the
+south. Tunconobal directed him towards the west, which was the
+roughest and most mountainous; and on being asked for a guide,
+left one of his companions, whom he directed to lead the Spanish
+army by the most difficult and desolate roads near the coast. The
+guide followed the instructions of Tunconobal with so much
+judgment, that although the Spaniards had been accustomed to
+surmount the severest fatigues in their pursuit of conquests,
+they declared they had never encountered such difficulties in any
+of their former marches. On the fourth day of this terrible
+march, their guide quitted them, and they found themselves in the
+middle of a frightful desert surrounded by rugged precipices,
+whence they could perceive no way by which to extricate
+themselves. But Don Garcia encouraged them to persevere, by the
+flattering assurance of soon reaching a happy country which would
+amply repay all their present fatigues and privations.</p>
+
+<p>Having at length overcome all the obstacles in their way, the
+Spaniards arrived at the top of a high mountain, whence they
+discovered the great archipelago of <i>Ancud</i>, more commonly
+named of Chilo&eacute;, the channels among the islands being
+covered by innumerable boats or canoes navigated by sails and
+oars. They were filled with joy at this unexpected prospect; and
+as they had suffered many days from hunger, they hastened to the
+shore, and were delighted by seeing a boat making towards them,
+in which were fifteen persons handsomely clothed. These natives
+immediately leaped on shore without evincing the smallest
+apprehension of the Spaniards, whom they cordially saluted,
+inquiring who they were, whence they came, whether they were
+going, and it they were in want of any thing. The Spaniards asked
+for provisions, and the chief of these strangers immediately gave
+them all the provisions in his boat, refusing to accept any thing
+in return, and promised to send them a large immediate supply
+from the neighbouring islands. Indeed the famished Spaniards had
+scarcely completed their encampment, when numerous piraguas
+arrived from the different islands, loaded with maize, fruit, and
+fish, all of which the natives distributed gratuitously among
+them. Constantly and liberally supplied by these friendly
+islanders, the Spaniards marched along the shore of the continent
+opposite the archipelago, all the way to the Bay of Reloncavi.
+Some of them went over to the neighbouring islands, where they
+found the land well cultivated, and the women employed in
+spinning wool, mixed with the feathers of sea-birds, which they
+manufactured into cloth for garments. The celebrated poet Ercilla
+was one of the party; and as he was solicitous of the reputation
+of having proceeded farther south than any other European, he
+crossed the gulf to the opposite shore, where he inscribed some
+verses on the bark of a tree, containing his own name and the
+date of the discovery, being the 31st January 1559.</p>
+
+<p>Satisfied with this discovery of the archipelago of Chiloe,
+Don Garcia returned towards the north, having one of the
+islanders as a guide, who conducted him safely to Imperial
+through the inland country of the Huilliches, which is for the
+most part level and abounds in provisions. The inhabitants, who
+are similar in all respects to their western neighbours the
+Cunches, made no opposition to his march through their country;
+and Don Garcia on this occasion founded the city of Osorno in
+their country at the western extremity of a great lake, though
+according to some authors he only rebuilt that town. For some
+time this place increased rapidly in population and wealth, in
+consequence of great abundance of fine gold being found in its
+neighbourhood, and of extensive manufactures of woollen and linen
+carried on by its inhabitants; but it was afterwards destroyed by
+the toqui Paillamacu[75].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 75: The ruins of Osorno are in lat. 40&deg;
+30' S. and long. 73&deg; 20' W. The lake, or <i>Desaguodero de
+Osorno</i>, extends 50 or 60 miles from east to west, by a
+breadth of 6 or 7 miles.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>While Don Garcia was engaged in this expedition into the south
+of Chili, Alonzo Reynoso the commandant of Canete used every
+effort to discover the place in which Caupolican lay concealed,
+both offering rewards for information and even employing torture
+to extort intelligence from the natives. He at length found a
+person who engaged to point out the place in which the Araucanian
+general had concealed himself ever since his last defeat. A
+detachment of cavalry was accordingly sent under the guidance of
+this traitor, and coming upon him by surprise one morning at
+day-break, succeeded in taking that great and heroic champion a
+prisoner, after a gallant resistance from ten faithful followers
+who continued to adhere to him under his misfortunes. During this
+combat, his wife incessantly exhorted him to die rather than
+surrender; and on seeing him made prisoner, she indignantly threw
+towards him her infant son, saying she would retain nothing that
+belonged to a coward. The detachment returned to Canete with
+their prisoner, amidst the rejoicings of the inhabitants, and
+Reynoso immediately ordered the redoubted toqui to be impaled and
+shot to death with arrows. On hearing his sentence, Caupolican
+addressed Reynoso as follows, without the smallest change of
+countenance, and preserving all his wonted dignity. "My death,
+can answer no possible end, except that of inflaming the
+inveterate hatred already entertained by my countrymen against
+the Spaniards. Far from being discouraged by the loss of an
+unfortunate leader, other Caupolicans will arise from my ashes,
+who will prosecute the war against you with better fortune. If
+however you spare my life, from the great influence I possess in
+Araucania, I may be of great service to the interests of your
+sovereign, and in aiding the propagation of your religion, which
+you say is the chief object of the destructive war you wage
+against us. But, if you are determined that I must die, send me
+into Spain; where, if your king thinks proper to condemn me, I
+may end my days without occasioning new disturbances to my
+unhappy country."</p>
+
+<p>This attempt of the unfortunate toqui to prevail on Reynoso to
+spare his life was in vain, as the sentence was ordered to be
+carried into immediate execution. A priest, who had been employed
+to converse with Caupolican, pretending to have converted him to
+the Christian faith, hastily administered the sacrament of
+baptism; after which the prisoner was conducted to the scaffold
+erected for his public execution. When he saw the instrument of
+punishment, which till then he did not clearly comprehend, and
+noticed a negro who was ready to execute the cruel sentence, he
+became exasperated, and hurled the executioner from the scaffold
+with a furious kick, indignantly exclaiming, "Is there no sword
+and some less unworthy hand to put a man like me to death? In
+this punishment there is no semblance of justice: It is base
+revenge!" He was however overpowered by numbers, and compelled to
+undergo the cruel and ignominious punishment to which he had been
+condemned. The name of Reynoso is still held in detestation, not
+only by the Araucanians, but even by the Spaniards themselves,
+who have ever reprobated his conduct, as cruel, unnecessary, and
+impolitic, and contrary to those principles of generosity on
+which they pride themselves as a nation.</p>
+
+<p>SECTION VIII.</p>
+
+<p><i>Continuation of the Araucanian War, after the Death of
+Caupolican, to the Reduction of the Archipelago of Chilo&eacute;
+by the Spaniards.</i></p>
+
+<p>The prediction of the great and unfortunate Caupolican was
+soon fulfilled, by the succession of new heroes to defend the
+liberties of the Araucanians against the Spaniards. Instigated by
+the most unbounded rage, that nation immediately proceeded to
+elect a new toqui, capable of taking ample revenge for the
+ignominious death of their late unfortunate general. On this
+occasion, a majority of the electors were disposed to have
+conferred the vacant office on the brave and impetuous Tucapel;
+but the old and sagacious Colocolo prevailed on the assembled
+Butacayog to elect the younger Caupolican, eldest son of the late
+toqui, who possessed the talents of his celebrated and lamented
+father. Tucapel a second time magnanimously submitted to the
+choice of the ulmens, and only required to be nominated
+vice-toqui, which was accordingly granted. The new toqui
+immediately assembled an army, with which he crossed the Biobio,
+intending to attack the city of Conception, which according to
+his information was only defended by a small number of soldiers.
+Having learned the intention of the Araucanian general, Reynoso
+followed him with five hundred men, and coming up with him at
+Talcaguano[76], a place not far from Conception, offered him
+battle. The young toqui unhesitatingly accepted the challenge,
+and, animating his soldiers both by his exhortations and example,
+fell with such fury upon the Spaniards, that he entirely defeated
+them. Pursued and wounded by the fierce Tucapel, Reynoso made his
+escape across the Biobio with a small party of cavalry; and,
+having collected fresh troops, returned to attack the Araucanians
+in their camp with no better success than before, and was again
+compelled to retire with loss and disgrace.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 76: In modern maps, a town called
+Tolcamando is situated on the north of the Biobio, not far from
+Conception, and is probably the place indicated in the
+text.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>After this second action, Millalauco was sent with a message
+from the toqui to the Spaniards in the island of Quiriquina,
+whence he brought back intelligence that Don Garcia, with a large
+body of troops from Imperial, was laying waste the neighbouring
+provinces belonging to the Araucanian confederacy. On this
+information, and influenced by the advice of the aged Colocolo,
+young Caupolican deferred his proposed enterprise against
+Conception, and hastened into the south to oppose Don Garcia,
+leaving a respectable force under Millalauco to make head against
+Reynoso. Don Garcia however, on being informed of the march of
+the Araucanian array against him, withdrew to Imperial, leaving a
+body of two hundred of his cavalry in ambush on the road by which
+Caupolican had to pass. Though unexpectedly attacked by the
+Spaniards, Caupolican defended himself with admirable courage and
+presence of mind, and not only repelled the Spaniards with very
+little loss on his own side, but cut in pieces a great number of
+his assailants, and pursued the rest to the gates of Imperial, to
+which he immediately laid close siege. In the mean time, Reynoso
+and Millalauco, after several severe yet inconclusive encounters,
+agreed to fight a single combat, a practice not unfrequent during
+the Araucanian war. They fought accordingly a long while without
+either being able to obtain the advantage; and at length,
+fatigued by their combat, they separated by mutual consent, and
+resumed their former mode of warfare.</p>
+
+<p>Caupolican prosecuted the siege of Imperial with much vigour,
+but possessed no means of making any impression on its
+fortifications. After several violent but unsuccessful assaults,
+he made an attempt to gain over the Promaucian auxiliaries of the
+Spaniards by means similar to what had been unsuccessfully
+employed by his father on a former occasion. Two of his officers,
+named Tulcamaru and Torquin, were employed on this hazardous
+service and detected by the Spaniards, by whom they were both
+impaled in sight of the Araucanian army, whom they exhorted in
+their last moments to die valiantly in defending the liberties of
+their country. At the same time, an hundred and twenty of the
+Promaucians, who had been seduced to favour the Araucanians, were
+hung on the ramparts, all of whom exhorted their countrymen to
+aid the Araucanians. Caupolican was anxious to siglize himself by
+the capture of a place which his heroic father had twice
+attempted in vain, and made a violent effort to carry the place
+by assault. He several times scaled the walls of the town in
+person, exposing his life to the most imminent danger, and even
+one night effected an entrance into the city, followed by Tucapel
+and a number of brave companions, but was repulsed by Don Garcia,
+whose vigilance was incessant. On this occasion, Caupolican
+withdrew, constantly fighting and covered by the blood of his
+enemies, to a bastion of the fortress, whence he escaped by an
+adventurous leap and rejoined his troops, who were in much
+apprehension for the safety of their brave and beloved commander.
+Wearied out by the length of the siege, which he saw no
+reasonable prospect of bringing to a favourable conclusion, and
+impatient of the inactivity of a blockade, Caupolican abandoned
+this ineffectual attempt upon Imperial, and turned his arms
+against Reynoso in hope of being able to take revenge upon him
+for the death of his father. But Don Garcia, by going to the
+assistance of that officer, rendered all his efforts
+ineffectual.</p>
+
+<p>In the campaign of the following year, 1559, numerous battles
+were fought between the two armies, with various successes; but
+as these produced no material change in the state of affairs, it
+is unnecessary to give any particular account of them. Though
+several of these encounters ended in favour of the Araucanians,
+yet Caupolican resolved to protract the war, as his troops were
+daily diminishing in numbers from being continually exposed to
+the fire arms of their enemies, while the Spaniards were
+constantly receiving recruits from Peru and Europe. With this
+intention, therefore, he took possession of a strong situation
+between Canete and Conception, in a place called Quipeo or
+Cuyapu, which he fortified so strongly as to be defensible by a
+few men against any number of enemies unprovided with artillery.
+On being informed of this measure, Don Garcia marched thither
+immediately with his army in order to dislodge the Araucanian
+general, but observing the strength of the position, he delayed
+for some time making an attack, in hope of drawing the enemy from
+their strong ground, so that his cavalry might have an
+opportunity of acting to advantage. In the mean time, frequent
+skirmishes took place between the two armies, in one of which the
+celebrated Millalauco was taken prisoner, and who reproached Don
+Garcia so severely for his cruel manner of making war, that he
+ordered him instantly to be impaled. While the Araucanians were
+thus blockaded in their intrenched camp, the traitor Andrew had
+the temerity to go one day with a message from Don Garcia to
+Caupolican, threatening him with the most cruel punishment if he
+did not immediately submit to the authority of the Spaniards.
+Caupolican, though much enraged at seeing before him the man who
+had betrayed his father, ordered him immediately to retire,
+saying that he would assuredly have put him to death by the most
+cruel tortures, if he had not been invested with the character of
+an ambassador. Yet Andrew ventured next day to come into the
+Araucanian camp as a spy, when he was taken prisoner, suspended
+by his feet from a tree, and suffocated with smoke.</p>
+
+<p>At length Don Garcia commenced his attack upon the camp of the
+Araucanians, by a violent cannonade from all his artillery.
+Caupolican and his valiant followers made a vigorous sally, and
+attacked the Spaniards with so much fury as to kill about forty
+of them at the first charge, and continued the battle for some
+time with much success. After a short time, Don Garcia, by a
+skilful evolution, cut off the retreat of the Araucanians and
+surrounded them on every side. Yet Caupolican and his intrepid
+soldiers fought with such desperate valour that the issue of the
+engagement remained doubtful for six hours; till, seeing Tucapel,
+Colocolo, Rencu, Lincoyan, Mariantu, Ongolmo, and several others
+of his most valiant officers slain, Caupolican attempted to
+retreat with the small remnant of his army: But, being overtaken
+by a party of horse from which he could not possibly escape, he
+slew himself to avoid a similar, cruel fate as that which his
+father had endured.</p>
+
+<p>Though Don Garcia had already been mistaken in supposing that
+the spirit of the Araucanians was entirely broken after their
+terrible overthrow at Canete, he now again thought he had good
+reason to believe the war wholly at an end. This victory of
+Quipeo seemed to him completely decisive, as the nation was now
+left without chiefs or troops, all their principal officers, and
+those who chiefly supported the courage of the Araucanians,
+having perished, with the flower of their soldiers, so that he
+believed the nation would henceforwards be entirely submissive to
+the will of the conquerors. Impressed with these hopes, he now
+devoted his whole attention to repair the losses occasioned by
+the war, rebuilding the fortifications which had been destroyed,
+particularly Arauco, Angol, and Villarica, all of which he
+repeopled and provided with competent garrisons. He caused all
+the mines which had been abandoned to be reopened, and others to
+be explored: And obtained the establishment of a bishopric in the
+capital of Chili, to which place he went in person to receive the
+first bishop, Fernando Barrionuevo, a Franciscan monk. Having a
+considerable number of veteran troops under his command, for most
+of whom he believed there was no longer occasion in Chili, he
+sent off a part of them under Pedro Castillo to complete the
+conquest of Cujo, formerly commenced by Francisco de Aguirre.
+Castillo subjected the Guarpes, the ancient inhabitants of that
+province, to the Spanish dominion, and founded two cities on the
+eastern skirts of the Andes, which he named San Juan and Mendoza,
+the latter in compliment to the family name of the governor Don
+Garcia. The extensive and fertile province of Cujo remained for a
+considerable time dependent on the government of Chili, but has
+been since transferred to the vice-royalty of Buenos Ayres, to
+which it seems more properly to appertain from its situation and
+natural boundaries.</p>
+
+<p>While Don Garcia thus took advantage of the apparent calm
+which prevailed in Chili, he received information that Francisco
+Villagran had arrived from Spain at Buenos Ayres, appointed to
+succeed him in the government of Chili, and that the king had
+promoted himself to the viceroyalty of Peru in reward for his
+services in his present government. In consequence of this
+information, he confided the interim government of Chili to the
+care of Rodrigo de Quiroga, and withdrew into Peru, to take
+possession of the exalted situation of viceroy which his father
+had formerly occupied.</p>
+
+<p>Villagran, who had been governor of Chid previous to Don
+Garcia, had gone to Europe when deprived of that government, and
+had procured his reinstatement from the court of Spain.
+Believing, from the information of Don Garcia and Quiroga, that
+the Araucanians were in no condition to give any future trouble,
+Villagran turned his whole attention after his arrival in Chili,
+to the reaquisition of the province of Tucuman, which had been
+annexed by himself to the government of Chili in 1549, and had
+been since attached to the viceroyalty of Peru. Gregorio
+Castaneda, whom he employed on this occasion, defeated the
+Peruvian commander, Juan Zurita, the author of the dismemberment,
+and restored that country to the authority of the governor of
+Chili. It continued however only a short time under their
+government, as, before the close of that century, they were again
+obliged by order from Spain to surrender it to the viceroy of
+Peru.</p>
+
+<p>Though Don Garcia and Quiroga had been long experienced in the
+character of the Araucanians, they had formed a very erroneous
+opinion of their temper and public spirit, when they deemed them
+finally subdued in consequence of the victories gained in the
+late war. Such is the invincible spirit of that brave nation,
+that even the severest reverses of fortunes are insufficient to
+induce them to submit. Even the heaviest losses, so far from
+filling them with dejection and dismay, served to inspire them
+with increased valour. Their heroic constancy under repeated
+defeats is perfectly wonderful, and the successful and determined
+perseverance with which they have ever defended their liberties
+and independence against the superior arms and power of the
+Spaniards, is without parallel in the history of the world. The
+scanty remains of the ulmens or Araucanian chiefs who had escaped
+from the late sanguinary conflicts against Don Garcia, were more
+resolved than ever to continue the war. Immediately after their
+late entire defeat at Quipeo, the ulmens assembled in a wood,
+where they unanimously elected an inferior officer named
+Antiguenu, who had signalized himself in the last unfortunate
+battle, to the vacant office of supreme toqui. Antiguenu readily
+accepted the honourable but hazardous command; but represented to
+the assembled chiefs, that as almost all the valiant youth of the
+nation had perished, he deemed it expedient for them to retire to
+some secure situation, until a new army could be collected of
+sufficient strength to keep the field. This prudent advice was
+approved by all, and accordingly Antiguenu retired with the small
+remains, of the Araucanian army to the inaccessible marshes of
+Lumaco, called Rochela by the Spaniards, where he caused high
+scaffolds to be erected to secure his men from the extreme and
+noxious moisture of that gloomy retreat. The young men who
+enlisted from time to time into the national army, went to that
+place to be instructed in the use of their arms, and the
+Araucanians still considered themselves free since they had a
+toqui who did not despair of vindicating the independence of
+their country.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as Antiguenu saw himself at the head of a respectable
+force, he issued from his retreat, and began to make incursions
+into the territory which was occupied by the Spaniards, both to
+inure his troops to discipline, and to subsist them at the
+expence of the enemy. When this unexpected intelligence was
+brought to St Jago, it gave great uneasiness to Villagran, who
+foresaw all the fatal consequences which might result from this
+new war, having already had long experience of the daring and
+invincible spirit of the Araucanians. In order if possible to
+stifle the threatening flame at its commencement, he immediately
+dispatched his son Pedro into the south, with as many troops as
+could be collected in haste, and soon after took the same
+direction himself with a more considerable force. The first
+skirmishes between the hostile armies were unfavourable to
+Antiguenu, and an attempt which he made to besiege Canete was
+equally unsuccessful. Antiguenu attributed his failure on these
+occasions to the inexperience of his troops, and sought on every
+occasion for opportunities of accustoming them to the use of
+arms. At length he had the satisfaction of convincing them that
+the Spaniards were not invincible, by defeating a body of
+Spaniards on the hills of Millapoa, commanded by Arias Pardo. To
+keep up the ardour and confidence which this success had excited
+in his soldiers, he now took possession of the strong post on the
+top of Mount Mariguenu, a place of fortunate omen for his
+country. Being either so much afflicted with the gout, or averse
+from exposing himself to the hazard of attacking that strong
+post, which had formerly proved so unfortunate to him, Villagran
+gave it in charge to one of his sons to dislodge the enemy from
+that formidable position. The rash yet enterprising young man
+attacked the Araucanian entrenchments with so little precaution
+that almost all his army was cut in pieces, and himself killed at
+the entrance of the encampment, and on this occasion the flower
+of the Spanish troops and a great number of their auxiliaries
+were cut off.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after this signal victory, Antiguenu marched
+against the fortress of Canete, rightly judging that it would not
+be in a condition to resist him in the present circumstances.
+Villagran was likewise convinced of the impossibility of
+defending that place, and anticipating the design of the
+Araucanian general, ordered all the inhabitants to withdraw, part
+of whom retired to Imperial and the rest to Conception.
+Antiguenu, therefore, on his arrival at that place, so fatal to
+his nation, had only the trouble of destroying the fortifications
+and setting fire to the houses, all of which he completely
+destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>Overcome with grief and anxiety, Villagran died soon after the
+disastrous battle of Mariguenu, universally regretted by the
+Spanish inhabitants of Chili, who lost in him a wise humane and
+valiant governor, to whose prudent conduct on several trying
+occasions they had been much beholden for the preservation of
+their conquests. Before his death, in virtue of special powers
+vested in him by his commission from the court of Spain, he
+appointed his eldest son Pedro to succeed him in the government,
+whose endowments of mind were in no respect inferior to those of
+his father. By the death of the governor, Antiguenu conceived
+that he had a favourable opportunity for undertaking some
+important enterprise. He divided his army, which now consisted of
+4000 men, into two bodies, one of which he ordered to lay siege
+to Conception under the command of his vice-toqui Antunecul, to
+attract the attention of the Spaniards in that quarter, while he
+marched with the other division to invest the fort of Arauco,
+which was defended by a strong garrison under the command of
+Lorenzo Bernal.</p>
+
+<p>Antunecul accordingly crossed the Biobio and encamped in a
+place called Leokethal, where he was twice attacked by the
+governor of Conception, against whom he defended himself so
+vigorously that he repulsed him with considerable loss, and
+followed him after the second attack to the city which he closely
+invested, by disposing his troops in six divisions around its
+walls. He continued the siege for two months, almost every day of
+which period was distinguished by some gallant assault or
+successful skirmish; but finding all his attempts to gain
+possession of the place unavailing, and being unable to prevent
+the introduction of frequent succours by sea to the besieged, he
+at length withdrew with the intention of making a new attempt at
+a more favourable opportunity.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time Antignenu pressed the siege of Arauco with
+the greatest vigour, but was resisted by the Spanish garrison
+with determined bravery. Observing that in all his attacks his
+bravest officers were pointed out to the Spaniards by their
+Indian auxiliaries, and made a mark for their artillery, he
+contrived by menus of emissaries to persuade the Spanish
+commander that the auxiliaries had plotted to deliver up the fort
+to the Arancanians. Bernal gave such credit to this false report,
+that he immediately ordered these unfortunate men to quit the
+place, and turned them out in spite of their remonstrances and
+entreaties. This was the very object aimed at by the politic
+toqui, who immediately caused them all to be seized and put to a
+cruel death in sight of the Spaniards, who were exceedingly
+exasperated at seeing themselves so grossly imposed upon by one
+whom they counted an ignorant barbarian. As the siege was
+protracted to a considerable length and Antiguenu was impatient
+for its conclusion, he challenged the governor to single combat,
+in hope of becoming master of the place by the death of Bernal;
+who, deeming himself secure of the victory, accepted the
+challenge in spite of the remonstrances of his soldiers. The
+battle between these champions continued for two hours, without
+either being able to obtain any advantage, or even to give his
+antagonist a single wound; when at length they were separated by
+their men. What Antiguenu had been unable to attain by force, was
+performed for him by famine. Several boats loaded with provisions
+had repeatedly attempted in vain to relieve the besieged, as the
+vigilance of the besiegers opposed an invincible obstacle to
+their introduction. At length Bernal found himself compelled to
+abandon the place for want of provisions, and the Araucanians
+permitted him and the garrison to retire without molestation,
+contenting themselves with burning the houses and demolishing the
+fortifications. The capture of Angol, after that of Caneto and
+Arauco, appeared so easy to Antiguenu, that he gave it in charge
+to one of his subalterns; who defeated a body of Spaniards
+commanded by Zurita, while on his march to invest Angol: But the
+Araucanian officer was defeated in his turn near Mulchen[77] by
+Diego Carranza, who had been sent against him by the inhabitants
+of that city.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 77: No such name occurs in the modern maps
+of Chili, but a town called Millaqui is situated about 20 miles
+to the north of Angol.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Solicitous to maintain the reputation of his arms, Antiguenu
+marched in person at the head of two thousand men to resume the
+attack upon Angol. Before proceeding to attack that place, he
+encamped at the confluence of the river Vergosa with the Biobio,
+where he was attacked by a Spanish army under the command of
+Bernal. In this engagement the Araucanians made use of some
+Spanish musquets which they had taken at their late victory of
+Mariguenu, which they employed with much skill, and bravely
+sustained the assault for three hours. At length, when four
+hundred of the auxiliaries and a considerable number of Spaniards
+had fallen, the infantry began to give way, upon which Bernal
+gave orders to his cavalry to put to death every one who
+attempted flight. This severe order brought back the Spanish
+infantry to their duty, and they attacked the entrenchments of
+the enemy with so much vigour that at length they forced their
+way into the camp of the Araucanians. Antiguenu exerted his
+utmost efforts to oppose the assailants; but he was at length
+forced along by the crowd of his soldiers, who were thrown into
+irretrievable confusion and fled. During the flight, he fell from
+a high bank into the river and was drowned. The Araucanians were
+defeated with prodigious slaughter, many of them perishing in the
+river in their attempt to escape by swimming. In this battle,
+which was fought in the year 1564, almost the whole of the
+victorious army was wounded, and a considerable number slain; but
+they recovered forty-one musquets, twenty-one cuirasses, fifteen
+helmets, and a great number of lances and other weapons which the
+Araucanians had obtained in their late victories, and had used
+against their former proprietors.</p>
+
+<p>While these events were passing on the banks of the Biobio, an
+Araucanian officer named Lillemu, who had been detached by
+Antiguenu to lay waste the provinces of Chillan and Itata,
+defeated a Spanish detachment of eighty men commanded by Pedro
+Balsa. To repress these ravages, the governor of Conception
+marched against Lillemu with an hundred and fifty men, and cut
+off a party of Araucanians who were desolating the province of
+Chillan. Lillemu hastened to their succour, but finding them
+defeated and dispersed, he was only able to save the remainder of
+his troops by making a gallant stand in a narrow pass with a
+small select band, by which he checked the advance of the enemy,
+and gave time to his army to effect their escape; but he and his
+brave companions sacrificed their lives in this gallant effort of
+patriotism.</p>
+
+<p>On the death of the valiant Antiguenu, the Araucanians elected
+as his successor in the toquiate a person named Paillataru, who
+was brother or cousin to the celebrated Lautaro, but of a very
+different character and disposition. Slow and circumspect in all
+his operations, the new toqui contented himself during the first
+years of his command in endeavouring to keep up the love of
+liberty among his countrymen, whom he led from time to time to
+ravage and plunder the possessions of the Spaniards, always
+avoiding any decisive conflict. About this time likewise the
+royal audience of Lima appointed Rodrigo de Quiroga to succeed
+the younger Villagran in the government of Chili; and Quiroga
+began his administration by arresting his predecessor in office,
+whom he sent prisoner into Peru.</p>
+
+<p>Having received a reinforcement of three hundred soldiers in
+1565, Quiroga invaded the Araucanian territory, where he rebuilt
+the fort of Arauco and the city of Canete, constructed a new
+fortress at the celebrated post of Quipeo, and ravaged all the
+neighbouring provinces. Towards the end of the year 1566, he sent
+Ruiz Gamboa with a detachment of sixty men to reduce the
+archipelago of Chilo&eacute; to subjection. Gamboa met with no
+resistance in this enterprise, and founded in the large island of
+Ancud or Chilo&eacute;, the small city of Castro, and the
+sea-port of Chacao. The islands of this archipelago are about
+eighty in number, having been produced by earthquakes, owing to
+the great number of volcanoes with which that country formerly
+abounded, and indeed every part of them exhibits the most
+unequivocal marks of fire. Several mountains in the great island
+of Chilo&eacute;, which has given name to the archipelago, are
+composed of basaltic columns, which could have only been produced
+by the operation of subterranean fire[78]. Though descended from
+the Chilese of the continent, as is evident from their
+appearance, manners, and language, the natives of these islands
+are quite of a different character, being of a pacific and rather
+timid disposition; insomuch that, although their population is
+said to have exceeded seventy thousand, they made no opposition
+to the handful of Spaniards sent on this occasion to reduce them,
+nor have they ever attempted to shake off the yoke until the
+beginning of the eighteenth century, when an insurrection of no
+great importance was excited, and very soon quelled[79].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 78: These are the opinions of Molina, not
+of the editor, who takes no part in the discussion between the
+Huttonians and Wemerians; neither indeed are there any data in
+the text on which to ground any opinion, were he even disposed by
+inclination or geognostic knowledge to become a party on either
+side.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 79: In the text, Molina gives here some
+account of the natives of Chilo&eacute;, which is postponed to
+the close of this chapter.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>SECTION IX.</p>
+
+<p><i>Continuation of the Araucanian war to the Destruction of
+all the Spanish settlements in the territories of that
+Nation</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The long continuance of the Araucanian war, and the great
+importance of the kingdom of Chili, at length determined Philip
+II. to erect a court of Royal Audience in Chili, independent upon
+that which had long subsisted in Peru. To this court, which was
+composed of four oydors or judges and a fiscal, the civil and
+military administration of the kingdom was confided; and its
+members made a solemn entry into the city of Conception, where
+they fixed their residence, on the 13th of August 1567.
+Immediately on assuming their functions, the judges removed
+Quiroga from the government, and appointed Ruiz Gamboa to the
+command of the army with the title of general. Learning that
+Paillataru, the toqui of the Araucanians, was preparing to
+besiege the city of Canete, Gamboa hastened to that place with a
+respectable force, and finding the toqui encamped not far from
+the threatened city, he attacked his fortified post, and defeated
+him after a long and obstinate contest. After this victory,
+Gamboa overran and laid waste the Araucanian territories for a
+whole year without opposition, and carried off great numbers of
+women and children into slavery. He employed every effort
+however, repeatedly to induce the Araucanians to enter into
+negotiations for peace, but to no purpose, as they preferred the
+endurance of every possible evil before the loss of their
+national liberty, and continually refused to listen to his
+proposals.</p>
+
+<p>As peace, so necessary to the well being of the Spanish
+settlements in Chili, seemed every day more remote, in spite of
+every effort for its attainment, it at length, appeared to the
+court of Spain that the government of a country in a continual
+state of war was improperly placed in the hands of a court of
+justice: Accordingly it was again confided to the management of a
+single chief, under the new titles of President, Governor, and
+Captain-general. Don Melchior Bravo de Saravia was invested with
+this triple character in 1568; a man well qualified to act as
+president of the court of audience and civil governor of the
+kingdom, but utterly incompetent to sustain the charge of
+captain-general; yet he was anxious to signalize the commencement
+of his government by the attainment of a splendid victory over
+the redoubtable Araucanians, for which an opportunity soon
+offered, but which redounded to his own disgrace.</p>
+
+<p>Paillataru had collected a new army, with which he occupied
+the strong position of Mariguenu, so fatal to the Spaniards, and
+which for some unaccountable reason they had neglected to
+fortify. Immediately on learning this circumstance, the governor
+marched against the toqui at the head of three hundred Spanish
+soldiers and a large auxiliary force. Like several of his
+predecessors, Paillataru had the glory of rendering this mountain
+famous by the total defeat of the Spanish army. The governor had
+the good fortune to make his escape from this battle, and
+precipitately withdrew with a small remnant of his troops to
+Angol, where he resigned the command of the army, appointing
+Gamboa major-general and Velasco[80] quarter-master. He was at
+this time so intimidated by his defeat, that he ordered these
+officers to evacuate the fortress of Arauco, so often already
+destroyed and rebuilt. While escorting the inhabitants of that
+place to Canete, these officers fell in with a division of the
+Araucanians, which they attacked and defeated. Yet Paillataru,
+who had removed from Mariguenu to the post of Quipeo, marched two
+days afterwards against Canete, which he proposed to besiege; but
+Gamboa advanced to meet him with all the troops he could collect,
+and gave him battle. The engagement continued more than two
+hours, and was one of the bloodiest and hardest contested ever
+fought in Chili. Though severely handled, the Spaniards remained
+masters of the field, and the Araucanians were compelled to
+retreat. Gamboa now invaded the Araucanian territory, intending
+to ravage it as formerly; but Paillataru, having repaired his
+losses in a short time by fresh levies, returning to defend his
+country, and compelled Gamboa to retreat with loss.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 80: In a subsequent passage Molina names
+this officer Benal. --E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>From this time, till the death of Paillataru, about four years
+afterwards, a suspension of arms or tacit truce was observed
+between the Spaniards and Araucanians. This was probably owing in
+a great measure to the general consternation occasioned by a
+dreadful earthquake which was felt throughout the whole country,
+and did great injury to the Spanish settlements, particularly to
+the city of Conception, which was entirely destroyed. Ever
+anxious to consolidate and give importance to their conquests,
+the court of Spain erected in 1570, a new bishopric in the city
+of Imperial, to which the vast extent of country between the
+river Maul&eacute; and the southern confines of Chili was
+assigned as a diocese[81].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 81: Since the loss of Imperial, Conception
+has been the residence of this bishop--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>About this time the <i>Mestees</i>, or descendents of
+Spaniards by Indian women had multiplied greatly in Chili, and
+perceiving the great advantage that might be derived from their
+assistance against the Spaniards, and to attach them to their
+cause by a strong acknowledgement that they were their
+countrymen, the Araucanians conferred the office of toqui upon
+one of these men named Alonzo Diaz, who had assumed the Chilese
+name of Paynenancu, and had distinguished himself for ten years
+by his valour and abilities, continually fighting in their
+armies. If his predecessor Paillataru had the fault of being too
+cautious in conducting the operations of the war, the new toqui
+was on the contrary so rash and daring, to avoid that imputation,
+that he constantly attacked the Spaniards with far inferior
+numbers, whence all his enterprises were unfortunate as might
+naturally have been expected.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately on receiving the investiture of the toquiate, he
+crossed the river Biobio, probably intending to have attacked
+Conception; but, before reaching that place, he was attacked and
+defeated by the quarter-master, notwithstanding the great valour
+with which he defended himself for a long time. Among the
+prisoners taken by the Spaniards on this occasion were several
+Araucanian women, all of whom killed themselves the same night.
+Paynenancu, having escaped from the carnage, raised a new army
+and marched against Villarica, but was again defeated by Rodrigo
+Bastidas, the military commandant of that city.</p>
+
+<p>While the war continued to rage in 1575, the licentiate
+Calderon arrived in Chili from Spain, with a commission to
+examine and regulate the government of that kingdom. His first
+step was to suppress the court of audience, on the sole principle
+of economy, and instead of the president Melchior Bravo, Rodrigo
+Quiroga, who had been formerly appointed governor by the audience
+of Lima, was reinstated in that office. Having assembled all the
+troops he could raise, the new governor proceeded in 1576 to the
+frontiers, to oppose the ravages of Paynenancu, who, though twice
+defeated, continued to harass the Spanish settlements by frequent
+inroads. But, as the toqui carefully avoided any rencounter, the
+governor contented himself with ravaging the Araucanian
+territories in revenge. Having afterwards received a
+reinforcement of two thousand men from Spain, he gave directions
+to his father-in-law[82] Gamboa to found a new city at the foot
+of the Cordellieras[83], between the cities of St Jago and
+Conception, which has since received the appellation of Chillan
+from the river on which it stands, and has become the capital of
+the fertile province of the same name. Shortly after the
+foundation of this new city, the governor died in 1580 at a very
+advanced age, having previously nominated Gamboa to succeed him
+in the government of the kingdom. Gamboa continued three years in
+the command, continually occupied in opposing the Araucanians in
+the south under their toqui Paynenancu, and in defending the
+kingdom on the east against the Pehuenches and Chiquillanians,
+who now began to molest the Spaniards at the instigation of the
+Araucanians.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 82: Thus in the original, though probably
+his son-in-law, as Quiroga died soon after at an advanced
+age.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 83: The city of Chillan, instead of being
+at the foot of the Andes, is in the plain country more than half
+way between that great chain and the sea.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The Pehuenches are a numerous tribe who inhabit that portion
+of the Andes of Chili which lies between the latitudes of 34&deg;
+and 37&deg; S. to the eastwards of the Spanish provinces of
+Calchagua, Maule, Chillan, and Huilquilemu. Their dress resembles
+that of the Araucanians, except that they wear a piece of cloth
+like the Japenese round the waist which hangs down to the
+knees[84], instead of drawers or breeches. Their boots or shoes
+are all of one piece of skin, being that of the hind leg of an ox
+taken off at the knee, which is fitted to the foot of the wearer
+while green, turning the hair side inmost, and sewing up one of
+the ends, the skin of the knee serving for the heel. By being
+constantly worn and frequently rubbed with tallow, these shoes
+become as soft and pliant as the best dressed leather[85]. Though
+these mountaineers are valiant and hardy soldiers, yet are they
+fond of adorning themselves like women, decorating themselves
+with ear-rings and bracelets of glass-beads, with which also they
+ornament their hair, and hang small bells around their heads.
+Although possessed of numerous herds of cattle and sheep, their
+usual food is horse flesh, which like the Tartars they prefer to
+all other kinds, and always eat cooked, either by boiling or
+roasting. Like the Bedowin Arabs, the Pehuenches dwell in tents
+made of skins, disposed in a circular form around a spacious
+area, in which their cattle feed while the herbage lasts; and
+when that begins to fail they remove their camp to a fresh
+pasture, continually traversing in this manner the valleys among
+the Andes. Each village or encampment is governed by a hereditary
+ulmen. Their language and religion resemble those of the
+Araucanians. They are extremely fond of hunting, and often
+traverse the immense plains which stretch from the great Rio
+Plata to the Straits of Magellan in pursuit of game, sometimes
+extending their excursions as far as Buenos Ayres, and even
+occasionally indulge in plundering the vicinity of that city.
+They frequently attack the caravans which pass between Buenos
+Ayres and Chili, and have been so successful in these predatory
+enterprises as almost to have stopped that commerce entirely.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 84: A comparison more familiar to the
+British reader might be made to the <i>philabeg</i> or short
+petticoat worn by the Scots Highlanders--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 85: In this part of dress they likewise
+resemble the Scots Highlanders of old, who wore a kind of shoes
+made of raw hides with the hair on, called <i>rough rullions</i>.
+In both of course using the most obvious and easiest means of
+decency and protection. Before the introduction of European
+cattle into Chili, the natives must have employed the skins of
+the original animals of the country, probably of the
+<i>guemul</i> or <i>huemul</i>, the equus bisulcus of Molina and
+other naturalists, an animal having some resemblance to a horse
+but with cloven hoofs--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>It may be proper to relate what I noticed on a journey in that
+country, having set out from Mendoza in the province of Cujo, on
+the 27th of April 1783, with post horses for Buenos Ayres. We
+soon learnt, from some people whom we met, that the Pehuenches
+were out upon predatory excursions, and soon afterwards received
+the melancholy intelligence that they had committed horrible
+massacres in the <i>Portion of Magdalena</i>. In consequence of
+this, all the post-houses where we stopped were in a state of
+alarm, and some of them were entirely deserted. During the year
+before, three hundred of these Indians appeared suddenly before
+the post of Gutierrez, all lying back upon their horses and
+trailing their lances, in order to make it appear that it was
+only a drove of mares which is a very common sight in those
+<i>Pampas</i> or almost unlimited plains. Although they saw but
+one man who patroled the wall with his musquet, and was indeed
+the only person in the post, they were deterred from making any
+attack, supposing it to be strongly guarded. This man knew well
+that the horses were guided, by the exact order they pursued,
+though he could see nothing of the riders till they were very
+near. He had the prudence likewise to refrain from firing his
+musquet, which probably led them to believe there was a greater
+force within the place, and induced them to abandon the
+enterprise, venting their rage on the other unprotected
+inhabitants of the plains. The commander of the post of Amatrain
+was not so fortunate, as he was killed that same year along with
+a negro who accompanied him. These posts are fortified with
+palisades, or with a mud wall, and have a ditch and
+draw-bridge.</p>
+
+<p>Although the Pehuenches frequently commit depredations in
+these eastern plains, they have many years refrained from any
+hostilities within the boundaries of Chili, unless in times of
+actual war between the nations; induced to this either from fear
+of the military population of Chili, or by the advantages which
+they derive from trading with the inhabitants of that kingdom.
+Their favourite weapon is the <i>laque</i> or leathern thong with
+a stone at each end, which they always carry fastened to their
+girdles. It is highly probable that the ten Americans in the ship
+commanded by Orellana, of whose amazing and desperate courage,
+mention is made in Ansons voyage, were of this tribe.
+Notwithstanding their wandering and restless mode of life, they
+are more addicted to industrious and even commercial habits than
+any of the savage natives of South America. When in their tents,
+they are never idle. The women weave cloths of various colours,
+and the men occupy themselves in making baskets, and a variety of
+beautiful articles of wood, leather, skins, or feathers, which
+are much prized by the Spaniards. Every year they assemble in
+large numbers on the Spanish frontiers, where they hold a kind of
+fair which generally lasts fifteen or twenty days. On these
+occasions they bring for sale, besides horses and cattle, fossil
+salt, gypsum, pitch, bed-coverings, ponchos, skins, wool,
+bridle-reins beautifully wrought of plaited leather, baskets,
+wooden vessels, feathers, ostrich-eggs, and a variety of other
+articles; and receive in return wheat, wine, and European
+manufactures. In the conduct of this barter they are very
+skilful, and can with difficulty be overreached. Lest they should
+be cheated or plundered by the Christian merchants, who think
+every thing lawful against unbelievers, they never drink all at
+one time; but separate themselves into several companies, some of
+whom keep guard while the rest indulge in wine. They are
+generally humane, courteous, just in their dealings, and
+possessed of many estimable qualities.</p>
+
+<p>The Chiquillanians, whom some persons have supposed a tribe of
+the Pehueaches, live to the north-east of that nation, on the
+eastern borders, of the Andes[86]. These are the most savage, and
+consequently the least numerous of any of the tribes of the
+Chilese; for it is an established fact, that the ruder the state
+of savage life the less favourable it is to population. They go
+almost naked, merely wrapping the skins of the <i>Guanaco</i>
+round their bodies, and they speak a corrupted and guttural
+dialect of the Chili-dugu or Chilese language. It is observable
+that all the Chilese tribes which inhabit the elevated valleys of
+the Andes, both Pehuenches, Puelches, Huilliches, and
+Chiquillanians, are much redder than those of their countrymen
+who dwell in the lower country to the west of these mountains.
+All these mountaineers dress themselves in skins, paint their
+laces, subsist in a great measure by hunting, and lead a
+wandering and unsettled life. They are in fact the so much
+celebrated Patagonians, who have been occasionally seen near the
+Straits of Magellan, and who have sometimes been described as
+giants, and at other times as not much beyond the ordinary
+stature of mankind. Generally speaking however, they are of lofty
+stature and have great muscular strength.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 86: In the map accompanying the English
+translation of Molina, the Penuenches and Chiquillanians are
+placed under the same parallel between lat. 33&deg; SO' and
+36&deg; S. The former on the western and the latter on the
+eastern side of the Andes.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>On information being sent to Spain of the death of Quiroga, as
+formerly mentioned, Don Alonzo Sotomayor Marquis of Villa-hermoso
+was sent out as governor with six hundred regular troops. He
+landed at Buenos Ayres in 1583, from whence he proceeded to St
+Jago. On taking possession of his government, he appointed his
+brother Don Luis to the new office of Colonel of the Kingdom, and
+sent him with a military force to relieve the cities of Villarica
+and Valdivia, which were both besieged by the Araucanians. After
+twice defeating the toqui, Paynenancu, who opposed his march, he
+raised the sieges and supplied both places with reinforcements.
+The indefatigable but unfortunate toqui, after two defeats from
+Don Luis, turned his arms against Tiburcio Heredia and Antonio
+Galleguilios, who were ravaging the country with separate strong
+detachments of cavalry, and was successively defeated by both of
+these officers, yet the victors paid dear for their
+successes.</p>
+
+<p>While these events were going on in the south, the governor
+had to oppose the Pehuenches who had invaded the new settlement
+of Chilian, and whom he defeated and constrained to retire into
+their mountains. He then marched into Araucania at the head of
+seven hundred Spaniards and a great number of auxiliaries,
+resolved to pursue the cruel and rigorous system of warfare which
+had formerly been adopted by Don Garcia, in preference to the
+humane procedure of his immediate predecessors. The province of
+Encol was the first to experience the effects of this severity,
+as he laid it entirely waste with fire and sword, and either
+hanged his prisoners, or sent them away with their hands cut off
+to intimidate their countrymen. The adjoining provinces of Puren,
+Ilicura, and Tucapel would have experienced a similar fate, if
+the inhabitants had not ensured their personal safety by flight,
+after setting their houses and crops on fire, and destroying
+every thing they could not carry off. Only three prisoners were
+taken in these provinces, who were impaled. Notwithstanding these
+severities, many mestees and mulatoes joined the Araucanians, and
+even some Spaniards, among who was Juan Sanchez, who acquired
+great reputation among them.</p>
+
+<p>Impelled either by his natural rash valour, or by despair on
+finding that he had fallen in the estimation of the Araucanians
+by his want of success, Paynenancu gave battle to the whole
+Spanish army on the confines of the province of Arauco with only
+eight hundred men; yet such was the resolute valour with which
+they fought that the Spaniards were unable to break their firm
+array, till after a hard contested battle of several hours, in
+which they lost a considerable number of men. Almost the whole of
+the Araucanian troops engaged in this unequal contest were slain;
+but Paynenancu was made prisoner and immediately executed. The
+victorious governor encamped with his army on the banks of the
+Carampangui river, and caused the fortress of Arauco to be
+rebuilt, of which he gave the command to Garcia Ramon the
+quarter-master.</p>
+
+<p>The Araucanian valour, which had been repressed by the
+imprudent conduct of Paynenancu, was revived in 1585, by the
+elevation of Cayancura to the dignity of toqui, an ulmen of the
+province or district of Mariguenu. Immediately on his election,
+he dispatched an hundred and fifty messengers to every corner of
+the country, with the symbolical arrows to summon the martial
+youth of Araucania to the national army. Having by these means
+assembled a respectable force, the new toqui determined upon
+making an attack at midnight on the Spanish camp, which was still
+on the banks of the Carampangui, and of the exact situation of
+which he had procured information by means of a spy. For this
+purpose, he formed his army in three divisions, of which he gave
+the command to three valiant officers, Lonconobal, Antulevu, and
+Tarochina. The divisions proceeded by three several roads which
+led to the camp, and coming upon it by surprise, cut the
+auxiliaries to pieces who were the first to oppose their
+progress. Fortunately for the Spaniards, the moon rose about the
+middle of the assualt, and enabled them, after a short period of
+confusion, and the loss of several men, to form themselves in
+good order, and to make head against the assailants, who at
+length began to give way after suffering severely from the fire
+of the Spanish musquetry. Just at this critical time, the
+governor charged the Araucanians and forced them to give way,
+after both sides had suffered considerable loss. Cayancura, who
+had halted with a body of reserve at the entrance of the Spanish
+camp for the purpose of supporting the attack, on finding his
+troops retiring exhausted and dispirited, drew off the whole to
+some distance where he permitted them to take rest and
+refreshment during the remainder of the night, and returned at
+day-break next morning to the attack. The Spanish army marched
+out to meet them in the open field, and a most obstinate and
+bloody battle ensued. After a brave contest, the Araucanians were
+overpowered by the artillery and cavalry of the Spaniards, and
+constrained to quit the field with great loss, though the
+Spaniards paid dear for their victory; insomuch that, immediately
+after the action, the governor raised his camp and retired to the
+frontiers, where he built two forts named Trinidad and Spiritu
+Santo on the northern shore of the Biobio. He also sent orders to
+the major-general to raise as many recruits as possible
+throughout the kingdom of Chili, which officer brought him
+accordingly a reinforcement of two thousand[87] horse and a
+considerable number of infantry.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 87: From the original army of the governor
+having only seven hundred men, I am apt to believe the number of
+horse in the text ought only to have been two
+<i>hundred</i>.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Undismayed by his recent losses, the Araucanian general
+determined to take advantage of the governors retreat to lay
+siege to the fort of Arauco; and in order to secure the success
+of this enterprise, he endeavoured to occupy the Spanish arms in
+other quarters. For this purpose, he ordered one of his officers
+named Guepotan to make incursions on the territory of Villarica
+from the fortified post of Liben, where he had supported himself
+for several years. To Cadiguala, another officer who afterwards
+became toqui, he gave it in charge to harass the district of
+Angol; appointed Tarochina to guard the passage of the Biobio,
+and sent Melilauca and Catipillan to keep the garrison of
+Imperial in check. These officers had several encounters with the
+Spaniards attended with various success. Guepotan lost the
+fortified post of Liben, which was taken by the governors
+brother. Tarochina made himself master of a great number of boats
+on the Biobio, which were conveying supplies of men and warlike
+stores to the recently erected forts on that river.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1586, the toqui Cayancura began the siege of
+Arauco, which he surrounded with strong lines, so as not only to
+intercept all succours, but to prevent the retreat of the
+garrison[88]. Perceiving from these preparations, that they must
+finally be compelled to surrender or perish by famine, the
+garrison thought it better to die at once with arms in their
+hands than to be reduced to such extremity. They attacked
+therefore the works of the enemy with such vigour, that after an
+obstinate and sanguinary combat of four hours, they succeeded in
+forcing them, and put the Araucanians to flight. Cayancura was so
+exceedingly mortified by this defeat, that he retired to his
+ulmenate, leaving the command of the army to his son, Nangoniel,
+a young man of great hopes and much beloved by the nation. This
+young commander immediately collected a new army, in which were
+an hundred and fifty horse, which from this time forwards became
+a regular part of the Araucanian military force. With these
+troops he returned to invest the fortress of Arauco, and guarded
+all its environs so closely that the garrison were unable to
+procure a supply of provisions, and were at length compelled to
+evacuate it, probably on capitulation. Encouraged by this good
+fortune, Nangoniel proceeded towards the Biobio, intending to
+attack the fort of Trinidad, which protected the passage of
+supplies in that direction from Spanish Chili to the forts on the
+south of that river. But while on his march, he was encountered
+by a detachment of Spanish troops commanded by Francisco
+Hernandez, by whom he was defeated. In this action he lost an arm
+and received several other dangerous wounds. Being obliged by
+this misfortune to take refuge on a neighbouring mountain, where
+he was drawn into an ambush by the sergeant-major[89] of the
+Spanish army, he and fifty of his soldiers were slain, after
+defending themselves valiantly for a long time. On the same day,
+an officer named Cadeguala, who had obtained great reputation in
+the Arancanian army for his courage and military skill, was
+proclaimed toqui by the officers.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 88: Lines, it would appear of
+circumvallation and contravallation, probably suggested by some
+of the Spaniards who had joined the
+Araucanians.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 89: This officer in the Spanish service
+seems somewhat equivalent to our adjutant; and the sergeant-major
+of the array in Chili, may be considered as a kind of
+adjutant-general.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>About this time, while the Araucanians were valiantly
+endeavouring to oppose the Spanish arms, the English also planned
+an expedition against them in that remote quarter of the world.
+Sir Thomas Cavendish sailed with this view from Plymouth on the
+21st of July 1586 with three ships, and arrived on the coast of
+Chili in the following year. He landed at the desert port of
+Quintero[90], and endeavoured to enter into a negociation with
+the natives of the country; but he was attacked by Alonzo Molina,
+the corregidor of St Jago, and compelled to reimbark with the
+loss of several soldiers and seamen, and quitted the coast after
+a very short stay.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 90: The port of Quintero, in about lat.
