diff options
Diffstat (limited to '15197.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 15197.txt | 2481 |
1 files changed, 2481 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/15197.txt b/15197.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f10f69c --- /dev/null +++ b/15197.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2481 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes & Queries No. 29, Saturday, May 18, +1850, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes & Queries No. 29, Saturday, May 18, 1850 + A Medium Of Inter-Communication For Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, Etc. + + +Author: Various + +Release Date: February 28, 2005 [EBook #15197] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES & QUERIES NO. 29, *** + + + + +Produced by The Internet Library of Early Journals, Jon Ingram, +William Flis, and the PG Online Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, +ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + +No. 29] SATURDAY, MAY 18. 1850 {Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d. + + * * * * * + +CONTENTS + + Page + NOTES:-- + Oliver Cromwell as a Feoffee of Parson's Charity, Ely 465 + Dr. Parr and Dr. John Taylor 466 + Provincial Words 467 + Folk Lore:--Death Bed Superstition--May Marriages + --Throwing old Shoes--Sir Thomas Boleyn's Spectre + --Shuck the Dog-fiend 467 + + QUERIES:-- + Numismatic Queries 468 + Queries Proposed, No. 2., by Bolton Corney 469 + Authors who have privately printed, by E.F. Rimbault 469 + Minor Queries:--Seager a Painter--Marlow's Autograph + --MS. Diary of the Convention Parliament of + 1660--Etymology of Totnes--Dr. Maginn--Poor + Robin's Almanack--The Camp in Bulstrode Park 469 + + REPLIES:-- + Dr. Percy and the Poems of the Earl of Surrey by + J Payne Collier 471 + Symbols of the Four Evangelists 471 + Complexion 472 + Ballad of Dick and the Devil 473 + Replies to Minor Queries:--Cavell--Gootet--Christian + Captives--Pamphlets respecting Ireland--Pimlico-- + Bive and Chute Lambs--Latin Names of Towns--Le + Petit Albert--Walker Lynne--Emancipation of the + Jews--As lazy as Ludlum's Dog--St. Winifreda--Vert + Vert--"Esquire" and "Gentleman"--Pope Felix + and Pope Gregory--Love's last Shift--Quem + Deus--Dayrolles--Emerods--Military Execution-- + "M. or N."--Sapcote Motto--Finkle &c. 473 + + MISCELLANIES:-- + Dr. Sclater's Works--Runes 478 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Notes on Books, Catalogues, Sales, &c. 479 + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 479 + Notice to Correspondents 479 + + * * * * * + + +OLIVER CROMWELL AS A FEOFFEE OF PARSON'S CHARITY, ELY + + +There is in Ely, where Cromwell for some years resided, an extensive +charity known as Parson's Charity, of which he was a feoffee or +governor. The following paper, which was submitted to Mr. Carlyle for +the second or third edition of his work, contains all the references +to the great Protector which are to be found in the papers now in the +possession of the trustees. The appointment of Oliver Cromwell as a +feoffee does not appear in any of the documents now remaining with +the governors of the charity. The records of the proceedings if the +feoffees of his time consist only of the collector's yearly accounts +of monies received and expended, and do not show the appointments of +the feoffees. These accounts were laid before the feoffees from time +to time, and signed by them in testimony of their allowance. + +Cromwell's name might therefore be expected to be found at the foot of +some of them; but it unfortunately happens that, from the year 1622 to +the year 1641, there is an hiatus in the accounts. At the end of Book +No. 1., between forty and fifty leaves have been cut away, and at the +commencement of Book no. 2. about twelve leaves more. Whether some +collector of curiosities has purloined these leaves for the sale of +any autographs of Cromwell contained in them, or whether their removal +may be accounted for by the questions which arose at the latter end +of the above period as to the application of the funds of the charity, +cannot now be ascertained. + +There are however, still in the possession of the governors of the +charity, several documents which clearly show that from the year +1635 to the year 1641 Cromwell was a feoffee or governor, and took an +active part in the management of the affairs of the charity. There +is an original bond, dated the 30th of May, 1638, from one Robert +Newborne to "Daniell Wigmore, Archdeacon of Ely, Oliver Cromwell, +Esq., and the rest of the Corporation of Ely." The feoffees had then +been incorporated by royal charter, under the title of "The Governors +of the Lands and Possessions of the Poor of the City or Town of Ely." + +There are some detached collectors' accounts extending over a portion +of the interval between 1622 and 1641, and indorsed, "The Accoumpts +of Mr. John Hand and Mr. William Cranford, Collectors of the Revenewes +belonging to the Towne of Ely." + +The following entries are extracted from these accounts:-- + + "The Disbursements of Mr. John Hand from the + of August 1636 unto the of + 1641." + + "Anno 1636." + +After several other items,-- + + L s. d. + "Given to diverse Poore People at ye } + Worke-house, in the presence of Mr. } + Archdeacon of Ely, Mr. Oliver Cromwell, } 16 14 0 + Mr. John Goodericke, and others, Feb. } + 10th 1636, as appeareth, } ___________ + + Summa Expens. Ann. 1636 36 3 6" + ___________ + + + "The Disbursements of Mr. Cranford." + "Item, to Jones, by Mr. Cromwell's consent} 1 0 0" + +Mr. Cranford's disbursements show no dates. His receipts immediately +followed Mr. Hand's in point of dates. + +About the year 1639 a petition was filed in the Court of Chancery by +one Thomas Fowler, on behalf of himself and others, inhabitants of +Ely, against the feoffees of Parson's Charity, and a commission for +charitable uses was issued. The commissioners sat at Ely, on the 25th +of January, 1641, and at Cambridge on the 3rd of March in the same +year, when several of the feoffees with other persons were examined. + +At the conclusion of the joint deposition of John Hand and William +Cranford, two of the feoffees, is the following statement:-- + + "And as to the Profitts of the said Lands in theire tyme + receaved, they never disposed of any parte thereof but by the + direction and appointment of Mr. Daniell Wigmore, Archdeacon + of Ely, Mr. William March, and Mr. Oliver Cromwell." + + "These last two names were inserted att Camb. 8 Mar. 1641, by + Mr. Hy. C." + +The last name in the above note is illegible, and the last two names +in the deposition are of a different ink and handwriting from the +preceding part, but of the same ink and writing as the note. + +An original summons to the feoffees, signed by the commissioners, is +preserved. It requires them to appear before the commissioners at +the Dolphin Inn, in Ely, on the 25th of the then instant January, to +produce before the commissioners a true account "of the monies, fines, +rents, and profits by you and every of you and your predecessors +feoffees receaved out of the lands given by one Parsons for the +benefitt of the inhabitants of Ely for 16 years past," &c. The summons +is dated at Cambridge, the 13th of January, 1641, and is signed by the +three commissioners, + + "Tho. Symon. + Tho. Duckett. + Dudley Page." + +The summons is addressed + + "To Matthew, Lord Bishop of Ely, + Willm. Fuller, Deane of Ely, and to + Daniell Wigmore, Archdeacon of Ely. + William March, Esq. + Anthony Page, Esq. + Henry Gooderick, Gent. + Oliver Cromwell, Esq. + Willm. Anger. + Willm. Cranford. + John Hand, and + Willm. Austen." + +Whether Cromwell attended the sitting of the commissioners does not +appear. + +The letter from Cromwell to Mr. John Hand, published in Cromwell's +_Memoirs of Cromwell_, has not been in the possession of the feoffees +for some years. + +There is, however, an item in Mr. Hand's disbursements, which probably +refers to the person mentioned in that letter. It is as follows:-- + + L s. d. + "Ffor phisicke and surgery for old Benson, 2 7 4" + +Cromwell's letter appears to be at a later date than this item. + +John Hand was a feoffee for many years, and during his time executed, +as was usual, the office of collector or treasurer. It may be gathered +from the documents preserved that Cromwell never executed that office. +The office was usually taken by the feoffees in turn then, as at the +present time; but Cromwell most probably was called to a higher sphere +of action before his turn arrived. + +It is worthy of note, that Cromwell's fellow-trustees, the Bishop +of Ely (who was the celebrated Matthew Wren), Fuller the Dean, +and Wigmore the Archdeacon, were all severely handled during the +Rebellion. + +ARUN. + + * * * * * + + +DR. SAM. PARR AND DR. JOHN TAYLOR, OF SHREWSBURY AND SHREWSBURY +SCHOOL. + + +Looking at the Index to the _Memoirs of Gilbert Wakefield_, edit. of +1804, I saw, under the letter T., the following entries:-- + + "Taylor, Rev. Dr. John, Tutor of Warrington Academy, i. 226. + ---- his latinity, why faulty, ii. 449." + +But I instantly suspected an error: for it was my belief that those +two notices were designed for two distinct scholars. Accordingly, I +revised both passages, and found that I was right in my conjecture. +The facts are these:--In the former of the references, "The Rev. John +Taylor, D.D.," is pointed out. The other individual, of the same +name, was John Taylor, LL.D., a native of Shrewsbury, and a pupil of +Shrewsbury School: HIS _latinity_ it is which Dr. Samuel Parr [_ut +supr._] characterises as FAULTY: and for the defects of which he +endeavours, successfully or otherwise, to account. So that whosoever +framed the _Index_ has here committed an oversight. + +In the quotation which I proceed to make, Parr is assigning causes of +what, as I think, he truly deemed blemishes in G. Wakefield's Latin +style; and this is the language of the not unfriendly censor:-- + + "--None, I fear, of his [W.'s] Latin productions are wholly + free from faults, which he would have been taught to avoid + in our best public seminaries, and of which I have seen many + glaring instances in the works of Archbishop Potter, Dr. John + Taylor, Mr. Toup, and several eminent scholars now living, who + were brought up in private schools." + +But could Parr mean to rank Shrewsbury School among the "private +schools?" I am not old enough to recollect what it was in the times +of Taylor, J., the civilian, and the editor of Demosthenes. Its +celebrity, however, in our own day, and through a long term of +preceding years, is confessed. Dr. Parr's judgement in this case might +be somewhat influenced by his prepossessions as an _Harrovian_. + +N. + +April, 1850. + + * * * * * + + +PROVINCIAL WORDS. + + +In _Twelfth Night_, Act ii. Scene 3., occur the words "Sneck up," in +C. Knight's edition, or "Snick up," Mr. Collier's edition. These words +appear most unaccountably to have puzzled the commentators. Sir Toby +Belch uses them in reply to Malvolio, as,-- + +_Enter_ MALVOLIO. + + "_Mal._ My masters, are you mad? or what are you? Have you no + wit, manners, nor honesty, but to gabble like tinkers at this + time of night? Do you make an alehouse of my lady's house, + that you squeak out your cozier's catches without any + mitigation or remorse of voice? Is there no respect of place, + person, nor time, in you? + + "_Sir To._ We did keep time, Sir, in our catches. Sneck up!" + +"Sneck up," according to Mr. C. Knight, is explained thus:-- + + "A passage in Taylor, the Water Poet, would show that this + means 'hang yourself.' A verse from his 'Praise of Hempseed' + is given in illustration." + +"Snick up," according to Mr. Collier, is said to be "a term of +contempt," of which the precise meaning seems to have been lost. +Various illustrations are given, as see his Note; but all are wide of +the meaning. + +Turn to Halliwell's _Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words_, 2d +edition, and there is this explanation:-- + + "SNECK, that part of the iron fastening of a door which is + raised by moving the latch. To _sneck_ a door, is to latch + it." + +See also Burn's Poems: _The Vision, Duan First_, 7th verse, which is +as follows:-- + + "When dick! the string the snick did draw,-- + And jee! the door gaed to the wa'; + An' by my ingle-lowe I saw, + Now bliezin' bright, + A tight, outlandish Hizzie, braw, + Come full in sight." + +These quotations will clearly show that "sneck" or "snick" applies to +a door; and that to _sneck_ a door is to shut it. I think, therefore, +that Sir Toby meant to say in the following reply:-- + + "We did keep time, Sir, in our catches. Sneck up!" + +That is, close up, shut up, or, as is said now, "bung +up,"--emphatically, "We kept true time;" and the probability is, that +in saying this, Sir Toby would accompany the words with the action of +pushing an imaginary door; or _sneck up_. + +In the country parts of Lancashire, and indeed throughout the North +of England, and it appears Scotland also, the term "sneck the door" +is used indiscriminately with "shut the door" or "toin't dur." And +there can be little doubt but that this provincialism was known to +Shakspeare, as his works are full of such; many of which have either +been passed over by his commentators, or have been wrongly noted, as +the one now under consideration. + +Shakspeare was essentially a man of the people; his learning was +from within, not from colleges or schools, but from the universe and +himself. He wrote the language of the people; that is, the common +every-day language of his time: and hence mere classical scholars have +more than once mistaken him, and most egregiously misinterpreted him, +as I propose to show in some future Notes. + +R.R. + + * * * * * + + +FOLK LORE. + + +_Death-bed Superstition_. (No. 20. p. 315.).--The practice of opening +doors and boxes when a person dies, is founded on the idea that the +ministers of purgatorial pains took the soul as it escaped from the +body, and flattening it against some closed door (which alone would +serve the purpose), crammed it into the hinges and hinge openings; +thus the soul in torment was likely to be miserably pinched and +squeezed by the movement on casual occasion of such door or lid: an +open or swinging door frustrated this, and the fiends had to try some +other locality. The friends of the departed were at least assured +that they were not made the unconscious instruments of torturing the +departed in their daily occupations. The superstition prevails in the +North as well as in the West of England; and a similar one exists in +the South of Spain, where I have seen it practised. + +Among the Jews at Gibraltar, at which place I have for many years been +a resident, there is also a strange custom when a death occurs in the +house; and this consists in pouring away all the water contained in +any vessel, the superstition being that the angel of death may have +washed his sword therein. + +TREBOR. + + * * * * * + +_May Marriages_.--It so happened that yesterday I had both a Colonial +Bishop and a Home Archdeacon taking part in the services of my church, +and visiting at my house; and, by a singular coincidence, both had +been solicited by friends to perform the marriage ceremony not later +than to-morrow, because in neither case would the bride-elect submit +to be married in the month of May. I find that it is a common notion +amongst ladies, that May marriages are unlucky. + +Can any one inform me whence this prejudice arose? + +ALFRED GATTY. + +Ecclesfield, April 29. 1850. + + [This superstition is as old as Ovid's time, who tells us in + his _Fasti_, + + "Nec viduae taedis eadem, nec virginis apta + Tempora. Quae nupsit non diuturna fuit. + Hac quoque de causa (si te proverbia tangunt), + Mense malas Maio nubere vulgus ait." + + The last line, as our readers may remember, (see _ante_, No. + 7. p. 97.), was fixed on the gates of Holyrood on the morning + (16th of May) after the marriage of Mary Queen of Scots and + Bothwell.] + + * * * * * + +_Throwing Old Shoes at a Wedding_.--At a wedding lately, the +bridesmaids, after accompanying the bride to the hall-door, threw into +the carriage, on the departure of the newly-married couple, a number +of old shoes which they had concealed somewhere. On inquiry, I find +this custom is not uncommon; I should be glad to be favoured with any +particulars respecting its origin and meaning, and the antiquity of +it. + +ARUN. + + [We have some NOTES on the subject of throwing Old Shoes after + a person as a means of securing them good fortune, which we + hope to insert in an early Number.] + + * * * * * + +_Sir Thomas Boleyn's Spectre_.--Sir Thomas Boleyn, the father of the +unfortunate Queen of Henry VIII., resided at Blickling, distant about +fourteen miles from Norwich, and now the residence of the dowager Lady +Suffield. The spectre of this gentleman is believed by the vulgar to +be doomed, annually, on a certain night in the year, to drive, for a +period of 1000 years, a coach drawn by four headless horses, over a +circuit of twelve bridges in that vicinity. These are Aylsham, Burgh, +Oxnead, Buxton, Coltishall, the two Meyton bridges, Wroxham, and four +others whose names I do not recollect. Sir Thomas carries his head +under his arm, and flames issue from his mouth. Few rustics are hardy +enough to be found loitering on or near those bridges on that night; +and my informant averred, that he was himself on one occasion hailed +by this fiendish apparition, and asked to open a gate, but "he warn't +sich a fool as to turn his head; and well a' didn't, for Sir Thomas +passed him full gallop like:" and he heard a voice which told him that +he (Sir Thomas) had no power to hurt such as turned a deaf ear to his +requests, but that had he stopped he would have carried him off. + +This tradition I have repeatedly heard in this neighbourhood from aged +persons when I was a child, but I never found but one person who had +ever actually _seen_ the phantom. Perhaps some of your correspondents +can give some clue to this extraordinary sentence. The coach and four +horses is attached to another tradition I have heard in the west +of Norfolk; where the ancestor of a family is reported to drive his +spectral team through the old walled-up gateway of his now demolished +mansion, on the anniversary of his death: and it is said that the +bricks next morning have ever been found loosened and fallen, though +as constantly repaired. The particulars of this I could easily procure +by reference to a friend. + +E.S.T. + +P.S. Another vision of Headless Horse is prevalent at Caistor Castle, +the seat of the Fastolfs. + + * * * * * + +_Shuck the Dog-fiend_.--This phantom I have heard many persons in East +Norfolk, and even Cambridgeshire, describe as having seen as a black +shaggy dog, with fiery eyes, and of immense size, and who visits +churchyards at midnight. One witness nearly fainted away at seeing it, +and on bringing his neighbours to see the place where he saw it, he +found a large spot as if gunpowder had been exploded there. A lane +in the parish of Overstrand is called, after him, Shuck's Lane. The +name appears to be a corruption of "shag," as _shucky_ is the Norfolk +dialect for "shaggy." Is not this a vestige of the German "Dog-fiend?" + +E.S.T. + + * * * * * + + + + +QUERIES. + + +NUMISMATIC QUERIES. + +Can any numismatical contributor give me any information as to the +recurrence elsewhere, &c., of the following types of coins in my +possession:-- + +1. A coin of the size of Roman 1 B., of the province of Macedonia +Prima.--_Obv._ A female head, with symbols behind, and a rich +floriated edge: _Rev._ A club within an oaken garland: Legend in the +field, [Greek: MAKEDONON PROTES]. + +The type is illustrated by Dr. Horne, in his _Introduction to the +Study of the Bible_, in explanation of Acts, xvi. 11, 12. The specimen +in my possession is in _lead_, finely struck, and therefore not a +_cast_, and in all respects equal in point of sharpness and execution +to the silver of the same size and type in the British Museum; and was +dug up by a labourer at Chesterton, near Cambridge. How is the metal +of which my specimen is composed to be accounted for? + +2. A 3 B. coin apparently by the portrait of Tiberius.--Legend +defaced: _Rev._ The type known by collectors as the altar of Lyons: +_Ex._ (ROM)AE ET AV(G.) + +3. A 3 B. of Herennia Estruscilla.--_Rev_. The usual seated figure of +Pudicitia; and the Legend, PVDICITIA AVG. + +According to Col. Smyth, Akermann, and other authorities, no third +brass of this empress exists; but the specimen before me has been +decided as undoubtedly genuine by many competent judges. + +4. A 3 B. coin of the Emperor Macrinus, struck in some of the +provinces.--_Obv._ A bearded portrait of the emperor: Leg., AVT. +K.M.O.C.C. MAKPINOC: _Rev._ An archaic S.C. in a laurel garland, above +L and beneath C. I am anxious to know to what locality I may ascribe +this coin, as I have not been able to find it described. + +E.S.T. + + * * * * * + +QUERIES PROPOSED, NO. 2. + +When reflecting on my various pen-and-ink skirmishes, I have sometimes +half-resolved to _avoid controversy_. The resolution would have been +unwise; for silence, on many occasions, would be a dereliction of +those duties which we owe to ourselves and the public. + +The halcyon days, so much desired, may be far distant! I have +to comment, elsewhere, on certain parts of the _Report_ of the +commissioners on the British Museum--which I hope to do firmly, yet +respectfully; and on the evidence of Mr. Panizzi--in which task I must +not disappoint his just expectations. I have also to propose a query +on the _blunder of Malone_--to which I give precedence, as it relates +to Shakspeare. + +The query is--have I "mistaken the whole affair"? A few short +paragraphs may enable others to decide. + +1. The question at issue arose, I presume to say, out of the +_statement of Mr. Jebb_. I never quoted the Irish edition. If _C._ +can prove that Malone superintended it, he may fairly tax me with a +violation of my new canon of criticism--not otherwise. What says Mr. +James Boswell on that point? I must borrow his precise words: "The +only edition for which Mr. Malone can be considered as responsible +[is] his own in 1790." [_Plays and poems of W.S._ 1821, i. xxxiii.] + +2. I am said to have "repeated what _C._ had already stated."