+32&deg; 45' S. is about 8 or 10 miles to the north of the river
+Quillota in Spanish Chili. The voyage of Sir Thomas Cavendish
+will appear in an after division of this work.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Cadeguala, the new toqui, signalized the commencement of his
+administration by several successful inroads into the Spanish
+possessions, the particulars of which are not recorded. Having
+notice of the alarm in Spanish Chili occasioned by the English
+squadron, he resolved to avail himself of that diversion of the
+Spanish forces to make an effort against the city of Angol by
+surprise. He maintained a secret intelligence with some of the
+inhabitants of that place, by whose means he prevailed upon a
+number of native Chilese, who were in the service of the Spanish
+citizens, to set fire to their masters houses at a certain hour
+of an appointed night, when he was to be ready with his army at
+the gates to assault the place. His plan was accordingly
+executed; and entering the city during the confusion occasioned
+by the fires, he divided his force, consisting of a thousand foot
+and an hundred horse, into several detachments, which made a
+horrible carnage of the citizens, who flying from the flames fell
+into the hands of the Araucanians. The garrison attempted in vain
+to dislodge the enemy, and the whole population of the place had
+been assuredly put to the sword, but for the courage and conduct
+of the governor, who had fortunately arrived at the city only two
+hours before the attack. He immediately hastened with his guards
+to the different quarters which were occupied by the enemy, where
+with wonderful presence of mind he collected the dispersed
+inhabitants who had escaped the sword of the enemy, and conducted
+them to the citadel. Having armed and marshalled all the most
+resolute of the inhabitants, he sallied out from the citadel at
+their head against the enemy, whom he compelled to evacuate the
+city at break of day. It would appear that the Araucanians had
+now become less scrupulous than formerly in their mode of making
+war; for Cadeguala was not abandoned by any of his officers on
+this occasion, as Caupolican had formerly been in his attempt to
+surprise Canete by similar means.</p>
+
+<p>Although the Arancanian general had not succeeded in this
+daring enterprise according to his expectations, he was so little
+discouraged by its failure that he immediately undertook the
+siege of Puren, which appeared more easy to be taken as it was
+situated at some distance from the Spanish frontiers. He
+accordingly invested it regularly with four thousand men in four
+separate divisions, under the respective commands of Guanoalca,
+Caniotaru, Relmuantu, and Curilemu, the most valiant officers of
+his army. On receiving notice of the investiture of Puren, the
+governor hastened to its relief with a strong reinforcement, but
+was opposed on his march by Cadeguala at the head of an hundred
+and fifty Araucanian horse armed with lances, and compelled to
+retreat after a long and obstinate combat, in which several fell
+on both sides. Elated by this success, the toqui made proposals
+to the besieged, either to enter into his service or to allow
+them to retire unmolested. These terms, which he pretended were
+very advantageous for men in their situation, were disdainfully
+rejected; yet one man of the garrison, named Juan Tapia, went
+over to the Araucanians by whom he was well received, and even
+got advancement in their army. As these terms were rejected,
+Cadeguala determined to endeavour to shorten the siege in a
+different manner. He presented himself one day before the walls
+mounted on a fine horse which he had taken from the governor, and
+boldly defied Garcia Ramon the commander of the garrison to
+single combat at the end of three days. The challenge was
+accepted, and the intrepid toqui appeared in the field at the
+time appointed, with a small number of attendants, whom he placed
+apart. Ramon likewise came out from the fort to meet him,
+attended by an escort of forty men, whom he ordered to remain at
+some distance. The two champions, having taken their distance set
+spurs to their horses and ran their course with such fury that
+Cadeguala fell at the first rencounter, pierced through the body
+by the lance of his adversary. He refused however to acknowledge
+himself vanquished, and even endeavoured to remount his horse to
+renew the combat, but died in the attempt. His attendants
+hastened to raise him, and even carried off his body after a
+sharp contest with the Spaniards.</p>
+
+<p>After the death of their commander, the Araucanians retired
+from the blockade for a short time; but soon returned to the
+siege, after having elected Guanoalca to the vacant toquiate,
+having been informed by the Spanish deserter Tapia, that the
+garrison was ill supplied with provisions, and divided into
+parties. Cut off from all hopes of relief, and dissatisfied with
+the conduct of their officers, the besieged soon determined upon
+evacuating the place; and the Araucanians allowed them to march
+off unmolested, according to their usual policy. Guanoalca
+immediately marched against another fort which the Spaniards had
+recently erected in the neighbourhood of Mount Mariguenu; but
+finding that it had been recently and considerably reinforced, he
+proceeded against the forts of Trinidad and Spiritu Santo on the
+banks of the Biobio. As the governor of Chili was apprehensive
+that he might not be able to defend these forts, or perhaps
+considered them of too little importance to hazard the safety of
+their garrisons, he evacuated them in 1589, and transferred their
+garrisons to another fortress which he directed to be constructed
+on the river Puchanqui as a protection for the city of Angol, so
+that the operations of the war consisted mostly in the
+construction and demolition of fortifications.</p>
+
+<p>The toquiate of Guanoalca was more remarkable for the exploits
+of a heroine named Janequeo than by his own. This famous woman
+was wife of Guepotan, a valiant officer who had long defended the
+fortified post of Liben near Villarica. After the loss of that
+important place he retired to the Andes, where he used every
+effort to stimulate the Puelches inhabiting that mountainous
+region to rise in defence of the country against the Spanish
+invaders. Being desirous of having his wife along with him, he
+descended into the plains in search of her, but was surprised by
+a party of Spaniards, and preferring to be cut in pieces rather
+than yield himself a prisoner, he was slain in the unequal
+combat. Janequeo, inflamed by an ardent desire to revenge the
+death of her husband, put herself at the head of an army of
+Puelches in 1590, assisted by Guechiuntereo her brother, with
+which she made inroads into the Spanish settlements, killing all
+of that nation who fell into her hands. Reinforced by a regiment
+of veteran soldiers which had been sent him from Peru, the
+governor Don Alonza Sotomayor, marched against the heroine; but,
+by constantly occupying the high grounds, attacking sometimes the
+van, sometimes the rear of the Spaniards, and harassing them in
+every possible way, she at last obliged the governor to retire,
+after having lost much time and a considerable number of men to
+no purpose. As the governor was of opinion that rigorous measures
+were best calculated to quell the pride of the Araucanians, he
+ordered all the prisoners taken in this incursion to be hung
+before his retreat. On this occasion, one of these men requested
+to be hanged on a higher tree than the rest, that the sacrifice
+he had made of himself for his country might be the more
+conspicuous, and inspire his surviving countrymen with the more
+ardent determination to defend their liberties.</p>
+
+<p>Having thus foiled all the endeavours of a general who had
+gained high reputation in the wars of Italy, Germany, and
+Flanders, Janequeo proceeded to attack the recently constructed
+fortress of Puchanqui, not far from which she defeated and slew
+the commandant, Aranda, who had advanced to meet her with a part
+of the garrison. Not being able to gain possession of this fort,
+she retired at the commencement of the rainy season to the
+mountains near Villarica, where she fortified herself in a place
+surrounded by precipices, from whence she continually infested
+the environs of that city in such a manner that no one dared to
+venture beyond the walls. Moved by the distresses of the
+citizens, the governor sent his brother Don Luis to their aid,
+with the greater part of two reinforcements which he had recently
+received from Peru, under the command of Castillejo and Penalosa.
+The intrepid Janequeo awaited him in her fortified post, which
+she deemed secure, and repelled for a long time the various
+assaults of the Spaniards with great presence of mind. At length,
+her soldiers being dispersed by the fire of the artillery, she
+had to seek for safety in flight. Her brother was made prisoner,
+and obtained his life on condition of promising to keep his
+sister quiet, and to secure the friendship of his vassals and
+adherents to the Spaniards. But, while proposing this measure in
+a national council, he was killed by the ulmen Catipiuque, who
+abhorred every species of reconciliation with the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>The old toqui, Guanoalca, died about the close of 1590, and a
+young and enterprising warrior, named Quintuguenu, was elected in
+his stead in the year following. Being ambitious of acquiring
+military glory, the new toqui assaulted and took the fort of
+Mariguenu by assault, and established himself on the top of that
+famous mountain with two thousand men, hoping to render himself
+as celebrated there as Lautaro had been formerly, by gaining an
+important victory over the Spaniards. Not dismayed by the
+misfortunes which had befallen his countrymen in that ill-omened
+place, the governor put himself at the head of a thousand
+Spaniards and a large auxiliary force of Indians, and marched
+without delay for Mariguenu, determined upon dislodging the
+Araucanians or of besieging them in their post. Having disposed
+his troops in order, and given the necessary directions, he began
+at daybreak to ascend the difficult and steep defile, leading the
+advanced guard in person, directly before which was a forlorn
+hope of twenty half-pay officers much experienced in similar
+warfare. He had scarcely got half way up the mountain when he was
+attacked with the utmost fury by Quintuguenu; but animating his
+troops by his voice and example, he sustained for more than an
+hour the utmost efforts of the enemy, and gained the top of the
+defile by persevering bravery. On reaching the level summit of
+the mountain, the Araucanians were forced to take refuge within
+their entrenchments, which they did however in excellent order.
+The Araucanians, exhorting each other to conquer or die for their
+country, defended their camp with incredible valour against the
+utmost efforts of the Spaniards till mid-day; when, after a most
+obstinate resistance, Don Carlos Irrazabel forced the lines on
+the left with his company, while at the same time the
+quarter-master and Rodolphus Lisperger, a valiant German officer,
+penetrated with their companies on the front and the right of the
+encampment. Though surrounded on every side, Quintuguenu
+maintained his troops in good order, earnestly exhorting them not
+to dishonour themselves by suffering an ignominious defeat in a
+place which had so often been the theatre of victory to their
+nation, and by his efforts and bravery long kept the fate of the
+battle in suspense. While he flew from rank to rank, animating
+his men and constantly making head against the enemy, he fell
+pierced with three mortal wounds given by the governor, who had
+taken aim at him. His last words were an enthusiastic exclamation
+in favour of liberty. On the death of the toqui, part of the
+Araucanian troops allowed themselves to be cut in pieces, and the
+rest sought their safety in flight. Almost all the auxiliaries on
+the side of the Spaniards fell in this successful battle, but
+only twenty of the Spaniards were slain, among whom was a
+Portuguese knight of the order of Christ, who was killed at the
+commencement of the action.</p>
+
+<p>Highly gratified with being the first who had defeated the
+Araucanians on the formidable heights of Mariguenu, the governor
+conducted his victorious army to the sea-shore, where he was
+saluted by repeated discharges of cannon from the fleet of Peru,
+then scouring the coast in search of the English squadron, and
+which had witnessed the victory. These were answered by the army
+with repeated vollies of musquetry, and the customary
+demonstrations of joy on so glorious an occasion. Availing
+himself of the opportunity afforded by the presence of the fleet,
+the governor sent the quarter-master-general into Peru to solicit
+the greatest possible reinforcement of troops without delay, to
+enable him to prosecute the war to advantage in the ensuing
+campaign. In the mean time, he abandoned the ancient scite of the
+fort of Arauco, and rebuilt it in a more convenient situation on
+the sea-shore. Colocolo, son of the celebrated ulmen of that
+name, but of a very different disposition from that of his
+father, was lord of that district, and being indignant at seeing
+his country occupied by the Spaniards endeavoured to drive them
+off; but being defeated and made prisoner, he solicited for his
+life, which he obtained on condition of persuading his subjects
+to return from the mountains and to submit to the authority of
+the Spaniards. On being urged by his wife Millayene, to fulfil
+the promise made by their chief, they replied that he ought to
+endure his misfortunes with the firmness that became his rank and
+lineage; that they were willing to encounter every danger under
+his command, and according to his example, or to revenge the
+outrages he might be subjected to, but could never consent to
+betray their country by submitting to obey its bitterest enemies.
+Irritated by this patriotic resolution of his subjects, Colocolo
+devoted himself in future to the service of the Spaniards, and
+even served them as a guide in the pursuit of his own people
+among the fastnesses in which they had taken refuge.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1592 there happened to be a Spanish prisoner among
+the Araucanians, who by his ingratiating manners had acquired the
+confidence and esteem of the principal people of that
+high-spirited nation. Either by secret instructions from the
+governor, or from gratitude for the kind treatment he had
+received while prisoner, this man exerted himself to effectuate a
+treaty of peace between the nations, and had at one time a fair
+prospect of bringing it about. But the preliminaries which he
+proposed as the ground work of a reconciliation did not prove
+satisfactory to either party, and all his endeavours were
+abortive. The governor, being irritated at the rejection of his
+proposals, marched into the province of Tucapel which he laid
+waste on every side with fire and sword. As Paillaeco, who had
+been elected toqui in place of Quintuguenu, did not think his
+force sufficient to oppose the enemy in the open field, he
+endeavoured to draw them into an ambush. With this view, he
+placed an hundred horsemen at the entrance of a wood, within
+which he had concealed the remainder of his troops, giving orders
+to the horse to counterfeit flight on the coming up of the enemy
+to draw them within reach of the ambushment. This scheme seemed
+at first to promise success, but in the end turned against its
+contriver. The Araucanians took to flight and were pursued by the
+Spaniards, who soon discovered that it was only a stratagem, and
+turned back accordingly as if struck with a panic, in hopes of
+decoying the enemy to quit the wood and attack them in the open
+field. Not aware of this repetition of their own trick, the
+Araucanians fell into the snare they had laid for their enemies;
+and being surrounded on every side, were mostly cut in pieces
+together with their commander, after selling their lives at a
+dear rate, a small remnant taking refuge in the marshes from the
+pursuit of the victors.</p>
+
+<p>These repeated victories certainly cost much blood to the
+Spaniards, as the governor after this last action withdrew to St
+Jago to await the reinforcements he expected from Peru, and to
+raise as many recruits as possible in the northern provinces of
+Chili. As the reinforcements did not appear to him sufficient for
+continuing the war with a reasonable prospect of ultimate
+success, he even went into Peru in person to solicit more
+effectual succours, leaving the charge of the civil government
+daring his absence to the licentiate Pedro Viscarra, and the
+command of the army to the quarter-master. On his arrival at
+Lima, Sotomayor met with a successor who had been appointed to
+the government of Chili, by the court of Spain. This was Don
+Martin Loyola, nephew of St Ignatius, the celebrated founder of
+the order of the Jesuits, who had acquired the favour of the
+viceroy of Peru by taking prisoner Tupac Amuru the last Inca of
+Peru. In requital for this service, he was not only gratified by
+being appointed to the government of Chili, but was rewarded by
+obtaining in marriage the princess or <i>coya</i> Donna Clara
+Beatrix, the only daughter and sole heiress of the former Inca
+Sayri Tupac. Loyola arrived at Valparaiso, in 1593, with a
+respectable body of troops, and immediately proceeded to St Jago,
+where he was received with every demonstration of joy by the
+citizens; but during his administration the Spaniards experienced
+the severest disaster that had ever happened to them in
+Chili.</p>
+
+<p>After the defeat and death of Paillaeco, the Araucanians
+elected Paillamachu to the supreme command, who was hereditary
+toqui or prince of the second Uthulmapu. This military dictator
+was already much advanced in years, yet a man of wonderful
+activity and resources, and was so fortunate in his enterprises
+that he far surpassed all his predecessors in military glory, and
+had the singular felicity of restoring his country to its ancient
+independence by the entire expulsion of the Spaniards from its
+territories. Immediately on his elevation to the supreme dignity
+of toqui, he appointed two officers of great valour and merit,
+Pelantaru and Millacalquin to the important employments of
+vice-toqui, deviating from the usual custom of the nation, which
+allowed only of one lieutenant-general. And, as the military
+force of the confederacy had been greatly diminished by the late
+unfortunate incidents in the war, he followed the example of
+Antiguenu, a former toqui, by withdrawing into the almost
+inaccessible marshes of Lumaco, where he used his utmost efforts
+to collect and discipline an army for the execution of the
+extensive plans he had formed for the entire liberation of his
+country.</p>
+
+<p>After having regulated the police of the capital and the civil
+government of the kingdom of Chili, Loyola proceeded to the city
+of Conception, where he established his headquarters in order to
+be at hand for conducting the operations of the war. The toqui of
+the Araucanians, on hearing of his arrival, sent an intelligent
+and sagacious officer named Antipillan to compliment him, but
+charged at the same time to obtain information of his character
+and designs. In frequent conferences with this person, the new
+governor endeavoured to impress him with an idea of the vast
+power and immense resources of the Spanish monarchy, against
+which it was impossible as he said for the Araucanians to contend
+successfully, and insinuated therefore the necessity of their
+submitting to an accommodation. Pretending to be convinced by the
+reasoning of Loyola, the ambassador acknowledged the prodigious
+power of the Spanish monarchy in comparison with the Araucanian
+state; which, notwithstanding the vast disproportion, had
+hitherto been able to resist every effort of the Spaniards. He
+acknowledged even the propriety of his nation entering into
+negotiations for peace, but alleged that the Spaniards affixed
+wrong ideas to that word; as, under the semblance of peace, they
+sought to subject the Araucanians to their authority, which they
+would never agree to while one of them remained alive. And
+finally, that the only peace to which they would consent, must
+consist of an entire cessation of hostilities, a complete
+restoration of all the lands which were occupied by the Spaniards
+within the Araucanian territory, and an explicit renunciation of
+every pretence to controul or interfere with their independent
+rights.</p>
+
+<p>As Loyola was of a generous disposition, he could not avoid
+admiring the noble and enlightened sentiments of the barbarian
+ambassador, and dismissed him with the strongest demonstrations
+of esteem. Yet so far was he from any idea of abandoning the
+posts already established in the Araucanian territory, that he
+crossed the Biobio in 1594, and founded a new city at a short
+distance from that river, giving it the name of Coya in honour of
+his wife a Peruvian princess. This place was intended to protect
+the rich gold mines of Kilacoyan, and to serve as a place of
+retreat for the inhabitants of Angol in case of need; and in
+order to render it more secure, he constructed two castles in its
+immediate neighbourhood, named Jesus and Chivecura, on either
+shore of the Biobio. Solicitous to destroy this new settlement,
+which he considered as a disgrace to his administration,
+Paillamachu sent in 1595, one of his officers named Loncothequa,
+with orders to destroy the fort of Jesus. After twice penetrating
+within the works, and even burning a part of the interior
+buildings of this place, Loncothequa lost his life without being
+able to accomplish the enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>In 1596, the toqui made frequent incursions into all the
+Spanish districts, both within and adjoining the Araucanian
+territory, on purpose to subsist his troops and to inure them to
+a military life. The Spanish army attempted in vain to prevent or
+pursue these predatory detachments, as the wary Paillamachu took
+the utmost care to avoid any encounter, determined to reserve his
+force for some favourable occasion. On purpose to restrain these
+incursions Loyola erected two additional forts in the
+neighbourhood of the encampment or head-quarters of the toqui,
+one on the scite of the old fort of Puren, and the other on the
+borders of the marshes of Lumaco, which he garrisoned with the
+greater part of a reinforcement of troops which he had just
+received from Peru. He sent the remainder of these in 1597 to the
+province of Cujo, where they founded a new city, called San Luis
+de Loyola, which still subsists in a miserable condition, though
+placed in a very advantageous situation.</p>
+
+<p>The fort of Lumaco was soon afterwards taken by storm, by the
+toqui in person, who gave orders to two of his officers to reduce
+that of Puren. In ten days they reduced the garrison to the last
+extremity, but had to desist from the enterprise by the approach
+of a reinforcement under the command of Pedro Cortes, a Spanish
+officer who acquired great reputation in the Araucanian war. The
+governor Loyola arrived there soon afterwards with his army, and
+gave orders to demolish the fortifications and to remove the
+garrison to Angol, lest it might experience a similar fate with
+what had so recently happened to the fort of Lumaco. He then
+proceeded to Imperial, Villarica and Valdivia, the fortifications
+of which places he carefully repaired, to secure them against the
+increasing strength of the enemy, and then returned towards the
+Biobio under the security of an escort of three hundred men. As
+soon as he thought himself in a place of security, he ordered
+back the escort, retaining only along with himself and family
+sixty-two half-pay officers and three Franciscan friars.
+Paillamachu had secretly followed and watched all the motions of
+the governor, and concluded that he had now found a favourable
+opportunity to attack him. Finding him accordingly encamped in
+the pleasant valley of Caralava, he attacked him with a select
+band of two hundred Araucanians, on the night of the 22d November
+1598, and slew Loyola and all his retinue.</p>
+
+<p>It would appear that Paillamachu had formed confident hopes in
+the successful issue of this bold enterprise, and that it had
+been long concerted: as, in consequence of his instructions, the
+whole provinces of the Araucanian confederacy, and their allies
+the Cunches and Huilliches, were in arms in less than forty-eight
+hours after the slaughter of Loyola. In the whole of that
+country, from the Biobio to the archipelago of Chilo&eacute;,
+every Spaniard who had the misfortune to be found without the
+garrisons was put to death; and the cities and fortresses of
+Osorno, Valdivia, Villarica, Imperial, Canete, Angol, and Arauco,
+were all invested at the same time by close blockades.
+Paillamachu had even the boldness to cross the Biobio, burned the
+cities of Conception and Chillan, laid waste the provinces under
+their dependence, and returned into Araucania loaded with
+spoil.</p>
+
+<p>On the first intelligence of these melancholy events, the
+inhabitants of St Jago were filled with consternation and
+despair, and were almost unanimously of opinion to abandon Chili
+and take refuge in Peru. Yet, having some confidence in Pedro de
+Viscara, an officer of reputation then beyond seventy years of
+age, they assembled in council and prevailed on him to assume the
+government of the kingdom till the court might appoint a
+successor to Loyola. Viscara, having collected all the troops
+that could be procured, began his march for the frontiers in
+1599, and had even the courage to cross the Biobio in the face of
+the enemy, and withdrew the inhabitants from Angol and Coya, with
+whom he repeopled the cities of Conception and Chilian. The
+government of Viscara only continued for six months; as on
+learning the perilous situation of Chili, the viceroy of Peru
+sent Don Francisco Quinones thither as governor, with a numerous
+reinforcement of soldiers and a large supply of military stores.
+The new governor had several indecisive actions with the toqui to
+the north of the river Biobio, to which the Araucanians had gone
+on purpose to ravage the southern provinces of Spanish Chili. The
+most important of these was in the plain of Yumbal. The toqui was
+on his return into the south from a successful inroad at the head
+of two thousand men, and with a great number of cattle of all
+kinds which he had taken in the province of Chillan, and Quinones
+attempted to intercept his retreat with an equal force, the
+greater part of which consisted of Spanish troops. The two armies
+advanced with equal resolution, and the Spaniards attempted in
+vain to keep the Araucanians at a distance by a constant fire
+from eight field pieces and all their musquetry. They soon came
+to close quarters, and the battle continued with incredible fury
+for more than two hours, till night parted them; when Paillamachu
+took advantage of the darkness and repassed the Biobio. On this
+occasion, the governor made an improper display of severity, by
+ordering all his prisoners to be quartered and hung upon trees,
+which was much disapproved of by his officers, who, either from
+humanity or a motive of self-interest, urged him not to give the
+enemy a pretence for retaliating by similar cruelties. But
+Quinones obstinately adhered to an old maxim of endeavouring to
+conquer by means of terror, and was deaf to all their
+remonstrances. We are ignorant of the loss sustained by the
+Spaniards in this battle, but it must have been considerable, as
+Arauco and Canete were both immediately abandoned, and their
+inhabitants withdrawn to the city of Conception.</p>
+
+<p>Paillmachu does not seem to have been at all disconcerted by
+the issue of the late battle, as he continued the sieges of the
+Spanish cities, and was himself in constant motion; sometimes
+encouraging by his presence the forces that were employed in
+blockading the cities, and at other times ravaging the Spanish
+provinces to the north of the Biobio, where he did infinite
+mischief. Having learnt that the siege of Valdivia had been
+raised by the officer whom he had entrusted with that enterprise,
+he hastened to that place with four thousand men, part cavalry,
+seventy of his infantry being armed with musquets which he had
+taken from the Spaniards in the late engagements. On the night of
+the 14th of November[91] he crossed the broad river of Calacala
+by swimming, unsuspected by the garrison, stormed the city at
+day-break, killed a great number of the inhabitants, and burnt
+the houses. He even attempted to gain possession of some vessels
+in the harbour, on board of which many of the inhabitants had
+taken refuge, but these escaped his fury by immediately setting
+sail. After this notable exploit, he returned in triumph into the
+north of Araucania with a booty of two millions of dollars,
+upwards of four hundred prisoners, and a considerable number of
+cannon; and rejoined Millacalquin, an officer to whom he had
+entrusted the defence of the Biobio during his absence.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 91: According to Garcilasso, Valdivia was
+taken on the 24th of November 1599. In a letter from St Jago in
+Chili, dated in March 1600, and inserted in the Royal
+Commentaries of Peru, P.I.B. vii. Ch. xxv. the Araucanian army on
+this occasion is said to have amounted to 5000 men, 3000 of whom
+were horse. Of the foot, 200 were armed with coats of mail, and
+70 with fire-arms, <i>as was said</i>. They surprised the city at
+daybreak without the smallest alarm, there being only four men on
+guard, two of whom went the rounds, the Spaniards being lulled
+into security by some recent successes in two different
+incursions they had lately made into the country, which they had
+laid waste for eight leagues all around during twenty
+days.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Ten days after the destruction of Valdivia, Francisco del
+Campo arrived there by sea from Peru with a reinforcement of
+three hundred men; and finding it in ashes, he ineffectually
+endeavoured to introduce these succours into Osorno, Villarica,
+and Imperial[92]. Amid so many misfortunes, an expedition of five
+ships from Holland arrived on the coast of Chili in 1660, which
+plundered the island of Chilo&eacute; and put the Spanish
+garrison to the sword. But on a part of their people landing in
+the island of Talca or Santa Maria[93], inhabited by the
+Araucanians, they were repulsed with the loss of twenty-three
+men, being probably mistaken for Spaniards.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 92: In the letter quoted from Garcilasso in
+the preceding note, Del Campo is said to have raised the siege of
+Osorno and to have performed other actions of happy
+consequence.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 93: St Mary's island is on the coast of
+Araucania, in lat. 37&deg; S.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Disgusted with a war which threatened such unfortunate
+consequences, Quinones solicited and obtained leave to resign the
+government of Chili, and was succeeded by Garcia Ramon who had
+long been quarter-master of the army in that kingdom. Great
+expectations were formed of success in the war against the
+Araucanians under his direction, from his long experience and
+thorough acquaintance with the manner in which the enemy carried
+on their warlike operations. But that experience induced him to
+conduct the war on prudent principles of defence, rather than to
+hazard the loss of that part of Chili which was subject to Spain.
+Although he received a reinforcement consisting of an entire
+regiment of veterans, under the command of Don Francisco de
+Ovalle, father to the historian of that name, he confined himself
+almost entirely to the defence of the frontier line upon the
+Biobio. Garcia Ramon was however soon superseded in the
+government by the appointment of Alonzo Rivera, an officer who
+had acquired considerable reputation in the wars in the low
+countries, and who now brought out a farther reinforcement of a
+regiment of veteran troops. On assuming the government, he
+established a number of additional forts on the river Biobio, to
+defend the frontiers, by which he greatly encouraged the Spanish
+colonists, who still entertained an idea of abandoning Chili to
+the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>The populous and opulent city of Villarica, fell into the
+hands of the Araucanians in 1692, after a siege or blockade of
+two years and eleven months; and soon afterwards Imperial, the
+capital of the Spanish settlements beyond the Biobio, experienced
+a similar fate. The defence of this city was protracted for some
+months by the courage of a Spanish lady, named Donna Innes de
+Aguilera. Seeing the garrison quite dispirited by the long
+continuance of the siege, and ready to capitulate, she encouraged
+them to persist in its defence, and even directed all the
+operations in person; until at last, on a favourable opportunity
+offering, she escaped by sea with the bishop and most of the
+inhabitants. During this siege, she lost her husband and
+brothers, and her heroism was rewarded by the king with a pension
+of two thousand dollars.</p>
+
+<p>Osorno, likewise a rich and populous city, soon followed; as
+the enemy, now freed from the attention they had hitherto given
+to Valdivia, Villarica and Imperial, were able to bring their
+whole force against that last possession of the Spaniards within
+the territories of the Araucanian confederacy. The sufferings
+endured by the garrison and inhabitants of Osorno are scarcely to
+be exceeded by those endured in the most celebrated sieges
+recorded in history. They were long obliged to subsist on the
+most loathsome food, having no other sustenance than the
+carcasses of dead horses; and when these failed on cats and dogs
+and the skins of beasts. Thus in little more than three years,
+all the settlements which had been established by Valdivia and
+his successors, between the river Biobio and the archipelago of
+Chilo&eacute;, and preserved at the expence of so much blood,
+were destroyed, and so effectually that hardly any vestiges of
+them now remain. None of them have been since rebuilt, as what is
+at present called Valdivia is nothing more than a garrison or
+fortified post. Though great numbers of the inhabitants of these
+cities perished in the defence of their walls, by famine or by
+the sword of the enemy, yet Spanish prisoners of all ranks were
+so numerous among the Araucanians, that almost every family had
+at least one to its share. The married Spaniards were mostly
+allowed to retain their wives, and the unmarried men were
+supplied with wives from among the women of the country; but the
+unmarried Spanish women were distributed among the chiefs of the
+Araucanians, who by their customs were permitted a plurality of
+wives. It is not a little remarkable that the mestees, or
+offspring of these marriages, became in the subsequent wars the
+most inveterate enemies of the Spaniards.</p>
+
+<p>On this occasion likewise, the ransom and exchange of
+prisoners were permitted, by which means many of the Spaniards
+escaped from captivity. Yet some were induced, by love for the
+children they had by the native women, to remain captives during
+their lives. Some even of the Spaniards acquired the confidence
+and affection of the natives, by their pleasing manners, or by
+their skill in useful arts, and acquired advantageous
+establishments in the country. Among these, Don Basilio Roxas and
+Don Antonio Bascugnano, both of noble birth, acquired high
+reputation with the Araucanians, and both of them left
+interesting memoirs of the transactions of their times. Such of
+the Spaniards as happened to fall to the share of brutal masters,
+had much to suffer.</p>
+
+<p>Paillamachu did not long continue to enjoy the applause of his
+countrymen, for having so successfully expelled the Spaniards
+from Araucania: He died about the end of the year 1603, and was
+succeeded by Huenecura, who had been bred to arms under his
+direction and example in the celebrated military school of
+Lumaco.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>"Modern as is the History of America, it has had its full
+share of fable, and the city of Osorno has furnished the subject
+of one not less extraordinary than any of the rest, which is thus
+related in the twentieth volume of the <i>Seminario
+Erudito</i>[94]."</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 94: This fabulous story of the new Osorno
+is contained in a note to Molina by the English
+Editor.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>"During the great effort of the Araucanians to recover their
+country from the Spaniards, Osorno resisted their arms with
+extraordinary vigour for six months. At the end of this period,
+the Spaniards repelled a general assault of the besiegers, and
+compelled them to abandon the blockade. Being afraid of another
+attack, the Spaniards retired about three or four leagues, to a
+peninsula at the foot of the Andes, formed by the lake from which
+the river Bueno issues. They there built a new city on the
+isthmus, which they secured with walls, bulwarks, moats and
+draw-bridges; and multiplied in process of time so as to be
+obliged to build another city on the opposite side of the lake,
+and their descendents still continue to occupy the same place.
+This people, called <i>Alcahuncas</i> by the Indians, are armed
+with lances, swords and daggers, but whether these are of iron or
+not, the person who discovered the existence of these cities had
+not been able to learn. They also use the <i>laque</i> or thong
+and ball with great dexterity, on which account they are much
+dreaded by their neighbours. They have also cannon, but no
+musquets. They retain the dress, complexion and beard of their
+Spanish ancestors. They used formerly to purchase salt from the
+Pehuenches, and even from the Indians who live under the Spanish
+government, which they paid for in silver, which occasioned so
+great a demand for that article in the Spanish settlements, that
+a loaf of salt used to sell at the price of an ox. Of late this
+demand has ceased, as they have found salt in abundance in their
+own country."</p>
+
+<p>"A year only before this account was written, or in 1773, a
+man from Chilo&eacute; got to the city gates one morning before
+the drawbridge was lifted, and knocked for admittance. The
+soldier who was on guard told him to hasten back as fast as
+possible, as their king was a cruel tyrant, and would certainly
+put him to death if taken; and even seemed astonished that the
+Indians had permitted him to arrive at the gate. This man was
+killed on his way back; but the news of his adventure reached
+Valdivia, where it was fully believed. It is said that the people
+of these two cities live under a grievous tyranny, and are
+therefore desirous of making their situation known to the
+Spaniards; but that their chiefs use every possible precaution to
+prevent this, and the Indians of the intervening country are
+equally solicitous to prevent any intelligence respecting this
+state being conveyed to the Spaniards, lest it might induce them
+to make new attempts to penetrate into the interior."</p>
+
+<p>"This account is said to have been written in 1774, by Don
+Ignacio Pinuer, captain of infantry and interpreter general at
+Valdivia, in a letter addressed to the president of Chili. The
+writer states that his thorough knowledge of the language of the
+natives, and his great intimacy with them, had enabled him to
+collect this information, by means of the artful and persevering
+inquiries of twenty-eight years[95]."</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 95: This absurd story evidently belongs to
+the same class with the <i>Seven cities</i> formerly mentioned,
+and the <i>El Dorado</i> and <i>Welsh</i> colony, which will both
+occur in the sequel of this work. Though not exactly connected in
+point of time with this fabled city of Osorno, a similar fable
+respecting a supposed white nation in the interior of Chili, may
+be noticed in this place, the reflections on which, in the
+paragraphs subjoined, give a clear explanation of the origin of
+several of these tales.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>"In the reign of the Emperor Charles V. the bishop of
+Placentia is said to have sent four ships to the Moluccas. When
+they had advanced about twenty leagues within the Straits of
+Magellan, three of them were wrecked, and the fourth was driven
+back into the southern Atlantic. When the storm abated, this
+fourth ship again attempted the passage, and reached the place
+where the others were lost where they found the men still on
+shore, who entreated to be taken on board; but as there was
+neither room nor provision for so great a number, they were
+necessarily left. An opinion long prevailed that they had
+penetrated into the interior of Chili, where they settled and
+became a nation called the <i>Cesares</i>, whose very
+ploughshares were said to be of gold. Adventurers reported that
+they had been near enough to hear the sound of their bells; and
+it was even said that men of a fair complexion had been made
+prisoners, who were supposed to belong to this nation. The
+existence of this city of the Cesares was long believed, and even
+about the year 1620, Don Geronimo Luis de Cabrera, then governor
+of Peru, made an expedition in search of this <i>El Dorado</i> of
+Chili. Even after Feyjo had attempted to disprove its existence,
+the jesuit Mascardi went in search of it with a large party of
+Puelches, but was killed by the Poy-yas on his return from the
+fruitless quest[96]."</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 96: Dobrizhoffer, III. 407.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>"The groundwork of this and other similar fables is thus
+satisfactorily explained by Falkner[97].--'I am satisfied that
+the reports concerning a nation in the interior of South America
+descended from Europeans, or the remains of shipwrecks, are
+entirely false and groundless, and occasioned by misunderstanding
+the accounts given by the Indians. When asked in Chili respecting
+any settlement of the Spaniards in the inland country, they
+certainly give accounts of towns and white people, meaning Buenos
+Ayres, and other places to the eastwards of the Andes. And
+<i>vice versa</i>, on being asked in the east the same question,
+their answers refer to Chili or Peru; not having the least idea
+that the inhabitants of these distant countries are known to each
+other. Upon questioning some Indians on this subject, I found my
+conjecture perfectly right; and they acknowledged, when I named
+Chiloe, Valdivia, and other places in Chili, that these were the
+places they alluded to under the description of European
+settlements, and seemed amazed that I should know that such
+places existed.'"</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 97: Falkner, Ch. iv. p. 112.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>SECTION X.</p>
+
+<p><i>Farther Narrative of the War, to the Conclusion of Peace
+with the Araucanians</i>.</p>
+
+<p>While Alonzo Rivera applied himself with every possible energy
+to check the progress of the Araucanians and to guard the
+frontier of the Biobio, he was removed, from the government of
+Chili to that of Tucuman, as a punishment for having presumed to
+marry the daughter of the celebrated heroine Innes
+&Aacute;guilera, without having obtained the royal permission. On
+this occasion Garcia Ramon was reinstated in the government, and
+received at the same time with his commission a reinforcement of
+a thousand men from Europe and two hundred and fifty from Mexico.
+Being now at the head of three thousand regular troops, besides a
+considerable auxiliary force, he invaded Araucania and penetrated
+without opposition into the province of Boroa[98] where he
+erected a fort, which he furnished with a considerable number of
+cannon, and in which he left a garrison of three hundred men
+under the command of Lisperger, a German officer formerly
+mentioned.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 98: The province of Boroa, formerly
+mentioned as the residence of a tribe much whiter in their colour
+than the other natives of South America, lies at the foot of the
+Andes between the heads of the rivers Hueco and Tolten, to the
+eastward of the ruins of Villarica.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Immediately after the return of the invading army into Spanish
+Chili, the new toqui Huenecura proceeded to attack this new
+establishment. While on his march he fell in with Lisperger, who
+had gone out from the fort at the head of an hundred and sixty of
+his men to protect a convoy; and immediately attacked the
+Spaniards with such fury that he cut the whole detachment in
+pieces, and the commander among the rest. After this first
+successful essay of his arms, he proceeded without delay against
+the fort, which he made three several attempts to take by storm;
+but was repelled with so much skill and valour by Gil Negrete who
+had succeeded Lisperger in the command, that after an obstinate
+combat of two hours he was obliged to desist from the attempt to
+storm, and established a close blockade. This was continued till
+the governor Ramon sent orders for the garrison to evacuate the
+place. The Spanish army was now divided into two separate bodies,
+one under the command of Alvaro Pineda the quarter-master of
+Chili, and the other under the orders of Don Diego Saravia, who
+proceeded to lay waste the Araucanian territory without mercy.
+Watching his opportunity however, Huenecura attacked and defeated
+them in succession, and with such complete success that not even
+a single person of either detachment escaped death or captivity.
+By these unexpected misfortunes, that fine army on which such
+flattering hopes of security at least, if not conquest, had been
+founded, was entirely annihilated. In consequence of these
+repeated and heavy disasters, orders were given by the court of
+Spain, that a body of two thousand regular troops should be
+continually maintained on the Araucanian frontier; for the
+support of which force, an annual appropriation of 292,279
+dollars was made from the royal treasury of Peru. At the same
+time the court of royal audience was re-established in the city
+of St Jago on the 8th of September 1609, after having been
+thirty-four years suppressed. This measure gave universal
+satisfaction to the inhabitants, and the court has continued
+there ever since with high reputation for justice and
+integrity.</p>
+
+<p>By this new regulation, Ramon added the title of president to
+those of governor and captain-general of Chili. Having received
+considerable reinforcements, to replace the army so lately
+destroyed, Ramon ventured to recross the Biobio at the head of
+about two thousand men. Huenecura advanced to meet him, and a
+sanguinary and obstinate battle took place in the defiles of the
+marshes of Lumaco. The Spaniards were for some time in imminent
+danger of being completely defeated; but the valiant governor,
+taking his station in the front line, so animated his soldiers by
+his presence and example that they at length succeeded in
+breaking and defeating the enemy. Shortly after this victory,
+Ramon died in the city of Conception, on the 10th of August 1610,
+universally regretted by the Spanish inhabitants of Chili, to
+whom he was much endeared by his excellent qualities and his long
+residence among them. He was even highly esteemed by the
+Araucanians, whom he had always treated, when prisoners, with a
+humane attention which did him much honour. According to the
+royal decree for establishing the court of audience, the
+government of Chili now devolved upon Don Luis Merlo de la
+Fuente, the eldest oydor or judge.</p>
+
+<p>Much about the same time with Ramon, the toqui Huenecura
+likewise died, either from disease or in consequence of wounds
+received in the late battle. He was succeeded in the toquiate by
+Aillavilu the second, who is represented by Don Basilio Rosas, a
+contemporary writer, as one of the greatest of the Araucanian
+generals, and as having fought many battles against Merlo and his
+successor Don Juan Xaraquemada; but he does not particularize
+either their dates, the places where they were fought, or any
+circumstances concerning them.</p>
+
+<p>Among the missionaries who were at that time employed for the
+conversion of the natives in Chili, was a Jesuit named Luis
+Valdivia, who, finding it impossible to preach to the Araucanians
+during the continuance of war, went to Spain and represented in
+strong terms to Philip III. the great injury suffered by the
+cause of religion in consequence of this long and cruel war. That
+weak prince was more devoted to the advancement of religion than
+to the augmentation of his territories, and sent immediate orders
+to the government of Chili to discontinue the war, and to settle
+a permanent peace with the Araucanians, by establishing the river
+Biobio as the frontier between the two nations. On purpose to
+secure the punctual execution of these orders, the king offered
+to exalt Valdivia to the episcopal dignity, and to appoint him
+governor of Chili. He refused both of these high offers, and only
+stipulated for the restoration of Alonzo Rivera to the
+government, whose views were conformable with his own, and who
+had been exiled to Tucuman as formerly mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>Much gratified with the prosperous issue of his voyage, the
+zealous missionary returned to Chili in 1612, carrying a letter
+written by the king of Spain to the national assembly of the
+Araucanian chiefs, recommending the establishment of peace
+between the nations, and that they should promote the propagation
+of Christianity among their dependents. Immediately on his
+arrival in Chili, Valdivia hastened to the frontiers, and
+communicated the nature of the commission with which he was
+entrusted to the Araucanians, by means of some prisoners of that
+nation whom he had purposely brought with him from Peru.
+Aillavilu the toqui gave little attention to the proposed
+negociation, which he deemed a feint for deceiving and surprising
+him. But, as he died or resigned the command soon after, his
+successor Ancanamon thought proper to inquire into the reality of
+the pacific proposals, and directed the ulmen Carampangui to
+converse with Valdivia, that his offers might be laid before a
+general assembly of the ulmens. Accordingly, on the invitation of
+Carampangui, Valdivia repaired to Nancu in the province of
+Catiray, where, in an assembly of fifty Araucanian chiefs, he
+made known the substance of the proposed pacific negociations,
+read and expounded the royal letter to the Araucanian
+confederacy, and made a long oration on the motives of his
+interference and on the important concerns of their immortal
+souls. The assembly thanked him for his exertions, and promised
+to make a favourable report to the toqui. On his return to
+Conception, Valdivia was accompanied by Carampangui, where he was
+honourably received by the governor; who dispatched Pedro
+Melendez one of his ensigns, under the safeguard of the ulmen, on
+a message to the toqui, carrying with him the letter of the king
+of Spain, and a request that Ancanamon would meet him at Paicavi,
+a place near the frontiers, that they might confer together upon
+the preliminaries of peace.</p>
+
+<p>The toqui soon afterwards came to the place appointed, with a
+small guard of forty soldiers, and accompanied by several ulmens,
+bringing likewise along with him a number of Spanish prisoners of
+the first families, whom he set at liberty. The governor, with
+Valdivia and the principal officers of the government, received
+Ancanamon with every demonstration of respect, and conducted him
+to the lodgings appointed for his reception amid the repeated
+discharges of artillery. The governor then proposed, as
+preliminary articles of peace, that the river Biobio should serve
+hereafter as the common boundary between the Spanish and
+Araucanian nations, beyond which neither should be permitted to
+pass with an army: That all deserters should in future be
+mutually returned: And that missionaries should be allowed to
+preach the doctrines of Christianity in the Araucanian
+territories. Ancanamon required as a preliminary, that the forts
+of Paicavi and Arauco, which had been lately erected upon the sea
+coast to the south of the Biobio, should be evacuated. The
+governor immediately abandoned Paicavi, and agreed to give up the
+other immediately after the conclusion of peace. Being so far
+agreed, and as the consent of the four toquis of the uthalmapus
+was requisite to ratify the treaty, Ancanamon proposed to seek
+for them in person, and to bring them to the Spanish camp.</p>
+
+<p>While the negociation was in this state of forwardness, an
+unlooked for event rendered all these pacific measures abortive.
+Ancanamon had a Spanish lady among his wives, who, taking
+advantage of his absence, fled for refuge to the governor,
+accompanied by four other women who were wives to the toqui, and
+two young girls his daughters. The toqui was extremely indignant
+on this occasion, though less exasperated by the flight of his
+wives, than by the kind reception they had experienced among the
+Spaniards. Relinquishing every thought of peace, he immediately
+returned to the governor, from whom he demanded the restitution
+of the fugitives. His demand was taken into consideration by a
+council of the officers; but the majority of these, many of whom
+were averse to peace, refused to surrender the women to the
+toqui, alleging that they were unwilling to expose them to the
+danger of relapsing from the Christian faith which they had
+embraced. After many ineffectual propositions, Ancanamon
+consented to limit his demands to the restitution of his
+daughters, whom he tenderly loved. To this it was answered, that
+as the eldest had not yet embraced the Christian faith, his
+request respecting her would be complied with, but as the younger
+had been already baptised, they could not think of delivering her
+into his hands.</p>
+
+<p>At this time the almost extinguished hopes of peace were
+revived for a time by an unexpected incident. <i>Utiflame</i>,
+the apo-ulmen of Ilicura near Imperial, had always been among the
+most inveterate enemies of the Spaniards, and to avoid all
+intercourse with them, had constantly refused to ransom his sons
+or relations who happened to be made prisoners. He prided himself
+on having so successfully opposed all the Spanish governors of
+Chili, from the elder Villagran to Rivera, that the enemy had
+never been able to acquire a footing in his province, though near
+the city of Imperial. One of his sons who had been taken in the
+late war, was about this time sent back to him by Valdivia, in
+consequence of which he was so highly gratified, that he went
+immediately to visit the missionary at the fort of Arauco, where
+in return for the civilities he experienced from the governor and
+Valdivia, he engaged to receive the missionaries into his
+province, and to use his influence with Ancanamon to conclude a
+peace with the Spaniards. He observed, however, that it was
+necessary in the first place to restore his women, which could be
+done with safety by obtaining in the first place a safe conduct
+from the toqui, and undertook to manage the business. He
+accordingly departed from Arauco for Ilicura, accompanied by
+three missionaries, one of whom was Horatio Vecchio, the cousin
+of Pope Alexander VII. The exasperated toqui no sooner learnt the
+arrival of the missionaries at Ilicura, than he hastened to that
+place with two hundred horse, and slew them all with their
+defender Utiflame. Thus were all the plans of pacification
+rendered abortive, though Valdivia used repeated attempts to
+revive the negociation. All his schemes were disconcerted by the
+contrivances of the officers and soldiers, who were interested in
+the continuance of the war, and loudly demanded that vengeance
+should be taken for the blood of the slaughtered priests.
+Notwithstanding his anxious desire for peace and the pious
+intentions of the king, the governor found himself compelled to
+prosecute the war, which was renewed with more fury than ever.
+Ancanamon the toqui, being eager to revenge the affront he had
+received in regard to his women, incessantly harassed the
+southern provinces of Spanish Chili, and his successor
+Loncothegua continued hostilities with equal obstinacy; but only
+very imperfect accounts of this period of the war have been given
+by the contemporary historians. The governor Rivera died at
+Conception in 1617, having appointed as his successor Fernando
+Talaverano the senior oydor of the royal court; who was succeeded
+ten months afterwards by Lope de Ulloa.</p>
+
+<p>The toqui Loncothegua resigned in 1618, and was succeeded in
+the supreme command of the Araucanian armies by an officer named
+Lientur, whose military expeditions were always so rapid and
+unexpected, that the Spaniards used to call him the wizard. All
+his designs were perfectly seconded by Levipillan, his vice
+toqui. Though the line of the Biobio was amply secured by
+fortresses and centinels, these indefatigable enemies always
+contrived to pass and repass without experiencing any material
+loss. The first enterprise of Lientur was the capture of a convoy
+of four hundred horses, which were intended to remount the
+Spanish cavalry. He next ravaged the province of Chilian, and
+slew the corregidor with two of his sons and several of the
+magistrates, who had attempted to resist him in the field. Five
+days afterwards, he proceeded towards St. Philip of Austria,
+otherwise called Yumbel, a place about sixty miles to the east of
+Conception, with six hundred infantry and four hundred horse, all
+of whom he sent out in various detachments to ravage the
+surrounding country, leaving only two hundred men to guard the
+narrow defile of Congrejeras. Provoked at this daring enterprise,
+Robolledo, the commandant of Yumbel, sent seventy horse to take
+possession of the pass and cut off the retreat of the toqui; but
+they were received with such bravery by the Araucanian
+detachment, that they were compelled to retire for security to a
+neighbouring hill, after losing their captain and eighteen of
+their number. Robolledo sent three companies of infantry and all
+the rest of his cavalry to their aid; but Lientur who had by this
+time collected all his troops together, fell upon the Spaniards,
+notwithstanding the continual fire of their musquetry, and put
+their cavalry to flight at the first charge. The infantry, thus
+left exposed, were almost all cut to pieces, thirty-six of them
+only being made prisoners, who were distributed among the several
+provinces of the Arancanian confederacy. If Lientur had then
+invested Yumbel it must have fallen into his hands; but he
+deferred the siege till the following year, when his attempt was
+rendered unsuccessful by the valiant defence of Ximenes who then
+had the command. On his repulse however, he assaulted and took a
+fort named Neculgueno, the garrison of which was put to the
+sword, and all the auxiliaries who dwelt in that neighbourhood
+were made prisoners. Lientur followed up these successful
+exploits with others equally fortunate, which are not
+particularized by contemporary writers, who have given him the
+title of the <i>darling of fortune</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ulloa the-governor, more a prey to anxiety and mortification
+than disease, died on the 20th of November 1620, and was
+succeeded in the government of Chili by Christoval de la Cerda, a
+native of Mexico, the eldest oydor, according to the established
+rule on such occasions. For the more effectual defence of the
+frontiers on the Biobio, he caused an additional fortress to be
+constructed, named San Christoval, which still remains. This
+oydor continued only a year in the government, during which he
+was continually occupied in defending the Spanish settlements
+against the enterprises of Lientur, with whom he had many
+encounters. His successor, Pedro Suarez de Ulloa, continued the
+war in a similar manner, contenting himself with acting
+principally on the defensive, till his death on the 11th of
+December 1624; when he was succeeded by Francisco Alava, his
+brother-in-law, who retained the office only for six months,
+being succeeded by Don Luis de Cordova, in March 1625.</p>
+
+<p>Lientar being advanced in years and worn out by continual
+exertions, resigned his office in 1625, and was succeeded as
+toqui by Putapichion, a young man whose courage and conduct much
+resembled his predecessor in office. The new governor of Chili
+was a commander of extraordinary skill and courage, and being
+nephew to the viceroy of Peru, was abundantly supplied with
+troops and warlike stores, being likewise directed by his
+instructions not to confine himself to defensive operations, but
+to carry the war into the Araucanian territory. His first care on
+his arrival at Conception, was to restore the military
+discipline, and to discharge all arrears that were due to the
+troops. He at the same time preferred a number of Creoles to the
+vacant offices, by which he acquired the esteem of all the
+inhabitants, and gratified many of the descendants of the
+original conquerors who had been hitherto much neglected. Having
+established good order in the government, he directed Alonzo de
+Cordova, whom he had appointed quarter-master, to make an
+incursion with six hundred men into the provinces of Arauco and
+Tucapel. In this expedition only an hundred and fifteen prisoners
+were taken and a small number of cattle, as most of the
+inhabitants took refuge in the mountains with their families and
+effects.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time the new toqui, Putapichion, endeavoured to
+signalize the commencement of his administration by the capture
+of the fort of Nativity, one of the strongest places on the
+Biobio, which was constructed on the top of a high and steep
+mountain, well furnished with troops and artillery, and both from
+its natural and artificial strength was deemed impregnable.