--I +consulted the _Shakspere_ of Malone, and verified my recollections, +when the query of "Mr. JEBB" appeared--but forbore to notice its +misconceptions. Besides, one _C._, after an interval of two months, +merely _asserted_ that it was not a blunder of Malone; the other _C._ +furnished, off-hand, his proofs and references. + +3. To argue fairly, we must use the same words in the same sense. +Now _C._ (No. 24. p. 386.) asserts the _Malone had never seen_ the +introductory fragment; and asks, who _forged_ it? He uses the word +_fabrication_ in the sense of forgery.--The facts are produced (No. +25. p. 404.). He is informed that the _audacious fabrication_, which +took place before 1770, was first published by Malone himself, +in 1790--yet he expects me to apply the same terms to the blunder +committed by another editor in 1794. + +4. As an answer to my assertion that the Irish editor _attempted to +unite_ the two fragments, _C._ proceeds to prove that he _did not +unite them_. The procedure is rather defective in point of logical +exactness. It proves only what was not denied. Malone refers to the +_will of John Shakspere, found by Joseph Moseley_, with sufficient +clearness; and it is charitable to assume that the Irish editor +intended to observe the instructions of his precursor. He failed, it +seems--but why? It would be useless to go in search of the rationale +of a blunder. + +Have I "_mistaken the whole affair_"?--I entreat those readers of +the "NOTES AND QUERIES" who may take up the affirmative side of the +question to point out my errors, whether as to facts or inferences. + +BOLTON CORNET. + + * * * * * + +AUTHORS WHO HAVE PRIVATELY PRINTED THEIR OWN WORKS. + +Can any of your readers refer me to any source whence I can obtain +an account of "JOHN PAINTER, B.A. of St. John's College, Oxford?" He +appears to have been a very singular character, and fond of printing +(privately) his own lucubrations; to most of which he subscribes +himself "The King's Fool." Three of these privately printed tracts are +now before me:--1. _The Poor Man's Honest Praises and Thanksgiving_, +1746. 2. _An Oxford Dream, in Two Parts_, 1751. 3. _A Scheme designed +for the Benefit of the Foundling Hospital_, 1751. + +Who was ROBERT DEVERELL, who privately printed, in 4to., _Andalusia; +or Notes tending to show that the Yellow Fever was well known to +the Ancients_? The book seems a mass of absurdity; containing +illustrations of Milton's _Comus_, and several other subjects equally +incongruous. + +EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. + + * * * * * + +MINOR QUERIES. + +_Seager a Painter.--Marlow's Autograph._--In a MS., which has +lately been placed in my hands, containing a copy of Henry Howard's +translation of the last instructions given by the Emperor Charles V. +to his son Philip, transcribed by Paul Thompson about the end of the +sixteenth century, are prefixed some poems in a different handwriting. +The first of these is an eclogue, entitled _Amor Constans_, in which +the dialogue is carried on by "Dickye" and "Bonnybootes," and begins +thus:--"For shame, man, wilt thou never leave this sorrowe?" At the +end is the signature, "Infortunatus, Ch.M." Following this eclogue +are sixteen sonnets, signed also "Ch.M.;" in two of which the author +alludes to a portrait painter named _Seager_. One of these sonnets +commences thus:-- + + "Whilest thou in breathinge cullers, crimson white, + Drewst these bright eyes, whose language sayth to me. + Loe! the right waye to heaven; Love stoode by the(e), + _Seager!_ fayne to be drawne in cullers brighte," &c. + +I should be glad to receive any information respecting this painter: +as also any hints as to the name of the poet Ch. M. May I add, also, +another Query? Is any authentic writing or signature of _Christopher +Marlow_ known to exist? + +M. + + * * * * * + +_MS. Diary of the Convention Parliament of 1660_.--The editors of the +_Parliamentary History_ give some passages from a MS. Diary of the +Convention Parliament of the Restoration, and state that the Diary +was communicated to them by the Rev. Charles Lyttleton, Dean of Exeter +(vol. iv. p. 73.). I am anxious to know where this Diary now is, and +if it may be seen by-- + +CH. + + * * * * * + +_Etymology of Totnes_.--Can any of your readers suggest a probable +etymology for Totnes, the "prime town of Great Britain," as it is +called by Westcote[1], who supposes it to have been built by Brutus, +1108 years before the Christian era. Mr. Polwhele, who supposed the +numerous _Hams_ in Devon to have owed their names to the worship +of Jupiter _Hammon_, would, I imagine, have derived Totnes from the +Egyptian god Thoth or Taut; or, perhaps, directly from King Thothmes. +Westcote observes that some would have the name from,-- + + "The French word _tout-a-l'aise_, which is in English, all at + ease; as if Brutus at his arrival in such a pleasant soil ... + should here assure himself and his fellow-travellers of + ease, rest, and content; and the _l_, in this long time, is + changed into _n_, and so from _tout-a-lesse_ we now call it + _tout-a-nesse_, and briefly Totnessse. This would _I willingly + applaud, could I think or believe that Brutus spake so good + French_, or that the French tongue was then spoken at all. + Therefore, I shall with the more ease join in opinion with + those who would have it named _Dodonesse_, which signifieth + [in what language?] the rocky-town, or town on stones, which + is also agreeable with the opinion of Leland." + +Totnes is denominated Totenais and Totheneis in _Domesday Book_; and +in other old records variously spelt, Toteneis, Totteneys, Toteneys, +Totton', Totten, Totenesse, Tottenesse, Tottonasse, Totonie, &c. +Never, Donodesse. + +J.M.B. + +Totnes, April 23. 1850. + + [1] _A View of Devonshire in MDCXXX._, by Thomas Westcote, + Esq., Exeter, 1845. + + * * * * * + +_Dr. Maginn's Miscellanies_.--Towards the end of 1840, Dr. Maginn +issued the prospectus of a work to be published weekly in numbers, +and to be entitled "_Magazine Miscellanies_, by Dr. Maginn," which was +intended to comprise a selection from his contributions to Blackwood, +Fraser, &c. Will any one of your multitudinous readers kindly inform +me whether this work was ever published, or any portion of it? + +J.M.B. + + * * * * * + +_Dr. Maginn's "Shakspeare Papers."_--The Doctor published several very +able critical dissertations under this, or some similar title, about +the year 1837, in one of the monthly magazines, for references to +which I shall feel obliged. + +J.M.B. + + * * * * * + +_Dr. Maginn's Homeric Ballads._--Between 1839 and 1842, the "Homeric +Ballads," from thirteen to sixteen, appeared in _Fraser's Magazine_. +Will any correspondent favour me with specific references to the +numbers or months in which they were published? I may add, that I +shall esteem it as a very great favour to receive authentic reference +to any articles contributed to Blackwood, Fraser, &c., &c., by +Dr. Maginn. The difficulty of determining authorship from internal +evidence alone is well-known, and is aptly illustrated by the fact, +that an article on Miss Austen's novels, by Archbishop Whately, was +included in the collection of Sir Walter Scott's prose works. + +J.M.B. + + * * * * * + +_Poor Robin's Almanack_.--Who was the author or originator of _Poor +Robin's Almanack_? Are any particulars known of its successive +editors? In what year did it cease to be published? The only one I +possess is for the year 1743,--"Written by Poor Robin, _Knight of the +Burnt Island_, a well-wisher to Mathematicks," who informs his readers +that this was his eighty-first year of writing. What is meant by +_Knight of the Burnt Island_? + +I must not omit to add, that at Dean Prior, the former vicar, Robert +Herrick, has the reputation of being the author of _Poor Robin_. + +J.M.B. + +Totnes, April 18. 1850. + + * * * * * + +_The Camp in Bulstrode Park_.--Is there any published account of +this camp having been opened? It is well worth the examination of +a competent antiquary.... It is not even alluded to in Mr. Jesse's +_Favourite Haunts_, nor does that gentleman appear to have visited the +interesting village of "Hedgerley" (anciently _Hugely_), or Jordans, +the Quakers' Meeting-house, and burial-place of Penn, between +Beaconsfield and Chalfont. Chalfont was anciently written Chalfhunt, +and is by the natives still called Charffunt; and Hunt is a very +common surname in this parish: there was, however, Tobias Chalfont, +Rector of Giston, who died 1631. "Chal" appears to be a common prefix. +In Chalfont (St. Peter's) is an inscription to _Sir_ Robert Hamson, +Vycar, alluded to in Boutell's _Brasses_. In a cupboard under the +gallery staircase is a copper helmet, which, prior to the church +having been beautified in 1822, was suspended on an iron bracket with +a _bit of rag_, as it then looked, to the best of my memory. I have +heard that it belonged to the family of Gould of Oak End, extinct. + +A.C. + + * * * * * + +_Hobit_, a measure of corn in Wales; what is the derivation? + +A.C. + + * * * * * + + + + +REPLIES. + + +DR. PERCY AND THE POEMS OF THE EARL OF SURREY. + +I have the means of showing what Dr. Percy did with the poems of the +Earl of Surrey, because I have a copy of the work now before me. + +It can hardly be said that he "prepared an edition" of those poems, +as supposed by your correspondent "G." on the authority of Watts's +_Bibliotheca Britannica_, but he made an exact reprint of the _Songes +and Sonnettes written by the Right Honorable Lorde Henry Haward, +late Earle of Surrey, and other_, which was printed _Apud Richardum +Tottell. Cum privilegio ad imprimendum solum_. 