+Putapichion came unexpectedly against this place, and soon
+scaling the difficult ascent, got possession of the ditch, set
+fire to the palisades and houses of the place with fire arrows,
+and very nearly succeeded in its capture. But the garrison
+collected in the only bastion which had escaped the flames,
+whence they kept up so severe a fire against the assailants, that
+Putapichion was constrained to abandon the enterprise, carrying
+away with him twelve prisoners and several horses. The toqui then
+crossed the Biobio and made an attempt upon the fort of Quinel,
+which was occupied by six hundred men; but failing also in this
+enterprise, he made an inroad into the province of Chillan,
+whence he brought off a great number of peasants and cattle, in
+spite of the exertions of the serjeant-major to stop his rapid
+march. Eager for retaliation, the governor resolved in 1628, to
+invade. Araucania in three directions, assigning the maritime
+country to the quarter-master, the Andes to the serjeant-major,
+and reserving the intermediate country to himself. Accordingly,
+at the head of twelve hundred regulars and a strong body of
+auxiliaries, he traversed the provinces of Encol and Puren, where
+he captured a great number of men and cattle; and, having crossed
+the river Cauten, he ravaged in a similar manner to the rich
+province of Maguegua. On his return from this successful
+expedition, Putapichion opposed him at the head of three thousand
+men in order of battle. In the first encounter, the Spanish army
+was thrown into confusion and suffered a severe loss; but, being
+rallied by the exertions of their officers, they renewed the
+battle, which was severely contested for some time, with
+considerable loss on both sides. As the Araucanians had recovered
+most of the spoil, and taken some prisoners while the Spanish
+army was in disorder, the toqui did not think proper to risk too
+much on the event of battle, and sounded a retreat. On his return
+to Conception, the governor was rejoined by the serjeant-major
+and quarter-master. The former had not been able to effect any
+thing of importance, as the enemy had taken refuge in the
+mountains. The latter reported that he had made two hundred
+prisoners, and had acquired a booty of seven thousand horses and
+a thousand head of cattle, but had the misfortune to lose most of
+them during, a violent tempest while on his return.</p>
+
+<p>Don Francisco Lasso, an officer who had gained high reputation
+in the wars of the low countries, arrived soon afterwards with a
+commission to supersede Cordova in the government of Chili. At
+the commencement of his administration, he endeavoured to come to
+an accommodation with the Araucanians, with which view he set at
+liberty all the prisoners of that nation who were confined in the
+different garrisons. But the minds of that high-spirited people
+were not yet disposed towards peace, and the glory of bringing
+about that desirable event was reserved for his successor; yet
+Lasso certainly contributed to prepare the way for peace, by the
+ten years of uninterrupted war which he waged against the
+Araucanians, in consequence of their rejecting his pacific
+overtures, during which he gained many victories over that
+valiant people. At the commencement however of his military
+operations, Lasso was by no means fortunate. The quarter-master,
+Cordova, while advancing by his orders to invade the maritime
+provinces of Araucania, was completely routed by Putapichion in
+the small district of Piculgue near Arauco. The toqui placed a
+part of his army in ambush, and contrived with much skill to
+induce Cordova to give battle in an unfavourable situation. In
+this action, the Spanish horse, forming the van of the army, was
+unable to withstand the charge of the Araucanian cavalry, now
+become exceedingly expert, and was put to flight; and the
+infantry being thus left exposed and surrounded on all sides, was
+entirely destroyed after a combat of five hours, during which
+they performed prodigies of valour, and gallantly resisted many
+furious assaults of the enemy. In this action Cordova was slain,
+with five captains, and several other officers of merit.</p>
+
+<p>On receiving intelligence of this disastrous action, the
+governor marched in person against Putapichion with a
+considerable body of troops, leaving Robolledo the serjeant-major
+to defend the passage of the Biobio against the enterprises of
+the toqui; who yet eluded the vigilance of the serjeant-major,
+passed the Biobio with a detachment of two hundred men, and laid
+waste the neighbouring provinces of Chili in the absence of the
+Spanish army. Lasso immediately returned with all his troops to
+the Biobio, occupied all the known fords of that river, in hope
+of cutting off the retreat of the invaders, and then went in
+search of Putapichion with a select detachment equal in number to
+the enemy. In this expedition, he was attacked at a place called
+Robleria on the banks of the Itata by the toqui with such
+determined resolution, that the Spaniards gave way at the first
+encounter, forty of them with several officers being slain. The
+remainder owed their safety to the skill and valour of the
+governor, who restored their order with wonderful coolness and
+intrepidity, and even repulsed the enemy with considerable loss.
+Satisfied with the success he had already obtained, and proud of
+having taken the scarlet cloak of the governor, Putapichion now
+conducted his retreat to the Biobio with great skill, and got
+over that river unopposed.</p>
+
+<p>On his return from this expedition, the toqui was received by
+his army with lively demonstrations of joy, and resolved to
+gratify his troops by reviving the almost forgotten festival
+called <i>pruloncon</i>, or the dance of death. A Spanish
+soldier, who had been made prisoner in one of the preceding
+battles, was selected for the victim of this barbarous spectacle
+[99]. "The officers surrounded by the soldiers form a circle, in
+the centre of which is placed the official axe of the toqui, with
+four poniards representing the four Uthalmapus of the
+confederacy. The unfortunate prisoner is then led in on a sorry
+horse deprived of his ears and tail, and is placed near the axe,
+having his face turned towards his own country. He is then
+ordered to dig a hole in the ground with a sharp stake, and is
+given a handful of small sticks, which he is ordered to throw one
+by one into the hole, naming one of the principal warriors of his
+nation at each stick, while the surrounding soldiers load these
+detested names with bitter execrations. He is then, ordered to
+cover up the hole, as if to bury the valour and reputation of the
+persons whom he has named. After this, the toqui, or one of his
+bravest companions to whom he relinquishes the honour of being
+executioner, dashes out the brains of the prisoner with a
+war-club. The heart is immediately taken out by two attendants
+and presented still palpitating to the toqui, who sucks a little
+of the blood and passes it to his officers, who successively
+repeat the same ceremony. The toqui then fumigates the four
+cardinal points of the circle with tobacco smoke from his pipe.
+The soldiers strip the flesh from the bones of the victim, and
+convert the bones into flutes. The head is cut off and carried
+round on the point of a pike, amid the acclamations of the
+multitude, while stamping in measured pace, they thunder out
+their dreadful war-song accompanied by the mournful sound of
+their horrible instruments of music. The mangled body is fitted
+with the head of a sheep, and the barbarous festival is
+terminated by riot and intoxication. If the skull of the victim
+has not been broken by the stroke of death, it is made into a
+drinking cup, called <i>ralilonco</i>, which is used in their
+banquets in the manner of the ancient Scythians and Goths."</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 99: The particulars of this ceremony are
+here inserted from a different part of the work of Molina, B.I.
+Ch. iv. containing an account of the manners and customs of the
+Araucanians.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>On the present occasion, the honour of dispatching the victim
+was conferred upon the ulmen Maulican. This cruel spectacle,
+which some have attempted to excuse on the principle of
+retaliation, has dishonoured the fame of Putapichion, and was not
+even pleasing to all the Araucanians[100]. According to Don
+Francisco Bascagnan, who was an eye witness, many of the
+spectators compassionated the fate of the unfortunate soldier;
+and Maulican, to whom the office of dispatching him was assigned
+as a mark of honour, is said to have declared that he accepted of
+it with extreme reluctance, and merely to avoid offending his
+commander the toqui. The torture of an innocent prisoner, upon
+whatever motive or pretence, is certainly a crime against
+humanity of the deepest dye, and can never be justified on any
+principle whatever.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 100: It certainly was not more cruel or
+more dishonourable than the empalements and mutilations ordered
+by the Christian enemies of the Araucanians: But the latter were
+unbelievers, and were rebels against the authority of the
+Catholic king and the grant of the holy father of the Christian
+world.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Having received a reinforcement of five hundred veteran
+soldiers from Peru, and raised two companies of infantry and a
+troop of cavalry at St Jago, the governor with these new troops,
+added to thirteen hundred Spaniards and six hundred auxiliaries
+composing the army on the frontiers, marched to relieve the fort
+of Arauco which was menaced by the toqui. Putapichion had in
+reality commenced his march for that place at the head of seven
+thousand chosen men, whose valour he thought nothing was able to
+resist. But in consequence of some superstitious auguries of the
+ex-toqui Lientur, who had resolved to share the glory of this
+enterprise, the greater part of the Araucanian troops were
+intimidated, and deserted to their homes during the march.
+Putapichion was not discouraged by this defection, and observing
+that there could be no better omen in war than an eager desire to
+conquer, he continued his march with three thousand two hundred
+of his most determined followers, and encamped at a short
+distance from the fort of Arauco. Some of his officers advised
+him to assault the fort that same night; but he declined this to
+give his troops time for rest and refreshment, and that the
+Spaniards might not reproach him with always taking advantage of
+the darkness, like a robber, to favour his enterprises.</p>
+
+<p>The governor, who was close at hand with his army, having
+resolved to offer battle to the enemy next day, ordered his men
+to prepare themselves for battle, and had a skirmish that night
+with an advanced party of the Araucanians, who had advanced so
+near the fort of Arauco as to burn the huts of the auxiliaries on
+the outside of the fortifications. At daybreak, Lasso took
+possession with his army of a strong position called Alvarrada,
+which was defended on either flank by a deep torrent, so that it
+could not be turned. He placed all his cavalry on the right,
+under the command of the quartermaster <i>Sea</i>, while the
+infantry on the left were under the orders of Rebolledo the
+serjeant-major. Putapichion advanced with his army in such
+excellent order, that the governor who had been all his life
+inured to arms, could not avoid openly expressing his admiration
+of the excellent disposition of the enemy. The Araucanian
+soldiers, whose heads were adorned with beautiful plumes of
+feathers, seemed as if going to a banquet, instead of the
+doubtful chance of battle. For some time the two armies remained
+motionless, as if observing each other; when at length the signal
+of attack was sounded by Quepuantu, the vice-toqui, by order of
+Putapichion. The governor then gave orders to the Spanish horse
+to charge that belonging to the enemy; but it met with so warm a
+reception, that it was broken and put to flight, and obliged to
+take shelter in the rear of the infantry. Upon this event, the
+Araucanian infantry made so violent a charge upon the Spanish
+foot as to throw them into confusion, insomuch that the governor
+gave up all for lost. At this critical moment Putapichion was
+slain; and the governor availed himself so effectually of the
+confusion which this circumstance produced among the Araucanians,
+that he was able to rally his troops, and led them up anew to the
+charge, while the Araucanians were solely intent upon carrying
+off the dead body of their toqui. They even effected this, but
+were completely defeated and driven in disorder from the field.
+Quepuantu, the vice-toqui, exerted himself in vain to restore
+order and to bring back his troops to the charge, even killing
+several of the fugitives with his own hand; but all his efforts
+were fruitless, and the Araucanians suffered prodigiously in
+their flight, being pursued for more than six miles in all
+directions. Many of the Spaniards fell in this battle, the most
+decisive that had been fought for a long time against the
+Araucanians.</p>
+
+<p>From the death of Putapichion to the termination of the
+government of Lasso, the successive toquis of the Araucanians
+continued the war with more rashness than skill; none of them,
+like Antiguenu and Paillamachu, having sufficient judgment to
+repair the losses sustained by the nation, and to counterbalance
+the power and arms of the Spaniards by skill and conduct.
+Quepuantu, who was advanced to the rank of toqui after the defeat
+at Alvarrada, retired to a sequestered vale under the covert of
+thick woods, where he built a house with four opposite doors, to
+facilitate his escape in case of being attacked. The place of his
+retirement having been discovered to the governor, he sent the
+quarter-master to surprise him with four hundred light armed
+troops. As these came upon him by surprise, Quepuantu took refuge
+in the wood; but soon returned at the head of fifty men who had
+come to his assistance, and attacked the Spaniards with great
+courage. After a desperate engagement of half an hour, in which
+the toqui lost almost all his men, he accepted a challenge from
+Loncomallu, chief of the auxiliaries attached to the Spaniards,
+and was slain after a long combat. In 1634, a similar fate befel
+his successor Loncamilla, in an engagement with a small number of
+Araucanian troops against a strong detachment of Spaniards.
+Guenucalquin, his successor, after making some successful inroads
+into the Spanish provinces, lost his life in an engagement with
+six hundred Spaniards in the province of Ilicura. Curanteo, who
+was created toqui in the heat of this action, had the glory of
+terminating it by the rout of the enemy; but was killed soon
+afterwards in another conflict. Curimilla, the next toqui, more
+daring than several of his predecessors, repeatedly ravaged the
+provinces to the north of the Biobio, and undertook the siege of
+Arauco and the other forts on the frontiers; but was slain at
+length by Sea in Calcoimo.</p>
+
+<p>During the government of this toqui, the Dutch made another
+attempt to form an alliance with the Araucanians, in order to
+obtain possession of Chili, but with no better fortune than on
+the former occasion. Their squadron, consisting of four ships,
+was dispersed in a storm on its arrival on the coast in 1638. A
+boat well manned and armed, being afterwards dispatched to the
+island of Mocha, to enter into a parley with the Araucanians, was
+attacked by the inhabitants, who put all the crew to death and
+took possession of the boat. Another boat experienced a similar
+misfortune in the small island of Talca or Santa Maria, and the
+Dutch were obliged to retire without being able to establish any
+intercourse with the Araucanians, who were equally jealous of all
+the European nations, and not without reason. Some years
+afterwards, notwithstanding the ill success of the Dutch, a
+similar enterprise was undertaken by Sir John Narborough, an
+English naval commander, by order of Charles II. In passing
+through the Straits of Magellan, this whole fleet was lost.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time, taking advantage of the imprudence and
+unskilfulness of the Araucanian commanders, the governor
+continued constantly to lay waste their territories. He had at
+first given orders that every prisoner capable of bearing arms
+should be put to death; but afterwards, recurring to more humane
+measures, he ordered them to be transported to Peru, a sentence
+to them more intolerable even than death. Whenever these unhappy
+exiles came in sight of land, which often happened in that
+navigation, they used to throw themselves overboard in hopes to
+escape by swimming, that they might return to their country. Many
+had the good fortune to save themselves in that manner; but such
+as were unable to elude the vigilance of the sailors, as soon as
+they were landed on the island or at the port of Callao, exposed
+themselves to every toil and danger to regain their beloved
+country, travelling with incredible perseverance and fatigue the
+immense extent of coast between that port and the Biobio. When
+the relations of the prisoners, more anxious to deliver them from
+the miseries of exile than even from death, frequently sent
+messages to the governor to negociate the ransom of such as were
+condemned to be sent to Peru, he always refused his consent,
+unless the nation would lay down their arms and submit to his
+authority. Laso was exceedingly anxious to perform a promise
+which he had made like several of his predecessors, of putting an
+end to the war, and used every possible effort for that purpose,
+for which no one was better fitted to succeed; but he had to
+contend against an invincible people, enthusiastically bent upon
+the preservation of their liberties. He employed every means that
+could be suggested by wise policy and profound military skill to
+effect their subjugation; now endeavouring to humble their, pride
+by his victories, at other times ravaging their country with fire
+and sword, and endeavouring to restrain them by the establishment
+of fortresses in different parts of their territory. Among these,
+he founded a city not far from the ruins of Angol, to which he
+gave the name of San Francisco de la Vega, and left in it a
+garrison of four troops of horse and two companies of foot. But
+it was taken and destroyed in the same year in which it was built
+by the toqui Curimilla. A great number of men were necessarily
+expended in the prosecution of this obstinate war, so that the
+Spanish army, though annually reinforced with numerous recruits
+from Peru, was diminished to less than a half of its force at the
+commencement of the government of Laso. On this account he sent
+over Don Francisco Ayendano to Spain to solicit new
+reinforcements, and with a promise of bringing the war to a
+conclusion in the course of two years. But, judging from the past
+that so successful an issue was little to be expected, the court
+sent out Don Francisco de Zuniga, Marquis of Baydes, as his
+successor, who had given unquestionable proofs of his political
+and military talents, both in Italy and Flanders, where he had
+executed the charge of quarter-master-general. On his arrival in
+Chili in 1640, either in consequence of private instructions from
+the prime minister, or of his own accord, Zuniga procured a
+personal conference with Lincopichion, who had been elected toqui
+on the death of Curimilla. Fortunately for the interests of
+humanity, both commanders were of the same disposition in wishing
+for peace, and equally averse from the continuance of the
+destructive war which had so long raged between their hostile
+nations. They readily agreed upon the most difficult articles in
+settling the preliminaries, and a day was appointed at the
+commencement of the following year for ratifying the conditions
+of a definitive peace between the nations.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly, on the 6th of January 1641, the marquis came to
+Quillin, the place of meeting, a village in the province of
+Puren, attended by a retinue of about ten thousand persons
+collected from all parts of Chili, who insisted to accompany him
+on this joyful occasion. Lincopichion came there likewise at the
+time appointed, accompanied by the four hereditary toquis of the
+Araucanians, and a great number of ulmens and other natives.
+Lincopichion opened the conference with an eloquent speech; and
+then, according to the customs of his nation, he killed a
+<i>chilihueque</i> or Araucanian camel, and sprinkling a branch
+of the <i>boighe</i> or Chilese cinnamon tree with its blood, he
+presented it to the governor in token of peace. The articles of
+the treaty of peace were next proposed, agreed to, and ratified,
+being similar to those formerly mentioned which had been accepted
+by Ancanamon, with the addition of one insisted upon by the
+marquis, that the Araucanians should not permit the landing of
+any strangers on their coast, nor furnish supplies to any foreign
+nation whatever. As this was entirely conformable to the
+political maxims of the Araucanian nation, it was readily agreed
+to, and the peace finally ratified and confirmed. Thus was an end
+put to a destructive and sanguinary war, which had desolated the
+possessions of the two nations for ninety years. This, important
+negociation was closed by the sacrifice of twenty-eight
+chilihueques, and by an eloquent harangue from Antiguenu, the
+ulmen of the district where it was concluded, in which he
+enlarged on the advantages which both nations would reap from the
+establishment of peace. After this, the two chiefs cordially
+embraced, and congratulated each other on the happy termination
+of their joint endeavours. They then dined together, and made
+mutual presents to each other, and the three succeeding days were
+spent by both nations in festivities and rejoicing.</p>
+
+<p>In consequence of this pacification, all prisoners were
+released on both sides, and the Spaniards had the satisfaction of
+receiving, among many others, forty-two of their countrymen who
+had been in captivity ever since the time of the toqui
+Paillamachu. Commerce, the inseparable concomitant of a good
+understanding among neighbouring nations, was established between
+the Spaniards and Araucanians. The lands near the frontiers on
+both sides, which had been deserted and laid waste by the mutual
+hostile incursions, were repeopled, and a new activity was
+excerted in their cultivation by the proprietors, who could now
+enjoy the produce in tranquillity and safety. The hopes of
+disseminating the truths of Christianity among the infidels were
+again revived, and the missionaries began freely to exercise
+their beneficent functions among the inhabitants of Araucania.
+Notwithstanding the manifold advantages of peace to both nations,
+there were some unquiet spirits, both among the Araucanians and
+Spaniards who used their endeavours on specious pretences to
+prevent its ratification. The Araucanian malecontents alleged
+that it was merely a trick to deceive their nation, in order to
+conquer them at a future opportunity with the more facility, when
+they had become unaccustomed to the use of arms. Those of the
+Spaniards, on the contrary, who were adverse to peace, pretended
+that by the establishment of peace, the population of the
+Araucanians would increase so fast that they would soon be able
+to destroy all the Spanish establishments in Chili. Some of these
+had even the audacity to cry <i>to arms</i>, and endeavoured to
+instigate the auxiliaries to commence hostilities, while the
+conferences were going on. But the marquis had the wisdom and
+good fortune to prevent the renewal of the war, by justifying the
+purity and good faith of his intentions to the evil disposed
+among the Araucanians, and by reprimanding and keeping in awe the
+malecontent Spaniards, and finally accomplished this glorious
+measure, which was approved and ratified by the court of
+Spain.</p>
+
+<p>Two years after the peace, in 1643, the importance of the
+article which the marquis procured to be inserted into this
+treaty was rendered very apparent to the Spaniards, by its
+contributing materially to the failure of a third and last
+attempt by the Dutch to acquire possession of Chili. On this
+occasion their measures were so well taken, that if they had been
+seconded by the Araucanians they must have infallibly succeeded.
+They fitted out a numerous fleet, well provided with men,
+artillery, and military stores from Brasil, and took possession
+of Valdivia which had been deserted by the Spaniards for more
+than forty years, and at which place they intended to form an
+establishment from whence to conquer the rest of the kingdom.
+With this view, they immediately began to build strong forts at
+the entrance of the river, in order to secure possession of that
+important port, and invited the Araucanians to join them by the
+most flattering promises. But that gallant nation steadily
+refused to listen to the proposals, and adhering honourably to
+the stipulations in the treaty of Quillin, absolutely refused to
+supply them with provisions, of which they were much in want. The
+Cunchese, in whose territories Valdivia was situated, in
+consequence of the counsels of their Araucanian allies, likewise
+refused to enter into any connection or correspondence with the
+Dutch, or to supply them with provisions. In consequence of this
+refusal, being pressed by famine, and hearing that a combined
+army of Spaniards and Araucanians was in full march against them,
+the Dutch were compelled to abandon Valdivia in three months
+after taking possession. Soon after their retreat, the Marquis de
+Mancura, son to the viceroy of Peru, arrived at Valdivia in
+search of the Dutch with ten ships of war. To prevent the
+recurrence of a similar attempt, he fortified the harbour, and
+particularly the island at its entrance, which has ever since
+borne the name of his family title.</p>
+
+<p>On the termination of the sixth year of his pacific
+government, the Marquis de Baydes was recalled from Chili, and
+Don Martin Muxica appointed governor in his place. He likewise
+succeeded in preserving the kingdom in a state of tranquillity;
+and the only unfortunate circumstance that occurred during his
+government was a violent earthquake, by which part of the city of
+St Jago was destroyed on the 8th of May 1647. His successor, Don
+Antonio de Acugna, had a very different fortune, as during his
+government the war was excited anew between the Spaniards and
+Araucanians; as will fall to be mentioned in the following
+section.</p>
+
+<p>SECTION XI.</p>
+
+<p><i>Renewal of the War with the Araucanians, and succinct
+Narrative of the History of Chili, from 1655 to 1787</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I regret much the want of materials for this part of my work,
+as all the memoirs of which I have hitherto availed myself
+terminate at this period. In the year 1655, the war recommenced
+after a peace of between fourteen and fifteen years endurance,
+but contemporary writers have left us no account of the causes
+which interrupted the good understanding which had been so
+happily established by the Marquis de Baydes. All we know is that
+Clentaru, the hereditary toqui of the Lauquenmapu, was
+unanimously elevated to the supreme command in 1655, and
+signalized the commencement of his administration by totally
+defeating the Spanish army commanded by the serjeant-major of the
+kingdom, who fell in the action. This victory was followed by the
+capture of the fortresses of Arauco, Colcura, San Pedro,
+Talcamavida, and San Rosendo. In 1656, the toqui crossed the
+Biobio, completely defeated the governor Acugna in the plains of
+Yumbel, destroyed the forts of San Christoval and Estancia del
+Rey, and burned the city of Chillan. We can only add, that this
+war continued with great violence for ten years, during the
+governments of Don Pedro Portel de Cassanate, and Don Francisco
+de Meneses, as the successes of Clentaru are only incidentally
+mentioned in any of the writers belonging to this period.</p>
+
+<p>Don Francisco de Meneses, a Portuguese by birth, had the glory
+to terminate this new war in 1665 by a peace, which proved more
+permanent than that concluded by Baydes. After freeing himself
+from the Araucanians, he had the misfortune of being involved in
+a contest with the members of the royal audience, who opposed his
+marriage with the daughter of the Marquis de la Pica, as contrary
+to the royal regulations. This difference proceeded to such a
+length, that the Marquis de Navamorquende was sent out from Spain
+to Chili with full powers to arrange matters; who, after due
+inquiry, sent Meneses to Peru and assumed the government himself.
+After Navamorquende, the government of Chili was administered
+successively to the end of the seventeenth century, by Don Miguel
+de Silva, Don Jose de Carrera, and Don Thomas Marin de Proveda,
+by all of whom a good understanding appears to have been kept up
+with the Araucanians: But in 1686, war had nearly been again
+occasioned with that nation, in consequence of removing the
+inhabitants of the island of Mocho to the north shore of the
+Biobio, in order to prevent any intercourse with foreign
+ships.</p>
+
+<p>The commencement of the eighteenth century was remarkable in
+Chili by three events: The deposition of the governor Don
+Francisco Ibanez, the rebellion of the inhabitants of
+Chilo&eacute;, and the establishment of trade with the French.
+Ibanez was accused of having espoused the Austrian party in the
+succession war, and was banished to Peru; and after him, the
+government was successively administered until the year 1720, by
+Don Juan Henriquez, Don Andres Uztariz, and Don Martin Concha.
+The rebellion of the islanders of Chilo&eacute; was soon
+suppressed, and the inhabitants reduced to obedience, by the
+prudent management of Don Pedro Molina, the
+quarter-master-general of Chili, who was sent against them with a
+considerable body of troops, but who succeeded in restoring them
+to good order more by mild and conciliatory measures than by
+useless victories. In consequence of the succession war, by which
+a prince of the house of Bourbon was placed on the throne of
+Spain, the French acquired for a time the whole external commerce
+of Chili. From 1707 to 1717, the ports of that kingdom were
+filled with French ships, which carried from thence incredible
+sums in gold and silver; and many Frenchmen settled at this time
+in the country, who have left numerous descendants. During this
+period the learned Feuill&eacute; resided three years in Chili,
+and made his well known botanical researches and many profound
+metereological observations.</p>
+
+<p>For some time the Araucanians had been much dissatisfied with
+several articles in the peace, under colour of which the
+Spaniards availed themselves of forming establishments in their
+country. They also were exceedingly impatient of the insolent
+behaviour of certain persons, called <i>captains of the
+friends</i>, who had been introduced under the pretence of
+protecting the missionaries, and now arrogated a considerable
+degree of authority over the natives which they submitted to with
+extreme reluctance. Stimulated by resentment for these
+grievances, the Araucanians resolved in 1722 to have recourse to
+arms, and in this view they proceeded to the election of a toqui
+or military dictator. On this occasion they chose a person named
+Vilumilla, a man of low rank, but who had acquired a high
+character with his countrymen for judgment, courage, and
+extensive views, entertaining no less an object than the entire
+expulsion of the Spaniards from Chili. To succeed in this arduous
+undertaking, he deemed it necessary to obtain the support and
+assistance of all the native Chilese, from the confines of Peru
+to the Biobio, and vast as was the extent of his plan, he
+conceived it might be easily executed. Having slain three or four
+Spaniards in a skirmish, among whom was one of the captains of
+friends, as they were called, he dispatched messengers with the
+symbolical arrows, each of whom carried a finger of the slain
+Spaniards, to the various Chilese tribes in the Spanish
+provinces, inviting them to take up arms on the exhibition of a
+signal, to be given by kindling fires on the tops of the highest
+mountains all over the country. Accordingly, on the 9th of March
+1723, the day previously fixed upon for the commencement of
+hostilities, fires were lighted up on the mountains of Copaipo,
+Coquimbo, Quillota, Rancagua, Maule, and Itata. But either owing
+to the smallness of their number, their apprehension of the issue
+of the war, or their long habitude of submission, the native
+Chilese in the Spanish provinces remained quiet, and this vast
+project of the toqui was entirely disconcerted.</p>
+
+<p>Having declared war against the Spaniards, Vilumilla set out
+immediately at the head of an army to attack the Spanish
+settlements: Yet before commencing hostilities, he requested the
+missionaries to quit the country, that they might not be injured
+by his detached parties. Vilumilla signalized the commencement of
+this new war by taking the fort of Tucapel by storm. Being
+apprehensive of a similar fate, the garrison of Arauco abandoned
+that place. After destroying these two forts, Villumilla directed
+his march for Puren, of which he expected to gain possession
+without resistance. But the commander made so vigorous a defence
+that he was under the necessity of besieging it in form. In a
+short time the garrison was reduced to extreme distress, both
+from scarcity of provisions and want of water, the aqueduct which
+brought water to the fort being destroyed by the enemy. During a
+sally made by the commander to obtain supplies, he and all his
+followers were slain. In this critical situation, Don Gabriel
+Cano, who had succeeded Concha in the government, arrived with an
+army of five thousand men. As Vilumilla expected an immediate
+attack, he chose a strong position for his army which he drew up
+in order of battle behind the deep bed of a torrent: But, though
+repeatedly challenged to battle by the enemy, Cano thought it
+more prudent to abandon the place, and accordingly withdrew the
+remainder of the garrison. The war was afterwards reduced to
+skirmishes of small importance, and was soon terminated by a
+peace concluded at Negrete, a place situated at the confluence of
+the Biobio and the Laxa, by which the provisions of the treaty of
+Quillan were renewed, and the odious title of captains of the
+friends abolished.</p>
+
+<p>After a mild and harmonious government of fifteen years, Don
+Gabriel Cano died at St Jago, and was succeeded by his nephew Don
+Manuel de Salamanca, who was appointed by the viceroy of Peru,
+and who conducted the government in conformity with the excellent
+maxims of his uncle. Don Joseph Manso, who was sent from Spain as
+his successor, brought orders to collect the Spanish inhabitants
+who were dispersed over the country into cities. For this
+purpose, in 1742, the new governor founded the cities of Copaipo,
+Aconcagua, Melipilla, Rancagua, San Fernando, Curico, Talca,
+Tutaben, and Angeles. In reward for this service, he was promoted
+to the high dignity of viceroy of Peru. His successors continued
+to form new establishments, and in 1753, Santa Rosa, Guasco-alto,
+Casablanca, Bellaisla, Florida, Coulemu, and Quirigua were
+founded by Don Domingo Rosas; but these have never flourished
+like the former. This governor likewise sent a colony to occupy
+the larger island of Juan Fernandez, or Isola de Tierra, which
+had remained uninhabited till that time, to the great injury of
+commerce, as the pirates found there a secure retreat whence they
+could easily annoy the trade of Peru and Chili. In 1759, Don
+Manuel Amat, who was afterwards Viceroy of Peru, founded the
+cities of Santa Barbara, Talcamavida, and Gualqui on the
+Araucanian frontier.</p>
+
+<p>Tranquillity was again disturbed about the year 1770, under
+the government of Don Antonio Gil Gonzago, who absurdly
+endeavoured to compel the Araucanians to live in cities. Many
+councils were held to devise the most suitable means for carrying
+this chimerical scheme into execution, which was much ridiculed
+by those who were best acquainted with the dispositions of the
+Araucanians, while others sided with the governor in supposing it
+practicable. The Araucanians were informed of these intentions of
+the governor by their spies; and being apprehensive of danger to
+their liberties from the proposed innovation, their chiefs met
+secretly to deliberate upon the best measures for eluding the
+designs of the governor without having recourse to arms. On this
+occasion the following resolutions were entered into by the
+Butacoyog, or national assembly of the ulmens. 1st, To delay the
+business as long as possible, by equivocal replies and delusive
+promises. 2d, When pressed to commence building, to require tools
+and other necessary aids from the Spaniards. 3d, To have recourse
+to war, when they found themselves no longer able to elude the
+demands of the governor; but that only the provinces that were
+compelled to build should declare war, while the others remained
+neutral on purpose to mediate a peace. 4th, When the mediation of
+these should be refused, the whole confederacy to join in the
+war. 5th, To allow the missionaries to depart in safety, as they
+had nothing to accuse them of but being Spaniards. 6th, To elect
+a supreme toqui, who should have the charge of executing these
+resolutions, and was to have every thing in readiness for taking
+the field when necessary.--Accordingly Antivilu, apo-ulmen of
+Maquegua, was unanimously elected toqui; but as his province was
+one of those which were to remain neutral, he declined to accept
+the office, and Curignancu, brother to the ulmen of Encol was
+elected in his stead.</p>
+
+<p>At the first conference, the governor proposed his plan to the
+Araucanians under every aspect that he thought might render it
+acceptable and agreeable. In pursuance of their previous
+agreement, the Araucanians objected, equivocated, and at length
+appeared to consent, but ended by requesting the necessary
+assistance for beginning the work. Accordingly, having pointed
+out the situations which he thought most eligible for the new
+cities, the governor sent them a great quantity of wrought iron,
+together with provisions for the labourers, and cattle for
+transporting the timber. As the work made no progress, the
+quarter-master Cabrito repaired to the frontiers with several
+companies of soldiers, to stimulate the tardy operations, and
+placed for this purpose superintendents in different quarters.
+The serjeant-major Rivera, was entrusted with the building of
+Nininco, and Captain Bargoa with that of another city on the
+banks of the Biobio, while Cabrito directed all the operations
+from his head-quarters at Angol.</p>
+
+<p>Finding all their acts of equivocation and delay ineffectual,
+the Araucanians flew to arms, and having united to the number of
+five hundred men under the toqui Curignancu, they proceeded to
+besiege Cabrito in his camp. Burgoa, who had been made prisoner
+and very roughly treated, was set at liberty in consequence of
+being represented as inimical to the quarter-master. Rivera
+crossed the Biobio in sight of the enemy who were seeking to slay
+him, but he got away in safety under the protection of a
+missionary, and afterwards returned with four hundred men to
+relieve Cabrito. Another missionary requested the Araucanian
+officer who escorted him, to forgive a Spaniard by whom he had
+been grievously offended: The Araucanian answered that he had
+nothing to fear while in company with the missionary; and that it
+was now no time to think of revenging private injuries. Such was
+the attention paid to the sanctity of the missionaries, that not
+a single Spaniard was slain who had the good fortune of getting
+under their protection.</p>
+
+<p>In order to attack the Araucanians in several places at once,
+the governor formed an alliance with the Pehuenches, who inhabit
+the western slopes of the Andes between the latitudes of 33&deg;
+30' and 36&deg; S. and between the heads of the rivers Maypo and
+Chillan. They accordingly sent an army through the defiles of the
+mountains to invade Araucania: But Curignancu, being informed of
+their approach, fell upon them by surprise while descending from
+the Andes and completely routed them, taking their general
+Coligura and his son, both of whom he put to death. Though this
+event might have been supposed calculated to occasion eternal
+enmity between the Pehuenches and Araucanians, it yet so
+effectually reconciled them, that the Pehuenches have been ever
+since faithful allies to the Araucanians, and implacable enemies
+to the Spaniards. Even in this war, Curignancu availed himself of
+the assistance of these mountaineers to harass the Spanish
+possessions in the neighbourhood of St Jago. Since that time, the
+Pehuenches frequently attack the Spanish caravans between Buenos
+Ayres and Chili, and almost every year furnishes some melancholy
+events of that kind.</p>
+
+<p>The mortification of seeing his grand project completely
+overthrown preyed on the mind of Gonzago, already afflicted by a
+severe chronic illness, which was so much aggravated by this
+disappointment as to cut him off in the second year of the war;
+and Don Francisco Xavier de Morales was appointed his successor
+by the viceroy of Peru. As formerly concerted, the neutral
+provinces of Araucania now declared in favour of those who had
+first begun hostilities, and the war was prosecuted with vigour
+by the whole confederacy. Curignancu and his brave vice-toqui
+Leviantu, kept the Spanish troops in constant motion and alarm,
+though reinforced by several divisions from Spain. Having no
+materials for giving an account of the events of this war, it can
+only be mentioned that a bloody battle was fought in the
+beginning of the, year 1773, by which period the expences of the
+war had exceeded 1,700,000 dollars. In the same year an
+accommodation was agreed upon, and Curignancu was invested by the
+Butacayog with full powers to settle the articles of peace. He
+required as a preliminary, that the conferences should be held in
+the city of St Jago, which was conceded by the Spanish governor
+though contrary to the usual custom. During the negociations in
+that city, he made another demand still more extraordinary, "That
+his nation should be allowed to keep a resident agent in the
+capital of Chili." This was warmly opposed by the Spanish
+officers; but the governor thought proper to grant this likewise,
+as an excellent expedient for readily adjusting any differences
+that might arise between the two nations. The other articles of
+the peace were adjusted with all manner of facility, as the
+treaties of Quillan and Negrete were revived by mutual
+consent.</p>
+
+<p>On the death of Gonzago being known in Spain, Don Augustino
+Jauregui was sent out to assume the government of Chili, who has
+since filled the important office of viceroy of Peru with
+universal approbation. He was succeeded by Don Ambrosio
+Benarides, who rendered the country happy by his wise and
+beneficent administration. "On the 21st of November 1787, Don
+Ambrosio Higgins a native of Ireland, formerly brigadier-general
+of the cavalry in Chili, was appointed president, governor, and
+captain-general of the kingdom, a gentleman of an enlightened
+mind and excellent disposition, who has gained the love and
+esteem of all the inhabitants. In 1792 he continued to discharge
+the duties of his high station with all the vigilance and
+fidelity which belong to his estimable character, and which are
+required in so important, a situation. On his first accession to
+the government, he visited all the northern provinces, for the
+purpose of dispensing justice, encouraging agriculture, opening
+the mines, and improving the commerce and fisheries of the
+kingdom. He has also established schools, repaired the roads
+throughout the country, and has built several new
+cities[101]."</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 101: This last passage within inverted
+commas, is an addition to the text of Molina by the original
+translator.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>SECTION XII.</p>
+
+<p><i>State of Chili towards the end of the Eighteenth
+Century</i>[102].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 102: The information of Molina appears to
+have closed about 1787; but in some notes by the translator,
+interwoven here into the text, a few short notices to the year
+1792 occur.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>From the short deduction of the occurrences in Chili since its
+discovery, which has been attempted in the foregoing pages, it
+will be seen that the acquisition and maintenance of that
+interesting and important colony has cost more expenditure of
+blood and treasure to Spain than all the rest of her American
+possessions. The Araucanians, though only occupying a small
+extent of territory, and with far inferior arms, have not only
+been able to resist the military power of Spain, till then
+reckoned invincible, but have endangered the loss of her best
+established possessions. Though most of the Spanish officers
+employed in the early period of the Araucanian war had been bred
+in the low countries, that excellent school of military
+knowledge, and her soldiers were armed with those destructive
+weapons before which the most extensive empires of America had so
+early fallen, and were considered as the best disciplined and
+bravest troops in the world; yet has this brave people been able
+to resist their utmost efforts, and still maintain their
+independence unimpaired. This will appear wonderful, especially
+when we consider the decided superiority which European military
+discipline and skill have given to its troops in all parts of the
+world. The rapidity of the Spanish conquests in America excited
+universal astonishment; and a small number of Portuguese gained
+with almost incredible facility an extensive territory in the
+east, even although the natives were extremely numerous and
+accustomed to the use of fire-arms. Yet, in spite of every effort
+of force and skill, the Araucanians have valiantly defended their
+country, evincing that a free people, however inconsiderable in
+point of numbers, can perform wonders.</p>
+
+<p>Since losing their possessions in Arancania, the Spaniards
+have prudently confined their views to the preservation and
+improvement of that part of Chili which lies between the southern
+confines of Peru and the river Biobio, extending between the
+latitudes of 24&deg; and 36&deg; 30' S. As formerly mentioned
+this kingdom is divided into <i>thirteen</i> provinces. Of late
+years two other provinces have been formed by the disjunction of
+Maule, and the provinces of Cauquenes and Cunco are nominally
+added to the former number, but without any addition of
+territory. Besides these, they possess the fortress and port of
+Valdivia in the country of the Cunches, the archipelago of
+Chiloe, and the island of Juan Fernandez. This colony or kingdom
+of Chili is governed by an officer, who combines the titles and
+functions of civil governor, president of the court of audience,
+and captain-general, and usually holds the rank of
+lieutenant-general in the Spanish army. He resides in the city of
+St Jago, and is solely dependent upon the king, except that in
+time of war he is subject in some points to receive orders from
+the viceroy of Peru. In quality of captain-general, he is
+commander-in-chief of the army, having under his immediate orders
+the three principal military officers of the kingdom, the
+quarter-master-general, the serjeant-major, and the
+commissary-general, besides the four commandants of Chiloe,
+Valdivia, Valparaiso, and Juan Fernandez. As president and
+governor, he has the supreme administration of justice, and
+presides in the superior tribunals established in the capital,
+whose jurisdiction extends over all the provinces and
+dependencies of Chili. The chief of these is the royal audience,
+whose decisions are final in all causes both civil and criminal,
+and which is divided into two chambers, one for civil and the
+other for criminal causes. Both are composed of several
+respectable oydors or judges, a regent, fiscal, royal procurator,
+and protector of the Indians, all of which officers have high
+salaries from the crown. In civil causes where the sum at issue
+exceeds the value of 10,000 dollars, an appeal lies from their
+sentence to the supreme council of the Indies. The other supreme
+courts are those of Finance, of the <i>Cruzada</i>, of Vacant
+lands, and the Consulate or tribunal of commerce.</p>
+
+<p>The provinces of Chili are governed by officers who were
+formerly called corregidors, but are now known by the title of
+sub-delegates, which ought to be nominated by the crown, but are
+generally appointed by the governor, owing to the distance from
+Spain. These, as lieutenants of the governor, have jurisdiction
+both in civil and military affairs, and as their emoluments are
+entirely derived from fees, their amount is by no means regular.
+In each capital of a province, there is or ought to be a
+municipal magistracy denominated the Cabildo, composed of several
+regidors appointed for life, of a standard-bearer, a procurator,
+a forensic judge called the provincial alcalde, a high sheriff
+called, alguazil-mayor, and two alcaldes. These latter officers
+are nominated annually by the cabildo from the most respectable
+inhabitants, and have jurisdiction both in civil and criminal
+causes in the first instance.</p>
+
+<p>All the inhabitants able to carry arms are divided into
+regiments, which are bound to march to the sea-coast or the
+frontiers in case of war. In 1792, the militia amounted to 15,856
+men, in the two bishoprics of St Jago and Conception; 10,218 in
+the former, and 5,638 in the latter. This force which was
+established in 1777, during the government of Don Augustino
+Jaregui, is only called out on great occasions, and is seldom
+obliged to perform the duty of centinels and patroles; but is
+obliged to hold itself always in readiness for war, and
+frequently to exercise in the use of arms. Besides this regular
+militia, there are a great number of city corps, who are
+commanded by officers named commissaries instead of Colonels.
+These are divided into several companies, according to the extent
+and population of their respective districts; and the companies
+have no fixed numbers, sometimes exceeding a hundred men, and at
+other times falling short of that number. This city militia
+supplies guards for the prisons and for the escort of prisoners,
+and performs the duties required by the police, without being
+exempted from military service when occasion requires; and from
+these companies recruits are drawn to supply vacancies in the
+regular militia. Every one capable of bearing arms is thus
+enrolled either in these companies or in the regular militia,
+except such as are indispensably necessary for cultivating the
+land and taking care of the cattle. Besides this militia, the
+crown maintains a regular force of veteran troops part at St Jago
+and part at Conception for the protection of the Araucanian
+frontier. In 1792, all the veteran troops in Chili amounted to
+1976 men, divided into two companies of artillery, nine troops of
+horse, including a regiment of dragoons at St Jago, and the rest
+infantry. The cavalry is commanded by a brigadier-general, who is
+quarter-master-general of the kingdom, and intendant of
+Conception. The infantry and artillery are under the command of
+two lieutenant-colonels. Besides these royal troops, the city of
+St Jago keeps several troops of dragoons in constant pay for its
+particular protection.</p>
+
+<p>In regard to ecclesiastical polity, Chili is divided into two
+extensive bishoprics, those of St Jago and of Conception, the
+bishops of these dioceses being suffragans to the archbishop of
+Lima. The bishopric of St Jago extends from the confines of Peru
+to the river Maule, and includes the province of Cujo on the east
+side of the Andes. The bishopric of Conception comprises all the
+rest of Chili and the islands; but the greater part of this
+extent is inhabited by pagans, being the confederacy of Araucania
+and its auxiliaries. The two cathedrals have a competent number
+of canons or prebendaries, whose revenues as well as those of the
+bishops depend upon the tythes. The <i>holy</i> tribunal of the
+inquisition at Lima, has a commissary and several subaltern
+officers or familiars resident at St Jago. Upon his first coming
+into Chili, Valdivia brought with him several monks of the order
+of Mercy. About the year 1553, the Dominicans and Franciscans
+were established in the country, the Augustins in 1593, and the
+Hospitallers of St John of God in 1615. These orders all have a
+number of convents, and the three first form distinct
+jurisdictions under their respective provincials. The brothers of
+St John have the charge of the hospitals, under the direction of
+a commissary, dependent on the provincial of their order in Peru.
+The Jesuits came likewise into Chili in 1593, along with Don
+Martin Loyola, nephew to their founder, and formed a separate
+province, but were afterwards suppressed along with the rest of
+their order in all parts of christendom. Other orders have
+several times attempted to form establishments in Chili, but have
+always been resisted by the inhabitants. There are several
+convents of nuns in the cities of St Jago and Conception, but
+none are contained in the other cities of the kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>Though the cities are in general built in the most fertile
+districts of the kingdom, many of them might have been more
+conveniently situated for trade upon the banks of the navigable
+rivers; as is more particularly the case with those of recent
+erection. The streets in all the cities are laid out in straight
+lines, intersecting each other at right angles, and are generally
+about forty feet wide. The houses are mostly of one storey, yet
+are very commodious, are all whitewashed on the outside, and
+handsomely painted within, each being accommodated with a
+pleasant garden, irrigated by means of an aqueduct or canal,
+which likewise furnishes water for the use of the family. Those
+houses which belong to the wealthier classes, particularly the
+nobility, are splendidly and tastefully furnished. Noticing that
+old buildings of two stories had resisted the most violent
+earthquakes, many of the inhabitants have of late years ventured
+to construct their houses in the European manner, and to reside
+in upper rooms; employing bricks and stone in the construction of
+their new buildings, instead of clay hardened in the sun which
+was formerly supposed less liable to injury. By this change the
+cities have a much handsomer appearance than formerly. Cellars,
+sewers, and wells, were of old much more common than now; and the
+want of these may have contributed to render the buildings more
+secure from the effects of earthquakes.</p>
+
+<p>The churches in Chili are in general more remarkable for their
+wealth than their architecture; but the cathedral and the church
+of the Dominicans in St Jago are both built of stone and in a
+handsome style. The cathedral was recently constructed at the
+royal expence, under the direction of the bishop Don Manuel
+Alday. The plan was drawn by two <i>English</i> architects, who
+superintended the work. It is built in a masterly style, and
+extends 384 French feet in length. When about half finished, the
+architects refused to proceed unless their wages were augmented;
+but two Indians who had worked under the <i>Englishmen</i> had
+privately made themselves acquainted with every branch of the
+art, and offered to complete the fabric, which they did with as
+much skill as their masters. The following edifices in the
+capital are also deserving of notice. The barracks for the
+dragoons; the mint, lately built by a Roman architect; and the
+hospital for orphans, founded by the Marquis of Monte-pio, and
+endowed by the crown.</p>
+
+<p>In consequence of the free trade lately granted to Chili, it
+is increasing in population with a rapidity proportional to the
+salubrity of its climate and the fertility of its soil. The
+Europeans mostly consist of emigrants from the southern provinces
+of Spain, with a few French, English, and Italians. The Creoles,
+or descendents of European settlers are still more numerous. The
+character of that race, with some slight differences owing to
+climate and government, is similar to that of other American
+Creoles descended from Europeans. "The Creoles are generally well
+made, and are rarely found with those deformities which are so
+common in other countries. Their courage has frequently
+signalized itself in war, by a series of brilliant exploits, nor
+would there be better soldiers in the world if less averse from
+submission to discipline. Their history furnishes no examples of
+that cowardice, treachery, and baseness which dishonour the
+annals of all nations, and scarcely can an instance be adduced of
+a Creole having committed a disgraceful action. Untainted by the
+mean vices of dissimulation, artifice, and suspicion, they
+possess great frankness and vivacity of character, joined to a
+high opinion of themselves, and their intercourse with the world
+is not stained by that mysterious reserve so common in Europe,
+which obscures the most amiable characters, depresses the social
+spirit, and chills sensibility of disposition. Possessed of an
+ardent imagination and impatient of restraint, they are prone to
+independence yet inconstant in their inclinations and pursuits.
+By the warmth of their temperature, they are impelled to the
+pursuit of pleasure with an eagerness to which they sacrifice
+their fortunes and often their lives. They possess keen
+penetration, and a remarkable facility of conceiving and
+expressing their ideas with force and clearness, together with a
+happy talent of observation, combined with all those qualities of
+mind and character, which render men capable of conceiving and
+executing the greatest enterprises, especially when stimulated by
+oppression[103]."</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 103: This character of the Creoles is
+inserted by the original translator, in a note, from the Abbe
+Raynal.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Whatever intelligent and unprejudiced travellers have observed
+respecting the characters of the French and English Creoles, will
+perfectly apply to those of Chili. The same modes of thinking and
+the same moral qualities are discernible in them all. They
+generally have respectable talents, and succeed in all the arts
+to which they apply. Had they the same motives to stimulate them
+as are found in Europe, they would make as great progress in the
+useful sciences as they have already made in metaphysics. They do
+not readily imbibe prejudices, and are not tenacious in retaining
+them. As however, scientific books and philosophical instruments
+are very scarce and difficultly attainable in Chili, their
+talents have no opportunity of being developed, and are mostly
+employed in trifling pursuits; and as the expence of printing is
+enormous, they are discouraged from literary exertion, so that
+few among them aspire to the reputation of becoming authors. The
+knowledge of the civil and canon law is held in high estimation,
+so that many of the youth of Chili, after completing their
+academical education in their own country, proceed to Lima to
+study law. The fine arts are in a low state in Chili, and even
+the mechanical arts are far from perfection. The arts of
+carpentry, of working in iron, and in the precious metals, are
+however to be excepted, in which they have made considerable
+progress, in consequence of the information and example of some
+German artists, who were introduced into Chili by that worthy
+ecclesiastic Father Carlos, a native of Hainhausen in Bavaria.
+The important changes which the beneficence of an enlightened
+administration in Spain have lately introduced into the American
+colonies, by directing the attention of the subjects to useful
+improvements, have extended their influence even to Chili. Arts
+and sciences, formerly unknown or but very imperfectly, now
+engage the attention of the inhabitants, and there is reason to
+hope that the country will soon assume a better aspect.</p>
+
+<p>The peasantry of Spanish Chili, though for much the greater
+part of Spanish descent, dress after the manner of the
+Araucanians. Thinly dispersed over an extensive country, and
+unincumbered by restraint, they enjoy complete liberty, and lead
+a tranquil and happy life, amidst the enjoyment of abundance, in
+a delightful climate and fertile soil. The principal part of
+these healthy and vigorous men live dispersedly upon their
+respective possessions, and cultivate with their own hands a
+greater or less extent of ground. They are naturally gay, and
+fond of all kinds of diversion. They have likewise a strong taste
+for music, and even compose verses, which, though rude and
+inelegant, possess much pleasing native simplicity, often more
+interesting than the laboured compositions of cultivated poets.
+Extemporary rhymers are common among them, like the
+<i>improvisatori</i> of Italy, and are called <i>Palladores</i>,
+who are held in great estimation, and devote themselves entirely
+to that occupation. In the Spanish provinces of Chili, no other
+language than Spanish is spoken, except upon the frontiers, where
+the peasants speak both Araucanian and Spanish. The men dress in
+the fashion of Spain, and the women in that of Peru; only that
+the women in Chili wear their garments longer than is usual in
+Peru. Lima prescribes the fashions for Chili, as is done by Paris
+for the rest of Europe; and the inhabitants of Chili and Peru are
+equally luxurious, as in both countries the wealthy make a
+splendid display in their dress, titles, coaches, and servants.
+Chili enjoys alone of all the American colonies, the high honour
+of having two of its citizens exalted to the dignity of grandees
+of Spain: Don Fernando Irrazabel, Marquis of Valparaiso, born in
+St Jago, who was viceroy of Navarre, and generalissimo of the
+Spanish army in the reign of Philip IV. and Don Fermin Caravajal,
+Duke of San Carlos, a native of Conception, who resides at
+present[104] at the court of Madrid. Don Juan de Covarrubias, a
+native of St Jago, who went into the service of France in the
+beginning of the eighteenth century, was rewarded with the title
+of marquis, the order of the Holy Ghost, and the rank of Marshal
+in the French army.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 104: This refers to 1787, when Molina
+published his work.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The salubrity of the climate, and the constant exercise on
+horseback to which the natives of Chili are accustomed from their
+infancy, render them strong and active, and preserve them from
+many diseases. The small-pox is not so common as in Europe, but
+makes terrible ravages when it appears[105]. In the year 1766, it
+was first introduced into the province of Maule, where it proved
+exceedingly fatal. At this time, a countryman who had recovered
+from this loathsome disease, conceived the idea of curing those
+unhappy persons who were deemed in a desperate situation, by
+means of cows milk, which he gave to his patients to drink, or
+administered in clysters. By this simple remedy, he cured all
+whom he attended; while the physicians saved very few by their
+complicated prescriptions. I mention this circumstance, as it
+strongly confirms the practice of M. Lassone, physician to the
+queen of France, published in the Medical Transactions of Paris
+for 1779, who was successful in curing the small-pox with cows
+milk, mixed with a decoction of parsley roots. From these
+instances it would appear, that, milk has the power of lessening
+the virulence of this terrible disease.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 105: Several years ago, before that
+terrible French eruption which now desolates Spain, the Spanish
+government communicated to all her colonies, however distant, the
+inestimable benefit of vaccination. It may be here mentioned that
+it has been long known among the illiterate cow-herds in the
+mountains of Peru, all either native Peruvians or Negroes, that a
+disease of the hands which they are liable to be infected with on
+handling diseased cow udders, the <i>cow-pox</i>, effectually
+arms all who have been subjected to it against the infection of
+the <i>small-pox</i>.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The Creole inhabitants of Chili are in general generous and
+benevolent. Contented with a comfortable subsistence, so easily
+acquired in that country, they are rarely infected with the vice
+of avarice, and even scarcely know what parsimony is. Their
+houses are universally open to all travellers, whom they
+entertain with much hospitality, without any idea of being paid;
+and this virtue is even exercised in the cities. Hence, they have
+not hitherto attended to the erection of inns and public
+lodging-houses, or hotels, which will become necessary when the
+commerce of the interior becomes more active. The inhabitants of
+Chili are very dexterous in using the <i>laqui</i>, which they
+constantly carry with them on their excursions. It consists of a
+strap of leather several fathoms in length, twisted like a cord,
+one end of which is fastened to the girth under the horses belly,
+and the other end terminates in a strong noose, which they throw
+over any animal they wish to catch with so much dexterity as
+hardly ever to miss their aim[106]. It is used likewise on foot,
+in which case one end is fixed to the girdle. The peasants of
+Chili employed this singular weapon with success against certain
+English pirates who landed on their coast. Herodotus makes
+mention of the employment of a similar noose in battle by the
+Sagartii, a nation of Persian descent, who used no offensive
+weapons except daggers, depending principally upon cords of
+twisted leather, with a noose at one extremity, with which they
+used in battle to entangle their enemies, and then easily put
+them to death with their daggers. The inhabitants of Chili are
+likewise very expert in the management of horses; and, in the
+opinion of travellers who have seen and admired their dexterity
+and courage on horseback, they might soon be formed into the best
+body of cavalry in the world. From their attachment to horses,
+they are particularly fond of horse-races, which they conduct in
+the English manner.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 106: The <i>laqui</i> in use to the east of
+the Andes, at least so far as employed in war, has either a ball
+or stone at one or both ends.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The negroes, who have been introduced into Chili by contraband
+means, are subjected to a much more tolerable servitude than in
+other parts of America, where the interested motives of the
+planters have stifled every sentiment of humanity. As the
+cultivation of sugar and other West Indian produce has not been
+introduced into Chili, the negro slaves are employed only in
+domestic services, where by attention and diligence they acquire
+the favour of their masters. Those most esteemed are either born
+in the country, or mulattoes, as they become attached to the
+families to which they belong. By the humanity of government,
+excellent regulations have been introduced in favour of this
+unfortunate race. Such as have been able by their industry to
+save a sum of money sufficient to purchase a slave, are entitled
+to ransom themselves by paying it to their masters, who are
+obliged to receive it and grant them their liberty; by which
+means many of them have obtained their freedom. Those who are ill
+treated by their masters, can demand <i>a letter of sale</i>,
+which entitles them to seek for a purchaser; and if the master
+refuses, they apply to the judge of the town or district, who
+examines into their complaint, and grants the required
+permission, if well founded. Such instances are however rare, as
+the masters are careful not to reduce their slaves to this
+necessity on account of their own reputation, and because the
+slaves are generally so much attached to their masters, that the
+greatest punishment which could be inflicted on them were to sell
+them to others. It even frequently happens that those who have
+received their freedom in reward of good conduct, do not avail
+themselves of it, that they may not lose the protection of the
+family they belong to, from which they are always sure of
+subsistence. Masters however have the right to correct their
+slaves, and the kind and degree of punishment is left with them,
+except in capital crimes.</p>
+
+<p>The internal commerce of Chili has hitherto been of small
+importance, notwithstanding the many advantages possessed by this
+fertile country. Its principal source, industry, or necessity
+rather, is still wanting. An extensive commerce requires a large
+population, and in proportion as the one increases, the other
+will necessarily advance. A communication by water, which greatly
+facilitates the progress of commerce, has already been opened. In
+several of the Chilese ports, barks are now employed in the
+transportation of merchandise, which had formerly to be carried
+by land on the backs of mules, with great trouble and expence;
+and this beneficial alteration will probably be followed with
+others of greater importance. Several large ships have been
+already built in the harbour of Conception, and at the mouth of
+the river Maule, in the port of Huachapure; by which the external
+commerce of the kingdom is carried on with Peru and Spain. In the
+trade with Peru, twenty-three or twenty-four ships are employed,
+of five or six hundred tons each, part of which belong to Chili
+and part to Peru. These usually make three voyages yearly, and
+carry from Chili wheat, wine, pulse, almonds, nuts, cocoa-nuts,
+conserves, dried meat, tallow, lard, cheese, bend-leather, timber
+for building, copper, and a variety of other articles; and bring
+back return cargoes of silver, sugar, rice, and cotton. The ships
+which trade directly from Spain to Chili, receive gold, silver,
+copper, Vicugna wool, and hides, in exchange for European
+commodities. A permission to trade to the East Indies would be
+very profitable to the Chilese, as their most valuable articles
+are either scarce or not produced in these wealthy regions of
+Asia, and the passage across the Pacific Ocean would be easy and
+expeditious, in consequence of the prevalence of southerly winds.
+The only money current in Chili is of gold and silver, which is
+considerably embarrassing to internal commerce, as the smallest
+silver coin is the sixteenth of a dollar, or 4-1/4d. The weights
+and measures are the same with those of Madrid.</p>
+
+<p>"Of the two great sources of commerce, agriculture and
+manufacturing industry, the former alone hitherto animates the
+internal trade of Chili, or even the commercial intercourse
+between that country and Peru[107]. The working of mines also
+occupies the attention of many of the colonists, especially in
+the provinces of Copaipo, Coquimbo, and Quillota. Manufacturing
+industry is hitherto so trifling as not to deserve notice.
+Notwithstanding the abundance of raw materials for this purpose,
+such as flax, wool, hemp, skins, and metals, which might give
+employment to a flourishing manufacturing industry, it is still
+in a languid condition. The inhabitants however manufacture
+<i>ponchos</i>, stockings, carpets, blankets, skin-coats,
+saddles, hats, and other small articles, chiefly for the use of
+the poorer people, as those used by the middle and higher ranks
+are from the manufactures of Europe. These enumerated articles,
+with the sale of hides and leather, grain and wine, form the
+whole internal commerce of Chili. The external commerce is
+principally with the ports of Peru, and particulary with that of
+Callao, the port of Lima. To the amount of about 700,000 dollars
+is yearly sent to Peru in the productions of Chili, serving not
+only to counterbalance the importations from that country, but
+leaving an annual balance of 200,000 dollars in favour of Chili.
+The trade between Chili and Buenos Ayres is on the contrary in
+favour of the latter, as Chili has to pay about 300,000 dollars
+yearly in cash for the herb <i>Paraguay</i> alone. The other
+articles received from Buenos Ayres are probably paid for by
+those which are sent to that place. In the trade with Spain, the
+productions of Chili go but a short way in payment of the
+European goods which are annually imported to the value of more
+than a million of dollars. Gold, silver, and copper, form the
+whole of the articles sent from Chili to Spain, as the hides and
+Vicugna wool are of too little importance to be considered."</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 107: These observations on the trade of
+Chili, distinguished by inverted commas, are inserted into the
+text from a long note in this part of the work of
+Molina--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>"Gold to the extent of 5200 marks[108], and as the amounts
+which are coined and shipped are nearly equal, there does not
+appear to be any clandestine extraction. But a considerable
+quantity is expended in bullion, in works of use or ornament. The
+silver extracted from the mines of Chili is estimated at 30,000
+marks yearly[109]. Of this about 25,000 marks are coined
+annually, and the residue is employed in the fabrication of
+plate. Yet a considerably larger amount is shipped every year,
+arising from the coined silver, which is transmitted from Lima.
+The remittances of gold and silver from Chili to Spain passes
+usually through Buenos Ayres. The gold, being less bulky, is
+carried by land, by the monthly packets, in sums of two or three
+thousand ounces. The silver is sent by two ships every summer,
+which likewise carry a part of the gold. The remittances of gold
+amount annually to 656,000 dollars[110], the silver to
+244,000[111]; and the copper annually extracted from the mines of
+Chili is estimated at from eight to ten thousand quintals[112].
+From these data it will not be difficult to form a general
+estimate of the value of yearly produce from Chili[113]."</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 108: The mark being eight ounces may be
+valued at L.4; hence the yearly production of gold in Chili is
+equal to about L.166,400 sterling.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 109: At eight ounces the mark, and 6s.
+<i>per</i> ounce, this amounts only to the yearly value of
+L.72,000 sterling.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 110: At 4s. 6d. the dollar, equal to
+L.147,600 sterling.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 111: Or L.54,900
+sterling.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 112: The quintal of 100 pounds, at 1s. 6d.
+a pound, gives an average value of L.67,500 sterling for the
+yearly produce of copper.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 113: The entire value of the three
+enumerated articles amounts to L.270,000 sterling; but the other
+articles of export from Chili, formerly enumerated, are not here
+included.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>SECTION XIII.</p>
+
+<p>Account of the Archipelago of Chilo&eacute; [114].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 114: This is appended to the English
+translation of Molina, and is said to be chiefly extracted from a
+work on that subject by Pedro Gonzalis de Agueros, published at
+Madrid in 1791.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The Archipelago of Chilo&eacute;, extends from Cape Capitanes
+to Quillan, from lat. 41&deg; 50' to 44&deg; S. long. 302&deg; to
+303&deg; 25' E, from the meridian of Teneriffe[115]. On the north
+it is bounded by the continent, where the Juncos and Rancos
+[116], two independent and unconverted nations, possess the
+country from thence to Valdivia: on the east by the Andes, which
+separate it from Patagonia; on the south by the archipelago of
+Guaitecas; and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. The islands of
+this archipelago amount to about eighty, and appear to have been
+produced by earthquakes, owing to the great number of volcanoes,
+with which that country formerly abounded. Every part of them
+exhibits the most unquestionable marks of the operation of
+volcanic fire. Several mountains in the great island of
+Chilo&eacute;, which gives name to the archipelago, are composed
+of basaltic columns, which have been certainly produced by
+volcanic fire, whatever may be alleged to the contrary. The
+inhabited part of this province, extends from Maullin to Huilad,
+comprising forty leagues from north to south, and eighteen or
+twenty from east to west, and comprises twenty-five islands.
+There are Isla Grande, Ancud, or Chiloe Proper; Achao, Lemui,
+Quegui, Chelin, Tanqui, Linlin, Llignua, Quenai, Meulin, Caguach,
+Alau, Apeau, Chaulinec, Vuta-Chauquis, Anigue, Chegniau,
+Caucague, Calbuco, Llaicha, Quenu, Tabon, Abtau, Chiduapi, and
+Kaur.--Chiloe Ancud, or <i>Isla Grande</i>, being the largest
+island as its name imports, is the most populous, and the seat of
+government. Its capital, Castro, which is the only city in the
+province, was founded in 1566 by Don Martin Ruiz de Gamboa,
+during the viceroyalty of Lope Garcia de Castro in Peru, and was
+honoured with the name of his family.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 115: Or from long. 75&deg; to 74&deg; 20'W.
+from Greenwich.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 116: Called Cunches and Huilliches by
+Molina. Several circumstances in this account are interwoven from
+the text of Molina, Vol. II. Book iv. ch. ii. This circumstance
+will account for occasional repetitions, and perhaps some
+apparent contradictions, which may appear.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The inhabitants of these islands are descended from the
+continental aborigines of Chili, as is evident from their
+manners, appearance, and language; yet are they very different in
+character, being of a pacific and rather timid disposition. They
+accordingly made no opposition against the handful of Spaniards
+who were sent to subjugate them under Gamboa, though their
+population is said to have then exceeded seventy thousand.
+Neither have they ever attempted to shake off the yoke, except
+once at the beginning of last century, when a very unimportant
+insurrection was speedily quelled. The number of inhabitants at
+present amounts to upwards of eleven thousand, which are
+distributed into seventy-six districts, each of which is governed
+by a native <i>ulmen</i>. The greatest part of this population is
+subject to the Spanish commanders, and are obliged to give
+personal service fifty days in every year, pursuant to the feudal
+laws, which are rigorously enforced in this province, though they
+have been long abolished in the rest of the kingdom of Chili.</p>
+
+<p>These islanders in general possess great quickness of
+capacity, and readily learn any thing that is taught them. They
+have an apt genius for all mechanical arts, and excel in
+carpentry, cabinet-making, turnery, and the like, and are very
+expert in the construction of wooden-houses, as indeed all the
+habitations and even the churches are of timber. They are
+likewise good manufacturers in linen and woollen, of which last
+mixed with the feathers of sea-birds they make very beautiful
+bed-coverings. They also manufacture <i>ponchos</i> or cloaks of
+various kinds, many of which are striped, or embroidered with
+coloured silk or worsted.</p>
+
+<p>These islands abound in wood, of which they supply large
+quantities yearly. As it rains almost incessantly, the cultivated
+lands are commonly wet the whole year. Though they have abundance
+of cattle, these are not employed for ploughing the ground, which
+is tilled, or cultivated in the following singular manner. About
+three months before seed-time, their sheep are turned upon the
+lands intended for a crop, changing their situation every three
+or four nights, in the manner called folding in Europe, by which
+the land is sufficiently manured. The field is then strewed over
+with the seed corn, and a strong man scratches or slightly turns
+over the soil to cover the seed, by means of a rude implement
+composed of two crooked sticks of hard wood fastened together and
+made sharp, which he forces into the ground with his breast.
+Notwithstanding this very imperfect tillage, the subsequent crop
+of wheat generally yields ten or twelve for one. They likewise
+grow large quantities of barley, beans, peas, <i>guinoa</i>,
+which is a species of chenopodium used in making a pleasant
+species of drink, and the largest and best potatoes that are to
+be found in all Chili. Owing to the moisture of the climate, the
+grape never comes to sufficient maturity for making wine; but its
+want is supplied by various kinds of cyder, made from apples and
+other wild fruits which abound in the country.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to their habitude of frequently going from one island to
+another, where the sea is far from being pacific, the Chilotans
+are all excellent sailors, and being active, docile, and
+industrious, they are very much employed in navigating the
+shipping of the South Sea. Their native barks or piraguas are
+formed of from three to five planks, sewed together, and caulked
+with a species of moss which grows on a particular shrub. There
+are vast numbers of these barks all through the archipelago,
+which they manage very dexterously both with sails and oars, and
+the natives often venture as far as Conception in these frail
+vessels. They are much addicted to fishing, and procure vast
+quantities and many kinds of excellent fish on the sea around
+their shores. Of these they dry large quantities, which they
+export to Chili and Peru, and the other countries on the Pacific
+Ocean. They likewise cure considerable quantities of testaceous
+fishes, such as conchs, clams, and <i>piures</i>, in the
+following manner. These shell fish are laid in a long trench,
+covered over with the large leaves of the <i>panke tinctoria</i>,
+over which a layer of stones is laid, on which a hot fire is
+kindled and kept up for several hours. The roasted fish are then
+taken out of the shells, strung upon lines, and hung up for some
+time in the smoke of wood fires. Cured in this manner they keep
+well for a considerable time, and are carried for sale to Cujo
+and other inland districts.</p>
+
+<p>The Christian religion was very readily embraced by the
+Chilotans after their subjugation, and they have ever since
+continued stedfast in its observance. Their spiritual concerns
+are under the direction of the bishop of Conception. Formerly the
+government was administered by a lieutenant-governor appointed by
+the governor of Chili, but that officer is now nominated by the
+viceroy of Peru. The whole external trade of these islands is
+carried on by three or four ships which come there annually from
+Peru and Chili, by which they receive wine, brandy, tobacco,
+sugar, herb of Paraguay, salt, and European goods, for which they
+give in exchange red cedar boards, timber of different kinds,
+ponchos of various qualities, hams, pilchards, dried shell-fish,
+white-cedar boxes, embroidered girdles, and a small quantity of
+ambergris which is found on their shores.</p>
+
+<p>The navigation in this archipelago is difficult and even
+dangerous owing to the strength and number of the currents, and
+nothing can appear worse adapted for so perilous a sea than the
+piraguas or boats which are used by the islanders. They are
+without keel or deck, and the planks of which they are composed
+are sewed or laced together by means of strong withies, the seams
+being caulked or stuffed with a kind of moss, or with pounded
+cane leaves, over which the withies are passed. The cross timbers
+or thwarts are fixed by means of pegs or tree-nails. In these
+frail barks, which are very easily overset, the Chilotans venture
+with a fearlessness proceeding entirely from being accustomed to
+danger, not from skill in avoiding it. Their main source of food
+is from the sea, which is general most bountiful in those parts
+of the world where the earth is least so. Their mode of fishing
+is singular and ingenious. At low water, they inclose a large
+extent of the flat shore with stakes interwoven with boughs of
+trees, forming a kind of basket-work; which pens or
+<i>corrales</i> are covered by every flood and left dry by the
+ebb tide, at which time they generally find abundance of fish.
+They likewise employ as food a species of sea-weed, called
+<i>luche</i>, which they form into a kind of loaves or cakes
+which are greatly esteemed even by the wealthy inhabitants of
+Lima. Seals are more numerous in the archipelagos of Guaitecas
+and Guayneco, still farther to the south, where they are eaten by
+the natives, who are said to acquire so rank an odour from the
+use of this food that it is necessary to keep them to leeward.
+Whales sometimes run aground among these islands but are greatly
+more numerous farther to the south. They have probably retired
+from this part of the coast in consequence of being persecuted,
+as ambergris was formerly found in great abundance on these
+shores, but is now very rare.</p>
+
+<p>All the islands are very mountainous and craggy, so that only
+a few vallies among the hills and the flat grounds near the shore
+are susceptible of cultivation. On this scanty cultivable ground,
+there are forty-one settlements, called <i>pueblas</i> or
+townships, in the <i>isla grande</i>, or large island of
+Chilo&eacute;. There is one road indeed across the mountains, but
+the whole interior of the island is uninhabited. The isle of
+Quinchau has six pueblas; Lemui and Llaicha each four, Calbuco
+three, all the other inhabited islands only one each, and there
+are three on the continent, in all eighty-one. In these pueblas
+or townships, the houses are much scattered, each being placed
+upon its attached property. The church stands near the beach,
+having a few huts erected in the neighbourhood, which serve to
+accommodate the parishioners when they come to church on Sundays
+or any festival to attend mass. In the whole archipelago there
+are but four places where the houses are placed so near together
+as to assume the appearance of a town or village. These are the
+city of Castro as it is called, Chacao, Calbuco, and the port of
+San Carlos. This last is the largest and most flourishing. In
+1774 it contained sixty houses, with 462 inhabitants. In 1791, it
+had increased to two hundred houses and eleven hundred
+inhabitants; but its prosperity arose on the ruin of Chacao,
+which was the only port in the whole archipelago till 1768. The
+harbour of Chacao is rendered very dangerous by reason of many
+rocks and shoals, and is much exposed to winds from the north and
+north-east; on which account Don Carlos de Berenger, when
+governor, recommended that a town should be built at <i>Gacui del
+Ingles</i>, or English harbour, which was accordingly ordered by
+the court of Spain in 1767. The bay was then named Bahia del Rey;
+or Kings Bay, and the town and harbour San Carlos. It is in lat.
+41&deg; 57' S. and long. 73&deg; 58' W. The port is good, but
+ships are often wrecked at the entrance, in consequence of
+tremendous hurricanes which come on suddenly, at which time the
+land cannot be seen. Since the erection of this town, the seat of
+government has been removed to it from Castro.</p>
+
+<p>It is difficult to understand what motives could have induced
+the Spaniards to settle in this miserable country, when the whole
+extent of this western side of South America was open to them.
+Where gold and silver are to be found, or where wealth is to be
+acquired by commerce, men will readily settle, however barren and
+unfavourable the country, or however pestilential the climate.
+But Chilo&eacute; offers no incitements to avarice, and only a
+bare and comfortless subsistence to perpetual industry. Perhaps
+the principal part of the original settlers were people who
+escaped from the fury of the Araucanians, unable to remove to
+Peru, or to subsist if they got there, and who were therefore
+glad of getting any place of rest and security. There is perhaps
+no other colony in the world to which Europeans have carried so
+few of their arts and comforts, or where they have attempted to
+colonize under so many natural disadvantages. Two instances
+indeed may be excepted; the project of Philip II. to fortify the
+Straits of Magellan, and the unaccountable settlements of the
+Norwegians in Greenland. In Chilo&eacute; it often rains for a
+whole month without intermission, and these rains are frequently
+accompanied by such tremendous hurricanes that the largest trees
+are torn up by the roots, and the inhabitants do not feel safe in
+their houses. Even in January, their mid-summer, they have often
+long-continued heavy rain. If during the height of a storm the
+smallest opening be perceived in the clouds towards the south,
+fine weather soon succeeds; but first the wind changes suddenly
+to the south, with even greater violence than it blew before from
+the opposite quarter, and comes on with a crash as loud and
+sudden as the discharge of a cannon. The storm then passes away
+with a rapidity proportional to its violence, and the weather
+clears up. But at this critical change of the wind, vessels are
+exposed to the utmost danger. Thunder and lightning are rare, but
+earthquakes are frequent. In 1737 these islands suffered severely
+by an earthquake; a few days after which a cloud or exhalation of
+fire, coming from the north, passed over the whole archipelago,
+and, as is said, set fire to the woods in many of the islands in
+the group of the Guaitecas. It is said also that these islands
+were then covered over with ashes, and that vegetation did not
+again appear upon them till 1750, thirteen years afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>Though excessively rainy, the climate is not unhealthy; but no
+people on earth ever had more cause to believe that the ground
+was cursed to bring forth thorns and thistles, and that man is
+condemned to eat bread with the sweat of his brow, as there are
+none who labour so hard and procure so little. They are so poor
+as to have no iron, or so very little that a family which has an
+axe guards it like a treasure. Their substitute for a plough has
+been already described as made of two crooked branches of a tree,
+with a sharp point at one end and a round ball at the other,
+which they force into the ground by means of their breast,
+protected by a sheeps skin during this rude operation of tillage.
+Laborious as this mode must be even in a free soil, it is
+rendered still more so in Chiloe by the myrtle roots which
+everywhere infest their cultivated land. The little corn they
+raise can never be left to ripen in the field, on account of the
+heavy and frequent rains. It must be cut before it ripens, and
+its sheaves hung up to dry in the sun-shine, if the sun happens
+then to shine; and otherwise it has to be dried within
+doors[117]. Bread is consequently a luxury which is reserved for
+great occasions; and the want of which is supplied by means of
+excellent potatoes, far better than any that are produced in Peru
+or Chili.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 117: In many parts of Norway, the peasants
+have to win, or dry, their corn sheaves spitted on wooden spars
+set upon stakes in the open air; and a nobleman in the western
+Scots Highlands, has shades in which to dry his corn and hay,
+where the sheaves are hung upon pegs like herrings in a curing
+house. Yet bad as is the climate of Chiloe, Iceland and
+Kamtshatka can grow no corn at all.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Apples and strawberries are their only fruit, both of which
+are good and plentiful. The woods produce a plant called
+<i>quilineja</i>, much resembling the <i>esparto</i> or broom of
+Spain, from which they manufacture their cables; and they make
+smaller ropes from several leafless parasitical plants which
+twine round the larger trees like vines or bindwood. A species of
+wild cane or reed serves to roof their houses, and its leaves
+serve as hay or fodder for the few horses which are kept in this
+inhospitable country. In that part of the continent which belongs
+to this province, there is a tree, called <i>alerse</i> by the
+Spaniards and <i>lahual</i> by the Indians, which supplies the
+principal part of their exports, as from 50,000 to 60,000 planks
+of its wood are sent yearly to Lima. It grows to a large size,
+and has so even and regular a grain as to admit of being cleft by
+wedges into boards or planks of any desired thickness, even
+smoother than could be done by a saw. Neither Agueros nor Falkner
+had ever seen the tree; but the latter supposed it of the fir
+tribe from description, and supposes it might thrive in England
+if its seeds could be brought over, as the country in which it
+grows is as cold as Britain, and it is reckoned the most valuable
+timber of that country both for beauty and duration. The bark of
+this tree makes excellent oakum for that part of ships which is
+under water, but does not answer when exposed to the sun and air.
+They export also the wood of a tree named <i>luma</i>, for
+axle-trees and the poles of carriages; of a particular kind of
+hazle for ship-building, which answers excellently for oars; they
+likewise make chests and boxes of a species of cypress, and of a
+tree named <i>ciruelillo</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hams are a principle article among their exports, as hogs are
+the most numerous animals in Chilo&eacute;, where they find their
+own food in the woods. Few sheep are kept, yet there are
+sufficient to furnish wool to give employment to the women. From
+this they manufacture <i>ponchos</i>, two of which, give
+sufficient work to a woman for a whole year, as they work without
+a loom. The warp is stretched between a set of pegs, and they
+weave in the woof with their fingers, yet make the work
+remarkably fine, strong, and beautiful. They make also a smaller
+kind, called <i>bordillos</i>, which are the ordinary dress of
+the negroes at Lima. Besides these, they manufacture blankets and
+rugs, or coverlets for beds, and linen cloth; which last is woven
+in looms.</p>
+
+<p>In summer, when the vessels arrive from Callao, San Carlos is
+like a fair, as this is the only opportunity enjoyed by the
+Chilotans to get supplied with any thing which is not the produce
+of their own country, or to dispose of any portion of their
+surplus produce. As they have no money or circulating medium of
+commerce, the whole trade is carried on by means of barter, which
+would leave the islanders at the mercy of the merchants from
+Lima, but for the interference of the government. On the arrival
+of the first ship of the season, the cabildo or municipal
+magistracy of San Carlos, fixes a money price at which every
+thing is to be rated on both sides; which means of regulating the
+market seems absolutely necessary, as otherwise the Chilotans in
+buying would be obliged to give any price demanded by the seller,
+and in selling would have to take any price offered. Still it
+would be much for their advantage to export their own
+commodities; but the whole archipelago does not contain a single
+vessel large enough to make a voyage to Peru or even to Chili.
+Formerly the soldiers who were in garrison in this province used
+to receive their pay in clothes and other articles of which they
+might be in want; but they were ordered by a late regulation to
+be paid in specie; and if this be continued it must occasion an
+important change in the commercial situation of Chilo&eacute;, by
+introducing a circulating medium. In San Carlos there is a
+garrison of regular troops, consisting of 33 artillerymen, 58
+dragoons, and 53 infantry. The militia of the archipelago
+consists of 1569 men, including officers; which have to do
+garrison duty, but receive no pay or rations, having to serve
+entirely at their own expence.</p>
+
+<p>The inhabitants of Chilo&eacute; consists only of two classes
+of people, Spaniards and Indians, there being no negroes and no
+mixed breed or mestees. The want of negroes is easily explained
+by the poverty of the islanders; but we are not told how it
+happens that the other two races have not intermixed[118]. This
+is the more remarkable, as a most extraordinary change has taken
+place in the language of these islands during the latter half of
+the eighteenth century; insomuch that the language of the Indian
+inhabitants consists entirely of Spanish words, but all the
+inflexions, the syntax, and the idiomatic manner of expression
+are Chilese, that is to say exactly corresponding to the
+Moluchese dialect of the Chilidugu.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 118: Probably the gradations have not been
+attended to, because the nice discrimination of ranks has not
+been deemed worth while in so poor a country. Perhaps the mestees
+and their gradations are all elevated to the rank of Spaniards,
+or all depressed to that of vassal Chilotans.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Both men and women of the Spanish population in Chilo&eacute;
+go barefooted, except a few of the principal families who
+sacrifice convenience to pride; as in a country so continually
+wet it is safer to go about with naked feet than to have them in
+wet coverings. The men universally wear the <i>poncho</i>. The
+houses, or hovels rather, are all built of wood, and the crevices
+are stopped with sheep-skin or rags. The roofs are all thatched;
+and the climate is so rainy that this soon rots and must be
+frequently renewed. These dwellings consist of a single room, in
+which the family, the cattle, and the poultry, are all
+accommodated. A few of the inhabitants who can afford superior
+accommodation, have houses divided into several apartments,
+wainscoted within, and roofed with deal. Being all of wood, fires
+are frequent occurrences; but as the houses are scattered, the
+mischief does not extend. Owing to the inclemency of the weather,
+and the miserable state of the roads, a family in the scattered
+and solitary situation in which the houses are placed, is often
+weeks, and sometimes months without any communication with their
+neighbours. There is neither hospital, physician, nor surgeon in
+the whole province. A sick person is laid in a bed or a heap of
+skins near a large fire, and remains there till recovery or death
+supervene. The missionaries who visited these islands could find
+no books from which to teach the children to read, and when they
+wished them to write there was no paper. Necessity produced a
+substitute, and they used wooden boards or tablets, on which they
+wrote with a substance which could be washed out. Such is the
+miserable situation of the Spanish inhabitants of the archipelago
+of Chiloe: yet they dare not leave their wretched birth-place in
+the hope of bettering their fortunes. The small-pox is hitherto
+unknown among them, and those, who have attempted to go elsewhere
+have been cut off by that loathsome disease. In 1783, the entire
+population of this dreary province amounted to 23,477, of whom
+11,985 were of Spanish descent, and 11,492 Indians.</p>
+
+<p>SECTION XIV.</p>
+
+<p><i>Account of the Native Tribes inhabiting the southern
+extremity of South America [119].</i></p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 119: This supplementary section or appendix
+is added to the second volume of Molina, apparently by the
+English translator, and is said to be chiefly extracted from the
+description of Patagonia by Falkner. As the subject is new and
+interesting, we have been induced to extend somewhat beyond the
+rigid letter of a collection of voyages and travels. The picture
+of man in varied circumstances of savage life, is one of the most
+important pieces of information to be derived from a collection
+such as that we have undertaken and where direct means of
+communicating that intelligence are unattainable, it is surely
+better to employ such as on be procured than
+none.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The poet Ercilla has made the name of the <i>Araucanians</i>
+so famous that it were improper now to change the appellation.
+But that denomination properly belongs only to these tribes of
+the <i>Picunches</i> who inhabit the country of Aranco[120]. The
+nations or tribes who inhabit the southern extremity of South
+America are known among themselves by the general names of
+<i>Moluches</i> and <i>Puelches</i>; the former signifying the
+warlike people, and the latter the eastern people.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 120: It will easily be seen in the
+immediate sequel, that Falkner very improperly uses Picunches as
+a generic term, as it signifies in a limited manner the northern
+people. Molina most properly denominates the whole aborigines of
+Chili on both sides of the Andes, Chilese, as speaking one
+language, the Chili-dugu; names the tribes of Arauco and those in
+the same republican confederacy Araucanians; and gives distinct
+names like Falkner to the allied tribes: the Puelches, Cunchese,
+Huilliches, Pehuenches, and others. Falkner appears to have
+chosen to denominate the whole from the tribe whose dialect he
+first became acquainted with; and some others seem to select the
+Moluches as the parent tribe.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The <i>Moluches</i> or warlike people, are divided into the
+<i>Picunches</i>, or people of the north, the <i>Pehuenches</i>
+or people of the fine country, and <i>Huilliches</i> or people of
+the south. The Picunches inhabit the mountains from Coquimbo to
+somewhat below St Jago in Spanish Chili. The Pehuenches border on
+these to the north, and extend to the parallel of Valdivia. Both
+of these are included in history under the name of
+Araucanians[121]. Their long and obstinate wars with the
+Spaniards, with the Puelches and with each other, have greatly
+diminished their numbers; but they have been still more
+diminished by the havoc which has been made among them by brandy,
+that curse of the American Indians, for which they have often
+been known to sell their wives and children, and to engage in
+savage scenes of civil bloodshed, entailing wide and endless
+deadly feuds. The small-pox has nearly completed the work of war
+and drunkenness, and when Falkner left the country they could
+hardly muster four thousand men among them all.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 121: This account differs essentially from
+the history we have just given from the writings of Molina, an
+intelligent native of Chili, which cannot be repeated in the
+short compass of a note.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The Huilliches possess the country from Valdivia to the
+Straits of Magellan. They are divided into four tribes, who are
+improperly classed together as one nation, since three of them
+are evidently of a different race from the fourth. That branch
+which reaches to the sea of Chilo&eacute; and beyond the lake of
+Nahuelhuaupi speaks the general language of Chili, differing only
+from the Pehuenches and Picunches in pronunciation. The others
+speak a mixed language, composed of the Moluche and Tehuel
+tongue, which latter is the Patagon; and these tribes, from their
+great stature, are evidently of Patagonian origin. Collectively
+these three tribes are called the Vuta-Huilliches, or great
+southern-people; separately they are named Chonos, Poy-yes, and
+Key-yes. The Chonos inhabit the archipelago of Chili, and the
+adjoining shores of the continent. The Poy-yes or Peyes possess
+the coast from lat. 48&deg; to something more than 51&deg; S. The
+Key-yes or Keyes extend from thence to the Straits of Magellan.
+The Moluches maintain some flocks of sheep, principally for the
+sake of their wool, and cultivate a small quantity of corn.</p>
+
+<p>The Puelches or eastern people, which name they receive from
+the natives of Chili, are bounded on the west by the Moluches, on
+the south by the Straits of Magellan, on the east by the sea, and
+on the north by the Spaniards. They are subdivided into four
+tribes, the Taluhets, Diuihets, Chechehets, and Tehuelhets. The
+<i>first</i> of these or <i>Taluhets,</i> are a wandering race
+who prowl over the country, from the eastern side of the first
+<i>desaguadero</i> as far as the lakes of Guanacache in the
+jurisdiction of San Juan and San Luiz de la Punta. Some of them
+are also to be found in the jurisdiction of Cordova, on the
+rivers Segundo Terzo and Quarto. When the Jesuits were expelled
+from the missions, this tribe could scarcely raise two hundred
+fighting men, and even in conjunction with all their allies not
+above five hundred. The <i>second</i> of these tribes, called the
+<i>Diuihets,</i> is, also a wandering race, which borders
+westwardly on the Pehuenches, between the latitudes of 35&deg;
+and 38&deg; S. They extend along the rivers Sanguel Colorado and
+Hueyque, and nearly to the Casuhati on the east. This nation and
+that of the Taluhets are collectively called Pampas by the
+Spaniards, whose settlements in Tacuman and on the southern shore
+of the La Plata they have always infested, and sometimes even
+endangered. The <i>third</i> tribe of the Puelches is named the
+Chechehets, or eastern-people. The country which they chiefly
+frequent is situated between the rivers Hueyque and the first
+desaguadero or Rio Colorado, and from thence to the second
+desaguadero or Rio Negro. They are a tall and stout wandering
+race resembling the Patagonians, but speak a quite different
+language. Their dispositions are friendly and inoffensive, but
+they are a bold and active enemy when provoked. They are now
+reduced to a small number by the ravages of the small-pox. The
+fourth race, called the <i>Tehuelhets,</i> or in their own
+language the Tehuel-kunnees or southern-men, are the real
+Patagonians. These are again subdivided into many tribes, all of
+which and the Chechehets also are called <i>Serranos</i> or
+mountaineers by the Spaniards. The <i>Leuvuches,</i> who seem to
+be the head tribe of all the Serranos, live on the Rio Negro.
+They speak the same language with the Chechehets, but with a
+small mixture of the Tehuel. This tribe used to keep on good
+terms with the Spaniards, that they might hunt in security in the
+pampas or immense plains of Buenos Ayres. About the year 1740,
+however, they were provoked to war by a most wanton and
+treacherous attack, and Buenos Ayres would in all probability
+have been destroyed, had not these injured people been appeased
+by the Jesuit missionaries. The Tehuelhets are more numerous than
+all the other tribes of these parts together, and are the
+perpetual enemies of the Moluches who are so terrible to the
+Spaniards, whom they would have long since destroyed if they had
+been equally well supplied with horses.</p>
+
+<p>To the south of these are the Chulilau-Kunnees, and the
+Sehuan-Kunnees, who are the most southerly of the equestrian
+tribes. The country beyond them, all the way to the Straits of
+Magellan, is possessed by the last of the Tehuel tribes, called
+Yacana-Kunnees or foot-people, as they have no horses. These are
+an inoffensive race, who are very swift runners, and subsist
+mostly on fish. The other Tehuelhets and the Huilliches sometimes
+attack this tribe for the purpose of making slaves of the
+prisoners. The ordinary stature of all the Tehuel tribes is from
+six to seven feet. None of the Puelches either keep sheep or
+cultivate the ground, but depend altogether on hunting, for which
+purpose they keep a great number of dogs.</p>
+
+<p>The belief in an infinite number of spirits, good and evil, is
+common to all the native tribes south of the Rio Plata. From the
+north of that river to the Orinoco a different language prevails,
+accompanied by a different form of superstition The Puelches do
+not appear to acknowledge any of those numerous spirits as
+supreme over the rest. The Taluhets and Diuihets call a good
+spirit <i>Soychu,</i> or he who presides in the land of strong
+drink. The Tehuelhets call an evil spirit Atskanna Kanatz, the
+other Puelches denominate the same being Valichu. Huecuvu must be
+another name for the evil spirit; as the Chechehets give the name
+of Huecuvu-mapu or the devils-country to a great sandy desert,
+into which they never venture lest they should be
+overwhelmed.</p>
+
+<p>Among the northern Indians, each cast or small tribe is
+distinguished by the name of some animal; as the tribe of the
+tyger, the lion, the guanaco, the ostrich, and the like. They
+believe that each tribe had its own particular creator, who
+resided in some huge cavern under a lake or bill, to which all of
+that tribe will go after death, to enjoy the felicity of eternal
+inebriation. These good creative spirits, according to their
+opinion, having first created the world, made the different races
+of men and animals, each in their respective cave. To the
+Indians, they gave the spear, the bow and arrow, and the
+<i>lague</i> or ball and thong: to the Spaniards fire arms.
+Animals they allege were likewise created in these subterranean
+abodes of the spirits, such as were nimblest coming first out.
+When bulls and cows were coming out last of all, the Indians were
+frightened at the sight of their horns, and stopped up the mouth
+of their cavern; but the Spaniards were wiser and let them out.
+Thus they explain the reason why they had no cattle till after
+the coming of the Spaniards. In. their opinion, all the animals
+who have been created in these hidden caverns have not yet
+emerged. They attribute all the misfortunes or diseases which
+happen to men or animals to the agency of the evil spirits, who
+are continually wandering about the world in search of mischief.
+Their priests or jugglers rather, are each supposed to be
+attended by two familiar evil spirits, to whom the souls of these
+jugglers are associated after death, and with whom they go about
+to do mischief. The jugglers are of both sexes; but it seems as
+if it were thought an occupation beneath the dignity of a man, as
+the male wizards are compelled to dress like women and are not
+permitted to marry. The female jugglers are under no such
+restriction. They are generally chosen while children to be
+initiated in the mysteries of this profession, from among those
+who are most effeminate, and such as happen to be subject to
+epilepsy or St Vitus' dance are considered as especially marked
+out for the service of the jugglers. It is a very dangerous
+profession, as these jugglers are frequently put to death when
+any calamity happens to befal either the chiefs or the
+people.</p>
+
+<p>No ceremonies are performed in honour of the good spirits.
+That which is addressed to the evil ones is performed in the
+following manner. The assistants assemble in the hut or tent of
+the wizard, who is concealed in a corner of the tent, where he
+has a drum, one or two round calabashes with a few small sea
+shells in them to make a noise, like the <i>maraca</i> or rattle
+of the Brazilian sorcerers, and some square bags of painted hide
+in which he keeps his spells. He begins the ceremony by making a
+strange noise with his drum and rattle, after which he feigns to
+fall into a fit, which is supposed to be occasioned by a struggle
+with the evil spirit who then enters into him. During this fit,
+he keeps his eye-lids lifted up, distorts his features, foams at
+the mouth, seems to dislocate his joints, and after many violent
+and unnatural motions remains stiff and motionless, like a person
+in a fit of epilepsy. After some time he comes to himself, as if
+having gained the victory over the evil spirit. He next causes a
+faint shrill mournful voice to be heard within his tabernacle, as
+of the evil spirit, who is supposed to acknowledge himself
+vanquished; after which the wizard, from a kind of tripod,
+answers all questions that are put to him. It is of little
+consequence whether these answers turn out true or false, as on
+all sinister events the fault is laid on the spirit. On these
+conjuring occasions, the juggler is well paid by those who
+consult the destinies.</p>
+
+<p>These southern nations make skeletons of their dead, as is
+done likewise by the native tribes on the Orinoco; but it is
+singular that this practice does not prevail among the
+intermediate tribes, that inhabit between the Maranon and Rio
+Plata. On such occasions, one of the most distinguished women of
+the tribe performs the ceremony of dissection. The entrails are
+burnt, and the bones, after the flesh has been cut off as clean
+as possible, are buried till the remaining fibres decay. This is
+the custom of the Molnuches and Pampas, but the Serranos place
+the bones on a high frame-work of canes or twigs to bleach in the
+sun and rain. While the dissector is at work on the skeleton, the
+Indians walk incessantly round the tent, having their faces
+blackened with soot, dressed in long skin mantles, singing in a
+mournful voice, and striking the ground with their long spears,
+to drive away the evil spirits. Some go to condole with the widow
+and relations of the dead, if these are wealthy enough to reward
+them for their mourning with bells, beads, and other trinkets; as
+their customary condolence is not of a nature to be offered
+gratuitously, for they prick their arms and legs with thorns, and
+feel pain at least if not sorrow. The horses belonging to the
+deceased are slain, that he may ride upon them in the
+<i>alhue-mapu,</i> or country of the dead; but a few of these are
+reserved to carry his bones to the place of sepulchre, which is
+done in grand ceremony within a year after his death. They are
+then packed up in a hide, and laid on the favourite horse of the
+deceased, which is adorned with mantles, feathers, and other
+ornaments and trinkets. In this manner the cavalcade moves to the
+family burial-place, often three hundred leagues from the place
+of death, so wide and distant are their wanderings in the
+boundless plains to the south of the Rio Plata.</p>
+
+<p>The Moluches and Pampas bury in large square pits about six
+feet deep, the bones being first accurately put into their proper
+places and tied together, clothed in the best robes of the
+deceased, and ornamented with beads and feathers, all of which
+are cleaned or changed once a-year. These skeletons are placed in
+a sitting posture in a row, with all the weapons and other
+valuables belong to each laid beside him. The pit is then covered
+over with beams or twigs, on which the earth is spread. An old
+matron of each tribe is appointed to the care of these
+sepulchres, who has to open them once a-year, to clean and new
+clothe the skeletons, for which service she is held in great
+estimation. The bodies of the slain horses are placed round the
+sepulchre, raised on their feet and supported by stakes. These
+sepulchres are generally at a small distance from the ordinary
+habitations of the tribe. Every year they pour upon them some
+bowls of their first made <i>chica,</i> or fermented liquor, and
+drink to the happiness of the dead. The Tehuelhets and other
+southern tribes carry their dead to a great distance from their
+ordinary dwellings, into the desert near the sea-coast, where
+they arrange them above ground surrounded by their horses. It is
+probable that only those Indians who carry their dead to
+considerable distances reduce them to skeletons, from the
+following circumstance. In the voyage of discovery made in 1746
+in the St Antonio from Buenos Ayres to the Straits of Magellan,
+the Jesuits who accompanied the expedition found one of these
+tents or houses of the dead. On one side six banners of cloth of
+various colours, each about half a yard square, were set up on
+high poles fixed in the ground; and on the other side five dead
+horses stuffed with straw and supported, on stakes. Within the
+house, there were two <i>ponchos</i> extended, on which lay the
+bodies of two men and a woman, having the flesh and hair still
+remaining. On the top of the house was another <i>poncho,</i>
+rolled up and tied with a coloured woolen band, in which a pole
+was fixed, from which eight tassels of wool were suspended.</p>
+
+<p>Widows are obliged to observe a long and rigorous mourning.
+During a whole year after the death of their husbands, they must
+keep themselves secluded in the tents, never going out except on
+the most necessary avocations, and having no communication with
+any one. In all this time, they must abstain from eating the
+flesh of horses, cows, ostriches, or guanacos, must never wash
+their faces which are constantly smeared with soot, and any
+breach of chastity during this year of mourning is punished with
+the death of both parties by the relations of the husband.</p>
+
+<p>The office of <i>ya,</i> or chief, is hereditary, and all the
+sons of a ya may be chiefs likewise if they can procure
+followers; but the dignity is of so little consequence that
+nobody almost covets the office. To him belongs the office of
+protecting his followers, of composing differences, and of
+delivering up any offender who is to be capitally punished; in
+all which, cases his will is the sole law. These petty despots
+are prone to bribery, and will readily sacrifice their vassals
+and even their kindred for a good bribe. They are esteemed in
+proportion to their eloquence, and any chief who is not himself
+eloquent employs an orator to harangue the tribe in his place.
+When two or more tribes form an alliance against a common enemy,
+they elect an <i>apo,</i> or commander-in-chief, from the ablest
+or most celebrated of the <i>yas,</i> or hereditary chiefs. But
+this office, though nominally elective, has been long hereditary
+among the southern tribes in the family of Cangapol. The
+hereditary chiefs, named <i>yas, elmens</i>, or <i>ulmens,</i>
+have no power to take any thing from their vassals, neither can
+they oblige them to perform any work without payment. On the
+contrary they must treat them kindly and relieve their wants, or
+their vassals will put themselves under the protection of a more
+generous chief. Many of them therefore wave the privilege of
+their birth, and decline having any vassals, because they are
+expensive appendages, which yield little profit. But every-one
+must attach themselves to some chief, or they would undoubtedly
+be put to death or reduced to slavery.</p>
+
+<p>Every man buys his wife from her relations, with or without
+her consent, and then takes possession of her as his property.
+But if the woman happens to have fixed her affections on another,
+she contrives to wear out the patience of her purchaser, who
+either turns her away or sells her to the man of her choice, but
+seldom uses her ill. Widows, and orphan girls are at their own
+disposal. The yas or ulmens have generally two or three wives;
+and even the common people may have as many as they please, but
+wives are dear and they are generally contented with one. The
+lives of the women are one continued series of labour. They fetch
+wood and water; dress the victuals; make, mend, and clean the
+tents; cure the skins; make them into mantles; spin and
+manufacture ponchos; pack up every thing for a journey, even the
+tent poles; load, unload, and arrange the baggage; straiten the
+girths of the horses; carry the lance before their husbands; and
+at the end of the journey set up the tents. Sickness or even the
+most advanced pregnancy give no relief from these labours, and it
+would be reckoned ignominious in the husbands to give them any
+assistance. The women of noble families may have slaves to
+relieve them of these labours; but when in want of these, must
+undergo the same fatigues as the rest. Yet the tribes of the
+southern extremity of America are not brutal to their women like
+those in the north, and the marriages only endure during
+pleasure, though those who have children seldom separate. The
+husband invariably protects his wife, even when in the wrong; and
+if detected in any criminal intercourse, all his anger falls upon
+the paramour, who is cruelly beaten, unless he can atone for the
+injury by payment. Their jugglers sometimes persuade them to send
+their wives into the woods, to prostitute themselves to the first
+person they meet, which is obviously a device for consoling
+themselves from the celibacy to which they are condemned. The
+husbands readily obey these directions; but there are women in
+whom native modesty overpowers superstition, who refuse obedience
+to their husbands on such occasions, and bid defiance to the
+wizard.</p>
+
+<p>The dresses of all these tribes are formed of skins; but all
+except the <i>serranos</i> or mountaineers, weave mantles or
+ponchos of woollen yarn, beautifully died of various colours,
+which when wrapped round the body reach from the neck to the calf
+of the legs. A similar mantle is tied round the waist and reaches
+to the ankles. Besides these they have a three-cornered piece of
+dressed hide, of which two of the corners are tied round the
+waist, and the third, being passed between the legs is fastened
+behind. The hair is tied up from behind with the points upwards,
+by means of a woollen band bound many times round the head; but
+they are fond of wearing hats when they can get them from the
+Spaniards. They paint their faces red or black, and wear
+necklaces and bracelets of sky-blue beads. When on horseback they
+wear a particular kind of cloaks, having a slit in the middle
+through which they put their heads, and the skirts hang down to
+the knees or even sometimes to the feet. Their stockings or boots
+consist of the skin of a horses thigh and leg, flayed off whole,
+dried and softened with grease, and rendered supple by wringing.
+The women wear straw hats in shape like those used by the
+Chinese. Their defensive armour consists of a helmet of double
+bulls hide shaped like a broad-brimmed hat; a tunic or bodice of
+hardened skin three or four fold, which is very heavy, but
+effectually resists the arrow and spear, and is even said to be
+musquet proof. When on foot, they have likewise a large unwieldy
+shield of bulls hide. The Tehuelhets and Huilliches sometimes
+poison their arrows. Their spears are of cane, four or five yards
+long, and are pointed with iron; and they use swords when they
+can procure them from the Spaniards. They use the <i>laqui</i>
+both in war and hunting; but that used in war has a ball, or
+weight fastened to one or both ends of the leathern thong instead
+of a noose. The ball weighs about a pound. When used single, or
+with only one ball, it is aimed at the head of the enemy, to
+knock out his brains. With the double <i>laqui</i>, having a ball
+at each end, they can fasten a man to his horse, and effectually
+entangle both man and beast.</p>
+
+<p>END OF THE HISTORY OF CHILI.</p>
+
+<hr align="center" width="25%">
+<h2><a name="chapter2-10" id="chapter2-10">CHAPTER X.</a></h2>
+
+<p><b>DISCOVERY OF FLORIDA, AND ACCOUNT OF SEVERAL INEFFECTUAL
+ATTEMPTS TO CONQUER AND SETTLE THAT COUNTRY BY THE
+SPANIARDS.</b></p>
+
+<p>INTRODUCTION.</p>
+
+<p>In the preceding Chapters of this <i>Second Book</i>, we have
+given an extended account of the <i>Discovery</i> of AMERICA by
+COLUMBUS, and of the establishment of the principal Spanish
+Colonies in the New World, from authentic Original authors, a
+large portion of which never appeared before in any Collection of
+Voyages and Travels, and some important parts are now given for
+the first time in the English language. It is not the object of
+this work to attempt giving a regular series of the History of
+America, by inserting the establishments of all the European
+colonies which have been settled in that quarter of the world,
+which would occupy more room than can be conveniently allowed in
+our Collection, and for which we do not possess original
+documents of sufficient interest. In the present chapter it is
+only meant to give a relation of the Discovery of Florida by Juan
+Ponce de Leon in 1512; of the disastrous attempt of Panfilo de
+Narvaez to conquer that country in 1528; and of the romantic
+exploratory expedition of Ferdinand de Soto in the years
+1539-1543: All of which is taken from the General History of
+America by Herrera, which may be considered as an original and
+almost contemporary authority.</p>
+
+<p>Antonio de Herrera, who was historiographer to the king of
+Spain, appears to have composed his work only a short time after
+the middle of the sixteenth century, as he continues the series
+of events no farther than 1554; though he incidentally alludes to
+one transaction which happened in 1572. The authenticity of his
+work is unquestionable, as the author assures us that it was
+composed by royal command, from all the best and most authentic
+sources of information which the crown could furnish, both in
+print and manuscript; and that he had carefully consulted and
+followed the original papers preserved in the royal archives, and
+the books, registers, relations, and other papers of the supreme
+council of the Indies, together with all the best authors on the
+subject then extant. As a literary curiosity of its kind, we
+subjoin his list of what were then considered the best writers on
+the affairs of the New World--Those in Italics have been already
+inserted into this work.</p>
+
+<p>Peter Martyr of Angleria.--Diego de la
+Tobilla.--Motolinea.--<i>Don Hernando Colon</i>.--Olonsa de
+Ojeda.--Alonso de Mata.--Enciso.--Gonzalo Hernandez de
+Oviedo.--Francisco Lopez de Gomara.--Andres de San
+Martino.--Pedro de Zieza.--Alvar Nunnez Cabeza de
+Vaca.--<i>Bernal Diaz del Castillo</i>.--The Bishop of Chiapa,
+Las Casas.--The Dean Cervantes.--Francisco de Xeres.--Gonzalo
+Ximenes de Quesada.--Garibay. --Pedro Pizarro.--The relations of
+Cortes.--Nunno de Guzman.--Diego Fernandez de
+Palentia.--<i>Augustino de Zarate</i>.--The Pontifical History.
+--Don Alonzo de Ercilla.--Geronimo Benzon.--Theodore de
+Brye.--Jusepe de Acosta.--Father Augustino Davila.--Garcilasso
+Inga.--Gabriel Lasso de la Vega.--Don Antonio de Saavedra.</p>
+
+<p>In the Catalogue of Spanish Books and Manuscripts consulted by
+our illustrious Historian of America, WILLIAM ROBERTSON, an
+edition of Herrera is quoted as printed at Madrid in 1601, in 4
+vols. folio. We have used on the present occasion the Translation
+of Herrera into English by Captain John Stevens, in 6 vols. 8vo.