1557. The Bishop of +Dromere made no attempt at editing the work much beyond what was +necessary to secure an exact reimpression. He prefixed no Life of +Surrey (a point "G." wishes to ascertain); and, in fact, the book was +never completed. It contains considerably more than the reprint of the +poems of Lord Surrey, and was intended to consist of two volumes with +separate pagination; the first volume extending to p. 272., and the +second to p. 342. + +As the work is a rarity, owing to an unfortunate accident, some of +your readers may like to see a brief notice of it. Watts (as quoted +by "G." for I have not his portly volumes at hand,) states that the +"whole impression" was "consumed in the fire which took place in Mr. +Nicholls's premises in 1808." This was a mistake, as my extant copy +establishes; and _Restituta_ (iii. 451.) informs us that _four_ were +saved. Of the history of my own impression I know nothing beyond the +fact, that I paid a very high price for it some twenty years since, +at an auction; but the late Mr. Grenville had another copy, which I +had an opportunity of seeing, and which had belonged to T. Park, and +had been sent to him by Dr. Percy for the advantage of his notes and +remarks. This, I presume, is now in the British Museum; whither it +came with the rest of Mr. Grenville's books, four or five years ago. + +The "Songs and Sonnets" of Surrey occupy only the first forty pages of +vol. i.; then follow "Songs and sonnets" by Sir Thomas Wyat to p. 111. +inclusive; and they are succeeded by poems "of uncertain authors," +which occupy the rest of the the first volume. The second volume +begins with "The Seconde Boke of Virgiles AEnaeis," filling thirty +pages; while "the Fourth Boke" ends at p. 57., with the imprint of R. +Tottell, and the date of 1557. "Ecclesiastes and Certain Psalms by +by Henry Earl of Surrey," which are "from ancient MSS. never before +imprinted," close at p. 81. "Certayne Psalmes chosen out of the +Psalter of David," consisting of the seven penitential psalms, with +the imprint of Thomas Raynald and John Harrington," fill thirty pages; +and to them is added "Sir Thomas Wyat's Defence," from the Strawberry +Hill edition; which, with a few appended notes, carries the work on to +p. 141. + +A new title-page, at which we now arrive, shows us the intention of +Dr. Percy, and the object at which he had all along aimed: it runs +thus:--"Poems in Bland Verse (not Dramatique) prior to Milton's +_Paradise Lost._ Subsequent to Lord Surrey's in this Volume, and to +N.G.'s in the preceding." In truth, Dr. Percy was making a collection +in the two volumes of all the English undramatic blank verse he could +discover, prior to the publication of Milton's great poem. He was +guilty of some important omissions, because bibliographical knowledge +was not then as far advanced as at present, but he performed good +service to letters as far as he was able to go; and the blank verse +productions he subjoins are by George Tubervile, George Gascoigne, +Barnabie Riche, George Peele, James Aske, William Vallans, Nicholas +Breton, George Chapman, and Christopher Marlow. These occupy from p. +342. of vol. ii. + +This list might now be considerably increased; but my present business +is only to answer the Query of "G.," as to the nature and contents +of the work. It has been said, I know not on what authority, that +Steevens assisted Percy in preparing and printing it. I apprehend that +the aid given by Steevens consisted solely in recommending the Bishop +to procure certain rare productions which would contribute to the +purpose. + +J. PAYNE COLLIER. + +May 7, 1850. + + [To this we may add, that about 1767, when Bishop Percy + printed these twenty-five sheets of poems of Lord Surrey and + the Duke of Buckingham, it appears by a letter of the Bishop + to Horace Walpole, that he presented a copy of them to + Walpole, with a request for information about Lord Surrey. The + Bishop never wrote the Life of Surrey; and in 1808 the whole + impression was burnt, with the exception of a copy or two that + the Bishop had given to his friends. In the letter to Walpole + the Bishop says, "A few more leaves will complete that book, + which with the second and Dr. Surrey's Songs and Sonnets, &c. + will be sufficient for the book."] + + * * * * * + +SYMBOLS OF THE FOUR EVANGELISTS. + +Horne, in his _Introduction_, vol. iv. p. 254., says that Irenaeus was +the first to discover the analogy between the four animals mentioned +by Ezekiel (i. 5. 10.) and the four Evangelists, which gave rise to +the well-known paintings of these latter. He quotes from _Iren. adv. +Hoer._ lib. iii. cap. 11.:-- + + "The first living creature, which is like a lion, signifies + Christ's efficacy, principality, and regality, viz. John; the + second, like a calf, denotes His sacerdotal order, viz. Luke; + the third, having as it were, a man's face, describes His + coming in the flesh as man, viz. Matthew; and the fourth, like + a flying eagle, manifests the grace of the Spirit flying into + the Church, viz. Mark." +There is also an interesting passage in _Dionys Carthus. in Apocal. +Enarr._ iv. 7., from which the following is an extract:-- + + "Although the above exposition of Gregorius, in which by the + man in meant Matthew, by the calf Luke, &c., be the common + one, yet other holy men have held a different opinion, for as + Bede relates on this point, Augustine understood by the lion + Matthew, because in the beginning of his Gospel he describes + the _royal_ descent of Christ; by the calf he also understood + Luke, because he wrote of the _priestly_ descent of Our Lord; + by the man Mark, because he omits the question of Christ's + birth, and confines himself more especially to describing + His acts as a _man_; by the eagle, _all_ understand John, on + account of the sublimity to which his Gospel soars. Others + again understand by the lion Matthew; by the calf Mark, + on account of the simplicity of his style; and by the man + Luke, because he has more fully treated of Christ's _human_ + generation." + +Would "JARLZBERG" kindly favour me with a reference to his interesting +anecdote of the lion's whelps? + +J. EASTWOOD. + +Ecclesfield, May 9. 1850. + + * * * * * + +Your correspondent "JARLZBERG" (No. 24. p. 385.) inquires for the +origin of the Evangelistic symbols. The four living creatures, in +Ezekiel, i. 10., and Revelations, iv. 7., were interpreted from +the earliest times to represent the four Gospels. Why the angel is +attributed to St. Matthew, the lion to St. Mark, and so on, is another +question: but their order in Ezekiel corresponds with the order of +the Gospels as we have them. Durandus would probably furnish some +information. The fabulous legend of the lion savours of a later +origin. Some valuable remarks on the subject, and a list of references +to early writers, will be found in Dr. Wordsworth's _Lectures on the +Canon of Scripture_ (Lect. VI. p. 151.), and his _Lectures on the +Apocalypse_ (Lect. IV. pp. 116, 117.) + +C.R.M. + + * * * * * + +_Symbols of the Evangelists_ (No. 24. p. 385.).--The symbols of the +four Evangelists are treated of by J. Williams, _Thoughts on the Study +of the Gospels_, p. 5--22. Lond. 1842. + +M. + +Oxford. + + * * * * * + +With regard to the symbols of the four Evangelists, "JARLZBERG" may +consult a Sermon by Boys on the portion of Scripture appointed for the +Epistle for Trinity-Sunday. (_Works_, p. 355. Lond. 1622.) + +R.G. + + [To these Replies we will only add a reference to Mrs. + Jameson's interesting and beautiful volume on _Sacred and + Legendary Art_, vol. i. p. 98., _et seq._, and the following + Latin quatrain:-- + + "Quatuor haec Dominum signant animalia Christum, + Est _Homo_ nascendo, _Vitulus_que sacer moriendo, + Et _Leo_ surgendo, coelos _Aquila_ que petendo; + Nec minus hos scribas animalia et ipsa figurant."] + + * * * * * + +COMPLEXION. + +_Complexion_ is usually (and I think universally) employed to express +the _tint of the skin_; and the hair and eyes are spoken of separately +when the occasion demands a specific reference to them. "NEMO" +(No. 22. p. 352.), moreover, seems to confound the terms "white" +and "fair," between the meanings of which there is considerable +difference. A white skin is not fair, nor a fair skin white. There +is no close approach of one to the other; and indeed we never see a +white complexion, except the chalked faces in a Christmas of Easter +Pantomime, or in front of Richardson's booth at Greenwich or Charlton +Fair. A contemplation of these would tell us what the "human face +divine" would become, were we any of us truly _white-skinned_. + +The skin diverges in tint from the white, in one direction towards the +yellow, and in another towards the red or pink; whilst sometimes we +witness a seeming tinge of blue,--characteristic of asphyxia, cholera, +or some other disease. We often see a mixture of red and yellow (the +yellow predominating) in persons subject to bilious complaints; and +not unfrequently a mixture of all three, forming what the painters +call a "neutral tint," and which is more commonly called "an olive +complexion." + +The negro skin is black; that is, it does not separate the sun's light +into the elementary colours. When, by the admixture of the coloured +races with the negro, we find coloured skins, they _always_ tend to +the yellow, as in the various mulatto shades of the West Indies, and +especially in the Southern States of America; and the same is true of +the "half-castes" of British India, though with a distinct darkness or +blackness, which the descendant of the negro does not generally show. + +Though I have, in accordance with the usual language of philosophers, +spoken of _blue_ as an element in the colour of the skin, I have some +doubt whether it be a "true blue" or not. It is quite as likely +to arise from a partial participation in the quality of the negro +skin--that of absorbing a large portion of the light without any +analysis whatever. This may be called _darkness_. + +However, to return to the Query: the term _pale_ is applied to the +yellow-tinted skin; _fair_, to the red or pink; _brown_, to the +mixture of red and yellow, with either blue or such darkness as +above described; _sallow_, to yellow and darkness; and the only close +approach to _whiteness_ that we ever see, is in the sick room of the +long-suffering fair complexion. In death, this changes to a "blackish +grey," a mixture of white and darkness. + +The _pale_ complexion indicates a thick, hard, dry skin; the _fair_, +a thin and soft one; and all the shades of dark skin render a large +amount of ablution essential to health, comfort, or agreeableness +to others. If any of your readers should feel curious about the +characters of the wearers of these several skins, they must inquire of +Lavater and his disciples. + +D.V.S. + +Home, April 1. 