+printed at London in 1725. Though assuredly authentic and to be
+depended upon so far as it goes, the plan of this <i>General
+History of the vast Continent and Islands of America</i>, is
+exceedingly ill devised, and very troublesome for being
+consulted; as the author endeavours continually to preserve the
+chronological series of events throughout the numerous
+discoveries, colonizations and conquests of the Spaniards, in all
+the islands and continental provinces of Spanish America, by
+which he is forced into perpetual and abrupt transitions from
+subject to subject; instead of using a double arrangement,
+geographical as well as chronological, in which the narrative
+belonging to each territorial division might have been distinctly
+and separately arranged in chronological order. Thus in regard to
+<i>Florida</i>, which constitutes the subject of our present
+chapter, we have had to travel through every one of the
+<i>six</i> volumes of Herrera, on purpose to reduce all the
+scattered notices respecting the early discovery of that country
+under one unbroken narrative.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the utter impossibility of ascertaining the various
+parts which were visited by the Spaniards, in these early
+peregrinations in Florida as related in this chapter, we have not
+given any map of the country on this occasion, which will be
+supplied in a future division of this work, when we come to
+particular and more recent travels in that province of North
+America. Indeed the country originally named Florida by the
+Spaniards was vastly more extensive than the modern application
+of that name, and appears to have included all Louisiana, with
+Georgia the Carolinas and Virginia, and the entire countries on
+the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. In fact it was meant as a
+generic term, including all of the eastern parts of north
+America, not previously comprised under New Spain and its
+dependencies; just as Virginia was applied in the reign of Queen
+Elizabeth to all that part of North America claimed by the
+English, which was afterwards partitioned into many provinces,
+from Nova Scotia to Georgia both inclusive. Besides, a map to
+serve the purposes of the present chapter is of almost impossible
+construction, as all the appellations of towns and territories,
+especially in the extensive peregrinations of Ferdinand de Soto,
+are merely the fugacious names of the caciques or sachems who
+happened at the time to rule over the various tribes of savages
+which were visited by Soto in his singularly erratic expedition.
+One point only in the whole course of his wanderings can be
+ascertained with certainty, the Bay of <i>Espirita Santo</i> on
+the western coast of Florida, in about lat. 28&deg; N. and long.
+83&deg; W. <i>Mavila</i>. may possibly be what has since been
+called <i>Mobile</i>, and the <i>Rio Grande</i> or great river
+was most probably the Mississippi. All the other points are
+involved in impenetrable obscurity, or would require an extended
+discussion inadmissible on the present occasion. In the course of
+the chapter some conjectures will be attempted respecting the
+geography of the wanderings of Soto, and his adventurous
+followers, whose sole object appears to have been to search for
+mines of the precious metals, in which they were altogether
+unsuccessful.</p>
+
+<p>One circumstance, to be gathered from the peregrinations of
+Soto seems worthy of remark; that the scattered tribes then
+occupying the southern portion of North America which he visited,
+were more agricultural than when the country came afterwards to
+be colonized by the English, and not addicted to the horrible
+practices of the North American savages of torturing their
+prisoners taken in war. Perhaps they were afterwards extirpated
+by a more savage race from the northwest, who have no hereditary
+chiefs, as were found by Soto. From these differences, and their
+worship of the sun and moon, the tribes met with by Soto were
+probably branches of the Natches, a nation which will be
+described in the sequel of this work, and which does not now
+exist.</p>
+
+<p>SECTION I.</p>
+
+<p><i>Discovery of Florida, by Juan Ponce de Leon</i>.</p>
+
+<p>After the settlement of Hispaniola in peace by Obando, Juan
+Ponce de Leon was appointed lieutenant of the town and territory
+of Salveleon in that island. Learning from the Indians of that
+district that there was much gold in the island of Borriquen, now
+called San Juan de Puerto Rico, or Porto Rico, he procured
+authority from Obando to go over to that island, which he
+reduced[122]. He was afterwards appointed by the king of Spain to
+the government of that island, independent of the admiral Don
+James Columbus. In a war between De Leon and the natives,
+wonderful havoc was made among these poor people by a dog
+belonging to the governor, called Bezerillo, insomuch that the
+Indians were more afraid of ten Spaniards with this dog than of a
+hundred without him, on which account the dog was allowed a share
+and a half of all the plunder, as if he had been a cross-bow-man,
+both in gold, slaves, and other things, all of which was received
+by his master[123].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 122: Herrera, I. 327.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 123: Herrera, I. 339.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Having acquired much wealth, and being deprived of the
+government of Porto Rico, Juan Ponce de Leon determined upon
+making discoveries to the northwards, that he might gain honour
+and advance his estate[124]. For this purpose, he fitted out
+three ships well manned and stored with plenty of provisions,
+with which he sailed from the port of St German on Thursday the
+3d of March 1512, steering for <i>Aguada</i>. Next night he stood
+to the N.W. and by N. and on the 8th of the same month came to
+anchor at the shoals of <i>Babecua</i>, near the <i>Isola del
+Viejo</i>, in lat. 22&deg;-1/2 N. Next day he anchored at one of
+the Bahama or Lucayos islands called <i>Caycos</i>, and then at
+another called <i>Yaguna</i>, in lat. 24&deg; N. On the 11th he
+came to the island of <i>Amaguayo</i>, and then passed
+<i>Manegua</i>, in lat 24&deg;-1/2 N. He came to
+<i>Guanahani</i>, in lat. 25-1/2 N. on the 14th, where he
+refitted the ships before crossing the bay to windward of the
+Lucayos. This island of Guanahani was the first land discovered
+by the admiral Don Christopher Columbus in the New World, and by
+him called <i>San Salvador</i>. From thence De Leon steered to
+the north-west, and on Sunday the 27th of March, being
+Easter-day, called <i>Pasqua de Flores</i> by the Spaniards, he
+saw and passed by an island. Continuing the same course till
+Wednesday 30th of March, when the wind became foul, he altered
+his course to W.N.W. and on the 2d of April came to nine fathoms
+water a league from the land, in lat. 30&deg; 8' N. Running along
+the land in search of a harbour, he anchored at night in eight
+fathoms near the shore. Believing the land to be an island, he
+gave it the name of <i>Florida</i>, because it appeared very
+delightful with many pleasant groves, and all level, as also
+because first seen during Easter, which the Spaniards call
+<i>Pasqua de Flores</i>, or <i>Florida</i>. At this place Ponce
+went on shore to take formal possession.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 124: Id. II. 33. We now enter upon the
+discovery of Florida, which will be found regularly referred to
+the fragments of its History, as scattered through the work of
+Herrera, at each respective transition.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>On Friday the 8th of April he continued his course along the
+coast as before; and next day changed to the S. and by E. till
+the 20th, when he perceived some <i>bohios</i>, or Indian huts on
+the coast, off which he came to anchor. Next day the ships
+continued their course along shore, but met with so strong a
+current as drove them back though with a fair wind. The two ships
+nearest the shore dropt their anchors, but the force of the
+current was so great as to strain their cables. The third was a
+brigantine, and farther out at sea; which either found no bottom
+for anchoring, or did not perceive the current, so that it was
+carried to sea and lost sight of by the rest, though the weather
+was fair. Being invited on shore by the natives, Ponce landed,
+and the natives immediately endeavoured to seize the boat, oars,
+and arms of the Spaniards, who were forced to fight in their own
+defence, during which two of them were wounded with darts and
+arrows pointed with sharp bones. Night parted the combatants, and
+Ponce collected his people with some difficulty, having done very
+little damage to the Indians, and returned to the ships. He
+sailed next day along the coast to a river, which he named <i>Rio
+de la Cruz</i>, where he proposed to wood and water and to wait
+the return of the brigantine. He was opposed at this place by
+sixty Indians, one of whom was made prisoner, that he might learn
+Spanish, and be able to give information respecting the country.
+Leaving at this place a stone with an inscription, he doubled the
+Cape of Florida on Sunday the 8th of May, giving it the name of
+<i>Cabo de las Corrientes</i>, or Cape Currents, because they are
+there stronger than the wind; after which he came to anchor near
+an Indian town called <i>Aboaia</i>. All this coast, from Cape
+<i>Arracifes</i> to Cape <i>Corrientes</i> lies north and south
+one point east, being clear and free from rocks and shoals, with
+six fathoms water near the shore.</p>
+
+<p>After passing Cape Corrientes, he sailed on till he fell in
+with two islands to the southwards, in lat. 27&deg; N. At one of
+these, which he named <i>Santa Martha</i>, about a league in
+circumference, he watered. On Friday the 13th of May, he sailed
+along a shoal with a chain of islands, to one called <i>Pola</i>,
+in 26&deg; 30' N. Between these islands and the continent is a
+spacious sea like a bay. On the 15th of May he proceeded ten
+leagues along the chain of small islands, to two white ones which
+he called <i>Los Martires</i> in 26&deg; 15' N. He continued
+along the coast, sometimes N. sometimes N.E. till the 23d of May,
+and on the 24th ran along the coast to the southwards as far as
+some small islands that lay out at sea, still believing that he
+was coasting along the shore of a large island. As the anchorage
+between these small islands and the coast appeared convenient for
+the purpose, he continued there till the 3d of June taking in
+wood and water, and at the same time careened one of the ships
+named the St Christopher. At this place the Indians for the first
+time came off in canoes to view the Spaniards, who refused to
+venture on shore though repeatedly invited. Seeing the Spaniards
+about to heave one of the anchors, on purpose to shift its
+situation, the Indians laid hold of the cable as if to draw the
+ship away; on which the long-boat was sent after them, and the
+crew going on shore took four women and broke two old canoes. No
+hostilities of any moment occurred, and the Indians even bartered
+some skins and low gold with the Spaniards for trinkets.</p>
+
+<p>On Friday the 4th of June, while waiting for a wind to go in
+quest of a cacique named <i>Carlos</i>, who was reported by the
+Indians to have gold, an Indian came on board who was able to
+converse with the Spaniards, and who was consequently supposed to
+be a native of Hispaniola or of some of the other islands
+possessed by the Christians. This man desired them to remain at
+their present anchorage, as the cacique intended to send gold to
+barter. Accordingly, they soon after saw twenty canoes
+approaching, some of which were lashed two and two together. Some
+of these canoes went to the anchors, which they endeavoured to
+weigh, but being unable attempted to cut the cables, while others
+of them drew near the ships and began to fight. The long-boat
+well manned and armed was sent against them, and put them to
+flight, taking four prisoners and killing several of the Indians.
+Ponce sent two of the prisoners to tell the cacique that he was
+willing to make peace with him, although he had slain one of the
+Spaniards. Next day the boats were sent to sound the harbour, and
+some of the men landed, when they were assured by the Indians
+that the cacique would come next day to trade; but this was a
+mere feint to gain time, as at eleven o'clock eighty canoes well
+equipped and full of men attacked the ship nearest the shore, and
+fought till night without doing any harm, as all their arrows
+fell short, and they durst not come near for fear of the
+cross-bows and great guns. At length they retired, and the
+Spaniards having staid nine days resolved to return to St Domingo
+and Porto Rico, endeavouring to discover some islands by the way
+of which they had received accounts from the Indians. Ponce
+accordingly set sail on his return on the 14th of June, and
+sailed among islands till the 21st, when he arrived at the small
+islands called <i>Las Tortugas</i>, or the tortoises, because the
+crews took 170 of these creatures in a short time of one night in
+one of these islands, and might have had more if they pleased.
+They also took fourteen dog-fishes[125], and killed at least 5000
+seagulls and other birds.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 125: Probably Sharks.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>On the 24th, leaving Tortugas, they steered S.W. and by W. On
+the 26th they saw land, which they sailed along till the 29th,
+when they came to anchor to trim their yards and sails, but could
+not tell what country it was. Most of the Spaniards believed they
+were on the coast of Cuba, because they found canoes, dogs,
+knives, and others tools of iron. On the 25th of July they were
+among a cluster of low islands, still ignorant of where they
+were, till Ponce sent to view an island which appeared to be
+Bahama, as indeed it was said to be by an old woman whom they
+found in another island, and in which they were confirmed by a
+pilot named Diego Miruelo, who happened to be there in a boat
+from Hispaniola. Having ranged backwards and forwards till the
+23d of September, and refitted the ships, Juan Ponce resolved to
+send one of them to take a view of the island of Bimini, which
+the Indians reported to contain much wealth, and to have a spring
+which made old people young again. Juan Perez de Ortubia was
+appointed captain of that ship, and Antonio de Alaminos pilot.
+They took two Indians along with them to point out the shoals,
+which were so numerous that it was both difficult and dangerous
+to get through among them. Twenty days afterwards, Juan Ponce
+returned to Porto Rico, and was followed some time after by
+Ortubia, who had found the island of Bimini, which was large,
+pleasant, and abounding in good water and delightful groves; but
+the wonderful spring was not be discovered. It is certain that
+Juan Ponce de Leon, besides the main design of discovering new
+islands which all the Spaniards then aspired to, was desirous of
+finding out the spring of Bimini and a certain river in Florida,
+in both of which it was asserted by the natives of Cuba and
+Hispaniola that old people became young again by bathing in their
+waters. It is likewise well known that many of the natives of
+Cuba, firmly believing the existence of such a river, had gone
+over into Florida in search of it, and had built a town there
+before the coming of the Spaniards to the West Indies, and that
+their descendents continue there to this day. This report
+prevailed among all the princes or caciques in these parts, who
+were all so anxious to find out this wonderful river, that there
+was not a river, brook, or lake in all Florida in which some of
+them had not bathed, and many still persist in the belief that it
+is the river now called Jordan at Cape <i>Santa Elena</i>,
+without reflecting that the Spaniards first gave it that name in
+1520, when the country of Chicora was discovered.</p>
+
+<p>Although this voyage turned out to little or no account to
+Juan Ponce, it yet encouraged him to go to court to sue for some
+reward for having discovered this new country, which he still
+continued to believe an island or cluster of islands, and which
+opinion was retained by the Spaniards for some years. Yet this
+voyage was actually beneficial on another account, by the
+discovery of a passage to Spain from the West Indies through the
+channel of Bahama, which was first performed by the pilot
+Alaminos. For the better understanding the voyage of Ponce, it
+must be observed that the Lucayo or Bahama Islands consist of
+three groups, the <i>first</i>, or Bahama cluster gives name to
+the passage, and in which the currents are most impetuous: The
+<i>second</i> is called <i>De los Organos</i>; and the
+<i>third</i> the <i>Martyrs</i>, which are next to the <i>Cayos
+de las Tortugas</i>, or Turtle Keys to the westwards; which last
+are not to be seen from any distance, being all low sands, and in
+consequence many ships have perished on them, and all along the
+Bahama channel, and on the islands of Tortugas. Havannah in the
+island of Cuba and Florida, are south and north of each other;
+and between them are these before-mentioned islands of Organos,
+Bahama, Martyrs, and Tortugas, having a channel with a violent
+current, twenty leagues across in the narrowest part between
+Havannah and the Martyrs, and fourteen leagues from the Martyrs
+to Florida. The widest part of this channel is forty leagues,
+with many shoals and deep channels between these, but has no safe
+passage for ships, and is only practicable for canoes. But this
+passage from the Havannah for Spain, is along the channel of
+Bahama, between the Havannah, the Martyrs, the Lucayos, and Cape
+Canaveral.</p>
+
+<hr align="center" width="25%">
+<p>No farther attempt appears to have been made towards the
+conquest and settlement of Florida by the Spaniards, till the
+year 1528, when Panfilo de Narvaez made a most disastrous
+expedition to that country, which will form the subject of the
+ensuing section of this chapter; except that about the year 1525,
+the licentiate Luke Vasquez de Ayllon sailed with three ships for
+that country from Santiago in the island of Hispaniola[126].
+Vasquez arrived with his small armament at Cape Santa Elena in
+Florida, where he found an Indian town called <i>Oritza</i>;
+since named <i>Chicora</i> by the Spaniards, and another town in
+the neighbourhood called <i>Guale</i>, to which the Spaniards
+have given the name of <i>Gualdape</i>. At this place is the
+river <i>Jordan</i>, so named from the pilot by whom it was
+discovered, and where Vasquez lost one of his ships. He proceeded
+however in his enterprise with the other two ships, and landed
+two hundred men upon the coast of Florida; but being himself
+unacquainted with military discipline, and little regarded by his
+men, his troops were defeated by the natives and mostly slain.
+The few who escaped returned to Hispaniola; some alleging that
+Vasquez was of the number, while others assert that he was slain
+in Florida. In this unfortunate expedition, from which great
+consequences had been expected, no other towns but the two above
+mentioned were seen in Florida; and by this disaster all attempts
+for the conquest and settlement of that country were laid aside
+for some time, more especially as all the natives who had been
+there met with appeared poor and miserable, and having very small
+quantities of gold and silver, and even what little they had
+appeared to have been brought to them from remote parts of the
+country.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 126: Herrera, III. 367.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>SECTION II.</p>
+
+<p><i>Narrative of a Disastrous attempt by Panfilo de Narvaez to
+conquer Florida; together with some account of that
+Country</i>[127]</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 127: Id. IV. 27.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The abortive attempt of Panfilo de Narvaez to supersede Cortes
+in the command of the expedition against Mexico has been already
+related. He afterwards endeavoured to settle a colony at the
+<i>Rio de las Palmas</i> in the bay of Mexico, whence he was
+expelled by the arrogance of Nunno de Guzman, who had been
+appointed governor of the adjoining province of Panuco, and
+endeavoured to appropriate the territories belonging to others in
+his neighbourhood to his own advantage and emolument in the most
+unjustifiable manner. In March 1528, Narvaez sailed from Cuba
+with four ships and a brigantine for the conquest of Florida,
+having a force of about four hundred men with eighty horses.
+During the voyage, the squadron was carried among the shoals of
+Canarreo by the unskilfulness of the pilot Meruelo, where the
+ships got aground and remained for fifteen days constantly
+touching with their keels and unable to get into deep water. At
+the end of this period a storm at south brought so large an
+accession of water from the bay upon these flats that the ships
+got off. At <i>Guaniguanigo</i> they encountered another storm in
+which they were near perishing, and met with a third at Cape
+Corrientes. Three days after getting to windward of Cape St
+Antonio, they were driven by contrary winds to within twelve
+leagues of the Havannah; and when about to put in there for
+shelter were carried back by a south wind to the coast of
+Florida, where they arrived on the 12th of April, and came to
+anchor in the mouth of a bay where they could perceive some
+Indian huts on the shore[128]. Alonzo Enriquez, the comptroller
+of the armament, hailed the natives from a small island in the
+bay, and procured from them some fish and venison by means of
+barter.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 128: Having no indications whatever of the
+place of landing, it is quite impossible to attempt tracing the
+steps of Narvaez in his short and disastrous expedition to
+Florida.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Next day, Narvaez went on shore with as many men as the boats
+could carry, and found the dwellings of the natives abandoned,
+one of them being large enough to contain three hundred men. In
+the houses were found a number of fishing nets, and along with
+these a sort of tabor or drum, ornamented with gold bells. On the
+day following, Narvaez landed all the rest of his men, and
+forty-two horses, the others having died during the voyage.
+Narvaez took formal possession of the country in the name of the
+king of Spain. Some of the Indians drew near that day, but having
+no interpreter they could not be conversed with, though it
+appeared by their threatening signs that they warned the
+Spaniards to leave their country. On the same day Narvaez marched
+northwards into the country, with forty men and six horses, and
+came to a large bay which seemed to penetrate far into the
+interior. Having halted at that place for the night, he returned
+next day to the ships. The pilot Meruelo was sent in the
+brigantine to find out a harbour for the squadron, and to
+endeavour to procure provisions. Having taken four prisoners,
+some maize was shewn them, to endeavour to discover if the
+natives were acquainted with that grain, as none had been seen
+hitherto in the country. They accordingly offered by signs to
+lead the Spaniards to where some of it could be procured, and
+guided them to the town or village where they dwelt, where some
+maize was growing in a field in the environs. In the same place,
+they found some Spanish chests, in each of which was a dead body
+wrapped up in painted deers skins; and as the commissary Juan
+Xuarez considered this to be some idolatrous institution, he
+ordered the chests and bodies to be burned. They likewise found
+some pieces of linen and woollen cloth, with several plumes of
+feathers which seemed to have come from Mexico, and a small
+quantity of gold. Being interrogated by signs whence these things
+were procured, the Indians made them understand by similar means
+that there was great abundance of gold in a province at a very
+great distance called <i>Apalache</i>[129].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 129: The name of Apalache is now given to a
+large bay on the western coast of East Florida, and towards its
+northern extremity, the bottom or northern extremity of which is
+in lat. 30&deg; N. and long. 67&deg; 13' W. where a small river
+named St Marks enters the sea. The river Apalachicola, likewise
+named R. des Cahuilas, or Catahoche, runs into the western part
+of the same bay by two mouths, the easternmost of which is about
+fifteen miles S.W. of St. Marts River, and western mouth about
+twenty miles farther to the W.S.W. The same name is applied to
+the south western extremity of the great range of mountains in
+the middle states of North America; dividing the Atlantic country
+from the western waters which run into the Ohio, called Blue
+Mountains, Alleghany Mountains, and Apalachean Mountains. These
+last divide North Carolina from the sources of the Tenassee and
+Cumberland rivers. A part likewise of Georgia, east from the
+Apalachicola river, along the northern boundary of East Florida,
+is still named the Apalachi country.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Twelve leagues from thence they came to an Indian town
+consisting of fifteen houses, near which there was great plenty
+of maize just ripe. Narvaez and others were of opinion that they
+should march immediately into the interior, sending the ships in
+search of a safe harbour on the coast; but the treasurer of the
+expedition, Alvar Nunnez Gabeza de Vaca, advised that they should
+all embark till such time as a safe harbour could be discovered.
+The other opinion prevailed, and the whole land forces set out
+upon their march on the 1st of May, being about three hundred
+foot and forty horse, every man carrying two pounds of biscuit,
+and half a pound of bacon. With only that scanty provision, they
+proceeded for fifteen days, finding nothing to eat in the
+country, except some <i>palmetoes</i> like those of Andalusia,
+and without seeing any towns, house, or Indians in the whole way.
+At this time they came to a river which they crossed, some by
+swimming and others on rafts or floats, which employed them a
+whole day in consequence of the strength of the current. They
+were opposed by about two hundred Indians on the opposite bank,
+who only threatened them without coming to blows. Of these they
+took six prisoners who conducted the Spaniards to their
+dwellings, where they found a considerable quantity of Indian
+corn, which proved a great relief to their urgent necessities.
+From this place two officers were sent with a detachment in
+search of the sea-coast, in hopes of establishing a communication
+with the ships; but all they found was a creek only fit for
+receiving canoes.</p>
+
+<p>After a short stay, they marched onwards in quest of the
+province of <i>Apalache</i>, which the Indians had reported to be
+rich in gold, guided in the way by some of their prisoners. After
+marching fifteen days without meeting with any inhabitants, they
+fell in with an Indian chief, who was dressed in a painted deers
+skin, carried on the back of one of his subjects, and attended by
+a great number of Indians, some of whom went before him playing
+upon a kind of pipes made of reeds. On being informed by signs
+that the Spaniards were in search of the province of Apalache, he
+seemed to intimate that he was an enemy to the people of that
+country. The Spaniards gave this cacique beads, hawk-bells, and
+other such trinkets, and continued their march. They came that
+night to a river which was so rapid that they durst not venture
+to cross it on floats, and were therefore obliged to construct a
+canoe for that purpose. Juan Velasquez ventured to attempt
+crossing it by swimming his horse, but both were drowned, and the
+Indian attendants on the cacique drew the drowned horse from the
+river and eat him for their supper. On their arrival at the town
+belonging to the cacique, they were supplied with Indian corn,
+and next day were guided on their way through thick woods, in
+which the road was obstructed by many fallen trees, and the
+fragments of others which had been shivered by lightning, as the
+country was subject to severe thunderstorms. On the 25th of June,
+Narvaez and his people came in sight of Apalache, without having
+been perceived by any of the inhabitants; and, though weary and
+hungry they were all in high spirits, thinking themselves at the
+end of their labours, and that they should find some great
+treasure in recompence of their fatigues. Some horsemen
+immediately entered the place, in which they found only women and
+children; but the men soon returned and attacked them with their
+bows and arrows, and were soon repulsed, yet killed the
+comptrollers horse. This town of Apalache contained forty low
+huts or cabins, enclosed among thick woods and morasses in which
+they found abundance of maize, deer-skins, mantles, head-dresses
+for women, and stones for grinding corn, but no gold. All the
+country, from the place where the Spaniards landed to Apalache
+was one continued sandy flat, yet thickly overgrown with woods of
+walnut, laurel, liquid-amber, cedar, savine, oak, pine, and
+palmetoes; interpersed with many swamps or morasses which were
+very troublesome to pass, and many fallen trees which lay athwart
+the way. In their march they saw three different kinds of deer,
+hares, rabbits, bears, and <i>lions</i>[130], with other wild
+beasts; and among these an animal called the opossum, which
+carries its young in a pouch under the belly till they are able
+to shift for themselves. The country is cold[131], and has good
+pasture for cattle. In the woods and marshes through which they
+passed they saw many different kinds of birds, as geese, ducks,
+herons, partridges, falcons, hawks, and many others. Two hours
+after the arrival of the Spaniards, the inhabitants of Apalache
+came to demand their wives and children, all of whom were set
+free; but as the cacique was detained they were much displeased,
+and came next day to assault the place, endeavouring to set fire
+to their own houses, but on the appearance of the Spaniards they
+fled to the morasses; and next day a similar attempt was made but
+with the same consequences.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 130: It is hardly necessary to say that
+there are no lions in America. The Spaniards must accordingly
+have given this name to the cougar, now called the panther by the
+North Americans, a very inferior species of the feline
+race.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 131: This must be considered as in
+comparison with the climate of Cuba and Hispaniola, to which the
+Spaniards had been long accustomed, as the climate of Florida is
+certainly hot in reference to any part of
+Europe.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The Spaniards remained twenty-five days at this place, during
+which time they made three incursions into the country to some
+distance, finding it every where ill-inhabited and difficultly
+penetrable, owing to similar obstacles with those they had
+already encountered. From, the cacique whom they had in custody,
+they were informed that Apalache was one of the best towns in
+these parts, and that on going farther inland the land was worse
+and more thinly peopled. He added, that at nine days journey
+southwards there was a town called <i>Aute</i> near the sea,
+inhabited by a tribe in amity with him, who had plenty of
+provisions. Taking this information into consideration, and
+especially as the Indians of Apalache did them considerable
+injury by frequent assaults, and always retreated to their
+fortresses in the marshes, the Spaniards determined upon
+returning towards the sea. On the second day of their retrograde
+march, they were attacked by the Indians while passing across a
+morass, and several both men and horses were wounded, without
+being able to take vengeance on their enemies, as they always
+fled into the water. These Indians were of large stature and well
+made, very nimble, and went entirely naked, being armed with bows
+as thick as a mans arm and twelve spans long. They marched in
+this manner, under continual assaults, for eight days, at the end
+of which period they came to the town of Aute, where they got
+Indian corn, pompions, kidney-beans, and other provisions. From
+this place the treasurer, Cabeza de Vaca, was sent with a party
+to endeavour to find the sea; but came back in three days,
+reporting that the sea was far off, and he had only been able to
+reach some creeks which penetrated deep into the land. They had
+already travelled two hundred and eighty leagues from the place
+at which they first landed, in all which way they had seen
+neither mountain nor even any thing which could be called a
+hill[132]. The men were become much dejected and very sickly, and
+no longer able to travel so as to endeavour to make their way
+back to where they left the ships; in which miserable condition
+it was resolved to build some barks for the purpose of making
+their way along shore in search of the ships. They accordingly
+constructed five barks, each of them twenty cubits long, which
+they caulked with the husks of palmetoes, making ropes of the
+manes and tails of their horses, and sails of their shirts; but
+were hardly able to find enough of stones to serve for ballast
+and anchors.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 132: Their wandering had probably been in
+the country of the Creeks, in the western parts of Georgia, and
+the two rivers they crossed may have been the Catahehe and
+Mobile; but we have no indications from which to form any
+conjecture as to the part of the coast on which they built their
+ill-fated barks.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>They embarked on the 22d of September, after having eaten all
+their horses, and having lost above forty of their men from
+sickness, besides several who were slain by the Indians. Their
+barks were hardly able to carry them, and they had no sailors
+among them to direct their perilous navigation. After five days
+painful progress among intricate creeks[133], they came at last
+to an island, where they found five canoes abandoned by the
+Indians, and on going into a house they found some dried skates
+which were a very acceptable though scanty relief to their
+necessities. Proceeding onwards with the help of these canoes,
+they suffered extremely for want of water, during which five of
+them died in consequence of drinking sea-water too freely. Owing
+to this necessity they were again obliged to land on the
+continent, where they found water and fish ready dressed in some
+Indian houses. At night these people attacked them, and the
+cacique of Apalache whom they had hitherto kept along with them
+made his escape, leaving a mantle of sables behind him so
+strongly scented with ambergris that it could be smelt from a
+considerable distance. Obliged to reimbark, and the weather
+proving stormy, the barks were all dispersed, and none of them
+ever more heard of except that in which Cabeza de Vaca was, which
+was thrown ashore. Panfilo de Narvaez and most of his men were
+assuredly lost in the storm, or destroyed by the Indians on
+shore; though there was a foolish report long current that he had
+penetrated to the South Sea.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 133: These intricacies may possibly have
+been between Mobile Bay, and the western bay of Spiritu Santo at
+the mouths of the Mississippi.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>SECTION III.</p>
+
+<p><i>Adventures and wonderful escape of Cabeza de Vaca, after
+the loss of Narvaez.</i></p>
+
+<p>When cast on shore, as mentioned at the close of the former
+section, Cabeza de Vaca and the people along with him were
+relieved by the Indians; and on endeavouring again to put to sea,
+the bark was overset, three of the Spaniards were drowned, and
+Cabeza and a few more got again on shore, naked and without arms.
+On seeing the miserable plight of these unhappy Spaniards, the
+Indians came to them with provisions, sat down by them and
+lamented their misfortunes, carried them to their houses, and
+made fires by the way to warm them, otherwise they must have
+perished with the cold, as they were naked and it was now the
+month of November. They were put into a house with a good fire,
+the natives dancing all night close by them, which the Spaniards
+were sadly afraid was a prelude to their being sacrificed next
+day. But as they were plentifully supplied with provisions they
+began to recover their spirits and confidence next day. Cabeza de
+Vaca and his companions were soon afterwards joined by the
+Spaniards who had escaped from the wreck of another bark. At
+first they were in all eighty men; but in a short time their
+number was reduced to fifteen, as they were forced to winter on
+the island, exposed to excessive cold and great scarcity of
+provisions. Owing to their misfortunes, they called this <i>Isola
+de Mal-hado</i>, or the isle of Bad-Luck[134].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 134: As we have no information in the text
+which could lead to suppose that Cabeza ever crossed the great
+river Missisippi, either before landing on the island of
+Mal-hado, or in his subsequent journey to New Spain, the isle of
+Bad-Luck may have been to the west of the
+Missisippi.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The inhabitants of this island were of large stature, their
+only weapons being bows and arrows. The men had one of their
+nipples bored, wearing a piece of reed in the hole, and a similar
+ornament in their under lip. They dwelt in this island from
+October to February, feeding much on certain roots. In the months
+of November and December they caught fish in a kind of wears
+inclosed with reeds; but these were not to be got at any other
+time. At the latter end of February, when all the roots were
+eaten, they were forced to remove from the island in search of
+food elsewhere. These natives were extraordinarily fond of their
+children, the parents and kindred lamenting for such as died
+during a whole year, after which they completed the funeral
+ceremonies, and washed off the black paint they had worn in token
+of mourning. They did not lament for the death of the old,
+alleging that they had lived their time, and that they took away
+the food which ought to go to the children. All the dead were
+buried, except the <i>physicians</i>[135], whose bodies were
+burnt, and their ashes kept for a year, after which these ashes
+were mixed with water and drank by the relations of the deceased.
+Every man was contented with one wife; but these physicians had
+usually two or three each, who lived together very amicably. When
+a man engages to marry the daughter of another, he gives her all
+he possesses, and sends to the father of his bride every thing he
+kills, and in return his diet is sent him from the house of his
+father-in-law, as he is not permitted to enter the house during
+the first year of the marriage. Should his father-in-law or any
+of the brothers of his wife meet him during that time, they
+always look down and pass on without speaking; yet in that period
+the woman converses freely with the father or other relations of
+her husband. These customs are observed both in the island of
+<i>Mal-hado</i> and through all the country of Florida for fifty
+leagues inland. When a son or brother dies, the people of the
+house will rather starve than go in quest of any thing to eat
+during three months, in all which time the relations of the
+family send in all that is necessary for their sustenance. Owing
+to this, several families in Mal-hado were in great straits while
+the Spaniards resided among them, as many had died and the
+survivors strictly observed the custom. The houses in the island
+were of mats, and strewed with oyster shells, on which they lay
+at night stark naked round the fire. The inhabitants of the
+province of <i>Tegesta</i>[136], reaching from the Martyrs to
+Cape Cannaveral, feed better than those Indians among whom Cabeza
+resided, being extraordinarily expert fishers. Two of them will
+venture out in a small canoe to attack, whales when any are seen
+upon the coast. One of them steers or paddles the canoe; while
+the other, being provided with two or three stakes and a mallet,
+leaps into the sea as soon as he sees a whale rise to the
+surface, gets upon its head, and immediately drives one of the
+stakes into one of the spiracles or blowing holes by which the
+whale breathes. The whale immediately dives to the bottom; and
+when forced to come up again to breathe, he repeats the operation
+and plugs up the other spiracle, so that it cannot get breath and
+is soon suffocated. When the whale dies, they fasten a line of
+withes or twisted branches to its neck, and tow it to the shore,
+where it serves a long while for them to feed upon.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 135: So called by the translator of
+Herrera, but perhaps these were a kind of priests or
+conjurers.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 136: In some modern maps <i>Tegesta</i> is
+considered as the southern extremity of the province of East
+Florida.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Cabeza de Vaca and the remnant of his unfortunate companions
+remained in the isle of Mal-hado till the end of April 1529, by
+which time all the food in the island being devoured, the whole
+population was forced by hunger to go over to the continent of
+Florida, where they fed upon wild berries. The Spaniards were
+obliged to act as physicians to the natives, as otherwise they
+were refused food. In the exercise of this profession, they made
+the sign of the cross on the parts affected, reciting the
+<i>Pater noster</i>, and prayed to God to heal their patients,
+who all affirmed that they derived great benefit from these
+ceremonies, and supplied the Spaniards with food in return. There
+were two languages used among these natives within a very little
+distance, those who spoke the one being called <i>Capoques</i>,
+and the others <i>Han</i>. When the natives happened to meet
+together after a long separation, they would often sit down and
+weep for half an hour before they began to converse.</p>
+
+<p>All the remaining Spaniards, to the number of fourteen, went
+away along the coast, leaving Cabeza de Vaca behind, who happened
+to be sick and unable to travel. On his recovery, he had to
+search among the water for roots[137] on which to support
+himself. Wearied of this uncomfortable manner of life, and being
+entirely naked, he went away among a tribe called the
+<i>Charrucos</i>, who dwelt among mountains, where he fared much
+better, as he turned merchant, going about from place to place
+bartering such things as they wanted, and in this way he
+travelled over forty or fifty leagues of the coast. He dealt in
+sea-shells like those of snails which were used as beads, and in
+a different kind of shells which were used instead of knives; and
+in return for these he procured deer-skins, vermillion, and
+ochre, with which the natives paint themselves, flints for
+pointing arrows, a kind of bitumen with which these arrow heads
+are fastened, and reeds with which the arrow shafts are made, as
+also tufts of deers hair dyed red, which are used as ornaments.
+By means of this trade Cabeza de Vaca had liberty to go wherever
+he pleased, and was well received wherever he went, receiving
+provisions in return for his merchandize.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 137: Probably the translator has mistaken
+the original of this passage, and Cabeza may have searched for
+shell fish adhering to the roots of trees under
+water.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Cabeza de Vaca continued in this mode of life to the year
+1535, always well entertained, and always travelling towards the
+south west to gain ground in hopes of regaining his liberty by
+getting out of the country into Mexico[138]. Though naked and
+alone, and enduring much hunger and cold, he enjoyed his liberty,
+and remained six years in that part of the country, always in
+hopes of being able to bring away his two remaining countrymen,
+Oviedo and Alanis, who had tarried in the island of Mal-hado. At
+length Alanis died, and he set off along with Oviedo. Coming to a
+creek near a mile in breadth, supposed by them to be that called
+<i>Del Espiritu Santo</i>[139], they were informed by some
+Indians that they would find three men like themselves farther
+on, whose names they told. They also said that the Indians had
+slain Orantes, Valdivieso, Huelva, Esquibel, and Mendez[140]; but
+that the three who still lived were very ill used, especially by
+the boys, who kicked, beat, and abused them for their amusement.
+At this time the Indians treated Cabeza and Oviedo very ill, so
+that Oviedo went back along with some of the natives, but Cabeza
+stayed and they two never met more.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 138: Herrera, V. 92.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 139: It is quite impossible to form any
+reasonable conjecture as to the situation of this creek, which
+could not be the bay of Espiritu Santo in East Florida; nor that
+of the same name nearly opposite in West Florida at the mouth of
+the Missisippi.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 140: There is considerable difficulty to
+understand the translation here, as Mr Stevens does not seem to
+have understood his original. Orantes appears in the sequel to
+have been still alive; but we must take the translation as it is,
+not having the original to consult.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Two days after the departure of Oviedo, the Indians with whom
+Orantes resided came to the banks of this creek to eat nuts, on
+which they fed two months of the year. Orantes went to visit
+Cabeza who had been hidden by some Indians who favoured him, and
+it was a great satisfaction to these friends to meet, though in
+great trouble as being naked and miserable in a land of savages.
+They agreed to endeavour to proceed to the south-west, but to
+remain with the Indians till the nuts were consumed, and then to
+remove along with them to another place where they fed upon
+<i>tunas;</i> because if they should attempt to escape the
+Indians would kill them.</p>
+
+<p>All the rest belonging to the expedition had perished, some
+having been stoned to death by the natives, and others drowned,
+among whom was Panfilo de Narvaez, as Figueroa, who was present,
+related to Cabeza. Among these Indians who fed upon <i>tunas</i>
+they endured much hunger, as there was not enough for them all.
+In that country there were grey and black wild cattle of low
+stature, like those of Barbary, having very long hair, but their
+flesh was coarser than the beef of Spain. Having concerted to
+make their escape, the Indians among whom they lived had a
+quarrel on account of a woman, and parted company, so that the
+Spaniards were obliged to separate likewise, but agreed to meet
+again at the same place next year, which they did accordingly,
+but were again separated on the very day when they meant to have
+fled. Yet they appointed to meet again on the 1st of September,
+when the moon was full. Two of them came on the 13th and Orantes
+on the 14th, when they actually fled. Coming to a tribe of
+Indians called <i>Avares</i>, they were well received and
+procured plenty of provisions, as these people had learnt that
+the Christians performed cures. That same night three Indians
+came to wait upon them who were troubled with pains in their
+heads, desiring Castillo to cure them, and as soon as he had
+blessed them with the sign of the cross they became well; in
+reward for which they brought <i>tunas</i> and venison, and
+blazed abroad the wonderful cures which had been performed upon
+them by the strangers. In consequence of this so many persons
+came to be cured, and brought with them such abundance of
+provisions that the Spaniards knew not how to dispose of it, and
+the Indians made a solemn dance for joy of the cures. The
+Spaniards intended to have proceeded farther, but on being
+informed that the country through which they meant to travel was
+desert, the tunas all eaten, and the climate excessively cold,
+they agreed to remain with the Avares all winter, who went five
+days journey into the country to feed on a sort of fruit called
+<i>yeros</i>. When they had settled their habitation near a
+river, many Indians came with their sick to be cured by Castillo,
+who blessed them and prayed to God to cure them, as this was the
+only means they had for subsistence. Next morning they were all
+well to the great satisfaction and astonishment of the Indians;
+and for which the Spaniards returned thanks to God, confiding
+that he would deliver them out of their miserable bondage.</p>
+
+<p>Departing from the <i>Avares</i>, the Spaniards came to
+certain tribes of Indians called <i>Maliconas</i>,
+<i>Susolas</i>, and <i>Atayos</i>, among whom their wonderful
+cures were already known, so that many sick persons were brought
+to them. But as Castillo was a man who feared God, and despaired
+of being able to do them good on account of his unworthiness,
+Cabeza de Vaca was obliged to officiate in his stead. Taking
+along with him Orantes and the mulatto Estevanillo, he went to
+visit a sick person in a very dangerous condition, being almost
+dead, with his eyes turned in his head, and no pulse; and so
+confident were the Indians of his approaching death that his
+house was already pulled down according to their custom on such
+occasions. Cabeza took off the mat from the dying man, prayed to
+God to restore him to health, and when he had several times
+blessed the man and breathed on him, the attendants presented him
+with a bow and arrows and a basket of <i>tunas</i>, conducting
+him to cure others in the same manner. After this the Spaniards
+returned to their quarters, and were informed by the Indians that
+the dying man had got up, spoken to his friends, and eaten with
+them, and that all the rest of their patients were in perfect
+health. The fame of these cures spread over all the country, so
+that many other sick persons were brought to them to be healed,
+bringing presents of provisions. According to their account, the
+Spaniards remained eight moons among the <i>Avares</i>, neither
+Orantes nor Estevanillo having yet performed any cures, though so
+much importuned that they were at length forced to comply, being
+called the <i>children of the sun</i>. Being intent on
+prosecuting their journey, they fled one days journey into the
+country of the <i>Maliconas</i>, where they fed for twelve days
+on a small kind of fruit till the <i>tunas</i> were ripe. Having
+endured much hunger there for some time, they were directed to
+the habitations of another tribe which spoke the same language.
+To add to their sufferings, they lost their way, and it rained
+very much which distressed them greatly, as they were entirely
+naked. They rested that night in a wood, where they roasted tunas
+as food. Next morning, when endeavouring to find out their way,
+they met a number of women and children who all ran away to call
+the men, who conducted the Spaniards to their village, consisting
+of fifty houses. The natives gazed on the strangers with much
+fear and admiration, touching their faces and bodies; and when
+recovered from their fright they brought their sick to be cured
+by them, and even forbore from eating themselves that they might
+supply the Spaniards with food.</p>
+
+<p>So great is the want of food in all the country from the isle
+of Mal-hado to this district of the Maliconas, that the natives
+are often three days without eating; on which account it is the
+custom of mothers to suckle their children till twelve years of
+age, and they never have any intercourse with their husbands till
+two years after delivery. When a married pair do not agree, it is
+customary for them to part and form new connections, but this is
+never done when they have children. When the men fall out among
+themselves they only use their fists or cudgels, never employing
+their bows and arrows in private broils; and on these occasions
+the women only venture to interpose to part them. These Indians
+are very brave, and are as vigilant against their enemies as the
+best soldiers in Europe. They dig ditches, throw up
+entrenchments, make loop-holes, lay ambushes, and use various
+stratagems with great art and patience, usually killing each
+other by surprise in the night. They are very cruel, are always
+ready on any alarm, and are watchful of opportunities to take
+revenge and to gain advantage over any want of foresight in their
+enemies. When actually engaged in battle, they have a strange
+manner of skipping about from side to side, to prevent their
+enemies from taking aim, and they shoot their arrows in a
+stooping posture, to prevent being observed. Their languages are
+exceedingly various, changing almost at each town.</p>
+
+<p>Coming to another town, the Indians brought their children to
+touch the hands of the Spaniards, giving them meal made of a
+fruit like carobs, which was eaten along with a certain kind of
+earth, and was very sweet and agreeable. Departing from thence,
+after passing a great river the water of which reached to their
+breasts, they came to a town of an hundred houses, whence the
+people came out to meet them with great shouts, clapping their
+hands on their thighs, and making a kind of music by means of
+hollow gourds with stones in them. These Indians received them
+with great kindness, carrying them to their houses without
+suffering their feet to touch the ground, and great numbers
+flocked to them to be blessed. Next day they continued their
+journey, and were well received by the next Indians, who supplied
+them with plenty of venison, and brought their sick to be cured.
+They were equally well treated by the next succeeding tribe, by
+whom so great rejoicing was made for their arrival, that they
+could not sleep for the noise. They observed a strange custom
+among all these Indians, who, when they escorted the Spaniards to
+another tribe, always plundered the houses they came to. Cabeza
+and his companions were much concerned at this; but those who had
+lost their goods in this manner made quite light of the matter,
+desiring them not to be troubled at it, as they would repay
+themselves farther on among tribes who were very rich. At this
+place the Spaniards began to perceive a chain of mountains which
+they thought extended towards New Spain, and to which they now
+directed their journey accompanied by the Indians, who pillaged
+as usual wherever they went. When their guides retired, their new
+hosts presented the Spaniards with such things as they had
+hidden, being beads, vermillion, and some small bags of
+silver.</p>
+
+<p>At this place the Spaniards agreed not to make for the
+mountainous country, where the inhabitants were reported to be
+ferocious, but to continue in the low country in which the people
+were extremely courteous. Many men and women loaded with water
+bore them company, and their authority was so great that no one
+would presume to drink without their leave. In this part of their
+journey they proceeded along a river, having been abandoned by
+their Indian guides, and were supplied with some meal made of
+Indian corn by two women. About sun-set they came to a village of
+about twenty houses, where the inhabitants were in great fear of
+being plundered by their guides; but were quite rejoiced on
+seeing them come alone. Next morning, when the Spaniards were
+about to depart, the inhabitants of the former town came in a
+body and plundered that in which they had spent the night;
+telling the inhabitants that these strangers were children of the
+sun and cured the sick, though able to destroy them all, and
+therefore that they must be respected; they told them likewise to
+go and plunder the next town according to custom, and to carry
+the strangers on their way. The Spaniards were accordingly well
+treated by this tribe, who carried them on for three days to a
+place having many houses, sending some before to give an account
+of what the others had said of the Spaniards, to which they added
+much of their own invention, being fond of novelty and much
+addicted to lying, especially where any advantage was expected.
+The Spaniards were well received, and their guides plundered as
+much as they could find and then returned to their own
+habitations. From this place the Spaniards travelled above fifty
+leagues along the face of a mountain, and came to a town of forty
+houses, in one of which they were shewn a large copper hawks-bell
+ornamented with a face, which these people valued highly, saying
+that they got it from a neighbouring tribe. Travelling from
+thence seven leagues over a mountain, the stones of which were
+iron ore, they came to some houses on the banks of a river, where
+the principal men came out to meet them, having their children on
+their backs, and presented the Spaniards, with small bags of fine
+sand and powdered antimony, with which they daub their faces, and
+gave them also beads and cloaks made of dressed skins. The food
+at this place was tunas and the kernels of pine apples, better
+than those of Spain, but smaller, as were the trees[141].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 141: This surely is a mistake of the
+translator, as pine apples do not grow on trees, nor are their
+kernels the edible part. It may possibly have been pine nuts, or
+something of a similar kind.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>At this place a man was brought to Cabeza who had been wounded
+by an arrow, the point of which as he said had reached his heart
+and gave him much pain, being still there, and he was to all
+appearance in extreme danger. Cabeza opened his breast with a
+knife and extracted the arrow head with much difficulty, after
+which he stitched up the wound and staunched the bleeding with
+the scrapings of a cows hide. The point of the arrow was
+exhibited all over the country, and caused much rejoicing. After
+some days, Cabeza removed the stitches, and the man was quite
+sound, declaring himself free of pain. This cure acquired the
+Spaniards so great reputation that they could do any thing they
+pleased. From this place they proceeded through so many different
+tribes that it were tedious and indeed impossible to mention them
+all; and all the way each tribe as they conducted the Spaniards
+to the next, plundered their neighbours in succession. Through
+the whole journey the Spaniards had so much company that they
+knew not how to turn themselves. During their journey the Indians
+killed many deer, hares, pigeons, and other birds by means of
+their arrows and spears, all of which they presented to the
+Spaniards, and would not use them for their own necessities
+without leave. Sometimes they were attended by above four
+thousand persons at once, which was extremely troublesome, as
+none of them would either eat or drink till the Spaniards had
+blessed the food and drink and breathed on them.</p>
+
+<p>They travelled in this manner for upwards of thirty leagues,
+at the end of which the mode of their reception was considerably
+changed as the Indians who accompanied them ceased plundering;
+yet the tribe at which they arrived offered every thing they had,
+which was divided among the escort, who then returned to their
+own dwellings, and this tribe recovered what they had given away
+in a similar manner on accompanying the Spaniards to the next
+tribe. In the course of their journey however the Spaniards had
+to travel for more than fifty leagues through a craggy
+mountainous country, where they suffered extremely for want of
+food, till at length they arrived at a plain country where they
+met with a kind reception, and where their escort received
+abundance of goods and provisions and then returned to their own
+habitations. As the people farther on were at war with the tribe
+where the Spaniards then were, two women were sent on to inform
+the hostile tribe of the approach of the Christians, as it was
+usual among these people, even when at war, to continue an
+intercourse of trade by means of their women. Continuing their
+journey, the Spaniards were inclined to change the route more to
+the northwards, as no person came to meet them from the tribe to
+which the women were sent; but the Indians who accompanied them
+objected to this measure, as they alleged that the natives in
+that direction were wicked and cruel, and that besides they would
+be unable to procure food or water. As the Spaniards were
+displeased at this interruption, the Indians declared themselves
+ready to go with them wherever they were pleased to command, even
+though sure to perish, and they accordingly went on; but as many
+of the Indians fell sick, and eight of them died in this part of
+the journey, the other tribes were thrown into great
+consternation, believing that they should all die upon being
+visited by the Spaniards. So great was the dread and reverence in
+which the Spaniards were held by the Indians, who imagined they
+were the cause of the sickness and death of their countrymen,
+that they earnestly entreated the Spaniards not to be angry with
+them. Cabeza de Vaca and his companions became apprehensive that
+this mortality might estrange the Indians from them, and
+therefore prayed earnestly to God to put a stop to the sickness,
+and accordingly all who were sick began immediately to
+recover.</p>
+
+<p>Three days journey from thence, Orantes and Estevanillo went
+under the guidance of a female slave to a village in which her
+father lived, and where they saw the first houses that were built
+in any thing like regular order, the inhabitants of which
+cultivated kidney-beans, pompions, and maize. Cabeza de Vaca and
+his companions went to this place, dismissing their former
+conductors. At this town a new custom began among the natives.
+Instead of coming out to meet the Spaniards as had been the case
+hitherto, the inhabitants were all seated in their houses,
+hanging down their heads with their hair before their eyes, and
+all their goods in a heap in the middle of the floor, presenting
+all they possessed to the strangers. These natives were well
+shaped and industrious, and their language easily comprehended.