1850. + + * * * * * + + +BALLAD OF DICK AND THE DEVIL. + +Looking over some of your back numbers, I find (No. 11. p. 172.) an +inquiry concerning a ballad with this title. I have never met with it +in print, but remember some lines picked up in nursery days from an +old nurse who was a native of "the dales." These I think have probably +formed a part of this composition. The woman's name was curiously +enough Martha Kendal; and, in all probability, her forebears had +migrated from that place into Yorkshire:-- + + "Robin a devil he sware a vow. + He swore by the _sticks_[2] in hell-- + By the _yelding_ that crackles to mak the _low_[3], + That warms his _namsack_[4] weel. + + "He _leaped_ on his beast, and he rode with heaste, + To _mak_ his black oath good; + 'Twas the Lord's Day, and the folk did pray + And the priest in _can_cel stood. + + "The door was wide, and in does he ride, + In his clanking _gear_ so gay; + A long keen brand he held in his hand, + Our Dickon for to slay. + + "But Dickon goodhap he was not there, + And Robin he rode in vain, + And the men got up that were kneeling in prayer, + To take him by might and main. + + "Rob swung his sword, his steed he spurred, + He plunged right through the thr_a_ng. + But the stout smith Jock, with his old mother's _crutch_[5], + He gave him a _woundy_ bang. + + "So hard he smote the iron pot, + It came down plume and all; + Then with bare head away Robin sped, + And himself was _fit_ to fall. + + "Robin a devil he _way'd_[6] him home, + And if for his foes he seek, + I think that again he will not come + To _late_[7] them in Kendal kirk."[8] + +Y.A.C. + + [2] The unlettered bard has probably confused "styx" with the + kindling, "yelding," of hell-fire. + + [3] Flame. + + [4] I have often wondered what namsac (so pronounced) could + be, but since I have seen the story as told by "H.J.M." it is + evidently "namesake." + + [5] Probably crook in the original, to rhyme with Jock. + + [6] "I way'd me" is yet used in parts of Yorkshire for "I went." + + [7] "To late" is "to seek;" from _lateo_, as if by a confusion + of hiding and seeking.] + + [8] "Kirk" is not a very good rhyme to "seek;" perhaps it should + be "search" and "church".] + + * * * * * + + + + +REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES. + +_Cavell_.--In the time of Charles I., a large tract of land lying +south-eastward of Doncaster, called Hatfield Chace, was undertaken to +be drained and made fit for tillage and pasture by one Sir Cornelius +Vermuyden, a celebrated Flemish engineer of that day, and his +partners, or "participants," in the scheme, all or most of them +Dutchmen. The lands drained were said to be "_cavelled and allotted_" +to so and so, and the pieces of land were called "_cavells_." They +were "scottled," or made subject to a tax or assessment for drainage +purposes. Two eminent topographical writers of the present day are +inclined to be of opinion that this word _cavell_ is connected with +the Saxon _gafol_, gavel-tributum--money paid--which we have in +_gavel-kind_ and _gavelage_. One of them, however, suggests that the +word _may_ be only a term used in Holland as applicable to land, and +then introduced by the Dutch at the time of the drainage in question. +I shall be obliged if any of your readers can inform me if the word +"cavell" is so used in Holland, or elsewhere, either as denoting +any particular quantity of land, or land laid under any tax, or +_tributum_, or otherwise. + +J. + + [Our correspondent will find, on referring to Kilian's + _Dictionarium Teutonico-Latino-Gallicum_, that the word + _Kavel_ is used for sors, "sors in divisione bonorum:" and + among other definitions of the verb _Kavelen_, "sorte dividere + terram," which corresponds exactly with his _cavelled and + allotted_.] + + * * * * * + +_Gootet_ (No. 25. p. 397.).--Is not this word a corruption of +_good-tide_, i.e. holiday or festival? In Halliwell's _Archaeological +Dictionary_ I find,-- + + "Good-day, a holiday; Staff. + + "Gooddit, shrovetide; North. Shrove Tuesday is called Goodies + Tuesday. + + "Good-time, a festival; Jonson." + +C.W.G. + + * * * * * + +_Salt ad Montem_ (No. 24. p. 384.) _as meaning Money_.--_Salt_ is +an old metaphor for money, cash, pay; derived, says Arbuthnot, from +_salt's_ being part of the pay of the Roman soldiers; hence _salarium, +salary_, and the levying contributions at _Salt_ Hill. Your Querist +will find several explanations of the Eton Montem in the _Gentleman's +Magazine_; and a special account of the ceremony, its origin and +circumstances, in Lyson's _Mag. Brit._ i. 557. + +C. + + * * * * * + +_Pamphlets respecting Ireland_ (No. 24. p. 384.)--I would refer +"I." to No. 6161. in the Catalogue of Stowe Library, sold by Leigh +Sotheby and Co., in January 1849. That lot consisted of two vols. of +twenty-six tracts, 4to. Amongst them is "Gookin, the Author and Case +of Transplanting the Irish in Connaught Vindicated, from Col. R. +Lawrence, 1655." Messrs. Leigh Sotheby will probably be able to inform +the Querist into whose hands these two vols. passed. The lot sold for +the large sum of 4l. 18s. + + * * * * * + +_Pimlico_ (No. 24. p. 383.).--The derivation of this word is explained +from the following passage in a rare (if not unique) tract now before +me, entitled _Newes from Hogsdon_, 1598:-- + + "Have at thee, then, my merrie boyes, and hey for old _Ben + Pimlico's_ nut-browne." + +Pimlico kept a place of entertainment in or near Hoxton, and was +celebrated for his nut-brown ale. The place seems afterwards to have +been called by his name, and is constantly mentioned by our early +dramatists. In 1609 a tract was printed, entitled _Pimlyco, or Runne +Red Cap, 'tis a Mad World at Hogsdon_. Isaac Reed (Dodsley's _Old +Plays_, ed. Collier, vii. 51.) says,-- + + "A place near Chelsea is still called Pimlico, and was + resorted to within these few years, on the same account as the + former at Hogsdon." + +Pimlico is still, I believe, celebrated for its fine ale. + +EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. + + * * * * * + +_Pimlico_ (No. 24. p. 383.).--I see, by a passage in Lord Orrery's +Letters, that there was a place called Pemlicoe in Dublin:-- + + "Brown is fluctuant; he once lay at a woman's house in + Pemlicoe, Dublin." (_Earl of Orrery to Duke of Ormond_, Feb. + 5. 1663, in _Orrery's State Letters_.) + + +This may be of use to "R.H.," who inquires about the origin of +_Pimlico_. _Ranelaugh_, in the same parts, is doubtless also of Irish +origin. + +C.H. + + [Pimlico in Dublin still exists, as will be seen by reference + to Thom's _Irish Almanac_, where we find "Pimlico, from Coombe + to Tripoli."] + + * * * * * + +_Bive and Chute Lambs_ (No. 6. p. 93.).--I do not know whether my +answer to your correspondent's inquiry about _bive_ and chute lambs +will be satisfactory, inasmuch as the price he gives of "_bive_" lambs +"apeece" is larger than the price of the "chute." Twin lambs are still +called _bive_ lambs on the borders of Sussex and Kent; and chute lambs +are fat lambs. + +_Chuet_ is an old word signifying a fat greasy pudding. It is rightly +applied to Falstaff:-- + + "Peace, _chewet_, peace." + +_1st Part K. Hen. IV._ + +WM. DURRANT COOPER. + + * * * * * + +_Latin Names of Towns_.--"M." (No. 25. p. 402.) wishes for some guide +with reference to the Latin names of towns. A great deal of assistance +may be obtained from an octavo volume, published anonymously, and +bearing the title "Dictionnaire Interprete-manuel des Noms Latins +de la Geographie ancienne et moderne; pour servir a l'Intelligence +des Auteurs Latins, principalement des Auteurs Classiques; avec les +Designations principales des Lieux. Ouvrage utile a ceux qui lisent +les Poetes, les Historiens, les Martyrologes, les Chartes, les vieux +Actes," &c. &c. A Paris, 1777. + +R.G. + + * * * * * + +_Le Petit Albert_ (No. 24. p. 385.).--I suspect this Petit Albert, +in 32mo.--a size in harmony with the cognomen--is only a catchpenny +publication, to which the title of _Le Petit Albert_ has been given +by way of resembling its name to that of Albertus Magnus, who wrote a +work or works of a character which gave rise, in the middle ages, to +the accusation that he practised magical arts; and hence, probably, +any abridgement or compendium of them, or any little work on such +arts, would be styled by the French compiler _Le Petit Albert_. In +the _Biographie Universelle_, it is affirmed that the rhapsodies +known under the name of _Secrets du Petit Albert_ are not by Albertus +Magnus; a statement which favours the belief that the work mentioned +by your correspondent "JARLZBERG" is one of that vulgar class (like +our old Moore's Almanack, &c.) got up for sale among the superstitious +and the ignorant, and palmed on the world under the mask of a +celebrated name. According to Bayle, Albertus Magnus has, by +some, been termed _Le Petit Albert_, owing, it is said, to the +diminutiveness of his stature, which was on so small a scale, that +when he, on one occasion, paid his respects to the pope, the pontiff +supposed he was still kneeling at his feet after he had risen up and +was standing erect. + +J.M. + +Oxford, April 19. + + [_Of Le Petit Albert_, of which it appears by Graesse's + _Bibliotheca Magica_ there were editions printed at Cologne + in 1722, Lyons 1775, and even at Paris in 1837, we are told + in Colin de Plancy's _Dictionnaire Infernal_, s. v. Albert le + Grand, "On a quelquefois defendu ce livre, et alors il s'est + vendu enormement cher."] + + * * * * * + +_Walter Lynne_ (No. 23. p. 367.).--"G.P." may look for Walter Lynne +into Johnson's _Typographia_, i. 556., of which copies may be had very +reasonably at Mr. Miller's (see end of No. 15.), 43. Chandos Street. + +Your intimation of brevity is attended to; though, in truth, little +more could come from + +NOVUS. + + * * * * * + +_Emancipation of the Jews_ (No. 25. p. 491.).--"H.M.A." inquires--1. +If the story mentioned in the Thurloe State Papers, that the Jews +sought to obtain St. Paul's Cathedral for a Synagogue, has been +confirmed by other writers? In Egan's _Status of the Jews in England_, +I find the following passage:-- + + "Monteith informs us, that during the Commonwealth, overtures + were made on behalf of the Hebrews to the Parliament and + Council of War, through the medium of two popular adherents + of the parliamentarians; the Jews offered to pay for the + privileges then sought by them, the sum of 500,000l.; several + debates took place on the subject, but the _ultimatum_ of the + Puritans being 800,000l., the negotiation was broken off." + +The authorities cited on this point by the learned writer are, +Monteith's _History of Great Britain_, p. 473.; and Thurloe's _State +Papers_, vol. ii. p. 652. + +On reference to Monteith, I find the following passage:-- + + "What is very remarkable in this is, that the Jews, who + crucified the Son of God, by whom Kings reign, took then + occasion of the conjuncture which seemed favourable to them. + They presented a petition to the Council of War, who crucified + Him again in the person of the King, His Vicegerent in the + kingdoms over which God had set him. By their petition, they + requested that the act of their banishment might be repealed + and _that they might have St. Paul's Church for their + synagogue_, for which, _and the library of Oxford_, wherewith + they desired to begin their traffic again, they offered five + hundred thousand pounds, but the Council of War would have + eight."