+The women and such men as were unfit for war were dressed in
+mantles made of deer skins. After remaining two days among these
+Indians, who directed them to go in the first place up a river to
+the northwards, where they would find abundance of wild cattle,
+and then to turn westwards, in which direction the natives
+cultivated maize. Following this direction, they proceeded for
+thirty-four days across the country, till they came at length to
+the South Sea. In this journey the Spaniards suffered prodigious
+hardships and were reduced to extremity by famine, having to pass
+through the territories of a tribe which feeds on pounded straw
+for a considerable portion of the year, and they had the
+misfortune to come among them at that period. At length they came
+to a better country, in which the natives had tolerable houses,
+with plenty of corn, pompions, and kidney-beans, the people being
+decently dressed in cotton mantles. From this place their former
+conductors returned well pleased with the things they procured
+according to the usual customs among the natives. Cabeza and his
+companions travelled above an hundred leagues with much
+satisfaction in this country, blessing God for having brought
+them at length into a land of plenty, as besides vegetable food
+in abundance, the natives killed venison and other game, and
+presented the Spaniards with cotton mantles, coral beads procured
+from the South Sea, turquoise stones, and several arrow heads
+made of emeralds, which they procured from a neighbouring nation
+in exchange for various coloured plumes of feathers.</p>
+
+<p>In this country the women were more modestly clothed than any
+they had hitherto seen. Every person, whether sick or well, came
+to the Spaniards to be blessed, believing them to be men come
+down from heaven, so that their authority was unbounded among the
+natives. It fortunately happened that the Spaniards could make
+themselves understood wherever they went, although they only knew
+six of the Indian languages, which would have been of little use
+if Providence had not preserved them, considering the vast
+multiplicity of languages spoken among the detached tribes of
+America. Wherever they travelled, the tribes who happened to be
+at war immediately made peace at their approach, that they might
+have the opportunity of seeing the Christians; who thus left them
+all in amity, and exhorted them wherever they went to worship the
+one only true God who had created the heaven and earth, the sun,
+moon, and stars, and all other things, and from whom proceeded
+all blessing. The Spaniards likewise earnestly urged them to
+refrain from injuring one another by going to war or taking away
+the goods of others, with many similar instructions, all of which
+were well received. The whole country along this coast seemed
+well peopled, and abounded in provisions, as the natives sowed
+maize and kidney beans thrice a-year. In one town the natives
+used poisoned arrows, their points being dipped in the juice of
+some kind of fruit or plant. At this place they staid three days;
+and after a days journey, coming to another town, they were
+obliged to stop for fifteen days, owing to the river being in
+flood. At this place Castillo observed an Indian who had a sword
+buckle and a horse shoe hanging from his neck, who alleged that
+he got them from heaven; but on being farther interrogated, he
+said that some bearded men had come from heaven to that river,
+having horses, spears, and swords, who had gone again to sea,
+where they and their spears plunged under water, but appeared
+afterwards above it again. Cabeza and his companions joyfully
+gave thanks to God for hearing some news of Christians after
+their long and distressing sojourn among the barbarians, and
+hastened on their journey to find them the sooner, telling all
+the Indians that they were going to order these bearded men not
+to kill or make slaves of the natives nor to do them any
+harm.</p>
+
+<p>In continuing their journey they passed through a considerable
+extent of fruitful and agreeable country, which was totally
+destitute of inhabitants, all the Indians having fled to the
+mountains for fear of the Spaniards. They came at length to the
+top of a hill where a great number of Indians had withdrawn, who
+presented them with a vast quantity of corn, which they gave to
+the poor famished natives who had escorted them thither.
+Continuing their journey, they observed many indications of
+Spaniards having been in the country, and they pressed onwards
+giving praise to God that their long and miserable captivity
+seemed near a close. One day, while Cabeza and Estevanillo were
+in advance, accompanied by eleven Indians, they overtook four
+Spanish horsemen, who were much astonished at being accosted in
+their own language by persons in their strange garb and
+appearance. Cabeza requested to be conducted to their commander,
+Diego de Alcaraz, who informed him they were now in <i>New
+Galicia</i>, and about thirty leagues from the town of San
+Miguel. Castillo and Orantes then came up, attended by above six
+hundred of the Indians who had deserted their habitations from
+fear of the Spaniards. By their means all the others were induced
+to return to their houses in peace and to sow the land. Cabeza
+and his three companions having taken leave of the Indians who
+accompanied them with many thanks for their protection, travelled
+twenty-five leagues farther to a place called
+<i>Culiacan</i>[142], where they arrived much spent with long
+fatigue and after having endured much hunger and thirst during
+their arduous and anxious peregrinations through the vast
+wilderness from Florida to New Galicia.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 142: Culiacan, or Hueicolhuacan, on a river
+of the same name which discharges itself into the Vermilion Sea
+or Gulf of California, is in lat. 24&deg; 50' N. long. 106&deg;
+40' W. in the province of Cinaloa. Cabeza de Vaca and his
+companions had therefore followed an oblique course from the
+north-east in the south of Louisiana entirely across the
+continent, to the south-west, from about the latitude of 31&deg;
+to 25&deg; both north; a journey in all probability exceeding
+1200 English miles in a straight line. The beginning of their
+journey seems to have been to the west of the Missisippi, as that
+great river is not mentioned; neither indeed do we find any
+indications of the Rio Bravo del Norte, which they must
+necessarily have crossed.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Melchior Diaz, who was captain and alcalde of the province,
+received them with singular humanity, giving praise to God for
+having delivered them out of their tedious and miserable
+captivity, and requested them to use their endeavours to appease
+the Indians of that part of the country, who were in arms against
+the Spaniards. This they most readily undertook, and sent
+messages by some of the Indians to the neighbouring caciques,
+three of whom came to Culiacan attended by thirty Indians,
+bringing presents of feathers and emeralds. In conversation with
+these Indians about their religious belief, they said they
+believed in a being named <i>Aguar</i>, the lord of all things,
+who resided in heaven and sent them rain when they prayed to him
+for it; such being the tradition they had learnt from their
+fathers. Cabeza told them that <i>Aguar</i> was GOD the Creator
+of heaven and earth, who disposed all things according to his
+holy will, and who, after this life, rewarded the good and
+punished the wicked. He exhorted them therefore to believe
+henceforwards in this only true God, to return to their houses
+and live in peace, to build a house for the worship of God after
+the manner of the Christians, and when any Spaniards came to
+visit them, that they should meet them with crosses in their
+hands, and not with bows and arrows; promising, if they did this,
+that the Spaniards would be their good friends and would teach
+them every thing they ought to know, that God might make them
+happy in the next life. All this the Indians engaged to perform.
+Cabeza de Vaca and his companions went on from Culiacan for San
+Miguel[143], attended by a few Indians, the natives by the way
+coming out to meet them in great numbers with presents, whom they
+exhorted to become Christians as they were now subjects to the
+king of Spain. They all received these advices in the most
+friendly manner, requesting to have their children baptized.
+While on the road they were overtaken by Alcaraz, by whom they
+were informed that all the deserted country through which they
+had lately travelled was again well peopled and in peace, and
+that the Indians were all occupied in sowing their lands.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 143: San Miguel is not to be found in the
+most recent map of New Spain by M. de Humboldt; that name may
+possibly have been given to the city of Mazatlan, in lat. 23&deg;
+15' N. on the coast of Cinaloa.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Cabeza de Vaca and his companions judged that the extent of
+country through which they had travelled, from Florida on the
+Atlantic to San Miguel on the South Sea, could not be less than
+two hundred leagues[144], as they declared upon oath before a
+notary at San Miguel on the 15th of May 1536, before whom
+likewise they subscribed a narrative of all the incidents of
+their weary pilgrimage. After resting fifteen days in San Miguel,
+they proceeded to the city of Compostella[145], a distance of an
+hundred leagues, where Nunno de Guzman then was, by whom they
+were kindly received and furnished with clothes and all other
+necessaries. From thence they went to Mexico, where they arrived
+on the 22d of July, and met with a courteous reception from the
+viceroy, Don Antonio de Mendoza. Leaving Castillo and Estevanillo
+at Mexico, Cabeza de Vaca and Orantes proceeded to Vera Cruz,
+whence they passed over into Spain in 1537.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 144: Two hundred Spanish leagues of 17-1/2
+to the degree, or about 800 English miles. It has been already
+stated in a former note that the direct distance they had
+travelled could not be less than 1200 miles, probably 1600
+allowing for deflections.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 145: San Miguel and Compostella are both
+omitted in the most recent map of New Spain by Humboldt, though
+both are inserted in Governor Pownalls map of North America; in
+which San Miguel is placed about 27 miles S.E. from Culiacan, and
+Compostella 230 miles S.S.E. from San Miguel; all three near the
+western coast of New Spain, the former in the province of
+Culiacan, the latter in that of Guadalaxara--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>We learn from Herrera[146], that Alvar Nunnez Cabeza de Vaca
+was sent out in 1540 as governor of the incipient Spanish
+settlements on the Rio Plata, in which expedition he was
+accompanied by his former companion in distress Orantes. In the
+year 1545, he was made prisoner by some mutinous officers of the
+colony and sent into Spain, where his conduct was cleared by the
+council of the Indies, yet he was not restored to his
+government.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 146: Herrera, V. 342, 390,
+402.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>SECTION IV.</p>
+
+<p><i>Narrative of a new attempt to Conquer Florida, by Ferdinand
+de Soto</i>[147].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 147: Herrera, V. 223--239.--This narrative,
+as will be seen by the series of quotations from Herrera, is
+broken down by that writer into detached fragments, in
+consequence of rigid attention to chronological order. In the
+present instance these are arranged into one unbroken journal,
+but with no other alteration in the text. It is one of the most
+curious of our early expeditions of discovery, bearing strong
+internal evidence of having been taken by Herrera from an
+original journal, and so far as we know has never been adopted
+into any former Collection.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Ferdinand De Soto, had served with much reputation in Castilla
+del Oro and Nicaragua, and went with Pizarro upon the conquest of
+Peru, being even promoted for his worth and valour to the
+distinguished office of lieutenant-general under Pizarro. On the
+breaking out of the disturbances between the factions of Pizarro
+and Almagro, he was so much disgusted that he returned into
+Spain, without having acquired the riches that his services and
+good qualities deserved, considering the immense wealth which was
+found in Peru. Aspiring to undertake some brilliant enterprise
+suited to his lofty genius, he petitioned the king to be allowed
+to undertake the conquest of Florida, which was readily granted
+to him, as he was a person of experience, of a fine presence and
+graceful carriage, and well fitted by the strength of his
+constitution to encounter the hardships incident to such
+hazardous enterprises. Since the entire failure and destruction
+of Panfilo de Narvaez and his armament, as already related, no
+one had hitherto offered to attempt the reduction of that country
+till now. Among the terms granted to Soto on this occasion, he
+was appointed governor of the island of Cuba, which was to serve
+as a place of arms from whence to conduct the intended conquest
+of Florida. On the design of this enterprise being made public,
+near a thousand men were soon raised for the expedition, among
+whom were many gentlemen of good birth, encouraged by the
+reputation of the commander, and the hopes of acquiring
+wealth.</p>
+
+<p>Ten ships were fitted out at San Lucar for carrying out the
+troops and all the necessary stores, which set sail on the 6th of
+April 1538, accompanying the fleet for New Spain, the whole being
+under the supreme command of the adelantado Ferdinand de Soto so
+far as the island of Cuba, after which the <i>flota</i> was to be
+commanded by Gonzalo de Salazar, the factor of New Spain. To shew
+his proud and turbulent disposition, on the first night after
+going to sea, Salazar pushed a cannon shot a-head of all the
+fleet to affront the admiral, who immediately ordered a shot to
+be fired at him. The ball went through all the sails of Salazars
+ship from the poop to the head; and by a second shot, all the
+side of his ship was torn immediately above the deck. Salazars
+ship became unmanageable from the injury done to her sails, and
+on the admiral pushing forwards the two ships ran foul of each
+other and were both in imminent danger of perishing in the dark,
+but by cutting all the rigging of the other ship the admiral got
+clear. Soto was so highly incensed by this haughty conduct of
+Salazar that he had well nigh ordered him to be beheaded; but
+forgave him on submission and promise of better behaviour in
+future.</p>
+
+<p>The fleet arrived safe at Santiago in Cuba. Not long before
+this a Spanish ship commanded by Diego Perez had an engagement of
+four days continuance with a French privateer, separating
+courteously by mutual consent every night, and recommencing
+furiously every morning; but the Frenchmen slipped off during the
+fourth night. Immediately on his arrival in Cuba, Soto sent
+orders to repair the Havannah, which had been burnt by some
+French privateers, and he ordered a fort to be built for the
+protection of that place. Having sent some persons of skill to
+discover and examine the harbours along the coast of Florida, and
+appointed his lady to administer the government of Cuba in his
+absence, he prepared to enter upon the great object of his
+expedition.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly, having embarked nine hundred men and three
+hundred and thirty horses, he sailed from the Havannah on the
+12th of May 1539, and came to anchor on the last day of that
+month in the Bay of <i>Espiritu Santo</i> on the coast of
+Florida[148]. He immediately landed three hundred men, who lay on
+shore all night without seeing a single native. About day-break
+next day the Spanish detachment was attacked by a prodigious
+multitude of Indians, and compelled to retreat precipitously to
+the shore. Basco Porcallo de Figuero was sent with a party to
+their relief, as the Indians pressed hard upon them with
+incessant flights of arrows, and the Spaniards being raw soldiers
+unaccustomed to arms or discipline knew not how to resist. On the
+approach of Porcallo the Indians were obliged to retire in their
+turn; yet killed that commanders horse with an arrow, which
+pierced through the saddle lap and penetrated a span deep into
+the horses body. All the forces were now landed, and marched
+about two leagues inland to a town belonging to the cacique
+<i>Harrihiagua</i>[149], who had fled to the mountains lest he
+should be called to account for his cruelty to the Spaniards who
+had been here formerly along with Panfilo de Narvaez. None of
+these were now alive in the country except one man named Juan
+Ortiz, who had been saved by the wife of the cacique, who
+abhorred the cruel disposition of her husband. By her assistance,
+Ortiz had been enabled to make his escape to another cacique
+named <i>Mucozo</i>, who protected him and used him well. Having
+learned where this man was, Soto sent Baltasar de Gallegos with
+sixty horsemen to bring him to the camp, wishing him to act as
+interpreter with the natives. At the same time Mucozo was sending
+Ortiz with an escort of fifty Indians to offer peace to the
+Spaniards. These Indians were all stark naked, except that each
+wore a small clout, but their heads were ornamented with great
+plumes of feathers. They all carried bows in their hands, and all
+had quivers well filled with arrows.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 148: It has been already mentioned that
+there are two bays of this name, one in <i>East</i>, and the
+other <i>West</i> Florida. There can be no doubt that the one
+here mentioned in the text is the former of these, in lat.
+27&deg; 48' N. long. 83&deg; 20' W. It lies on the western coast
+of East Florida, and runs about 35 miles into the land, dividing
+at its head into two coves or bays named Hillsborough and
+Tampa.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 149: This name considerably resembles the
+names of men and places in Hispaniola and Cuba, hence we may
+conjecture Harrihiagua to have been cacique over some of the
+emigrants said to have gone from Cuba to Florida, as mentioned in
+the first section of this chapter.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Immediately on seeing the horsemen, the Indians ran for
+shelter into the wood, being afraid of an attack, and the raw
+Spaniards went full speed after them in spite of their commander.
+Ortiz alone remained in the open plain, and was assaulted by
+Alvaro Nieto with his lance. Ortiz leaped to one side to avoid
+the lance, and called out in the Indian language having forgot
+his own by long disuse, but fortunately made the sign of the
+cross, on which Nieto asked if he were Juan Ortiz. Answering in
+the affirmative, Nieto took him up behind him on his horse and
+carried him to his captain Gallegos, who was gathering his men
+that had dispersed in pursuit of the Indians. Some of the natives
+never stopped till they reached the town of their cacique, but
+others were appeased, and seeing one of their companions wounded
+they exclaimed bitterly against Ortiz, as it had happened through
+his inadvertence. Soto was much pleased that he had got Ortiz,
+whom he greatly caressed. He was likewise very kind to the
+Indians who had accompanied him, and ordered the one who had been
+wounded to be carefully dressed; and sent by them a message to
+the cacique Mucozo, thanking him for his kind usage of Ortiz, and
+offering his friendship.</p>
+
+<p>Ortiz could give very little account of the country, as his
+whole employment under his first master had been to carry wood
+and water, and he had never ventured to go out of sight of the
+other who used him well, lest he might be suspected of
+endeavouring to escape; but he had been told that the interior of
+the country was pleasant and fertile. Mucozo came to visit Soto,
+who entertained him and gave him some Spanish trinkets to secure
+his friendship. Soon afterwards the mother of the cacique came
+weeping to the Spaniards, demanding to have her son restored, and
+begging that he might not be slain. Soto endeavoured to sooth and
+reassure her, yet she ate of such victuals as were offered with
+much hesitation, asking Ortiz whether she might eat in safety, as
+she was fearful of being poisoned, and insisting that Ortiz
+should taste every thing in the first place. Mucozo remained a
+week among the Spaniards, amusing himself with the novelty of
+every thing he saw, and making many inquiries respecting the
+customs of Spain. During this time Soto endeavoured to learn some
+particulars respecting the country, remaining always with his
+troops at the town belonging to Harrihiagua, because near the Bay
+of the Holy Ghost. At this time he dismissed the ships, that his
+men might have no hopes of getting away from the country,
+following in this measure the example of many ancient and modern
+commanders, and among these Cortes on his invasion of Mexico. He
+reserved however four of his ships to serve upon particular
+occasions.</p>
+
+<p>Soto used every means to acquire the friendship of
+Harrihiagua, giving strict charges that no damage should be done
+in his country, being extremely unwilling to give the first cause
+of offence, but nothing could prevail on that cacique to enter
+into any friendly connection. As some of the men were sent out
+daily, under a strong escort, to bring in forage for the horses,
+they were one day suddenly assailed by a multitude of Indians,
+making such hideous yells as scared them for some time. Before
+the Spaniards could recover from their panic, the Indians laid
+hold of a soldier named Grajal, whom they carried off without
+doing any other harm. More Spaniards coming out on this alarm,
+the Indians were pursued on the track for two leagues by twenty
+horsemen, when they were found among some tall reeds eating,
+drinking, and making merry with their women, and bidding Grajal
+eat, as they told him they would use him better than Ortiz. On
+hearing the trampling of the horses all the men fled, leaving the
+women and children with Grajal, whom they had stripped naked. The
+Spaniards returned well pleased with Grajal and the women and
+children, all of whom Soto set free along with some men who had
+been made prisoners formerly, on purpose if possible to
+conciliate the cacique and his subjects.</p>
+
+<p>After remaining three weeks in that place, Soto sent a
+detachment of sixty horse and an equal number of foot under
+Gallegos to explore the country beyond the districts belonging to
+Harrihiagua and Mucozo, which belonged to a cacique named
+<i>Urribarracuxi</i>. On asking guides from Mucozo for this
+expedition, he refused it saying that it would be treacherous to
+furnish guides for doing injury to his friend and brother-in-law.
+The Spaniards answered that they meant no injury, and he might
+send his friend notice of their intended visit, as they were
+resolved at all events to go. In that part of the country they
+found many wild vines, walnut-trees, mulberry, plum, oak, pine,
+and other trees resembling those which grow in Spain, and the
+open fields appeared pleasant and fertile. But they found
+Urribarracuxi's town, which was at the distance of seventeen
+leagues, entirely abandoned, and could by no means prevail upon
+him to come out of the woods or to contract any friendship with
+them, though he likewise entirely refrained from doing them any
+harm. Gallegos sent back word to inform Soto of the nature of the
+country he had explored, and that there were plenty of provisions
+in the town to which he had penetrated. Being anxious to take
+Harrihiagua prisoner, his lieutenant Vasco Porcallo went out with
+a party on that service, though Soto advised him to send some
+other person. When Harrihiagua learnt the object of this
+expedition, he sent word to Porcallo that his labour would be all
+in vain, as the roads were so bad he would never be able to reach
+the place in which he dwelt. Porcallo however persisted, and
+coming to a deep morass which his men refused to enter, he
+spurred on his horse to set a good example; but his horse soon
+floundered in the morass and Porcallo fell off and was nearly
+stifled. Considering that he was well up in years and had a good
+estate, Porcallo considered this as a warning to him to desist
+from such dangerous and fatiguing enterprises, for which reason
+he asked leave to return to Cuba, and distributed his horses,
+arms, and provisions among the troops, leaving his son Gomez
+Xuarez de Figuero well equipped behind him to continue the
+enterprise, which was better fitted for younger men, and in which
+Gomez acquitted himself like a man of honour.</p>
+
+<p>On receiving intelligence from Gallegos of the pleasantness of
+the interior country, Soto determined to advance with the bulk of
+his men, leaving Calderon to command at the town belonging to
+Harrihiagua with forty horsemen, to secure the ships, provisions,
+and stores. On this occasion he gave strict orders to Calderon,
+to give no offence to the Indians, but rather to wink at any
+injuries they might offer. Soto did not think proper to halt in
+the town of Mucozo, lest he might be burdensome to him and his
+people with so great a force, though that friendly cacique
+offered to entertain him. But he recommended to Mucozo to be kind
+to the Spaniards who had been left at the Bay of the Holy Ghost.
+Soto marched N.N.E. to the town of Urribarracuxi, but neglected
+to make proper marks in the country through which he travelled,
+which was a great fault, and occasioned much trouble in the
+sequel. On coming to the town of Urribarracuxi, he used every
+possible endeavour to prevail upon that cacique to enter into
+friendship, but quite ineffectually. Endeavouring to penetrate
+farther into the country in search of that cacique, they came to
+a morass which was three leagues over, and the road through which
+was so difficult as to take two days of hard labour; and next day
+the advanced party or scouts returned saying that it was quite
+impossible to proceed farther in that direction, on account of a
+number of rivers which took their rise in the great morass and
+intersected the country in every direction. Three days were
+ineffectually spent in searching for some way to pass onwards,
+Soto being always among the foremost to go out upon discovery.
+During this period the Indians made several excursions from the
+woods and morasses to assail the Spaniards with their arrows, but
+were generally repelled without doing any harm, and some of them
+made prisoners, who, to regain their liberty, pretended to shew
+the passes to the Spaniards, and led them to such places as were
+not fit for the purpose. On their knavery being discovered, some
+of them were torn in pieces by the dogs, which so intimidated the
+rest, that at length one of them undertook to guide them, and
+very easily brought them into the open country.</p>
+
+<p>Soto and his men came soon afterwards to another morass, which
+had two large trees and some branches laid across its narrowest
+part to serve as a bridge. Soto sent two of his soldiers who were
+good swimmers to repair the bridge, but they were set upon by
+many Indians in canoes from whom they difficultly escaped after
+being severely wounded. But as the Indians no more appeared at
+this pass, the bridge was soon repaired, and the army passed over
+into the province or district of another cacique named
+<i>Acuera</i>; who, upon receiving an offer of peace, sent back
+for answer that he would rather have war than peace with
+vagabonds. Soto continued twenty days in this country, during
+which time the Indians killed fourteen Spaniards who had
+straggled from the main body, whose heads they carried to their
+cacique. The Spaniards buried the bodies of their companions
+wherever they found them; but the Indians dug them up again and
+hung their quarters upon trees. In the same time the Spaniards
+only killed fifty Indians, as they were always on their guard and
+kept among the woods and swamps. Leaving the town of Acuera, to
+which they did no harm, Soto continued his march inland for
+<i>Ocali</i>, keeping a direction a little to the east of north,
+through a fertile country free from morasses. At the end of about
+twenty leagues they came to Ocali, a town of about six hundred
+houses, abounding in Indian corn, pulse, acorns, dried plums, and
+nuts. The cacique and all his people had withdrawn into the
+woods, and at the first message desiring them to come out sent a
+civil evasive answer, but complied at the second summons with
+some apprehension.</p>
+
+<p>Going some days afterwards accompanied by this cacique to
+examine a river over which it was intended to lay a bridge, there
+appeared about five hundred Indians on the other side, who shot
+their arrows towards the Spaniards, continually crying out "go
+away with you, vagabond robbers!" Soto asked the cacique why he
+permitted his subjects to behave in this manner; to which he made
+answer that many of them had thrown off their obedience because
+he had entered into friendship with the Spaniards. Soto therefore
+gave him permission to rejoin his subjects, on promising to
+return, but which he never did. The proposed bridge over this
+river was constructed of two cables stretched across, having
+planks laid between them, of which they procured abundance fit
+for the purpose in the woods. By this means the whole force
+inarched across with the utmost ease and satisfaction, the
+Spaniards on this occasion becoming engineers and pioneers to
+build bridges and construct roads, after the manner of the
+ancient Romans. As the guides had fled, the Spaniards made
+prisoners of thirty other Indians to shew them the roads, whom
+they treated well and presented with baubles so much to their
+satisfaction, that they conducted the army for sixteen leagues
+through a fine open country to the district of <i>Vitacucho</i>
+which was about fifty leagues in circumference and was then
+divided among three brothers.</p>
+
+<p>On coming to a town called <i>Ochil&eacute;</i> about break of
+day, the Spaniards surrounded it before the natives were aware;
+but on hearing the drums and trumpets they ran out, and finding
+all the avenues blockaded they stood on their defence though the
+cacique was invited to enter into friendship. He continued for
+some time to resist; but as his people perceived that the
+Spaniards released the prisoners without doing them any harm,
+they represented this to their chief, on which, making a virtue
+of necessity, he submitted to Soto and was well treated. After
+this, he accompanied Soto, with many of his people, and conducted
+the Spaniards into a spacious and delightful vale in which there
+were many scattered habitations. The cacique sent likewise to
+acquaint his brothers that the Spaniards were marching through to
+other countries, only requiring to be supplied with provisions on
+their way, and did no harm to those who accepted their
+friendship. One of the brothers returned a favourable answer, and
+treated the Spaniards with great respect; but the eldest and most
+powerful of the three, would not allow the messengers to return,
+and sent afterwards a reproof to his brothers, who he said had
+acted like foolish boys, and might tell the strangers that, if
+they ventured into his country, he would roast one half of them
+and boil the other. But as Soto sent another kind message to him,
+he consented to visit Soto accompanied by five hundred warriors
+gaily adorned after their fashion, and was received with much
+civility and presented with such ornamental trinkets as pleased
+him much. He was greatly astonished at the appearance of the
+Spanish troops, and asked pardon for his rude and threatening
+expressions, promising to make amends by his future good conduct.
+This cacique, named <i>Vitacucho</i>, was about thirty-five years
+of age, strong limbed, and of a fierce aspect. Next day the
+Spanish army entered Vitacucho's town in martial order. It
+consisted of about two hundred houses or cabins, besides a great
+many others scattered all over the country. All the towns in this
+country have no other names except those of the caciques to which
+they respectively belong. After remaining two days in this town
+making merry, the two younger caciques asked permission of Soto
+to return to their own districts, which was granted, and having
+received some presents from Soto, they went away well
+pleased.</p>
+
+<p>Vitacucho continued slily for some time to behave respectfully
+to Soto and the Spaniards, yet contriving how best to destroy
+them. For this purpose he concerted with all his neighbours, whom
+he persuaded that it was proper and necessary to destroy these
+wicked vagabonds who had come into their country to reduce them
+to servitude. He imparted his design to four Indians who attended
+Soto in quality of interpreters, whom he informed that he had ten
+thousand well armed Indians in readiness to aid him in the
+execution of this enterprise, and that he proposed to roast some
+of the Spaniards, to boil others, to hang up another part on the
+loftiest tress, and to poison all the rest in such a manner as to
+pine and rot away for a long time before they died. Being desired
+to keep the secret and to give their opinion of this design, they
+answered that they approved it highly, as an exploit worthy of
+his wisdom and valour, and that nothing could be better
+contrived. Vitacucho thus encouraged, determined to persevere,
+and sent notice to his confederates to hold themselves in
+readiness; but the four Indians, satisfied of the
+impracticability of the design, owing to the excellent discipline
+and vigilance of the Spaniards, made a discovery of the whole
+plot to Juan Ortiz, who communicated it without delay to Soto. In
+a council of the officers held to consult how to act in this
+emergency, it was thought best to take no immediate notice of the
+matter, except standing vigilantly on their guard as if ignorant
+of the treacherous intention of the cacique, but to contrive to
+make him fall into his own snare.</p>
+
+<p>When the day concerted between Vitacucho and his confederates
+for putting their enterprise into execution was come, the crafty
+cacique requested Soto to go with him out of the town to see his
+subjects whom he had drawn up in martial array for his
+inspection, that he might be acquainted with his power, and with
+the manner of fighting practised among the Indians. Soto was a
+prudent man well versed in the art of war, in which he had
+gradually risen by his merit. On this occasion he courteously
+accepted the proposal of the cacique, saying that it was likewise
+customary among the Spaniards, to shew honour to their friends by
+displaying their troops in order of battle. The Spanish forces
+accordingly marched out in good order, prepared for whatever
+might occur; and the better to conceal his suspicions, and the
+purpose he had now in view, he walked out of the town on foot
+along with the cacique. The Indian warriors, to the number of
+about ten thousand men, were found drawn up in good order at some
+distance from the town, having their left wing protected by a
+wood and their right by two lakes. They were well equipped after
+their manner, their heads adorned with high plumes of feathers of
+herons, swans, and cranes. Their bows lay beside them on the
+ground, and their arrows were covered over with grass, to make it
+appear that they were unarmed. Besides the main body in the
+position before mentioned, they had a wing on each flank advanced
+into the plain.</p>
+
+<p>Soto and the cacique advanced into the plain towards the
+Indian army, each attended by twelve chosen men. The Spanish
+troops moved forwards in order of battle on the right of Soto,
+the cavalry being in the middle of the plain, while the infantry
+moved close to the wood on the left of the Indians. When Soto and
+Vitacucho were arrived at the place where it was previously known
+that the cacique intended to have given a signal for attacking
+the Spaniards, who were now all in readiness and fully instructed
+how to act, Soto gave notice to his army to commence the attack
+by ordering a musket to be fired off. The twelve Spaniards who
+attended Soto immediately seized the cacique according to the
+instructions they had received for that purpose; and Soto
+mounting his horse led on the Spanish cavalry to the charge,
+being always foremost on every occasion, whether for fighting or
+hard labour. The Indians took up their arms and resisted the
+Spaniards as well as they could by repeated flights of arrows,
+even killing the horse on which Soto rode, as they chiefly aimed
+at the horses of which they stood in much fear. Soto soon got
+another horse from his page, and as the cavalry now penetrated
+the main body of the Indians their whole army took to flight,
+some seeking for safety in the wood and others by throwing
+themselves into the lakes. All who fled along the open plain were
+either killed or made prisoners. About nine hundred of the
+Indians took shelter in the smaller lake, which was immediately
+surrounded to prevent their escape, and the Spaniards likewise
+kept up an incessant attack upon them with their fire-arms and
+cross-bows, to induce them to surrender. Although in the water,
+the Indians continued to shoot as long as their arrows lasted,
+many of them standing on the backs of their comrades, who were
+swimming, till their arrows were spent, and then giving similar
+aid to others. They continued in this manner from about ten in
+the morning till midnight, always surrounded by the Spaniards,
+refusing to surrender though assured of their lives. At length
+many of the feeblest surrendered, after being fourteen hours in
+the water. As the rest observed that no injury was offered to the
+prisoners, they mostly surrendered next day at noon, when they
+had been above twenty-four hours in the water; and it was
+observed that they came out excessively tired, hungry, sleepy,
+and swollen. Seven still obstinately remained in the water till
+about seven in the evening; when Soto, thinking it a pity such
+resolute men should perish, ordered twelve Spaniards to swim to
+them, with their swords in their mouths, who dragged them all out
+half-drowned. Care was taken to recover them; and when asked the
+reason of their obstinacy, they alleged that as commanders, they
+were willing to convince their lord that they were worthy of
+their rank, by dying in his service and leaving a good name
+behind them, even expressing a desire that they had been
+permitted to perish. Four of these men were about thirty-five
+years of age. The other three were lads about eighteen, the sons
+of chiefs, who had obeyed the summons of Vitacucho, in hopes of
+acquiring honour, and were unwilling to return home vanquished.
+Soto presented some small mirrors and other baubles to these
+youths and dismissed them; but he told the four commanders, in
+presence of Vitacucho, that they all deserved to be put to death
+for having broken their plighted faith, yet he forgave them in
+hopes that they would take warning by what had now befallen them,
+and behave better for the future. He then invited Vitacucho to
+dine at his own table every day, being of opinion that more was
+to be gained among these barbarians by kind usage than severity,
+unless when indispensably necessary.</p>
+
+<p>The prisoners taken on this occasion amounted to above a
+thousand men, who were distributed as servants among the Spanish
+troops. Vitacucho gave these men secret orders to fall upon and
+destroy the Spaniards while at dinner, and appointed the seventh
+day after the engagement for the execution of this new plot. On
+that day, while Vitacucho as usual was at dinner along with Soto
+and the principal Spanish officers, he started up on a sudden and
+gave a loud <i>whoop</i> or war cry, which was the appointed
+signal of attack, and laying hold of Soto gave him so violent a
+blow with his fist as knocked him to the ground, and immediately
+fell upon him endeavouring to kill him; but the other officers
+who were at dinner killed Vitacucho immediately. On hearing the
+signal from the cacique, all the other Indians attacked their
+masters, some with fire-brands, others with the cooking kettles,
+pitchers, or whatever they could get hold of, of which the
+fire-brands did most harm; but as the Spaniards immediately
+seized their arms in their defence, all the Indians were
+slain.</p>
+
+<p>Four days after this fray, the troops marched to another town
+called <i>Osachile</i> after the name of its cacique. Coming to a
+river which could not be forded, it was proposed to construct a
+bridge similar to that employed on a former occasion; but on
+account of opposition from a body of Indians on the farther bank
+it was necessary in the first place to drive these away. For this
+purpose an hundred men armed with muskets and cross-bows were
+ferried over on six rafts, and thirty horsemen got over by
+swimming their horses. The Indians then fled, and the bridge was
+constructed in the same manner as formerly described, over which
+all the rest of the army passed. About two leagues after crossing
+the river, the army came to some corn-fields with scattered
+houses, and were galled for some time by the Indians, who lurked
+among the standing maize, whence they discharged their arrows at
+the Spaniards: But they were soon put to flight and several of
+them speared by the cavalry. On arriving at Osachile they found
+the town abandoned, and the cacique of that place could never be
+persuaded to make his appearance. Some Indians were made
+prisoners on this march, who were more tractable than any they
+had hitherto met with, and undertook to act as guides. It was now
+necessary for the Spaniards to consider of a proper place in
+which to pass the winter, and as there had been much talk about
+the province or district of Apalache, as producing gold, the army
+only halted two days at Osachile, and recommenced their march in
+the direction of Apalache. After marching twelve leagues through
+a desert wilderness, they came to a swamp half a league over,
+where the pass was defended by a considerable number of Indians.
+An engagement ensued in which several were killed on both sides,
+and the Spaniards were foiled for that day. But on the next,
+after a bloody encounter, the Spaniards drove the Indians from
+the swamp and got possession of the pass, all of which was
+fordable except about forty paces in the middle, over which there
+was a bridge of trees made fast together.</p>
+
+<p>Having crossed the swamp, a very thick wood was found on the
+other side, above a league and half through, which the army had
+great difficulty to penetrate, neither indeed was it able to pass
+through the wood in one day. During this difficult march, an
+hundred horsemen armed with targets led the van, and were
+followed by an hundred musqueteers and cross-bow-men, all of whom
+carried axes to hew down trees and make a clear space for the
+army to encamp, which it did in the middle of the forest, and was
+all night long disturbed by the incessant war-hoops of
+surrounding Indians. Next day they continued their march through
+the wood, which now became more open, but they were constantly
+harassed by the Indians, more especially as the cavalry could be
+of very little service among the trees, and wherever there were
+any open spaces, the Indians had cut down trees to obstruct the
+passage. After getting out of this forest into the open country,
+they marched two leagues farther, killing or making prisoners of
+all the Indians who attempted to make any opposition; so that the
+natives became at length convinced that they were unable to
+destroy the Spaniards or to expel them from the country. The army
+now encamped at the commencement of the cultivated lands
+belonging to the <i>Apalaches</i>, but the Indians still
+continued to annoy them, by continually pouring flights of arrows
+into the camp.</p>
+
+<p>Next day the army marched two leagues through a perpetual
+succession of fields of Indian corn, interspersed with straggling
+houses, and were frequently vexed by lurking Indians who shot off
+their arrows and then ran away. At the farther side of this
+cultivated plain, they came to a deep brook running through a
+wood, the ford of which was fortified by palisades or fallen
+trees, to prevent the passage of the cavalry: But a hundred of
+them alighted from their horses, and cleared the way with their
+swords and targets in spite of the Indians, who fought with much
+obstinacy, and did not give way till many of them were slain, but
+some of the Spaniards were killed in this engagement. They
+marched four leagues next day with little opposition: and the day
+following were informed <i>Capasi</i>, cacique of Apalache, had
+taken post at the distance of two leagues with a large body of
+brave Indians intending to give them battle. The horse
+immediately advanced to attack him, and took some of his men, but
+Capasi made his escape. The town of Apalache, of which they now
+took possession, consisted of two hundred and fifty houses,
+having several other small dependent towns or villages, and many
+detached cabins or farm-houses scattered over the cultivated
+fields. The country was fertile and agreeable, the climate
+excellent, and the natives numerous and warlike. After some days
+rest, parties were sent out in different directions to explore
+the country. Those who penetrated northwards into the interior,
+reported that the country was excellent, fertile, populous, and
+free from woods and swamps; while those who went south towards
+the coast, found a rugged, barren, and impracticable country,
+being the same through which Cabeza de Vaca had travelled.</p>
+
+<p>It being now the month of October, Soto determined to winter
+in this place; for which purpose he ordered sufficient
+fortifications to be constructed for defence, and provisions to
+be stored up for the supply of his army. He likewise sent back a
+party by the same way which the army had marched, being an
+hundred and fifty leagues to the bay of the Holy Ghost[150], to
+bring away the cavalry that had been left there to rejoin the
+rest of the army. He also sent a message to Capasi, the only
+cacique who had been hitherto met with having a proper name
+different from that of his town, requesting him to come in and
+make peace with the Spaniards, to which he would by no means
+consent. Being informed that Capasi had intrenched himself in the
+middle of a wood about eight leagues from Apalache, Soto marched
+against him and assailed his fortified post. The Indians defended
+themselves for some time with great bravery; but at length begged
+quarter which was granted, and Capasi was brought out on mens
+shoulders; as he was either so fat and unwieldy, or so much
+disabled by some distemper, that he was unable to walk, and was
+therefore carried on a kind of litter or bier, or crawled on his
+hands and knees. Soto returned well pleased at this good fortune
+to his quarters at Apalache, expecting that the Indians would
+give him no more disturbance, now that their chief was in his
+hands. But matters turned out quite otherwise; for having no
+ruler the Indians became even more disorderly and troublesome
+than before, and refused to obey the command of Capasi to remain
+in peace with the Spaniards.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 150: Although in the text the general
+direction of the march of Soto is mentioned as to the N.E. there
+is every reason to believe it must have been to the west of
+north, into the country of what are now called the <i>Creek</i>
+Indians. The town of Apalache in which Soto spent the winter
+1539-40 may have been on the river Catahoche otherwise called of
+Apalachicola, or on the Alibama, which runs into the Mobille.
+There still is a place known by the name of Apalache near the
+mouth of the Mobille river.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Under these circumstances, when Soto complained to the cacique
+of the perpetual hostilities of his people, Capasi pretended, if
+he were permitted to go to a place about six leagues from
+Apalache, to which the head men of the tribe had retired, that
+they would obey his orders on seeing him among them and agree to
+peace. Soto accordingly gave his permission, and Capasi went to
+the place indicated, carried as usual on a bier, and accompanied
+by a strong guard of Spaniards. The cacique then issued orders
+for all his people to appear before him next day, having some
+important matters to communicate. The Spaniards posted their
+guards for the night and went to rest, believing every thing
+secure; but when day appeared next morning neither the cacique
+nor any of his attendants were to be found. Taking advantage of
+the centinels falling asleep, Capasi had crept out from among
+them on all fours, after which his Indians carried him off to
+some more secure place than the former, as he was never more
+seen. The Spanish escort returned much ashamed of themselves to
+Soto, pretending that Capasi and his attendants must have been
+carried off through the air, as it was impossible for him to have
+got away from among them in any other manner. Soto prudently
+accepted of this excuse, saying with a smile that the story was
+very probable as the Indians were notable sorcerers. He was
+unwilling to punish his men for their negligence, being always
+more desirous to gain the affection of his soldiers by kind
+usage, as far as consistent with military discipline, that they
+might be ready to endure the fatigue and danger he expected to
+encounter in the prosecution of his enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>SECTION V.</p>
+
+<p><i>Continuation of the Transactions of Ferdinand de Soto in
+Florida</i>[151].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 151: Herrera, V. 507.--541.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>We have already mentioned that Soto, having determined to
+spend the winter 1539 at Apalache, sent a detachment back to
+Harrihiagua on the bay of the Holy Ghost, to bring away Captain
+Calderon and the men who had been left there. This detachment
+consisted of thirty horse under the command of Juan de Anasco. On
+coming to the ford of the river Ocali, Anasco was obliged to pass
+it by means of rafts, as the river was flooded; and though they
+used the utmost diligence, the Indians were up in arms on both
+sides of the river to oppose him, so that the Spaniards had to
+fight both to the front and rear while their baggage, horses, and
+selves were wafted over. Having got safely over, they found it
+necessary to go to the town, as one of their comrades was quite
+benumbed in passing the river. Believing the Spaniards more
+numerous than they really were, the Indians only defended their
+town till their wives and children were got away to a place of
+safety, and then abandoned the place, of which Anasco took
+possession. The Spaniards made four large fires in the
+marketplace, on purpose to restore their benumbed comrade, to
+whom likewise they gave the only clean shirt they had among them.
+They likewise dried their clothes and saddles, which had been all
+wetted in passing the river, and furnished their wallets with
+provisions from the stores of the Indians. In the mean time, ten
+horses at once were allowed to feed, while all the rest stood
+ready bridled in case of attack. About midnight an alarm was
+given by the centinels of the approach of a numerous body of
+Indians; on which the whole party mounted, tying the benumbed man
+who was now somewhat recovered, fast upon his horse which was led
+by another soldier, and set off on their march with so much
+expedition that they were five leagues from the town by day-break
+next morning. In this manner they continued their journey with as
+little delay as possible, going on at a round trot wherever they
+found the country inhabited, and walking their horses in passing
+through the wilderness.</p>
+
+<p>On the seventh day after leaving Apalache, Pedro de Atienza
+was taken very ill, and died a few hours afterwards. Having
+travelled that day near twenty leagues they arrived at the great
+swamp[152] in the evening, and remained all night on its border,
+making great fires to keep them warm as the weather was extremely
+cold. Next morning, on attempting to pass, the horses refused on
+account of the excessive cold; but about noon the sun yielding
+some heat, they got across; On the third day after, while
+continuing their march with the usual diligence, they observed
+the track of horses, and some appearance of their having used a
+pool of water by the way side. Their horses even took heart at
+these appearances, smelling the track of others, and Anasco and
+his men were much rejoiced, having been previously afraid that
+Calderon and his troops had either gone away to Cuba, or had been
+slain by the Indians. About sunset of this day, being the tenth
+after leaving Apalache, they came in sight of Harrihiagua, just
+as the horse patrole was leaving the town. The new comers set up
+a loud shout for joy at seeing their friends, and Calderon came
+immediately out to welcome them with equal satisfaction.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 152: A great swamp is laid down in lat.
+81&deg; N. on the frontiers between Georgia and East Florida, at
+the head of the rivers of St Mary and St Mark, the former of
+which flows east to the Atlantic, and the latter south-west into
+the Bay of Apalache.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>When the cacique Mucozo learnt the arrival of Anasco, he went
+to visit him, and brought the horse belonging to the man who had
+died by the way, which had been left in a meadow with the saddle
+hanging to a tree, which likewise was brought in by an Indian on
+his back, not knowing how to fasten the girths. Mucozo inquired
+after the health of Soto in a friendly manner, and expressed his
+sorrow that the other caciques were not of the same friendly
+disposition with himself. Calderon and Anasco consulted together
+as to the best way of going back to Apalache. As the stores of
+provisions shoes and clothes which had been provided liberally by
+Soto for the expedition were very large and could not be removed
+to Apalache, it was agreed to leave all these under the charge of
+Mucozo. It was likewise resolved that Anasco should proceed by
+sea with two of the brigantines to the Bay of Aute, which he had
+discovered when detached by Soto to explore the country to the
+south of Apalache, while Calderon was to go by land. Accordingly,
+every thing being in readiness, seven days after the arrival of
+Anasco, Calderon set out by land for Apalache with seventy horse
+and fifty foot soldiers, all the rest going by sea along with
+Anasco.</p>
+
+<p>On the second day of his march, Calderon came to the town of
+Mucozo, and was hospitably entertained by that friendly chief.
+Nothing remarkable happened during this march till they came to
+the great swamp, except that one horse was killed by an arrow
+which penetrated through his breast to his bowels. These Indians
+are such powerful archers that they have been known to shoot
+through four folds of mail; for which reason the Spaniards laid
+aside their European armour, and used a kind which is stuffed
+with cotton, called <i>escaupiles</i>, to defend both themselves
+and their horses. Calderon travelled with very little opposition
+or difficulty all the way to the swamp of Apalache, where the
+Indians attacked him desperately and killed one of his horses.
+Next day he was again attacked, and disturbed all the ensuing
+night, the Indians constantly upbraiding the Spaniards as
+vagabonds and robbers, and threatening to quarter them. On the
+following day Calderon and his men reached Apalache, where ten or
+twelve of his people died of their wounds. Anasco arrived safe
+with the remainder of the Spaniards at the Bay of Aute[153],
+whence he marched by land to Apalache. Having now collected his
+whole force at Apalache, Ferdinand de Soto sent Diego Maldonado
+with the brigantines to explore the coast to the westwards,
+ordering him to return in two months with a particular
+description of all the ports, creeks, and headlands he might fall
+in with. Maldonado executed these orders; and on his return
+reported that he had discovered a very excellent harbour, called
+<i>Achusi</i>, sixty leagues to the westwards of Aute[154],
+whence he brought two Indian prisoners. Soto then sent Maldonado
+with the brigantines to the Havannah, carrying letters to his
+lady, and directed him to inform the colonists of Cuba that he
+had found an excellent harbour in Florida, and that the country
+was pleasant and fertile, by way of encouraging settlers to come
+over.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 153: No bay is now known of this name, but
+it may possibly have been that now known by the name of
+Mobille.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 154: This distance from Mobille Bay would
+lead us considerably to the west of the Missisippi, perhaps to
+Ascension Bay, or perhaps to the entrance of Ouachas
+Lake.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>It happened one day that seven Spanish horsemen riding out
+from the town of Apalache saw an Indian man and woman gathering
+old kidney-beans in the fields. Immediately on seeing the
+horsemen the man took up the woman in his arms and carried her
+into the wood, whence he returned with his bow and arrows to
+attack the horsemen, who would have saved his life on account of
+his bravery, calling out to him to yield; but he was so desperate
+that he wounded them all, and when his arrows were expended he
+gave one of them so violent a blow with his bow on the head-piece
+that it stunned him, on which provocation he killed the Indian
+with his lance. While Soto wintered in Apalache, he used every
+exertion to obtain intelligence respecting the country towards
+the west, in order to prepare for extending his discoveries in
+the spring; and among the Indians who were brought to him on this
+occasion, was one about seventeen years of age who had been a
+servant to some Indian travelling merchants.</p>
+
+<p>From this youth he was informed that, about thirteen of
+fourteen days journey farther on, there was a province called
+<i>Cofachiqui</i>[155], which produced gold, silver and pearls.
+This intelligence was very pleasing to the Spaniards, and made
+them wish anxiously for the season in which to march forwards.
+During all the winter, which the Spaniards spent in Apalache,
+when any parties of them went out into the country, the Indians
+seldom failed to kill some of the men or horses with their
+arrows, yet always kept at a distance or among the woods,
+carefully avoiding to encounter them in the open fields.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 155: Perhaps the country of the
+Chicasaws.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The season being at length come, in the spring of 1540, for
+taking the field, Soto set out on his march from Apalache towards
+the north, and on the third day encamped in a peninsula formed by
+a swamp, having wooden bridges of communication with the dry
+land. This being an elevated situation, several towns could be
+seen from the encampment, which was still in the district
+belonging to Apalache. The Spaniards rested here two days, during
+one of which seven men strolled out from the camp without orders,
+six of whom were slain by the Indians before they had got two
+hundred paces from the camp, and the seventh difficultly escaped
+with two wounds. Leaving the province of Apalache, the Spaniards
+now entered that called <i>Atalpaha</i>, the first town they came
+to being abandoned by the natives. Six of the principal people
+remained behind, who were brought before Soto, whom they boldly
+asked whether he was for peace or war with their nation. Soto
+answered by means of his interpreter that he had no inclination
+for war, as his only intention was to pass through their country,
+yet desired that his people might be supplied with provisions. To
+this they answered, if such were his intentions there was no
+occasion to have made them prisoners, and if he conducted himself
+in a friendly manner he might depend on better treatment than he
+had received at Apalache. They accordingly dispatched some of the
+common people to desire the natives to return to their houses to
+serve the Spaniards, whom they conducted to a better town, where
+the cacique came to ratify a peace, which was punctually observed
+during three days that Soto remained there.</p>
+
+<p>From that place they advanced for ten days to the northwards
+along the banks of a river, through a fertile country, in which
+all the inhabitants behaved in a friendly manner. After this they
+entered the province of <i>Achalaqui</i>, which was poor, barren,
+and thinly inhabited, having very few young men, and the old
+people being mostly short-sighted and many of them quite blind.
+Quickening the march through this bad country they came to the
+province of <i>Cofachi</i>, where, besides other presents, Soto
+gave the cacique some boars and sows for a breed, having brought
+above three hundred of these animals with him to Florida, where
+they increased very fast, as the Spaniards had no occasion to
+kill them, getting abundance of other provisions. During this
+expedition, Soto made it an invariable practice, before entering
+any province, to send a message to the cacique offering peace and
+demanding leave to pass through his dominions, that the natives
+might not be alarmed at the appearance of so many armed
+strangers; and besides it was always his wish to employ fair
+means in his intercourse with the Indians, rather than force. He
+accordingly sent a message to the cacique of <i>Cofa</i> with the
+usual requests of peace, provisions and a free passage, with
+which the cacique complied, coming himself to meet the Spaniards,
+for whom he appointed quarters and plenty of provisions. The land
+being plentiful, Soto and his army rested here five days. The
+next province belonged to a brother of Cofa, named Cofaqui, who
+came out to meet the Spaniards attended by a great number of his
+people, all finely adorned with plumes of feathers, and wearing
+mantles of rich sables and other valuable furs. After this
+friendly reception, the cacique went away to another town,
+leaving his own entirely for the accommodation of the Spaniards.