--Monteiths's _Hist. of the Troubles of Great Britain_, + p. 473. + +I conclude that the author of the _Status of the Jews_, by omitting to +notice the alleged desire of the Jews to obtain St. Paul's Cathedral, +considered that the acrimonious statements of Monteith were not borne +out by accredited or unprejudiced authorities; for it is but justice +to state, it has been admitted by some of our most eminent critics, +that Mr. Egan's book on the Jews displays as dispassionate and +impartial a review of their condition in this country as it evinces a +profundity of historical and legal research. + +"H.M.A.'s" second question I am unable to answer, not being +sufficiently versed in the religious dogmas of the Jews. + +B.A. + +Christ Church, Oxford. + + * * * * * + +_Emancipation of the Jews_ (No. 25. p. 401.).--"MR. AUSTEN," who +inquires (p. 401.) about the Jews during the Commonwealth will do +well to refer to a chapter on the Jews in Godwin's _History of +the Commonwealth_, and to Sir Henry Ellis's notes on a remarkable +letter describing a Jewish synagogue in London immediately after the +Restoration, in the second series of his _Letters_; and in these two +places he will, I think, find references to all known passages on the +subject of Cromwell's proceedings as regards the Jews. + +C.H. + + * * * * * + +_As lazy as Ludlum's Dog_ (No. 24. p. 382.).--This proverb is repeated +somewhat differently in _The Doctor, &c._, "As _lazy_ as _Ludlum's_ +dog, as _leaned_ his head against a wall to bark." I venture to +suggest that this is simply one of the large class of alliterative +proverbs so common in every language, and often without meaning. In +Devonshire they say as "Busy as Batty," but no one knows who "Batty" +was. As I have mentioned _The Doctor, &c._, I may was well jot down +two more odd sayings from the same old curiosity-shop:--"As proud as +old COLE's dog which took the wall of a dung-CART, and got CRUSHED by +the wheel." And, "As queer as Dick's hat-band, that went nine times +round his hat and was fastened by a rush at last." + +J.M.B. + + * * * * * + +_St. Winifreda_ (No. 24. p. 384.).--Your Querist will find some +information in Warton's _Hist. Eng. Poetry_, vol. i. p. 14., note, +1824. + +J.M.B. + +Totnes, April 18. 1850. + + * * * * * + +"_Vert Vert_" (No. 23. p. 366.)--It may be of some assistance to your +Querist "ROBERT SNOW," in his endeavour to trace illustrations from +Gresset's "Vert Vert," to know that the mark of RAUX, who is said to +have painted these subjects, was composed of ten small ciphers; seven +of which were placed in a circle: the other three formed a tail, + o o + o o +thus, o o something like the Roman capital Q. This artist, + o o o o +between the years 1750 and 1800, was employed in the decoration of +the Sevres porcelain: his usual subjects were bouquets or groups +of flowers; and his mark will be found underneath the double L, +interlaced, inclosing some capital letter or letters denoting the year +such ware was manufactured. + +W.C. Jun. + + * * * * * + +"_Esquire_" _and_ "_Gentleman_."--The amusing article in No. 27., on +the title of "Esquire," recalled to my memory the resolution passed by +the corporation of Stratford-on-Avon, when they presented the freedom +of that town to Garrick. It runs something like this:-- + + "Through love and regard to the memory of the immortal + _Mr._ William Shakspeare, and being fully sensible of the + extraordinary merits of his most judicious representative, + David Garrick, _Esquire_." + +Had David a better right to the title than the great poet? +Shakespeare, in the latter part of his life, was no doubt _Master +Shakspeare_, a title so common as even to be bestowed upon the +geometer of Alexandria. In Bayford's collection is preserved a +Catalogue advertising "_Master_ Euclid's Elements of Plain Geometry." + +J.O. HALLIWELL. + + * * * * * + +_Pope Felix and Pope Gregory_.--"E.M.B." (No. 26. p. 415.) inquires +who was "Pope Felix," whom AElfric called the "fifth father" of S. +Gregory the Great? This is a much disputed question, and a great +deal depends upon the meaning to be attached to the unsatisfactory +expression "atavus," used by Pope Gregory himself, in _Evangel. Hom._ +xxxviii. Sec. 15., and found also in the dialogues commonly attributed to +him. (Lib. iv. cap. xvi.) Your correspondent may consult Beda, _Hist. +Eccl. Gen. Anglor._, lib. ii. cap. 1., with the note by Mr. Stevenson, +who supposes that Pope Felix _III._ was alluded to by his "venerable" +author: This is the opinion of Bollandus (ad 25 Feb.), as well as of +Cardinal Baronius; (_Annall._ ad an. 581; _et Martyrol. Rom._ die Feb. +25. Conf. De Aste, in _Martyrolog. Disceptat._, p. 96.; Beneventi, +1716); but Joannes Diaconus (_S. Greg. Vit._ lib. i. cap. i.) employs +these decisive terms, "_quartus_ Felix, sedis Apostolicae Pontifex." It +is of course possible to translate "atavus meus" merely "my ancestor;" +and this will leave the relationship sufficiently undefined. + +R.G. + + * * * * * + +_Love's last Shift_ (No. 24. p. 383).--"The Duchess of Bolton +(natural daughter of the Duke of Monmouth) used to divert George I. +by affecting to make blunders. Once when she had been at the play +of _Love's last Shift_, she called it '_La derniere chemise_ de +l'amour.'"--_Walpoliana_, xxx. + +C. + + * * * * * + +_Quem Deus vult perdere_ (No. 22, p. 351., and No. 26, p. +421.).--"C.J.R." having pointed out a presumed imitation of this +thought, it may not be impertinent to observe, that Dryden also has +adopted the sentiment in the following lines:-- + + "For those whom God to ruin has designed, + He fits for fate, and first destroys their mind." + +_Hind and Panther_, part 3. + +G.S. FABER. + + * * * * * + +_Dayrolles_ (No. 23. p. 373).--The following information is appended +to a description of the _Dayrolles Correspondence_, in 21 folio vols. +in the Catalogue of Mr. Upcott's Collection, sold by Messrs. Evans a +few years ago:-- + +_Note copied from the Catalogue of Manuscripts, &c., belonging to the +late Mr. Upcott._ + +"James Dayrolles was resident at the Hague from 1717 to his death, 2nd +January, 1739. + +"Solomon Dayrolles, his nephew, commenced his diplomatic career under +James, first Earl of Waldegrave, when that nobleman was ambassador +at Vienna. He was godson of Philip, the distinguished Earl of +Chesterfield, and was sworn a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to George +II., 27th Feb. 1740, in the room of Sir Philip Parker, long deceased, +and on the accession of George III. was again appointed, 5th February, +1761. + +"In 1745, being at that time secretary to Lord Chesterfield, in +Holland, Mr. Dayrolles was nominated to be secretary to his lordship +at Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. + +"In May, 1747, he was promoted to be President in the United +Provinces; and in November, 1751, Resident at Brussels, where he +continued till August, 1757. He died in March, 1786." + +J.T.C. + + * * * * * + +_Solomon Dayrolles_.-- + + "24th Dec. 1786. Married Baron de Reidezel, aid-de-camp to the + Duke of Wirtemberg, to Miss Dayrolles, 2d dau. of _the late + Solomon Dayrolles_ of Hanover Square."--_Gent. Mag._ v. _56_, + p. 1146. + +Probably Mr. Dayrolles' death may be recorded in the register of St. +George's. + +B. + + * * * * * + +_Emerods_ (No. 18. p. 282.) pro _haemorrhoids_. "Golden emerods" would +be an absurdity if _emerod_ meant "emerald." "The Philistines made +golden emerods," i.e. golden images of haemorrhoids (diseased veins), +in commemoration of being delivered from plagues, of which such states +of disease were concomitant signs. + +TREBOR. + + * * * * * + +_Military Execution_ (No. 16. p. 246.).--Your correspondent "MELANION" +is informed that the anecdote refers to Murat, and the author of the +sentiment is Lord Byron. See _Byron's Poems_, Murray's edit. 1 vol. +8vo. p. 561., note 4. + +C. + + * * * * * + +"_M. or N._" (No. 26. p. 415.)--I do not think that "M. or N." are +used as the initials of any particular words; they are the middle +letters of the alphabet, and, at the time the Prayer Book was +compiled, it seems to have been the fashion to employ them in the way +in which we now use the first two. There are only two offices, the +Catechism and the Solemnisation of Matrimony, in which more than one +letter is used. In the former, the answer to the first question has +always stood "N. or M." In the office of Matrimony, however, in Edward +the Sixth's Prayer Books, both the man and woman are designated by +the letter N--"I, N., take thee, N., to my wedded wife;" whilst in +our present book M. is applied to the man and N. to the woman. The +adoption of one letter, and the subsequent substitution of another, in +this service, evidently for the sake of a more clear distinction only, +sufficiently shows that no particular name or word was intended by +either. Possibly some future "J.C." may inquire of what words the +letters "A.B.," which our legislators are so fond of using in their +Acts of Parliament, are the initials. + +ARUN. + + * * * * * + +"_M. or N._" (No. 26, p. 415.).--"M." and "N.," and particularly "N.," +are still in frequent use in France for _quidam_ or _quaedam_; so also +is X. We read every day of Monsieur N. or Madame X., where they wish +to suppress the name. + +C. + + * * * * * + +_Sapcote Motto_ (No. 23. p. 366.).--This motto is known to be French, +and as far as it can be decyphered is-- + + "sco toot X vinic [or umic] + X pones," + +the first and last letters _s_ being possibly flourishes. This +certainly seems unpromising enough. The name being Sapcote, _quasi_ +Sub-cote, and the arms "three dove-cotes," I venture to conjecture +"Sous cote unissons," as not very far from the letters given. If it be +objected that the word "cote" is not in use in this sense, it may be +remarked that French, "After the scole of Stratford atte bowe," might +borrow such a meaning to suit the sound, from "cote," in the sense of +a side or declivity. And if the objection is fatal to the conjecture, +I would then propose "Sous toit unissons." If we reject the supposed +flourishes at the beginning and ending of the inscription, and take it +to be-- + + CO TOOT VNIC + CONC, + +the c being a well-known ancient form of s, there is a difference of +only one letter between the inscription as decyphered and the proposed +motto. + +If either of these is adopted, the sentiment of family union and +family gathering, "As doves to their windows," is well adapted for a +family device. + +T.C. + +Durham, May 2. 1850. + + * * * * * + +_Finkle or Finkel_ (No. 24. p. 384.).--Is not "Finkle" very probably +derived from _Finc_, a finch, in the A.