+This country abounded in maize or Indian corn, which is used by
+the Indians as wheat is in Europe. They had also abundance of
+dried fruits; but flesh was rare, being only what they procured
+by hunting, as they had no domesticated animals.</p>
+
+<p>Next day, Cofaqui returned to Soto, offering a supply of
+provisions and a strong escort of armed Indians, to enable the
+Spaniards to cross a desert or wilderness of seven days journey
+leading to the next province of Cofachiqui[156]. Immediately
+there appeared four thousand Indians to carry burdens, and the
+like number armed, to accompany the Spaniards.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 156: The word <i>Cofa</i> seems to have
+signified lord or chief among these Indians; as we have four
+successive chiefs in the text, named Cofa, Co-fachi, Cofa-qui,
+and Cofa-chiqui.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>On seeing so great a number of men, Soto was on his guard like
+a good soldier and prudent commander, that he might not be taken
+by surprise. On this occasion the cacique made a speech to the
+commander of his forces, enjoining him, as he knew the ancient
+enmity subsisting between him and the people of Cofachiqui, that
+he should not let slip the present favourable opportunity of
+taking severe revenge upon their enemies, considering that he was
+now supported by these valiant strangers. The Indian commander,
+throwing off his mantle of furs, flourished a two-handed sword or
+war-club, the ensign of his command, and told his lord in pompous
+terms what he would do for his service. On this, the cacique took
+from his own shoulders a rich mantle of sables, thought by the
+Spaniards to be worth a thousand ducats, which he put upon the
+shoulders of his general, and placed a splendid plume of feathers
+on his head. The presentation of a mantle and plume of feathers
+is considered among the Indians as the highest honour which can
+be bestowed.</p>
+
+<p>There were two Indians among the Spaniards who were extremely
+familiar, named ordinarily Mark and Peter though not baptized. On
+the night before commencing the new march for Cofachiqui, Peter
+made a violent outcry as if in danger of being slain. All the
+forces turned out under arms on this alarm, and found Peter in
+great trepidation and distress. He alleged that the devil and a
+number of his imps had threatened to kill him if he acted as a
+guide to the Spaniards, and had dragged him about and beaten him
+so unmercifully that he had assuredly been killed if they had not
+come to his assistance; and, since the great devil fled from two
+Christians, he begged to be baptized that he might be a Christian
+like them and able to drive away the devil. This appeared to be
+no fiction, by the bruises and swelling which Peter exhibited;
+and accordingly Soto gave him in charge to the priests, who
+remained with him all night and baptized him; and next day he was
+mounted on horseback, being unable to walk on account of the
+drubbing he had got from the Devil!</p>
+
+<p>The two armies marched apart, pursuant to the wise precautions
+adopted by Soto. The Indians kept excellent order, having a
+regular van and rear guard, and making those who carried the
+provisions and baggage keep in the centre. Every night the two
+armies lay at some distance, each appointing their own guards. On
+the third day of the march from Cofaqui they entered upon the
+wilderness, through which they marched for six days, finding the
+country very agreeable. They had two rapid rivers to cross, at
+both of which the cavalry was made to form a kind of wall above
+the ford to break the force of the stream, by which means they
+all got safe over. On the seventh day both Spaniards and Indians
+were much at a loss, as the road they had hitherto followed was
+now at an end, so that they knew not which way to take through
+the rest of the wilderness. Soto asked the Indian general how it
+could possibly happen that among eight thousand men of his
+nation, more especially as they had always been at war with the
+people to whose country they were going, no one should know the
+road. The Indian chief answered that none of them had ever been
+there; for the war was never carried on by means of complete
+armies, as they merely killed or made prisoners of each other,
+when they chanced to meet at the fisheries on the rivers, or
+while hunting; and as the people of Cofachiqui were most
+powerful, his countrymen did not venture so far into the
+wilderness, by which reason they were unacquainted with the
+country. He farther assured Soto that he might rely on the
+probity and good faith both of the cacique and himself, who had
+no intention of fraud or perfidy; yet he might if he pleased take
+what hostages he thought proper for his security, and if that
+were not sufficient, he would submit to lose his own head, and
+that all his men should be put to death, wherever they were found
+to harbour any evil intentions.</p>
+
+<p>Satisfied with these assurances, Soto sent for Peter the
+Indian, who was likewise at a loss, as he had not been in these
+parts for five years. They marched on however the rest of that
+day, without knowing any thing of the road, yet found the woods
+easily passable. Towards evening they arrived at a great river
+which could not be forded[157]. This circumstance added greatly
+to their perplexity, as they now had only seven days provisions,
+which would not hold out till they could make rafts to pass this
+river. Next day Soto sent off four several detachments in
+different directions to explore the country, with orders to
+return in five days; and with each of these went a thousand
+Indians, to assist in finding the way of which they were in
+search. The Indians who carried the baggage, and who remained at
+the encampment, went out every morning armed, and returned at
+night with herbs, roots, birds, some small land animals, and a
+little fish, part of which they gave to the Spaniards; but this
+scanty supply was quite insufficient for their necessities. Soto
+now ordered some of the swine which accompanied the army to be
+slaughtered, and distributed eight ounces of their flesh daily to
+every one of his men. Even this was only protracting their
+misery, yet all shewed wonderful patience, as their commander
+gave them a good example.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 157: In the utter impossibility to trace
+the route of Soto, it may even appear absurd to suppose that this
+may have been the Tenasse or Hogohegee River, formerly called the
+Cherokee River; yet he assuredly marched in various directions
+through the interior country of North America, westwards of the
+present states of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia, to the
+north of modern West Florida, now occupied by the Creeks,
+Cherokees, Catawbas, Chactaws, and Chickasaws.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Three of the detachments that had been sent out on discovery
+returned on the sixth day unsuccessful. But the commander of the
+fourth, Juan de Anasco, who had gone up the banks of the river,
+sent back four horsemen to inform Soto that he had found a small
+town on the same side of the river, which had a good store of
+provisions, and had seen several towns still higher up, where
+there was a good deal of cultivated land. The messengers brought
+with them many ears of <i>zara</i>[158], and some cows horns,
+without knowing whence these were procured, not having hitherto
+seen any cows in the country. The Indian general <i>Patofa</i>
+and his men, who accompanied Anasco, killed all the inhabitants
+of that town whom they could lay hands on, taking off their
+<i>skulls</i>[159], and plundering the temple or place of burial,
+where the best of the effects were secured. This town was in the
+province of <i>Cofachiqui</i>; and as the Indians accompanying
+the Spaniards did much injury to the country, Soto now sent them
+home again to prevent any farther harm being done under his
+auspices; and by making presents to the Indian general and the
+other chiefs, and supplying them with provisions for their
+journey, they went away well satisfied. Soto now advanced with
+the Spaniards through a pleasant and plentiful country, but which
+was abandoned by the natives on account of the ravages and
+slaughters that had been committed by Patofa and his people.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 158: This word, left unexplained by the
+translator of Herrera, perhaps means some species of millet
+cultivated by the Indians.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 159: This ought in all probability to have
+been translated <i>scalps</i>.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Three days afterwards, to avoid going on at random, Soto sent
+on Juan Anasco with thirty horse to explore the country. Anasco
+set out a little before night, and after proceeding about two
+leagues, he heard the barking of dogs and the noise of some
+children, and saw some lights; but on going towards the place for
+the purpose of trying to seize one or two Indians from whom to
+gain intelligence, he found that the town was on the other side
+of the river. He halted therefore at a place which seemed to be
+used as a landing for canoes; and having fed and rested the
+horses, he returned to give Soto an account of what he had
+observed. Soto went accordingly next day with an hundred horse
+and an equal number of foot to view the town; and as the Indians
+fled on seeing the Spaniards, the two Christian Indians, Peter
+and Mark called to them across the river that no harm was
+intended. Upon this six Indians ventured across the river in a
+canoe, and came to wait on Soto, who was seated in a chair, which
+was always carried with him to receive the natives in state, as
+the customs of these people required. On approaching Soto, the
+six Indians made their obeisances; first to the sun, then to the
+moon, and lastly to the Spanish commander, whom they asked
+whether he was for peace or war with their nation. He answered by
+means of his interpreter, that he was desirous of peace, and
+required nothing from them but provisions for his people. They
+replied that they willingly accepted of peace, but were sorry to
+say that they were very scarce of provisions in consequence of a
+pestilence which had lately raged among them; but they would
+inform their sovereign of his demands, who happened to be a young
+unmarried woman. When they had delivered their message to the
+princess, two large canoes covered with awnings were seen to set
+out from the town on the other side of the river, into one of
+which seven or eight women embarked, and six men in the other.
+Among the women was the princess who ruled over the tribe; and
+immediately on coming to Soto, she sat down on a stool before
+him, which her people brought for her use, and after some
+complimentary discourse, she expressed her sorrow for the
+scarcity which then existed in her country, but that having two
+storehouses filled with provisions for relieving the necessities
+of her subjects, she would give him one of these, and hoped he
+would leave her in possession of the other. She said likewise
+that she had two thousand measures of maize at another town,
+which she would give him, and would quit her own house and half
+the town to accommodate him and his people, and if that did not
+suffice, that the whole of the town should be cleared for his
+use. Soto thanked her in a courteous manner for her friendly
+offers, declaring that he would be perfectly satisfied with
+whatever she was pleased to give. While he was speaking, she took
+off a string of pearls which she wore round her neck, and gave it
+to Juan Ortiz the interpreter to present it in her name to Soto,
+as she could not deliver it with her own hands without
+transgressing the rules of decorum[160]. Soto stood up and
+received it with much respect, and presented her in return with a
+ruby which he wore on his finger. Thus peace was ratified with
+this princess, who now returned to the other side of the river,
+all the Spaniards admiring her beautiful appearance and good
+behaviour.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 160: The circumstance of great quantities
+of pearls being found in this part of the country tends in some
+measure to confirm the idea of Soto being now on the Tenasse
+River. In the most recent maps of this part of America, a part of
+this river near its great bend, where it sweeps round from a S.W.
+to a N.N.W. direction, is distinguished by the appellation of the
+<i>Muscle Shoals</i>, and it is well known that the fresh-water
+muscles are often very productive in pearls.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>After this all the Spanish force was transported across the
+river, on rafts and in canoes, four horses being drowned in the
+passage. The Spaniards were all commodiously quartered in the
+middle of the town, and the country round was found to be
+extraordinarily fertile. The mother of the princess of this tribe
+was a widow, and resided about twelve leagues from this town in
+great retirement; and on being sent for by her daughter to see
+the strangers, she not only refused, but sent a severe reproof to
+her daughter for admitting those persons of whom she knew
+nothing. Soto sent Juan Anasco with thirty horse, with a
+respectful message to the old lady inviting her to come to visit
+him. Anasco was accompanied on this occasion by an Indian of
+considerable rank, who seemed pensive and melancholy. After
+travelling some leagues, they stopped for rest and refreshment,
+and sat down under the shade of a tree to partake of a repast.
+Throwing off his mantle of sables, the Indian took the arrows one
+by one from his quiver, which were very curiously made of reeds,
+having heads of bones with <i>three points</i>[161] all of them
+feathered on three sides, and both them and his bow beautifully
+painted with some kind of bituminous substance, as smooth and
+glossy as the finest varnish. The last arrow which he drew out
+was headed with flint, sharp-pointed, and double-edged like a
+dagger. Seeing that the Spaniards were all intent upon observing
+the curious arrows, he cut his own throat with the flint-headed
+arrow, and immediately fell down dead. The other Indians who
+accompanied Anasco said that in their opinion he had killed
+himself because he was carrying a message which he believed was
+disagreeable to the old lady. A short time after this, as Anasco
+was still proceeding, one of the Spaniards observed that they
+were going blindly in search of a woman who was said to have gone
+to hide herself from them in another place; and as Soto already
+had the daughter in his power, he had no occasion for the mother
+also, and as their number was small they were exposed to much
+danger, and had much better return to head-quarters. As this
+advice was universally approved of, they turned back.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 161: Perhaps this ought to have been
+<i>triangular</i> pointed heads.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Three days afterwards Soto sent twenty Spaniards up the river
+in two canoes at the request of the daughter to seek her mother,
+under the conduct of an Indian who offered to conduct them to her
+place of concealment. While on this expedition, the Spaniards
+recollected that Peter and Mark had reported there was both gold
+and silver in that province; but upon search they found much
+copper of a golden colour, and great plates of <i>ore</i>[162]
+which was very light and mouldered away like earth, which
+probably had deceived the young Indians. A wonderful quantity of
+pearls were found, and the old lady gave them leave to go into a
+sacred house where the chiefs or nobles of the tribe were buried,
+to take what pearls were there, and to another temple, or
+sepulchre rather, near the town, in which the bodies of her own
+ancestors were reposited, where they found pearls in still
+greater abundance. In these repositories of the dead they found a
+number of wooden chests in which the bodies were laid; and beside
+them in baskets made of reeds there were great quantities of
+large and seed pearls, as also garments both for men and women,
+made of skins and fine furs. So great was the abundance of pearls
+found on this occasion, that the kings officers weighed five
+hundred pounds weight. As Soto was unwilling to encumber his
+troops with so much additional weight, he proposed that no more
+than fifty pounds should be then taken, to send to the Havannah
+to learn their value; but as they were already weighed, the
+officers begged that they might be all carried away, to which he
+consented, and gave his captains two handfuls of pearls as large
+as pease to make strings of beads or rosaries.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 162: These large plates of <i>ore</i>, were
+probably silver-coloured mica; and the golden-coloured copper in
+the text may have been bright yellow pyrites.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Leaving Cofachiqui, the army came to another town called
+<i>Tolomeco</i>, in a temple or charnel-house more properly of
+which place, opposite the residence of the chief, they found
+strings of large pearls hanging on the walls, and others in
+chests, with many fine garments like those formerly mentioned;
+and in rooms over this charnel-house were great numbers of pikes
+with copper heads resembling gold, and clubs, staves, and axes of
+the same metal, and bows, arrows, targets, and breast-plates.
+Soto would not take away any of these, being resolved to continue
+his march. Accordingly, taking leave of the princess of
+Cofachiqui, he divided the army into two parts for the better
+convenience of provisions, retaining the immediate command of
+one, and confiding the other to the charge of Baltasar de
+Gallegos. In this order they moved on to the province of
+Chalaqui; and next day were exposed to such a storm of wind,
+lightning, and hail, that many of them must have perished, but
+for the shelter afforded by the trees, as the hail-stones were as
+large as pigeons eggs. On the sixth day of this new march, they
+came to the valley of Xaula, a pleasant country to the N.N.E. The
+sailors who accompanied the army believed the river which flowed
+past Cofachiqui to be the same which is known on the coast under
+the name of <i>Santa Ellena</i>; and computing their marches at
+four leagues a-day, it appeared that the forces had come two
+hundred leagues from Apalache to Xaula[163]; which, with an
+hundred and fifty leagues from the Bay of the Holy Ghost to
+Apalache, made four hundred and ten leagues in all[164].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 163: Two hundred Spanish leagues would
+amount to near 800 English miles. But as the march, was entirely
+in an uncertain and probably changing direction, this estimate
+does not assist in determining any thing of its extent Eight
+hundred miles would reach, even from Espiritu Santo Bay, to
+beyond the Ohio.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 164: The numbers in the text are obviously
+corrupt, as the particulars do not agree with the sum; but it is
+impossible to correct or reconcile them, neither indeed is it of
+much consequence, as no establishment was made in Florida by
+Soto, and the names of the places he visited are now unknown and
+uninteresting. Four hundred and ten Spanish leagues, or 1640
+English miles, would carry us into Upper
+Canada.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The Spanish forces rested a fortnight in the vale of Xaula,
+which was subject to the princess of Cofachiqui, though a
+separate province, being induced to this delay by finding
+abundance of all things, and on purpose to recruit their horses.
+Leaving this place, they marched one day through an agreeable
+country, and then five days over an unpeopled mountain[165],
+though not disagreeable, as it had many fine groves, waters, and
+pasture-grounds, the way over being about twenty leagues. Four
+Indian chiefs who accompanied them by order of the princess of
+Cofachiqui, sent to require the cacique of <i>Guanale</i> to
+receive the Spaniards with kindness, or otherwise to declare war
+against him. While on the march, a foot-soldier named Juan Terron
+pulled a little bag from his wallet full of large well-coloured
+pearls not pierced, which he offered to a horseman, who advised
+him to keep them as the general meant soon to send to the
+Havannah, where he might purchase a horse for them to ease him
+from marching on foot. On this refusal, Terron threw his pearls
+on the ground, alleging they were troublesome to carry, and they
+were picked up by his comrades. He sorely repented of this
+afterwards, as he was informed they would have been worth 6000
+ducats in Spain. The Spaniards stopped four days at Guanale, and
+in five days march from thence they reached <i>Ychiaha</i>, a
+town situated on an island in the river about five leagues in
+length. As the general always made inquiry every where concerning
+the country farther on, the cacique of Ychiaha told him there
+were mines of yellow metal about thirty leagues from thence, and
+presented him with a long string of large pearls, which would
+have been of extraordinary value if they had not been bored. As
+Soto seemed to prize them, the cacique said there were many such
+in the burial place of his ancestors which he was welcome to take
+if he pleased. In return Soto presented the cacique with some
+pieces of velvet and satin, with which he was much gratified. Two
+soldiers were sent on, accompanied by a party of Indians, to view
+the reported mines of yellow metal, who reported that they were
+only copper, that the country was fruitful, and that they had
+been well treated by the inhabitants. Some of the men likewise
+were ordered to drag the river for the pearl oysters, where they
+soon brought up large quantities, which were laid on a fire to
+make them open their shells, and the pearls were taken out
+somewhat damaged by the heat. A soldier who boiled some of these
+oysters, while eating one of them, almost broke his teeth on a
+pearl as big as a hazle-nut, which he presented to Soto for his
+lady, as it was bright and well shaped; but the general refused
+it, desiring him to keep it to purchase horses, and in return for
+his good will paid the kings fifth out of his own money, its
+value being estimated at 400 ducats. Soto was exceedingly
+generous and obliging to his soldiers, making no distinction
+between himself and them, in clothes, eating, lodging, or
+enduring hardships, and enjoyed their entire confidence and
+affection.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 165: If correct in the idea of Soto having
+crossed the Tenassee, the mountainous district here indicated may
+have been the Cumberland mountains, between the Tenassee and
+Cumberland Rivers.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>From Ychiaha, the Spaniards proceeded onwards to Acoste, where
+the cacique received them with ill-will, and an open breach had
+like to have taken place; but Soto prevented this by conciliatory
+management, and still preserved the peace, which had not been
+infringed since leaving Apalache. Next day the Indians of Acoste
+became better humoured, and having contented them, Soto crossed
+the river into the large province of <i>Coza</i>, through which
+he marched for an hundred leagues, finding it every where
+populous and fertile, and the Spaniards were every where received
+in a friendly manner, well treated, and commodiously lodged. At
+the town of Coza, the cacique came out to meet Soto attended by a
+thousand Indians wearing plumes of feathers and rich mantles of
+furs. The town consisted of about five hundred houses along the
+side of the river, and here the Spaniards were most hospitably
+entertained. While dining one day with Soto, the cacique
+requested he would spend the winter in his country and establish
+a colony there; and indeed it was better land than any that the
+Spaniards had hitherto passed through. Soto thanked him for his
+friendly offer; but said that it was necessary for him in the
+first place to explore the country farther on, that he might be
+able to judge what articles were necessary for trade, and that he
+might give orders for seeds and all other requisites, after which
+he would return and accept his offer. He staid twelve days at
+this place, more to oblige the cacique than on any other account;
+and then set out towards the sea, which he had long designed,
+making a semicircular turn that he might march back by a
+different route to explore the country, meaning to make his way
+to the port of <i>Anchusi.</i></p>
+
+<p>In five days march he reached <i>Talisse</i>, a town fortified
+with entrenchments of timber and earth, on the frontiers of the
+territories of the cacique of <i>Tascaluza</i>, who was in enmity
+with the cacique of <i>Coza</i>, who went so far with the
+Spaniards on purpose to intimidate Tascaluza. At this place Soto
+was received by a son of Tascaluza, only eighteen years of age,
+and so tall that none of the Spaniards reached higher than his
+breast. This young man offered his fathers compliments of
+friendship to the Spaniards, and conducted Soto to Tascaluza, who
+received him sitting after their manner on a kind of chair, with
+a great number of men standing round him; and though the
+different commanders came up successively to salute him, no one
+stirred till Soto came forwards, when the cacique stood up and
+advanced twenty paces to meet him. Tascaluza was like a giant,
+much taller than his son, well-shaped, and of a good aspect. The
+Spaniards were well received, abundantly supplied, and
+commodiously quartered. They set out again on their march on the
+third day; and as the cacique Tascaluza chose to accompany them,
+one of the baggage horses belonging to Soto was selected for him
+to ride upon. When mounted, his feet reached within, a span of
+the ground. He was not fat, as his waist was hardly a yard in
+compass, and he did not seem to exceed forty years of age. In the
+course of this days march, after coming to a fortified town, the
+Spaniards had to cross the river, which they did with
+considerable difficulty, being badly supplied with rafts or
+floats. On taking up their quarters for the night, two Spaniards
+were amissing; and when the Indians were asked about them, they
+answered in a haughty manner, <i>they were not given to our
+keeping</i>, so that it was strongly suspected they were
+murdered. Upon this cause of jealousy, and being likewise
+privately informed that the cacique had assembled a great number
+of men at a place called Mavila, under pretence of serving the
+Spaniards, Soto sent three confidential officers to view that
+place, which was about a league and a half from quarters. They
+reported that they had seen no person by the way, but that Mavila
+was a much better fortified place than, any they had hitherto
+seen in Florida.</p>
+
+<p>As the Spaniards were bound for Mavila, and under
+circumstances very considerable suspicion as to the good
+intentions of Tascaluza and his subjects, they marched with the
+utmost circumspection. Soto led the van in person, consisting of
+an hundred horse and an hundred and fifty foot. He was
+accompanied by Tascaluza, and as he marched with diligence, he
+arrived at Mavila at eight in the morning, the main body not
+coming up for a considerable time after. The town of Mavila was
+seated in a plain, enclosed by a double row of piles with timbers
+laid athwart, and the interstices rammed full of straw and earth,
+so that it looked like a wall smoothed by a masons trowel. At
+every eighty paces distance, there was a tower or platform where
+eight men could stand to fight, having many loop holes. It
+likewise had two gates. Though it only consisted of eighty
+houses, these were so large that each could have contained a
+thousand men. In the middle of the town was a large square or
+market-place, into which when Soto and the cacique were come and
+had dismounted, Tascaluza, pointed out to the interpreter a house
+in which the general might take up his quarters and another for
+his kitchen, saying that huts and barracks were provided for the
+rest of the Spaniards on the outside of the town. To this Soto
+made answer, that, when the major-general came up, he would
+distribute the troops to proper quarters.</p>
+
+<p>Tascaluza now retired into a house where all his chiefs were
+assembled, on purpose to consult how best to kill all the
+Spaniards, which he had been long plotting to accomplish. It was
+proposed in this council to attack them in their present divided
+state, before the rest of the Spaniards could get forwards to the
+town; but another opinion prevailed, which was to allow them all
+to assemble, as the Indian chiefs had a large force concealed in
+the houses of the town, and thought themselves perfectly able to
+encounter with the Spaniards. When the meat was dressed at the
+quarters of Soto, Juan Ortiz the interpreter was sent with a
+message to Tascaluza desiring his presence; but he was refused
+admission to deliver his message, and on pressing to get in, an
+Indian came to the door exclaiming angrily, "What would these
+unmannerly vagabonds have with my lord? Down with the villains,
+there is no enduring their insolence!" He immediately bent his
+bow, and levelled at some Spaniards who were in the street; but
+Baltasar de Gallegos, who happened to be close by, gave him a cut
+on the shoulder which cleft him to the middle. An Indian youth
+now let fly six or seven arrows at Gallegos, which did him no
+harm as he was in armour, after which the Indian gave him three
+or four strokes on the helmet with his bow, but Gallegos killed
+him with two thrusts of his sword. The moment these Indians were
+slain an alarm was given, and above seven thousand warriors, who
+had been concealed in the large houses of the town, rushed out
+into the streets and drove all the Spaniards out of the town.</p>
+
+<p>The Spaniards who managed best on this alarm, ran immediately
+to mount their horses, which had been left tied on the outside of
+the town; while others cut the halters or reins that the Indians
+might not shoot them. Others remained tied, and were slain by the
+Indians. Such of the Spaniards as had been able to mount their
+horses, with others who now arrived, charged the Indians who were
+engaged with the infantry, making room for them to draw up in
+regular order. Having re-established their ranks, a troop of
+horse and a company of foot made so furious a charge on the
+Indians that they drove them into the town, and attempted to get
+in at the gate after them; but they were received by such a
+volley of arrows and stones as compelled them to retire two
+hundred paces, yet without turning their backs, in which
+consisted their safety. As the Indians followed them, they made a
+fresh charge, and drove the Indians back to the town, yet dared
+not to venture too near the wall; and the fight continued in this
+manner for some time, alternately gaining and losing ground,
+several of the Spaniards being killed and wounded. Finding they
+had the worst of it in the open field, the Indians kept close
+behind the walls of the town. On this Soto alighted from his
+horse, causing others to do the same, and advanced up to the gate
+at the head of a party armed with targets, under cover of which
+two hundred men with axes hewed down the gate and rushed in, not
+without much hazard and some loss. Others of the Spaniards
+contrived to mount the wall, helping each other, and hastened to
+succour those who had gained the gate. Seeing the Spaniards had
+forced their way into the town, which they deemed impregnable,
+the Indians fought desperately in the streets, and from the roofs
+of the houses, for which reason these were set on fire by the
+Spaniards. After entering the town, Soto remounted his horse, and
+charged a body of Indians in the market-place, killing many with
+his spear; but, raising himself in the stirrup to make a home
+thrust, an arrow penetrated through his armour and wounded him in
+the hip, so that he could not regain his seat: yet, not to
+discourage his men, he continued to fight during the remainder of
+the action, though obliged to stand the whole time in the
+stirrups. Another arrow pierced quite through the spear of Nunno
+de Tovar, near his hand, but did not break the shaft of the
+lance, which continued to serve after the arrow was cut off.</p>
+
+<p>The fire which had been put to the houses burned fiercely, as
+the houses were all of wood and covered with thatch, by which
+great numbers of the Indians perished. About four in the
+afternoon, being sensible of their own weakness and that they
+were likely to be worsted, the Indian women began to join in the
+battle, armed with the spears, swords, and partizans which the
+Spaniards had lost, some even with bows and arrows, which they
+managed as dexterously as their husbands, and some armed only
+with stones exposed themselves courageously in the heat of the
+action. The foremost of the Spanish main body, which had fallen
+greatly behind the van little thinking of what was to happen, on
+hearing the noise of trumpets, drums, and shouts, gave the alarm
+to the rest, and hastening forwards came up about the close of
+the engagement. At this time many of the Indians got over the
+wall into the fields, and endeavoured to make head against the
+newly arrived Spaniards, but were soon slain. On the arrival of
+the Spanish main body, about twelve fresh horsemen made a furious
+charge on a large body of Indian men and women who still
+continued the battle in the market-place, and soon routed them
+with great slaughter. This ended the fight about sunset, after it
+had lasted nine hours, being on St Lukes day in the year
+1541[166].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 166: The date of 1541 seems here erroneous,
+Soto having landed in 1539, and spent only one winter in the
+country, the transactions in this part of the text ought only to
+refer to the year 1540.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>During the night and next day, Soto ordered the best possible
+care to be taken of the wounded, some of whom died for want of
+proper necessaries, no bandages, lint, oil, or medicines being to
+be had, as all these things had been plundered along with the
+other baggage at the commencement of the battle by the Indians,
+and having been carried into the town were all there burnt along
+with the houses. Forty-eight Spaniards were slain in this battle;
+thirteen others died shortly of their wounds, and twenty-two some
+time afterwards, so that the entire loss was eighty-three men,
+besides forty-five horses, which were much missed, as the cavalry
+constituted the main strength of the army. It was reckoned that
+eleven thousand Indians perished, four thousand of whom were
+found dead without the town, and young Tascaluza among them. The
+dead bodies within the town were computed at three thousand, as
+the streets were all full of them; and it was believed that
+upwards of four thousand were consumed by fire in the houses, for
+above a thousand perished in one house, as the fire began at the
+door and they were all stifled. When the Spaniards afterwards
+scoured the country round, many were found to have died of their
+wounds in various parts, and some of them four leagues from the
+town. The body of the cacique Tascaluza could not be found,
+whence it was concluded that he had perished in the flames, a
+victim to his eager desire to destroy the Spaniards, which he had
+anxiously premeditated from the first notice he had received of
+their arrival in the neighbourhood of his territories. It was
+reported by some women who were made prisoners, that on the
+Indians of Talisse complaining of having been ordered by their
+cacique to carry the baggage of the Spaniards, Tascaluza had
+exhorted them to have a little patience, as he would soon deliver
+up these strangers to them as slaves. These women said that they
+were strangers who had accompanied their husbands at the
+invitation of Tascaluza, who had promised to give them scarlet
+and silk dresses, and fine jewels to wear at their dances, and to
+divide the Spaniards and their horses among them. They said
+likewise that all the women of the surrounding country, married
+and single, had collected on this occasion; as it had been given
+out that an extraordinary festival was to be held in honour of
+the Sun, after the destruction of the Spaniards. Besides the
+destruction of their baggage on this occasion, the Spaniards lost
+all the wine, chalices, and holy vestments for celebrating the
+mass, so that in future they could only have ordinary prayers and
+sermons, without any consecration or communion, till after their
+return among Christians.</p>
+
+<p>The Spaniards remained a fortnight at Mavila, making frequent
+excursions into the country, where they found plenty of
+provisions. From twenty Indians whom they took prisoners, they
+were informed that there were no warriors left to oppose them in
+all the surrounding country, as all the bravest men of the nation
+and its allies had been slain in the battle. At this time they
+received the intelligence that Maldonado and Gomez Arias were
+making discoveries along the coast; and Soto was much inclined to
+have established a colony at the port of <i>Achiusi</i> or
+<i>Anchusi</i>[167], to carry on trade with another establishment
+twenty leagues up the country, but this was opposed by some of
+his officers, who thought the Spanish force too small for
+subduing so warlike a people, considering the experience they had
+of their fierceness in the battle of Mavila. They objected
+likewise that they saw no reason for exposing themselves to such
+hazards, without hope of reward, as they had found no mines in
+all the vast extent of country they had travelled over. This
+opposition was exceedingly perplexing to Soto, as he had expended
+the whole of his substance on the expedition, and was afraid his
+men would desert him if he came near the coast, when he was not
+in a condition to raise new forces. For these reasons he resolved
+to penetrate into the interior of the country; and, being
+disgusted at seeing all his projects disappointed, he never
+succeeded afterwards in any of his undertakings.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 167: It is quite impossible to conjecture
+even where this place may have been situated; perhaps it is the
+same bay or creek formerly called Auche, and may have been that
+now called Mobille Bay. The Mavila of the text may likewise have
+been on the river now called Mobille. We know that the <i>b</i>
+and <i>v</i> are often interchanged in the Spanish names of
+places and persons; as for example Baldivia and Valdivia are both
+applied to the original Spanish conqueror of Chili. In the
+present instance, Mavila may afterwards have been changed to
+Mabila, and then by the French to Mobille. All this however is
+mere conjecture.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>When the sick and wounded were so far recovered as to be able
+to travel, Soto set out from Mavila, and marched through a fine
+country for three days, after which they entered the province of
+<i>Chioza</i>, where the natives refused to receive him in a
+peaceable manner. They abandoned their town, and took post to
+defend the passage of a very deep river in which were many craggy
+places. At this pass above eight thousand Indians collected, some
+of whom crossed in canoes to attack and harass the Spaniards: But
+Soto caused some trenches to be made, in which he concealed
+several bodies of musqueteers, targeteers, and crossbow-men, who
+fell upon the rear of the Indians, who forbore to repeat these
+attempts after having been twice discomfited in this manner. As
+it was found impossible to cross over in the face of so large a
+force of Indians in the ordinary manner, two very large piraguas
+were privately built in the woods, which were got ready in twelve
+days, and were then drawn out of the wood on rollers by the
+Spaniards with the assistance of their horses and mules. These
+were launched into the river without being perceived by the
+Indians; and forty musqueteers and crossbow-men were embarked in
+each with a few horses, and these pushed across the river with
+the utmost diligence. They were descried however, by five hundred
+Indians who were scouring the country, who with loud cries gave
+the alarm to the rest, and all hastened to defend the pass. Most
+of the Spaniards were wounded while on the water, as the Indians
+continually shot their arrows against them unopposed. One of the
+piraguas got straight across to the landing, but the other was
+forced some way down by the current, and had to be towed up. Two
+horsemen landed from the first piragua, who drove the Indians
+above two hundred paces back, and made four several charges
+before any reinforcement could land; but at length were joined by
+other four horsemen, and made several desperate charges on the
+Indians, so as to allow of the infantry getting on shore; but as
+these were almost all wounded, they were obliged to take shelter
+in an Indian town hard by. Soto came over in the second trip of
+the piraguas, accompanied by sixty men; and the Indians, on
+seeing the Spanish force increase, retired to a fortified town in
+the neighbourhood, whence they frequently sallied out to skirmish
+with the Spaniards; but as the cavalry killed many of them with
+their spears, they evacuated that place during the night.</p>
+
+<p>The Spaniards now broke up their piraguas, keeping the iron
+work for future service, and advanced farther into the country.
+In four days they reached a town called <i>Chicoza</i>[168], well
+situated in a fertile country among brooks and surrounded by
+abundance of fruit trees. Resolving to spend the winter in this
+place, Soto caused it to be fortified, huts to be built for the
+accommodation of his troops, and all the provisions that could be
+procured to be collected. At this place they remained in peace
+for about two months, the horsemen making frequent excursions
+into the surrounding country in quest of provisions. Such Indians
+as happened to be made prisoners on these occasions were
+immediately set at liberty, receiving various trinkets for
+themselves and presents for their chiefs, with messages desiring
+them to repair to the Spanish quarters to enter into terms of
+peace and amity. The chiefs sent presents of fruit in return, and
+promised soon to visit the Spanish general. Soon afterwards they
+began every night to alarm the Spaniards; and one night three
+considerable bodies of them drew near the town about midnight,
+and when about an hundred paces from the entrenchments they set
+up loud shouts and made a prodigious noise with their warlike
+instruments; after which, with burning wreaths of a certain plant
+tied round their arrows, they set the town on fire, all the
+houses being thatched. Undismayed at this calamity, the Spaniards
+repaired to their alarm posts, and Soto issuing out in his
+<i>escaupil</i> or cotton armour, mounted his horse and went to
+attack the Indians, being the first to kill one of the assailants
+with his spear; as upon all occasions of danger he gave a
+wonderful example of cool and intrepid courage. Some sick
+Spaniards and several horses were burnt on this occasion; but
+Captain Andres de Vasconcelos with four horsemen fell with such
+fury on the enemy that he forced them to retire. Soto, being
+eager to slay an Indian who particularly distinguished himself in
+this action, leaned forwards so much that he and the saddle fell
+off; but being bravely rescued by his men, he mounted again and
+returned to the fight. At length after two hours hard fighting,
+the Indians were constrained to fly, and were pursued as far as
+they could be seen by the light from the burning houses, after
+which Soto sounded a retreat. In this fatal night, the Spaniards
+lost forty men and fifty horses, twenty of them being burnt. All
+the swine likewise perished in the fire, except a few that broke
+out of an enclosed yard. During this engagement prodigious shots
+of arrows were made by the Indians, one of which pierced through
+both shoulder-blades of a horse, and came out four fingers
+breadth on the opposite side.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 168: This word seems to have almost the
+same sound with Chicasaw, and Soto may on his present return into
+the interior have crossed the river Yazous, which flows into the
+Missisippi in lat. 32&deg; 30' N. a short way above the
+Natches.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Soto now thought proper to remove the army to a town named
+<i>Chicacolla</i>, about a league from that which had been burnt;
+and, having fortified these new quarters, the Spaniards were
+obliged to make new saddles, spears, targets and clothes, to
+supply the places of those which had been burnt. The clothes were
+made of goats skins[169]. At this place the Spaniards spent the
+rest of the winter, during which they suffered extreme hardships
+for want of clothes, as the weather was excessively cold. Being
+sensible that they had done much harm to the Spaniards in the
+late night attack, the Indians returned again to make a similar
+attempt; but their bow-strings being wetted by violent rain, they
+withdrew, as was learnt from an Indian prisoner. They returned
+however every night to alarm the Spaniards, of whom they always
+wounded some; and though the cavalry scoured the country every
+day four leagues round, they could meet none of the natives, so
+that it was wonderful how they should come nightly from so great
+a distance.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 169: More probably of deer skins found in
+the Indian towns, as goats certainly were not among the
+indigenous animals of North America.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The Spaniards contrived to shift in a very miserable manner at
+Chicacolla till about the latter end of March 1542[170], when
+they resumed their march. At the end of about four leagues, the
+advanced guard returned with a report that they had seen an
+Indian fort which appeared to be defended by about four thousand
+warriors. After viewing it, Soto told his soldiers that it was
+indispensably requisite to dislodge these people, who would
+otherwise annoy them with night attacks, and that it was likewise
+necessary to do this that they might preserve the reputation they
+had already gained in so many provinces of the country. This
+fort, called <i>Alibamo</i>[171], was of a square form, each side
+being four hundred paces in length, and the gates were so low
+that the horsemen could not ride in, similar in all respects to
+what has been already said respecting Mavila.[172] The general
+therefore gave orders to three companies of infantry to assail
+the gates, those who were best armed being placed in front. When
+they were all ready to begin the assault, a thousand Indians
+sallied out from the town, all adorned with plumes of feathers,
+and having their bodies and faces painted of several colours. At
+the first flight of arrows, five of the Spaniards were shot,
+three of whom died of their wounds. To prevent the discharge of
+more arrows, the Spaniards immediately closed and drove the
+Indians in at the gates, which they entered along with them,
+making dreadful havock with their swords, as may easily be
+imagined, the Indians being all naked. To escape from the
+infantry, the Indians threw themselves from the walls, by which
+means they fell into the hands of the horsemen, who slew many of
+them with their spears. Others of the Indians endeavoured to
+escape by swimming a river behind the fort; but a squadron of
+horse passed the river, and killed many of them, so that on the
+whole two thousand Indians were supposed to have been slain in
+this battle. During this engagement, an Indian challenged Juan de
+Salinas to single combat, which he accepted, and when his comrade
+made offer to cover him with his target, he refused, saying that
+it was a shame for two Spaniards to engage one Indian. Salinas
+shot his bolt through the breast of the Indian, and in return the
+Indians arrow went through the neck of the Spaniard.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 170: Herrera persists in the error already
+noticed of advancing his chronology a year, as hitherto between
+May 1539 he has only accounted for two winters, and ought
+consequently to have been now only in the spring of
+1541.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 171: At present Toulouse, built on the
+scite of an Indian village called Alibama, stands on a river of
+the same name, which flows into the left or east side of the
+Mobille River in the back part of Georgia, and seems to have been
+surrounded by a tribe called the Alibamons. If this be the place
+indicated in the text, it is quite adverse to the idea of Chicoza
+being to the north-west of the Yazous.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 172: These square forts of logs rammed full
+of earth may have given rise to the entrenchments which have
+lately occasioned some speculation in America, as having belonged
+to a people more advanced in civilization than the present race
+of savage hunters.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>At this time the Spaniards were reduced to great distress from
+want of salt, owing to which they were afflicted with lingering
+fevers, of which several died, and their bodies stunk so
+violently, that there was no coming near them. As a remedy for
+this evil, the Indians taught them to make a lye of the ashes of
+a certain herb, into which they dipped their food by way of
+sauce. At this time likewise the Spaniards were put to much
+trouble for interpreters, on account of the great diversity of
+languages, so that they were obliged to employ thirteen or
+fourteen others besides Juan Ortiz, among the various tribes they
+met with in traversing the country; but so acute were the
+natives, that such of their women as happened to live with the
+Spaniards were able to understand them in two months. After three
+days march from Alibamo, the Spaniards came to another town named
+<i>Chisca</i>, on a river to which they gave the name of <i>El
+Grande</i>[173] or the Great River, as it was the largest they
+had yet seen. Coming upon this place by surprise, most of the
+inhabitants were made prisoners; but some of them made their
+escape to the residence of the cacique, which stood on a high and
+difficult ascent, to which the only access was by means of
+stairs. Though old and sick, the cacique was coming down to
+attack the Spaniards, whom he threatened to put all to death, but
+he was stopped by his women and servants. As there was no proper
+access for the horsemen to assail the residence of the cacique,
+and besides as Soto was always more inclined to carry his
+purposes by gentle means than by the exertion of force, he very
+courteously offered to enter into peace and amity with this
+cacique and his people. In less than three hours, more than four
+thousand Indians assembled at the residence of the cacique, among
+whom there was great difference of opinion as to the choice of
+peace or war with the Spaniards, many of them inclining to war as
+accordant with the natural ferocity of their dispositions. The
+opinion however of the wiser prevailed, who deemed it better to
+make peace, by which they might recover their wives and children,
+and retrieve their property without bloodshed, and might save
+their corn, which was then ripe, from being destroyed. Peace was
+accordingly concluded, on condition that the Spaniards should not
+insist upon going up to the residence of the cacique; the
+prisoners were set at liberty, all the plunder of the town
+restored, and the Spaniards were supplied with provisions.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 173: From what will appear in the sequel,
+there can scarcely be a doubt that this great river must have
+been the Missisippi. According to the Governor Pownall's map of
+North America, Soto fell in with this river in 1541, about the
+lat. of 34&deg; 30' N. in the country of the Chicasaws and to the
+west of the Yazous, near where we have already supposed Chicoza
+to have been situated.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Having rested sixteen days in Chisca, on purpose to give time
+for the sick and wounded to recover, during which time they
+gained the friendship of the cacique, the Spaniards resumed their
+journey, and went four days along the river in search of some
+place in which it could be crossed, as the banks were everywhere
+high and almost perpendicular, and closely wooded. Although above
+six thousand Indians, with great numbers of canoes, were seen
+posted on the opposite side of the river, it was deemed necessary
+to get across in search of provisions, for which purpose two
+large piraguas were ordered to be built. In the mean time four
+Indians came to the camp, and having made their adorations to the
+sun and moon, they addressed Soto in the name of their cacique,
+bidding him welcome to his territories, and offering his
+friendship. The general returned a courteous answer, and was well
+supplied with provisions for his forces during his stay, but
+could never prevail on the cacique to visit him, who always
+excused himself under pretence of sickness; but it was afterwards
+found that this peace was concluded by the Indians on purpose to
+save their harvest, which was then ready to be carried home. In
+fifteen days the two piraguas were finished for crossing the
+river, although some damage was done by the Indians from the
+opposite side by means of their canoes; but the Spaniards drove
+them always away, as they kept a constant guard concealed behind
+trenches. These piraguas were so large as to contain an hundred
+and fifty foot and thirty cavalry, all of whom embarked in sight
+of the Indians, and plied up and down the river with sails and
+oars; and the Indians were so astonished and intimidated by the
+sight of such huge floating machines, that they abandoned the
+opposite bank of the river and dispersed.</p>
+
+<p>After passing the river, the Spaniards came to a town of about
+four hundred houses, constructed upon some high bluffs or ridges
+near another river[174], and surrounded by spacious fields of
+Indian corn, and abundance of fruit-trees of several kinds. The
+Spaniards were courteously received at this place by order of the
+cacique, named <i>Casquin</i>[175], who resided at a different
+town higher up the river, and sent to compliment the Spanish
+commander. After resting six days, they proceeded up the banks of
+the river, through a plentiful and populous country, till they
+came to the town where Casquin resided, who received and
+entertained them with great attention and kindness.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 174: This other river may have been the St
+Francis, which flows into the west side of the Missisippi a
+little above where Soto is supposed to have
+crossed.--E]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 175: The memory of this name perhaps is
+still preserved in a small river or creek, called Kaskin-opa,
+which runs into the east side of the Missisippi about 20 miles
+below the mouth of the Ohio. The situation indeed is materially
+different from that in which Soto is supposed to have found the
+cacique named Casquin in the text; but the roaming tribes of
+Indians frequently change their places of residence, as
+influenced by success or misfortune in war and
+hunting.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Three days after their arrival, the cacique waited upon Soto,
+and, after making his obeisance to the sun and moon, he said "he
+was persuaded the Spaniards worshipped a better God than the
+Indians, since he had given them victory with so small a number
+over such multitudes of Indians: Wherefore he requested that Soto
+would pray to his God to send rain, of which they were in great
+want." The general answered, that though he and all his men were
+sinners, they would humbly pray to God to shew mercy. Having
+accordingly ordered a cross to be erected on a hill, he and all
+the forces, except a guard left to protect the quarters, went in
+solemn procession to adore the cross, accompanied by the cacique
+and some Indians, the Christian priests singing the litanies, and
+all the soldiers joining in the responses. Being come to the
+cross, many prayers were recited on their knees, after which they
+returned to their quarters chanting appropriate psalms. Above
+twenty thousand natives stood gazing at this religious
+procession, some on the same side of the river, and others on the
+opposite bank, all of whom occasionally set up loud shouts, as if
+begging of God to hear them. It pleased God to answer their
+humble prayers, as towards midnight there fell sufficient rain to
+satisfy the wants of the Indians, and the Christians returned
+solemn thanks for the mercy which God had been pleased to grant
+at their intercessions.</p>
+
+<p>Nine days afterwards, the Spaniards again set out on their
+march, accompanied by Casquin and a great number of Indians
+carrying water and other necessaries. The cacique was also
+accompanied by five thousand of his warriors, as he was at war
+with the cacique of the next adjoining tribe, and took the
+opportunity of the Spaniards to assist in the war. During this
+march they spent three days in getting across a great swamp, when
+they came in sight of Capaha[176], being the frontier town of the
+next tribe. This place was fortified on three sides by a wet
+ditch forty fathoms wide and ten fathoms deep, into which water
+was conveyed from the great river by a canal three leagues in
+length. The fourth side, which had no ditch, was secured by high
+and thick palisades. As the cacique of Capaha was unprovided for
+resistance, he went away on seeing the approach of his enemies
+along the canal in a canoe, and sheltered himself in a fortified
+island in the great river. Many of his subjects accompanied him,
+and those who remained were butchered by the followers of
+Casquin, who took the whole scalps[177] of all they killed to
+carry home as trophies. They plundered the town, and took many
+prisoners, among whom were two beautiful women, wives of the
+cacique. They likewise demolished the burial-place belonging to
+Capaha, throwing about the bones of his ancestors, and recovered
+the scalps of their own countrymen which were hung up there as
+memorials of victory. All this evil was done before the arrival
+of Soto and the Spaniards, who had not been informed by Casquin
+of the enmity between him and Capaha. He would even have
+destroyed the town, if he had not feared giving offence to
+Soto.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 176: On the western bank of the Missisippi,
+and in the country of the Akansas, there are two Indian towns
+named Kappas or Quapa, which may possibly have some connection
+with the Capaha of the text.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 177: On all occasions the text of Herrera,
+as translated by Stephens, names these savage trophies of
+massacre sculls, which we have ventured to call scalps,
+consistent with the now universal practice of the North American
+savages. Possibly the entire scull might be the original trophy,
+for which the scalp was afterwards substituted as more
+portable.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>On the coming up of the Spaniards, Soto sent a message to the
+fugitive cacique by means of some prisoners, offering peace; but
+Capaha would not hear of any friendly intercourse, and loudly
+declared his resolution to take ample vengeance of his enemies.
+Learning that the Spanish commander was making preparations for
+an attack on Capaha, Casquin requested him to wait for sixty
+canoes which he had ordered up the river, by means of which the
+army could be transported to attack the fortified island. In the
+mean time the troops of Casquin marched through the country of
+their enemies, which they laid waste on all sides, and in their
+course set free some of their own countrymen who were there in
+captivity, and had been lamed by cutting the sinews of one of
+their legs to prevent them from running away. On going in the
+canoes to attack the island, a great part of its coast was
+inaccessible, being overgrown with thick briars and brambles,
+which formed an impenetrable barrier, and the only accessible
+part was fortified by several rows of strong palisades. Soto
+ordered two hundred of his Spanish soldiers to endeavour to land
+along with the Indians belonging to Casquin. On this occasion one
+Spaniard was drowned by too great eagerness to get first to land;
+but the rest managed so well that they soon gamed the first
+palisade, on which the women and children belonging to the
+defenders set up a terrible cry of consternation. A desperate
+opposition was made at the second palisade, in which consisted
+the last refuge of the defenders. The subjects of Capaha reviled
+those of Casquin, calling them cowardly dogs, who had never
+ventured before to attack that place, and threatened them with
+ample vengeance when the valiant strangers had left the country.
+The subjects of Casquin were so intimidated by these threats and
+the brave opposition they experienced, that in spite of every
+thing their cacique could say they took to flight, carrying off
+forty of the canoes, and would have done the same with the other
+twenty, had not two Spaniards that were left in charge of each
+defended them with their swords. Being thus deserted by their
+allies, and having no horses to act against the Indians, the
+Spaniards began to retire; and when the Indians proposed to
+pursue them, Capaha restrained them, thinking this a favourable
+opportunity to embrace the peace he had before rejected, and the
+Spaniards accordingly retired unmolested.</p>
+
+<p>Next day, without taking any notice whatever of Casquin,
+Capaha sent four messengers to Soto, apologizing for having
+before refused peace, which he now sued for, and requested leave
+to wait upon him. Soto was well pleased with this, and returned a
+suitable answer. Accordingly, Capaha came next day to the town,
+attended by an hundred Indians finely adorned with plumes of
+feathers; and before waiting on the general went to the sepulchre
+of his forefathers, where he gathered together the bones with
+anxious care, kissed them with much reverence, and replaced them
+in their chests or coffins. On coming into the presence of Soto,
+he paid his compliments with a good grace, and though only about
+twenty-six years of age gave an intelligent account or the
+affairs of his country. Turning to his enemy Casquin, he
+addressed him as follows: "I suppose you are now well pleased at
+having seen what you never expected, for which you may thank the
+power of these valiant strangers: But when they are gone, you and
+I shall understand each other. In the mean time I pray the sun
+and moon to send us good seasons." Being informed of what Capaha
+had said, the general without giving time to Casquiu to reply,
+assured Capaha that he and his Spaniards had not come into the
+country to inflame the enmity of the tribes, but to reconcile
+them. After more friendly discourse of this nature, Capaha
+consented to be friends with Casquin, and the two chiefs sat down
+to dinner with Soto. After the repast, the two women who belonged
+to Capaha and had been taken prisoners were brought in and
+restored to him, at which he seemed well pleased, yet presented
+them to Soto, who declined accepting them; but Capaha desired him
+to give them to any one he pleased, as they should not stay with
+him, and they were accordingly admitted among the followers of
+the Spanish army.</p>
+
+<p>At this time the Spaniards suffered excessively for want of
+salt, when they were informed by some Indians that there was
+plenty to be had, and likewise of the metal they called gold only
+about four leagues from thence. Soto accordingly sent Ferdinand
+de Silvera and Pedro Moreno under the guidance of these Indians
+to the place, ordering them likewise to examine diligently into
+all the circumstances of the country they passed through. They
+returned after eleven days with six loads of rock salt, as clear
+as crystal, and one load of fine copper; and reported that the
+country they had passed through was rather barren and thinly
+inhabited. On receiving this report, the general resolved to
+return in the first place to Casquin, and thence to proceed
+towards the west, having marched northward all the way from
+Mavila, in order to remove to a distance from the sea. After
+resting five days at Casquin, they marched other five days down
+the river, where at a town in the province of <i>Quiguate</i> the
+inhabitants fled without any hostilities, but they returned in
+two days and the cacique made an apology for his absence. In the
+interval, the inhabitants of that place wounded two of the
+Spaniards, which the general thought proper to overlook under the
+present circumstances. Departing from Quiguate after a sojourn of
+seven days, they arrived in five days more at the province of
+<i>Colima</i>, marching still down the river, and were received
+in a friendly manner. At this place they found another river
+having blue sand, which was salt to the taste. The Spaniards
+being much in want of salt, steeped some of this sand in water,
+which they strained and boiled, and procured excellent salt to
+their great joy; yet some ate of it so voraciously that ten of
+them died.</p>
+
+<p>Departing from this province of Colima, which the Spaniards
+named <i>De Sal</i>, or the Salt Country, they marched four days
+through an uninhabited wilderness, after which they came to a
+province called <i>Tula</i>[178]. On approaching the first town,
+the whole population both male and female came out to oppose
+them, and a battle ensued in which the Indians were defeated, and
+the Spaniards rushed into the town along with the fugitives; and
+as the inhabitants obstinately refused to submit or surrender
+they were all massacred. After this, on Reynoso Cabeza de
+Vaca[179] going into one of the houses, he was suddenly beset by
+five women who had hidden themselves in a corner, who would have
+stifled him if he had not been rescued by two soldiers who came
+in upon hearing his cries for assistance, and who were forced to
+kill the women before they could extricate him from their hands.
+From this place Soto sent out parties of his cavalry to view the
+country. When any Indians were made prisoners in these
+excursions, they used to throw themselves on the ground,
+exclaiming "<i>either kill me or leave me</i>," refusing
+obstinately to accompany the Spaniards, or to give any account of
+the country. At this place the Spaniards found several well
+dressed cows hides, though they could never learn from whence
+they came[180], and likewise other good skins of various kinds.
+Four days after the arrival of the Spaniards at this place, they
+were attacked one morning early by surprise by a large party of
+Indians, in three several places at once, all calling out
+<i>Tula! Tula!</i> continually, which was considered as a
+watch-word to know each other in the obscurity and confusion of
+the attack. The Spaniards seized their arms in all haste,
+invoking the blessed virgin and their patron apostle St Jago for
+aid, as they were in the utmost peril. In this battle the Indians
+fought with great clubs, a weapon which had not been seen before
+in Florida. The Indians continued the assault with such obstinacy
+till after sunrise, and the Spaniards had been so completely
+surprised, that they were forced to lay aside all punctilios of
+military discipline, each using his utmost individual efforts for
+safety, and the officers even submitting to fight occasionally
+under the command of their inferiors. At length the Indians were
+repulsed, and retired unpursued by the Spaniards, of whom four
+were killed and a good many wounded.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 178: It is proper to observe that this
+place is named Fula on another occasion by
+Herrera.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 179: This may have been a relative of Alvar
+Nunnez Cabeza de Vaca, whose adventures in escaping from the
+disastrous expedition of Panfilo de Narvaez to Florida have been
+related in the third section of this chapter.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 180: It is however well known that
+buffaloes are found in various parts of North
+America.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>While the Spaniards after the battle were surveying the dead,
+and looking at the dreadful wounds made by their swords and
+spears, an Indian started up from among the dead, on which Juan
+de Caranza ran to attack him. But the Indian gave him such a
+stroke with a Spanish battle-axe he had laid hold of, as to
+cleave his target and wound him in the arm. On this Diego de
+Godoy came up to assail him, but was soon disabled. Francisco de
+Salazar came on next, and made several thrusts at the Indian who
+skulked behind a tree, but at length gave Salazar so violent a
+blow on the neck that he dropped from his horse. The fourth
+Spaniard who came against this single Indian was Gonzalo
+Silvestre, who conducted himself with more caution. Having
+avoided a blow aimed at him by the Indian, he gave him in return
+a back stroke with his sword on the forehead, which glanced down
+his breast, and cut off his left hand at the wrist. The Indian
+rushed on aiming a blow at the face of Silvestre, who warded it
+off with his target, underneath which he with another back stroke
+cut him almost in two at the waist. The general and many others
+went up to see this Indian who had made himself so remarkable by
+his valour, and to admire the wonderful cut he had received from
+Gonzalo Silvestre; who was well known at the court of Madrid in
+1570, by his valour and dexterity.</p>
+
+<p>After remaining twenty days in Tula, the Spaniards departed
+from thence, accompanied only by one Indian woman and a boy
+belonging to that place, the former having attached herself to
+Juan Serrano de Leon, and the other to Christopher de Mosquera.