-S.? _Fingle_ Bridge, which +spans the river Teign, amidst some most romantic scenery, has the +following etymology assigned to it by a local antiquary, W.T.P. Short, +Esq. (vide _Essay on Druidical Remains in Devon_, p. 26.): "_Fyn_, +a terminus or boundary; and _Gelli_, hazel, the hazeltree limits or +boundary." But, Query, is not the second syllable rather _Gill_, akin +to the numerous tribe of "gills" or "ghylls," in the North Countrie? + +J.M.B. + + * * * * * + +_Meaning of Finkle._--Referring to No. 24. p. 384. of your most +welcome and useful publication, will you allow me to say, touching +the inquiry as to the derivation and meaning of the word "Finkle" or +"Finkel" as applied to a street, that the Danish word "Vincle" applied +to an angle or corner, is perhaps a more satisfactory derivation than +"fynkylsede, _feniculum_," the meaning suggested by your correspondent +"L." in No. 26. p. 419. It is in towns where there are traces of +Danish occupation that a "Finkle Street" is found; at least many of +the northern towns which have a street so designated were inhabited by +the Danish people, and some of those streets are winding or angular. +Finchale, a place, as you know, of fame in monastic annals, is a +green secluded spot, half insulated by a bend of the river Wear; and +Godric's Garth, the adjacent locality of the hermitage of its famous +saint, is of an angular form. But then the place is mentioned, by the +name of Finchale, as the scene of occurrences that long preceded the +coming of the Danes; and the second syllable may be derived from the +Saxon "alh" or "healh," as the place was distinguished for a building +there in Saxon times. + +W.S.G. + +Newcastle, May 4. 1850. + + * * * * * + +Your correspondent "W.M." ("_Finkel._" p. 384.) may not have +recollected that there is a beautiful ruin on the river Wear near +Durham, of which the name is pronounced (though not spelt) _Finkel_ +Abbey. + + * * * * * + +_Christian Captives_ (No. 27. p. 441.).--As a very small contribution +towards an answer to "R.W.B.'s" inquiry, I may inform you that Lady +Russell mentions in her _Letters_ (p. 338., ed. 1792) that Sir William +Coventry left by his will 3000l. to redeem slaves. + +C.H. + + * * * * * + +_Christian Captives_ (No. 27. p. 441.).--"R.W.B." may be referred to +the case of "Attorney-General _v._ the Ironmongers' Company," which +was a suit for the administration of a fund bequeathed for the +redemption of the captives. See 2 _Mylne & Keen_, 576.; 2 _Beavan_, +313., 10 _Beavan_, 194.; and 1 _Craig & Philips_, 208.: all of which I +mention to be Reports in Chancery, in case he be not a lawyer. + +A.J.H. + + * * * * * + +_Ecclesiastical Year_ (No. 24. p. 381.).--"NATHAN" is informed, that, +according to the legal supputation, until A.D. 1752, the year of Our +Lord in that part of Great Britain called England, began on the 25th +day of March, as he will find stated in the 24 Geo. II. c. 23., by +which Act it was enacted, that the 1st day of January next following +the last day of December, 1751, should be the first day of the year +1752; and that the 1st day of January in every year in time to come +should be the first day of the year. + +Philippe de Thaun, in his _Livre des Creatures_, which was written in +the first half of the twelfth century, p. 48. of the edition published +for the Historical Society of Science, has some remarks which may +interest your correspondent, that are thus literally translated by Mr. +Wright:-- + + "In March, the year ought always to begin, + According to that explanation which we find in the book, + That in the twelve kalends of April, as your understand, + Our Creator formed the first, + Where the sun always will begin his course, + But at all times we make the year begin in January, + Because the Romans did so first; + We will not un-make what the elders did." + +ARUN. + + * * * * * + +_Hanap._--Among the specimens of ancient and mediaeval art now +exhibiting in John Street, Adelphi, I was struck with the number of +gilt cups, called in the catalogue _hanaps_. The word was new to +me; but I have since met with it (as frequently happens after one's +interest has been excited with respect to a word) in Walter Scott's +_Quentin Durward_, in vol. i. chap. 3.; or rather, vol. xxxi. p. 60. +of the edition in 48 vols., Cadell, 1831; in which place the context +of the scene appears to connect the idea of _hanap_ with a cup +containing treasure. + +Now I cannot find _hanap_ in any dictionary to which I have access; +but I find _hanaper_ in every one. Johnson, and others, give the word +_Hanaper_ as synonymous with _treasury_ or _exchequer_. They also +contract _Hanaper_ into _Hamper_. For example, in Dyche's _English +Dictionary_, 17th ed. Lond. 1794, we have,-- + + "_Hamper_, or _Hanaper_, a wicker basket made with a cover to + fasten it up with; also, an office in Chancery; the clerk or + warden of the _Hanaper_ receives all monies due to the king + for seals of charters, &c.... and takes into his custody all + sealed charters, patents, &c.,... which he now puts into bags, + but anciently, it is supposed, into _Hampers_, which gave the + denomination to the office." + +And perhaps it may be remarked here, since we commonly say of a man +in difficulties that he is "exchequered" or in "chancery," that so we +probably intend to express the same, when we say a man is _hanapered_, +or _hampered_. + +Thus, there is no difficulty about the meaning of _Hanaper_; and +its connection with _treasure_ is plain and clear enough: and, with +respect to _cups_, though chiefly used for drinking, the presentation +of them with sums of money in them has ever been, and indeed is, +so very customary, that it is needless to occupy space here with +instances. But I cannot distinctly connect the _hanap_ of the +exhibition with _hanaper_: and I perhaps ought to look in another +direction for its true signification and etymology. + +ROBERT SNOW. + + [Our correspondents who have written upon the subject of Hanap + are referred to Halliwell's _Archaic Dictionary_, where they + will find "HANAP, a cup. _Test. Vet._ p. 99.;" to Ducange, + s.v. "HANAPUS, HANAPPUS, HANAPHUS, vas, patera, crater, (Vas + ansatum et pede instructum, quo a poculo distinguitur), ex + Saxonico _Hnaep_, _Hnaeppa_, Germ. _Napf_, calix patera;" + and to Guenebault, _Dict. Iconographique des Monuments_, who + refers again for particulars of this species of drinking cup + to the works of Soumerard and Willemin.] + + * * * * * + +_Life of W. Godwin._--"N.'s" inquiry (No. 26. p. 415.) for an account +of the life of W. Godwin, and more particularly of his last hours, +leads me to express hope in your columns that the memoirs of Godwin, +which were announced for publication shortly after his death, but +which family disputes, as I have understood, prevented from appearing, +may not much longer be denied to the public. I am not aware of any +better account of Godwin's life, to which "N." can now be referred, +than the sketch in the _Penny Cyclopaedia_. + +CH. + + * * * * * + +_Charles II. and Lord R.'s Daughter.--Earl of Ranelagh._--Since I +inquired in your columns (No. 25. p. 399.) who was the lady mentioned +in a passage of Henry Sidney's _Diary_, edited by Mr. Blencowe, as +Lord R.'s daughter, and a new mistress of Charles II., who in March +1680 brought Monmouth to the King for reconciliation, I have, by +Mr. Blencowe's kindness, seen the original _Diary_, which is in +the possession of the Earl of Chichester. The name of the nobleman +is there abbreviated: the letters appear to be _Rane._, and it is +probably Lord Ranelagh who is intended. I do not remember any other +notice of this amour of Charles II., and should be glad to be referred +to any other information on the subject. Charles II.'s mistresses are +political characters; and in this notice of Lord R.'s daughter, we +find her meddling in state affairs. + +I do not know whether this lady, if indeed a daughter of a Lord +Ranelagh, would be the daughter or sister of the Lord Ranelagh living +in 1680, who was the first Earl of Ranelagh and third Viscount, and +who is described by Burnet as a very able and very dissolute man, and +a great favourite of Charles II. (_Hist. of his own Time_, i. 462., +ii. 99., ed. 1823); and who, having held the office of Vice-Treasurer +in Ireland during three reigns, was turned out of it in disgrace +in 1703. He died in 1711, leaving no son, but three daughters, one +of whom was unmarried; he was the last, as well as first, Earl of +Ranelagh. The elder title of Viscount went to a cousin, and still +exists. + +CH. + + * * * * * + + + + +MISCELLANIES. + + +_Dr. Sclater's Works._--Books written by W. Sclater, D.D., omitted in +Wood's _Ath. Oxon._ edit. Bliss. vol. iii. col. 228.:-- + +"A Threefold Preseruatiue against three dangerous diseases of these +latter times:-- + +"1. Non-proficiency in Grace. + +"2. Fals-hearted Hypocrisie. + +"3. Back-sliding in Religion. + +"Prescribed in a Sermon at S. Paul's Crosse in London, September 17, +1609. London. 1610." 4to. Ded. to "Master Iohn Colles, Esquire," from +which it seems that Sclater had been presented to his living by the +father of this gentleman. The Ser. is on Heb. vi. 4-6. + +"A Sermon preached at the last generall Assise holden for the County +of Somerset at Taunton. London, 1616." 8vo. On Ps. lxxxii. 6, 7. Ded. +to "John Colles, Esq., High Sheriffe of Sommerset." + +"Three Sermons preached by William Sclater, Doctor of Diuinity, and +Minister of the Word of God at Pitmister [sic] in Sommersetshire. Now +published by his Sonne of King's Colledge in Cambridge. London, 1629." +4to. On 1 Pet. ii. 11., 2 Kings, ix. 31., and Heb. ix. 27, 28. The +last is a funeral Sermon for John Colles, Esq., preached in 1607. + +JOHN J. DREDGE. + + * * * * * + +_Runes._--Worsaeae (_Primeval Antiquities of Denmark_, 1849) mentions +that inscriptions are found in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, written in +different languages in _Runic character_. He also mentions the fact of +a Pagan Runic inscription occurring at Jellinge, Denmark, on the tomb +of old King Gorm, A.D. c. 900, found in a huge barrow; and, at the +same place, a Christian Runic inscription on the tomb of his son +Harold. Has this inquiry been extended to British Runes, and might +it not throw much light upon many monuments of dates prior to the +Conquest? Crossed slabs with Runes have been found at Hartlepool, +Durham; have the inscriptions been read? (Boutell's _Christian +Monuments_, p. 3.; Cutt's _Manual of Sepulchral Slabs_, pp. 52. 60. +plate III.) + + * * * * * + + + + +MISCELLANEOUS. + + +NOTES ON BOOKS, CATALOGUES, SALES, ETC. + + +The _Nibelungenlied_, which has been aptly designated the German +Iliad, has hitherto been a sealed book to the mere English reader. Mr. +Lettsom has however just published a most successful translation of it +under the title of _The Fall of the Nibelungers_. Few will rise from +a perusal of the English version of this great national epic--which +in its present form is a work of the thirteenth century--without being +struck with the innate power and character of the original poem; and +without feeling grateful to Mr. Lettsom for furnishing them with so +pleasing and spirited a version of it. + +Captain Curling, Clerk of the Cheque of what was formerly designated +the Band of Gentleman Pensioners, has, under the influence of a +laudable _esprit de corps_, combined the disjointed materials which +Pegge had collected upon the subject with the fruits of his own +researches; and, under the title of _Some Account of the Ancient +Corp of Gentlemen-at-Arms_, has produced a volume of great interest +doubtless to his "brothers in arms," and containing some curious +illustrations of court ceremonial.