+In two days march, they came to the territory of Vitangue,
+through which they marched for four days, and then took up their
+quarters in a well built town, which they found abandoned. The
+situation of this place was advantageous, as it was inclosed with
+good palisades and there was plenty of provisions both for the
+men and horses; and as the winter advanced with hasty strides,
+Soto resolved to remain here till the ensuing spring, although
+the Indians were continually troublesome, and rejected every
+proposal for peace.</p>
+
+<p>SECTION VI.</p>
+
+<p><i>Conclusion of the Expedition to Florida by Ferdinand de
+Soto</i>[181].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 181: Herrera, VI. 1--30.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Soto and his men accordingly took up their quarters in the
+town of Vitangue at the latter end of the year 1541[182]. As
+during their abode at this place, the Spaniards often went out to
+kill deer, rabbits, and roe-bucks, all of which were plentiful
+and good in the surrounding country, they were frequently on
+these occasions way-laid by the Indians, who discharged their
+arrows at them from ambushments and then made their escape. A
+great deal of snow fell during the winter, but as the Spaniards
+had abundance of fire-wood and provisions, among which was
+excellent fruit, they lived in tolerable comfort and in plenty.
+The cacique of the province, desirous of becoming acquainted with
+the strength and numbers of the Spaniards, that he might know how
+best to attack them, sent several messages to the general under
+pretence of offering to visit him. At first the Spaniards
+admitted these people into their quarters even under night; but
+at length Soto began to suspect some sinister purpose, by the
+frequency of these messages, and gave orders that no more of them
+should be admitted at night, reproving those who did not chastise
+and turn back these unseasonable visitors. In consequence of
+these orders, one of the centinels killed an Indian who
+impudently endeavoured to force his way into the town next night,
+for which he was much commended by the general.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 182: At this place the text returns to the
+true date of 1541, quite conformable with the whole tenor of the
+narrative, and fully confirming our observations respecting
+erroneous dates in the text on former
+occasions.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Towards the end of winter, several parties were sent out in
+different directions to endeavour to procure Indians for carrying
+the baggage, who brought in very few. Upon this Soto set out
+himself on a similar expedition, with 100 horse and 150 foot.
+After a march of twenty leagues into the province of
+<i>Naguaten</i>, which was very populous, he attacked a town by
+surprise one morning at day-break, and returned with many
+prisoners. In April 1542, the Spaniards broke up from their
+winter quarters at Vitangue, and in seven days through a fruitful
+country arrived without opposition at the chief town of Naguaten,
+where they found abundance of provisions, and remained seventeen
+days. On the sixth day after their arrival, a message was brought
+from the cacique, to excuse himself for not having visited the
+general and offering his services. Soto received this messenger
+with much civility, and sent back a courteous answer. Next day
+four chiefs came attended by 500 servants with a large quantity
+of provisions, saying they had been sent by their lord to attend
+upon the general, but the cacique never made his appearance.</p>
+
+<p>On departing from Naguaten, and after the Spaniards had
+marched two leagues, they missed a gentleman of Seville, named
+Diego de Guzman, who had always hitherto behaved himself well,
+but was much addicted to gaming. On inquiry it was found that
+Guzman had lost every thing he had at play the day before, among
+which was a good black horse and a beautiful young Indian woman
+to whom he was much attached. He had punctually delivered up
+every thing he had lost, except the woman, whom he promised to
+yield up in five days. It was concluded therefore that the reason
+of his disappearance was from shame of having abandoned himself
+to gaming, and owing to his love for the woman. On this occasion,
+the general required of the four chiefs belonging to Naguaten to
+restore Guzman, or that he would detain them as prisoners. They
+accordingly sent to inquire after him, and it was found that he
+had gone along with the woman to the cacique, whose daughter she
+was, that the Indians used him well, and that he refused to
+return. Upon this, one of the four chiefs asked permission of the
+general to go and inquire the reason of Guzman refusing to come
+back, and requested a letter to the deserter to that effect,
+saying that it was not reasonable he and his comrades should be
+reduced to slavery for the fault of another person who renounced
+his country and deserted from his commander. Soto accordingly
+ordered Baltasar de Gallegos, who was the friend and townsman of
+Guzman, to write him a letter reproving his behaviour and
+advising him to return; promising in the name of the general that
+his horse and arms should be returned, or others given in their
+room. The Indian who carried this letter was ordered to threaten
+the cacique with having his country laid waste if he did not
+restore Guzman. The messenger returned in three days, bringing
+back the letter, having Guzmans name wrote upon it with a piece
+of burnt stick, and an answer peremptorily refusing to return.
+Along with this letter, the cacique sent a message, declaring
+that he had done nothing to oblige Guzman to stay, and did not
+think himself obliged to force him back, but would on the
+contrary be well pleased if many others of the Spaniards would
+stay with him, all of whom should be well used: And if the
+general thought proper on this account to kill the four chiefs
+who were in his power and to ruin the country, he certainly might
+do so, but it would in his opinion be extremely unjust.
+Perceiving that it was impossible to induce Guzman to return, and
+that the cacique was in the right, Soto dismissed the four chiefs
+with some presents, and continued his progress.</p>
+
+<p>After five days march through the province of Naguaten, the
+Spaniards entered upon a new territory called <i>Guacane</i>,
+inhabited by a fierce and warlike tribe, who obstinately refused
+to be at peace with them. In all the houses of this tribe,
+<i>wooden-crosses</i> were found; supposed to have been
+occasioned by what Cabeza de Vaca and his companions had taught
+in their progress through some other provinces of Florida, from
+whence these crosses had been conveyed to this province and
+several others[183]. Soto, having now lost half of his men and
+horses, was very desirous to establish some colony, that the
+fatigues and dangers which had been endured by him and his men
+might turn out to some useful purpose. With this view he was now
+anxious to return to the great river, repenting that he had not
+built a town at <i>Achusi</i>, as he once designed. He had now a
+strong inclination to found a colony in some convenient situation
+near the great river; where he could build two brigantines to
+send down to the sea, to give notice of the large and fertile
+provinces he had discovered, considering that if he should happen
+to die, all the fruits of his labours would be lost. Having
+marched eight days through the hostile province of
+<i>Guacane</i>, he proceeded by long marches in search of the
+great river through seven extensive provinces, some of which were
+fertile. In some of these the Spaniards were received in a
+friendly manner, as they used every possible means to avoid war,
+because their numbers were so much diminished, and they feared
+the summer might pass away before they could reach the great
+river. Having entered the province of <i>Anilco</i>, they marched
+thirty leagues through it to a town of four hundred houses,
+having a large square in which the residence of the cacique stood
+on an artificial mount on the bank of the river, which was as
+large as the Guadalquiver at Seville. On their approach to this
+place, the cacique drew out 1500 warriors to combat the
+Spaniards; yet as soon as they drew near, all the Indians fled
+without shooting a single arrow, and crossed the river in canoes
+and on floats, carrying off their women and children, only a
+small number being taken by the Spaniards. Soto sent several
+messages to the cacique requesting peace, but he constantly
+refused to be seen or to send any answer.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 183: In Governor Pownalls map of North
+America, Soto is said to have reached a place called Caligoa in
+Louisiana on a branch of a Red river, in lat. 36&deg; N. and
+about 230 miles west from the Missisippi.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Leaving Anilco, and crossing the river on which it stood
+without opposition, the Spaniards marched through an extensive
+unpeopled wilderness overgrown with wood, and came into the
+province of Guachacoya. The first town they came to was the
+capital of the province, and was situated on several hillocks at
+the side of the great river, on one of which hillocks stood the
+residence of the cacique. Being taken by surprise, as he had
+received no intelligence of the approach of the Spaniards in
+consequence of being at war with Anilco, the cacique of
+Guachacoya saw no likelihood of being able to defend his town,
+and made therefore a precipitate retreat across the river with
+his people in canoes and floats, carrying off as many of their
+effects as they could.</p>
+
+<p>The wars which were carried on among the tribes inhabiting the
+various districts or provinces of Florida, were not intended to
+deprive each other of their dominions, neither did they
+ordinarily engage in pitched battles with their whole forces; but
+consisted chiefly in skirmishes and mutual surprises, carried on
+by small parties at the fishing-places, in the hunting grounds,
+among the corn-fields, and on the paths through the wilderness.
+Sometimes they burnt the towns of their enemies, but always
+retired into their own country after any exploit; so that their
+warlike enterprises seemed rather for exercise in the use of
+arms, and to shew their valour, than for any solid or public
+purpose. In some places they ransomed or exchanged prisoners. In
+others they made them lame of a leg in order to retain them in
+their service, more from pride and vain glory than for any
+substantial use or benefit[184].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 184: It is perhaps singular that no mention
+is made of the cruel manner in which the North American Indians
+were in use to put their prisoners to death. Probably that
+practice was then confined to the tribes farther to the north and
+west.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Three days after the arrival of the Spaniards at Guachacoya,
+the cacique became acquainted with the unfriendly reception they
+had received at Anilco. Though a barbarian, he could perceive the
+advantage which might be derived from that circumstance to obtain
+revenge upon his enemies, by an alliance with the warlike
+strangers. He sent therefore four of his inferior chiefs to wait
+upon the Spanish general attended by a considerable number of
+Indians loaded with fish and fruit, and desiring permission to
+wait upon him at the end of four days. Soto accordingly received
+the messengers with great courtesy, and sent back a friendly
+answer; yet the wary cacique sent fresh messengers every day to
+see in what disposition the Spanish general was. At length, being
+satisfied that Soto was disposed to receive him well, he made his
+appearance attended by ten chiefs splendidly dressed after their
+manner, in fine plumes of feathers, and rich furs, but all armed.
+Soto received them in a friendly manner, and had a long
+discourse, with the cacique in one of the spacious rooms
+belonging to his residence, by the intervention of interpreters.
+At one time the cacique happened to sneeze, on which all the
+Indians who were present bowed their heads and extended their
+arms, in token of salute; some saying, <i>the sun preserve
+you</i>, others <i>the sun be with you</i>, and others <i>may the
+sun make you great</i>, with other complimentary expressions of
+similar import. Among other discourse at this interview, the
+cacique proposed to Soto to return into the province of Anilco to
+take revenge on the cacique for his enmity, and offered to supply
+80 canoes to carry the Spaniards down the great river and up that
+of Anilco, the distance being only twenty leagues, when the rest
+of the army marching by land might form a junction in the centre
+of the enemies country. As Soto was inclined to take a full view
+of the country, meaning to form a settlement between these two
+provinces, where he might build his brigantines, he agreed to
+this proposal, and accordingly orders were given out to prepare
+for the march. Juan de Guzman was ordered to embark with his
+company on board the canoes, which were likewise to carry 4000
+Indians, and who were expected to join the forces which marched
+by land at the end of three days. Soto and the rest of the
+Spanish forces marched by land, being accompanied by Guachacoya
+with 2000 warriors, besides a large number carrying the
+provisions.</p>
+
+<p>They all met at the time appointed, and as the Anilcans were
+unable to oppose the groat force which came against them, the
+Guachacoyans entered the town killing all they met, without
+regard to age or sex; committed all imaginable barbarities, broke
+open the sepulchres scattering and trampling on the bones, and
+took away the scalps of their countrymen and other trophies which
+the Anilcans had hung up in commemoration of their victories. On
+seeing the barbarity of his allies, Soto sounded a retreat and
+ordered the Spaniards to turn the Indians out of the town,
+wishing anxiously to put a stop to any farther mischief, and to
+prevent it from being set on fire. But all his efforts were
+ineffectual, as the Guachacoyans thrust burning brands into the
+thatch of the houses, which soon took fire, and the town was
+utterly destroyed. The Spaniards and their allies now returned to
+Guachacoya, where Soto gave orders for cutting down and hewing
+timber with which to build the brigantines, and to prepare iron
+work for their construction; designing when the vessels were
+finished to cross the river into a province named
+<i>Quiqualtangui</i>, which was very fertile and populous, the
+cacique of which had a town of five hundred houses, but who could
+never be induced to listen to proposals of peace from the
+Spaniards: On the contrary, he had sworn by the sun and moon,
+that he would give battle to these vagabond robbers, and would
+hang up their quarters on trees. The general endeavoured to
+appease him with presents and fair words, being always generous
+towards the leaders of the barbarians, endeavouring to bear with
+and soften their savage manners, and to conciliate their
+friendship. By this wise conduct he had hitherto been able to
+subsist his troops for so long a time among so many fierce and
+savage nations.</p>
+
+<p>While engaged in these things, Soto was seized with a violent
+fever, which increased upon him so that he soon perceived it
+would prove mortal. He made therefore his will, and endeavoured
+to prepare for death like a good Christian. That nothing might be
+left unprovided for, he appointed in presence of all his officers
+and principal followers Luis Moscoso de Alvarado to succeed him
+in the command till the king might order otherwise; and after
+commending the virtue and bravery of Alvarado, he entreated and
+commanded all to yield him implicit obedience, even taking their
+oaths to that purpose, and represented to them how necessary it
+was for them all to be united and obedient, for their own
+preservation among these barbarous nations. He then took an
+affectionate leave of all his officers and soldiers, and departed
+this life on the seventh day of his illness, after performing all
+the duties of a zealous Christian. Ferdinand de Soto was of a
+comely appearance and pleasant countenance, and of affable and
+generous dispositions. He was an excellent soldier, and managed
+his weapons with much dexterity both on foot and on horseback;
+skilful and experienced in all military affairs; always brave and
+cool in action, and the foremost in every enterprise of danger:
+severe in punishing when necessary, yet easy to forgive, and
+always inclined to please his soldiers when that might be done
+without lessening his authority. At his death he was only
+forty-two years of age, and had expended his whole fortune,
+exceeding 100,000 ducats on this romantic and fruitless
+expedition. His death was universally lamented among his
+followers, as he had acquired their universal love and esteem by
+his excellent qualities and conduct. It was thought necessary to
+bury him under night, that his death might not be known to the
+Indians, nor the place of his interment, lest they should insult
+his remains; but in spite of all their precautions the secret was
+revealed; for which reason they hollowed out a log of oak into
+which they put his body, and sunk it in the middle of the great
+river, at a place where it was a quarter of a league across and
+nineteen feet deep.</p>
+
+<p>When the funeral of the general was over, Luis de Alvarado
+assembled his officers to hold a council upon the present state
+of their affairs. After thanking them for admitting him as their
+commander, and making a statement of their numbers, arms, and
+ammunition, he desired they would determine upon what was best to
+be done, considering the fierceness and inveterate enmity of the
+barbarous nations by whom they were surrounded: Whether to
+prosecute what had been previously resolved upon by their late
+lamented general, or to devise some other measure for extricating
+themselves from the country, declaring that he was ready to
+proceed according to their opinion and advice. In their answer,
+the officers thanked him for the compliment he paid them, but
+referred the determination respecting their future proceedings to
+himself, and again submitted to obey him as their commander. The
+death of Soto had made a great change in the minds of the Spanish
+forces, who now determined to abandon the country they had taken
+so much pains to discover. Accordingly, they set out on the 5th
+of July 1542, and marched above 100 leagues to the westwards,
+through a barren and desert country[185]. On leaving Guachacoya
+they were joined by an Indian youth of about sixteen years of
+age, whom they did not observe till the fourth day of their
+march. Suspecting him of being a spy, Alvarado asked him who he
+was and what was his object in following them. He said that he
+had fled from Guachacoya, because the chief whom he served was at
+the point of death, and he had been appointed to be buried alive
+along with his master, as it was the custom of the country to
+inter women and servants along with great personages, to minister
+to them in the next world.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 185: Though not directly so expressed in
+the text; it may be inferred from circumstances in the after part
+of the narratives that the present object of Alvarado and the
+Spaniards, was to endeavour to find their way by land to the
+northern part of New Spain.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>At the end of the 100 leagues of wilderness, the Spaniards
+came to a province called <i>Auche</i>, where they were well
+received, and where they rested for two days. Still determined
+upon proceeding to the westwards, they were informed that they
+had a desert wilderness of four days journey to cross, and
+received a supply of provisions sufficient for the journey, with
+a guide to conduct them through the wilderness. But after having
+marched for eight days in that direction, still in the
+unhospitable and unpeopled wilds, and having been three days
+without Indian corn, they discovered that they had been imposed
+upon and were likely to perish of famine. Alvarado now ordered a
+dog to be let loose upon the faithless guide; who acknowledged
+that he had received orders from the cacique of Auche to lead
+them into the heart of the desert that they might there perish,
+because he did not think himself able to contend with them in
+arms. He craved pardon therefore of the general for having obeyed
+the orders of his chief, and engaged to lead the army in three
+days more, still proceeding to the westwards, to an inhabited
+country where they would find provisions. But the Spaniards were
+so incensed against him for leading them into the present
+alarming situation, that they would not listen to his apology or
+promises, and permitted the dogs to devour him. Thus left in the
+utmost want of provisions, and utterly ignorant of the country,
+the Spaniards held on their way towards the west for other three
+days, during which they had to subsist upon any wild plants they
+could find; and at length came to an inhabited though barren
+country. They here procured the means of subsistence,
+particularly beef, and saw many fresh cows hides, though the
+Indians never shewed them any cows[186]. While the Spaniards were
+proceeding on their march through this province, which they
+denominated <i>De los Vaqueros</i>[187], or the tribe of
+cow-herds, they observed an Indian approach from the skirts of a
+wood, and believing he might have brought some message from the
+cacique, they permitted him to draw near. But as soon as he was
+within reach, he levelled an arrow at five or six soldiers who
+stood together, who fortunately escaped the danger by stepping to
+a side; but the arrow flew among some Indian women who were
+dressing provisions for their masters, pierced one of them quite
+through, and wounded another in the breast, so that both died. On
+the alarm being given, Baltasar Gallegos, who happened to be at
+hand, overtook the Indian before he could get back to the wood,
+and slew him.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 186: Unquestionably because they had none
+to produce. The beef and the hides were assuredly acquired by
+hunting the wild American buffaloe or bison.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 187: In this rare instance our maps throw
+some light on the text. Nearly in the latitude of the mouth of
+the Ohio, but 700 or 800 miles west from the Missisippi, there is
+a nation named the Apaches Vaqueros, probably the same indicated
+in the text. The route thither from the Missisippi leads through
+several tribes of savage Indians, named Ozages, Paducas, and
+Kanzez.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Having travelled above thirty leagues westwards through this
+province of the cow-herds, they discovered a ridge of vast
+mountains still farther to the west, which from their own scouts
+and the information of the Indians, they learnt were barren,
+desert, and unpeopled. They were also informed, that if they bent
+their course to the right hand, they would come into a desert
+country; but that to the left, though a longer way, they would
+travel through inhabited and plentiful countries[188].
+Considering what they had endured in their late march through the
+desert intervening between Auche and the country of <i>Los
+Vaqueros</i>, they had determined upon giving up their first plan
+of proceeding by land to Mexico, thinking it better to return to
+the great river, and so proceed to the sea pursuant to the plan
+originally proposed by their late general. They accordingly took
+long marches to the <i>southwards</i>, taking care not to offend
+the barbarians, yet they were teased by frequent attacks while
+leaving the country of the cow-herds. On one of these occasions a
+soldier was wounded by an arrow, which penetrated through his
+greaves and thigh, and passing through the saddle lap, ran two
+fingers breadth into the horses side, the arrow being made of
+reed with no other head than the reed itself hardened in the fire
+and sloped to a point. The wounded soldier was lifted from his
+horse, the arrow being previously cut off between his thigh and
+the saddle, and he was left to cure himself, as he had formerly
+performed many wonderful cures on his comrades with only oil and
+wool, assisted by prayers. But since the battle of Mavila, in
+which all the oil was lost, he had never attempted to cure either
+others or himself, though twice wounded before, believing that
+the cure could not be performed without oil and dirty wool. In
+this distress, he swore that he would not submit to the surgeons,
+and would rather die than allow them to dress his wound. Having
+no oil, he substituted hogs lard, and procured some wool from an
+Indian mantle, as the Spaniards had now no shirts or any other
+linen among them, and to the astonishment of every one he was so
+sound in four days that he was able to mount his horse on the
+fifth day. He now begged pardon of the soldiers for having
+allowed so many of his comrades to perish, by refusing to cure
+them, as he had believed the efficacy of his mode of cure
+depended on the oil, but as he now found that it consisted in the
+holy words he had pronounced over the dressings, he desired they
+might again recur to him when wounded, and he would exert himself
+as formerly. This soldier, named Sanjurgo Gallego, was very
+chaste, a good Christian, ever ready to serve all men, and had
+many other virtues[189].</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 188: There is some ambiguity in the text,
+from which it is difficult to ascertain whether the left and
+right hand of their general line of march is now to be
+respectively considered as south and north, or the contrary. But
+as coupled with their intended return towards the great river,
+now to the east, the <i>left</i> means probably the <i>north</i>,
+and the <i>right</i> the <i>south</i>.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 189: Though not mentioned in the text, it
+is not improbable that Gallego had formerly placed considerable
+dependence on the use of <i>holy</i> oil, or chrysm. The whole
+secret of his surgery seems to have consisted in the application
+of bland oils, and leaving nature to operate, without the
+employment of the ancient barbarous methods of cure, by tents,
+escharotics, cautery, and heating inflammatory applications;
+which in modern times, abandoned by surgeons, have been adopted
+by farriers.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>After leaving the territories of the cow-herds, the Spaniards
+marched for twenty days through the lands of other tribes. Being
+of opinion that they had declined too much from, the direction of
+Guachacoya, to which place they now proposed returning, the
+Spaniards now directed their course eastwards, still inclining
+somewhat towards the <i>north</i>, so that in this way they
+crossed the direction they had formerly gone in their march from
+Auche to the country of the cow-herds, yet without perceiving it.
+When at length they reached the great river, it was the middle of
+September, having travelled three months from leaving Guachacoya;
+and though they had fought no pitched battle during all that
+time, they were never free from alarm night or day, so that they
+had lost forty soldiers during this last useless and circuitous
+march. The Indians on every opportunity shot all who happened to
+stray from the main body, and would often crawl on all fours at
+night into their quarters, shoot their arrows, and make their
+escape, unseen by the centinels. To add to their distresses, the
+winter now began to set in, with much rain, snow and excessive
+cold weather. On coming to where they proposed quartering for the
+night, though wet, cold, weary and hungry, they were obliged to
+send parties in advance to secure them, generally, by force, and
+after all were mostly under the necessity of procuring provisions
+by means of their swords. Besides all this, they were often
+forced to construct rafts or floats on which to pass rivers,
+which sometimes occupied them five or six days. The horsemen were
+frequently obliged to pass the night on horseback, and the
+infantry to stand up to their knees in mire and water, with
+hardly any clothes to cover them, and such as they had always
+wet. Owing to these accumulated hardships, many of the Spaniards
+and their Indian attendants fell sick, and the distemper
+proceeded to the horses, so that sometimes four or five men and
+horses died in a day, and sometimes seven, whom they scarcely had
+leisure to bury for haste in pursuing their march.</p>
+
+<p>In this miserable condition they came to the great river about
+the latter end of November[190]. In their march on the west side
+of the great river, from leaving the territory of Guachacoya to
+their arrival at their new winter quarters, they had marched by
+estimation 350 leagues, and lost 100 men and 80 horses by the
+way, without counting their Indian servants, who were of vast
+use. This was the only fruit of their long and painful march
+westwards in quest of New Spain, and of refusing to follow the
+plan which had been devised by their late general for descending
+the great river to the sea. At this period they were much
+gratified by finding two contiguous towns on the great river of
+200 houses each, which were enclosed by a wet ditch drawn from
+the river. They were now reduced to 320 foot and 70 horse, or 390
+in all, who now remained of 900 men and 330 horses which had
+landed in the bay of Espiritu Santo at the end of May 1539, four
+years and a half before. Yet inured to hardships and accustomed
+to conquer, they immediately attacked and gained possession of
+these towns, from which the inhabitants fled, having heard of the
+irresistible valour of the Spaniards from other tribes. They had
+the good fortune to find plenty of provisions in these towns, and
+to remain undisturbed by the Indians, so that they soon recovered
+from their fatigues; yet several died in consequence of their
+past sufferings, and among the rest Juan Ortiz, their chief
+interpreter and an excellent soldier.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 190: They were already said to have reached
+it in the middle of September. The discrepancy may either be an
+oversight of Herrera; or they took from the middle of September
+to the end of November, in descending the right bank of the great
+river to where they passed the winter, having come to it much
+higher up than they intended.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Having determined to take up their quarters at this place,
+they fortified one of the towns to serve as quarters for the
+winter. This province, called <i>Aminoya</i>, lay seventeen
+leagues farther up the river than Guachacoya, to which they had
+endeavoured to direct their course on returning from the province
+of <i>Los Vaqueros</i>. Being somewhat recovered towards the end
+of January 1543, they set to work to cut down and prepare timber
+for building their brigantines. At this place, an old Indian, who
+had been unable to make his escape along with the rest, objected
+to their staying in their present quarters for the winter, saying
+that the river was in use to overflow every fourteen years, and
+that this was the expected season of its doing so. They refused
+however to profit by this information, of which they had
+sufficient reason to repent in the sequel. The return of the
+Spaniards to the great river was soon known in all the
+neighbouring districts. Upon which the cacique of Anilco, to
+prevent them from favouring the Guachacoyans as formerly, sent an
+embassy to Alvarado, offering his friendship and making mighty
+promises. The ambassador sent upon this occasion by Anilco was
+his <i>Apu</i> or lieutenant-general, who brought great abundance
+of fruit and other things to the Spaniards, and 200 Indian,
+servants to attend upon them and supply their wants. Having
+delivered his message, the Apu sent back the answer to the
+cacique, and remained with the Spaniards. The cacique of
+Guachacoya came likewise to wait upon the Spanish general, with a
+great present, to confirm the former friendship, and though he
+saw the lieutenant of his enemy among the Spaniards, he took no
+notice of the circumstance. On consultation about the
+brigantines, it was found that it would require seven of them to
+accommodate all the people; and the timber being all hewed and
+ready, the work was begun in earnest, and occupied their utmost
+diligence all the months of February, March and April 1543,
+during all which time they were amply supplied with all
+necessaries by Anilco, who even furnished them with blankets and
+mantles to defend themselves from the cold. These articles of
+clothing were manufactured by the Indians from an herb resembling
+mallows, which has fibres like those of flax; and the dresses
+which are made of this substance are afterwards dyed according to
+their fancies. On the present occasion, the Spaniards reserved
+the new blankets and mantles furnished by Anilco for sails to
+their brigantines, and broke up those which were old and useless
+to serve as oakum for caulking their vessels. Of the same
+materials the Spaniards made all kinds of cordage for their
+brigantines, from the smallest ropes up to cables; and in every
+thing the cacique Anilco, to whom they had formerly done so much
+injury, assisted the Spaniards to the utmost of his power, while
+Guachacoya was exceedingly dissatisfied at seeing the intimacy
+between them.</p>
+
+<p>On the other side of the river there lay a large and fertile
+province called <i>Quiqualtanqui</i>, the cacique of which was a
+haughty warlike youth, who believed that although the Spaniards
+were now building vessels to convey them out of the country, they
+might yet return in greater numbers to enslave the natives. For
+this reason he determined to destroy them, and assembled forces
+from all parts of the country, both those of his, own tribe and
+from all the tribes around. Having concluded an extensive
+confederacy and begun his preparations for war, he sent a
+friendly message to Alvarado to lull him into security, advising
+all his confederates to do the same. The general gave them all
+favourable answers, yet kept himself carefully on his guard.
+<i>Quiqualtanqui</i> invited Anilco to join in the confederacy,
+instead of which he gave notice of it to the Spaniards. It was
+not known how Guachacoya stood affected on this occasion, but he
+was suspected of having hostile intentions, as he made no
+communication of the conspiracy. The confederates continued to
+send frequent messages and presents to the Spaniards to discover
+what they were doing; and though repeatedly warned not to come to
+their quarters under night they took no notice of it. One night
+that Gonzalo Silvestre happened to stand centinel in the second
+watch, the moon shining very bright, he observed two armed
+Indians in their plumes of feathers, passing over the ditch on a
+tree that lay across instead of a bridge. These men came to a
+postern which they entered without asking leave, on which
+Silvestre gave one of them a cut on the forehead, on which he
+immediately fled. The other Indian, without waiting for his
+wounded companion, got into the canoe on the river and gave the
+alarm to his party. The wounded man, missing the tree across the
+ditch, swam over and cried out for assistance when he came to the
+river, on which some of his friends came and carried him off. At
+sunrise, Quiqualtanqui sent four messengers demanding that
+Alvarado should punish the centinel for having been guilty of a
+breach of the peace, more especially, as the wounded man was a
+chief. Four other messengers arrived at mid-day on a similar
+errand, saying that the wounded chief was at the point of death;
+and four more came in the afternoon affirming that he was dead,
+and insisted that the centinel should be publicly punished, since
+the action he had committed was an affront to all the Indians of
+the confederacy. Alvarado boldly answered, that they had been
+previously and repeatedly warned never to come to the Spanish
+quarters under night, being always welcome and honourably treated
+through the day. He added that though sincerely sorry for what
+had happened, he could not possibly punish the centinel who had
+only done his duty according to military discipline, neither
+would his soldiers allow of any such thing being done. The
+confederates thought fit to connive at this transaction,
+satisfied that Alvarado was a man of invincible courage and wise
+conduct; yet resolved upon executing their design against the
+Spaniards as soon as possible.</p>
+
+<p>Being eager to get away from the country, the Spaniards
+laboured indefatigably in fitting out the vessels, even the best
+gentlemen among them using the utmost diligence; while those who
+were not handy in the several occupations about the brigantines
+employed themselves in hunting and fishing to procure provisions
+for the rest. Among other fish taken on the present occasion, one
+was taken by means of a hook of such enormous dimensions, that
+the head alone weighed forty pounds. The confederate Indians
+under Quiqualtanqui continued their warlike preparations, being
+much encouraged by knowing that Ferdinand de Soto was dead, that
+the number of the Spaniards was very much diminished, and that
+very few horses were left. So confident were they of success,
+that two of their spies desired some of the Indian women who
+served the Spaniards to be patient, for they would soon be freed
+from their bondage to these vagabond robbers, as they were all to
+be slain. But the women disclosed this to their masters. When the
+night happened to be very still, the noise of many people could
+be heard from the opposite side of the river; and the Spaniards
+could distinctly see numerous fires at regular distances, as of
+the quarters of a large army. But it pleased God to confound the
+evil designs of these Indians, by an inundation of the river,
+which began on the 10th of March 1543, and increased with
+prodigious rapidity, so that on the 18th which was Palm Sunday,
+when the Spaniards were in procession, for they observed all the
+religious solemnities, the water broke in at the gates of the
+town, and there was no going along the streets for long after but
+in canoes. This inundation was forty days of rising to its
+greatest height, which was on the 20th of April, at which time it
+extended above twenty leagues on each side of the river, so that
+nothing could be seen in all the country around but the tops of
+the trees, and the people had to go every where in canoes.</p>
+
+<p>During the time of this terrible inundation, Alvarado sent
+twenty Spaniards to Anilco to request a supply of rosin,
+blankets, and cordage for completing the equipment of the
+vessels, and these men were sent in four canoes lashed two and
+two together, to prevent them from being overset by the trees
+which were under water. On coming to the town of Anilco, they
+found it destroyed, though twenty leagues from the Spanish
+quarters, and the inundation had extended five leagues farther.
+Gonzado Silvestre who commanded these Spaniards was greatly in
+favour of the cacique Anilco, because he had restored to him a
+youth who had accompanied the Spaniards on their march to the
+westwards, who perfectly understood the Spanish language, and was
+so much attached to the Spaniards as to be very averse from
+returning to his father. On this occasion Anilco supplied
+Silvestre with every thing of which he was in want.</p>
+
+<p>It pleased God that the water began to subside towards the
+latter end of April; yet so slowly that on the 10th of May there
+was no going about the streets of the town on account of the deep
+mire with which they were filled. This was the more distressing
+to the Spaniards as they were barefooted, all their shoes having
+been burnt at Mavila, and the shoes they had since been able to
+make, being of untanned leather, were like so much tripe as soon
+as wet. At the latter end of May, the great river returned to its
+usual channel, and the confederated Indians again drew their
+forces together to execute their original design against the
+Spaniards, of which they received intelligence from Anilco; who
+likewise informed Alvarado of the signals which had been
+concerted by the confederates for the better prosecution of their
+enterprise, and even offered to assist the Spaniards with 8000
+well armed warriors, and that if they chose to retire into his
+country the confederates would not dare to attack them. Alvarado
+returned thanks for these friendly offers, but declined accepting
+them; because as he intended to go down the river and to quit the
+country, he did not deem it proper either to take refuge in the
+territory of Anilco or to accept the assistance of his warriors,
+as either of those might draw upon him the confederated hostility
+of his neighbours: But he promised, if it should please God ever
+to put it in his power, Anilco should not have cause to repent
+the service he had been of to the king of Spain, or the kindness
+he had shewn to the Spaniards. In conclusion, he recommended to
+Anilco to discontinue any farther intercourse with him, lest he
+might give umbrage to the confederated caciques. Many of the
+Spaniards were so puffed up by the friendly offers of Anilco,
+that they endeavoured to persuade Alvarado to accept the
+proferred aid, and prosecute an offensive war, thinking it easy
+to subdue these people. But Alvarado was quite sensible of his
+present weakness, and determined to leave the country as soon as
+possible; besides which he did not deem it prudent to confide too
+much on the fidelity of Anilco.</p>
+
+<p>Four days afterwards, exactly conformable to the information
+received from Anilco, a numerous embassy arrived from the
+confederated caciques, intended to spy out the posture of the
+Spaniards, to enable them to concert measures for the intended
+attack. Having rigidly examined these pretended messengers, it
+was debated among the leaders of the Spaniards what ought to be
+done with these fraudulent envoys. Some were for giving them fair
+words, as had been the practice hitherto; but it was finally
+resolved to punish them in an exemplary manner, that the caciques
+might know their treachery was discovered, which might perhaps
+prevent the execution of their designs. Accordingly though the
+messengers on this occasion were very numerous, thirty only were
+selected who had their hands cut off, and were sent back in this
+guise to their employers, with a message signifying that the
+Spaniards had all along been aware of their villainy. This severe
+example proved successful, insomuch that the confederacy was
+immediately dissolved, and the forces retired to their respective
+countries. Yet as the Spaniards had only built seven great boats,
+they thought they might possibly be more successful by water, and
+they agreed to collect a great number of canoes to attack them
+while going down the river.</p>
+
+<p>As the Spaniards believed that their only safety depended upon
+going down the river as soon as possible, they hastened the
+completion of their vessels; and as they had not enough of iron
+for the construction of whole decks, they satisfied themselves
+with quarter-decks and fore-castles to secure the provisions,
+laying planks only a midships. Every thing relative to the
+brigantines being completed, they gathered all the Indian corn,
+pulse, and dried fruit they could procure; made bacon of all the
+swine that were left alive, except eighteen they carried with
+them alive, and two boars and two sows which they gave to each of
+the two caciques who were their friends. With the lard of the
+slaughtered swine, they tempered rosin instead of pitch and tar
+for paying their vessels. They likewise provided a number of
+canoes; part of which were lashed two and two together to carry
+thirty horses which still remained alive, and answered well for
+the purpose; the rest were distributed among the brigantines,
+each having one at her stern to serve as a boat. On midsummer day
+1543 the brigantines were launched into the great river, and on
+St Peters day, the 29th of that month, every thing being in
+readiness, the brigantines and canoes having defences made of
+boards and skins to fend off the arrows, they took leave of the
+friendly caciques, Anilco and Guachacoya, and set sail down the
+great river.</p>
+
+<p>Two captains were appointed to each brigantine, that when one
+had occasion to land the other might remain on board in charge of
+the vessel. About 350 Spaniards embarked, all that remained of
+900 who had originally landed in Florida. Near thirty Indian men
+and women were on board each vessel, all of their own free will,
+as they declared they would rather die with their masters than
+remain behind. Accordingly on St Peters day before mentioned,
+about sunset, after Alvarado had given regular instructions to
+all his officers and encouraged his men, they began their voyage,
+holding on their course down the river both with sails and oars,
+all that night and the next day and night. But on the following
+day they were opposed by a fleet of near 1000 canoes belonging to
+the confederated caciques, some of which were so large as to have
+twenty-five paddies on each side, and carrying many armed men
+besides the rowers. These large canoes were called the
+<i>admirals</i>, as being supposed to have the principal
+commanders on board. One was painted red, another blue, and
+others of several colours; the men on board having their bodies
+painted of the same colours as the canoes, as were their bows.
+All this splendid shew, with the variegated plumes of feathers on
+the heads of the warriors, made a grand display. While they rowed
+after the Spaniards, they kept time to their songs, which were
+said by the interpreters to signify, "That the vagabond strangers
+should all be slain on the water, and become food for the
+fishes."</p>
+
+<p>After taking a close view of the Spanish brigantines, the
+Indians divided their fleet of canoes into three equal squadrons,
+plying up close to the bank on the starboard side; and when up
+with the brigantines, the van forming a long and narrow line
+a-head, crossed the river obliquely passing close by the
+brigantines, into which they all successively threw in a shower
+of arrows, by which several Spaniards were wounded
+notwithstanding their targets and baricades. The other squadrons
+did the same in regular order, and as the brigantines continued
+on their course, the squadrons of canoes continued successively
+to repeat similar charges, both day and night, expecting in this
+manner to destroy all the Spaniards by degrees. The Spaniards
+held on their way for ten successive days and nights, continually
+assailed in this manner by the Indians, and doing some execution
+in their turn by means of their crossbows, all their musquets
+having been turned into iron work for the brigantines, having
+become useless as all their powder was expended. At the end of
+these ten days, the Indian fleet drew back from the Spaniards to
+the distance of about half a league. The Spaniards, still
+advancing came in sight of a small town, and supposed from the
+Indians leaving them that they were now near the sea, having run
+by estimation 200 leagues, as they used both sails and oars, and
+went straight down the river without stopping in any place. Being
+desirous of procuring provisions, Alvarado ordered 100 men to
+land, with eight horses; and as the Indians immediately abandoned
+their town, they procured plenty of provisions of all sorts. In
+this town likewise they found leather made of goats skins, some
+white, and some of various colours, and other skins of different
+kinds well dressed, and many mantles. They found here a long slip
+of the finest sables, eight ells in length and an ell broad,
+adorned at regular distances with strings of pearls and small
+tufts of seed pearl, regularly placed. Gonzalo Silvestre who
+commanded on this enterprise, got this rarity to his share, which
+was supposed to be some ensign of war, or some ornament for their
+dances.</p>
+
+<p>As many Indians appeared collecting in the fields, and the
+canoes were returning to attack the brigantines, Alvarado ordered
+the trumpets to sound a retreat to recall Silvestre and his men
+on board. On this occasion the Spaniards were obliged to abandon
+their horses, which the Indians immediately shot to death with
+their arrows. When the party was all returned to the brigantines,
+the Spaniards resumed their voyage down the river, followed by
+the canoes, which did not now retain their former order, but
+followed in several separate squadrons. On the thirteenth day of
+their voyage down the great river, one of the brigantines
+happening to fall about an hundred paces behind the rest, the
+Indians immediately attacked and even boarded it, and would in
+all probability have made themselves master of it, had not the
+other brigantines come up to its rescue. However the Indians
+carried off the canoe from the stern, in which were five sows
+that had been reserved for a breed.</p>
+
+<p>On the sixteenth day of the voyage, one Estevanez, a desperate
+yet clownish fellow, who was vain of the reputation he had
+acquired by his intrepidity, took away the canoe from the stern
+of the brigantine in which he was embarked, and persuaded five
+other soldiers to accompany him, saying that he was going to
+perform an exploit to gain fame, and to obtain leave of the
+captain of the vessel, he pretended that he was going to speak
+with the general. When he had got clear of the brigantine, he
+immediately made towards the enemy, crying out <i>fall on them!
+they run!</i> When Alvarado saw this mad action he endeavoured to
+recall Estevanez by sound of trumpet, and sent about forty men
+after him in several canoes under the command of Juan de Guzman,
+to bring back Estevanez whom Alvarado intended to hang for his
+breach of discipline. At the same time the brigantines furled
+their sails and rowed up against the stream to support the
+canoes. The Indian canoes, which covered the water for an extent
+of a quarter of a league, retreated a little way on purpose to
+separate the Spanish canoes from the brigantines; on which, quite
+frantic at seeing them give way, Estevanez pushed on, followed by
+the other canoes which were sent to bring him back. The Indian
+canoes then drew up in form of a crescent, and when the Spanish
+canoes were well advanced among them, those Indian canoes which
+formed the horn or point on the right, attacked them so furiously
+athwart ships that they sunk them all, by which means all the
+Spaniards were drowned, and if any happened to appear above
+water, they were either shot with arrows, or had their brains
+dashed out by the paddles. Thus forty-eight Spaniards perished,
+only four escaping of all that were in the canoes. The Indians
+held on their pursuit of the brigantines all that day making
+continual rejoicings for their victory. On the <i>seventeenth</i>
+day at sun-rise, when the Indians had paid their adorations to
+the sun with hideous cries, and a prodigious noise of drums,
+horns, and trumpets, they ceased the pursuit of the Spaniards and
+retired, having continued the chase about four hundred
+leagues.</p>
+
+<p>The river was now estimated by the Spaniards to be
+<i>fifteen</i> leagues across, from which they concluded they
+were near the sea, yet did not venture to quit the main stream
+for fear of hidden danger. Thus holding on their course, on the
+nineteenth day of their voyage they came to the sea, computing
+that they had run little short of 500 leagues[191], from the
+place where they built their brigantines. Being ignorant
+whereabout they were, they cast anchor at an island, where they
+rested three days to recover from their long fatigues and
+continual watching, and to refit their brigantines. They here
+computed how far they had been up the country, and as already
+mentioned estimated the distance from where the brigantines were
+built to the sea at near 500 leagues: And as the river was there
+nineteen feet deep and a quarter of a league over, they
+conjectured that the source of the river might be still 300
+leagues farther up the country, or 800 leagues in its whole
+course. When the Spaniards had been three days in this island,
+they observed seven canoes to issue from a place overgrown with
+tall reeds, and come towards them. When within hearing, a
+gigantic man, as black as a negro, stood up in the headmost canoe
+and addressed them in the following harangue: "Wherefore do you
+vagabond robbers stroll about this coast, disturbing its
+inhabitants? Get you gone speedily by one of the mouths of the
+great river, and let me not find you here after this night, or I
+will kill you all and burn your ships!" After this he withdrew
+among the reeds, and Alvarado sent Gonzalo Silvestre with 100 men
+in the remaining canoes to examine the inlet among the reeds. Of
+these men seventeen were armed with cross-bows and three had long
+bows taken from the Indians, as the want of musquets had induced
+the Spaniards to use the arms of their enemies, at which they
+were become skilful. On getting into the creek or inlet among the
+reeds, Silvestre found sixty small canoes drawn up in readiness
+to receive him, which he immediately attacked, and overset three
+of them at the first shock, wounding many of the Indians; and as
+all the rest of the canoes immediately fled, Silvestre and his
+party returned to the brigantines.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 191: Five hundred Spanish leagues at 17-1/2
+to a degree, or about four English miles, would amount to about
+2000 miles of voyage down the Missisippi; but we have no
+sufficient warrant in the text to ascertain the league used by
+Herrera, neither is it probable that the Spaniards on this
+occasion could make any computation nearly accurate. The only
+reasonable conjecture on this subject is from the number of days
+employed in descending the river, which the text informs us was
+<i>nineteen</i>, three of which we may suppose were occupied in
+different stoppages. We know likewise from Imlays Description of
+Kentucky, p. 126, that the ordinary rate of descending the
+Missisippi is about 80 miles a day. On these data, the Spaniards
+made a voyage down that river of about 1280 English miles, from
+which we may conclude that they had wintered somewhere about the
+situation of New Madrid, in lat. 36&deg; 30' N. or perhaps nearly
+opposite the junction of the Ohio with the great
+river.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Leaving the island, and going out into the open sea, the
+Spaniards now bore away to the westwards to endeavour to find
+their way to New Spain, always keeping the coast of Florida[192]
+on their starboard-side or right hand. They knew not whereabout
+they were, and had neither chart nor compass to guide their
+course, neither had they any instrument to find the latitude; but
+they satisfied themselves in the hope of reaching New Spain by
+following the coast. During all the first day and night, they
+continued to sail among the fresh water of the great river. After
+this they held on their course for fifteen days without any thing
+remarkable taking place; only that they were under the necessity
+of landing every day to procure water, as they had no vessels in
+which to carry any store on board. At the end of that period they
+got among a parcel of small islands, which were frequented by
+such multitudes of sea fowl that the entire surface was covered
+by their nests, so that there was scarcely room to tread. These
+furnished an ample supply of provisions, though their flesh had
+somewhat of a fishy taste. Next day they landed on a pleasant
+shore covered with trees, to procure water; and while looking
+about in search of shell fish, some pieces of bitumen were found
+resembling pitch, and upon farther search they were fortunate
+enough to find the source whence it flowed. On finding this
+convenience, they thought proper to repair or careen their
+brigantines, which had become leaky, which they did by means of
+this bitumen melted along with a proper quantity of hogs lard.
+This work occupied them for eight days, during which time they
+only saw eight Indians, to whom they gave some trinkets they had
+yet remaining, without asking any questions respecting the
+country where they now were, as all their hopes and wishes
+centered in arriving in New Spain.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 192: It has been already noticed that the
+term Florida is used in the whole of this chapter in a very
+extended sense, being applied to all of North America to the
+north of the Gulf of Mexico. Immediately on leaving the great
+river or Missisippi, and sailing to the west, the coast is new
+known under the name of Louisiana.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>They proceeded on their voyage keeping as close as possible to
+the shore, for fear of being driven out to sea by the north wind,
+and likewise for the convenience of fishing, as they had nothing
+else now to eat, for which reason they always made some stay
+wherever they found good fishing-grounds. They continued always
+in this manner, coasting the land which lay to starboard, the
+wisest among them being quite ignorant whereabout they were, yet
+always satisfied that by holding this course they must at length
+get to New Spain if not swallowed up by the waves. At the end of
+fifty-three days after leaving the great river, the north wind of
+which they had been so long in dread began to blow with great
+fury[193]. On this occasion five of the vessels which kept close
+under the land sought shelter in a creek; but the other two,
+being somewhat farther out at sea, were in great danger of
+perishing. They were all stark naked, having only clouts hung
+before them, and were almost drowned with wet and benumbed with
+cold, as part of them had continually to bale out the water from
+their vessels while the rest handed the sails. At length the gale
+somewhat moderating, they were able to shape a course to the
+westwards, and having been twenty-six hours in great distress
+without food or sleep, they discovered land about sunset. One
+young man who had been twice before upon the coast said that he
+now knew the land, though he could not say in what country it
+was: But he said that part which seemed black was a high bluff
+impracticable shore, while that which had a white appearance was
+a clean soft sandy beach, and advised them to endeavour to make
+for that part before night, as if the wind should drive them on
+the black coast there would be no probability of saving their
+lives. The officers of the brigantine in which this young man was
+endeavoured by signs to make known what was intended to the other
+vessel, and then made direct for the white coast followed by the
+other, and before sunset ran both vessels aground on the sandy
+beach, after which they lightened both vessels by carrying every
+thing on shore, and propped them up to keep them from
+oversetting. Having thus landed, two men undertook to go in quest
+of the other brigantines.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 193: By this time their course must have
+long been almost due south along the coast of the new kingdom of
+Leon, and province of Nuevo Santander.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>Next day three parties were sent out in different directions
+to discover the country. The two parties which went along the
+coast to the right and left soon returned with some broken pieces
+of earthen ware, of the kinds which are made at Talavera and
+Malaga in Spain, which gave them much satisfaction to think that
+they must now be in the neighbourhood of their countrymen.
+Gonzalo Silvestre, who went up the country with the third party,
+at the end of a quarter of a league saw some Indians fishing on a
+lake[194], and two others gathering fruit from the trees. The
+Spaniards endeavoured to lay hold of these two Indians, but one
+of them escaped by swimming over the lake. Silvestre found
+likewise in a cottage two small baskets of fruit, a turkey, a
+cock and two Spanish hens, and some conserve of <i>maguey</i>.
+Still holding fast the Indian, Silvestre went back to his
+comrades at the sea-side, and to all the inquiries they made of
+the Indian as to where they were, his only answer was <i>Brezos!
+Brezos!</i> which, as they afterwards learnt, was meant to
+signify that he belonged to a Spaniard named Christoval de
+Brezos. On rejoining his companions, Silvestre found them
+rejoicing at the sight of the broken earthen dishes; but they
+were still more gratified at seeing the Spanish poultry, and the
+Indian being now reassured on finding he was in the hands of
+Spaniards, told them they were in the province of Panuco, and
+that the other brigantines had gone up the river Tampico to that
+city, which was ten leagues off. He said likewise that he
+belonged to one Christoval de Brezos; and that a cacique resided
+only at the distance of a league and a half who could read and
+write. Accordingly they gave the Indian some toys and sent him to
+the cacique; and in four hours afterwards the cacique came to
+them attended by eight Indians, loaded with fowls, fish, fruit,
+and Indian corn, and brought them paper, pens, and ink, that they
+might write an account of their arrival and situation to the
+governor of Panuco.</p>
+
+<blockquote>[Footnote 194: Probably the lake of <i>Tamiagua</i>,
+a few miles south from the river <i>Tampico</i>, into which, as
+will be found in the sequel, the other five brigantines had got
+at the beginning of the storm. In this case, the two brigantines
+had run upon a spit which separates that lake or lagoon from the
+sea.--E.]</blockquote>
+
+<p>The two men who had gone in search of the five brigantines,
+found them in the river Tampico, so that the whole company met at
+the end of eight days, all barefooted and almost entirely naked,
+having only some scanty coverings of the skins of deer, bears,
+and other animals. The governor of Panuco treated them with much
+attention, and sent advice of their situation to the viceroy of
+Mexico, who ordered them to be sent without delay to that city,
+and sent them four horse-loads of shirts, shoes, and other
+necessaries, besides medicines and sweetmeats. After recovering
+from their fatigues, the men were ready to destroy their officers
+for not having settled in Florida, where there was such plenty of
+pearls and rich furs. On their march to Mexico, which was made in
+several detachments to avoid mischief, the people everywhere ran
+to see them pass as so many monsters. At Mexico they were clothed
+and kindly treated by the rich inhabitants; and as discord soon
+broke out again among them, for having abandoned so fine a
+country as Florida, the viceroy appeased them by promising to
+undertake the enterprise speedily in person along with them, when
+they should all have good pay, and that he would provide for them
+in the mean time. When clothed, some of the adventurers returned
+into Spain, others remained in Mexico, and others went into Peru,
+while some entered into monasteries; and thus all these brave
+soldiers were dispersed.</p>
+
+<p>Those persons who had been sent by the late general, Ferdinand
+de Soto, when he first advanced into the interior of Florida, to
+bring him supplies from the Havannah, faithfully obeyed his
+orders, as they sailed from thence four several years, and plied
+all along the coast to find him, but could never hear any tidings
+of him or any of his men, till, in the year 1543, arriving at
+Vera Cruz in October, they learnt that the remains of the
+expedition had been conducted to Mexico.--<i>This relation has
+been faithfully taken from that which was transmitted to the
+king, immediately after the close of that unfortunate
+enterprise</i>.</p>
+
+<h2>END OF VOLUME FIFTH.</h2>
+
+<hr align="center" width="50%">
+<hr align="center" width="25%">
+<pre>
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+</pre>
+</body>
+</html>
+
author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 04:45:46 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 04:45:46 -0700
commit	d2bc6ef268ba101fde81c752c47dacb0cb792841 (patch)
tree	989dad9ec137dfde8e4bcb8069516bb2b703739e /14984-h