[9] + +Mr. Timbs, the editor of _The Year-Book of Facts_, &c., announces for +early publication a work on which he has been engaged for some time, +entitled _Curiosities of London_. It will, we believe, be altogether +of a different character from Mr. Cunningham's _Handbook_, and treat +rather of present London and its amusements than those of historical +and literary associations which give a charm to Mr. Cunningham's +volume. + +We are glad to find that the most mysterious and mystified portion +of the Greek Geometry is likely to receive at last a complete +elucidation--we mean the "Porisms." There are so many questions +arising out of this subject, respecting the development of the Grecian +intellect, that a full discussion of them is no easy task; especially +of those arising out of the conflicting testimonies furnished by +history, and by the internal evidences contained in the existing works +of the "fathers of Geometry." We certainly anticipate, from the known +character of the minds now engaged in this work, that some conclusive +evidence as to the state of geometry anterior to the time of Euclid +will be elicited by Messrs. Potts and Davies. The analysis of the +writings of all the authors who have treated on the Porism, will form +a subject of interest not only for its assigning to every author his +fair share of credit for his contributions towards perfecting the +poristic method; but for that _critical discrimination of principles_, +which constitutes one of the marked features of Mr. Davies's writings +in the archaeology of geometry. We shall be glad if his slight +notice of the intended work shall bring some accession of aid to the +undertaking in the form of subscriptions: as upon adequate support, +it appears, must depend whether the work shall go to press, or the +project be abandoned. + +We have received the following Catalogues:--Thomas Thorpe's (13. +Henrietta Street) General Catalogue of very Choice, Curious, Rare, +and most Interesting Books recently purchased, including some hundred +articles of the utmost rarity. Williams and Norgate's (14. Henrietta +Street) No. 24. of German Book Circular, a Quarterly List of the +principal New Publications on the Continent; C.J. Stewart's (11. King +William Street, West Strand) Catalogue of Dogmatical, Polemical, and +Ascetical Theology. + + [9] We find at page 200, an Order of the Council, dated Dec. 5. + 1737, respecting the disposition of the band at the funeral of Queen + Caroline, signed by "TEMPLE STANYAN," the subject of a Query in + No. 24. p. 382., and of several Replies in our last, No. 28. p. 460. + + * * * * * + + WANTED.--MANUSCRIPT OF OLD ENGLISH POETRY.--Borrowed, within + the last few months, from the Town Residence of a Gentleman, + a large 4to. MS., in modern binding, of Early English Poetry, + by Richard Rolle, of Hampole; containing, among other matters, + Religious Pieces couched in the form of Legal Instruments, and + a Metrical Chronicle of the Kings of England, in the style + of Lydgate's. As the owner does not recollect to whom it was + lent, and is very anxious to refer to it, he will be obliged + by its immediate return, either to himself directly, or, if + more convenient, to the Editor of "NOTES AND QUERIES." + + * * * * * + + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES + + +WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +(_In continuation of Lists in former Nos._) + +THE DOCTRINE OF CONSCIENCE FRAMED ACCORDING TO THE FORM IN THE COMMON +PRAYER BOOK. by Y.N., London. 1636, 8vo., written by John Prideaux, +Lord Bishop of Worcester. + +_Odd Volume_. + +ARMY LIST for August 1814. + + * * * * * + +NOTICE TO CORRESPONDENTS. + +_Our pages again exhibit a large proportion of_ REPLIES. _Our next +Number, which will complete our First Volume, will do the same, as +it is obviously for the convenience of our readers that the_ REPLIES +_should, as far as possible, appear in the same Volume with the_ +QUERIES _to which they relate_. + + * * * * * + +13. Great Marlborough Street + +MR. COLBURN + +HAS JUST PUBLISHED THE FOLLOWING + +VALUABLE & INTERESTING WORKS. + + * * * * * + +I. + +BURKE'S PEERAGE and BARONETAGE for 1850. New Edition, revised +and corrected throughout, from the personal communications of the +Nobility, &c. 1 vol. royal 8vo., beautifully printed in double +columns (comprising as much matter as 20 ordinary volumes), with 1500 +Engravings of Arms, &c., bound, 1l. 18s. + +II. + +BURKE'S HISTORY of the LANDED GENTRY for 1850, corrected to the +Present Time: a Genealogical Dictionary of the whole of the Untitled +Aristocracy of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and comprising +particulars of 100,000 persons connected with them. 2 vols. royal +8vo., including the SUPPLEMENT (equal to 30 ordinary volumes), bound, +2l. 2s. + +III. + +EVELYN'S DIARY and CORRESPONDENCE. New and cheaper Edition, revised, +with numerous additional Notes, 4 vols. post 8vo., with Illustrations +(Vols. I. and II., comprising the Diary, are now ready). Price of each +volume, 10s. 6d. + +IV. + +PEPYS' DIARY and CORRESPONDENCE, illustrative of the Reigns of Charles +II. and JAMES II. Edited by LORD BRAYBROOKE. New and revised Edition, +with the omitted Passages restored from the original MS., many +additional Notes, &c. 5 vols. post 8vo., with Portraits, &c., 2l. 12s. +6d. + +V. + +LIVES of the PRINCESSES of ENGLAND. By Mrs. EVERETT GREEN, Editor of +the "Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies." 2 vols. post 8vo., with +Illustrations, bound, 1l. 1s. + +VI. + +NOTES from NINEVEH, and TRAVELS in MESOPOTAMIA, ASSYRIA, and SYRIA. By +the Rev. J.P. FLETCHER, Minister of St. Saviour's Church, Haverstock +Hill, 2 vols. 21s. + + "A work of great merit; not less acceptable as a book of + travel than valuable as an auxiliary to the archaeology of the + Holy Scriptures."--_Standard_. + +VII. + +MADAME PULSZKY'S MEMOIRS; with interesting Details of the LATE EVENTS +in HUNGARY. Dedicated to the Marchioness of Lansdowne. 2 vols, 21s. +bound. + + "Worthy of a place by the side of the Memoirs of Madame de + Stael and Madame Campan."--_Globe_. + +ALSO, JUST PUBLISHED, + +A SECOND EDITION of Mr. WARBURTON's REGINALD HASTINGS: an Historical +Romance. + +Revised, with a new Preface. 3 vols. + + "As an historical romancist, Mr. Warburton takes a first + wrangler's rank."--_Literary Gazette_. + + * * * * * + +DR. WORDSWORTH ON CHURCH QUESTIONS OF THE DAY. + +Now ready, in 8vo., price 8s., in cloth, + +OCCASIONAL SERMONS, preached at Westminster Abbey, in March and April +1850. By CHRISTOPHER WORDSWORTH, D.D., Canon of Westminster. + +These Sermons may be had separately, price 1s. each, as follows:-- + +Just published, + +No. VII. The CHURCH of ENGLAND in 1711 and 1850. + +No. VIII. The CHURCH of ENGLAND and the CHURCH of ROME in 1850. +CONCLUSION. + +Just reprinted, + +Nos. IV., V., and VI., an INQUIRY--Whether the BAPTISMAL OFFICES of +the CHURCH of ENGLAND may be interpreted in a CALVINISTIC SENSE?--No. +III. The DOCTRINE of BAPTISM with reference to the Opinion of +PREVENIENT GRACE.--No. II. On PLEAS alleged for SEPARATION from the +CHURCH.--No. 1. COUNSELS and CONSOLATIONS in TIMES of HERESY and +SCHISM. + +RIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place. + + * * * * * + +Preparing for Publication by Subscription, price 10s. + +A TRANSLATION OF + +DR. SIMSON'S RESTORATION of EUCLID'S PORISMS. With Notes by ROBERT +POTTS, M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge; with Historical Geometrical, +and Analytical Dissertations and Illustrations, by T.S. DAVIES, F.R.S. +Lond. and Ed., F.S.A., Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. + +The printing will be commenced as soon as the number of subscribers is +sufficient to indemnify the authors for the inevitable outlay upon the +work; but should that number not be, at least approximately, obtained, +their intention must be abandoned. Gentlemen desirous of supporting +this undertaking will oblige the authors by an early intimation to +that effect. + + * * * * * + +In 8vo., with 14 Plates, Price 4s. 6d. + +ANASTATIC PRINTING and PAPYROGRAPHY: their various Applications to +the Reprinting of Letterpress, the Reprinting of Engravings, the +Multiplying of Ornamental Patterns, the successive Alterations of the +same Design; Papyrography with Ink--Writing Circulars, Music, Oriental +Characters, &c., Pen-Etching, Tracing Facsimiles of Engravings; +Papyrography with Chalk--Printing in Colours, Printing Rubbings of +Brasses, Drawing with Heel-ball, &c. &c. With illustrative Examples, +by PHILIP H. DELAMOTTE. + +London: published by DAVID BOGUE, Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +EDUCATION, SCIENCE, AND GENERAL LITERATURE. + +Now ready, and will be sent by post (free) to any one writing for +them, + +DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES of BOOKS for SCHOOLS and COLLEGES, and of +CHEMICAL, MEDICAL, and LITERARY WORKS, published by TAYLOR, WALTON, +and MABERLY, 28. Upper Gower Street, and 27. Ivy Lane, Paternoster +Row. + +The object of these two Catalogues is, to convey a more satisfactory +notion of the contents of the books in them, than can be drawn from +reading the titles. Instead of laudatory extracts from reviews, +general notices are given of the chief subjects and most prominent +peculiarities of the books. The Catalogues are designed to put +the reader, as far as possible, in the same position as if he had +inspected for himself, at least cursorily, the works described; and, +with this view, care has been taken, in drawing up the notices, merely +to state facts, with but little comment, and no exaggeration whatever. + + * * * * * + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. +New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; +and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish +of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. +186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, May 18. 1850. + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes & Queries No. 29, Saturday, May +18, 1850, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES & QUERIES NO. 29, *** + +***** This file should be named 15197.txt or 15197.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/1/9/15197/ + +Produced by The Internet Library of Early Journals, Jon Ingram, +William Flis, and the PG Online Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |