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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/15435-h.zip b/15435-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..901a04f --- /dev/null +++ b/15435-h.zip diff --git a/15435-h/15435-h.htm b/15435-h/15435-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3dad218 --- /dev/null +++ b/15435-h/15435-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,5693 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Object Lessons on the Human Body, by Sarah F. Buckelew and Margaret W. Lewis</title> + <style type="text/css"> + +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + } + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + body { margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + table { border-collapse: collapse; border: none } + td { padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; border: none } + td.tbar { border-left : thin solid black; vertical-align: top; } + td.mbar { border-left : thin solid black; vertical-align: middle; } + table.allb { border : thin solid black; border-collapse: collapse } + td.allb { border : thin solid black; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; } + .single p {margin: 0;} + + .contents + {margin-left:30%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .contents .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .contents p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + + .poem + {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + p.i4 {margin-left: 2em;} + p.i6 {margin-left: 3em;} + p.i8 {margin-left: 4em;} + p.z8 {margin-left: 4em; font-style: italic;} + p.i10 {margin-left: 5em;} + p.z10 {margin-left: 5em; font-style: italic;} + p.i12 {margin-left: 6em;} + p.i16 {margin-left: 8em;} + p.i20 {margin-left: 10em;} + + a:link {color:blue; text-decoration:none} + a:visited {color:blue; text-decoration:none} + a:hover {color:red} + link {color:blue; text-decoration:none} + + .noflo + {margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .noflo .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .noflo p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .noflo p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + .noflo p.i4 {margin-left: 2em;} + .noflo p.i16 {margin-left: 8em;} + + .author {text-align: right; margin-top: -1em; margin-right: 5%;} + .center {text-align: center; } + .right {text-align: right; } + .t {vertical-align: top; } + .tr {vertical-align: top;} + .tc {vertical-align: top;} + .tr p {text-align: right;} + .tc p {text-align: center;} + .m {vertical-align: middle; } + .mr {vertical-align: middle;} + .mc {vertical-align: middle;} + .mr p {text-align: right;} + .mc p {text-align: center;} + .b {vertical-align: bottom; } + .vol {/*font-weight: bold;*/ font-size: small;} + /* .grk {font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; } */ + .grk {font-style: normal; } + pre {font-family: fixed; margin-left: 1em; } + .linenum {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 60%;} /* poetry number */ + blockquote {margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; } + blockquote.small {font-size: small; } + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;} /* page numbers */ + .sidenote {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: left;} /* sidenotes */ + .note {margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; + font-size: small; } /* footnote */ + + .figure, .figcenter, .figright, .figleft + {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em;} + .figure img, .figcenter img, .figright img, .figleft img + {border: none;} + .figure p, .figcenter p, .figright p, .figleft p + {margin: 0; text-indent: 1em;} + .figure p.in, .figcenter p.in, .figright p.in, .figleft p.in + {margin: 0; text-indent: 8em;} + .figcenter {margin: auto;} + .figright {float: right;} + .figleft {float: left;} + pre {font-size: 8pt;} + // --> + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Object Lessons on the Human Body, by Sarah F. +Buckelew and Margaret W. Lewis</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: Object Lessons on the Human Body</p> +<p> A Transcript of Lessons Given in the Primary Department of School No. 49, New York City</p> +<p>Author: Sarah F. Buckelew and Margaret W. Lewis</p> +<p>Release Date: March 21, 2005 [eBook #15435]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OBJECT LESSONS ON THE HUMAN BODY***</p> +<p> </p> +<h3>E-text prepared by Wallace McLean, Keith Edkins,<br /> + and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</h3> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<h3><i>PRACTICAL WORK IN THE SCHOOL ROOM SERIES. PART I</i></h3> + +<h1>OBJECT LESSONS</h1> + +<p class="center">ON THE</p> + +<h2>HUMAN BODY</h2> + +<p class="center"><i>A TRANSCRIPT OF LESSONS GIVEN IN THE PRIMARY<br /> +DEPARTMENT OF SCHOOL No. 49,<br /> +NEW YORK CITY</i></p> + +<p class="center">PUPILS' EDITION<br /> +(REVISED)</p> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p class="center">NEW YORK:<br /> +PARKER P. SIMMONS,<br /> +SUCCESSOR TO<br /> +A. LOVELL & COMPANY,<br /> +1904.</p> + + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<h3>AUTHOR'S NOTE TO THE PUPIL.</h3> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + + <p>This book has been prepared to help you in learning about "the house + you live in," and to teach you to take care of it, and keep it from being + destroyed by two of its greatest enemies,—Alcohol and Nicotine.</p> + + <p>As you study its pages, be sure to find out the meaning of every word + in them which you do not understand; for, if you let your tongue say what + your mind knows nothing about, you are talking <i>parrot-fashion</i>.</p> + + <p>And do not forget that you must pay for all the knowledge you obtain, + whether you are rich or poor. Nobody else can pay for you. You, your own + self, must <i>pay attention</i> with your own mind, through your own eyes + and ears, <i>or do without knowledge</i>.</p> + + <p>Be wise: gain all the knowledge you can concerning everything worth + knowing, and use it for the good of yourself and other people.</p> + +<p class="center">"KNOWLEDGE IS POWER."</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;"> + <a href="images/004.png"><img width="100%" src="images/004.png" + alt="The Body." /></a> + <p>A, the heart; B, the lungs; light cross lines, arteries; heavy + lines, veins.</p> + </div> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 5 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page5" id="page5"></a>[5]</span></p> + +<h3>PART I.</h3> + +<p class="center">FORMULA FOR INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.</p> + + <p>1. My body is built of bones covered with flesh and skin; the blood + flows through it, all the time, from my heart. I breathe through my nose + and mouth, and take the air into my lungs.</p> + + <p>2. The parts of my body are the head, the trunk, the limbs.</p> + + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>3. My head.</p> + <p class="i2">The crown of my head.</p> + <p class="i2">The back of my head.</p> + <p class="i2">The sides of my head.</p> + <p class="i2">My face.</p> + <p class="i2">My forehead.</p> + <p class="i2">My two temples.</p> + <p class="i2">My two eyes.</p> + <p class="i2">My nose.</p> + <p class="i2">My two cheeks.</p> + <p class="i2">My mouth.</p> + <p class="i2">My chin.</p> + <p class="i2">My two ears.</p> + <p class="i2">My neck.</p> + <p class="i2">My two shoulders.</p> + <p class="i2">My two arms.</p> + <p class="i2">My two hands.</p> + <p class="i2">My trunk.</p> + <p class="i2">My back.</p> + <p class="i2">My two sides.</p> + <p class="i2">My chest.</p> + <p class="i2">My two legs.</p> + <p class="i2">My two knees.</p> + <p class="i2">My two feet.</p> + <p class="i2">I am sitting erect.</p> + </div> + </div> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA.</p> + + <p>1. Tell about your body.</p> + + <p>2. Name the parts of the body.</p> + + <p>3. Name the parts of the head, trunk, and limbs.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 6 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page6" id="page6"></a>[6]</span></p> + +<p class="center">THE NOSE AND THE MOUTH.</p> + + <p>Be sure to keep your mouth closed when you are not talking or singing, + especially when you are walking, running, or <i>asleep</i>. The two + nostrils are outside doors, always open to admit the air, and inside of + the upper part of the nose there are two other openings, through which it + passes into the throat. Air which goes this way is warmed, cleansed, and + moistened, but that which is breathed directly through the mouth is not + so well prepared for its work in the lungs.</p> + + <p>Do not use your mouth as a box or a pin-cushion; the pin, or whatever + yon have put into it, may slip into your throat and cause your death.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS ON THE INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.</p> + + <p>Of what is the body built?—"Of bones."</p> + + <p>What covers the bones?—"Flesh."</p> + + <p>What covers the flesh?—"Skin."</p> + + <p>What flows through the body?—"Blood."</p> + + <p>Where does the blood flow from?—"The heart."</p> + + <p>When does the blood flow from the heart?—"Every time the heart + beats."</p> + + <p>Show with your hand how the heart beats.</p> + + <p>When does the heart beat?—"All the time."</p> + + <p>What happens when the heart stops beating?—"We die."</p> + + <p>What do you see on the back of your hand, beneath the + skin?—"Veins"</p> + + <p>What is in the veins?—"Bad blood."</p> + + <p>What are the veins?—"Pipes for the bad blood to pass + through."</p> + + <p>Where do the veins carry the bad blood?—"To the heart."</p> + + <p>Where does the heart send the bad blood?—"To the lungs."</p> + + <p>What happens to the bad blood when in the lungs?—"It is made + pure."</p> + + <p>What makes the bad blood pure?—"The air."</p> + + <p>How does the air get into the lungs?—"Through my nose, mouth, + and windpipe."</p> + +<p><!-- Page 7 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page7" id="page7"></a>[7]</span></p> + + <p>What is breathing?—"Letting the air into and out of my lungs, + through my nose, mouth, and windpipe."</p> + + <p>When do you breathe?—"All the time."</p> + + <p>What do you breathe?—"Air."</p> + + <p>What do you breaths through?—"My nose, mouth, and windpipe."</p> + + <p>Where do you get the air?—"Everywhere."</p> + + <p>Where do the lungs send the pure blood?—"To the heart."</p> + + <p>Where does the heart send the pure blood?—"All through the + body."</p> + + <p>How does the heart send the pure blood through the + body?—"Through pipes called arteries."</p> + + <p>What kind of blood passes through the arteries?—"Pure + blood."</p> + + <p>What kind of blood passes through the veins?—"Impure blood."</p> + + <p>What carries the pure blood through the body?—"The + arteries."</p> + + <p>What carries the impure blood through the body?—"The veins."</p> + + <p>What makes blood?—"Food and drink."</p> + + <p>What is food?—"Anything good to eat."</p> + + <p>What is drink?—"Anything good to drink."</p> + + <p>Name some kinds of wholesome food.—"Meat, potatoes, oranges, + apples, etc."</p> + + <p>Name some kinds of wholesome drink.—"Water, milk, lemonade, + etc."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by wholesome food?—"Food that will make good + blood."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by wholesome drink?—"Drink that will make good + blood."</p> + + <p>What does the blood make?—"Bones, flesh, skin, hair, nails, and + cartilage."</p> + + <p>What use is the blood to the body?—"It makes the body grow, and + keeps it alive." <!-- Page 8 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page8" + id="page8"></a>[8]</span></p> + + <p>Name some kinds of poisonous drinks.—"Rum, brandy, ale, cider, + etc."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by poisonous drinks?—"Drinks which hurt or + poison the body."</p> + + <p>Why do you say that rum and the other drinks you have named are + poisonous?—"Because they do harm to every part of the body."</p> + + <p>Which part do they hurt most?—"The head or brain."</p> + + <p>What harm do they do to the brain?—"They make it unfit to do its + work."</p> + + <p>What work does the brain do?—"Thinking."</p> + + <p>Then what harm do rum, brandy, wine, and these other drinks do to the + brain?—"They make it unfit to think."</p> + + <p>What other poison do some people use?—"Tobacco."</p> + + <p>When do children use tobacco?—"When they chew tobacco; when they + smoke cigars or cigarettes."</p> + + <p>How much does tobacco poison hurt children?—"More than it hurts + anybody else."</p> + + <p>In what way does it hurt children?—"It keeps children from + growing fast; from being strong and healthy; and from learning as well as + they ought."</p> + + <p>How does it do all this mischief to children?—"It poisons their + lungs, their heart and blood, and their brain."</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<p><!-- Page 9 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page9" id="page9"></a>[9]</span></p> + +<h3>PART II.</h3> + +<p class="center">FORMULA FOR THE PARTS AND JOINTS OF THE BODY:</p> + + <p>1. My limbs are my two arms and my two legs.</p> + + <p>2. My arm has two parts:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>my upper arm, my fore-arm;</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>and three joints:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>my shoulder joint, my elbow joint, my wrist joint.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>3. My hand is used in holding, throwing, catching, and feeling:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>the palm of my hand,</p> + <p>the back of my hand,</p> + <p>my fingers,</p> + <p>my thumb,</p> + <p>my forefinger,</p> + <p>my middle finger,</p> + <p>my ring finger,</p> + <p>my little finger,</p> + <p>my knuckles,</p> + <p>my finger joints,</p> + <p>my nails,</p> + <p>the tips of my fingers,</p> + <p>the veins,</p> + <p>the ball of my thumb,</p> + <p>and the lines where the flesh is bent.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>4. My leg has two parts:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>my thigh, and my lower leg;</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>and three joints:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>my hip joint, my knee joint, my ankle joint.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>5. My foot is used in standing, walking, running, skating, and + jumping:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>my instep,</p> + <p>my toes,</p> + <p>the sole of my foot,</p> + <p>the ball,</p> + <p>the hollow,</p> + <p>the heel,</p> + <p>my toe joints,</p> + <p>and my toe nails, which protect my toes.</p> + </div> + </div> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 10 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page10" id="page10"></a>[10]</span></p> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA.</p> + + <p>1. Which are your limbs?</p> + + <p>2. Tell about your arm.</p> + + <p>3. Tell about your hand.</p> + + <p>4. Tell about your leg.</p> + + <p>5. Tell about your foot.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + + <div class="figleft" style="width:25%;"> + <a href="images/010a.png"><img width="100%" src="images/010a.png" + alt="The Elbow Joint" /></a> + THE ELBOW JOINT.<br /> (A hinge + joint.) + </div> + <div class="figright" style="width:25%;"> + <a href="images/010b.png"><img width="100%" src="images/010b.png" + alt="The Hip Joint" /></a> + THE HIP JOINT.<br /> (A ball-and-socket + joint.) + </div> + <p>Some joints, as those of the skull, are immovable; some, as those of + the spine, may be moved a little; and others more or less freely, as + those of the limbs. In machines, the parts which move upon each other + need to be oiled, to keep them from wearing out; but the joints of our + bodies oil themselves with a thin fluid, called <i>synovia</i>. This + fluid resembles the white of an egg, and comes from a smooth lining + inside of the joints. The ends of the bones which form joints are covered + by gristle or <i>cartilage</i>, and are fastened together by very strong, + silvery white bands, called <i>ligaments</i>. A sprain is caused by + overstretching or tearing some of these ligaments.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 11 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page11" id="page11"></a>[11]</span></p> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS ON THE LIMBS AND JOINTS OF THE BODY.</p> + + <p>What is the trunk of your body?—"All the body but the head and + limbs."</p> + + <p>Which are your limbs?—"My two arms and my two legs."</p> + + <p>How many limbs have you?—"Four."</p> + + <p>How many parts has your arm?—"Two parts: my upper arm and my + fore-arm."</p> + + <p>How many parts has your leg?—"Two parts: my thigh and my lower + leg."</p> + + <p>How many joints has your arm?—"Three joints: my shoulder joint, + my elbow joint, my wrist joint."</p> + + <p>How many joints has your leg?—"Three joints: my hip joint, my + knee joint, my ankle joint."</p> + + <p>What are joints?—"Bending places."</p> + + <p>How many kinds of joints have you?—"Two: hinge joints, and + ball-and-socket joints."</p> + + <p>What kind of a joint is the shoulder joint?—"A ball-and-socket + joint."</p> + + <p>Why do you call the shoulder joint a ball-and-socket + joint?—"Because at the shoulder the arm may move in any + direction."</p> + + <p>Tell how the shoulder joint is made.—"The upper end of the bone + of the upper arm is rounded and fastened in a hollow place called a + socket."</p> + + <p>Which of the joints of the arm and hand are hinge joints?—"The + elbow joint, the wrist joint, the thumb joint, the finger joints."</p> + + <p>Which of the joints of the leg and foot are hinge joints?—"The + knee joint, the ankle joint, the toe joint."</p> + + <p>Which of the joints of the leg is a ball-and-socket joint?—"The + hip joint."</p> + + <p>Where is the heel?—"At the back part of the foot."</p> + + <p>Where is the ball of the foot?—"On the sole of the foot, behind + the great toe."</p> + + <p>Where is the hollow of the foot?—"In the middle of the sole of + the foot." <!-- Page 12 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page12" + id="page12"></a>[12]</span></p> + + <p>Where is the sole of the foot?—"On the bottom of the foot."</p> + + <p>Where is the instep?—"Between the ankle joint and the toes."</p> + + <p>Where is the lower leg?—"Between the knee joint and the ankle + joint."</p> + + <p>Where is the thigh?—"Between the hip joint and the knee + joint."</p> + + <p>Where is the upper arm?—"Between the shoulder joint and the + elbow joint."</p> + + <p>Where is the fore-arm?—"Between the elbow joint and the wrist + joint."</p> + + <p>Where are the toe joints?—"Between the parts of the toes."</p> + + <p>Where are the finger joints?—"Between the parts of the + fingers."</p> + + <p>Where is the ankle joint?—"Between the lower leg and the + foot."</p> + + <p>Where is the knee joint?—"Between the thigh and the lower + leg."</p> + + <p>Where is the hip joint?—"Between the trunk and the thigh."</p> + + <p>Where is the wrist joint?—"Between the fore-arm and the + hand."</p> + + <p>Where is the elbow joint?—"Between the upper arm and the + fore-arm."</p> + + <p>Where is the shoulder joint?—"Between the trunk and the upper + arm."</p> + + <p>Where are the tips of the fingers?—"At the ends of the + fingers."</p> + + <p>Where is the ball of the thumb?—"On the palm of the hand, below + the thumb."</p> + + <p>Where is the palm of the hand?—"On the inside of the hand, + between the wrist and fingers."</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<p><!-- Page 14 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page14" id="page14"></a>[14]</span></p> + + <div class="figleft" style="width:33%;"> + <a href="images/013.png"><img width="100%" src="images/013.png" + alt="The Skeleton." /></a> + THE SKELETON. + </div> + <p>1. The skull.</p> + + <p>2. The spine.</p> + + <p>3. The ribs.</p> + + <p>4. The breastbone.</p> + + <p>5. The shoulder blades.</p> + + <p>6. The collar bones.</p> + + <p>7. The bone of the upper arm.</p> + + <p>8. The bones of the forearm.</p> + + <p>9. The bones of the wrist.</p> + + <p>10. The bones of the fingers.</p> + + <p>11. The bones of the thigh.</p> + + <p>12. The bones of the lower leg.</p> + + <p>13. The bones of the ankle.</p> + + <p>14. The bones of the toes.</p> + + <p>15. The kneepan.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 15 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page15" id="page15"></a>[15]</span></p> + +<h3>PART III.</h3> + +<p class="center">FORMULA FOR THE LESSON ON THE BONES OF THE BODY.</p> + + <p>1. My bones are hard; they make my body strong. There are about two + hundred bones in my body.</p> + + <p>2. The bones of my head are</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>my skull and my lower jaw;</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>my face has fourteen bones; my ear has four small bones; at the root + of my tongue is one bone.</p> + + <p>3. The bones of my trunk are</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>my spine,</p> + <p>my ribs,</p> + <p>my breastbone,</p> + <p>my two shoulder blades,</p> + <p>and my two collar bones.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>4. My upper arm has one bone; my fore-arm has two bones; my wrist has + eight bones; from my wrist to my knuckles are five bones; my thumb has + two bones; each finger has three bones, making nineteen bones in my + hand.</p> + + <p>5. My thigh has one bone; my lower leg has two bones; my knee-pan is + the cap which covers and protects my knee; in my foot, near my heel, are + seven bones; in the middle of my foot are five bones; my great toe has + two bones; each of my other toes has three bones; making twenty-six bones + in my foot.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA.</p> + + <p>1. Tell about your bones.</p> + + <p>2. Tell about the bones of the head.</p> + + <p>3. Tell about the bones of the trunk. <!-- Page 16 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page16" id="page16"></a>[16]</span></p> + + <p>4. Tell about the bones of the arm and hand, beginning with the upper + arm.</p> + + <p>5. Count the bones of the hand.</p> + + <p>6. Tell about the bones of the leg and foot, beginning with the + thigh.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + + <div class="figright" style="width:40%;"> + <a href="images/015b.png"><img width="100%" src="images/015b.png" + alt="Bones of the palm and fingers" /></a> + FIG. B. + + <p>1, 2, 3, 4, 5, the bones of the palm of the hand.</p> + + <p>6, 7, the bones of the thumb.</p> + + <p>8, 9, 10, the bones of the first or fore-finger.</p> + + <p>11, 12, 13, the bones of the second or middle finger.</p> + + <p>14, 15, 16, the bones of the third or ring finger.</p> + + <p>17, 18, 19, the bones of the fourth or little finger.</p> + </div> + <div class="figleft" style="width:40%;"> + <a href="images/015a.png"><img width="100%" src="images/015a.png" + alt="Bones of the wrist" /></a> + FIG. A. + + <p>1, 2, 3, 4, the upper row of the bones of the wrist.</p> + + <p>5, 6, 7, 8, the lower row of the bones of the wrist.</p> + + <p>9, 10, the lower ends of the bones of the fore-arm.</p> + + <p>11, 12, 13, 14, 15, the upper ends of the bones of the palm of the + hand.</p> + + <p>The bones of the wrist are so firmly fastened together that they are + seldom put out of place. The upper row joins with the bones of the + fore-arm, the lower with those of the palm of the hand.</p> + </div> + <br clear="all" /> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 17 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page17" id="page17"></a>[17]</span></p> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS ON THE BONES.</p> + + <p>How many bones in the body?—"About two hundred."</p> + + <p>Of what use are the bones to the body?—"They make the body + strong; they form the framework of the body."</p> + + <p>How many bones in the face?—"Fourteen."</p> + + <p>How many bones in the ear?—"Four small bones."</p> + + <p>How many bones at the root of the tongue?—"One."</p> + + <p>How many bones in the upper arm?—"One."</p> + + <p>How many bones in the fore-arm?—"Two."</p> + + <p>How many bones between the wrist and the knuckles?—"Five."</p> + + <p>How many bones in the thumb?—"Two."</p> + + <p>How many bones in each of the fingers?—"Three."</p> + + <p>How many bones in the whole hand?—"Nineteen."</p> + + <p>How many bones in the hand and arm?—"Thirty."</p> + + <p>How many bones in the thigh?—"One long bone."</p> + + <p>How many bones in the lower leg?—"Two."</p> + + <p>How many bones in the heel?—"Seven."</p> + + <p>How many bones in the middle of the foot?—"Five."</p> + + <p>How many bones in the great toe?—"Two."</p> + + <p>How many bones in each of the other toes?—"Three."</p> + + <p>How many bones in the whole foot?—"Twenty-six."</p> + + <p>How many bones in the foot and leg?—"Thirty."</p> + + <p>How many bones in two arms and two hands?—"Sixty."</p> + + <p>How many bones in two legs and two feet?—"Sixty."</p> + + <p>How many bones in the limbs?—"One hundred and twenty."</p> + + <p>Where is the knee-pan?—"Over the knee joint."</p> + + <p>Where is the longest bone of the body?—"In the thigh."</p> + + <p>Where are the smallest bones of the body?—"In the ear."</p> + + <p>Point to the collar bones.</p> + + <p>Point to the shoulder blades.</p> + + <p>How many collar bones have you?—"Two."</p> + + <p>How many shoulder blades have you?—"Two."</p> + + <p>Point to the spine.</p> + + <p>Point to the breastbone.</p> + + <p>Point to the skull.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 18 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page18" id="page18"></a>[18]</span></p> + +<p class="center">EXERCISE FOR COUNTING THE BONES OF THE HAND.</p> + +<p class="center">FOR PRIMARY CLASSES.</p> + +<p class="center">I.</p> + + <p>1. Close both hands.</p> + + <p>2. Raise the forefinger of the right hand, as the index or pointing + finger.</p> + + <p>3. Place the index finger upon the lower thumb joint of the left + hand.</p> + + <p>4. Draw the index finger down to the wrist, over the bone between the + thumb knuckle and the wrist, and count "One."</p> + + <p>5. Place the index finger on the knuckle of the first finger.</p> + + <p>6. Draw the index finger down to the wrist, over the bone leading from + the first finger to the wrist, and count "Two."</p> + + <p>7. So on, for each of the three other bones of the hand. Repeat until + no mistake is made in touching or counting.</p> + +<p class="center">II.</p> + + <p>1. Raise the thumb, and place the index finger of the right hand on + the middle of the upper part of the thumb for bone "Six"; then</p> + + <p>2. On the lower part of the thumb for bone "Seven." Repeat from the + beginning, until the children can touch and count each bone properly.</p> + +<p class="center">III.</p> + + <p>1. Keep the thumb erect; raise the first finger of the left hand.</p> + + <p>2. Place the index finger on the bone between the tip and the first + joint of the first finger for bone "Eight."</p> + + <p>3. Between the first and middle joint for bone "Nine."</p> + + <p>4. Between the middle and third joint for bone "Ten." Review, from the + beginning, until the class can touch and count every bone as + directed.</p> + +<p class="center">IV.</p> + + <p>1. Keep the thumb and forefinger erect; raise the second finger and + touch, as in the lesson on the first finger bones, "Eleven," "Twelve," + and "Thirteen." Review. <!-- Page 19 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page19" id="page19"></a>[19]</span></p> + + <p>2. Proceed in the same manner for the third and fourth fingers, always + beginning with the bone nearest the tip of the finger, and touching that + at the lowest part last.</p> + + <p>If the exercise has been properly performed, every child will say + "Nineteen" as its index finger touches the lowest bone of the little + finger, and all the fingers of every left hand will be outspread.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">THE BONES</p> + + +<table width="52%" class="single" summary="Counting bones" title="Counting bones"> + <tr> + <td align="left" width="71%"> + OF THE HEAD: + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + Skull + </td> + <td align="right" width="28%"> + 8 + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + Face, including the lower jaw + </td> + <td align="right"> + 14 + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + Tongue + </td> + <td align="right"> + 1 + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + Ears + </td> + <td align="right"> + 8 + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + </td> + <td align="right"> + —— + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + </td> + <td align="right"> + 31 + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + OF THE TRUNK: + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + Spine + </td> + <td align="right"> + 24 + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + Ribs + </td> + <td align="right"> + 24 + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + Breastbone + </td> + <td align="right"> + 8 + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + Shoulder blades + </td> + <td align="right"> + 2 + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + Collar bones + </td> + <td align="right"> + 2 + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + </td> + <td align="right"> + —— + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + </td> + <td align="right"> + 60 + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + OF THE UPPER LIMBS: + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + Upper arms + </td> + <td align="right"> + 1 x 2 = 2 + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + Fore-arms + </td> + <td align="right"> + 2 x 2 = 4 + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + Wrists + </td> + <td align="right"> + 8 x 2 = 16 + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + Hands + </td> + <td align="right"> + 19 x 2 = 38 + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + </td> + <td align="right"> + —— + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + </td> + <td align="right"> + 60 + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + OF THE LOWER LIMBS: + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + Thighs + </td> + <td align="right"> + 1 x 2 = 2 + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + Knee-pans + </td> + <td align="right"> + 1 x 2 = 2 + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + Lower legs + </td> + <td align="right"> + 2 x 2 = 4 + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + Feet + </td> + <td align="right"> + 26 x 2 = 52 + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + </td> + <td align="right"> + —— + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + </td> + <td align="right"> + 60 + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <p>Total, 211, not including the teeth.<a id="footnotetag1" + name="footnotetag1" href="#footnote1"><sup>[1]</sup></a></p> + + <p>We teach the children to say "about two hundred," because there is not + always the same number of bones in the body. In some parts two or three + bones unite and form one bone. For example: the breastbone of a child is + made up of eight pieces; some of these unite as it becomes older, so that + when fully grown it has but three pieces in this bone.</p> + +<div class="note"> + <p><a id="footnote1" name="footnote1" href="#footnotetag1">[1]</a> The + teeth are not bone, but a kind of soft, bone-like substance, called + <i>dentine</i>. Common ivory is dentine.</p> + +</div> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<p><!-- Page 20 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page20" id="page20"></a>[20]</span></p> + +<h3>PART IV.</h3> + +<p class="center">FORMULAS FOR THE LESSONS ON THE ORGANS OF SENSE.</p> + + <p>1. <i>The Eyes.</i>—My eyes are to see with.</p> + + <p>My eye is like a ball in a deep, bony socket. The black circle in the + centre is the pupil or window of my eye; the colored ring is the iris or + curtain; the white part is the eyeball.</p> + + <p>My upper and lower eyelids cover and protect my eyes.</p> + + <p>My eyebrows are for beauty, and keep the perspiration from rolling + into my eyes.</p> + + <p>My eyes are washed by teardrops every time I wink my eyelids.</p> + + <p>2. <i>The Ears.</i>—My ears are to hear with:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>the rim of my ear,</p> + <p>the flap of my ear,</p> + <p>the drum of my ear.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>The drum of my ear is protected by a fence of short, stiff hairs, and + by a bitter wax about the roots of these hairs.</p> + + <p>3. <i>The Nose.</i>—My nose is to smell and breathe with; it is + in the middle of my face:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>my two nostrils,</p> + <p>the bridge of my nose,</p> + <p>the cartilage,</p> + <p>the tip of my nose.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>My nostrils lead to a passage back of my mouth through which I + breathe.</p> + + <p>The cartilage separates my nose into two parts.</p> + + <p>4. <i>The Mouth.</i>—My mouth is to speak, eat, and breathe + through:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>my upper lip,</p> + <p>my lower lip.</p> + </div> + </div> +<p><!-- Page 21 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page21" id="page21"></a>[21]</span></p> + + <p>In my mouth are:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>my tongue,</p> + <p>my lower teeth,</p> + <p>my upper teeth,</p> + <p>my lower teeth,</p> + <p>and my upper and lower jaws, covered with flesh called <i>gum</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>5. <i>The Teeth.</i>—My teeth are used in eating and + talking.</p> + + <p>My teeth are made of a soft kind of bone, covered with enamel.</p> + + <p>I have three kinds of teeth: cutting teeth, tearing teeth, grinding + teeth.</p> + + <p>A young child has twenty teeth, ten in each jaw.</p> + + <p>A grown person has thirty-two teeth, sixteen in each jaw.</p> + + <p>6. To preserve my teeth:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>I must keep them clean.</p> + <p>I must not scratch the enamel.</p> + <p>I must not eat or drink anything very hot or very cold.</p> + <p>I must not use them for scissors or nut-crackers.</p> + <p>I must not burn them with tobacco or cigars.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>7. <i>About Eating.</i>—When I eat I move my lower jaw only.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>My tongue brings the food between my teeth,</p> + <p>the cutters cut it,</p> + <p>the tearers tear it,</p> + <p>the grinders grind it,</p> + <p>the saliva moistens it,</p> + <p>and my tongue helps me to swallow it.</p> + </div> + </div> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULAS.</p> + + <p>1. Tell about your eyes.</p> + + <p>2. Tell about your ears.</p> + + <p>3. Tell about your nose.</p> + + <p>4. Tell about your mouth.</p> + + <p>5. Tell about your teeth.</p> + + <p>6. What is necessary if you would preserve your teeth?</p> + + <p>7. Tell about eating.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 22 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page22" id="page22"></a>[22]</span></p> + + <div class="figleft" style="width:33%;"> + <a href="images/021.png"><img width="100%" src="images/021.png" + alt="The Eye." /></a> + </div> + <p>1, the muscle which raises the upper eyelid.</p> + + <p>2, the upper oblique muscle.</p> + + <p>7, the lower oblique muscle. The oblique muscles roll the eye inward + and downward.</p> + + <p>4, 5, 6, three of the <i>four</i> straight muscles. Two of the + straight muscles roll the eye up and down; the other two move it right + and left.</p> + + <p>3, the pulley through which the upper oblique muscle plays.]</p> + + <br clear="all" /> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS ON THE DESCRIPTION OF THE EYES.</p> + + <p>Of what shape is the eye?—"It is round like a ball."</p> + + <p>In what is it placed?—"In a deep, bony socket."</p> + + <p>What is a socket?—"A hollow place."</p> + + <p>Why is the eye placed in a deep, bony socket?—"To keep it from + getting hurt."</p> + + <p>Why would not an eye shaped like a cube do for us?—"It would not + look well; it could not be rolled about."</p> + + <p>Why would not an eye shaped like a cone or cylinder do for + us?—"It could not be rolled in every direction."</p> + + <p>Why is the ball-shape best for the eye?—"It looks best, and may + be rolled in every direction."</p> + + <p>What part of the eye do we see through?—"The black spot in the + centre."</p> + + <p>What is it called?—"The pupil."</p> + +<p><!-- Page 23 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page23" id="page23"></a>[23]</span></p> + + <p>What shape is the pupil?—"Round like a circle."</p> + + <p>What color is the pupil?—"Black."</p> + + <p>Of what use is the pupil?—"To let light into the eye; to see + through."</p> + + <p>What is around the pupil?—"A colored ring."</p> + + <p>What is the colored ring called?—"The iris."</p> + + <p>Of what use is the iris?—"It acts like a curtain to the eye; it + lets in and keeps out light from the pupil."</p> + + <p>Of what shape is the iris?—"Round like a ring."</p> + + <p>Of what color is the iris?—"Sometimes blue, sometimes brown, + sometimes gray."</p> + + <p>Does the iris always appear the same in size?—"It does not: + sometimes it looks large, sometimes small."</p> + + <p>When is it the largest?—"When it rolls over the pupil to keep + out the strong light."</p> + + <p>When is it the smallest?—"When it rolls backward, to let light + into the pupil."</p> + + <p>When is the pupil the largest?—"When we are in the dark."</p> + + <p>When is the pupil the smallest?—"When we are in a bright + light."</p> + + <p>What color is the eyeball?—"White."</p> + + <p>What shape is the eyeball?—"Round like a ball."</p> + + <p>How is the eyeball held in its socket?—"By cords made of + flesh."</p> + + <p>Where are the eyebrows?—"Above the eyelids."</p> + + <p>Of what use are the eyebrows?—"To keep the perspiration from + rolling into the eyes."</p> + + <p>Where are the eyelids?—"Over the eyes."</p> + + <p>Of what use are they?—"They cover the eyes and keep them from + getting hurt."</p> + + <p>Where are the eyelashes?—"On the edges of the eyelids."</p> + + <p>Of what use are the tears?—"They keep the eyes clean; they make + the eyes move easily in their sockets."</p> + + <p>Where are the tears made?—"Back of the eyebrows."</p> + + <p>When do the tears wash the eyes?—"Every time we wink our + eyelids."</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 24 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page24" id="page24"></a>[24]</span></p> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS ON THE EARS.</p> + + <p>Name the parts of the ear.</p> + + <p>Where are your ears?—"On the sides of my head."</p> + + <p>Which is the rim of the ear?—"The edge of the ear."</p> + + <p>Which is the flap of the ear?—"The lower part of the ear."</p> + + <p>Where is the drum of the ear?—"Inside of the ear."</p> + + <p>How is the drum protected?—"By stiff hairs and a bitter wax at + its entrance."</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS ON THE NOSE.</p> + + <p>Where is the nose?—"In the middle of the face."</p> + + <p>Name the parts of the nose.</p> + + <p>Where is the tip of the nose?—"At the end of the nose."</p> + + <p>Where is the bridge of the nose?—"At the top of the nose, + between the eyes."</p> + + <p>Where is the cartilage?—"In the middle of the inside of the + nose."</p> + + <p>Of what use is the nose?—"To smell and breathe through."</p> + + <p>What are the nostrils?—"The openings inside of the nose."</p> + + <p>Of what use are the nostrils?—"To let the air into and out of + the opening back of the mouth."</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS ON THE MOUTH, ETC.</p> + + <p>Where is the mouth?—"In the lower part of the face, between the + nose and the chin."</p> + + <p>Of what use is the mouth?—"To breathe, speak, and eat + through."</p> + + <p>What is in the mouth?—"My tongue, my upper teeth, my lower + teeth, and my upper and lower jaws."</p> + + <p>What covers the jaws?—"Red flesh, called <i>gum</i>."</p> + + <p>Of what are the jaws composed?—"Of bones."</p> + + <p>Of what are the teeth made?—"Of dentine, covered with enamel." + <a href="#footnote1">See note</a>, p. 19.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 25 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page25" id="page25"></a>[25]</span></p> + + <p>What is enamel?—"A smooth, white substance, harder than + bone."</p> + + <p>Of what use are the teeth?—"To eat and talk with."</p> + + <p>What kinds of teeth have you?—"Cutting teeth, tearing teeth, + grinding teeth."</p> + + <p>Describe the cutting teeth.—"The cutting teeth have broad and + flat edges."</p> + + <p>Describe the tearing teeth.—"The tearing teeth are sharp and + pointed."</p> + + <p>Describe the grinding teeth.—"The grinding teeth are the thick, + back teeth."</p> + + <p>Which jaw is moved in eating?—"The lower jaw."</p> + + <p>What work do the teeth perform?—"They cut, tear, and grind the + food."</p> + + <p>How many teeth has a child in a full set?—"Twenty teeth: ten in + each jaw."</p> + + <p>How many teeth has a grown person in a full set?—"Thirty-two: + sixteen in each jaw."</p> + + <p>What does the tongue do in eating?—"It rolls the food between + the teeth, and helps in swallowing."</p> + + <p>What is the saliva?—"A kind of liquid, sometimes called + <i>spit</i>."</p> + + <p>Of what use is it in eating?—"It wets and softens the food."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by preserve?—"To keep from injury."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by injury?—"Hurt."</p> + + <p>How do you preserve your teeth? See Formula.</p> + + <p>How do very hot or very cold drinks hurt the teeth?—"They crack + the enamel."</p> + + <p>What happens if the enamel is cracked?—"The teeth decay."</p> + + <p>Then what must you do to preserve your teeth?—"I must try to + keep the enamel from being cracked or injured in any way."</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<p><!-- Page 26 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page26" id="page26"></a>[26]</span></p> + +<h3>PART V.</h3> + +<p class="center">FORMULA FOR DESCRIPTION OF THE BONES.</p> + + <p>1. My skull is formed of several bones united, like two saws with + their toothed edges hooked into each other.</p> + + <p>2. My spine extends from the base of the skull behind, down the middle + of my back.</p> + + <p>It is composed of twenty-four short bones, piled one upon the other, + with cartilage between them.</p> + + <p>These bones are fastened together, forming an upright and flexible + column, which makes me erect and graceful.</p> + + <p>3. My ribs are curved, strong, and light; there are twenty-four of + them, twelve on each side; they are fastened at the back to my spine, in + front to my breastbone, forming a hollow place for my heart, lungs, and + stomach.</p> + + <p>4. My shoulder blades are flat, thin, and like a triangle in shape; + they are for my arms to rest upon.</p> + + <p>5. My collar bones are fastened to my shoulder blades and my + breastbone; they keep my arms from sliding too far forward.</p> + + <p>6. The bones of old people are hard and brittle; those of children + soft and flexible; so I must sit and stand erect, that mine may not be + bent out of shape. I must not wear tight clothing, or do anything that + will crowd them out of their places.</p> + + <p>7. My bones are made from my food, after it has been changed into + blood; so I must be careful to eat good, wholesome food, that they may be + strong and healthy.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 27 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page27" id="page27"></a>[27]</span></p> + + <p>8. I must not breathe impure air, because impure air makes bad blood, + and bad blood makes poor bones.</p> + + <p>9. The body of every person is changing all the time, because the + skin, flesh, and bones are always wearing out, and the blood is always + repairing and building them again.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA.</p> + + <p>1. Tell about the skull.</p> + + <p>2. Tell about the spine.</p> + + <p>3. Tell about the ribs.</p> + + <p>4. Tell about the shoulder blades.</p> + + <p>5. Tell about the collar bones.</p> + + <p>6. Tell about the difference between the bones of old people and those + of children.</p> + + <p>7. Of what are your bones made?</p> + + <p>8. If you wish your bones to be strong, why should you not breathe + impure air?</p> + + <p>9. What have you learned about the change which is always taking place + in the body?</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:33%;"> + <a href="images/026.png"><img width="100%" src="images/026.png" + alt="The Joints of the Skull." /></a> + THE JOINTS OF THE SKULL. + </div> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 28 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page28" id="page28"></a>[28]</span></p> + + <p>A little girl was looking at some pictures of ladies in fashionable + dresses. While admiring the beautiful styles and bright colors of the + garments, she pointed to the waist of one, and exclaimed, "<i>That means + trouble</i>." The waist was too small for a grown person, and could only + have been made so by <i>tight-lacing</i>. The child had been taught that + dresses, corsets, coats, vests, bands, or anything fastened tightly + around the waist, press upon the ribs and crowd them out of place, + preventing the heart, lungs, and other inside organs from working as they + should, causing headache, dyspepsia, shortness of breath, and often + ending in some incurable disease, so she knew that <i>tight clothing + means trouble</i> to the wearer.</p> + + <div class="figright" style="width:45%;"> + <a href="images/027b.png"><img width="100%" src="images/027b.png" + alt="A natural, well-shaped chest." /></a> + FIG. 2. A natural, well-shaped chest. + </div> + <div class="figleft" style="width:45%;"> + <a href="images/027a.png"><img width="100%" src="images/027a.png" + alt="Deformed by tight-lacing." /></a> + FIG. 1. Deformed by tight-lacing. + </div> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS ON THE DESCRIPTION OF THE BONES.</p> + + <p>Point to the skull.</p> + + <p>Of what is it made?—"Several bones united together."</p> + + <p>How are the skull bones united?—"Like two saws with their + toothed edges hooked into each other."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by <i>toothed</i>?—"Having points, like + teeth."</p> + + <p>What covers the skull?—"Flesh, skin, and hair."</p> + + <p>Of what use is the skull?—"It protects the brain."</p> + + <p>What is the brain?—"That part of my body in which the thinking + is done."</p> + +<p><!-- Page 29 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page29" id="page29"></a>[29]</span></p> + + <p>Where is the spine?—"It extends from the base of my skull + behind, down the middle of my back."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by <i>extends</i>?—"Goes from."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by <i>base</i>?—"The lower part of + anything."</p> + + <p>Of what is the spine made?—"Of about twenty-four short bones, + with cartilage between them."</p> + + <p>What is cartilage?—"An elastic substance, harder than flesh, but + softer than bone."</p> + + <p>How are the bones of the spine placed?—"They are piled one upon + the other."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by <i>forming</i>?—"Making."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by <i>upright</i>?—"In a vertical + position."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by <i>flexible</i>?—"Easily bent."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by <i>column</i>?—"A pillar."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by <i>erect</i>?—"In a vertical position."</p> + + <p>Why is cartilage placed between the bones of the spine?—"To make + the spine flexible; to keep the brain from injury when we walk or + run."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by <i>elastic</i>?—"Springing back after having + been stretched, squeezed, twisted, or bent."</p> + + <p>Tell about your ribs.—"My ribs are curved, strong, and + light."</p> + + <p>Where are your ribs?—"On each side of my trunk."</p> + + <p>How many ribs have you?—"Twenty-four; twelve on each side."</p> + + <p>How are your ribs fastened?—"At the back to my spine; in front + to my breastbone."</p> + + <p>What do your ribs form?—"A hollow place for my heart, lungs, and + stomach."</p> + + <p>Where are your shoulder blades?—"In the upper part of my + back."</p> + + <p>What shape are they?—"Flat, thin, and like a triangle."</p> + + <p>Of what use are your shoulder blades?—"For my arms to rest + upon."</p> + + <p>Point to your collar bones.</p> + + <p>Where are they fastened?—"To my shoulder blades and my + breastbone."</p> + +<p><!-- Page 30 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page30" id="page30"></a>[30]</span></p> + + <p>Of what use are your collar bones?—"They keep my arms from + sliding too far forward."</p> + + <p>Of what are your bones made?—"Of food after it has been changed + into blood."</p> + + <p>Why should you eat wholesome food?—"That my bones may be strong + and healthy."</p> + + <p>How does impure air hurt the bones?—"Impure air makes bad blood, + and bad blood makes poor bones."</p> + + <p>Why should you sit and stand erect?—"Because my bones are easily + bent out of shape; if I do not sit and stand erect, they will grow + crooked."</p> + + <p>Why is it wrong to wear tight clothing?—"Because tight clothing + crowds the bones out of shape."</p> + + <p>Whose bones are the more brittle, those of a child, or those of an old + person?—"Those of an old person."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by <i>brittle</i>?—"Easily broken."</p> + + <p>Whose are the more flexible?—"Those of a child."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by <i>flexible</i>?—"Easily bent."</p> + + <p>What repairs the worn out bones, flesh, and skin of the + body?—"The blood."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by <i>repairs</i>?—"Mends."</p> + + <p>What causes the bones, flesh, and skin of your body to change + often?—"The bones, flesh, and skin are always wearing out, and the + blood is always building and repairing them again."</p> + + <p>What are alcoholic liquors?—"Liquors which have alcohol in + them."</p> + + <p>Name some alcoholic liquors.—"Beer, wine, rum, etc."</p> + + <p>Whose bones mend the more easily when broken, the bones of those who + drink alcoholic liquors, or those of the people who do not use these + poisons?—"The bones of those who <i>do not</i> use alcoholic + liquors."</p> + + <p>What other poison hurts the bones?—"Tobacco."</p> + + <p>How do alcohol and tobacco hurt the bones?—"They make bad blood, + and bad blood makes poor bones."</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<p><!-- Page 32 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page32" id="page32"></a>[32]</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:50%;"> + <a href="images/030.png"><img width="100%" src="images/030.png" + alt="The Muscles of the Body." /></a> + FRONT VIEW OF THE MUSCLES OF THE BODY. + </div> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 33 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page33" id="page33"></a>[33]</span></p> + +<h3>PART VI.</h3> + +<p class="center">FORMULA FOR THE LESSON ON THE MUSCLES.</p> + + <p>1. Muscles are the red, elastic bands and bundles of thread like + substance, called flesh, which cover the bones and make the eyeballs, the + eyelids, the tongue, the heart, the lungs, and various other parts of the + body.</p> + + <p>2. There are about four hundred and fifty muscles in my body.</p> + + <p>3. The work of the muscles is to support and move my bones, and + different parts of the body.</p> + + <p>4. The muscles may be named the muscles of my head, the muscles of my + trunk, the muscles of my limbs.</p> + + <p>5. The muscles of my head cover and move the parts of my head and + face. The muscles of my trunk cover and move the parts of my neck and + trunk. The muscles of my limbs cover and mote the parts of my arms and + legs.</p> + + <p>6. Those muscles are the weakest which I use least; those muscles are + the strongest which I exercise most in work or play.</p> + + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>7. If I would be strong and healthy,</p> + <p class="i4">my muscles must be used,</p> + <p class="i4">my muscles must be rested,</p> + <p class="i4">my muscles must be supplied with good blood.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>I must exercise in work and play to make them strong; I must sleep, or + change my kind of work or play, to give them rest, when they are tired; I + must breathe pure air, take wholesome food and drink, and live in the + sunlight, to supply them <!-- Page 34 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page34" id="page34"></a>[34]</span> with good blood; I must not + weaken them by using alcohol or tobacco.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA.</p> + + <p>1. Tell about the muscles.</p> + + <p>2. How many muscles have you in your body?</p> + + <p>3. Of what use are the muscles?</p> + + <p>4. How may the muscles be named?</p> + + <p>5. Tell about the muscles of the head, trunk, and limbs.</p> + + <p>6. Which muscles are the weakest, and which are the strongest?</p> + + <p>7. What is necessary if you would have strong and healthy muscles?</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">CLASSES AND WORK OF THE MUSCLES.</p> + + <p>The muscles are divided into two great classes: those which we may + move as we choose, called <i>voluntary</i> muscles, and those over which + we have no power, called <i>involuntary</i> muscles.</p> + + <p>Some muscles support and move the various parts of the body, others + have different work to do. The heart, the great involuntary muscle, acts + like an engine to drive the blood throughout the body; the lungs draw in + and throw out the air in breathing; the stomach helps to churn and change + food into blood; the tongue is used in speaking and eating.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS ON THE MUSCLES.</p> + + <p>What are the muscles?—"The lean flesh of the body; bands and + bundles of fleshy threads which cover the body."</p> + + <p>Of what use are the muscles to the body?—"They cover the bones; + they support and move the bones and different parts of the body."</p> + + <p>Name some parts of the body which are made of muscles.—"The + eyeballs, the eyelids, the tongue, the heart, the lungs."</p> + + <p>What color are the muscles?—"Red."</p> + + <p>How do the muscles move the bones?—"By shortening or lengthening + themselves according to the way the bones are to be moved."</p> + + <p>Tell how the muscles move your arm at the elbow.—"The <!-- Page + 35 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page35" id="page35"></a>[35]</span> + muscles in the front part of the arm shorten themselves, to draw my + fore-arm toward the shoulder; when I wish to stretch out the fore-arm + these muscles lengthen, while another set of muscles shorten, to draw the + fore-arm away from the upper arm."</p> + + <p>What do you say about the muscles because they have the power to + shorten and lengthen themselves?—"They are elastic."</p> + + <p>About how many muscles are there in your whole body?—"About four + hundred and fifty."</p> + + <p>How may these be divided as you study about them?—"They may be + divided into the muscles of my head, the muscles of my trunk, and the + muscles of my limbs."</p> + + <p>Of what use are the muscles of your head?—"They cover and move + the parts of my head and face."</p> + + <p>Of what use are the muscles of your trunk?—"They move the parts + of my neck and trunk."</p> + + <p>Of what use are the muscles of your limbs?—"They move the parts + of my arms and legs."</p> + + <p>How can you make your muscles strong?—"By using them."</p> + + <p>How can you make your muscles weak?—"By not using them."</p> + + <p>What is necessary to make your muscles strong and healthy?—"They + must be used; they must be rested when tired; they must be supplied with + pure blood."</p> + + <p>How should the muscles be used?—"They should be exercised in + work or play."</p> + + <p>How may they be rested?—"I may rest my muscles by changing + position; by changing my kind of work or play; or by going to sleep."</p> + + <p>Explain what you mean by changing your position.—"If I am + standing, I must sit or lie down to rest them; if they are tired, because + I have been sitting too long, I must rest them by standing, walking, or + running."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by changing the kind of work or play?—"If, in + my work or play, my arms become tired, I must do something in which my + arms may rest, though other parts of my body may be in exercise."</p> + +<p><!-- Page 36 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page36" id="page36"></a>[36]</span></p> + + <p>How may you help supply your muscles with good blood?—"By + breathing pure air; by taking wholesome food and drink; and by living in + the sunlight."</p> + + <p>How does drinking alcoholic liquors hurt the muscles?—"It makes + them weak, and unfit to move the parts of the body."</p> + + <p>What wonderful muscle moves without your will?—"The heart."</p> + + <p>How does alcohol hurt the heart?—"It makes it beat too + fast."</p> + + <p>How does "beating too fast" hurt the heart?—"It makes it tired, + and sometimes wears it out." <a href="#page73">See Appendices</a> on + Alcohol and Tobacco.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<p><!-- Page 38 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page38" id="page38"></a>[38]</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:50%;"> + <a href="images/035.png"><img width="100%" src="images/035.png" + alt="The Skin." /></a> + <p>THE SKIN (very highly magnified).—(From Walker's + <i>Physiology</i>, 1884.)</p> + </div> + <p>A, arteries; V, veins; N, nerves; F, fat cells; E, the outer skin; CL, + the color layer; D, the true skin; PT, a perspiratory tube; HF, a hair + and hair sac; EP, muscles; SG, oil glands; TC, tactile corpuscles; CT, + connective tissue.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 39 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page39" id="page39"></a>[39]</span></p> + +<h3>PART VII.</h3> + +<p class="center">FORMULA FOR THE LESSON ON THE SKIN.</p> + + <p>1. My skin covers my body.</p> + + <p>2. It is thin, elastic, flexible, porous, and absorbent.</p> + + <p>3. I have two skins; the inner skin is the true skin.</p> + + <p>4. My true skin is elastic, and like a net-work of blood-vessels and + nerves. My true skin is covered with a jelly-like substance which gives + color to my skin.</p> + + <p>5. My outside skin is not the same thickness over my whole body. In + some parts, as on the palms of my hands and the soles of my feet, it is + very thick and tough.</p> + + <p>6. If my outside skin be destroyed, it will grow again; if the + jelly-like substance be destroyed, it will re-appear; but if my true skin + be destroyed, it will never be perfectly renewed.</p> + + <p>7. More than half of the waste substance of my body passes from it + through the pores of the skin, in the form of perspiration.</p> + + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>8. If I would have a healthy skin,</p> + <p class="i4">I must perspire freely all the time,</p> + <p class="i4">I must keep my body clean,</p> + <p class="i4">I must wear clean clothing,</p> + <p class="i4">I must breathe pure air,</p> + <p class="i4">and live in the sunlight.</p> + </div> + </div> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA.</p> + + <p>1. Where is your skin?</p> + + <p>2. Tell about the skin.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 40 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page40" id="page40"></a>[40]</span></p> + + <p>3. How many skins have you?</p> + + <p>4. Tell about the true skin.</p> + + <p>5. What difference is there in the thickness of your outside skin?</p> + + <p>6. What happens if the different skins be destroyed?</p> + + <p>7. What passes through the pores of the skin?</p> + + <p>8. What is necessary if you would have a healthy skin?</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">DIRECTIONS FOR BATHING.</p> + + <p>Bathe the whole body at least twice every week. Do not bathe when + tired or after a hearty meal. After bathing <i>rub well</i> with a coarse + towel.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS ON THE SKIN.</p> + + <p>Of what use is the skin?—"It covers the muscles of the + body."</p> + + <p>What can you tell about it?—"It is flexible, elastic, porous, + and absorbent."</p> + + <p>Why do you say it is flexible?—"Because it is easily bent."</p> + + <p>Why do you say it is porous?—"Because it is full of little + holes, or pores."</p> + + <p>Why do you say it is elastic?—"Because it will spring back after + it is stretched, squeezed, twisted, or bent."</p> + + <p>Why do you say it is absorbent?—"Because it will soak up + liquids."</p> + + <p>How many skins have you?—"Two; an outside skin, and an inner + skin."</p> + + <p>Which is the true skin?—"The inner skin."</p> + + <p>Of what is the inner skin composed?—"Of blood-vessels and + nerves."</p> + + <p>How do you know that the outer skin has no + blood-vessels?—"Because if I put a pin through the outer skin the + blood does not flow out, as it would if I had cut a blood-vessel."</p> + + <p>How do you know the outer skin has no nerves?—"Because <!-- Page + 41 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page41" id="page41"></a>[41]</span> + if I put a pin through my outer skin it does not make me suffer pain, as + it would if I had touched a nerve."</p> + + <p>What gives color to the skin?—"A jelly-like substance between + the inner and the outer skin."</p> + + <p>What have you learned about the true skin?—"That it is of the + same color in people of every nation."</p> + + <p>What difference is there in the thickness of the outer skin? [See + Formula.]</p> + + <p>What passes through the pores of the skin? [See Formula.]</p> + + <p>What is this waste called when it comes from the surface of the + skin?—"Perspiration."</p> + + <p>When does the perspiration flow through the pores of the + skin?—"All the time, if the skin is healthy."</p> + + <p>Why do we not always see the perspiration which passes through the + pores?—"Because it does not always form drops on the surface of the + skin; it generally passes off in very fine particles."</p> + + <p>What becomes of the fine or minute portions of perspiration which pass + from the body?—"Some of these portions are absorbed by the + clothing; some pass into and mix with the air around us."</p> + + <p>What effect does the perspiration produce on the air and the + clothing?—"It soon makes the air unfit to be breathed, and the + clothing unfit to be worn."</p> + + <p>What is necessary if you would have a healthy skin? [See Formula.]</p> + + <p>Why must you wear clean clothing?—"That there may be nothing + impure in the clothing for the pores of the skin to absorb."</p> + + <p>Why should you breathe pure air?—"Because air purifies the + blood, and pure blood is necessary to make a healthy skin."</p> + + <p>How does drinking alcoholic liquors hurt the skin?—"It makes the + blood impure, and impure blood makes unhealthy skin."</p> + + <p>In what other way does drinking these liquors hurt the skin?—"It + gives the skin too much work to do."</p> + +<p><!-- Page 42 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page42" id="page42"></a>[42]</span></p> + + <p>How does it give it too much work to do?—"It makes more waste + substance to pass from it through the pores, in the form of + perspiration."</p> + + <p>In what other way does drinking alcoholic liquors hurt the + skin?—"It makes it a bad color."</p> + + <p>How does it make the skin a bad color?—"It stretches the little + blood-vessels of the skin, and makes them too full of blood." <a + href="#page85">See Appendix.</a></p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<p><!-- Page 44 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page44" id="page44"></a>[44]</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:33%;"> + <a href="images/040.png"><img width="100%" src="images/040.png" + alt="The Heart." /></a> + THE HEART. + </div> + <p>A, the right ventricle; B, the left ventricle; C, the right auricle D, + the left auricle; E, the aorta; F, the pulmonary artery.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 45 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page45" id="page45"></a>[45]</span></p> + +<h3>PART VIII.</h3> + +<p class="center">FORMULA FOR THE LESSON ON THE HEART AND THE CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD.</p> + + <p>1. My heart is shaped like a cone, and placed in my chest near my + breastbone, with its apex pointing downward to my left side. It beats + about seventy times a minute, sending out about two ounces of blood at + every beat.</p> + + <p>2. The blood when pure is of a bright red color; it is a liquid made + from food and drink.</p> + + <p>3. It passes from my heart to all parts of my body, through pipes + called arteries; these arteries spread out through the body like branches + from a tree.</p> + + <p>4. As the blood flows from the heart, through the arteries, it gives + nourishment to every part of the body, and carries away the impurities it + meets, which makes it black and thick; when it comes through the veins, + back to the heart, it is not fit to be used, so it goes to the lungs to + be purified by the fresh air; then it returns to the heart to be sent + again throughout the body; this happens once in from three to eight + minutes, and is called the circulation of the blood.</p> + + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>7. If I would be healthy,</p> + <p class="i4">my blood must be pure and circulate freely all the time.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>8. It will not circulate freely,</p> + <p class="i4">if I wear tight clothing,</p> + <p class="i4">if I do not exercise in work or play,</p> + <p class="i4">if I do not keep my body warm.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> +<!-- Page 46 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page46" id="page46"></a>[46]</span> + <p>9. It will be impure,</p> + <p class="i4">if I breathe bad air,</p> + <p class="i4">if I eat unwholesome food,</p> + <p class="i4">if I drink alcoholic liquors,</p> + <p class="i4">if I snuff, smoke, or chew tobacco.</p> + </div> + </div> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA.</p> + + <p>1. Tell about the heart and where it is placed.</p> + + <p>2. Tell about the blood and of what it is made.</p> + + <p>3. Where does the good blood pass after it is sent out from the + heart?</p> + + <p>4. Tell what the blood does as it flows through the body.</p> + + <p>5. What is this flowing of the blood to and from the heart called?</p> + + <p>6. How often does it happen?</p> + + <p>7. What is necessary if you would have pure blood?</p> + + <p>8. When will the blood not circulate freely?</p> + + <p>9. When will the blood be impure?</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">HOW TO TREAT A WOUND.</p> + + <p>If it is only a flesh-wound or slight cut, wash it with cold water and + bandage it with a clean, white rag. The edges of a deep cut should be + drawn together and held in place by narrow strips of adhesive plaster, + fastened across the wound from side to side.</p> + + <p>If the cut is very deep, and the blood flows very freely, send for a + doctor. While you wait for him, knot a handkerchief, or suspender, or + towel, in the middle, and twist it very tightly <i>over the cut artery, + above the wound</i>. If a vein has been severed, twist the knotted + handkerchief <i>below the wound</i>. If the blood continues to flow, tie + a bandage both above and below the hurt part.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 47 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page47" id="page47"></a>[47]</span></p> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS ON THE HEART AND THE CIRCULATION OF +THE BLOOD.</p> + + <p>Of what shape is your heart?—"My heart is shaped like a + cone."</p> + + <p>Where is it placed?—"In the chest, pointing toward my left + side."</p> + + <p>What bone is it near?—"It is near my breastbone."</p> + + <p>Of what use is the heart?—"It contains the blood and sends it to + the different parts of the body."</p> + + <p>How much blood is sent from the heart at each beat?—"About two + ounces."</p> + + <p>What is the blood?—"A liquid made from food and drink."</p> + + <p>Of what color is the blood?—"Bright red, when pure; dark red, + when impure."</p> + + <p>How does the heart send the blood through the body?—"Through + pipes called arteries."</p> + + <p>What do the arteries resemble in the way they are arranged?—"The + branches of a tree."</p> + + <p>What makes the blood impure?—"As the blood flows, it gives + nourishment to every part of the body; this makes it poor. It also takes + up the old worn-out particles; this makes it impure."</p> + + <p>Where do the arteries carry the impure blood?—"To the + veins."</p> + + <p>Where do the veins carry the impure blood?—"To the heart."</p> + + <p>Where does the heart carry the impure blood?—"To the lungs."</p> + + <p>What happens to the impure blood in the lungs?—"It is made + pure."</p> + + <p>What makes it pure?—"Pure air."</p> + + <p>Where do the lungs send the blood after it is made pure?—"Back + to the heart."</p> + + <p>Where does the heart send the pure blood?—"Throughout the + body."</p> + +<p><!-- Page 48 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page48" id="page48"></a>[48]</span></p> + + <p>What is the journey of the blood to and from the heart to the + different parts of the body called?—"The circulation of the + blood."</p> + + <p>What is the circulation of the blood?—"The circulation of the + blood is its journey from the heart to the different parts of the body, + and from the different parts of the body back to the heart."</p> + + <p>How often does this circulation take place?—"Once in from three + to eight minutes, according as the heart beats fast or slowly."</p> + + <p>What kind of blood is necessary to health?—"Pure blood."</p> + + <p>How should the blood circulate?—"Freely, all the time."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by freely?—"Without anything to hinder."</p> + + <p>What is necessary for the free circulation of the blood?—"I must + wear clean clothing; I must exercise in work or play; I must keep my body + warm."</p> + + <p>How does tight clothing hinder the free circulation of the + blood?—"By pressing upon the arteries and veins; and when about the + waist, causing the ribs and other parts of the body to press upon the + heart."</p> + + <p>How does exercise help the free circulation of the + blood?—"Exercise makes the heart beat faster, which causes the + blood to more faster through the arteries and veins."</p> + + <p>Why does keeping the body warm help the circulation of the + blood?—"Because the blood moves faster when it is warmest; cold + chills the blood, and makes it move slowly."</p> + + <p>What harm do alcoholic liquors do to the heart?—"They make it + tired, and sometimes wear it out."</p> + + <p>In what way do they make it tired?—"They make it beat too + fast."</p> + + <p>Why does it beat too fast?—"Because it is hurrying to drive the + alcohol out of the body."</p> + + <p>In what other way do alcoholic liquors hurt the heart?—"They + produce disease in it."</p> + + <p>Tell one way by which the heart becomes diseased through <!-- Page 49 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page49" id="page49"></a>[49]</span> + alcoholic liquors?—"Alcohol softens the fibres of the muscles of + the heart, and fills them with fat."</p> + + <p>What harm does this do to the heart?—"It makes it too weak to do + its work, which is to pump the blood through the body."</p> + + <p>What sometimes happens when the heart is thus weakened?—"It + stops beating, which causes sudden death."</p> + + <p>What harm does alcohol do to the blood?—"It uses up the water of + the blood; it destroys the goodness of the red part; it makes the blood + thin, impure, and unfit to do its work." <a href="#page73">See + Appendices</a> on Alcohol and Tobacco.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<p><!-- Page 50 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page50" id="page50"></a>[50]</span></p> + + <div class="figleft" style="width:40%;"> + <a href="images/046.png"><img width="100%" src="images/046.png" + alt="The Lungs." /></a> + THE LUNGS. + </div> + <p>1, 2, the larynx, the upper part of the windpipe.</p> + + <p>3, the windpipe, or trachea.</p> + + <p>4, where the windpipe divides to right and left lungs.</p> + + <p>5, the right bronchial tube.</p> + + <p>6, the left bronchial tube.</p> + + <p>7, outline of the right lung.</p> + + <p>8, outline of the left lung.</p> + + <p>9, the left lung.</p> + + <p>10, the right lung.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 51 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page51" id="page51"></a>[51]</span></p> + +<h3>PART IX.</h3> + +<p class="center">FORMULA FOR THE LESSON ON THE LUNGS AND +RESPIRATION.</p> + + <p>1. My lungs are the bellows or breathing machines of my body.</p> + + <p>2. They are composed of a soft, fleshy substance, full of small + air-cells and tubes. They are porous and spongy when healthy, but in some + diseases become an almost solid mass, through which the air cannot + pass.</p> + + <p>3. I breathe by drawing the air through my windpipe, along the tubes + into the cells of my lungs, swelling them out, and causing my chest to + expand; then the chest contracts, and the impure vapor in my lungs is + pressed out through the same tubes, windpipe, nose, and mouth, into the + atmosphere.</p> + + <p>4. I cannot live without breathing, because if the air does not go + down into my lungs, the dark blood in them is not changed into pure red + blood, and goes back through my body dark blood, which cannot keep me + alive.</p> + + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>5. If I would have healthy lungs,</p> + <p class="i4">I must breathe pure air,</p> + <p class="i4">I must live in the sunlight,</p> + <p class="i4">I must keep my body clean,</p> + <p class="i4">I must wear loose clothing,</p> + <p class="i4">I must wear clean clothing,</p> + <p class="i4">I must sit and stand erect,</p> + <p class="i4">I must keep all parts of my body warm,</p> + <p class="i4">I must not change my winter clothing too early in the spring,</p> + <p class="i4">I must avoid draughts of cool air,</p> +<!-- Page 52 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page52" id="page52"></a>[52]</span> + <p class="i4">I must not rush into the cold when I am in a perspiration,</p> + <p class="i4">I must not poison my lungs with alcohol or tobacco.</p> + </div> + </div> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA.</p> + + <p>1. What are the lungs?</p> + + <p>2. Describe the lungs.</p> + + <p>3. How do you breathe?</p> + + <p>4. Why can you not live without breathing?</p> + + <p>5. What is necessary if you would have healthy lungs?</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">THE AIR AND THE LUNGS.</p> + + <p>The air which enters through the nose and mouth passes into a tube of + muscles and ring-like pieces of cartilage. The upper part of this tube is + the voice-box or <i>larynx</i>, covered by a spoon-shaped lid which + closes when we swallow; the lower part is the <i>trachea</i>, and the two + parts are the windpipe. The trachea divides into two branches, <i>the + bronchial tubes</i>, one for each lung. These tubes divide again and + again like the branches of a tree, and end in exceedingly small sacs or + bags. The air in these sacs, or air-cells, gives <i>oxygen</i> to the + blood in the tiny blood-vessels of the lungs and takes from them the + poison, <i>carbonic-acid gas</i>, water, and impurities, which it carries + back through the windpipe into the outside air.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS ON THE LUNGS AND RESPIRATION.</p> + + <p>Of what are the lungs composed?—"Of a soft, fleshy substance, + full of small air-cells and tubes."</p> + + <p>Of what use are the lungs?—"They are the breathing machines of + the body."</p> + + <p>How do the lungs appear when healthy?—"Porous and spongy."</p> + + <p>How does the air get into the lungs?—"The air flows through the + nose and mouth, into the windpipe and along the air-tubes, into the + air-cells of the lungs."</p> + +<p><!-- Page 53 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page53" id="page53"></a>[53]</span></p> + + <p>What does the air do in the lungs?—"It swells the lungs and + causes the chest to expand."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by expand?—"To increase in size."</p> + + <p>How is the air expelled from the lungs?—"The chest contracts + and sends the impure air through the tubes and windpipe, the nose and + mouth, into the atmosphere."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by contracts?—"Becomes smaller."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by atmosphere?—"The air."</p> + + <p>Of what use is the air when it is in the lungs?—"It makes the + blood pure."</p> + + <p>Why can you not live without breathing?—"Because, if I do not + breathe, pure air cannot get into the lungs to make the bad blood pure, + and I cannot live if the dark, impure blood is sent back again through my + body."</p> + + <p>Why must you live in the sunlight?—"Because the sunlight helps + to purify the blood and strengthen the body."</p> + + <p>Why must you wear loose clothing?—"Because tight clothing stops + the circulation of the blood."</p> + + <p>Why must you avoid tight-lacing?—"Because tight-lacing crowds + the ribs against the lungs, so that the lungs cannot move freely."</p> + + <p>Why should you wear clean clothing?—"That nothing impure may + pass into the body through the pores of the skin."</p> + + <p>Why should you keep the body clean?—"That the pores of the skin + may not be closed, but remain open to let the perspiration pass + through."</p> + + <p>What has the cleanliness of the body to do with the health of the + lungs?—"If the body is not kept clean, the perspiratory pores + become clogged."</p> + + <p>What happens when the perspiratory pores are clogged?—"The + impure particles which should pass through them stay in the body, and + cause disease in the lungs or other parts."</p> + + <p>Why should you sit and stand erect?—"Because, if I am in the + habit of stooping, my lungs will be crowded, and will not have enough + room to move freely."</p> + + <p>Why should you keep all parts of the body warm?—"Because <!-- + Page 54 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page54" + id="page54"></a>[54]</span> chilling any part of the body causes the + blood to chill in that part, and thus hinders its circulation."</p> + + <p>Why should you not change your winter clothing too early in the spring + of the year?—"I may take cold if not warmly clothed during the cool + days of early spring."</p> + + <p>Why should you avoid draughts of cool air?—"Because the cool air + blows upon some parts of the body and closes the pores of the skin, + checking the perspiration, and hindering the circulation of the + blood."</p> + + <p>Why should you not rush suddenly from a warm to a cool + place?—"Because when warm the pores of the skin are open; if I rush + suddenly into the cool air, these pores are closed too quickly."</p> + + <p>Why does stopping the perspiration hurt the lungs more or + less?—"The impurities it ought to carry away remain in the body, + make the blood impure, and produce disease in some part; very often that + part is the lungs."</p> + + <p>What harm does alcohol do in the lungs?—"It fills the lungs with + impure blood."</p> + + <p>What harm does it do to the air-cells?—"It hardens the walls of + the air-cells of the lungs."</p> + + <p>What harm is done by the hardening of these air-cells?—"1. The + lungs cannot take in enough of the gas called oxygen to purify the blood + perfectly. 2. The gases or vapors in the lungs cannot pass freely through + the hardened air-cells."</p> + + <p>What happens from this?—"The lungs become diseased."</p> + + <p>From what disease do some hard drinkers suffer?—"Alcoholic + consumption, for which there is no cure." <a href="#page73">See + Appendices</a> on Alcohol and Tobacco.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<p><!-- Page 56 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page56" id="page56"></a>[56]</span></p> + + <div class="figleft" style="width:40%;"> + <a href="images/051.png"><img width="100%" src="images/051.png" + alt="The Digestive Organs." /></a> + THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. + </div> + <p>1. The upper jaw.</p> + + <p>2. The lower jaw.</p> + + <p>3. The tongue.</p> + + <p>4. The roof of the mouth.</p> + + <p>5. The food-pipe.</p> + + <p>6. The windpipe.</p> + + <p>7, 8. Where the saliva is made.</p> + + <p>9. The stomach.</p> + + <p>10. The liver.</p> + + <p>11. Where the bile is made.</p> + + <p>12. The duct through which the bile passes to the small intestine.</p> + + <p>13. The upper part of the small intestine.</p> + + <p>14. Where the pancreatic juice is made.</p> + + <p>15. The small intestine.</p> + + <p>16. The opening of the small into the large intestine.</p> + + <p>17-20. The large intestine.</p> + + <p>21. The spleen.</p> + + <p>22. The spinal column.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 57 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page57" id="page57"></a>[57]</span></p> + +<h3>PART X.</h3> + +<p class="center">FORMULA FOR THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS AND DIGESTION.</p> + + <p>1. When my food is chewed, it is rolled by my tongue into the + oesophagus, or food-pipe, which is back of my windpipe, and leads from my + mouth down along the side of my spine, to the left and upper end of my + stomach.</p> + + <p>2. My stomach is an oblong, soft, and fleshy bag, extending from my + left to my right side, below my lungs and heart.</p> + + <p>3. It is composed of three coats or membranes, and resembles + tripe.</p> + + <p>4. The <i>outer coat</i> is smooth, thick, and tough. It supports and + strengthens the stomach.</p> + + <p>5. The <i>middle coat</i> is fibrous. Its fibres have the power of + contracting, sometimes pressing upon the food, and sometimes pushing it + along toward the opening which leads out of the stomach.</p> + + <p>6. The <i>inner coat</i> is soft, thick, spongy, and wrinkled. It + prepares a slimy substance and a fluid. The slimy substance prevents the + stomach from being irritated by the food. The fluid dissolves the + food.</p> + + <p>7. Food passes through several changes after it enters the mouth.</p> + + <p>8. It is changed into pulp in the <i>mouth</i>, by the action of the + teeth and the saliva. This is called <i>mastication</i>. It is changed in + the <i>stomach</i>, by the action of the stomach and the gastric juice, + into another kind of pulp called <i>chyme</i>. The chyme is changed by + the bile and another kind of juice, called <i>pancreatic</i> <!-- Page 58 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page58" id="page58"></a>[58]</span> + <i>juice</i>; these separate the nourishing from the waste substance. The + nourishing, milk-like substance is called <i>chyle</i>. The waste + substance passes from the body. The chyle is poured into a vein behind + the collar bone, and passes through the heart to the lungs, where it is + changed into blood.</p> + + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>9. If I would have a healthy stomach,</p> + <p class="i4">I must be careful what kind of food I eat,</p> + <p class="i4">I must be careful how much I eat,</p> + <p class="i4">I must be careful how I eat,</p> + <p class="i4">I must be careful when I eat.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>10. I must eat wholesome food, good bread, ripe fruits, rather than + rich pies or jellies.</p> + + <p>11. I must eat enough food, but not too much.</p> + + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>12. I must eat slowly,</p> + <p class="i4">I must masticate my food thoroughly,</p> + <p class="i4">I must masticate and swallow ray food without drinking</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>13. I must take my food regularly but not too often,</p> + <p class="i4">I must rest before and after eating, if possible,</p> + <p class="i4">I must not eat just before bedtime.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>14. I must breathe pure air,</p> + <p class="i4">I must sit, stand, and walk erect,</p> + <p class="i4">I must not drink alcoholic liquors,</p> + <p class="i4">I must not snuff, smoke, or chew tobacco.</p> + </div> + </div> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA.</p> + + <p>1. Describe the process of eating.<a id="footnotetag2" + name="footnotetag2" href="#footnote2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> See page <a + href="#page21">21</a>.</p> + + <p>2. Where does the food go after it is chewed?</p> + + <p>3. Describe the stomach.</p> + + <p>4. Of what is the stomach composed?</p> + + <p>5. Describe the outer coat of the stomach, and tell its use.</p> + + <p>6. Describe the middle coat of the stomach, and tell its use.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 59 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page59" id="page59"></a>[59]</span></p> + + <p>7. Describe the inner coat of the stomach, and tell its use.</p> + + <p>8. What happens to the food after it enters the mouth?</p> + + <p>9. Tell about these changes.</p> + + <p>10. What is necessary if you would have a healthy stomach?</p> + + <p>11. What kind of food must you eat?</p> + + <p>12. How much food must you eat?</p> + + <p>13. How must you eat?</p> + + <p>14. When must you eat?</p> + + <p>15. What other rules must you obey?</p> + +<div class="note"> + <p><a id="footnote2" name="footnote2" href="#footnotetag2">[2]</a> See + Formula 7 on the Organs of Sense.</p> + +</div> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">"EAT TO LIVE, NOT LIVE TO EAT."</p> + + <p>There is pleasure in eating, because God has given us the sense of + taste, that we may enjoy our food. But not everything which pleases this + sense is good for the body, so we should learn what things are wholesome + and choose them for our food and drink, refusing everything which is + unwholesome. Those who obey these rules "<i>eat to live</i>" and never + become drunkards or gluttons.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS ON THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS AND DIGESTION.</p> + + <p>What happens to the food after it is chewed?—"It is rolled by my + tongue into the oesophagus or food-pipe."</p> + + <p>Where is the oesophagus or food-pipe?—"It passes from the mouth + down the left side of the spine."</p> + + <p>What is the stomach?—"A fleshy bag which receives and changes + the food we eat."</p> + + <p>Where is the stomach?—"In the front part of the chest, below the + heart and lungs."</p> + + <p>Of what is the stomach composed?—"Of three coats or + membranes."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by composed?—"Made of."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by membrane?—"A thin skin."</p> + + <p>What are the coats of the stomach called?—"The outer coat, the + middle coat, the inner coat."</p> + + <p>Describe the outer coat of the stomach.—"The outer coat is + smooth, thick, and tough."</p> + +<p><!-- Page 60 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page60" id="page60"></a>[60]</span></p> + + <p>Of what use is the outer coat of the stomach?—"It strengthens + and supports the stomach."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by supports?—"Holds."</p> + + <p>Describe the middle coat of the stomach.—"The middle coat is + composed of fleshy fibres, which have the power of making themselves long + or short."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by fibrous?—"Composed of threads."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by fibres?—"Threads."</p> + + <p>Of what are the fibres of the stomach composed?—"Of flesh."</p> + + <p>Of what use are the fibres of the stomach?—"They press upon the + food, and push it toward the opening which leads out of the stomach."</p> + + <p>Describe the inner coat of the stomach.—"The inner coat is soft, + thick, spongy, and wrinkled."</p> + + <p>Of what use is the inner coat of the stomach?—"It prepares a + slimy substance and a fluid."</p> + + <p>Of what use is the slimy substance?—"It prevents the stomach + from being irritated by the food."</p> + + <p>Of what use is the fluid?—"It dissolves the food."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by slimy?—"Soft, moist, and sticky."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by irritate?—"To produce unhealthy action."</p> + + <p>What do you mean by dissolves?—"Melts."</p> + + <p>Where is the food changed after it is taken into the + mouth?—"First it is changed in the mouth; second, it is changed in + the stomach; third, it is changed after leaving the stomach; fourth, it + is changed in the lungs."</p> + + <p>By what is it changed in the mouth?—"By the action of the teeth + and the saliva."</p> + + <p>By what is it changed in the stomach?—"By the action of the + stomach and a kind of fluid called gastric juice."</p> + + <p>By what is it changed after leaving the stomach?—"By the action + of the bile and the pancreatic juice."</p> + + <p>By what is it changed in the lungs?—"Nobody knows."</p> + + <p>Into what is it changed in the mouth?—"Into pulp." <!-- Page 61 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page61" id="page61"></a>[61]</span></p> + + <p>Into what is it changed after leaving the stomach?—"Into chyle + and waste substance."</p> + + <p>Into what is it changed in the lungs?—"Into blood."</p> + + <p>What is the change in the mouth called?—"Mastication, or + chewing."</p> + + <p>What is the change in the stomach called?—"Chymification, or + chyme-making."</p> + + <p>What is the change after leaving the stomach + called?—"Chylification, or chyle-making."</p> + + <p>What is necessary, if you would have a healthy stomach?—"I must + be careful what kind of food I eat; how much I eat; and when I eat."</p> + + <p>What kind of food must you eat?—"Wholesome food, etc." See + Formula.</p> + + <p>How much must you eat?—"Enough, but not too much."</p> + + <p>How must you eat?—"Slowly."</p> + + <p>How should your food be masticated?—"Thoroughly."</p> + + <p>When must you eat?—"Regularly, but not too often."</p> + + <p>When should you avoid eating?—"Just before bedtime."</p> + + <p>What kind of air should you breathe?—"Pure air."</p> + + <p>How should you sit, stand, and walk?—"Erect."</p> + + <p>Why should you not eat too much food?—"Because, if I eat too + much food, my stomach will have too much work to do in changing it into + chyme."</p> + + <p>Why should you eat slowly?—"That I may have time to masticate + the food thoroughly."</p> + + <p>Why should you masticate your food thoroughly?—"That it may be + well prepared to enter the stomach."</p> + + <p>Why should the food be well prepared to enter the + stomach?—"Because, if it is not well prepared in the mouth, the + stomach will have too much work to change it into chyme."</p> + + <p>Why should you eat regularly, but not too often?—"Because the + stomach needs rest, which it cannot have, if I eat too often."</p> + + <p>Why should you avoid eating just before bedtime?—"Because, while + I am asleep, the stomach cannot do the work of <!-- Page 62 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page62" id="page62"></a>[62]</span> changing the + food as it ought to be changed; because the stomach should rest with the + other parts of the body."</p> + + <p>Why should you breathe pure air?—"Because pure air helps to make + pure blood, which the stomach needs to make it strong and healthy."</p> + + <p>Why should you sit, stand, and walk erect?—"That the stomach may + not be crowded out of its place, or pressed upon by other parts of the + body."</p> + + <p>In what way does tobacco hurt the stomach?—"It poisons the + saliva and prevents it from preparing the food to enter the stomach."</p> + + <p>What harm does tobacco do inside the stomach?—"It weakens the + stomach and makes it unfit to change the food into chyme."</p> + + <p>How will wise children treat tobacco?—"Let it alone. They will + not chew, snuff, or smoke the vile weed."</p> + + <p>Is alcohol food or poison?—"It is poison."</p> + + <p>How do we know it is not food?—"Because it cannot be changed + into blood."</p> + + <p>How has this been proved?—"Alcohol has been found in the brain, + and other parts of drunkards, with the same smell and the same power to + burn easily which it had when it was taken into the mouth."</p> + + <p>How do you know it is a poison?—"Because it does harm to every + part of the body, beginning in the stomach."</p> + + <p>What harm does alcohol do in the stomach?—"It hinders the + stomach from doing its work; it burns the coats of the stomach; it + destroys the gastric juice; it hardens the food, so that it cannot be + dissolved by the gastric juice."</p> + + <p>What does the stomach do with alcohol?—"Drives it out as soon as + possible."</p> + + <p>Where does the stomach send it?—"Into the liver."</p> + + <p>Where does the liver send it?—"To the heart; and the heart sends + it to the lungs."</p> + + <p>What do the lungs do with the alcohol?—"They drive it out as + soon as they can."</p> + +<p><!-- Page 63 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page63" id="page63"></a>[63]</span></p> + + <p>Where do the lungs send some of it?—"Through the nose and mouth, + into the air."</p> + + <p>What harm does the alcohol do in the breath?—"It poisons the + air; it tells that some kind of alcoholic liquor has been taken into the + stomach."</p> + + <p>From what you have learned about alcohol, what do you think is the + only safe rule to obey concerning cider, beer, wine, and all alcoholic + liquors?—"I must not drink them, if I wish to have a strong and + healthy stomach."</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<p><!-- Page 64 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page64" id="page64"></a>[64]</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:50%;"> + <a href="images/059.png"><img width="100%" src="images/059.png" + alt="The Nervous System." /></a> + <p>THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.—(From Walker's <i>Physiology</i>.)</p> + </div> +<p class="center">1. The large brain. +2. The small brain. +3. The spinal cord. +4, 5. Nerves.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 65 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page65" id="page65"></a>[65]</span></p> + +<h3>PART XI.</h3> + +<p class="center">FORMULA FOR THE LESSON ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.</p> + + <p>1. My brain is a soft gray-and-white mass resembling marrow.</p> + + <p>2. It is placed in a bony box called the skull; it is covered and held + together by three coats or membranes.</p> + + <p>3. The outer membrane is thick and firm; it strengthens and supports + the brain.</p> + + <p>4. The middle membrane is thick, and somewhat like a spider's web in + appearance.</p> + + <p>5. The inner membrane is a network of blood-vessels.</p> + + <p>6. From the brain, white or reddish gray pulpy cords, called nerves, + pass to all parts of the body. These nerves are of two kinds: nerves of + feeling, and nerves of motion.</p> + + <p>7. If I prick my finger, a nerve of feeling carries the message to my + brain; if I wish to move my finger, a nerve of motion causes my finger to + obey my will.</p> + + <p>8. Twelve pairs of nerves pass from the base of the brain: the first + pair, called the nerves of smell, to my nose; the fourth pair, called the + nerves of sight, to my eyes; the fifth pair, called the nerves of taste, + to my mouth, tongue, and teeth. One pair pass to my face; another to my + ears. The ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth pairs to my tongue and + parts of my throat and neck.<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3" + href="#footnote3"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p> + +<p><!-- Page 66 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page66" id="page66"></a>[66]</span></p> + + <p>9. The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves extending from the base of my + brain, down through the whole length of my spine, or backbone. It is the + largest nerve in my body.</p> + + <p>10. From the spine, thirty-one pairs of nerves, called <i>spinal + nerves</i>, pass to different parts of my body; some to the lungs, some + to the heart, some to the stomach, some to the bones, and some to the + muscles and skin.</p> + + <p>11. If a nerve be destroyed it cannot carry messages to and from the + brain. Before filling a tooth, the dentist sometimes destroys its + nerve.</p> + + <p>12. If a nerve be pressed upon too long it cannot perform its duty. If + I press upon the nerve passing to my foot, I stop it from communicating + with the brain; the foot loses its feeling, or, as I say, "is + asleep."</p> + + <p>13. If I drink alcoholic liquors, or snuff, smoke, or chew tobacco, my + brain and nerves cannot do their work well; because alcohol and nicotine + are very poisonous to the brain and nerves.</p> + + <p>14. The brain must be supplied with good blood;</p> + + <p>The brain must be used;</p> + + <p>The brain must be rested;</p> + + <p>I must drink wholesome drink, eat wholesome food, take enough + exercise, and breathe pure air, that my brain may be supplied with pure + blood;</p> + + <p>I must study and think, that my brain may grow and be strong for + work;</p> + +<p><!-- Page 67 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page67" id="page67"></a>[67]</span></p> + + <p>I must rest my brain when it is tired, either by changing my + employment, or by going to sleep;</p> + + <p>I must not poison my brain with alcohol or tobacco.</p> + +<div class="note"> + <p><a id="footnote3" name="footnote3" href="#footnotetag3">[3]</a> + NOTE.—<i>A fuller description of the Nerves of the Brain</i>: + Twelve pairs of nerves pass from the base of the brain; the first pair, + called the nerves of smell, to my nose; the second pair, called the + nerves of sight, to my eyes; the third, fourth, and sixth pairs to the + muscles of my eyes; the fifth pair to my forehead, eyes, nose, ears, + tongue, teeth, and different parts of my face; the seventh pair to + different parts of my face; the eighth pair, called the nerves of + hearing, to the inner part of my ear; the ninth pair to my mouth, tongue, + and throat; the twelfth pair to my tongue; the eleventh pair to my neck; + the tenth pair to my neck, throat, lungs, stomach, and different parts of + my body.</p> + +</div> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS ON THE FORMULA.</p> + + <p>1. Describe the brain.</p> + + <p>2. Where is the brain placed?</p> + + <p>3. Describe the outer membrane of the brain.</p> + + <p>4. Describe the middle membrane of the brain.</p> + + <p>5. Describe the inner membrane of the brain.</p> + + <p>6. Tell about the nerves.</p> + + <p>7. Tell about the use of the two kinds of nerves.</p> + + <p>8. Tell about the nerves which pass from the brain.</p> + + <p>9. Tell about the spinal cord.</p> + + <p>10. Tell about the nerves which pass from the spinal cord.</p> + + <p>11. What happens if a nerve be destroyed?</p> + + <p>12. What happens if a nerve be pressed upon too long?</p> + + <p>13. What happens if you drink alcoholic liquors, or snuff, smoke, or + chew tobacco?</p> + + <p>14. What is necessary if you would have a healthy brain?</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">THE BRAIN AND ITS WORK.</p> + + <p>The brain is egg-shaped, and of two parts, the large brain + (<i>cerebrum</i>), and the little brain (<i>cerebellum</i>). These are + composed of a white and gray substance, which in the large brain is so + folded and wrinkled that it looks like the meat of an English walnut; in + the little brain it is so arranged that it resembles a tree, and is + called <i>arbor vitæ</i>, tree of life. The mind does its thinking + through the large brain, and controls its muscles through the little + brain.</p> + + <p>A drunken man can not walk straight because alcohol has hurt the + little brain; he can not think straight because it has poisoned the large + brain.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 68 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page68" id="page68"></a>[68]</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:40%;"> + <a href="images/063.png"><img width="100%" src="images/063.png" + alt="The Brain and the Spinal Cord." /></a> + THE BRAIN AND THE SPINAL CORD. + </div> +<p class="center">C, the large brain (<i>cerebrum</i>). +B, the small brain (<i>cerebellum</i>). +S, a portion of the spinal cord.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.</p> + + <p>Where is your brain?—"In my skull."</p> + + <p>What color is the brain?—"Gray and white."</p> + + <p>What does the brain resemble?—"Marrow."</p> + + <p>How is the brain protected?—"By three coats or membranes."</p> + + <p>What may you name these membranes?—"The outer membrane, the + middle membrane, and the inner membrane."</p> + + <p>Describe the outer membrane. See Formula.</p> + + <p>Describe the middle membrane. See Formula.</p> + + <p>What are the nerves?—"White ashen-gray pulpy cords, which are + found in the brain."</p> + + <p>Where do they go from the brain?—"To every part of the + body."</p> + + <p>How many kinds of nerves have you?—"Two."</p> + + <p>What names are given to the two kinds of nerves?—"Nerves of + motion and nerves of feeling."</p> + + <p>Which is the largest nerve in the body?—"The spinal cord."</p> + +<p><!-- Page 69 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page69" id="page69"></a>[69]</span></p> + + <p>Where is the spinal cord?—"It extends from the brain throughout + the whole length of the backbone."</p> + + <p>How may you describe the spinal cord?—"It is a bundle of nerves, + etc." See Formula.</p> + + <p>Where are the spinal nerves?—"They pass from the spinal cord to + different parts of the trunk and limbs."</p> + + <p>How many pairs of nerves pass from the base of the + brain?—"Twelve."</p> + + <p>Where do the first pair go?—"To the nose."</p> + + <p>What are they called?—"The nerves of smell."</p> + + <p>Where do the second pair go?—"To the eyes."</p> + + <p>What are the second pair called?—"The nerves of sight."</p> + + <p>Which move the muscles of the eyes?—"The third, fourth, and + sixth pairs."</p> + + <p>Where do the fifth pair go?—"To the forehead, eyes, nose, ears, + tongue, teeth, and different parts of the face."</p> + + <p>The seventh pair?—"To the different parts of the face."</p> + + <p>The eighth pair?—"To the inner ear."</p> + + <p>What are the eighth pair called?—"The nerves of hearing."</p> + + <p>Where do the ninth pair go?—"To the mouth, tongue, and + throat."</p> + + <p>Where do the twelfth pair go?—"To the tongue."</p> + + <p>Where do the eleventh pair go?—"To the neck."</p> + + <p>Where do the tenth pair go?—"To the neck, throat, lungs, + stomach, and different parts of the body."</p> + + <p>What happens if a nerve be destroyed?—"It cannot carry messages + to the brain."</p> + + <p>What happens if a nerve be pressed upon too long?—"It cannot + carry messages to the brain."</p> + + <p>What is necessary if you would have a strong, healthy brain?—"My + brain must be used; my brain must be rested; my brain must be supplied + with pure blood."</p> + + <p>How must you use your brain?—"In thinking and studying."</p> + + <p>How may the brain be rested?—"By sleep."</p> + + <p>In what other way may the brain be rested?—"By thinking of + something different from that which made it tired."</p> + +<p><!-- Page 70 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page70" id="page70"></a>[70]</span></p> + + <p>What two brain-poisons have you learned about?—"Alcohol and + tobacco."<a id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4" + href="#footnote4"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p> + + <p>With what may you show the harm done by alcohol to the gray part of + the brain?—"With alcohol and the white of an egg."</p> + + <p>How could you show it with these?—"I would pour the alcohol upon + the white of the egg."</p> + + <p>What would then happen?—"The white of the egg would harden as if + it had been boiled."</p> + + <p>What is in the white of an egg?—"Water and albumen."</p> + + <p>Where else may we find albumen?—"In some seeds, and in the gray + part of the brain and the nerves."</p> + + <p>What harm does alcohol do to the nerves?—"It takes away their + moisture and hardens them."</p> + + <p>What harm does this do to them?—"It paralyzes them, or makes + them lose their power."</p> + + <p>What happens when nerves are paralyzed?—"They lose their power + over the muscles; they are unfit to carry messages to and from the + brain."</p> + + <p>What harm does alcohol do to the gray part of the brain?—"It + hardens it, as it hardens the white of an egg."</p> + + <p>What harm does this do to the brain?—"It paralyzes it, or makes + it lose its power."</p> + + <p>What then happens?—"It cannot properly do its work of thinking, + and cannot control the nerves."</p> + + <p>What disease is sometimes caused by this hardening of the brain by + alcohol?—"Paralysis, which often ends in death."</p> + + <p>What harm does alcohol do to the blood-vessels of the brain?—"It + fills them with impure blood."</p> + + <p>What disease is caused by the blood-vessels of the brain being filled + with impure blood?—"Congestion of the brain, or apoplexy, which + ends in death."</p> + + <p>What else frequently happens to those who drink alcoholic + liquors?—"They become crazy, or insane."</p> + +<p><!-- Page 71 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page71" id="page71"></a>[71]</span></p> + + <p>If you wish to have a strong, healthy brain, what should you do about + these liquors?—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Never put them into my mouth,</p> + <p>To steal away my brains."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>Tell of what dreadful disease people die who are bitten by a mad + dog.—"Of hydrophobia."</p> + + <p>Of what dreadful disease do people sometimes die who are bitten by the + serpent in alcoholic liquors?—"Of delirium tremens."</p> + + <p>Which is the more dreadful, hydrophobia or delirium + tremens?—"One is as dreadful as the other."</p> + + <p>How can you be sure never to have delirium tremens?—"By drinking + nothing which has alcohol in it."</p> + + <p>Will a little beer or wine hurt you?—"Yes, it may make me love + the taste of alcohol."</p> + + <p>What harm is there in loving the taste of alcohol?—"I may love + it so much as to become a drunkard."</p> + + <p>Tell once more how you should treat alcoholic liquors.—"I should + never drink a drop of them."</p> + +<div class="note"> + <p><a id="footnote4" name="footnote4" href="#footnotetag4">[4]</a> <a + href="#page73">See Appendices</a>.</p> + +</div> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<p><!-- Page 73 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page73" id="page73"></a>[73]</span></p> + +<h3>ALCOHOL.</h3> + +<p class="center">THE STORY ABOUT ALCOHOL.</p> + + <p>Several hundred years ago many people were trying to discover + something that would keep them young and strong, and prevent them from + dying. It is said by some that a man named Paracelsus, in making + experiments, discovered <i>alcohol</i>. He called it "the water of life," + and boasted that he would never be weak and never die; so he went on + drinking alcoholic liquors until at last he died in a drunken fit.</p> + + <p>What is this alcohol which has done and is doing so much mischief in + the world? I will show you some. What does it look like?—"Water." + Yes; and if you were to smell it you would say it has a somewhat pleasant + odor; if you were to taste it, that it has a hot, biting taste, + <i>i.e.</i>, is pungent. If you put a lighted match to it you would + notice that it burns easily, and with a flame, and may therefore be said + to be combustible and inflammable.</p> + + <p>What does it come from? Is it one of the drinks God has given us? Some + of the class think it is; we will try to learn whether this answer is + correct or not. If we study about it very carefully we shall discover + that it is not a natural drink, that it is not found except where it has + been made from decayed or rotten fruits, grains, or vegetables.</p> + + <p>If you take some apples, and squeeze the juice out of them, you will + find it sweet and pleasant; let that juice stand for several days and + what will happen to it?—"It will get bad." Yes; or, as grown people + say, it will <i>work</i> or <i>ferment</i>; that is, the sugary part of + the juice will be separated into a kind of gas and a liquid. The gas is + called <i>carbonic acid gas</i>; the liquid is <i>alcohol</i>. Both the + gas and the liquid are poisonous.</p> + + <p>Alcohol may also be obtained from other fruits, as grapes, and from + some grains and vegetables. But all these must first become rotten before + alcohol will come out of them. This is <!-- Page 74 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page74" id="page74"></a>[74]</span> one reason + why we think that God, who gives us good, wholesome food, did not intend + alcohol to be a drink for man, else He would have put it into the + delicious ripe fruit, and not made it impossible to get until they + decay.</p> + + <p>Now let us put upon the blackboard something which will help us + remember what we have learned about</p> + + +<table width="75%" class="allb" summary="Alcohol" title="Alcohol"> + <tr> + <td align="center" colspan="3"> + <u>ALCOHOL.</u> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="33%"> + DISCOVERED BY<br /> Paracelsus.<br /> <br /> CALLED<br /> "The water + of life." + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="33%"> + DESCRIPTION.<br /> Water-like; with a pleasant odor; a hot, biting + taste; and will burn with a flame. + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="33%"> + MADE FROM<br /> Fruits, Grains, or + Vegetables. + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">USES OF ALCOHOL.</p> + + <p>We put some sugar into water; the children see that it melts; then + some glue or shellac is placed in the same liquid; they see that this is + not melted, but that, when alcohol is used instead of water, the glue or + shellac is dissolved. From this experiment they learn that alcohol is + used in making varnishes.</p> + + <p>Some water is poured into one saucer, and alcohol into another; a + lighted match is applied to each; the class notices that the alcohol + takes fire and burns, while the water does not.</p> + + <p>Next, we fill a lamp with alcohol, and put a wick into it; when the + wick becomes wet with the fluid it burns steadily and without smoke, as + may be seen by holding a clean white saucer over the flame. This shows + why jewellers and others, who wish to use a lamp to make things very hot, + prefer alcohol to kerosene, which, as the children know, smokes + lamp-chimneys, or anything else, so easily.</p> + + <p>We show a thermometer; the children are told its use if they are not + already familiar with the instrument; we talk about the quicksilver in + the tube, about its rising or falling according to the degree of heat or + cold; then we inform the class that in <!-- Page 75 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page75" id="page75"></a>[75]</span> some + countries where it is very cold quicksilver freezes; for this reason + alcohol, which does not freeze, is colored red and put into the + thermometer tube to be used in these Arctic regions.</p> + + <p>Another use for alcohol is to keep or preserve substances. This we + illustrate by placing a piece of meat into some alcohol. We explain that + the water in the meat is that which causes it to decay. Alcohol has the + power to take up or <i>absorb</i> water; so when meat is put into this + liquid the water from the meat is absorbed by it, and the meat does not + become bad. Those who wish to preserve insects a long time, and doctors + who desire to keep any portion of a human body after death, put these + into alcohol, in which they may be kept for a long time.</p> + + <p>Lastly, we let the children smell cologne or other perfumery, and tell + them this is made from different oils mixed with alcohol.</p> + + <p>At the close of this lesson the class is ready to help us make the + following BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.</p> + + +<table width="75%" class="allb" summary="Facts about Alcohol." title="Facts about Alcohol."> + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="50%"> + FACTS ABOUT ALCOHOL.<br /> It melts gums.<br /> Burns with a + flame.<br /> Burns without smoke.<br /> Will not freeze.<br /> Likes + water.<br /> Mixes with + oils. + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="50%"> + GOOD USES OF ALCOHOL.<br /> To melt gums.<br /> To make varnishes.<br + /> To burn in lamps.<br /> To make camphene, etc.<br /> To put into + thermometer tubes.<br /> To preserve meats, etc.<br /> To make + perfumery.<br /> In making + jewelry. + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">USES OF ALCOHOL—<i>concluded</i>.</p> + + <p>You see alcohol is very useful for some purposes; but do people ever + drink it? Some of the children think not, and we grant that no one is + foolish enough to drink <i>raw</i> alcohol, because it is too strong. It + would take only a little to make them drunk, and only a few ounces to + kill them instantly.</p> + + <p>We ask the pupils if they have ever seen a drunken person, and what + made that person drunk? We soon obtain an answer, <!-- Page 76 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page76" id="page76"></a>[76]</span> and place + upon the board "Rum, gin, whiskey, brandy," as the names of drinks which + will take away the good sense of those who drink them. To these are added + "Wine, beer, ale, lager, and cider."</p> + + <p>We explain that all these have alcohol in them, as may be known by + smelling them, or by smelling the breath of those who have drunk even a + little of them; and that because they contain alcohol they are called + <i>alcoholic liquors</i>. If a person drinks any one of them he will be + poisoned, more or less, according to how much he takes. The children are + astonished at the word <i>poisoned</i>, but we explain that the very + word, <i>intoxicated</i>, means poisoned. So a drunken man is a poisoned + man. If enough alcohol, or alcoholic liquor, is drunk by anyone, he will + drop down dead as quickly as if he were shot by a cannon ball.</p> + + <p>When told that alcohol is not a food, but a poison, the class readily + understands what we mean, and we have no difficulty in having the + following statements prepared and memorized:</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">FOOD.</p> + + <p>That which makes the body grow, and helps to keep it alive.</p> + +<p class="center">POISON.</p> + + <p>That which hurts the body, and makes it die.</p> + +<p class="center">ALCOHOL.</p> + + +<table width="75%" class="allb" summary="Facts about Alcohol." title="Facts about Alcohol."> + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="50%"> + QUALITIES.<br /> Water-like, <i>looks like water</i>.<br /> + Transparent, <i>may be seen through clearly</i>.<br /> Odorous, + <i>has a smell</i>.<br /> Pungent, <i>has a hot, biting taste</i>.<br + /> Liquid, <i>will flow in drops</i>.<br /> Poisonous, <i>hurts the + body</i>.<br /> Intoxicating, <i>takes away the senses; makes + drunk</i>.<br /> Absorbent, <i>takes up or absorbs water</i>.<br /> + Inflammable, <i>burns with a flame</i>.<br /> Uncongealable, <i>will + not freeze</i>.<br /> Innutritious, <i>not good for + food</i>. + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="50%"> + GOOD USES.<br /> To melt gums.<br /> To make varnishes.<br /> To burn + in lamps.<br /> To make camphene, etc.<br /> To put in thermometer + tubes.<br /> To preserve meats, insects, etc.<br /> To make + perfumery.<br /> In making jewelry.<br /> <br /> BAD USE.<br /> To + drink. + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 77 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page77" id="page77"></a>[77]</span></p> + +<p class="center">ABOUT FERMENTATION AND FERMENTED LIQUOR.</p> + + <p><b><i>Alcohol.</i></b>—Alcohol may be obtained from any + substance which contains sugar or starch, or both sugar and starch, as + apples, pears, grapes, potatoes, beets, rice, barley, maple, honey, + etc.</p> + + <p>Alcohol can be obtained only by <i>fermentation</i>. By fermentation + we mean the change which takes place when a juice containing sugar + decays, or goes to pieces. You know decay always makes things fall to + pieces.</p> + + <p>You ask, what pieces is sugar made of? Very, very little pieces, + called <i>atoms</i>. There are different kinds of sugar. In that made + from grapes, called <i>grape sugar</i>, there are six atoms of carbon, + twelve of hydrogen, and six of oxygen. What are carbon, hydrogen, and + oxygen? Oxygen is the kind of gas which keeps animals alive, and makes + things burn. Hydrogen is another kind, which you have smelled perhaps + when water has been spilled on a hot stove; the gas burned in + street-lamps is hydrogen that has been driven out of coal. Carbon you see + in charcoal and soot; the black lead of your lead-pencils is mostly + composed of carbon and iron; lamp-black is pure carbon, without form or + shape.</p> + + <p>We will let these circles of colored paper stand for the atoms of + carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in grape sugar,—the largest, which are + red, for the oxygen; the second size, which you notice are black, will + represent atoms of carbon; while the little blue ones will make you think + of hydrogen.</p> + + <p>If you remember that it takes one atom of carbon and two of oxygen to + make carbonic acid gas; also, that two atoms of carbon, one of oxygen, + and six of hydrogen to form alcohol, you can easily find that two atoms + of carbonic acid gas and two atoms of alcohol may be formed from an atom + of sugar. So the more sugar a juice contains the more alcohol may be + formed from it.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 78 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page78" id="page78"></a>[78]</span></p> + + <p><b><i>Cider.</i></b>—Cider is made by pressing the juice out of + apples. This sweet cider ferments, and the sugar part of it changes into + carbonic acid gas and alcohol. People who do not understand this go on + drinking cider, not knowing that it makes drunkards of those who drink + much of a beverage which seems so pleasant and harmless.</p> + + <p><b><i>Wines.</i></b>—Wines are made from the juices of fruits + which have sugar in them, especially grapes. Sometimes people have what + they call <i>home-made wines</i>, which they make from blackberries, + currants, elderberries, gooseberries, cherries, or other fruits. They may + ask you to take some, saying, "This will do you no harm; we did not put + any alcohol into it." They do not know what you have learned, that + alcohol is always formed in fermented juices which contain sugar. It does + not wait to be put into the home-made wines; it quietly comes in as they + are getting made, at home or any other place, and will make people drunk + as surely as when it is found in brandy or any other liquor.</p> + + <p>Some of the wines in the stores are made from grape juice, but many + more are made by mixing hurtful and poisonous things together to make the + liquor strong, and give it what is called a fine color and good + taste.</p> + + <p><b><i>Beer and Ales.</i></b>—These are made from grains and + hops, which contain no sugar, it is true, but are composed of starch, + which may be changed into sugar. When a seed of grain is put into the + ground and begins to grow, the starch in it becomes sugar, which feeds + the young plant. When a brewer wishes to make beer, he takes some grain, + puts it in a dark place, wets it, and leaves it to sprout, or begin to + grow. Then he puts it into an oven to dry it, and make it stop growing. + This makes what is called <i>malt</i>. The malt is mashed and soaked in + warm water to get the sugar out of it; this forms a liquid called + <i>sweet wort</i>. The wort is separated from the mashed grain and + boiled; yeast is mixed with it to help it to ferment more quickly; it + soon becomes changed; a dirty yellow scum filled with bubbles comes to + the top, which we know is the poisonous carbonic acid gas; <!-- Page 79 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page79" id="page79"></a>[79]</span> the + other poison, alcohol, stays in the liquid and makes the beer taste good + to those who like it.</p> + + <p>Liquors made from grain are called <i>malt liquors</i>. Lager beer, + and all kinds of ales and porters, are malt liquors. They make people + dull, sluggish, and stupid who drink much of them. They do much mischief + in the body, though it takes a larger quantity of any one of them to make + a person drunk than it does of whiskey or brandy.</p> + + +<table width="82%" class="allb" summary="Atoms." title="Atoms."> + <tr> + <td align="center" colspan="3"> + <u>AN ATOM OF</u> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="33%"> + GRAPE SUGAR.<br /> Carbon, 6 atoms.<br /> Oxygen, 6 atoms.<br /> + Hydrogen, 12 atoms. + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="33%"> + CARBONIC ACID GAS.<br /> Carbon, 1 atom.<br /> Oxygen, 2 + atoms. + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="33%"> + ALCOHOL.<br /> Carbon, 2 atoms.<br /> Oxygen, 1 atom.<br /> Hydrogen, + 6 atoms. + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <p>SUB-FERMENTED GRAPE SUGAR MAKES 2 atoms of carbonic acid gas and 2 + atoms of alcohol.</p> + + +<table width="81%" class="allb" summary="Alcoholic Liquors." title="Alcoholic Liquors."> + <tr> + <td align="center" colspan="5"> + <u>ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS</u><br /> MADE + FROM + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="center" colspan="3"> + FRUITS. + </td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"> + GRAINS. + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left" width="12%"> + <i>Cider.</i> + </td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"> + <i>Wines.</i> + </td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"> + <i>Beer, Ales, etc.</i> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + Apples.<br /> <i>Perry.</i><br /> + Pears. + </td> + <td align="left" width="23%"> + Grapes,<br /> Currants,<br /> + Blackberries, + </td> + <td align="left" width="23%"> + Gooseberries,<br /> Elderberries,<br /> Cherries, + etc. + </td> + <td align="left" width="18%"> + Barley,<br /> Wheat,<br /> + Corn, + </td> + <td align="left" width="23%"> + Oats,<br /> Peas, etc.<br /> (with + hops). + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">DISTILLATION.</p> + + <p>How does the sugar in grapes and other fruits become + alcohol?—"By fermenting." Yes, and liquors made by fermenting are + called <i>fermented liquors</i>. What other alcoholic drinks have you + heard about beside cider, wines, beer, and ales?—"Gin, whiskey, + brandy, rum." These are stronger than the fermented liquors, that is, + they contain more alcohol; they are made by what is called + <i>distillation</i>.</p> + + <p>If you boil water, and let the steam from it fall upon a cold plate, + the steam will change back into liquid and become <!-- Page 80 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page80" id="page80"></a>[80]</span> + <i>distilled</i> water. Making a liquid boil, catching the vapor or steam + and cooling it, is what we mean by distillation.</p> + + <p>If two or more liquids are mixed together, the one that boils with the + least heat will be drawn off first. The alcohol of beer, cider, and wines + is mixed with water; it boils at a lower heat than water, so can be drawn + off from it very easily. This does not make more alcohol, it only makes + the alcohol stronger by separating it from the water.</p> + + <p>When beer or any other alcoholic liquor is to be distilled, it is + poured into a large copper boiler, called a <i>still</i>, and boiled. A + tube carries the vapor from the boiler into a cask filled with cold + water. This tube is coiled like a spiral line or worm through the cask; + it is called <i>the worm of the still</i>, and the cask is <i>the + worm-tub</i>. As the vapor passes through the tube, it cools and drops + out at the end into the worm-tub, changed into a liquid stronger in + alcohol than that from which it was drawn or distilled.</p> + + <p>In this way gin is made from beer, brandy from wine, and rum from + fermented molasses. These are very strong drinks, and only hard drinkers + like them. But very few people begin by taking these; they first learn to + like alcohol by drinking cider, beer, or wine, and end with gin, whiskey, + or rum when they have become drunkards.</p> + +<p class="center">DEFINITIONS.</p> + + <p><b><i>Distillation.</i></b> Drawing the vapor from a boiling liquid + and cooling it.</p> + + <p><b><i>Still.</i></b> Machinery for distilling; the boiler which holds + the liquid.</p> + + <p><b><i>The Worm of the Still.</i></b> The tube which passes from the + still to a cask, in which it coils like a worm.</p> + + <p><b><i>Worm-tub.</i></b> The cask which holds the tube or worm, and + receives the distilled liquid.</p> + + <p><b><i>Distilled Liquid.</i></b> A liquid formed by cooled steam.</p> + + <p><b><i>Distilled Liquors.</i></b> Liquors made by distilling alcoholic + liquors.</p> + + <p><b><i>Fermented.</i></b> Changed by decay.</p> + + <p><b><i>Fermented Liquors.</i></b> Liquors which have been fermented or + changed by decay, and contain alcohol.</p> + + <p><b><i>Unfermented.</i></b> Not decayed.</p> + + <p><b><i>Unfermented Liquors.</i></b> Liquors which contain no + alcohol.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 81 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page81" id="page81"></a>[81]</span></p> + + +<table width="82%" class="allb" summary="Kinds of Liquors." title="Kinds of Liquors."> + <tr> + <td align="center" colspan="3"> + <u>KINDS OF LIQUORS</u> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="33%"> + <a id="footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5" + href="#footnote5"><sup>[5]</sup></a>UNFERMENTED.<br /> Grape + juice,<br /> Sweet cider,<br /> Root beer,<br /> Ginger beer.<br /> + Perry. + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="33%"> + FERMENTED.<br /> Hard cider,<br /> (Malt liquors)<br /> Beer,<br /> + Lager beer,<br /> Ale,<br /> Porter,<br /> <br /> + Wine. + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="33%"> + DISTILLED.<br /> Gin,<br /> Brandy,<br /> Whiskey,<br /> + Rum. + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<div class="note"> + <p><a id="footnote5" name="footnote5" href="#footnotetag5">[5]</a> These + soon become fermented; they then contain alcohol.</p> + +</div> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">HARM DONE BY ALCOHOL IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE BODY.</p> + + <p>Raw alcohol does not do much harm to people because it is too strong + for them to drink much of it; but the alcohol hidden in cider, ale, wine, + whiskey, and other alcoholic drinks kills not less than <i>sixty + thousand</i> persons in this country every year, besides those who die + from its use in other parts of the world.</p> + + <p>There is great excitement when there is a mad dog around; and, if any + one is bitten and dies from the dreadful hydrophobia, people are ready to + destroy all the dogs of the neighborhood; but when a drunkard dies from + delirium tremens or alcohol craziness, how few take any notice of the + cause of his death, or do all they can to wage war against the use of + alcoholic liquors.</p> + + <p>But why do we say such hard things against these liquors which some + people love so well and think so harmless? In what way do they hurt and + kill people? Let us see. Where does what we drink go after it has been + put into the mouth?—"Into the stomach." If it were the right thing + to go into the stomach, into what would it be changed?—"Into + something which helps to make good blood."</p> + + <p>Learned men, who have examined and carefully studied about these + things, tell us that <i>the stomach is hurt</i> by alcohol, <!-- Page 82 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page82" id="page82"></a>[82]</span> + because the fiery fluid is not food, but poison which makes the stomach + very sore, and gives it hard work to do. The veins of the stomach take it + up and send it into the liver. The liver, which is a large organ weighing + about four pounds, lies on the right side below the lungs; its work is, + to help make the blood pure. It can do nothing with alcohol, so it drives + it along to the heart; the heart sends it to the lungs; the lungs throw + some of it out through the breath, which smells of the vile stuff that + has been poisoning every part it has passed through since it entered the + mouth.</p> + + <p>Some of the alcohol does not get out of the lungs through the breath, + but goes with the blood back to the heart, and from the heart is sent + through the arteries to every part of the body. No part of the body wants + it.</p> + + <p><i>The Skin</i> drives some of it out, through its little pores, with + the perspiration.</p> + + <p><i>The Kidneys</i>, which lie in the back below the waist, on each + side of the spine, send off some of the poison.</p> + + <p>Yet some of it gets into <i>the brain</i>, and there does very much + mischief, of which you will learn more by and by. You know, if the brain + is hurt, the mind cannot do its work of thinking properly; thus, alcohol + does great <i>harm to the mind</i> through the brain.</p> + + <p><i>The muscles</i> and <i>the bones</i> are hurt by not being supplied + with pure blood; <i>the heart</i> gets tired out with overwork, and + <i>the lungs</i> become diseased through this same terrible alcohol.</p> + + <p>Therefore, if you would be strong and healthy, have nothing to do with + alcoholic liquors; for</p> + + +<table width="56%" class="allb" summary="Kinds of Liquors." title="Kinds of Liquors."> + <tr> + <td align="center" colspan="3"> + <u>ALCOHOL POISONS</u> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="33%"> + The stomach,<br /> The heart,<br /> The + bones, + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="33%"> + The liver,<br /> The lungs,<br /> The + muscles, + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="33%"> + The blood,<br /> The brain,<br /> The + skin, + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="center" colspan="3"> + And every part of the body. + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 83 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page83" id="page83"></a>[83]</span></p> + +<p class="center">IN THE STOMACH.</p> + + <p>Children who have learned the Lesson on Digestion, and know about the + coats of the stomach, about mastication and chyme-making, are easily made + to understand why anything which has alcohol in it is unfit to go into + the stomach.</p> + + <p>If we touch a drop of alcohol to the eye, it will make it sore; so + alcohol in the stomach irritates its coats and makes them sore.</p> + + <p>Alcohol poisons the gastric juice. If we get some of this juice from + the stomach of a calf which has just been killed, and mix alcohol with + it, the alcohol will separate the watery part from the <i>pepsin</i> or + white part. This is what alcohol does in the stomach. It takes up water + from the gastric juice, which prevents the pepsin from mixing well with + the food, and hinders the change of the food into chyme, which cannot + take place without pepsin.</p> + + <p>The children have already learned that alcohol keeps meat from + decaying, or going to pieces. We explain that food in the stomach must go + to pieces to prepare it to make blood; when mixed with alcohol, it is + preserved, and the gastric juice cannot melt or dissolve it. Thus the + stomach is hindered from doing its work until it gets rid of the + alcohol.</p> + + <p>A true story we have read will help you to remember how troublesome + alcohol is to the stomach. Some men in Edinburgh were paid their wages, + one Saturday, soon after they had eaten their dinner. They got drunk and + remained so till the next day at noon. When they became sober they had a + headache and were so ill that they sent for a doctor; he gave them some + medicine which brought up their Saturday's dinner just as it had gone + down into the stomach. The poor stomach could do nothing with dinner + mixed with whiskey or rum, because these liquors are half alcohol.</p> + + <p>You have already learned that the stomach hurries to drive out the + alcohol into the liver; the liver sends it with the blood into the heart; + the heart pours it into the lungs; the lungs breathe it out through the + nose and mouth, and tell that some kind of alcoholic liquor has been + taken into the stomach.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 84 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page84" id="page84"></a>[84]</span></p> + + <p>Remember, that the alcohol which comes out in the breath is a part of + that which <i>went into the mouth</i>. It could not be changed. It did + nothing but mischief in its journey, which shows that it is not food, but + poison. God, who created the body, has not given any part of it power to + change alcohol into blood.</p> + + <p>People sometimes take ale or wine because they think it gives them an + appetite. This is a great mistake. When any alcoholic liquor goes into + the stomach, there is such hard work to get it out that the pain of + hunger is not felt; when it is out, the stomach is tired and does not + tell the brain that it is hungry. When alcohol is poured into it, day + after day, it loses its desire for good, wholesome food, <i>and wants + more and more alcoholic liquor</i>. It has an appetite for alcohol.</p> + + <p>Alcohol makes the stomach sore and full of disease; people who take + much of it in liquors always suffer much from dyspepsia.</p> + + <p>So, if the stomach could speak, it would say: "Don't pour any alcohol + into me, though you mix it and call it ale, cider, wine, or any other + name that makes folks think it will do me no harm. You cannot deceive me. + I know alcohol as soon as it comes down, and it always makes me + suffer."</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.</p> + + +<table width="80%" class="allb" summary="Harm done by Alcohol to the Stomach." title="Harm done by Alcohol to the Stomach."> + <tr> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> + ALCOHOL— + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left" width="6%"> + </td> + <td align="left" width="93%"> + Burns or inflames the coats of the stomach.<br /> Spoils the gastric + juice.<br /> Makes the food hard to be dissolved.<br /> Makes the + stomach tired and weak.<br /> Takes away the appetite for wholesome + food.<br /> Makes an appetite for alcoholic liquors.<br /> Causes + disease in the stomach and other digestive organs. + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">QUESTION ON BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.</p> + + <p>What harm does alcohol do in the stomach?</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 85 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page85" id="page85"></a>[85]</span></p> + +<p class="center">TO THE BONES, MUSCLES, AND SKIN.</p> + + <p><b><i>To the Bones.</i></b>—You have already learned that the + bones require to be supplied with good blood to make them strong and + healthy, and that alcohol does not make good blood, so we need spend no + time in deciding that alcoholic liquors do injury to the bones, and that + the bones of those who drink these liquors are less likely to heal, when + broken, than those of persons whose blood has not been poisoned by + alcohol.</p> + + <p><b><i>To the Muscles.</i></b>—The muscles, as you know, cover + and move the bones; good blood makes them grow, and keeps them healthy + and strong. People like to have plenty of good muscle, for this not only + gives them strength, but makes them look plump and well.</p> + + <p>Alcohol poisons the blood by killing many of the very little, round, + red parts in it, called by a long name, which you can learn if you try. + This hard name is <i>corpuscles</i> [kor'pussls]; <i>corpuscle</i> means + <i>a little body</i>.</p> + + <p>These little bodies float in the fluid portion of the blood, and go to + every part of the body to help keep it alive and healthy. When alcohol + hurts them, they turn into a poor kind of fat, like suet, and cannot do + any good. They stay in different parts and do much harm. Sometimes they + lodge between the muscles, and make a person look strong because plump; + but he is not strong, for his muscles are filled with fat.</p> + + <p>Sometimes the liver or the heart, which are only large muscles, become + so heavy and soft with fat that they cannot do their work properly; they + become weak and diseased, wear out, and cause the death of their owner, + who has poisoned them with ale, wine, or other alcoholic drink.</p> + + <p><b><i>To the Skin.</i></b>—Alcohol hurts the skin also, by + feeding it with poisoned blood, by giving the pores extra work in + carrying off some of the alcohol in the perspiration, and by making the + little blood-vessels larger than they should be in a way you will learn + more about by and by. These little blood-vessels become very full of + blood, and cause the red face and blue nose which <!-- Page 86 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page86" id="page86"></a>[86]</span> mark the + drinker of alcoholic liquors. This redness of the skin tells of the + mischief which alcohol is doing inside of the body. It is the + danger-signal which warns against the use of the fiery poison.</p> + + +<table width="82%" class="allb" summary="Harm done by Alcohol to the Bones, Muscles and Skin." title="Harm done by Alcohol to the Bones, Muscles and Skin."> + <tr> + <td align="center" colspan="3"> + <u>ALCOHOL HURTS</u> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="33%"> + THE BONES,<br /> By supplying them with bad + blood. + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="33%"> + THE MUSCLES,<br /> By supplying them with bad blood;<br /> By loading + them with fat which makes them weak. + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="33%"> + THE SKIN,<br /> By supplying it with bad blood;<br /> By over-working + the perspiratory pores. + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<p class="center">TO THE BLOOD, THE LUNGS, AND THE HEART.</p> + + <p><b><i>To the Blood.</i></b>—The wonderful fluid which is the + life of the body consists of a water-like liquid in which floats millions + of the very little, circle-shaped, red particles which you have been + taught to call <i>corpuscles</i>. You have also been told that alcohol + kills these little bodies, and thus takes some of the life out of the + blood, and fills it with useless, suet-like fat.</p> + + <p>The blood, you know, flows everywhere through the body, giving its + goodness to make every part grow and live, and carrying away the worn-out + particles it meets. Blood, when poisoned with alcohol, goes through the + body, giving disease and death instead of health and life. So, if you + want good, red blood, do not let alcohol get into it.</p> + + <p><b><i>To the Heart.</i></b>—When alcohol comes with the blood + from the liver, the heart begins to beat fast to get rid of the + firewater; this makes it very tired, for it always has enough to do in + carrying bad blood to the lungs, and pumping good blood into the + arteries, without having the extra trouble of driving out alcohol. Wise + people will not give it this extra work to do.</p> + + <p>Besides, we told you, in the talk about the harm done by alcohol to + the muscles, that the heart,—which is only a large <!-- Page 87 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page87" id="page87"></a>[87]</span> + muscle, or rather many muscles fastened together so as to make a + pear-shaped organ about the size of your fist,—is hurt in another + way by alcohol. It gets too much of the poor kind of fat from the blood, + which fills between the muscles, and after awhile makes the walls of the + heart so soft and weak, that we could almost push through them with a + finger, if we could get at them.</p> + + <p>Very often the tired, overworked, weakened heart suddenly stops + beating, and the person who would keep on drinking beer, wine, brandy, or + rum falls down dead. "Died from heart disease," people say, when the + truth is, <i>died from drinking alcoholic liquors</i>.</p> + + <p><b><i>To the Lungs.</i></b>—What are the lungs?—"The + breathing-machines of the body." What do they throw out?—"Bad air." + What do they take in?—"Fresh air." In pure air there is a good kind + of gas which is necessary to keep us alive; this gas is called + <i>oxygen</i>.</p> + + <p>When air is taken into the lungs, the oxygen mixes with the blood in + them and makes it pure. If alcohol is in the lungs, it hardens the walls + of their air-cells, and keeps out the oxygen or good gas; at the same + time it keeps in the impure gas, called <i>nitrogen</i>, which ought to + come out through the nose and mouth into the air. Thus the blood in the + lungs cannot be properly purified, and goes back to the heart impure + blood which is unfit to be used.</p> + + <p>The lungs are also obliged to work faster when alcohol is in them, + because with the heart they are striving to drive out the enemy. This + makes the lungs tired, sore, and inflamed. They are not as strong to do + their work, and are more likely to breathe in any contagious disease than + are the lungs of people who do not drink alcoholic liquors.</p> + + <p>Some people go on drinking these poisons for many years, and seem not + to be hurt by them; but at last they suffer from what is called Alcoholic + Phthisis, a kind of consumption which doctors cannot cure.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 88 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page88" id="page88"></a>[88]</span></p> + + +<table width="100%" class="allb" summary="Harm done by Alcohol to the Heart, Blood-vessels and Lungs." title="Harm done by Alcohol to the Heart, Blood-vessels and Lungs."> + <tr> + <td align="center" colspan="3"> + <u>HARM DONE BY ALCOHOL TO THE</u> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="30%"> + HEART.<br /> Overworks it.<br /> Makes it tired.<br /> Loads it with + fat.<br /> Softens and destroys + it. + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="38%"> + BLOOD-VESSELS.<br /> Hurries the blood through them.<br /> Stretches + the small arteries and makes them unfit to work.<br /> Poisons the + blood in the hair-like blood-vessels (capillaries). + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="30%"> + LUNGS.<br /> Makes them work too fast.<br /> Heats and inflames + them.<br /> Hardens the walls of their air-cells.<br /> Keeps in the + poisonous gas.<br /> Keeps out the good gas (oxygen).<br /> Weakens + them and makes them diseased. + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + + <p>THE BLOOD ("The life ... is in the blood")</p> + + +<table width="80%" class="single" summary="The Blood." title="The Blood."> + <tr> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> + Consists of + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left" width="6%"> + </td> + <td align="left" width="93%"> + A colorless liquid (plasma), and<br /> Little, red, circle-shaped + bodies (corpuscles). + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + + <p>ALCOHOL (a blood-poison)</p> + + <p>Mixes with the colorless liquid, and takes away some of its + goodness.</p> + + +<table width="80%" class="single" summary="Alcohol (a blood-poison)." title="Alcohol (a blood-poison)."> + <tr> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> + Makes some of the corpuscles + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left" width="6%"> + </td> + <td align="left" width="93%"> + Smaller.<br /> Change shape.<br /> Lose color.<br /> Lose oxygen.<br + /> Die, and change into useless fat + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">TO THE BRAIN AND NERVES.</p> + + <p>Where is your brain?—"In my skull." What color is + it?—"Gray and white." What does it resemble?—"Marrow." What + work is done in the brain?—"The work of thinking." You may repeat + what you have learned about the membranes of the brain. (See Formula for + the Lesson on the Nervous System.)</p> + +<p><!-- Page 89 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page89" id="page89"></a>[89]</span></p> + + <p>You say "the inner membrane is a net-work of blood-vessels." If these + are blood-vessels in the membranes, what fills them?—"Blood." Do + you think alcohol can get into the brain?—"Yes." How can it get + there?—"It goes there with the blood." How can we know that alcohol + does mischief in the brain? You cannot answer? Did you never see a + drunken man? Now tell me how you might know his brain has been hurt by + alcohol.—"He talks funny; he acts strangely; he is very cross; he + does not know what he is doing; he walks crookedly; he falls down; + sometimes he falls asleep, and is almost like a dead man; he is dead + drunk."</p> + + <p>Let us study to learn why the drunken man does such strange things. + The alcohol in this bottle, and this egg which you see, will help us find + the cause of the mischief. You may tell what is in the egg.—"A + white liquid and a yellow liquid." How could they be made hard?—"By + making the egg hot; by boiling." We will try what alcohol will do to the + white part. You see when it is poured upon the white of the egg it + hardens this part as boiling would harden it. This white portion is + composed of water and something called <i>albumen</i>. The alcohol dries + up the water and thickens the albumen.</p> + + <p>Albumen is found not only in eggs but in some seeds, as beans, peas, + corn, etc., also in the gray part of the brain and in the nerves.</p> + + <p>We will talk first of the harm alcohol does to the nerves. You know + they are the grayish-white cords which pass from the brain and the spine + to every part of the body. What do they act like in the kind of work they + do?—"Like telegraph wires." What is their work?—"To carry + messages to and from the brain." What kinds of nerves have you learned + about?—"Nerves of feeling and nerves of motion."</p> + + <p>When alcohol touches a nerve, it draws away the moisture or water from + it, and hardens the white part or albumen; this makes the nerve shrivel + as if it had been burned; it loses its power to feel and move, or, to use + a long word, is <i>paralyzed</i>.</p> + + <p>Alcohol paralyzes all the nerves it touches. It makes them <!-- Page + 90 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page90" id="page90"></a>[90]</span> + so stupid that they cannot understand what the brain says to them, and + they do not carry the right messages back to it. For instance: when the + nerves of the stomach are poisoned by the alcohol in beer, wine, etc., + they do not feel the pain of hunger as much as they otherwise would, and + they let the brain think the stomach is satisfied and does not need any + more food, when it is only stupefied by these liquors.</p> + + <p>Again, it is the work of some nerves to tell the muscles of the small + arteries to tighten, or contract, when too much blood is coming into + them. Alcohol so paralyzes these nerves that they do not carry their + message; the arteries let in the blood, and become swollen and enlarged. + They tell the mischief done to them, by causing the skin to be red or + flushed. If people drink much of any intoxicating liquor, and often, + their skin is always a bad color, or, as grown folks say, becomes + permanently discolored. All this because the nerves have been made unfit + to do their duty by alcohol poison.</p> + + <p>The nerves also lose power over the muscles of the limbs. This is + plainly seen in the trembling of the hands and the unsteady walking of + the drunkard; but is equally true of those who drink only a little now + and then. Their nerves are not as strong and wide-awake to control the + machinery of the body as they would be if no alcohol were troubling + them.</p> + + <p>Sometimes the nerves of hearing and sight tell the brain queer + stories, and the poor brain believes them all, for it, too, is stupefied + by the same fire-water which has hurt the nerves. Indeed, the harm done + by alcohol to the brain is greater than that done to any other part of + the body. It takes the water from the albumen, and makes the white part + of the brain hard, as if it had been cooked. It kills the little, + circle-shaped, red parts of the blood—the corpuscles; these collect + in the blood-vessels of the brain, and keep the blood from flowing as + fast as it ought, which causes disease and very often death. Sometimes + the brain is so much injured by the poison that the drinker becomes + crazy, and is a great deal of trouble to himself and everybody else.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 91 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page91" id="page91"></a>[91]</span></p> + + <p>Since all this is true, wise children will let cider, lager, ale, + wine, and every other kind of alcoholic drink alone, and never, + NEVER,</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Put an enemy into their mouths,</p> + <p>To steal away their brains."</p> + </div> + </div> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + + +<table width="75%" class="allb" summary="Harm done by Alcohol to the Nerves and Brain." title="Harm done by Alcohol to the Nerves and Brain."> + <tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2"> + <u>HARM DONE BY ALCOHOL</u> TO THE + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="50%"> + NERVES.<br /> Takes away their moisture, and paralyzes them.<br /> + Takes away their power to control the muscles.<br /> Makes them unfit + to carry messages to and from the brain. + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="50%"> + BRAIN.<br /> Fills or congests its blood-vessels with impure + blood.<br /> Collects in it, and paralyzes it.<br /> Hardens its + albumen.<br /> So hurts it as to cause craziness (insanity) and + death. + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">MORE ABOUT THE HARM DONE BY ALCOHOL.</p> + + <p>In the lessons you have learned you have been taught about the harm + done by alcohol to the body and the mind; can you tell, from what you + have seen of drunken people, in what other way alcoholic liquors hurt + them?—"They make people waste their money; they make them waste + their time; they make them cross; they make them fight; they make them + say silly and wicked words; they sometimes make fathers and mothers hurt + their children; they make people lose their good name; they often make + them do things for which they are sent to prison."</p> + + <p>Yes, this is only some of the mischief done by alcohol. If you could + fly around the world and see everybody who has been hurt in any way by + this terrible poison, what a sad, sad sight you would behold! At least + half the trouble in the world comes from strong drink.</p> + + <p>Are <i>you</i>, little girl, little boy, going to join the army of + drunkards? No, indeed! you think; but probably no one who has become a + drunkard ever intended to do so. They all began <!-- Page 92 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page92" id="page92"></a>[92]</span> with one + glass, a few drops of some alcoholic liquor,—cider, wine, or beer + perhaps,—and thus learned to love the taste of alcohol, and soon + became its slaves. For this poison has the strange power of making those + who drink it want more and more of itself, though they know it is doing + them harm.</p> + + <p>The only safety is in letting alcoholic liquors alone, forever.</p> + + <p>BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.</p> + + +<table width="100%" class="allb" summary="Summary of the Harm done by Alcohol." title="Summary of the Harm done by Alcohol."> + <tr> + <td align="center" colspan="4"> + <u>ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS HURT</u><br /> The body,<br /> The mind, and<br + /> The soul;<br /> <u>AND MAKE + PEOPLE</u> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="25%"> + WASTE<br /> Money,<br /> Talents, and<br /> + Time. + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="25%"> + LOSE<br /> Strength,<br /> Health, and<br /> Good + name. + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="25%"> + UNFIT TO<br /> Think, or<br /> + Work. + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="25%"> + UNFIT TO SERVE<br /> Themselves,<br /> Their neighbor,<br /> or + GOD. + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">STORIES ABOUT THE HARM DONE BY ALCOHOL.<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6" href="#footnote6"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p> + + <p>A YOUNG BEGINNER.—The hardest drinker I ever knew commenced on + cider when he was only five years old. He would go to the barrel of cider + in the cellar, which had been put there to make vinegar, and, getting a + straw, would suck all the cider he wanted; and then, after he had played + awhile, he would go back and get more. He kept on drinking alcoholic + liquors of some kind, until he died a drunkard.</p> + + <p>CIDER DELIRIUM.—Dr. J.H. Travis, of Masonville, N.Y., was once + called to a child six years old, who was raving in the wildest delirium. + His symptoms were so peculiar that he questioned the family closely, and + found that the day previous, at a raising, the child had drank freely of + cider. After the men left he had procured a straw and gone to the barrel + and drank till he was senseless, and after this the delirium <!-- Page 93 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page93" id="page93"></a>[93]</span> + came on. He exhibited undoubted symptoms of delirium tremens. Cider was + the common beverage of the family. Dr. Travis has been called to several + other cases of delirium tremens from the use of cider.—<i>Mrs. E.J. + Richmond.</i></p> + + <p>A CAUTION TO MOTHERS.—One of the first literary men in the + United States said to a temperance lecturer: "There is one thing which I + wish you to do everywhere; entreat every mother never to give a drop of + strong drink to a child. I have had to fight as for my life all my days + to keep from dying a drunkard, because I was fed with spirits when a + child. I thus acquired an appetite for it. My brother, poor fellow, died + a drunkard."</p> + + <p>A GIRL DRUNKARD.—A young girl of eighteen, beautiful, + intelligent, and temperate, the pride of her home, was recommended to + take a little gin for some chronic ailment. She took it; it soothed the + pain; she kept on taking it; it created an artificial appetite, and in + four years she died a drunkard.—<i>Medical Temperance + Journal.</i></p> + + <p>"A LITTLE WON'T HURT HIM."—I was the pet of the family. Before I + could well walk I was treated to the sweet from the bottom of my father's + glass. My dear mother would gently chide with him, "Don't, John, it will + do him harm." To this he would smilingly reply, "This little sup won't + hurt him." When I became a school-boy I was ill at times, and my mother + would pour for me a glass of wine from the decanter. At first I did not + like it; but, as I was told that it would make me strong, I got to like + it. When I became an apprentice, I reasoned thus: "My parents told me + that these drinks are good, and I cannot get them except at the + public-house." Step by step I fell.... I have grown to manhood, but my + course of intemperance has added sin to sin. My days are now nearly + ended. Hope for the future I have none.—<i>Dying Drunkard.</i></p> + + <p>DANGER.—In one of Mr. Moody's temperance prayer meetings at + Chicago, a reformed man attributed a former relapse of drunkenness wholly + to a physician's prescription to take whiskey three times a day!</p> + + <p>KILLED BY THE POISON.—Many years ago, when stage coaches were in + use in England, during a very cold night, a young woman mounted the + coach. A respectable tradesman sitting there asked her what induced her + to travel on such a night, when she replied that she was going to the + bedside of her mother, of whose illness she had just heard. She was soon + wrapped in such coats, etc., as the passengers could spare, and when they + stopped the tradesman procured her some <!-- Page 94 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page94" id="page94"></a>[94]</span> brandy. She + declined it at first, saying she had never drank spirits in her life. But + he said, "Drink it down; it won't hurt you on such a bitter night." This + was done repeatedly, until the poor girl fell fast asleep, and when they + arrived in London she could not be roused. She was stiff and cold in + death, and the doctor, on the coroner's inquest, said that she had been + killed by the brandy.—<i>Mrs. Balfour.</i></p> + + <p>IN CASE OF SHIPWRECK.—In the winter of 1796 a vessel was wrecked + on an island of the Massachusetts coast, and five persons on board + determined to swim ashore. Four of them drank freely of spirits to keep + up their strength, but the fifth would drink none. One was drowned, and + all that drank spirits failed and stopped, and froze one after another, + the man that drank none being the only one that reached the house at some + distance from, the shore, and he lived many years after that.</p> + + <p>IT EXHAUSTS STRENGTH.—Concerning one cold winter when there were + very severe snow-storms in the Highlands of Scotland, James Hogg, the + poet, says: "It was a received opinion all over the country that sundry + lives were lost, and a great many more endangered, by the administration + of ardent spirits to the sufferers <i>while in a state of exhaustion</i>. + A little bread and sweet milk, or even bread and cold water, proved a + much safer restorative in the fields. Some who took a glass of spirits + that night never spoke another word, even though they were continuing to + walk and converse when their friends joined them. One woman found her + husband lying in a state of insensibility; she had only sweet milk and + oatmeal cake to give him, but with these she succeeded in getting him + home and saving him."—<i>Bacchus.</i></p> + + <p>SHIPMASTER OF THE KEDRON.—"I was brought up in a temperance + school, and when I shipped before the mast I stuck to my principles, + though everyone else on board drank excepting two boys whom I persuaded + to abstain. In a very severe storm off a lee-shore, when it was so cold + they had to break the icicles off the ropes to tack the ship, all drank + but myself and these two boys. The men would work very well for a few + minutes, and then slack off and take another drink, until they were all + keeled up, and we three boys had all we could do to keep the ship from + going ashore. If we had drank with the rest, all would have been lost, + for the men were too drunk to save themselves. Providentially, the storm + abated before morning, and we were saved. Now, for many years I have been + captain of my own ship, and I never give out one drop of + liquor."—<i>Captain Brown.</i></p> + +<p><!-- Page 95 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page95" id="page95"></a>[95]</span></p> + + <p>ON THE PLAINS.—Twenty-six men, travelling on one of the great + Western plains in the United States, were overtaken by cold and night. + They had food, clothing, and whiskey, but no fire. They were warned not + to drink whiskey or they would freeze. Three did not drink a drop, and + though they felt cold they did not suffer nor freeze. Three more drank a + little, and though they suffered much they did not freeze. Seven others + that drank a good deal had their toes and fingers frozen. Six that drank + pretty strong were badly frozen and never got over it. Four that got very + boozy were frozen so badly that they died three or four weeks afterward. + Three that got dead drunk were stiff dead by daylight. They all suffered + just in proportion to the amount of whiskey they took. They were all + strong men, and had about the same amount of clothing and blankets; the + whiskey was all that made the difference.</p> + + <p>THE RED RIVER EXPEDITION in Canada, in 1870, is often quoted as one of + the most laborious on record, 1200 troops travelling 1200 miles through a + very dense wilderness, and having all their supplies to carry. They were + ninety-four days out, and none of them had liquor. They were constantly + wet through, sometimes for days together, and all the while at the severe + labor of rowing, poling, tracking, and portaging, yet they were always + well and cheery, and there was a total absence of crime.</p> + + <p>IN AFRICA it is far safer to do without intoxicating drink. + Livingstone says that he lived without it for twenty years. Stanley + performed his wonderful journey without it. Bruce said more than one + hundred, years ago: "I laid down as a positive rule of health that + spirits and all fermented liquors should be regarded as poisonous. + Spring, or running water, if you can find it, is to be your only + drink."</p> + + <p>WATERTON, the great naturalist, who travelled so much in South + America, says: "I eat moderately, and never drink wine, spirits, or any + fermented liquors in any climate. This abstemiousness has proved a + faithful friend." He died by accident at the age of eighty-three.</p> + + <p>MR. HUBER, who saw 2160 perish of cholera in twenty-five days in one + town in Russia, says that "Persons given to drinking are swept away like + flies. In Tiflis, containing 20,000 inhabitants, every drunkard has + fallen." Of 204 cases of cholera in the Park Hospital, New York, there + were but six temperate persons, and these recovered. In Albany, where + cholera prevailed with severe mortality for several weeks, only two of + the 5000 members of temperance societies became its victims. <!-- Page 96 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page96" id="page96"></a>[96]</span> In + Montreal, where the victims of the disease were intemperate, it usually + cut them off. In Great Britain, those who have been addicted to + spirituous liquors and irregular habits have been the greatest sufferers + from cholera. In some towns the drunkards are all + dead.—<i>Bacchus.</i></p> + + <p>MALT LIQUORS, under which title are included all kinds of porters and + ales, produce the worst species of drunkenness. The effects of malt + liquors are more stupefying than those of ardent spirits, and less easily + removed. In a short time they render dull and sluggish the gayest + disposition.—<i>Anatomy of Drunkenness.</i></p> + + <p>GINGER-BEER.—A man who has been a temperance-worker for + forty-five years, says that there is often alcohol in ginger-beer. He + told of a case known to him of a reformed man who, after drinking some, + felt strongly drawn to the bar-room, where he drank until he brought on + delirium tremens. The beer will sometimes ferment enough in a few hours + to produce alcohol—if it answers the conditions—a sweet + liquid and a ferment.</p> + + <p>DANGER TO THE REFORMED.—A lady who had become a drunkard through + taking alcoholic drinks as medicines, at length, after many efforts, + succeeded in breaking away from the power of the appetite, and for a long + time she seemed to be saved. At length she went to visit her mother, and + that mother put brandy peaches on the table for tea. They aroused the + slumbering appetite, the victim fell again, became worse than ever, and + died a miserable drunkard.</p> + +<div class="note"> + <p><a id="footnote6" name="footnote6" href="#footnotetag6">[6]</a> From + <i>Juvenile Temperance Manual</i>, by Julia Colman.</p> + +</div> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">STORIES ABOUT THE RIGHT WAY TO TREAT ALE, BEER, Etc.</p> + + <p>THE RIGHT SIDE.—"Boys, which is the right side of the public + house? Can you tell me?"—"Yes, sir, the outside."</p> + + <p>THE GOAT AND THE ALE.—Many years ago, when everybody drank + freely, a Welsh minister named Rees Pritchard was at the ale-house + drinking, when he took it into his head to offer some ale to a large tame + goat. The animal drank till he fell down drunk, and the minister drank on + till he was carried home drunk. The next day he was sick all day, but on + the third day he went again to the ale-house, and began to drink. The + goat was there, and he offered him more ale, but the <!-- Page 97 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page97" id="page97"></a>[97]</span> + animal would not touch it. The minister, seeing the animal wiser than + himself, was ashamed, and gave up drinking, and became a worthy + minister.</p> + + <p>HOW THE MONKEY WAS CURED.—A monkey named Kees had been taught to + drink brandy. At dinner every day he had his share like his more manly + (?) neighbors, only that his was given to him in a plate. One day, as he + was about to drink it, his master set it on fire, and he ran off + frightened and chattering. No inducement could afterward make him drink + brandy. We have many stories of animals who would never drink again after + they had once experienced its effects.</p> + + <p>THE KEEN MARKSMAN does not poison his nerves and brain with alcohol. + Angus Cameron, a Highlander, at the age of twenty, took the Queen's prize + for the best marksmanship, and when he was twenty-two (in 1869), he won + in the same way a cup worth $1000. He made the best shot each time that + ever had been made in the contest, and neither of them has been beaten by + anyone else. Angus is a slight, modest, unassuming young man, who had + been a Band of Hope boy. When he was announced as the winner, and all the + friends made an ado over him, and offered him a generous glass of + champagne, he quietly refused their mistaken kindness, and kept his + pledge.</p> + + <p>BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, when a printer boy in London, would drink no beer, + and his companions called him the water American, and wondered that he + was stronger than they who drank beer. His companion at the press drank + six pints of beer every day, and had it to pay for. He was not only saved + the expense, but he was stronger than they, and better off in every way. + If he had gone to drinking beer at that time, like the other printer + boys, it is likely we should never have heard of him.</p> + + <p>OATMEAL DRINK.—"In Boulton and Watts' factory we saw an immense + workman at the hottest and heaviest work, wielding a ponderous hammer, + and asked him what liquor he drank. He replied by pointing to an immense + vessel filled with water and oatmeal, to which the men went and drank as + much as they liked." This is made by adding one pound fine oatmeal to + each gallon of water, and is much used in factories and at heavy work of + all kinds in Government works, instead of the old rations of alcoholic + liquors. Iron puddlers, glass blowers, and athletic trainers, all do + their work now better without alcoholic liquors.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 98 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page98" id="page98"></a>[98]</span></p> + + <p>A CHANGE IN AFFAIRS.—A poor boy was once put as an apprentice to + a mechanic; and, as he was the youngest, he was obliged to go for beer + for the older apprentices, though he never drank it. In vain they teased + and taunted him to induce him to drink; he never touched it. Now there is + a great change. Every one of those older apprentices became a drunkard, + while this temperance boy has become a master, and has more than a + hundred men in his employ. So much for total abstinence.</p> + + <p>BOOKS BETTER THAN BEER.—An intelligent young mechanic stood up + in a temperance meeting and said: "I have a rich treat every night among + my books. I saved my beer money and spent it in books. They cost me, with + my book-case, nearly $100. They furnish enjoyment for my winter evenings, + and have enabled me, by God's blessing, to gain much useful knowledge, + such as pots and pipes could never have given me."</p> + + <p>A LITTLE DRUMMER-BOY was a favorite among the officers, who one day + offered him a glass of strong drink. He refused it, saying that he was a + Cadet of Temperance. They accused him of being afraid; but that did not + move him. Then the major commanded him to drink, saying: "You know it is + death to disobey orders." The little fellow stood up at his full height, + and fixing his clear blue eyes on the face of the officer, he said: "When + I entered the army I promised my mother on bended knees that, by the help + of God, I would not taste a drop of rum, and I mean to keep my promise. I + am sorry to disobey orders, sir, but I would rather suffer than disgrace + my mother, and break my temperance pledge." He was excused from + drinking.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<p><!-- Page 99 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page99" id="page99"></a>[99]</span></p> + +<h3>TOBACCO.</h3> + +<p class="center">INTRODUCTORY LESSON.</p> + + <p>You have been learning about the poison alcohol, and what mischief is + done by it; we will now study about another poison which thousands of + persons are using every day. It is rolled in cigars and cigarettes, and + hidden in snuff and pieces of tobacco, and does more harm to children and + young people who use these things than to grown persons.</p> + + <p>Perhaps you know how a person feels who takes tobacco or smokes a + cigar for the first time; if not, we will tell you. He begins to be + dizzy, to tremble, to become faint, and to vomit; his head aches, and he + is so sick for hours, often for several days, that he scarcely knows what + to do. Why is he so sick? Because tobacco poison has been taken into his + lungs; also, some has mixed with the saliva and gone down into his + stomach; and each part it has reached is striving to drive it out, and is + saying, by the pain it causes, "You have given me poison; do not give me + any more." If he had taken enough it would have killed him.</p> + + <p>He recovers from this sickness and tries chewing or smoking again and + again, until he becomes accustomed to the poison and can chew or smoke + and it does not hurt him; so he thinks, but he is very much mistaken.</p> + + <p>Tobacco is a poison, and hurts everybody who uses it every time they + do so, although it does its evil work very slowly, unless taken in large + quantities. To understand more about this we will try to learn how + tobacco is obtained, what poison is in it, and in what way it harms + people.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 100 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page100" id="page100"></a>[100]</span></p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">THE STORY ABOUT TOBACCO.</p> + + <p><b><i>How it Came to be Used.</i></b>—Tobacco is the leaves of + the tobacco plant, a native of America. It was used by the Indians of + this country before Columbus came here in 1492. Some of the Spaniards who + were with him on his second visit took some of it back with them to + Portugal, and told the people they had discovered a wonderful medicine. + From Spain tobacco seed was sent to France by Jean Nicot, in 1560. It is + said that Sir Walter Raleigh carried it to England in 1586, when + Elizabeth was queen.</p> + + <p>In a few years many civilized people were snuffing, chewing, and + smoking tobacco, like the wild Indians, although it cost them a great + deal of money to do so. King James does not seem to have liked it very + much, for he said, "It is a custome loathsome to the eye, hateful to the + nose, harmful to the brain, and dangerous to the lungs." He called the + smoke "stinking fumes."</p> + + <p><b><i>The Tobacco Plant.</i></b> This plant belongs to the same family + as the deadly nightshade, henbane, belladonna, thorn-apple, Jerusalem + cherry, potato, tomato, egg-plant, cayenne pepper, bitter-sweet, and + petunia. Most of the plants of this Nightshade family have more or less + poison in their leaves or fruit. Tobacco is supposed to have been named + from the pipe used by the Indians in smoking its leaves.</p> + + <p>The common tobacco plant grows from three to six feet high, and has + large, almost lance-shaped, leaves growing down the stems; its flowers + are funnel-shaped and of a purplish color. When fresh the leaves have + very little odor or taste.</p> + + <p><b><i>How Tobacco is Used.</i></b>—When the plants are ripe, + they are cut off above the roots and placed where they will become dry, + sometimes in a building made for this purpose, called "a tobacco house." + After a short time they begin to smell strong and taste bitter. They are + then stripped from the stems very carefully and sorted. The leaves + nearest the root are considered the poorest, those at the top generally + the best.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 101 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page101" id="page101"></a>[101]</span></p> + + <p>The different sorts are packed in separate hogsheads, and sent away to + be sold to manufacturers of cigars, snuff, etc.</p> + + <p>The manufacturer has some leaves rolled into cigars, some pressed into + cakes for chewing, or into little pieces to be smoked in a pipe; while + some are ground for snuff. While the dried leaves are being rolled, + pressed, or ground, various substances are mixed with them to give them + an agreeable odor and pleasant taste.</p> + + <p>Yet, however pleasant the manufacturer may make them as he rolls, + presses, or grinds, he cannot take the poison out of them. It remains in + its brown covering to do much harm to those who may smoke the cigars, use + the snuff, or chew the tobacco.</p> + +<p class="center">BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.</p> + + +<table width="100%" class="allb" summary="Summary of the Harm done by Alcohol." title="Summary of the Harm done by Alcohol."> + <tr> + <td align="center" colspan="4"> + <u>THE TOBACCO PLANT.</u> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="25%"> + NATIVE OF<br /> + America. + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="23%"> + FOUND BY<br /> Columbus, + 1492. + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="23%"> + TAKEN TO<br /> Portugal, 1496.<br /> France, + 1560. + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="26%"> + GROWS IN THE<br /> Torrid and temperate + zones. + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> + (About 50 species.) + </td> + <td align="left"> + England, 1586. + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2"> + DESCRIPTION. + </td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"> + FAMILY + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"> + <i>Height</i>, 3 to 6 feet.<br /> <i>Leaves,</i> lance-ovate, and + running down the stem.<br /> <i>Stem,</i> hairy and sticky.<br /> + <i>Flowers,</i> funnel-shaped and purplish. + </td> + <td valign="top" align="right"> + <i>The same as the</i> + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left"> + Jerusalem Cherry,<br /> Petunia,<br /> Potato,<br /> Tomato,<br /> + Egg-plant,<br /> Red pepper, + etc. + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="center" colspan="4"> + HOW MADE READY FOR USE. + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="center"> + (1) + </td> + <td align="left"> + </td> + <td align="center"> + (2) + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"> + Cut-off above the roots.<br /> Dried.<br /> Stripped; sorted.<br /> + Packed, and sold to the manufacturers. + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"> + Flavored and scented.<br /> Rolled for cigars.<br /> Pressed for + chewing.<br /> Ground for + snuff. + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 102 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page102" id="page102"></a>[102]</span></p> + +<p class="center">THE POISON IN TOBACCO AND THE HARM IT DOES.</p> + + <p><b><i>The Poison.</i></b>—What is the poison in fermented + liquors?—"Alcohol." In distilled liquors?—"Alcohol" True; and + the strongest poison in tobacco is <i>nicotine</i>, named from the man + who first sent it to France, Jean Nicot. Beside this it contains several + others, some of which we shall tell you about when we make up our + blackboard outline.</p> + + <p>Tobacco, like alcohol, is a narcotic; that is, it soothes pain and + produces sleep. Alcohol acts first upon the nerves; tobacco upon the + muscles, which it weakens and causes to tremble. It often causes + palpitation of the heart.</p> + + <p>If the skin is scratched or punctured, and tobacco poison put into the + wound, it will do the same harm as if it were taken into the stomach. + Tobacco is so dangerous that physicians do not use it much as a + medicine.</p> + + <p><b><i>Harm done in the Stomach.</i></b>—You remember that after + alcohol has been swallowed, the little mouths of the stomach take it up + and carry it to the liver, which sends it with the blood to different + parts of the body.</p> + + <p>Tobacco, as we have already told you, poisons more slowly. People do + not swallow it purposely, yet some of it goes down, accidentally, into + the stomach with the saliva, and makes trouble there, causing nausea and + vomiting when taken for the first time. By and by the stomach seems to + take the poison without being hurt, but it really suffers from dyspepsia + or other diseases, and often loses its appetite for wholesome food.</p> + + <p><b><i>Harm done in the Mouth, Throat, and Lungs.</i></b>—The + mouth takes in some of the poison through the pores of the membrane, or + skin, which lines it; those who smoke, sometimes have what is called + "smokers' sore throat"; besides this, the senses of taste and smell arc + more or less injured by nicotine and the other poisons in tobacco.</p> + + <p>The fumes, or smoke, from the weed fills the air with poisonous <!-- + Page 103 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page103" + id="page103"></a>[103]</span> vapor which irritates the lungs, not only + of the smoker, but of all who are where they must breathe the same + atmosphere. Lungs thus irritated are liable to become diseased.</p> + + <p>Cigarettes are still more injurious than cigars because of the smoke + from their paper coverings; also, because from the way they are made, + more of the tobacco poison goes into the lungs. The cheap cigarette which + boys use is made from cast-away cigar stumps and other filthy things.</p> + + <p><b><i>Harm done in the Brain and Nerves.</i></b>—The smoker + feels so rested and comfortable, after his cigar, and his brain is so + rested, that he does not think about the mischief that is going on among + its blood-vessels and nerves; perhaps he has never heard that tobacco, + snuffed, chewed, or smoked hurts the brain, and does not learn about it + until he finds he is losing his memory, that his mind is not so strong to + think as it should be, and his will too weak to help him conquer his love + for the snuff, tobacco, or cigar, when he wishes to stop using it. He has + become the slave of tobacco, and it is not easy to get free from his + cruel enemy.</p> + + <p>The nerves also lose their power, or become more or less paralyzed by + nicotine and the other tobacco poisons.</p> + + <p><b><i>More about the Harm done by Tobacco.</i></b>—Some persons + who continue to use tobacco are strong enough to throw off the poison + through the lungs, the skin, and in other ways; but how much better it + would be if they were not obliged to employ their strength in getting rid + of that which does them no good, which only gives a little pleasure to + nobody but themselves, and often makes those suffer who are compelled to + remain where they are having "a good smoke." Beside, their breath and + clothing have the tobacco odor, which not only makes the air impure, but + is disagreeable to most people.</p> + + <p>If this be true of smoking, what shall we say about the filthy habit + of chewing, and the utterly useless and disgusting practice of taking + snuff, which injures the voice as well as the senses of taste and smell? + <!-- Page 104 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page104" + id="page104"></a>[104]</span></p> + + <p>And what about spitting tobacco juice on the floors of cars, + steamboats, churches,—any place where it is convenient for the man + or boy who has lost his common politeness in his love for tobacco?</p> + + <p>We must not forget that cigars, etc., cost money. No one who smokes, + chews, or snuffs would throw away dollars and cents which might be put + into the savings bank, or used in buying something worth having for + himself or somebody else.</p> + + <p>Lastly, we would have you know that tobacco causes thirst, and this + often leads to drinking alcoholic liquors. Some one who has studied this + subject, says that "nine out of ten of the boys and young men who become + drunkards have first learned to smoke or chew tobacco." A New York daily + paper gave a list of 294 cases of insanity caused by drinking, in 246 of + which the whiskey drinking followed tobacco chewing.</p> + + <p>Tobacco and alcohol make thousands of wretched homes, and send a great + many people to prison or to the insane asylum; so we entreat you to turn + from beer, wine, and all alcoholic liquors as you would from a serpent, + and say No, when tempted to smoke a cigar or use tobacco in any form.</p> + + <p>Do this all the more decidedly because, as we have told you before, + alcohol and tobacco hurt children and young persons in every way more + than they injure any one else. If you have begun to use these poisons, + give them up this very day, before the habit of using them becomes too + strong for you to break.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">QUESTIONS ON THE USE OF TOBACCO.</p> + + <p>Of what poison beside alcohol have you been + studying?—"Tobacco."</p> + + <p>How is tobacco used?—"Some take it in snuff; some chew it; some + smoke it in a pipe; some smoke it in cigars or cigarettes."</p> + + <p>What is the name of the strongest poison in + tobacco?—"Nicotine."</p> + + <p>What harm does tobacco poison do to the body?—See Blackboard + Outline.</p> + + <p>What harm does it do to the mind?—See Blackboard Outline.</p> + + <p>Whom does it harm most?—"Those who begin to use it when they are + children or very young."</p> + + <p>What happens to children or young people if they use tobacco in any + way?—"They are not healthy; they are not strong; they do not grow + fast; they look pale and sickly."</p> + +<p><!-- Page 105 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page105" id="page105"></a>[105]</span></p> + + <p>How does the tobacco poison hurt their minds?—"They cannot learn + fast; they often forget what they have learned."</p> + + <p>What often makes tobacco-chewers, snuffers, and smokers disagreeable + to clean people?—"Their breath smells of tobacco; their clothes + smell of tobacco; they poison the air with tobacco-fumes; some have the + filthy habit of spitting tobacco-juice wherever they happen to be."</p> + + <p>What other harm does the use of tobacco do to people?—"It makes + them waste time and money; it leads some to drink alcoholic liquors and + to go with bad company."</p> + + <p>If you are wise how will you treat tobacco?—"I will let it + alone."</p> + + <p>If you have begun to use it what had you better do?—"Give it up + to-day."</p> + + <p>Why to-day?—"Because the longer I use it the harder it will be + for me to give it up."</p> + + <p>If you keep on using it what will you be?—"A tobacco slave."</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 106 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page106" id="page106"></a>[106]</span></p> + +<p class="center">BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.</p> + + +<table width="100%" class="allb" summary="Poisons in Tobacco Smoke." title="Poisons in Tobacco Smoke."> + <tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2"> + <u>TOBACCO.</u> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left" width="50%"> + POISONS IN TOBACCO SMOKE. + </td> + <td align="left" width="50%"> + EFFECTS OF THE POISONS. + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + Carbonic acid + </td> + <td align="left"> + Causes sleepiness and headache. + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + Carbonic oxide + </td> + <td align="left"> + Causes trembling of the muscles and heart. + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + Ammonia + </td> + <td align="left"> + Bites the tongue; makes too much work for the salivary glands. + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="left"> + Nicotine + </td> + <td align="left"> + See below. + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <p> </p> + + +<table width="100%" class="allb" summary="Nicotine." title="Nicotine."> + <tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2"> + <u>NICOTINE</u> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="50%"> + IS<br /> Odorous,<br /> Pungent,<br /> Emetic,<br /> Poisonous,<br /> + Pain-soothing,<br /> Sleep-producing, <i>i.e.</i> + Narcotic. + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left" width="50%"> + CAUSES<br /> Weakness,<br /> Nervousness,<br /> Dizziness,<br /> + Nausea,<br /> Faintness,<br /> Loss of strength,<br /> + Stupor, + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="right"> + <i>If taken in large quantities</i> + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left"> + Convulsions and Death. + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <p> </p> + + +<table width="100%" class="allb" summary="Harm done by Tobacco." title="Harm done by Tobacco."> + <tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2"> + <u>SOME OF THE HARM DONE BY TOBACCO</u> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td align="center" width="50%"> + TO THE BODY. + </td> + <td align="center" width="50%"> + TO THE MIND, ETC. + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="left"> + Poisons the saliva.<br /> Injures the sense of smell, taste, sight, + and hearing.<br /> Causes "smokers' sore-throat."<br /> Injures the + stomach, causing dyspepsia, etc.<br /> Often takes away the appetite + for wholesome food.<br /> Irritates the air-cells of the lungs.<br /> + Causes palpitation of the heart.<br /> Weakens the muscles, causing + trembling.<br /> Injures the eyes.<br /> Excites, then stupefies and + paralyzes the brain and the nerves. + </td> + <td valign="top" align="left"> + Makes the memory poor.<br /> Lessens the power to think.<br /> + Weakens the will.<br /> Makes people grow in selfishness and + impoliteness.<br /> Makes people waste time and money.<br /> Often + leads to drunkenness and bad company.<br /> Sometimes causes + insanity. + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<p><!-- Page 107 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page107" id="page107"></a>[107]</span></p> + +<p class="center">OPIUM AND OTHER NARCOTICS.</p> + + <p><b><i>Opium.</i></b>—Opium is the juice obtained from the + seed-vessels of the white poppy before they are ripe; this is dried, and + smoked in a pipe or chewed. It makes a person feel very pleasant and + happy for a little while, then so horribly wretched that he takes more of + the poison to forget his misery. So he keeps on until mind and body are a + complete wreck. Now and then an opium slave gets free from the dreadful + habit which has mastered him, but usually the slavery ends only in + death.</p> + + <p><b><i>Laudanum and Morphine.</i></b>—These soothe pain and cause + sleep; but beware of them; they are made from opium, and like it, though + more slowly, hurt mind and body.</p> + + <p>Beware also of <i>chloral hydrate</i> and <i>chloroform</i>, which + physicians give to ease suffering and produce sleep. <i>Endure pain</i> + rather than form the habit of using these narcotics.</p> + + <p><b><i>Hashish, etc.</i></b>—This is prepared from the hemp plant + growing in hot countries, and is a terribly exciting poison.</p> + + <p>The <i>areca nut</i>, the seed from a kind of palm, pear-shaped, and + resembling a nutmeg, is mixed with quick-lime and wrapped in a + betel-leaf, which grows on a vine belonging to the pepper family. This + mixture reddens the saliva and lips, and blackens the teeth. It is chewed + by millions of people in India.</p> + + <p>The leaves of the <i>coca</i>, also of the <i>thorn apple</i>, are + smoked or chewed by the South American Indian.</p> + + <p><b>All</b> these poisons mean the same thing,—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>A little pleasure</i>, DISEASE, and <b>DEATH</b>.</p> + </div> + </div> + <br clear="all" /> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 108 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page108" id="page108"></a>[108]</span></p> + +<h2>Practical Work in the School-Room.</h2> + +<p class="center">BY SARAH F. BUCKELEW & MARGARET W. LEWIS.</p> + +<h3>Part I.—THE HUMAN BODY.</h3> + +<h3><i>TEACHERS' EDITION.</i></h3> + +<p class="center"><b>A Transcript of Lessons given in the Primary Department of Grammar +School No. 49, New York City.</b></p> + + <p>This work was prepared especially to aid Teachers in giving oral + instructions in Physiology to Primary and Intermediate Classes. It is, + perhaps, the only Physiology published that is suitable for these grades. + Considerable attention is paid to the subject of Alcohol and + Narcotics.</p> + +<blockquote> + <p>"First is given <i>a model lesson</i>; second, <i>a formula</i>, + embodying the principal facts given during the development and teaching; + third, <i>questions for the formula</i>; fourth, <i>directions for + teaching</i>; and fifth, <i>questions on the lesson</i>. These last are + important. A full plan of lessons is given for each week for five months, + in each of six grades, showing exactly how much work ought to be + attempted. No book could be made more helpful to teachers. To the + thousands who are asking, 'Tell us how to teach,' here are full, minute, + and correct instructions. Even the answers expected are given, blackboard + outlines are arranged, and nothing is wanting to make the book as useful + to teachers as it is possible for any book to be. It ought to have a + large sale. No book published during the last ten years will do more to + drive away routine from the school-room and introduce thought than this, + <i>if only the teachers will use it</i>. Its introduction displaces + nothing but the old-fashioned monotonous recitations. Let them go; we + welcome this book as an important aid in hastening along the good time of + better teaching. It is excellently printed, with good paper and + binding."—<i>The New York School Journal.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><i>Illustrated. Price by mail, 75 cents.</i></p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<h2>DEVELOPMENT LESSONS.</h2> + +<p class="center">BY PROF. E.V. DEGRAFF & MISS M.K. SMITH.</p> + +<p class="center">IN FIVE PARTS.</p> + + <p><b>I. Fifty Lessons on the Senses, Size, Form, Place, Plants, and + Insects.</b></p> + +<blockquote> + <p>These lessons are presented objectively with a view to showing how + elementary work in natural science may be done.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><b>II. Quincy School Work.</b></p> + + <p><b>III. Lectures on the Science and Art of Teaching.</b></p> + +<blockquote> + <p>Specific instruction is given on how to teach Reading, Spelling, + Phonics, Language, Geography, Arithmetic, etc.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><b>IV. School Government.</b></p> + + <p><b>V. "The New Departure in the Schools of Quincy."</b> By CHAS. + FRANCIS ADAMS.</p> + +<blockquote> + <p>DR. A.D. MAYO says, in the <i>New England Journal of Education</i>: + "Although we have given place in our book-notice column to an + appreciative mention of the volume, 'Development Lessons,' a new reading + seems to call for a new commendation of this admirable guide to teachers. + Mr. DeGraff needs no special 'boom' as a first-class institute man, and + his extracts of lectures in Part III. sparkle with valuable suggestions. + In no published work is Col. Parker really seen to such advantage as in + the 'reports of conversations' with him in Part II., which can be studied + with profit by every teacher. But perhaps the most complete portion of + this admirable book is the 178 pages of lessons on the Senses, Size, + Form, Place, Plants, and Insects, by MISS M.K. SMITH, now Teacher of + Methods in the State Normal School at Peru, Neb."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><i>Handsomely Bound and Illustrated. 300 pages. Price by mail, + $1.50.</i></p> + +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OBJECT LESSONS ON THE HUMAN BODY***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 15435-h.txt or 15435-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/5/4/3/15435">https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/4/3/15435</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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Lewis + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Object Lessons on the Human Body + A Transcript of Lessons Given in the Primary Department of School No. 49, New York City + + +Author: Sarah F. Buckelew and Margaret W. Lewis + +Release Date: March 21, 2005 [eBook #15435] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OBJECT LESSONS ON THE HUMAN BODY*** + + +E-text prepared by Wallace McLean, Keith Edkins, and the Project Gutenberg +Online Distributed Proofreading Team + + + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustrations. + See 15435-h.htm or 15435-h.zip: + (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/5/4/3/15435/15435-h/15435-h.htm) + or + (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/5/4/3/15435/15435-h.zip) + + + + + +Practical Work in the School Room Series. Part I + +OBJECT LESSONS ON THE HUMAN BODY + +A Transcript of Lessons Given in the Primary Department of School No. 49, +New York City + +Pupils' Edition (Revised) + +New York: +Parker P. Simmons, +Successor to +A. Lovell & Company + +1904 + + + + + + + +AUTHOR'S NOTE TO THE PUPIL + + +This book has been prepared to help you in learning about "the house you +live in," and to teach you to take care of it, and keep it from being +destroyed by two of its greatest enemies,--Alcohol and Nicotine. + +As you study its pages, be sure to find out the meaning of every word in +them which you do not understand; for, if you let your tongue say what your +mind knows nothing about, you are talking _parrot-fashion_. + +And do not forget that you must pay for all the knowledge you obtain, +whether you are rich or poor. Nobody else can pay for you. You, your own +self, must _pay attention_ with your own mind, through your own eyes and +ears, _or do without knowledge_. + +Be wise: gain all the knowledge you can concerning everything worth +knowing, and use it for the good of yourself and other people. + +"KNOWLEDGE IS POWER." + + + +[Illustration: A, the heart; B, the lungs; light cross lines, arteries; +heavy lines, veins.] + + + +PART I. + +FORMULA FOR INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. + +1. My body is built of bones covered with flesh and skin; the blood flows +through it, all the time, from my heart. I breathe through my nose and +mouth, and take the air into my lungs. + +2. The parts of my body are the head, the trunk, the limbs. + +3. My head. + The crown of my head. + The back of my head. + The sides of my head. + My face. + My forehead. + My two temples. + My two eyes. + My nose. + My two cheeks. + My mouth. + My chin. + My two ears. + My neck. + My two shoulders. + My two arms. + My two hands. + My trunk. + My back. + My two sides. + My chest. + My two legs. + My two knees. + My two feet. + I am sitting erect. + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA. + +1. Tell about your body. + +2. Name the parts of the body. + +3. Name the parts of the head, trunk, and limbs. + + * * * * * + +THE NOSE AND THE MOUTH. + +Be sure to keep your mouth closed when you are not talking or singing, +especially when you are walking, running, or _asleep_. The two nostrils are +outside doors, always open to admit the air, and inside of the upper part +of the nose there are two other openings, through which it passes into the +throat. Air which goes this way is warmed, cleansed, and moistened, but +that which is breathed directly through the mouth is not so well prepared +for its work in the lungs. + +Do not use your mouth as a box or a pin-cushion; the pin, or whatever yon +have put into it, may slip into your throat and cause your death. + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS ON THE INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. + +Of what is the body built?--"Of bones." + +What covers the bones?--"Flesh." + +What covers the flesh?--"Skin." + +What flows through the body?--"Blood." + +Where does the blood flow from?--"The heart." + +When does the blood flow from the heart?--"Every time the heart beats." + +Show with your hand how the heart beats. + +When does the heart beat?--"All the time." + +What happens when the heart stops beating?--"We die." + +What do you see on the back of your hand, beneath the skin?--"Veins" + +What is in the veins?--"Bad blood." + +What are the veins?--"Pipes for the bad blood to pass through." + +Where do the veins carry the bad blood?--"To the heart." + +Where does the heart send the bad blood?--"To the lungs." + +What happens to the bad blood when in the lungs?--"It is made pure." + +What makes the bad blood pure?--"The air." + +How does the air get into the lungs?--"Through my nose, mouth, and +windpipe." + +What is breathing?--"Letting the air into and out of my lungs, through my +nose, mouth, and windpipe." + +When do you breathe?--"All the time." + +What do you breathe?--"Air." + +What do you breaths through?--"My nose, mouth, and windpipe." + +Where do you get the air?--"Everywhere." + +Where do the lungs send the pure blood?--"To the heart." + +Where does the heart send the pure blood?--"All through the body." + +How does the heart send the pure blood through the body?--"Through pipes +called arteries." + +What kind of blood passes through the arteries?--"Pure blood." + +What kind of blood passes through the veins?--"Impure blood." + +What carries the pure blood through the body?--"The arteries." + +What carries the impure blood through the body?--"The veins." + +What makes blood?--"Food and drink." + +What is food?--"Anything good to eat." + +What is drink?--"Anything good to drink." + +Name some kinds of wholesome food.--"Meat, potatoes, oranges, apples, etc." + +Name some kinds of wholesome drink.--"Water, milk, lemonade, etc." + +What do you mean by wholesome food?--"Food that will make good blood." + +What do you mean by wholesome drink?--"Drink that will make good blood." + +What does the blood make?--"Bones, flesh, skin, hair, nails, and +cartilage." + +What use is the blood to the body?--"It makes the body grow, and keeps it +alive." + +Name some kinds of poisonous drinks.--"Rum, brandy, ale, cider, etc." + +What do you mean by poisonous drinks?--"Drinks which hurt or poison the +body." + +Why do you say that rum and the other drinks you have named are +poisonous?--"Because they do harm to every part of the body." + +Which part do they hurt most?--"The head or brain." + +What harm do they do to the brain?--"They make it unfit to do its work." + +What work does the brain do?--"Thinking." + +Then what harm do rum, brandy, wine, and these other drinks do to the +brain?--"They make it unfit to think." + +What other poison do some people use?--"Tobacco." + +When do children use tobacco?--"When they chew tobacco; when they smoke +cigars or cigarettes." + +How much does tobacco poison hurt children?--"More than it hurts anybody +else." + +In what way does it hurt children?--"It keeps children from growing fast; +from being strong and healthy; and from learning as well as they ought." + +How does it do all this mischief to children?--"It poisons their lungs, +their heart and blood, and their brain." + + * * * * * + +PART II. + +FORMULA FOR THE PARTS AND JOINTS OF THE BODY: + +1. My limbs are my two arms and my two legs. + +2. My arm has two parts: + + my upper arm, my fore-arm; + +and three joints: + + my shoulder joint, my elbow joint, my wrist joint. + +3. My hand is used in holding, throwing, catching, and feeling: + + the palm of my hand, + the back of my hand, + my fingers, + my thumb, + my forefinger, + my middle finger, + my ring finger, + my little finger, + my knuckles, + my finger joints, + my nails, + the tips of my fingers, + the veins, + the ball of my thumb, + and the lines where the flesh is bent. + +4. My leg has two parts: + + my thigh, and my lower leg; + +and three joints: + + my hip joint, my knee joint, my ankle joint. + +5. My foot is used in standing, walking, running, skating, and jumping: + + my instep, + my toes, + the sole of my foot, + the ball, + the hollow, + the heel, + my toe joints, + and my toe nails, which protect my toes. + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA. + +1. Which are your limbs? + +2. Tell about your arm. + +3. Tell about your hand. + +4. Tell about your leg. + +5. Tell about your foot. + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: THE ELBOW JOINT. +(A hinge joint.)] + +[Illustration: THE HIP JOINT. +(A ball-and-socket joint.)] + +Some joints, as those of the skull, are immovable; some, as those of the +spine, may be moved a little; and others more or less freely, as those of +the limbs. In machines, the parts which move upon each other need to be +oiled, to keep them from wearing out; but the joints of our bodies oil +themselves with a thin fluid, called _synovia_. This fluid resembles the +white of an egg, and comes from a smooth lining inside of the joints. The +ends of the bones which form joints are covered by gristle or _cartilage_, +and are fastened together by very strong, silvery white bands, called +_ligaments_. A sprain is caused by overstretching or tearing some of these +ligaments. + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS ON THE LIMBS AND JOINTS OF THE BODY. + +What is the trunk of your body?--"All the body but the head and limbs." + +Which are your limbs?--"My two arms and my two legs." + +How many limbs have you?--"Four." + +How many parts has your arm?--"Two parts: my upper arm and my fore-arm." + +How many parts has your leg?--"Two parts: my thigh and my lower leg." + +How many joints has your arm?--"Three joints: my shoulder joint, my elbow +joint, my wrist joint." + +How many joints has your leg?--"Three joints: my hip joint, my knee joint, +my ankle joint." + +What are joints?--"Bending places." + +How many kinds of joints have you?--"Two: hinge joints, and ball-and-socket +joints." + +What kind of a joint is the shoulder joint?--"A ball-and-socket joint." + +Why do you call the shoulder joint a ball-and-socket joint?--"Because at +the shoulder the arm may move in any direction." + +Tell how the shoulder joint is made.--"The upper end of the bone of the +upper arm is rounded and fastened in a hollow place called a socket." + +Which of the joints of the arm and hand are hinge joints?--"The elbow +joint, the wrist joint, the thumb joint, the finger joints." + +Which of the joints of the leg and foot are hinge joints?--"The knee joint, +the ankle joint, the toe joint." + +Which of the joints of the leg is a ball-and-socket joint?--"The hip +joint." + +Where is the heel?--"At the back part of the foot." + +Where is the ball of the foot?--"On the sole of the foot, behind the great +toe." + +Where is the hollow of the foot?--"In the middle of the sole of the foot." + +Where is the sole of the foot?--"On the bottom of the foot." + +Where is the instep?--"Between the ankle joint and the toes." + +Where is the lower leg?--"Between the knee joint and the ankle joint." + +Where is the thigh?--"Between the hip joint and the knee joint." + +Where is the upper arm?--"Between the shoulder joint and the elbow joint." + +Where is the fore-arm?--"Between the elbow joint and the wrist joint." + +Where are the toe joints?--"Between the parts of the toes." + +Where are the finger joints?--"Between the parts of the fingers." + +Where is the ankle joint?--"Between the lower leg and the foot." + +Where is the knee joint?--"Between the thigh and the lower leg." + +Where is the hip joint?--"Between the trunk and the thigh." + +Where is the wrist joint?--"Between the fore-arm and the hand." + +Where is the elbow joint?--"Between the upper arm and the fore-arm." + +Where is the shoulder joint?--"Between the trunk and the upper arm." + +Where are the tips of the fingers?--"At the ends of the fingers." + +Where is the ball of the thumb?--"On the palm of the hand, below the +thumb." + +Where is the palm of the hand?--"On the inside of the hand, between the +wrist and fingers." + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: THE SKELETON.] + +1. The skull. + +2. The spine. + +3. The ribs. + +4. The breastbone. + +5. The shoulder blades. + +6. The collar bones. + +7. The bone of the upper arm. + +8. The bones of the forearm. + +9. The bones of the wrist. + +10. The bones of the fingers. + +11. The bones of the thigh. + +12. The bones of the lower leg. + +13. The bones of the ankle. + +14. The bones of the toes. + +15. The kneepan. + + 1. The skull. + 2. The spine. + 3. The ribs. + 4. The breastbone. + 5. The shoulder blades. + 6. The collar bones. + 7. The bone of the upper arm. + 8. The bones of the forearm. + 9. The bones of the wrist. + 10. The bones of the fingers. + 11. The bones of the thigh. + 12. The bones of the lower leg. + 13. The bones of the ankle. + 14. The bones of the toes. + 15. The kneepan. + + * * * * * + +PART III. + +FORMULA FOR THE LESSON ON THE BONES OF THE BODY. + +1. My bones are hard; they make my body strong. There are about two hundred +bones in my body. + +2. The bones of my head are + + my skull and my lower jaw; + +my face has fourteen bones; my ear has four small bones; at the root of my +tongue is one bone. + +3. The bones of my trunk are + + my spine, + my ribs, + my breastbone, + my two shoulder blades, + and my two collar bones. + +4. My upper arm has one bone; my fore-arm has two bones; my wrist has eight +bones; from my wrist to my knuckles are five bones; my thumb has two bones; +each finger has three bones, making nineteen bones in my hand. + +5. My thigh has one bone; my lower leg has two bones; my knee-pan is the +cap which covers and protects my knee; in my foot, near my heel, are seven +bones; in the middle of my foot are five bones; my great toe has two bones; +each of my other toes has three bones; making twenty-six bones in my foot. + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA. + +1. Tell about your bones. + +2. Tell about the bones of the head. + +3. Tell about the bones of the trunk. + +4. Tell about the bones of the arm and hand, beginning with the upper arm. + +5. Count the bones of the hand. + +6. Tell about the bones of the leg and foot, beginning with the thigh. + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: FIG. A. + +1, 2, 3, 4, the upper row of the bones of the wrist. + +5, 6, 7, 8, the lower row of the bones of the wrist. + +9, 10, the lower ends of the bones of the fore-arm. + +11, 12, 13, 14, 15, the upper ends of the bones of the palm of the hand. + +The bones of the wrist are so firmly fastened together that they are seldom +put out of place. The upper row joins with the bones of the fore-arm, the +lower with those of the palm of the hand.] + +[Illustration: FIG. B. + +1, 2, 3, 4, 5, the bones of the palm of the hand. + +6, 7, the bones of the thumb. + +8, 9, 10, the bones of the first or fore-finger. + +11, 12, 13, the bones of the second or middle finger. + +14, 15, 16, the bones of the third or ring finger. + +17, 18, 19, the bones of the fourth or little finger.] + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS ON THE BONES. + +How many bones in the body?--"About two hundred." + +Of what use are the bones to the body?--"They make the body strong; they +form the framework of the body." + +How many bones in the face?--"Fourteen." + +How many bones in the ear?--"Four small bones." + +How many bones at the root of the tongue?--"One." + +How many bones in the upper arm?--"One." + +How many bones in the fore-arm?--"Two." + +How many bones between the wrist and the knuckles?--"Five." + +How many bones in the thumb?--"Two." + +How many bones in each of the fingers?--"Three." + +How many bones in the whole hand?--"Nineteen." + +How many bones in the hand and arm?--"Thirty." + +How many bones in the thigh?--"One long bone." + +How many bones in the lower leg?--"Two." + +How many bones in the heel?--"Seven." + +How many bones in the middle of the foot?--"Five." + +How many bones in the great toe?--"Two." + +How many bones in each of the other toes?--"Three." + +How many bones in the whole foot?--"Twenty-six." + +How many bones in the foot and leg?--"Thirty." + +How many bones in two arms and two hands?--"Sixty." + +How many bones in two legs and two feet?--"Sixty." + +How many bones in the limbs?--"One hundred and twenty." + +Where is the knee-pan?--"Over the knee joint." + +Where is the longest bone of the body?--"In the thigh." + +Where are the smallest bones of the body?--"In the ear." + +Point to the collar bones. + +Point to the shoulder blades. + +How many collar bones have you?--"Two." + +How many shoulder blades have you?--"Two." + +Point to the spine. + +Point to the breastbone. + +Point to the skull. + + * * * * * + +EXERCISE FOR COUNTING THE BONES OF THE HAND. + +FOR PRIMARY CLASSES. + +I. + +1. Close both hands. + +2. Raise the forefinger of the right hand, as the index or pointing finger. + +3. Place the index finger upon the lower thumb joint of the left hand. + +4. Draw the index finger down to the wrist, over the bone between the thumb +knuckle and the wrist, and count "One." + +5. Place the index finger on the knuckle of the first finger. + +6. Draw the index finger down to the wrist, over the bone leading from the +first finger to the wrist, and count "Two." + +7. So on, for each of the three other bones of the hand. Repeat until no +mistake is made in touching or counting. + +II. + +1. Raise the thumb, and place the index finger of the right hand on the +middle of the upper part of the thumb for bone "Six"; then + +2. On the lower part of the thumb for bone "Seven." Repeat from the +beginning, until the children can touch and count each bone properly. + +III. + +1. Keep the thumb erect; raise the first finger of the left hand. + +2. Place the index finger on the bone between the tip and the first joint +of the first finger for bone "Eight." + +3. Between the first and middle joint for bone "Nine." + +4. Between the middle and third joint for bone "Ten." Review, from the +beginning, until the class can touch and count every bone as directed. + +IV. + +1. Keep the thumb and forefinger erect; raise the second finger and touch, +as in the lesson on the first finger bones, "Eleven," "Twelve," and +"Thirteen." Review. + +2. Proceed in the same manner for the third and fourth fingers, always +beginning with the bone nearest the tip of the finger, and touching that at +the lowest part last. + +If the exercise has been properly performed, every child will say +"Nineteen" as its index finger touches the lowest bone of the little +finger, and all the fingers of every left hand will be outspread. + + * * * * * + +THE BONES + +OF THE HEAD: +Skull 8 +Face, including the lower jaw 14 +Tongue 1 +Ears 8 + ---- + 31 +OF THE TRUNK: +Spine 24 +Ribs 24 +Breastbone 8 +Shoulder blades 2 +Collar bones 2 + ---- + 60 +OF THE UPPER LIMBS: +Upper arms 1 x 2 = 2 +Fore-arms 2 x 2 = 4 +Wrists 8 x 2 = 16 +Hands 19 x 2 = 38 + ---- + 60 +OF THE LOWER LIMBS: +Thighs 1 x 2 = 2 +Knee-pans 1 x 2 = 2 +Lower legs 2 x 2 = 4 +Feet 26 x 2 = 52 + ---- + 60 + +Total, 211, not including the teeth.[1] + +We teach the children to say "about two hundred," because there is not +always the same number of bones in the body. In some parts two or three +bones unite and form one bone. For example: the breastbone of a child is +made up of eight pieces; some of these unite as it becomes older, so that +when fully grown it has but three pieces in this bone. + +[1] The teeth are not bone, but a kind of soft, bone-like substance, called +_dentine_. Common ivory is dentine. + + * * * * * + +PART IV. + +FORMULAS FOR THE LESSONS ON THE ORGANS OF SENSE. + +1. _The Eyes._--My eyes are to see with. + +My eye is like a ball in a deep, bony socket. The black circle in the +centre is the pupil or window of my eye; the colored ring is the iris or +curtain; the white part is the eyeball. + +My upper and lower eyelids cover and protect my eyes. + +My eyebrows are for beauty, and keep the perspiration from rolling into my +eyes. + +My eyes are washed by teardrops every time I wink my eyelids. + +2. _The Ears._--My ears are to hear with: + + the rim of my ear, + the flap of my ear, + the drum of my ear. + +The drum of my ear is protected by a fence of short, stiff hairs, and by a +bitter wax about the roots of these hairs. + +3. _The Nose._--My nose is to smell and breathe with; it is in the middle +of my face: + + my two nostrils, + the bridge of my nose, + the cartilage, + the tip of my nose. + +My nostrils lead to a passage back of my mouth through which I breathe. + +The cartilage separates my nose into two parts. + +4. _The Mouth._--My mouth is to speak, eat, and breathe through: + + my upper lip, + my lower lip. + +In my mouth are: + + my tongue, + my lower teeth, + my upper teeth, + my lower teeth, + and my upper and lower jaws, covered with flesh called _gum_. + +5. _The Teeth._--My teeth are used in eating and talking. + +My teeth are made of a soft kind of bone, covered with enamel. + +I have three kinds of teeth: cutting teeth, tearing teeth, grinding teeth. + +A young child has twenty teeth, ten in each jaw. + +A grown person has thirty-two teeth, sixteen in each jaw. + +6. To preserve my teeth: + + I must keep them clean. + I must not scratch the enamel. + I must not eat or drink anything very hot or very cold. + I must not use them for scissors or nut-crackers. + I must not burn them with tobacco or cigars. + +7. _About Eating._--When I eat I move my lower jaw only. + + My tongue brings the food between my teeth, + the cutters cut it, + the tearers tear it, + the grinders grind it, + the saliva moistens it, + and my tongue helps me to swallow it. + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULAS. + +1. Tell about your eyes. + +2. Tell about your ears. + +3. Tell about your nose. + +4. Tell about your mouth. + +5. Tell about your teeth. + +6. What is necessary if you would preserve your teeth? + +7. Tell about eating. + + * * * * * + +[Illustration + + 1, the muscle which raises the upper eyelid. + 2, the upper oblique muscle. + 7, the lower oblique muscle. The oblique muscles roll the eye + inward and downward. + 4, 5, 6, three of the _four_ straight muscles. Two of the straight + muscles roll the eye up and down; the other two move it right and left. + 3, the pulley through which the upper oblique muscle plays.] + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS ON THE DESCRIPTION OF THE EYES. + +Of what shape is the eye?--"It is round like a ball." + +In what is it placed?--"In a deep, bony socket." + +What is a socket?--"A hollow place." + +Why is the eye placed in a deep, bony socket?--"To keep it from getting +hurt." + +Why would not an eye shaped like a cube do for us?--"It would not look +well; it could not be rolled about." + +Why would not an eye shaped like a cone or cylinder do for us?--"It could +not be rolled in every direction." + +Why is the ball-shape best for the eye?--"It looks best, and may be rolled +in every direction." + +What part of the eye do we see through?--"The black spot in the centre." + +What is it called?--"The pupil." + +What shape is the pupil?--"Round like a circle." + +What color is the pupil?--"Black." + +Of what use is the pupil?--"To let light into the eye; to see through." + +What is around the pupil?--"A colored ring." + +What is the colored ring called?--"The iris." + +Of what use is the iris?--"It acts like a curtain to the eye; it lets in +and keeps out light from the pupil." + +Of what shape is the iris?--"Round like a ring." + +Of what color is the iris?--"Sometimes blue, sometimes brown, sometimes +gray." + +Does the iris always appear the same in size?--"It does not: sometimes it +looks large, sometimes small." + +When is it the largest?--"When it rolls over the pupil to keep out the +strong light." + +When is it the smallest?--"When it rolls backward, to let light into the +pupil." + +When is the pupil the largest?--"When we are in the dark." + +When is the pupil the smallest?--"When we are in a bright light." + +What color is the eyeball?--"White." + +What shape is the eyeball?--"Round like a ball." + +How is the eyeball held in its socket?--"By cords made of flesh." + +Where are the eyebrows?--"Above the eyelids." + +Of what use are the eyebrows?--"To keep the perspiration from rolling into +the eyes." + +Where are the eyelids?--"Over the eyes." + +Of what use are they?--"They cover the eyes and keep them from getting +hurt." + +Where are the eyelashes?--"On the edges of the eyelids." + +Of what use are the tears?--"They keep the eyes clean; they make the eyes +move easily in their sockets." + +Where are the tears made?--"Back of the eyebrows." + +When do the tears wash the eyes?--"Every time we wink our eyelids." + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS ON THE EARS. + +Name the parts of the ear. + +Where are your ears?--"On the sides of my head." + +Which is the rim of the ear?--"The edge of the ear." + +Which is the flap of the ear?--"The lower part of the ear." + +Where is the drum of the ear?--"Inside of the ear." + +How is the drum protected?--"By stiff hairs and a bitter wax at its +entrance." + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS ON THE NOSE. + +Where is the nose?--"In the middle of the face." + +Name the parts of the nose. + +Where is the tip of the nose?--"At the end of the nose." + +Where is the bridge of the nose?--"At the top of the nose, between the +eyes." + +Where is the cartilage?--"In the middle of the inside of the nose." + +Of what use is the nose?--"To smell and breathe through." + +What are the nostrils?--"The openings inside of the nose." + +Of what use are the nostrils?--"To let the air into and out of the opening +back of the mouth." + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS ON THE MOUTH, ETC. + +Where is the mouth?--"In the lower part of the face, between the nose and +the chin." + +Of what use is the mouth?--"To breathe, speak, and eat through." + +What is in the mouth?--"My tongue, my upper teeth, my lower teeth, and my +upper and lower jaws." + +What covers the jaws?--"Red flesh, called _gum_." + +Of what are the jaws composed?--"Of bones." + +Of what are the teeth made?--"Of dentine, covered with enamel." See note, +p. 19. + +What is enamel?--"A smooth, white substance, harder than bone." + +Of what use are the teeth?--"To eat and talk with." + +What kinds of teeth have you?--"Cutting teeth, tearing teeth, grinding +teeth." + +Describe the cutting teeth.--"The cutting teeth have broad and flat edges." + +Describe the tearing teeth.--"The tearing teeth are sharp and pointed." + +Describe the grinding teeth.--"The grinding teeth are the thick, back +teeth." + +Which jaw is moved in eating?--"The lower jaw." + +What work do the teeth perform?--"They cut, tear, and grind the food." + +How many teeth has a child in a full set?--"Twenty teeth: ten in each jaw." + +How many teeth has a grown person in a full set?--"Thirty-two: sixteen in +each jaw." + +What does the tongue do in eating?--"It rolls the food between the teeth, +and helps in swallowing." + +What is the saliva?--"A kind of liquid, sometimes called _spit_." + +Of what use is it in eating?--"It wets and softens the food." + +What do you mean by preserve?--"To keep from injury." + +What do you mean by injury?--"Hurt." + +How do you preserve your teeth? See Formula. + +How do very hot or very cold drinks hurt the teeth?--"They crack the +enamel." + +What happens if the enamel is cracked?--"The teeth decay." + +Then what must you do to preserve your teeth?--"I must try to keep the +enamel from being cracked or injured in any way." + + * * * * * + +PART V. + +FORMULA FOR DESCRIPTION OF THE BONES. + +1. My skull is formed of several bones united, like two saws with their +toothed edges hooked into each other. + +2. My spine extends from the base of the skull behind, down the middle of +my back. + +It is composed of twenty-four short bones, piled one upon the other, with +cartilage between them. + +These bones are fastened together, forming an upright and flexible column, +which makes me erect and graceful. + +3. My ribs are curved, strong, and light; there are twenty-four of them, +twelve on each side; they are fastened at the back to my spine, in front to +my breastbone, forming a hollow place for my heart, lungs, and stomach. + +4. My shoulder blades are flat, thin, and like a triangle in shape; they +are for my arms to rest upon. + +5. My collar bones are fastened to my shoulder blades and my breastbone; +they keep my arms from sliding too far forward. + +6. The bones of old people are hard and brittle; those of children soft and +flexible; so I must sit and stand erect, that mine may not be bent out of +shape. I must not wear tight clothing, or do anything that will crowd them +out of their places. + +7. My bones are made from my food, after it has been changed into blood; so +I must be careful to eat good, wholesome food, that they may be strong and +healthy. + +8. I must not breathe impure air, because impure air makes bad blood, and +bad blood makes poor bones. + +9. The body of every person is changing all the time, because the skin, +flesh, and bones are always wearing out, and the blood is always repairing +and building them again. + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA. + +1. Tell about the skull. + +2. Tell about the spine. + +3. Tell about the ribs. + +4. Tell about the shoulder blades. + +5. Tell about the collar bones. + +6. Tell about the difference between the bones of old people and those of +children. + +7. Of what are your bones made? + +8. If you wish your bones to be strong, why should you not breathe impure +air? + +9. What have you learned about the change which is always taking place in +the body? + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: THE JOINTS OF THE SKULL.] + + * * * * * + +A little girl was looking at some pictures of ladies in fashionable +dresses. While admiring the beautiful styles and bright colors of the +garments, she pointed to the waist of one, and exclaimed, "_That means +trouble_." The waist was too small for a grown person, and could only have +been made so by _tight-lacing_. The child had been taught that dresses, +corsets, coats, vests, bands, or anything fastened tightly around the +waist, press upon the ribs and crowd them out of place, preventing the +heart, lungs, and other inside organs from working as they should, causing +headache, dyspepsia, shortness of breath, and often ending in some +incurable disease, so she knew that _tight clothing means trouble_ to the +wearer. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. Deformed by tight-lacing.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. A natural, well-shaped chest.] + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS ON THE DESCRIPTION OF THE BONES. + +Point to the skull. + +Of what is it made?--"Several bones united together." + +How are the skull bones united?--"Like two saws with their toothed edges +hooked into each other." + +What do you mean by _toothed_?--"Having points, like teeth." + +What covers the skull?--"Flesh, skin, and hair." + +Of what use is the skull?--"It protects the brain." + +What is the brain?--"That part of my body in which the thinking is done." + +Where is the spine?--"It extends from the base of my skull behind, down the +middle of my back." + +What do you mean by _extends_?--"Goes from." + +What do you mean by _base_?--"The lower part of anything." + +Of what is the spine made?--"Of about twenty-four short bones, with +cartilage between them." + +What is cartilage?--"An elastic substance, harder than flesh, but softer +than bone." + +How are the bones of the spine placed?--"They are piled one upon the +other." + +What do you mean by _forming_?--"Making." + +What do you mean by _upright_?--"In a vertical position." + +What do you mean by _flexible_?--"Easily bent." + +What do you mean by _column_?--"A pillar." + +What do you mean by _erect_?--"In a vertical position." + +Why is cartilage placed between the bones of the spine?--"To make the spine +flexible; to keep the brain from injury when we walk or run." + +What do you mean by _elastic_?--"Springing back after having been +stretched, squeezed, twisted, or bent." + +Tell about your ribs.--"My ribs are curved, strong, and light." + +Where are your ribs?--"On each side of my trunk." + +How many ribs have you?--"Twenty-four; twelve on each side." + +How are your ribs fastened?--"At the back to my spine; in front to my +breastbone." + +What do your ribs form?--"A hollow place for my heart, lungs, and stomach." + +Where are your shoulder blades?--"In the upper part of my back." + +What shape are they?--"Flat, thin, and like a triangle." + +Of what use are your shoulder blades?--"For my arms to rest upon." + +Point to your collar bones. + +Where are they fastened?--"To my shoulder blades and my breastbone." + +Of what use are your collar bones?--"They keep my arms from sliding too far +forward." + +Of what are your bones made?--"Of food after it has been changed into +blood." + +Why should you eat wholesome food?--"That my bones may be strong and +healthy." + +How does impure air hurt the bones?--"Impure air makes bad blood, and bad +blood makes poor bones." + +Why should you sit and stand erect?--"Because my bones are easily bent out +of shape; if I do not sit and stand erect, they will grow crooked." + +Why is it wrong to wear tight clothing?--"Because tight clothing crowds the +bones out of shape." + +Whose bones are the more brittle, those of a child, or those of an old +person?--"Those of an old person." + +What do you mean by _brittle_?--"Easily broken." + +Whose are the more flexible?--"Those of a child." + +What do you mean by _flexible_?--"Easily bent." + +What repairs the worn out bones, flesh, and skin of the body?--"The blood." + +What do you mean by _repairs_?--"Mends." + +What causes the bones, flesh, and skin of your body to change often?--"The +bones, flesh, and skin are always wearing out, and the blood is always +building and repairing them again." + +What are alcoholic liquors?--"Liquors which have alcohol in them." + +Name some alcoholic liquors.--"Beer, wine, rum, etc." + +Whose bones mend the more easily when broken, the bones of those who drink +alcoholic liquors, or those of the people who do not use these +poisons?--"The bones of those who _do not_ use alcoholic liquors." + +What other poison hurts the bones?--"Tobacco." + +How do alcohol and tobacco hurt the bones?--"They make bad blood, and bad +blood makes poor bones." + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: FRONT VIEW OF THE MUSCLES OF THE BODY.] + + * * * * * + +PART VI. + +FORMULA FOR THE LESSON ON THE MUSCLES. + +1. Muscles are the red, elastic bands and bundles of thread like substance, +called flesh, which cover the bones and make the eyeballs, the eyelids, the +tongue, the heart, the lungs, and various other parts of the body. + +2. There are about four hundred and fifty muscles in my body. + +3. The work of the muscles is to support and move my bones, and different +parts of the body. + +4. The muscles may be named the muscles of my head, the muscles of my +trunk, the muscles of my limbs. + +5. The muscles of my head cover and move the parts of my head and face. The +muscles of my trunk cover and move the parts of my neck and trunk. The +muscles of my limbs cover and mote the parts of my arms and legs. + +6. Those muscles are the weakest which I use least; those muscles are the +strongest which I exercise most in work or play. + +7. If I would be strong and healthy, + my muscles must be used, + my muscles must be rested, + my muscles must be supplied with good blood. + +I must exercise in work and play to make them strong; I must sleep, or +change my kind of work or play, to give them rest, when they are tired; I +must breathe pure air, take wholesome food and drink, and live in the +sunlight, to supply them with good blood; I must not weaken them by using +alcohol or tobacco. + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA. + +1. Tell about the muscles. + +2. How many muscles have you in your body? + +3. Of what use are the muscles? + +4. How may the muscles be named? + +5. Tell about the muscles of the head, trunk, and limbs. + +6. Which muscles are the weakest, and which are the strongest? + +7. What is necessary if you would have strong and healthy muscles? + + * * * * * + +CLASSES AND WORK OF THE MUSCLES. + +The muscles are divided into two great classes: those which we may move as +we choose, called _voluntary_ muscles, and those over which we have no +power, called _involuntary_ muscles. + +Some muscles support and move the various parts of the body, others have +different work to do. The heart, the great involuntary muscle, acts like an +engine to drive the blood throughout the body; the lungs draw in and throw +out the air in breathing; the stomach helps to churn and change food into +blood; the tongue is used in speaking and eating. + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS ON THE MUSCLES. + +What are the muscles?--"The lean flesh of the body; bands and bundles of +fleshy threads which cover the body." + +Of what use are the muscles to the body?--"They cover the bones; they +support and move the bones and different parts of the body." + +Name some parts of the body which are made of muscles.--"The eyeballs, the +eyelids, the tongue, the heart, the lungs." + +What color are the muscles?--"Red." + +How do the muscles move the bones?--"By shortening or lengthening +themselves according to the way the bones are to be moved." + +Tell how the muscles move your arm at the elbow.--"The muscles in the front +part of the arm shorten themselves, to draw my fore-arm toward the +shoulder; when I wish to stretch out the fore-arm these muscles lengthen, +while another set of muscles shorten, to draw the fore-arm away from the +upper arm." + +What do you say about the muscles because they have the power to shorten +and lengthen themselves?--"They are elastic." + +About how many muscles are there in your whole body?--"About four hundred +and fifty." + +How may these be divided as you study about them?--"They may be divided +into the muscles of my head, the muscles of my trunk, and the muscles of my +limbs." + +Of what use are the muscles of your head?--"They cover and move the parts +of my head and face." + +Of what use are the muscles of your trunk?--"They move the parts of my neck +and trunk." + +Of what use are the muscles of your limbs?--"They move the parts of my arms +and legs." + +How can you make your muscles strong?--"By using them." + +How can you make your muscles weak?--"By not using them." + +What is necessary to make your muscles strong and healthy?--"They must be +used; they must be rested when tired; they must be supplied with pure +blood." + +How should the muscles be used?--"They should be exercised in work or +play." + +How may they be rested?--"I may rest my muscles by changing position; by +changing my kind of work or play; or by going to sleep." + +Explain what you mean by changing your position.--"If I am standing, I must +sit or lie down to rest them; if they are tired, because I have been +sitting too long, I must rest them by standing, walking, or running." + +What do you mean by changing the kind of work or play?--"If, in my work or +play, my arms become tired, I must do something in which my arms may rest, +though other parts of my body may be in exercise." + +How may you help supply your muscles with good blood?--"By breathing pure +air; by taking wholesome food and drink; and by living in the sunlight." + +How does drinking alcoholic liquors hurt the muscles?--"It makes them weak, +and unfit to move the parts of the body." + +What wonderful muscle moves without your will?--"The heart." + +How does alcohol hurt the heart?--"It makes it beat too fast." + +How does "beating too fast" hurt the heart?--"It makes it tired, and +sometimes wears it out." See Appendices on Alcohol and Tobacco. + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: THE SKIN (very highly magnified).--(From Walker's +_Physiology_, 1884.)] + +A, arteries; V, veins; N, nerves; F, fat cells; E, the outer skin; CL, the +color layer; D, the true skin; PT, a perspiratory tube; HF, a hair and hair +sac; EP, muscles; SG, oil glands; TC, tactile corpuscles; CT, connective +tissue. + + * * * * * + +PART VII. + +FORMULA FOR THE LESSON ON THE SKIN. + +1. My skin covers my body. + +2. It is thin, elastic, flexible, porous, and absorbent. + +3. I have two skins; the inner skin is the true skin. + +4. My true skin is elastic, and like a net-work of blood-vessels and +nerves. My true skin is covered with a jelly-like substance which gives +color to my skin. + +5. My outside skin is not the same thickness over my whole body. In some +parts, as on the palms of my hands and the soles of my feet, it is very +thick and tough. + +6. If my outside skin be destroyed, it will grow again; if the jelly-like +substance be destroyed, it will re-appear; but if my true skin be +destroyed, it will never be perfectly renewed. + +7. More than half of the waste substance of my body passes from it through +the pores of the skin, in the form of perspiration. + +8. If I would have a healthy skin, + I must perspire freely all the time, + I must keep my body clean, + I must wear clean clothing, + I must breathe pure air, + and live in the sunlight. + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA. + +1. Where is your skin? + +2. Tell about the skin. + +3. How many skins have you? + +4. Tell about the true skin. + +5. What difference is there in the thickness of your outside skin? + +6. What happens if the different skins be destroyed? + +7. What passes through the pores of the skin? + +8. What is necessary if you would have a healthy skin? + + * * * * * + +DIRECTIONS FOR BATHING. + +Bathe the whole body at least twice every week. Do not bathe when tired or +after a hearty meal. After bathing _rub well_ with a coarse towel. + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS ON THE SKIN. + +Of what use is the skin?--"It covers the muscles of the body." + +What can you tell about it?--"It is flexible, elastic, porous, and +absorbent." + +Why do you say it is flexible?--"Because it is easily bent." + +Why do you say it is porous?--"Because it is full of little holes, or +pores." + +Why do you say it is elastic?--"Because it will spring back after it is +stretched, squeezed, twisted, or bent." + +Why do you say it is absorbent?--"Because it will soak up liquids." + +How many skins have you?--"Two; an outside skin, and an inner skin." + +Which is the true skin?--"The inner skin." + +Of what is the inner skin composed?--"Of blood-vessels and nerves." + +How do you know that the outer skin has no blood-vessels?--"Because if I +put a pin through the outer skin the blood does not flow out, as it would +if I had cut a blood-vessel." + +How do you know the outer skin has no nerves?--"Because if I put a pin +through my outer skin it does not make me suffer pain, as it would if I had +touched a nerve." + +What gives color to the skin?--"A jelly-like substance between the inner +and the outer skin." + +What have you learned about the true skin?--"That it is of the same color +in people of every nation." + +What difference is there in the thickness of the outer skin? [See Formula.] + +What passes through the pores of the skin? [See Formula.] + +What is this waste called when it comes from the surface of the +skin?--"Perspiration." + +When does the perspiration flow through the pores of the skin?--"All the +time, if the skin is healthy." + +Why do we not always see the perspiration which passes through the +pores?--"Because it does not always form drops on the surface of the skin; +it generally passes off in very fine particles." + +What becomes of the fine or minute portions of perspiration which pass from +the body?--"Some of these portions are absorbed by the clothing; some pass +into and mix with the air around us." + +What effect does the perspiration produce on the air and the clothing?--"It +soon makes the air unfit to be breathed, and the clothing unfit to be +worn." + +What is necessary if you would have a healthy skin? [See Formula.] + +Why must you wear clean clothing?--"That there may be nothing impure in the +clothing for the pores of the skin to absorb." + +Why should you breathe pure air?--"Because air purifies the blood, and pure +blood is necessary to make a healthy skin." + +How does drinking alcoholic liquors hurt the skin?--"It makes the blood +impure, and impure blood makes unhealthy skin." + +In what other way does drinking these liquors hurt the skin?--"It gives the +skin too much work to do." + +How does it give it too much work to do?--"It makes more waste substance to +pass from it through the pores, in the form of perspiration." + +In what other way does drinking alcoholic liquors hurt the skin?--"It makes +it a bad color." + +How does it make the skin a bad color?--"It stretches the little +blood-vessels of the skin, and makes them too full of blood." See Appendix. + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: THE HEART.] + +A, the right ventricle; B, the left ventricle; C, the right auricle D, the +left auricle; E, the aorta; F, the pulmonary artery. + + * * * * * + +PART VIII. + +FORMULA FOR THE LESSON ON THE HEART AND THE CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD. + +1. My heart is shaped like a cone, and placed in my chest near my +breastbone, with its apex pointing downward to my left side. It beats about +seventy times a minute, sending out about two ounces of blood at every +beat. + +2. The blood when pure is of a bright red color; it is a liquid made from +food and drink. + +3. It passes from my heart to all parts of my body, through pipes called +arteries; these arteries spread out through the body like branches from a +tree. + +4. As the blood flows from the heart, through the arteries, it gives +nourishment to every part of the body, and carries away the impurities it +meets, which makes it black and thick; when it comes through the veins, +back to the heart, it is not fit to be used, so it goes to the lungs to be +purified by the fresh air; then it returns to the heart to be sent again +throughout the body; this happens once in from three to eight minutes, and +is called the circulation of the blood. + +7. If I would be healthy, + my blood must be pure and circulate freely all the time. + +8. It will not circulate freely, + if I wear tight clothing, + if I do not exercise in work or play, + if I do not keep my body warm. + +9. It will be impure, + if I breathe bad air, + if I eat unwholesome food, + if I drink alcoholic liquors, + if I snuff, smoke, or chew tobacco. + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA. + +1. Tell about the heart and where it is placed. + +2. Tell about the blood and of what it is made. + +3. Where does the good blood pass after it is sent out from the heart? + +4. Tell what the blood does as it flows through the body. + +5. What is this flowing of the blood to and from the heart called? + +6. How often does it happen? + +7. What is necessary if you would have pure blood? + +8. When will the blood not circulate freely? + +9. When will the blood be impure? + + * * * * * + +HOW TO TREAT A WOUND. + +If it is only a flesh-wound or slight cut, wash it with cold water and +bandage it with a clean, white rag. The edges of a deep cut should be drawn +together and held in place by narrow strips of adhesive plaster, fastened +across the wound from side to side. + +If the cut is very deep, and the blood flows very freely, send for a +doctor. While you wait for him, knot a handkerchief, or suspender, or +towel, in the middle, and twist it very tightly _over the cut artery, above +the wound_. If a vein has been severed, twist the knotted handkerchief +_below the wound_. If the blood continues to flow, tie a bandage both above +and below the hurt part. + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS ON THE HEART AND THE CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD. + +Of what shape is your heart?--"My heart is shaped like a cone." + +Where is it placed?--"In the chest, pointing toward my left side." + +What bone is it near?--"It is near my breastbone." + +Of what use is the heart?--"It contains the blood and sends it to the +different parts of the body." + +How much blood is sent from the heart at each beat?--"About two ounces." + +What is the blood?--"A liquid made from food and drink." + +Of what color is the blood?--"Bright red, when pure; dark red, when +impure." + +How does the heart send the blood through the body?--"Through pipes called +arteries." + +What do the arteries resemble in the way they are arranged?--"The branches +of a tree." + +What makes the blood impure?--"As the blood flows, it gives nourishment to +every part of the body; this makes it poor. It also takes up the old +worn-out particles; this makes it impure." + +Where do the arteries carry the impure blood?--"To the veins." + +Where do the veins carry the impure blood?--"To the heart." + +Where does the heart carry the impure blood?--"To the lungs." + +What happens to the impure blood in the lungs?--"It is made pure." + +What makes it pure?--"Pure air." + +Where do the lungs send the blood after it is made pure?--"Back to the +heart." + +Where does the heart send the pure blood?--"Throughout the body." + +What is the journey of the blood to and from the heart to the different +parts of the body called?--"The circulation of the blood." + +What is the circulation of the blood?--"The circulation of the blood is its +journey from the heart to the different parts of the body, and from the +different parts of the body back to the heart." + +How often does this circulation take place?--"Once in from three to eight +minutes, according as the heart beats fast or slowly." + +What kind of blood is necessary to health?--"Pure blood." + +How should the blood circulate?--"Freely, all the time." + +What do you mean by freely?--"Without anything to hinder." + +What is necessary for the free circulation of the blood?--"I must wear +clean clothing; I must exercise in work or play; I must keep my body warm." + +How does tight clothing hinder the free circulation of the blood?--"By +pressing upon the arteries and veins; and when about the waist, causing the +ribs and other parts of the body to press upon the heart." + +How does exercise help the free circulation of the blood?--"Exercise makes +the heart beat faster, which causes the blood to more faster through the +arteries and veins." + +Why does keeping the body warm help the circulation of the blood?--"Because +the blood moves faster when it is warmest; cold chills the blood, and makes +it move slowly." + +What harm do alcoholic liquors do to the heart?--"They make it tired, and +sometimes wear it out." + +In what way do they make it tired?--"They make it beat too fast." + +Why does it beat too fast?--"Because it is hurrying to drive the alcohol +out of the body." + +In what other way do alcoholic liquors hurt the heart?--"They produce +disease in it." + +Tell one way by which the heart becomes diseased through alcoholic +liquors?--"Alcohol softens the fibres of the muscles of the heart, and +fills them with fat." + +What harm does this do to the heart?--"It makes it too weak to do its work, +which is to pump the blood through the body." + +What sometimes happens when the heart is thus weakened?--"It stops beating, +which causes sudden death." + +What harm does alcohol do to the blood?--"It uses up the water of the +blood; it destroys the goodness of the red part; it makes the blood thin, +impure, and unfit to do its work." See Appendices on Alcohol and Tobacco. + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: THE LUNGS.] + + 1, 2, the larynx, the upper part of the windpipe. + 3, the windpipe, or trachea. + 4, where the windpipe divides to right and left lungs. + 5, the right bronchial tube. + 6, the left bronchial tube. + 7, outline of the right lung. + 8, outline of the left lung. + 9, the left lung. + 10, the right lung. + + * * * * * + +PART IX. + +FORMULA FOR THE LESSON ON THE LUNGS AND RESPIRATION. + +1. My lungs are the bellows or breathing machines of my body. + +2. They are composed of a soft, fleshy substance, full of small air-cells +and tubes. They are porous and spongy when healthy, but in some diseases +become an almost solid mass, through which the air cannot pass. + +3. I breathe by drawing the air through my windpipe, along the tubes into +the cells of my lungs, swelling them out, and causing my chest to expand; +then the chest contracts, and the impure vapor in my lungs is pressed out +through the same tubes, windpipe, nose, and mouth, into the atmosphere. + +4. I cannot live without breathing, because if the air does not go down +into my lungs, the dark blood in them is not changed into pure red blood, +and goes back through my body dark blood, which cannot keep me alive. + +5. If I would have healthy lungs, + I must breathe pure air, + I must live in the sunlight, + I must keep my body clean, + I must wear loose clothing, + I must wear clean clothing, + I must sit and stand erect, + I must keep all parts of my body warm, + I must not change my winter clothing too early in the spring, + I must avoid draughts of cool air, + I must not rush into the cold when I am in a perspiration, + I must not poison my lungs with alcohol or tobacco. + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA. + +1. What are the lungs? + +2. Describe the lungs. + +3. How do you breathe? + +4. Why can you not live without breathing? + +5. What is necessary if you would have healthy lungs? + + * * * * * + +THE AIR AND THE LUNGS. + +The air which enters through the nose and mouth passes into a tube of +muscles and ring-like pieces of cartilage. The upper part of this tube is +the voice-box or _larynx_, covered by a spoon-shaped lid which closes when +we swallow; the lower part is the _trachea_, and the two parts are the +windpipe. The trachea divides into two branches, _the bronchial tubes_, one +for each lung. These tubes divide again and again like the branches of a +tree, and end in exceedingly small sacs or bags. The air in these sacs, or +air-cells, gives _oxygen_ to the blood in the tiny blood-vessels of the +lungs and takes from them the poison, _carbonic-acid gas_, water, and +impurities, which it carries back through the windpipe into the outside +air. + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS ON THE LUNGS AND RESPIRATION. + +Of what are the lungs composed?--"Of a soft, fleshy substance, full of +small air-cells and tubes." + +Of what use are the lungs?--"They are the breathing machines of the body." + +How do the lungs appear when healthy?--"Porous and spongy." + +How does the air get into the lungs?--"The air flows through the nose and +mouth, into the windpipe and along the air-tubes, into the air-cells of the +lungs." + +What does the air do in the lungs?--"It swells the lungs and causes the +chest to expand." + +What do you mean by expand?--"To increase in size." + +How is the air expelled from the lungs?--"The chest contracts and sends +the impure air through the tubes and windpipe, the nose and mouth, into the +atmosphere." + +What do you mean by contracts?--"Becomes smaller." + +What do you mean by atmosphere?--"The air." + +Of what use is the air when it is in the lungs?--"It makes the blood pure." + +Why can you not live without breathing?--"Because, if I do not breathe, +pure air cannot get into the lungs to make the bad blood pure, and I cannot +live if the dark, impure blood is sent back again through my body." + +Why must you live in the sunlight?--"Because the sunlight helps to purify +the blood and strengthen the body." + +Why must you wear loose clothing?--"Because tight clothing stops the +circulation of the blood." + +Why must you avoid tight-lacing?--"Because tight-lacing crowds the ribs +against the lungs, so that the lungs cannot move freely." + +Why should you wear clean clothing?--"That nothing impure may pass into the +body through the pores of the skin." + +Why should you keep the body clean?--"That the pores of the skin may not be +closed, but remain open to let the perspiration pass through." + +What has the cleanliness of the body to do with the health of the +lungs?--"If the body is not kept clean, the perspiratory pores become +clogged." + +What happens when the perspiratory pores are clogged?--"The impure +particles which should pass through them stay in the body, and cause +disease in the lungs or other parts." + +Why should you sit and stand erect?--"Because, if I am in the habit of +stooping, my lungs will be crowded, and will not have enough room to move +freely." + +Why should you keep all parts of the body warm?--"Because chilling any part +of the body causes the blood to chill in that part, and thus hinders its +circulation." + +Why should you not change your winter clothing too early in the spring of +the year?--"I may take cold if not warmly clothed during the cool days of +early spring." + +Why should you avoid draughts of cool air?--"Because the cool air blows +upon some parts of the body and closes the pores of the skin, checking the +perspiration, and hindering the circulation of the blood." + +Why should you not rush suddenly from a warm to a cool place?--"Because +when warm the pores of the skin are open; if I rush suddenly into the cool +air, these pores are closed too quickly." + +Why does stopping the perspiration hurt the lungs more or less?--"The +impurities it ought to carry away remain in the body, make the blood +impure, and produce disease in some part; very often that part is the +lungs." + +What harm does alcohol do in the lungs?--"It fills the lungs with impure +blood." + +What harm does it do to the air-cells?--"It hardens the walls of the +air-cells of the lungs." + +What harm is done by the hardening of these air-cells?--"1. The lungs +cannot take in enough of the gas called oxygen to purify the blood +perfectly. 2. The gases or vapors in the lungs cannot pass freely through +the hardened air-cells." + +What happens from this?--"The lungs become diseased." + +From what disease do some hard drinkers suffer?--"Alcoholic consumption, +for which there is no cure." See Appendices on Alcohol and Tobacco. + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.] + + 1. The upper jaw. + 2. The lower jaw. + 3. The tongue. + 4. The roof of the mouth. + 5. The food-pipe. + 6. The windpipe. + 7, 8. Where the saliva is made. + 9. The stomach. + 10. The liver. + 11. Where the bile is made. + 12. The duct through which the bile passes to the small intestine. + 13. The upper part of the small intestine. + 14. Where the pancreatic juice is made. + 15. The small intestine. + 16. The opening of the small into the large intestine. + 17-20. The large intestine. + 21. The spleen. + 22. The spinal column. + + * * * * * + +PART X. + +FORMULA FOR THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS AND DIGESTION. + +1. When my food is chewed, it is rolled by my tongue into the oesophagus, +or food-pipe, which is back of my windpipe, and leads from my mouth down +along the side of my spine, to the left and upper end of my stomach. + +2. My stomach is an oblong, soft, and fleshy bag, extending from my left to +my right side, below my lungs and heart. + +3. It is composed of three coats or membranes, and resembles tripe. + +4. The _outer coat_ is smooth, thick, and tough. It supports and +strengthens the stomach. + +5. The _middle coat_ is fibrous. Its fibres have the power of contracting, +sometimes pressing upon the food, and sometimes pushing it along toward the +opening which leads out of the stomach. + +6. The _inner coat_ is soft, thick, spongy, and wrinkled. It prepares a +slimy substance and a fluid. The slimy substance prevents the stomach from +being irritated by the food. The fluid dissolves the food. + +7. Food passes through several changes after it enters the mouth. + +8. It is changed into pulp in the _mouth_, by the action of the teeth and +the saliva. This is called _mastication_. It is changed in the _stomach_, +by the action of the stomach and the gastric juice, into another kind of +pulp called _chyme_. The chyme is changed by the bile and another kind of +juice, called _pancreatic_ _juice_; these separate the nourishing from the +waste substance. The nourishing, milk-like substance is called _chyle_. The +waste substance passes from the body. The chyle is poured into a vein +behind the collar bone, and passes through the heart to the lungs, where it +is changed into blood. + +9. If I would have a healthy stomach, + I must be careful what kind of food I eat, + I must be careful how much I eat, + I must be careful how I eat, + I must be careful when I eat. + +10. I must eat wholesome food, good bread, ripe fruits, rather than rich +pies or jellies. + +11. I must eat enough food, but not too much. + +12. I must eat slowly, + I must masticate my food thoroughly, + I must masticate and swallow ray food without drinking + +13. I must take my food regularly but not too often, + I must rest before and after eating, if possible, + I must not eat just before bedtime. + +14. I must breathe pure air, + I must sit, stand, and walk erect, + I must not drink alcoholic liquors, + I must not snuff, smoke, or chew tobacco. + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA. + +1. Describe the process of eating.[2] See page 21. + +2. Where does the food go after it is chewed? + +3. Describe the stomach. + +4. Of what is the stomach composed? + +5. Describe the outer coat of the stomach, and tell its use. + +6. Describe the middle coat of the stomach, and tell its use. + +7. Describe the inner coat of the stomach, and tell its use. + +8. What happens to the food after it enters the mouth? + +9. Tell about these changes. + +10. What is necessary if you would have a healthy stomach? + +11. What kind of food must you eat? + +12. How much food must you eat? + +13. How must you eat? + +14. When must you eat? + +15. What other rules must you obey? + +[2] See Formula 7 on the Organs of Sense. + + * * * * * + +"EAT TO LIVE, NOT LIVE TO EAT." + +There is pleasure in eating, because God has given us the sense of taste, +that we may enjoy our food. But not everything which pleases this sense is +good for the body, so we should learn what things are wholesome and choose +them for our food and drink, refusing everything which is unwholesome. +Those who obey these rules "_eat to live_" and never become drunkards or +gluttons. + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS ON THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS AND DIGESTION. + +What happens to the food after it is chewed?--"It is rolled by my tongue +into the oesophagus or food-pipe." + +Where is the oesophagus or food-pipe?--"It passes from the mouth down the +left side of the spine." + +What is the stomach?--"A fleshy bag which receives and changes the food we +eat." + +Where is the stomach?--"In the front part of the chest, below the heart and +lungs." + +Of what is the stomach composed?--"Of three coats or membranes." + +What do you mean by composed?--"Made of." + +What do you mean by membrane?--"A thin skin." + +What are the coats of the stomach called?--"The outer coat, the middle +coat, the inner coat." + +Describe the outer coat of the stomach.--"The outer coat is smooth, thick, +and tough." + +Of what use is the outer coat of the stomach?--"It strengthens and supports +the stomach." + +What do you mean by supports?--"Holds." + +Describe the middle coat of the stomach.--"The middle coat is composed of +fleshy fibres, which have the power of making themselves long or short." + +What do you mean by fibrous?--"Composed of threads." + +What do you mean by fibres?--"Threads." + +Of what are the fibres of the stomach composed?--"Of flesh." + +Of what use are the fibres of the stomach?--"They press upon the food, and +push it toward the opening which leads out of the stomach." + +Describe the inner coat of the stomach.--"The inner coat is soft, thick, +spongy, and wrinkled." + +Of what use is the inner coat of the stomach?--"It prepares a slimy +substance and a fluid." + +Of what use is the slimy substance?--"It prevents the stomach from being +irritated by the food." + +Of what use is the fluid?--"It dissolves the food." + +What do you mean by slimy?--"Soft, moist, and sticky." + +What do you mean by irritate?--"To produce unhealthy action." + +What do you mean by dissolves?--"Melts." + +Where is the food changed after it is taken into the mouth?--"First it is +changed in the mouth; second, it is changed in the stomach; third, it is +changed after leaving the stomach; fourth, it is changed in the lungs." + +By what is it changed in the mouth?--"By the action of the teeth and the +saliva." + +By what is it changed in the stomach?--"By the action of the stomach and a +kind of fluid called gastric juice." + +By what is it changed after leaving the stomach?--"By the action of the +bile and the pancreatic juice." + +By what is it changed in the lungs?--"Nobody knows." + +Into what is it changed in the mouth?--"Into pulp." + +Into what is it changed after leaving the stomach?--"Into chyle and waste +substance." + +Into what is it changed in the lungs?--"Into blood." + +What is the change in the mouth called?--"Mastication, or chewing." + +What is the change in the stomach called?--"Chymification, or +chyme-making." + +What is the change after leaving the stomach called?--"Chylification, or +chyle-making." + +What is necessary, if you would have a healthy stomach?--"I must be careful +what kind of food I eat; how much I eat; and when I eat." + +What kind of food must you eat?--"Wholesome food, etc." See Formula. + +How much must you eat?--"Enough, but not too much." + +How must you eat?--"Slowly." + +How should your food be masticated?--"Thoroughly." + +When must you eat?--"Regularly, but not too often." + +When should you avoid eating?--"Just before bedtime." + +What kind of air should you breathe?--"Pure air." + +How should you sit, stand, and walk?--"Erect." + +Why should you not eat too much food?--"Because, if I eat too much food, my +stomach will have too much work to do in changing it into chyme." + +Why should you eat slowly?--"That I may have time to masticate the food +thoroughly." + +Why should you masticate your food thoroughly?--"That it may be well +prepared to enter the stomach." + +Why should the food be well prepared to enter the stomach?--"Because, if it +is not well prepared in the mouth, the stomach will have too much work to +change it into chyme." + +Why should you eat regularly, but not too often?--"Because the stomach +needs rest, which it cannot have, if I eat too often." + +Why should you avoid eating just before bedtime?--"Because, while I am +asleep, the stomach cannot do the work of changing the food as it ought to +be changed; because the stomach should rest with the other parts of the +body." + +Why should you breathe pure air?--"Because pure air helps to make pure +blood, which the stomach needs to make it strong and healthy." + +Why should you sit, stand, and walk erect?--"That the stomach may not be +crowded out of its place, or pressed upon by other parts of the body." + +In what way does tobacco hurt the stomach?--"It poisons the saliva and +prevents it from preparing the food to enter the stomach." + +What harm does tobacco do inside the stomach?--"It weakens the stomach and +makes it unfit to change the food into chyme." + +How will wise children treat tobacco?--"Let it alone. They will not chew, +snuff, or smoke the vile weed." + +Is alcohol food or poison?--"It is poison." + +How do we know it is not food?--"Because it cannot be changed into blood." + +How has this been proved?--"Alcohol has been found in the brain, and other +parts of drunkards, with the same smell and the same power to burn easily +which it had when it was taken into the mouth." + +How do you know it is a poison?--"Because it does harm to every part of the +body, beginning in the stomach." + +What harm does alcohol do in the stomach?--"It hinders the stomach from +doing its work; it burns the coats of the stomach; it destroys the gastric +juice; it hardens the food, so that it cannot be dissolved by the gastric +juice." + +What does the stomach do with alcohol?--"Drives it out as soon as +possible." + +Where does the stomach send it?--"Into the liver." + +Where does the liver send it?--"To the heart; and the heart sends it to the +lungs." + +What do the lungs do with the alcohol?--"They drive it out as soon as they +can." + +Where do the lungs send some of it?--"Through the nose and mouth, into the +air." + +What harm does the alcohol do in the breath?--"It poisons the air; it tells +that some kind of alcoholic liquor has been taken into the stomach." + +From what you have learned about alcohol, what do you think is the only +safe rule to obey concerning cider, beer, wine, and all alcoholic +liquors?--"I must not drink them, if I wish to have a strong and healthy +stomach." + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.--(From Walker's _Physiology_.)] + +1. The large brain. 2. The small brain. 3. The spinal cord. 4, 5. Nerves. + + * * * * * + +PART XI. + +FORMULA FOR THE LESSON ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. + +1. My brain is a soft gray-and-white mass resembling marrow. + +2. It is placed in a bony box called the skull; it is covered and held +together by three coats or membranes. + +3. The outer membrane is thick and firm; it strengthens and supports the +brain. + +4. The middle membrane is thick, and somewhat like a spider's web in +appearance. + +5. The inner membrane is a network of blood-vessels. + +6. From the brain, white or reddish gray pulpy cords, called nerves, pass +to all parts of the body. These nerves are of two kinds: nerves of feeling, +and nerves of motion. + +7. If I prick my finger, a nerve of feeling carries the message to my +brain; if I wish to move my finger, a nerve of motion causes my finger to +obey my will. + +8. Twelve pairs of nerves pass from the base of the brain: the first pair, +called the nerves of smell, to my nose; the fourth pair, called the nerves +of sight, to my eyes; the fifth pair, called the nerves of taste, to my +mouth, tongue, and teeth. One pair pass to my face; another to my ears. The +ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth pairs to my tongue and parts of my +throat and neck.[3] + +9. The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves extending from the base of my +brain, down through the whole length of my spine, or backbone. It is the +largest nerve in my body. + +10. From the spine, thirty-one pairs of nerves, called _spinal nerves_, +pass to different parts of my body; some to the lungs, some to the heart, +some to the stomach, some to the bones, and some to the muscles and skin. + +11. If a nerve be destroyed it cannot carry messages to and from the brain. +Before filling a tooth, the dentist sometimes destroys its nerve. + +12. If a nerve be pressed upon too long it cannot perform its duty. If I +press upon the nerve passing to my foot, I stop it from communicating with +the brain; the foot loses its feeling, or, as I say, "is asleep." + +13. If I drink alcoholic liquors, or snuff, smoke, or chew tobacco, my +brain and nerves cannot do their work well; because alcohol and nicotine +are very poisonous to the brain and nerves. + +14. The brain must be supplied with good blood; + +The brain must be used; + +The brain must be rested; + +I must drink wholesome drink, eat wholesome food, take enough exercise, and +breathe pure air, that my brain may be supplied with pure blood; + +I must study and think, that my brain may grow and be strong for work; + +I must rest my brain when it is tired, either by changing my employment, or +by going to sleep; + +I must not poison my brain with alcohol or tobacco. + +[3] NOTE.--_A fuller description of the Nerves of the Brain_: Twelve pairs +of nerves pass from the base of the brain; the first pair, called the +nerves of smell, to my nose; the second pair, called the nerves of sight, +to my eyes; the third, fourth, and sixth pairs to the muscles of my eyes; +the fifth pair to my forehead, eyes, nose, ears, tongue, teeth, and +different parts of my face; the seventh pair to different parts of my face; +the eighth pair, called the nerves of hearing, to the inner part of my ear; +the ninth pair to my mouth, tongue, and throat; the twelfth pair to my +tongue; the eleventh pair to my neck; the tenth pair to my neck, throat, +lungs, stomach, and different parts of my body. + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS ON THE FORMULA. + +1. Describe the brain. + +2. Where is the brain placed? + +3. Describe the outer membrane of the brain. + +4. Describe the middle membrane of the brain. + +5. Describe the inner membrane of the brain. + +6. Tell about the nerves. + +7. Tell about the use of the two kinds of nerves. + +8. Tell about the nerves which pass from the brain. + +9. Tell about the spinal cord. + +10. Tell about the nerves which pass from the spinal cord. + +11. What happens if a nerve be destroyed? + +12. What happens if a nerve be pressed upon too long? + +13. What happens if you drink alcoholic liquors, or snuff, smoke, or chew +tobacco? + +14. What is necessary if you would have a healthy brain? + + * * * * * + +THE BRAIN AND ITS WORK. + +The brain is egg-shaped, and of two parts, the large brain (_cerebrum_), +and the little brain (_cerebellum_). These are composed of a white and gray +substance, which in the large brain is so folded and wrinkled that it looks +like the meat of an English walnut; in the little brain it is so arranged +that it resembles a tree, and is called _arbor vitae_, tree of life. The +mind does its thinking through the large brain, and controls its muscles +through the little brain. + +A drunken man can not walk straight because alcohol has hurt the little +brain; he can not think straight because it has poisoned the large brain. + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: THE BRAIN AND THE SPINAL CORD.] + +C, the large brain (_cerebrum_). B, the small brain (_cerebellum_). S, a +portion of the spinal cord. + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. + +Where is your brain?--"In my skull." + +What color is the brain?--"Gray and white." + +What does the brain resemble?--"Marrow." + +How is the brain protected?--"By three coats or membranes." + +What may you name these membranes?--"The outer membrane, the middle +membrane, and the inner membrane." + +Describe the outer membrane. See Formula. + +Describe the middle membrane. See Formula. + +What are the nerves?--"White ashen-gray pulpy cords, which are found in the +brain." + +Where do they go from the brain?--"To every part of the body." + +How many kinds of nerves have you?--"Two." + +What names are given to the two kinds of nerves?--"Nerves of motion and +nerves of feeling." + +Which is the largest nerve in the body?--"The spinal cord." + +Where is the spinal cord?--"It extends from the brain throughout the whole +length of the backbone." + +How may you describe the spinal cord?--"It is a bundle of nerves, etc." See +Formula. + +Where are the spinal nerves?--"They pass from the spinal cord to different +parts of the trunk and limbs." + +How many pairs of nerves pass from the base of the brain?--"Twelve." + +Where do the first pair go?--"To the nose." + +What are they called?--"The nerves of smell." + +Where do the second pair go?--"To the eyes." + +What are the second pair called?--"The nerves of sight." + +Which move the muscles of the eyes?--"The third, fourth, and sixth pairs." + +Where do the fifth pair go?--"To the forehead, eyes, nose, ears, tongue, +teeth, and different parts of the face." + +The seventh pair?--"To the different parts of the face." + +The eighth pair?--"To the inner ear." + +What are the eighth pair called?--"The nerves of hearing." + +Where do the ninth pair go?--"To the mouth, tongue, and throat." + +Where do the twelfth pair go?--"To the tongue." + +Where do the eleventh pair go?--"To the neck." + +Where do the tenth pair go?--"To the neck, throat, lungs, stomach, and +different parts of the body." + +What happens if a nerve be destroyed?--"It cannot carry messages to the +brain." + +What happens if a nerve be pressed upon too long?--"It cannot carry +messages to the brain." + +What is necessary if you would have a strong, healthy brain?--"My brain +must be used; my brain must be rested; my brain must be supplied with pure +blood." + +How must you use your brain?--"In thinking and studying." + +How may the brain be rested?--"By sleep." + +In what other way may the brain be rested?--"By thinking of something +different from that which made it tired." + +What two brain-poisons have you learned about?--"Alcohol and tobacco."[4] + +With what may you show the harm done by alcohol to the gray part of the +brain?--"With alcohol and the white of an egg." + +How could you show it with these?--"I would pour the alcohol upon the white +of the egg." + +What would then happen?--"The white of the egg would harden as if it had +been boiled." + +What is in the white of an egg?--"Water and albumen." + +Where else may we find albumen?--"In some seeds, and in the gray part of +the brain and the nerves." + +What harm does alcohol do to the nerves?--"It takes away their moisture and +hardens them." + +What harm does this do to them?--"It paralyzes them, or makes them lose +their power." + +What happens when nerves are paralyzed?--"They lose their power over the +muscles; they are unfit to carry messages to and from the brain." + +What harm does alcohol do to the gray part of the brain?--"It hardens it, +as it hardens the white of an egg." + +What harm does this do to the brain?--"It paralyzes it, or makes it lose +its power." + +What then happens?--"It cannot properly do its work of thinking, and cannot +control the nerves." + +What disease is sometimes caused by this hardening of the brain by +alcohol?--"Paralysis, which often ends in death." + +What harm does alcohol do to the blood-vessels of the brain?--"It fills +them with impure blood." + +What disease is caused by the blood-vessels of the brain being filled with +impure blood?--"Congestion of the brain, or apoplexy, which ends in death." + +What else frequently happens to those who drink alcoholic liquors?--"They +become crazy, or insane." + +If you wish to have a strong, healthy brain, what should you do about these +liquors?-- + + "Never put them into my mouth, + To steal away my brains." + +Tell of what dreadful disease people die who are bitten by a mad dog.--"Of +hydrophobia." + +Of what dreadful disease do people sometimes die who are bitten by the +serpent in alcoholic liquors?--"Of delirium tremens." + +Which is the more dreadful, hydrophobia or delirium tremens?--"One is as +dreadful as the other." + +How can you be sure never to have delirium tremens?--"By drinking nothing +which has alcohol in it." + +Will a little beer or wine hurt you?--"Yes, it may make me love the taste +of alcohol." + +What harm is there in loving the taste of alcohol?--"I may love it so much +as to become a drunkard." + +Tell once more how you should treat alcoholic liquors.--"I should never +drink a drop of them." + +[4] See Appendices. + + * * * * * + +ALCOHOL. + +THE STORY ABOUT ALCOHOL. + +Several hundred years ago many people were trying to discover something +that would keep them young and strong, and prevent them from dying. It is +said by some that a man named Paracelsus, in making experiments, discovered +_alcohol_. He called it "the water of life," and boasted that he would +never be weak and never die; so he went on drinking alcoholic liquors until +at last he died in a drunken fit. + +What is this alcohol which has done and is doing so much mischief in the +world? I will show you some. What does it look like?--"Water." Yes; and if +you were to smell it you would say it has a somewhat pleasant odor; if you +were to taste it, that it has a hot, biting taste, _i.e._, is pungent. If +you put a lighted match to it you would notice that it burns easily, and +with a flame, and may therefore be said to be combustible and inflammable. + +What does it come from? Is it one of the drinks God has given us? Some of +the class think it is; we will try to learn whether this answer is correct +or not. If we study about it very carefully we shall discover that it is +not a natural drink, that it is not found except where it has been made +from decayed or rotten fruits, grains, or vegetables. + +If you take some apples, and squeeze the juice out of them, you will find +it sweet and pleasant; let that juice stand for several days and what will +happen to it?--"It will get bad." Yes; or, as grown people say, it will +_work_ or _ferment_; that is, the sugary part of the juice will be +separated into a kind of gas and a liquid. The gas is called _carbonic acid +gas_; the liquid is _alcohol_. Both the gas and the liquid are poisonous. + +Alcohol may also be obtained from other fruits, as grapes, and from some +grains and vegetables. But all these must first become rotten before +alcohol will come out of them. This is one reason why we think that God, +who gives us good, wholesome food, did not intend alcohol to be a drink for +man, else He would have put it into the delicious ripe fruit, and not made +it impossible to get until they decay. + +Now let us put upon the blackboard something which will help us remember +what we have learned about + + ALCOHOL. +DISCOVERED BY DESCRIPTION. MADE FROM +Paracelsus. Water-like; with a Fruits, Grains, or + pleasant odor; a Vegetables. +CALLED hot, biting taste; +"The water of life." and will burn with a + flame. + + * * * * * + +USES OF ALCOHOL. + +We put some sugar into water; the children see that it melts; then some +glue or shellac is placed in the same liquid; they see that this is not +melted, but that, when alcohol is used instead of water, the glue or +shellac is dissolved. From this experiment they learn that alcohol is used +in making varnishes. + +Some water is poured into one saucer, and alcohol into another; a lighted +match is applied to each; the class notices that the alcohol takes fire and +burns, while the water does not. + +Next, we fill a lamp with alcohol, and put a wick into it; when the wick +becomes wet with the fluid it burns steadily and without smoke, as may be +seen by holding a clean white saucer over the flame. This shows why +jewellers and others, who wish to use a lamp to make things very hot, +prefer alcohol to kerosene, which, as the children know, smokes +lamp-chimneys, or anything else, so easily. + +We show a thermometer; the children are told its use if they are not +already familiar with the instrument; we talk about the quicksilver in the +tube, about its rising or falling according to the degree of heat or cold; +then we inform the class that in some countries where it is very cold +quicksilver freezes; for this reason alcohol, which does not freeze, is +colored red and put into the thermometer tube to be used in these Arctic +regions. + +Another use for alcohol is to keep or preserve substances. This we +illustrate by placing a piece of meat into some alcohol. We explain that +the water in the meat is that which causes it to decay. Alcohol has the +power to take up or _absorb_ water; so when meat is put into this liquid +the water from the meat is absorbed by it, and the meat does not become +bad. Those who wish to preserve insects a long time, and doctors who desire +to keep any portion of a human body after death, put these into alcohol, in +which they may be kept for a long time. + +Lastly, we let the children smell cologne or other perfumery, and tell them +this is made from different oils mixed with alcohol. + +At the close of this lesson the class is ready to help us make the +following BLACKBOARD OUTLINE. + +FACTS ABOUT ALCOHOL. GOOD USES OF ALCOHOL. +It melts gums. To melt gums. +Burns with a flame. To make varnishes. +Burns without smoke. To burn in lamps. +Will not freeze. To make camphene, etc. +Likes water. To put into thermometer +Mixes with oils. tubes. + To preserve meats, etc. + To make perfumery. + In making jewelry. + + * * * * * + +USES OF ALCOHOL--_concluded_. + +You see alcohol is very useful for some purposes; but do people ever drink +it? Some of the children think not, and we grant that no one is foolish +enough to drink _raw_ alcohol, because it is too strong. It would take only +a little to make them drunk, and only a few ounces to kill them instantly. + +We ask the pupils if they have ever seen a drunken person, and what made +that person drunk? We soon obtain an answer, and place upon the board "Rum, +gin, whiskey, brandy," as the names of drinks which will take away the good +sense of those who drink them. To these are added "Wine, beer, ale, lager, +and cider." + +We explain that all these have alcohol in them, as may be known by smelling +them, or by smelling the breath of those who have drunk even a little of +them; and that because they contain alcohol they are called _alcoholic +liquors_. If a person drinks any one of them he will be poisoned, more or +less, according to how much he takes. The children are astonished at the +word _poisoned_, but we explain that the very word, _intoxicated_, means +poisoned. So a drunken man is a poisoned man. If enough alcohol, or +alcoholic liquor, is drunk by anyone, he will drop down dead as quickly as +if he were shot by a cannon ball. + +When told that alcohol is not a food, but a poison, the class readily +understands what we mean, and we have no difficulty in having the following +statements prepared and memorized: + + * * * * * + +FOOD. + +That which makes the body grow, and helps to keep it alive. + +POISON. + +That which hurts the body, and makes it die. + +ALCOHOL. + +QUALITIES. GOOD USES. +Water-like, _looks like To melt gums. +water_. To make varnishes. +Transparent, _may be seen To burn in lamps. +through clearly_. To make camphene, etc. +Odorous, _has a smell_. To put in thermometer +Pungent, _has a hot, biting tubes. +taste_. To preserve meats, insects, +Liquid, _will flow in etc. +drops_. To make perfumery. +Poisonous, _hurts the In making jewelry. +body_. +Intoxicating, _takes away the BAD USE. +senses; makes drunk_. To drink. +Absorbent, _takes up or +absorbs water_. +Inflammable, _burns with a +flame_. +Uncongealable, _will not +freeze_. +Innutritious, _not good for +food_. + + * * * * * + +ABOUT FERMENTATION AND FERMENTED LIQUOR. + +_ALCOHOL._--Alcohol may be obtained from any substance which contains sugar +or starch, or both sugar and starch, as apples, pears, grapes, potatoes, +beets, rice, barley, maple, honey, etc. + +Alcohol can be obtained only by _fermentation_. By fermentation we mean the +change which takes place when a juice containing sugar decays, or goes to +pieces. You know decay always makes things fall to pieces. + +You ask, what pieces is sugar made of? Very, very little pieces, called +_atoms_. There are different kinds of sugar. In that made from grapes, +called _grape sugar_, there are six atoms of carbon, twelve of hydrogen, +and six of oxygen. What are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen? Oxygen is the +kind of gas which keeps animals alive, and makes things burn. Hydrogen is +another kind, which you have smelled perhaps when water has been spilled on +a hot stove; the gas burned in street-lamps is hydrogen that has been +driven out of coal. Carbon you see in charcoal and soot; the black lead of +your lead-pencils is mostly composed of carbon and iron; lamp-black is pure +carbon, without form or shape. + +We will let these circles of colored paper stand for the atoms of carbon, +hydrogen, and oxygen in grape sugar,--the largest, which are red, for the +oxygen; the second size, which you notice are black, will represent atoms +of carbon; while the little blue ones will make you think of hydrogen. + +If you remember that it takes one atom of carbon and two of oxygen to make +carbonic acid gas; also, that two atoms of carbon, one of oxygen, and six +of hydrogen to form alcohol, you can easily find that two atoms of carbonic +acid gas and two atoms of alcohol may be formed from an atom of sugar. So +the more sugar a juice contains the more alcohol may be formed from it. + +_CIDER._--Cider is made by pressing the juice out of apples. This sweet +cider ferments, and the sugar part of it changes into carbonic acid gas and +alcohol. People who do not understand this go on drinking cider, not +knowing that it makes drunkards of those who drink much of a beverage which +seems so pleasant and harmless. + +_WINES._--Wines are made from the juices of fruits which have sugar in +them, especially grapes. Sometimes people have what they call _home-made +wines_, which they make from blackberries, currants, elderberries, +gooseberries, cherries, or other fruits. They may ask you to take some, +saying, "This will do you no harm; we did not put any alcohol into it." +They do not know what you have learned, that alcohol is always formed in +fermented juices which contain sugar. It does not wait to be put into the +home-made wines; it quietly comes in as they are getting made, at home or +any other place, and will make people drunk as surely as when it is found +in brandy or any other liquor. + +Some of the wines in the stores are made from grape juice, but many more +are made by mixing hurtful and poisonous things together to make the liquor +strong, and give it what is called a fine color and good taste. + +_BEER AND ALES._--These are made from grains and hops, which contain no +sugar, it is true, but are composed of starch, which may be changed into +sugar. When a seed of grain is put into the ground and begins to grow, the +starch in it becomes sugar, which feeds the young plant. When a brewer +wishes to make beer, he takes some grain, puts it in a dark place, wets it, +and leaves it to sprout, or begin to grow. Then he puts it into an oven to +dry it, and make it stop growing. This makes what is called _malt_. The +malt is mashed and soaked in warm water to get the sugar out of it; this +forms a liquid called _sweet wort_. The wort is separated from the mashed +grain and boiled; yeast is mixed with it to help it to ferment more +quickly; it soon becomes changed; a dirty yellow scum filled with bubbles +comes to the top, which we know is the poisonous carbonic acid gas; the +other poison, alcohol, stays in the liquid and makes the beer taste good to +those who like it. + +Liquors made from grain are called _malt liquors_. Lager beer, and all +kinds of ales and porters, are malt liquors. They make people dull, +sluggish, and stupid who drink much of them. They do much mischief in the +body, though it takes a larger quantity of any one of them to make a person +drunk than it does of whiskey or brandy. + + AN ATOM OF +GRAPE SUGAR. CARBONIC ACID GAS. ALCOHOL. +Carbon, 6 atoms. Carbon, 1 atom. Carbon, 2 atoms. +Oxygen, 6 atoms. Oxygen, 2 atoms. Oxygen, 1 atom. +Hydrogen, 12 atoms. Hydrogen, 6 atoms. + +SUB-FERMENTED GRAPE SUGAR MAKES 2 atoms of carbonic acid gas and 2 atoms of +alcohol. + + ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS + MADE FROM + FRUITS. GRAINS. +_Cider._ _Wines._ _Beer, Ales, etc._ +Apples. Grapes, Gooseberries, Barley, Oats, +_Perry._ Currants, Elderberries, Wheat, Peas, etc. +Pears. Blackberries, Cherries, etc. Corn, (with hops). + + * * * * * + +DISTILLATION. + +How does the sugar in grapes and other fruits become alcohol?--"By +fermenting." Yes, and liquors made by fermenting are called _fermented +liquors_. What other alcoholic drinks have you heard about beside cider, +wines, beer, and ales?--"Gin, whiskey, brandy, rum." These are stronger +than the fermented liquors, that is, they contain more alcohol; they are +made by what is called _distillation_. + +If you boil water, and let the steam from it fall upon a cold plate, the +steam will change back into liquid and become _distilled_ water. Making a +liquid boil, catching the vapor or steam and cooling it, is what we mean by +distillation. + +If two or more liquids are mixed together, the one that boils with the +least heat will be drawn off first. The alcohol of beer, cider, and wines +is mixed with water; it boils at a lower heat than water, so can be drawn +off from it very easily. This does not make more alcohol, it only makes the +alcohol stronger by separating it from the water. + +When beer or any other alcoholic liquor is to be distilled, it is poured +into a large copper boiler, called a _still_, and boiled. A tube carries +the vapor from the boiler into a cask filled with cold water. This tube is +coiled like a spiral line or worm through the cask; it is called _the worm +of the still_, and the cask is _the worm-tub_. As the vapor passes through +the tube, it cools and drops out at the end into the worm-tub, changed into +a liquid stronger in alcohol than that from which it was drawn or +distilled. + +In this way gin is made from beer, brandy from wine, and rum from fermented +molasses. These are very strong drinks, and only hard drinkers like them. +But very few people begin by taking these; they first learn to like alcohol +by drinking cider, beer, or wine, and end with gin, whiskey, or rum when +they have become drunkards. + +DEFINITIONS. + +_DISTILLATION._ Drawing the vapor from a boiling liquid and cooling it. + +_STILL._ Machinery for distilling; the boiler which holds the liquid. + +_THE WORM OF THE STILL._ The tube which passes from the still to a cask, in +which it coils like a worm. + +_WORM-TUB._ The cask which holds the tube or worm, and receives the +distilled liquid. + +_DISTILLED LIQUID._ A liquid formed by cooled steam. + +_DISTILLED LIQUORS._ Liquors made by distilling alcoholic liquors. + +_FERMENTED._ Changed by decay. + +_FERMENTED LIQUORS._ Liquors which have been fermented or changed by decay, +and contain alcohol. + +_UNFERMENTED._ Not decayed. + +_UNFERMENTED LIQUORS._ Liquors which contain no alcohol. + + KINDS OF LIQUORS +[5]UNFERMENTED. FERMENTED. DISTILLED. +Grape juice, Hard cider, Gin, +Sweet cider, (Malt liquors) Brandy, +Root beer, Beer, Whiskey, +Ginger beer. Lager beer, Rum. +Perry. Ale, + Porter, + + Wine. + +[5] These soon become fermented; they then contain alcohol. + + * * * * * + +HARM DONE BY ALCOHOL IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE BODY. + +Raw alcohol does not do much harm to people because it is too strong for +them to drink much of it; but the alcohol hidden in cider, ale, wine, +whiskey, and other alcoholic drinks kills not less than _sixty thousand_ +persons in this country every year, besides those who die from its use in +other parts of the world. + +There is great excitement when there is a mad dog around; and, if any one +is bitten and dies from the dreadful hydrophobia, people are ready to +destroy all the dogs of the neighborhood; but when a drunkard dies from +delirium tremens or alcohol craziness, how few take any notice of the cause +of his death, or do all they can to wage war against the use of alcoholic +liquors. + +But why do we say such hard things against these liquors which some people +love so well and think so harmless? In what way do they hurt and kill +people? Let us see. Where does what we drink go after it has been put into +the mouth?--"Into the stomach." If it were the right thing to go into the +stomach, into what would it be changed?--"Into something which helps to +make good blood." + +Learned men, who have examined and carefully studied about these things, +tell us that _the stomach is hurt_ by alcohol, because the fiery fluid is +not food, but poison which makes the stomach very sore, and gives it hard +work to do. The veins of the stomach take it up and send it into the liver. +The liver, which is a large organ weighing about four pounds, lies on the +right side below the lungs; its work is, to help make the blood pure. It +can do nothing with alcohol, so it drives it along to the heart; the heart +sends it to the lungs; the lungs throw some of it out through the breath, +which smells of the vile stuff that has been poisoning every part it has +passed through since it entered the mouth. + +Some of the alcohol does not get out of the lungs through the breath, but +goes with the blood back to the heart, and from the heart is sent through +the arteries to every part of the body. No part of the body wants it. + +_The Skin_ drives some of it out, through its little pores, with the +perspiration. + +_The Kidneys_, which lie in the back below the waist, on each side of the +spine, send off some of the poison. + +Yet some of it gets into _the brain_, and there does very much mischief, of +which you will learn more by and by. You know, if the brain is hurt, the +mind cannot do its work of thinking properly; thus, alcohol does great +_harm to the mind_ through the brain. + +_The muscles_ and _the bones_ are hurt by not being supplied with pure +blood; _the heart_ gets tired out with overwork, and _the lungs_ become +diseased through this same terrible alcohol. + +Therefore, if you would be strong and healthy, have nothing to do with +alcoholic liquors; for + + ALCOHOL POISONS +The stomach, The liver, The blood, +The heart, The lungs, The brain, +The bones, The muscles, The skin, + And every part of the body. + + * * * * * + +IN THE STOMACH. + +Children who have learned the Lesson on Digestion, and know about the coats +of the stomach, about mastication and chyme-making, are easily made to +understand why anything which has alcohol in it is unfit to go into the +stomach. + +If we touch a drop of alcohol to the eye, it will make it sore; so alcohol +in the stomach irritates its coats and makes them sore. + +Alcohol poisons the gastric juice. If we get some of this juice from the +stomach of a calf which has just been killed, and mix alcohol with it, the +alcohol will separate the watery part from the _pepsin_ or white part. This +is what alcohol does in the stomach. It takes up water from the gastric +juice, which prevents the pepsin from mixing well with the food, and +hinders the change of the food into chyme, which cannot take place without +pepsin. + +The children have already learned that alcohol keeps meat from decaying, or +going to pieces. We explain that food in the stomach must go to pieces to +prepare it to make blood; when mixed with alcohol, it is preserved, and the +gastric juice cannot melt or dissolve it. Thus the stomach is hindered from +doing its work until it gets rid of the alcohol. + +A true story we have read will help you to remember how troublesome alcohol +is to the stomach. Some men in Edinburgh were paid their wages, one +Saturday, soon after they had eaten their dinner. They got drunk and +remained so till the next day at noon. When they became sober they had a +headache and were so ill that they sent for a doctor; he gave them some +medicine which brought up their Saturday's dinner just as it had gone down +into the stomach. The poor stomach could do nothing with dinner mixed with +whiskey or rum, because these liquors are half alcohol. + +You have already learned that the stomach hurries to drive out the alcohol +into the liver; the liver sends it with the blood into the heart; the heart +pours it into the lungs; the lungs breathe it out through the nose and +mouth, and tell that some kind of alcoholic liquor has been taken into the +stomach. + +Remember, that the alcohol which comes out in the breath is a part of that +which _went into the mouth_. It could not be changed. It did nothing but +mischief in its journey, which shows that it is not food, but poison. God, +who created the body, has not given any part of it power to change alcohol +into blood. + +People sometimes take ale or wine because they think it gives them an +appetite. This is a great mistake. When any alcoholic liquor goes into the +stomach, there is such hard work to get it out that the pain of hunger is +not felt; when it is out, the stomach is tired and does not tell the brain +that it is hungry. When alcohol is poured into it, day after day, it loses +its desire for good, wholesome food, _and wants more and more alcoholic +liquor_. It has an appetite for alcohol. + +Alcohol makes the stomach sore and full of disease; people who take much of +it in liquors always suffer much from dyspepsia. + +So, if the stomach could speak, it would say: "Don't pour any alcohol into +me, though you mix it and call it ale, cider, wine, or any other name that +makes folks think it will do me no harm. You cannot deceive me. I know +alcohol as soon as it comes down, and it always makes me suffer." + + * * * * * + +BLACKBOARD OUTLINE. + +ALCOHOL-- + Burns or inflames the coats of the stomach. + Spoils the gastric juice. + Makes the food hard to be dissolved. + Makes the stomach tired and weak. + Takes away the appetite for wholesome food. + Makes an appetite for alcoholic liquors. + Causes disease in the stomach and other digestive organs. + + * * * * * + +QUESTION ON BLACKBOARD OUTLINE. + +What harm does alcohol do in the stomach? + + * * * * * + +TO THE BONES, MUSCLES, AND SKIN. + +_TO THE BONES._--You have already learned that the bones require to be +supplied with good blood to make them strong and healthy, and that alcohol +does not make good blood, so we need spend no time in deciding that +alcoholic liquors do injury to the bones, and that the bones of those who +drink these liquors are less likely to heal, when broken, than those of +persons whose blood has not been poisoned by alcohol. + +_TO THE MUSCLES._--The muscles, as you know, cover and move the bones; good +blood makes them grow, and keeps them healthy and strong. People like to +have plenty of good muscle, for this not only gives them strength, but +makes them look plump and well. + +Alcohol poisons the blood by killing many of the very little, round, red +parts in it, called by a long name, which you can learn if you try. This +hard name is _corpuscles_ [kor'pussls]; _corpuscle_ means _a little body_. + +These little bodies float in the fluid portion of the blood, and go to +every part of the body to help keep it alive and healthy. When alcohol +hurts them, they turn into a poor kind of fat, like suet, and cannot do any +good. They stay in different parts and do much harm. Sometimes they lodge +between the muscles, and make a person look strong because plump; but he is +not strong, for his muscles are filled with fat. + +Sometimes the liver or the heart, which are only large muscles, become so +heavy and soft with fat that they cannot do their work properly; they +become weak and diseased, wear out, and cause the death of their owner, who +has poisoned them with ale, wine, or other alcoholic drink. + +_TO THE SKIN._--Alcohol hurts the skin also, by feeding it with poisoned +blood, by giving the pores extra work in carrying off some of the alcohol +in the perspiration, and by making the little blood-vessels larger than +they should be in a way you will learn more about by and by. These little +blood-vessels become very full of blood, and cause the red face and blue +nose which mark the drinker of alcoholic liquors. This redness of the skin +tells of the mischief which alcohol is doing inside of the body. It is the +danger-signal which warns against the use of the fiery poison. + + ALCOHOL HURTS +THE BONES, THE MUSCLES, THE SKIN, +By supplying them with By supplying them with By supplying it with +bad blood. bad blood; bad blood; + By loading them with By over-working the + fat which makes them perspiratory pores. + weak. + + * * * * * + +TO THE BLOOD, THE LUNGS, AND THE HEART. + +_TO THE BLOOD._--The wonderful fluid which is the life of the body consists +of a water-like liquid in which floats millions of the very little, +circle-shaped, red particles which you have been taught to call +_corpuscles_. You have also been told that alcohol kills these little +bodies, and thus takes some of the life out of the blood, and fills it with +useless, suet-like fat. + +The blood, you know, flows everywhere through the body, giving its goodness +to make every part grow and live, and carrying away the worn-out particles +it meets. Blood, when poisoned with alcohol, goes through the body, giving +disease and death instead of health and life. So, if you want good, red +blood, do not let alcohol get into it. + +_TO THE HEART._--When alcohol comes with the blood from the liver, the +heart begins to beat fast to get rid of the firewater; this makes it very +tired, for it always has enough to do in carrying bad blood to the lungs, +and pumping good blood into the arteries, without having the extra trouble +of driving out alcohol. Wise people will not give it this extra work to do. + +Besides, we told you, in the talk about the harm done by alcohol to the +muscles, that the heart,--which is only a large muscle, or rather many +muscles fastened together so as to make a pear-shaped organ about the size +of your fist,--is hurt in another way by alcohol. It gets too much of the +poor kind of fat from the blood, which fills between the muscles, and after +awhile makes the walls of the heart so soft and weak, that we could almost +push through them with a finger, if we could get at them. + +Very often the tired, overworked, weakened heart suddenly stops beating, +and the person who would keep on drinking beer, wine, brandy, or rum falls +down dead. "Died from heart disease," people say, when the truth is, _died +from drinking alcoholic liquors_. + +_TO THE LUNGS._--What are the lungs?--"The breathing-machines of the body." +What do they throw out?--"Bad air." What do they take in?--"Fresh air." In +pure air there is a good kind of gas which is necessary to keep us alive; +this gas is called _oxygen_. + +When air is taken into the lungs, the oxygen mixes with the blood in them +and makes it pure. If alcohol is in the lungs, it hardens the walls of +their air-cells, and keeps out the oxygen or good gas; at the same time it +keeps in the impure gas, called _nitrogen_, which ought to come out through +the nose and mouth into the air. Thus the blood in the lungs cannot be +properly purified, and goes back to the heart impure blood which is unfit +to be used. + +The lungs are also obliged to work faster when alcohol is in them, because +with the heart they are striving to drive out the enemy. This makes the +lungs tired, sore, and inflamed. They are not as strong to do their work, +and are more likely to breathe in any contagious disease than are the lungs +of people who do not drink alcoholic liquors. + +Some people go on drinking these poisons for many years, and seem not to be +hurt by them; but at last they suffer from what is called Alcoholic +Phthisis, a kind of consumption which doctors cannot cure. + + HARM DONE BY ALCOHOL TO THE +HEART. BLOOD-VESSELS. LUNGS. +Overworks it. Hurries the blood through Makes them work too +Makes it tired. them. fast. +Loads it with fat. Stretches the small Heats and inflames +Softens and destroys arteries and makes them them. +it. unfit to work. Hardens the walls of + Poisons the blood in the their air-cells. + hair-like blood-vessels Keeps in the poisonous + (capillaries). gas. + Keeps out the good gas + (oxygen). + Weakens them and makes + them diseased. + + * * * * * + +THE BLOOD ("The life ... is in the blood") + +Consists of + A colorless liquid (plasma), and + Little, red, circle-shaped bodies (corpuscles). + + * * * * * + +ALCOHOL (a blood-poison) + +Mixes with the colorless liquid, and takes away some of its goodness. + +Makes some of the corpuscles + Smaller. + Change shape. + Lose color. + Lose oxygen. + Die, and change into useless fat + + * * * * * + +TO THE BRAIN AND NERVES. + +Where is your brain?--"In my skull." What color is it?--"Gray and white." +What does it resemble?--"Marrow." What work is done in the brain?--"The +work of thinking." You may repeat what you have learned about the membranes +of the brain. (See Formula for the Lesson on the Nervous System.) + +You say "the inner membrane is a net-work of blood-vessels." If these are +blood-vessels in the membranes, what fills them?--"Blood." Do you think +alcohol can get into the brain?--"Yes." How can it get there?--"It goes +there with the blood." How can we know that alcohol does mischief in the +brain? You cannot answer? Did you never see a drunken man? Now tell me how +you might know his brain has been hurt by alcohol.--"He talks funny; he +acts strangely; he is very cross; he does not know what he is doing; he +walks crookedly; he falls down; sometimes he falls asleep, and is almost +like a dead man; he is dead drunk." + +Let us study to learn why the drunken man does such strange things. The +alcohol in this bottle, and this egg which you see, will help us find the +cause of the mischief. You may tell what is in the egg.--"A white liquid +and a yellow liquid." How could they be made hard?--"By making the egg hot; +by boiling." We will try what alcohol will do to the white part. You see +when it is poured upon the white of the egg it hardens this part as boiling +would harden it. This white portion is composed of water and something +called _albumen_. The alcohol dries up the water and thickens the albumen. + +Albumen is found not only in eggs but in some seeds, as beans, peas, corn, +etc., also in the gray part of the brain and in the nerves. + +We will talk first of the harm alcohol does to the nerves. You know they +are the grayish-white cords which pass from the brain and the spine to +every part of the body. What do they act like in the kind of work they +do?--"Like telegraph wires." What is their work?--"To carry messages to and +from the brain." What kinds of nerves have you learned about?--"Nerves of +feeling and nerves of motion." + +When alcohol touches a nerve, it draws away the moisture or water from it, +and hardens the white part or albumen; this makes the nerve shrivel as if +it had been burned; it loses its power to feel and move, or, to use a long +word, is _paralyzed_. + +Alcohol paralyzes all the nerves it touches. It makes them so stupid that +they cannot understand what the brain says to them, and they do not carry +the right messages back to it. For instance: when the nerves of the stomach +are poisoned by the alcohol in beer, wine, etc., they do not feel the pain +of hunger as much as they otherwise would, and they let the brain think the +stomach is satisfied and does not need any more food, when it is only +stupefied by these liquors. + +Again, it is the work of some nerves to tell the muscles of the small +arteries to tighten, or contract, when too much blood is coming into them. +Alcohol so paralyzes these nerves that they do not carry their message; the +arteries let in the blood, and become swollen and enlarged. They tell the +mischief done to them, by causing the skin to be red or flushed. If people +drink much of any intoxicating liquor, and often, their skin is always a +bad color, or, as grown folks say, becomes permanently discolored. All this +because the nerves have been made unfit to do their duty by alcohol poison. + +The nerves also lose power over the muscles of the limbs. This is plainly +seen in the trembling of the hands and the unsteady walking of the +drunkard; but is equally true of those who drink only a little now and +then. Their nerves are not as strong and wide-awake to control the +machinery of the body as they would be if no alcohol were troubling them. + +Sometimes the nerves of hearing and sight tell the brain queer stories, and +the poor brain believes them all, for it, too, is stupefied by the same +fire-water which has hurt the nerves. Indeed, the harm done by alcohol to +the brain is greater than that done to any other part of the body. It takes +the water from the albumen, and makes the white part of the brain hard, as +if it had been cooked. It kills the little, circle-shaped, red parts of the +blood--the corpuscles; these collect in the blood-vessels of the brain, and +keep the blood from flowing as fast as it ought, which causes disease and +very often death. Sometimes the brain is so much injured by the poison that +the drinker becomes crazy, and is a great deal of trouble to himself and +everybody else. + +Since all this is true, wise children will let cider, lager, ale, wine, and +every other kind of alcoholic drink alone, and never, NEVER, + + "Put an enemy into their mouths, + To steal away their brains." + + * * * * * + + HARM DONE BY ALCOHOL TO THE +NERVES. BRAIN. +Takes away their moisture, and Fills or congests its +paralyzes them. blood-vessels with impure +Takes away their power to blood. +control the muscles. Collects in it, and paralyzes +Makes them unfit to carry it. +messages to and from the Hardens its albumen. +brain. So hurts it as to cause + craziness (insanity) and + death. + + * * * * * + +MORE ABOUT THE HARM DONE BY ALCOHOL. + +In the lessons you have learned you have been taught about the harm done by +alcohol to the body and the mind; can you tell, from what you have seen of +drunken people, in what other way alcoholic liquors hurt them?--"They make +people waste their money; they make them waste their time; they make them +cross; they make them fight; they make them say silly and wicked words; +they sometimes make fathers and mothers hurt their children; they make +people lose their good name; they often make them do things for which they +are sent to prison." + +Yes, this is only some of the mischief done by alcohol. If you could fly +around the world and see everybody who has been hurt in any way by this +terrible poison, what a sad, sad sight you would behold! At least half the +trouble in the world comes from strong drink. + +Are _you_, little girl, little boy, going to join the army of drunkards? +No, indeed! you think; but probably no one who has become a drunkard ever +intended to do so. They all began with one glass, a few drops of some +alcoholic liquor,--cider, wine, or beer perhaps,--and thus learned to love +the taste of alcohol, and soon became its slaves. For this poison has the +strange power of making those who drink it want more and more of itself, +though they know it is doing them harm. + +The only safety is in letting alcoholic liquors alone, forever. + +BLACKBOARD OUTLINE. + + ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS HURT + The body, + The mind, and + The soul; + AND MAKE PEOPLE +WASTE LOSE UNFIT TO UNFIT TO SERVE +Money, Strength, Think, or Themselves, +Talents, and Health, and Work. Their neighbor, +Time. Good name. or GOD. + + * * * * * + +STORIES ABOUT THE HARM DONE BY ALCOHOL.[6] + +A YOUNG BEGINNER.--The hardest drinker I ever knew commenced on cider when +he was only five years old. He would go to the barrel of cider in the +cellar, which had been put there to make vinegar, and, getting a straw, +would suck all the cider he wanted; and then, after he had played awhile, +he would go back and get more. He kept on drinking alcoholic liquors of +some kind, until he died a drunkard. + +CIDER DELIRIUM.--Dr. J.H. Travis, of Masonville, N.Y., was once called to a +child six years old, who was raving in the wildest delirium. His symptoms +were so peculiar that he questioned the family closely, and found that the +day previous, at a raising, the child had drank freely of cider. After the +men left he had procured a straw and gone to the barrel and drank till he +was senseless, and after this the delirium came on. He exhibited undoubted +symptoms of delirium tremens. Cider was the common beverage of the family. +Dr. Travis has been called to several other cases of delirium tremens from +the use of cider.--_Mrs. E.J. Richmond._ + +A CAUTION TO MOTHERS.--One of the first literary men in the United States +said to a temperance lecturer: "There is one thing which I wish you to do +everywhere; entreat every mother never to give a drop of strong drink to a +child. I have had to fight as for my life all my days to keep from dying a +drunkard, because I was fed with spirits when a child. I thus acquired an +appetite for it. My brother, poor fellow, died a drunkard." + +A GIRL DRUNKARD.--A young girl of eighteen, beautiful, intelligent, and +temperate, the pride of her home, was recommended to take a little gin for +some chronic ailment. She took it; it soothed the pain; she kept on taking +it; it created an artificial appetite, and in four years she died a +drunkard.--_Medical Temperance Journal._ + +"A LITTLE WON'T HURT HIM."--I was the pet of the family. Before I could +well walk I was treated to the sweet from the bottom of my father's glass. +My dear mother would gently chide with him, "Don't, John, it will do him +harm." To this he would smilingly reply, "This little sup won't hurt him." +When I became a school-boy I was ill at times, and my mother would pour for +me a glass of wine from the decanter. At first I did not like it; but, as I +was told that it would make me strong, I got to like it. When I became an +apprentice, I reasoned thus: "My parents told me that these drinks are +good, and I cannot get them except at the public-house." Step by step I +fell.... I have grown to manhood, but my course of intemperance has added +sin to sin. My days are now nearly ended. Hope for the future I have +none.--_Dying Drunkard._ + +DANGER.--In one of Mr. Moody's temperance prayer meetings at Chicago, a +reformed man attributed a former relapse of drunkenness wholly to a +physician's prescription to take whiskey three times a day! + +KILLED BY THE POISON.--Many years ago, when stage coaches were in use in +England, during a very cold night, a young woman mounted the coach. A +respectable tradesman sitting there asked her what induced her to travel on +such a night, when she replied that she was going to the bedside of her +mother, of whose illness she had just heard. She was soon wrapped in such +coats, etc., as the passengers could spare, and when they stopped the +tradesman procured her some brandy. She declined it at first, saying she +had never drank spirits in her life. But he said, "Drink it down; it won't +hurt you on such a bitter night." This was done repeatedly, until the poor +girl fell fast asleep, and when they arrived in London she could not be +roused. She was stiff and cold in death, and the doctor, on the coroner's +inquest, said that she had been killed by the brandy.--_Mrs. Balfour._ + +IN CASE OF SHIPWRECK.--In the winter of 1796 a vessel was wrecked on an +island of the Massachusetts coast, and five persons on board determined to +swim ashore. Four of them drank freely of spirits to keep up their +strength, but the fifth would drink none. One was drowned, and all that +drank spirits failed and stopped, and froze one after another, the man that +drank none being the only one that reached the house at some distance from, +the shore, and he lived many years after that. + +IT EXHAUSTS STRENGTH.--Concerning one cold winter when there were very +severe snow-storms in the Highlands of Scotland, James Hogg, the poet, +says: "It was a received opinion all over the country that sundry lives +were lost, and a great many more endangered, by the administration of +ardent spirits to the sufferers _while in a state of exhaustion_. A little +bread and sweet milk, or even bread and cold water, proved a much safer +restorative in the fields. Some who took a glass of spirits that night +never spoke another word, even though they were continuing to walk and +converse when their friends joined them. One woman found her husband lying +in a state of insensibility; she had only sweet milk and oatmeal cake to +give him, but with these she succeeded in getting him home and saving +him."--_Bacchus._ + +SHIPMASTER OF THE KEDRON.--"I was brought up in a temperance school, and +when I shipped before the mast I stuck to my principles, though everyone +else on board drank excepting two boys whom I persuaded to abstain. In a +very severe storm off a lee-shore, when it was so cold they had to break +the icicles off the ropes to tack the ship, all drank but myself and these +two boys. The men would work very well for a few minutes, and then slack +off and take another drink, until they were all keeled up, and we three +boys had all we could do to keep the ship from going ashore. If we had +drank with the rest, all would have been lost, for the men were too drunk +to save themselves. Providentially, the storm abated before morning, and we +were saved. Now, for many years I have been captain of my own ship, and I +never give out one drop of liquor."--_Captain Brown._ + +ON THE PLAINS.--Twenty-six men, travelling on one of the great Western +plains in the United States, were overtaken by cold and night. They had +food, clothing, and whiskey, but no fire. They were warned not to drink +whiskey or they would freeze. Three did not drink a drop, and though they +felt cold they did not suffer nor freeze. Three more drank a little, and +though they suffered much they did not freeze. Seven others that drank a +good deal had their toes and fingers frozen. Six that drank pretty strong +were badly frozen and never got over it. Four that got very boozy were +frozen so badly that they died three or four weeks afterward. Three that +got dead drunk were stiff dead by daylight. They all suffered just in +proportion to the amount of whiskey they took. They were all strong men, +and had about the same amount of clothing and blankets; the whiskey was all +that made the difference. + +THE RED RIVER EXPEDITION in Canada, in 1870, is often quoted as one of the +most laborious on record, 1200 troops travelling 1200 miles through a very +dense wilderness, and having all their supplies to carry. They were +ninety-four days out, and none of them had liquor. They were constantly wet +through, sometimes for days together, and all the while at the severe labor +of rowing, poling, tracking, and portaging, yet they were always well and +cheery, and there was a total absence of crime. + +IN AFRICA it is far safer to do without intoxicating drink. Livingstone +says that he lived without it for twenty years. Stanley performed his +wonderful journey without it. Bruce said more than one hundred, years ago: +"I laid down as a positive rule of health that spirits and all fermented +liquors should be regarded as poisonous. Spring, or running water, if you +can find it, is to be your only drink." + +WATERTON, the great naturalist, who travelled so much in South America, +says: "I eat moderately, and never drink wine, spirits, or any fermented +liquors in any climate. This abstemiousness has proved a faithful friend." +He died by accident at the age of eighty-three. + +MR. HUBER, who saw 2160 perish of cholera in twenty-five days in one town +in Russia, says that "Persons given to drinking are swept away like flies. +In Tiflis, containing 20,000 inhabitants, every drunkard has fallen." Of +204 cases of cholera in the Park Hospital, New York, there were but six +temperate persons, and these recovered. In Albany, where cholera prevailed +with severe mortality for several weeks, only two of the 5000 members of +temperance societies became its victims. In Montreal, where the victims of +the disease were intemperate, it usually cut them off. In Great Britain, +those who have been addicted to spirituous liquors and irregular habits +have been the greatest sufferers from cholera. In some towns the drunkards +are all dead.--_Bacchus._ + +MALT LIQUORS, under which title are included all kinds of porters and ales, +produce the worst species of drunkenness. The effects of malt liquors are +more stupefying than those of ardent spirits, and less easily removed. In a +short time they render dull and sluggish the gayest disposition.--_Anatomy +of Drunkenness._ + +GINGER-BEER.--A man who has been a temperance-worker for forty-five years, +says that there is often alcohol in ginger-beer. He told of a case known to +him of a reformed man who, after drinking some, felt strongly drawn to the +bar-room, where he drank until he brought on delirium tremens. The beer +will sometimes ferment enough in a few hours to produce alcohol--if it +answers the conditions--a sweet liquid and a ferment. + +DANGER TO THE REFORMED.--A lady who had become a drunkard through taking +alcoholic drinks as medicines, at length, after many efforts, succeeded in +breaking away from the power of the appetite, and for a long time she +seemed to be saved. At length she went to visit her mother, and that mother +put brandy peaches on the table for tea. They aroused the slumbering +appetite, the victim fell again, became worse than ever, and died a +miserable drunkard. + +[6] From _Juvenile Temperance Manual_, by Julia Colman. + + * * * * * + +STORIES ABOUT THE RIGHT WAY TO TREAT ALE, BEER, Etc. + +THE RIGHT SIDE.--"Boys, which is the right side of the public house? Can +you tell me?"--"Yes, sir, the outside." + +THE GOAT AND THE ALE.--Many years ago, when everybody drank freely, a Welsh +minister named Rees Pritchard was at the ale-house drinking, when he took +it into his head to offer some ale to a large tame goat. The animal drank +till he fell down drunk, and the minister drank on till he was carried home +drunk. The next day he was sick all day, but on the third day he went again +to the ale-house, and began to drink. The goat was there, and he offered +him more ale, but the animal would not touch it. The minister, seeing the +animal wiser than himself, was ashamed, and gave up drinking, and became a +worthy minister. + +HOW THE MONKEY WAS CURED.--A monkey named Kees had been taught to drink +brandy. At dinner every day he had his share like his more manly (?) +neighbors, only that his was given to him in a plate. One day, as he was +about to drink it, his master set it on fire, and he ran off frightened and +chattering. No inducement could afterward make him drink brandy. We have +many stories of animals who would never drink again after they had once +experienced its effects. + +THE KEEN MARKSMAN does not poison his nerves and brain with alcohol. Angus +Cameron, a Highlander, at the age of twenty, took the Queen's prize for the +best marksmanship, and when he was twenty-two (in 1869), he won in the same +way a cup worth $1000. He made the best shot each time that ever had been +made in the contest, and neither of them has been beaten by anyone else. +Angus is a slight, modest, unassuming young man, who had been a Band of +Hope boy. When he was announced as the winner, and all the friends made an +ado over him, and offered him a generous glass of champagne, he quietly +refused their mistaken kindness, and kept his pledge. + +BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, when a printer boy in London, would drink no beer, and +his companions called him the water American, and wondered that he was +stronger than they who drank beer. His companion at the press drank six +pints of beer every day, and had it to pay for. He was not only saved the +expense, but he was stronger than they, and better off in every way. If he +had gone to drinking beer at that time, like the other printer boys, it is +likely we should never have heard of him. + +OATMEAL DRINK.--"In Boulton and Watts' factory we saw an immense workman at +the hottest and heaviest work, wielding a ponderous hammer, and asked him +what liquor he drank. He replied by pointing to an immense vessel filled +with water and oatmeal, to which the men went and drank as much as they +liked." This is made by adding one pound fine oatmeal to each gallon of +water, and is much used in factories and at heavy work of all kinds in +Government works, instead of the old rations of alcoholic liquors. Iron +puddlers, glass blowers, and athletic trainers, all do their work now +better without alcoholic liquors. + +A CHANGE IN AFFAIRS.--A poor boy was once put as an apprentice to a +mechanic; and, as he was the youngest, he was obliged to go for beer for +the older apprentices, though he never drank it. In vain they teased and +taunted him to induce him to drink; he never touched it. Now there is a +great change. Every one of those older apprentices became a drunkard, while +this temperance boy has become a master, and has more than a hundred men in +his employ. So much for total abstinence. + +BOOKS BETTER THAN BEER.--An intelligent young mechanic stood up in a +temperance meeting and said: "I have a rich treat every night among my +books. I saved my beer money and spent it in books. They cost me, with my +book-case, nearly $100. They furnish enjoyment for my winter evenings, and +have enabled me, by God's blessing, to gain much useful knowledge, such as +pots and pipes could never have given me." + +A LITTLE DRUMMER-BOY was a favorite among the officers, who one day offered +him a glass of strong drink. He refused it, saying that he was a Cadet of +Temperance. They accused him of being afraid; but that did not move him. +Then the major commanded him to drink, saying: "You know it is death to +disobey orders." The little fellow stood up at his full height, and fixing +his clear blue eyes on the face of the officer, he said: "When I entered +the army I promised my mother on bended knees that, by the help of God, I +would not taste a drop of rum, and I mean to keep my promise. I am sorry to +disobey orders, sir, but I would rather suffer than disgrace my mother, and +break my temperance pledge." He was excused from drinking. + + * * * * * + +TOBACCO. + +INTRODUCTORY LESSON. + +You have been learning about the poison alcohol, and what mischief is done +by it; we will now study about another poison which thousands of persons +are using every day. It is rolled in cigars and cigarettes, and hidden in +snuff and pieces of tobacco, and does more harm to children and young +people who use these things than to grown persons. + +Perhaps you know how a person feels who takes tobacco or smokes a cigar for +the first time; if not, we will tell you. He begins to be dizzy, to +tremble, to become faint, and to vomit; his head aches, and he is so sick +for hours, often for several days, that he scarcely knows what to do. Why +is he so sick? Because tobacco poison has been taken into his lungs; also, +some has mixed with the saliva and gone down into his stomach; and each +part it has reached is striving to drive it out, and is saying, by the pain +it causes, "You have given me poison; do not give me any more." If he had +taken enough it would have killed him. + +He recovers from this sickness and tries chewing or smoking again and +again, until he becomes accustomed to the poison and can chew or smoke and +it does not hurt him; so he thinks, but he is very much mistaken. + +Tobacco is a poison, and hurts everybody who uses it every time they do so, +although it does its evil work very slowly, unless taken in large +quantities. To understand more about this we will try to learn how tobacco +is obtained, what poison is in it, and in what way it harms people. + + * * * * * + +THE STORY ABOUT TOBACCO. + +_HOW IT CAME TO BE USED._--Tobacco is the leaves of the tobacco plant, a +native of America. It was used by the Indians of this country before +Columbus came here in 1492. Some of the Spaniards who were with him on his +second visit took some of it back with them to Portugal, and told the +people they had discovered a wonderful medicine. From Spain tobacco seed +was sent to France by Jean Nicot, in 1560. It is said that Sir Walter +Raleigh carried it to England in 1586, when Elizabeth was queen. + +In a few years many civilized people were snuffing, chewing, and smoking +tobacco, like the wild Indians, although it cost them a great deal of money +to do so. King James does not seem to have liked it very much, for he said, +"It is a custome loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the +brain, and dangerous to the lungs." He called the smoke "stinking fumes." + +_THE TOBACCO PLANT._ This plant belongs to the same family as the deadly +nightshade, henbane, belladonna, thorn-apple, Jerusalem cherry, potato, +tomato, egg-plant, cayenne pepper, bitter-sweet, and petunia. Most of the +plants of this Nightshade family have more or less poison in their leaves +or fruit. Tobacco is supposed to have been named from the pipe used by the +Indians in smoking its leaves. + +The common tobacco plant grows from three to six feet high, and has large, +almost lance-shaped, leaves growing down the stems; its flowers are +funnel-shaped and of a purplish color. When fresh the leaves have very +little odor or taste. + +_HOW TOBACCO IS USED._--When the plants are ripe, they are cut off above +the roots and placed where they will become dry, sometimes in a building +made for this purpose, called "a tobacco house." After a short time they +begin to smell strong and taste bitter. They are then stripped from the +stems very carefully and sorted. The leaves nearest the root are considered +the poorest, those at the top generally the best. + +The different sorts are packed in separate hogsheads, and sent away to be +sold to manufacturers of cigars, snuff, etc. + +The manufacturer has some leaves rolled into cigars, some pressed into +cakes for chewing, or into little pieces to be smoked in a pipe; while some +are ground for snuff. While the dried leaves are being rolled, pressed, or +ground, various substances are mixed with them to give them an agreeable +odor and pleasant taste. + +Yet, however pleasant the manufacturer may make them as he rolls, presses, +or grinds, he cannot take the poison out of them. It remains in its brown +covering to do much harm to those who may smoke the cigars, use the snuff, +or chew the tobacco. + +BLACKBOARD OUTLINE. + + THE TOBACCO PLANT. +NATIVE OF FOUND BY TAKEN TO GROWS IN THE +America. Columbus, 1492. Portugal, Torrid and + 1496. temperate zones. + France, 1560. +(About 50 species.) England, 1586. + + DESCRIPTION. FAMILY +_Height_, 3 to 6 feet. _The same as the_ Jerusalem Cherry, +_Leaves,_ lance-ovate, and running Petunia, +down the stem. Potato, +_Stem,_ hairy and sticky. Tomato, +_Flowers,_ funnel-shaped and Egg-plant, +purplish. Red pepper, etc. + + HOW MADE READY FOR USE. + (1) (2) +Cut-off above the roots. Flavored and scented. +Dried. Rolled for cigars. +Stripped; sorted. Pressed for chewing. +Packed, and sold to the Ground for snuff. +manufacturers. + + * * * * * + +THE POISON IN TOBACCO AND THE HARM IT DOES. + +_THE POISON._--What is the poison in fermented liquors?--"Alcohol." In +distilled liquors?--"Alcohol" True; and the strongest poison in tobacco is +_nicotine_, named from the man who first sent it to France, Jean Nicot. +Beside this it contains several others, some of which we shall tell you +about when we make up our blackboard outline. + +Tobacco, like alcohol, is a narcotic; that is, it soothes pain and produces +sleep. Alcohol acts first upon the nerves; tobacco upon the muscles, which +it weakens and causes to tremble. It often causes palpitation of the heart. + +If the skin is scratched or punctured, and tobacco poison put into the +wound, it will do the same harm as if it were taken into the stomach. +Tobacco is so dangerous that physicians do not use it much as a medicine. + +_HARM DONE IN THE STOMACH._--You remember that after alcohol has been +swallowed, the little mouths of the stomach take it up and carry it to the +liver, which sends it with the blood to different parts of the body. + +Tobacco, as we have already told you, poisons more slowly. People do not +swallow it purposely, yet some of it goes down, accidentally, into the +stomach with the saliva, and makes trouble there, causing nausea and +vomiting when taken for the first time. By and by the stomach seems to take +the poison without being hurt, but it really suffers from dyspepsia or +other diseases, and often loses its appetite for wholesome food. + +_HARM DONE IN THE MOUTH, THROAT, AND LUNGS._--The mouth takes in some of +the poison through the pores of the membrane, or skin, which lines it; +those who smoke, sometimes have what is called "smokers' sore throat"; +besides this, the senses of taste and smell arc more or less injured by +nicotine and the other poisons in tobacco. + +The fumes, or smoke, from the weed fills the air with poisonous vapor which +irritates the lungs, not only of the smoker, but of all who are where they +must breathe the same atmosphere. Lungs thus irritated are liable to become +diseased. + +Cigarettes are still more injurious than cigars because of the smoke from +their paper coverings; also, because from the way they are made, more of +the tobacco poison goes into the lungs. The cheap cigarette which boys use +is made from cast-away cigar stumps and other filthy things. + +_HARM DONE IN THE BRAIN AND NERVES._--The smoker feels so rested and +comfortable, after his cigar, and his brain is so rested, that he does not +think about the mischief that is going on among its blood-vessels and +nerves; perhaps he has never heard that tobacco, snuffed, chewed, or smoked +hurts the brain, and does not learn about it until he finds he is losing +his memory, that his mind is not so strong to think as it should be, and +his will too weak to help him conquer his love for the snuff, tobacco, or +cigar, when he wishes to stop using it. He has become the slave of tobacco, +and it is not easy to get free from his cruel enemy. + +The nerves also lose their power, or become more or less paralyzed by +nicotine and the other tobacco poisons. + +_MORE ABOUT THE HARM DONE BY TOBACCO._--Some persons who continue to use +tobacco are strong enough to throw off the poison through the lungs, the +skin, and in other ways; but how much better it would be if they were not +obliged to employ their strength in getting rid of that which does them no +good, which only gives a little pleasure to nobody but themselves, and +often makes those suffer who are compelled to remain where they are having +"a good smoke." Beside, their breath and clothing have the tobacco odor, +which not only makes the air impure, but is disagreeable to most people. + +If this be true of smoking, what shall we say about the filthy habit of +chewing, and the utterly useless and disgusting practice of taking snuff, +which injures the voice as well as the senses of taste and smell? + +And what about spitting tobacco juice on the floors of cars, steamboats, +churches,--any place where it is convenient for the man or boy who has lost +his common politeness in his love for tobacco? + +We must not forget that cigars, etc., cost money. No one who smokes, chews, +or snuffs would throw away dollars and cents which might be put into the +savings bank, or used in buying something worth having for himself or +somebody else. + +Lastly, we would have you know that tobacco causes thirst, and this often +leads to drinking alcoholic liquors. Some one who has studied this subject, +says that "nine out of ten of the boys and young men who become drunkards +have first learned to smoke or chew tobacco." A New York daily paper gave a +list of 294 cases of insanity caused by drinking, in 246 of which the +whiskey drinking followed tobacco chewing. + +Tobacco and alcohol make thousands of wretched homes, and send a great many +people to prison or to the insane asylum; so we entreat you to turn from +beer, wine, and all alcoholic liquors as you would from a serpent, and say +No, when tempted to smoke a cigar or use tobacco in any form. + +Do this all the more decidedly because, as we have told you before, alcohol +and tobacco hurt children and young persons in every way more than they +injure any one else. If you have begun to use these poisons, give them up +this very day, before the habit of using them becomes too strong for you to +break. + + * * * * * + +QUESTIONS ON THE USE OF TOBACCO. + +Of what poison beside alcohol have you been studying?--"Tobacco." + +How is tobacco used?--"Some take it in snuff; some chew it; some smoke it +in a pipe; some smoke it in cigars or cigarettes." + +What is the name of the strongest poison in tobacco?--"Nicotine." + +What harm does tobacco poison do to the body?--See Blackboard Outline. + +What harm does it do to the mind?--See Blackboard Outline. + +Whom does it harm most?--"Those who begin to use it when they are children +or very young." + +What happens to children or young people if they use tobacco in any +way?--"They are not healthy; they are not strong; they do not grow fast; +they look pale and sickly." + +How does the tobacco poison hurt their minds?--"They cannot learn fast; +they often forget what they have learned." + +What often makes tobacco-chewers, snuffers, and smokers disagreeable to +clean people?--"Their breath smells of tobacco; their clothes smell of +tobacco; they poison the air with tobacco-fumes; some have the filthy habit +of spitting tobacco-juice wherever they happen to be." + +What other harm does the use of tobacco do to people?--"It makes them waste +time and money; it leads some to drink alcoholic liquors and to go with bad +company." + +If you are wise how will you treat tobacco?--"I will let it alone." + +If you have begun to use it what had you better do?--"Give it up to-day." + +Why to-day?--"Because the longer I use it the harder it will be for me to +give it up." + +If you keep on using it what will you be?--"A tobacco slave." + + * * * * * + +BLACKBOARD OUTLINE. + + TOBACCO. +POISONS IN TOBACCO SMOKE. EFFECTS OF THE POISONS. +Carbonic acid Causes sleepiness and headache. +Carbonic oxide Causes trembling of the muscles and + heart. +Ammonia Bites the tongue; makes too much + work for the salivary glands. +Nicotine See below. + + + + NICOTINE +IS CAUSES +Odorous, Weakness, +Pungent, Nervousness, +Emetic, Dizziness, +Poisonous, Nausea, +Pain-soothing, Faintness, +Sleep-producing, _i.e._ Narcotic. Loss of strength, + Stupor, + _If taken in large quantities_ Convulsions and Death. + + + + SOME OF THE HARM DONE BY TOBACCO + TO THE BODY. TO THE MIND, ETC. +Poisons the saliva. Makes the memory poor. +Injures the sense of smell, taste, Lessens the power to think. +sight, and hearing. Weakens the will. +Causes "smokers' sore-throat." Makes people grow in selfishness +Injures the stomach, causing and impoliteness. +dyspepsia, etc. Makes people waste time and +Often takes away the appetite for money. +wholesome food. Often leads to drunkenness and bad +Irritates the air-cells of the company. +lungs. Sometimes causes insanity. +Causes palpitation of the heart. +Weakens the muscles, causing +trembling. +Injures the eyes. +Excites, then stupefies and +paralyzes the brain and the nerves. + + * * * * * + +OPIUM AND OTHER NARCOTICS. + +_OPIUM._--Opium is the juice obtained from the seed-vessels of the white +poppy before they are ripe; this is dried, and smoked in a pipe or chewed. +It makes a person feel very pleasant and happy for a little while, then so +horribly wretched that he takes more of the poison to forget his misery. So +he keeps on until mind and body are a complete wreck. Now and then an opium +slave gets free from the dreadful habit which has mastered him, but usually +the slavery ends only in death. + +_LAUDANUM AND MORPHINE._--These soothe pain and cause sleep; but beware of +them; they are made from opium, and like it, though more slowly, hurt mind +and body. + +Beware also of _chloral hydrate_ and _chloroform_, which physicians give to +ease suffering and produce sleep. _Endure pain_ rather than form the habit +of using these narcotics. + +_HASHISH, ETC._--This is prepared from the hemp plant growing in hot +countries, and is a terribly exciting poison. + +The _areca nut_, the seed from a kind of palm, pear-shaped, and resembling +a nutmeg, is mixed with quick-lime and wrapped in a betel-leaf, which grows +on a vine belonging to the pepper family. This mixture reddens the saliva +and lips, and blackens the teeth. It is chewed by millions of people in +India. + +The leaves of the _coca_, also of the _thorn apple_, are smoked or chewed +by the South American Indian. + +ALL these poisons mean the same thing,-- + + _A little pleasure_, DISEASE, and DEATH. + + * * * * * + + +Practical Work in the School-Room. + +BY SARAH F. BUCKELEW & MARGARET W. LEWIS. + +Part I.--THE HUMAN BODY. + +TEACHERS' EDITION. + +A TRANSCRIPT OF LESSONS GIVEN IN THE PRIMARY DEPARTMENT OF GRAMMAR SCHOOL +NO. 49, NEW YORK CITY. + +This work was prepared especially to aid Teachers in giving oral +instructions in Physiology to Primary and Intermediate Classes. It is, +perhaps, the only Physiology published that is suitable for these grades. +Considerable attention is paid to the subject of Alcohol and Narcotics. + + "First is given _a model lesson_; second, _a formula_, embodying the + principal facts given during the development and teaching; third, + _questions for the formula_; fourth, _directions for teaching_; and + fifth, _questions on the lesson_. These last are important. A full plan + of lessons is given for each week for five months, in each of six + grades, showing exactly how much work ought to be attempted. No book + could be made more helpful to teachers. To the thousands who are + asking, 'Tell us how to teach,' here are full, minute, and correct + instructions. Even the answers expected are given, blackboard outlines + are arranged, and nothing is wanting to make the book as useful to + teachers as it is possible for any book to be. It ought to have a large + sale. No book published during the last ten years will do more to drive + away routine from the school-room and introduce thought than this, _if + only the teachers will use it_. Its introduction displaces nothing but + the old-fashioned monotonous recitations. Let them go; we welcome this + book as an important aid in hastening along the good time of better + teaching. It is excellently printed, with good paper and + binding."--_The New York School Journal._ + +Illustrated. Price by mail, 75 cents. + + * * * * * + +DEVELOPMENT LESSONS. + +BY PROF. E.V. DEGRAFF & MISS M.K. SMITH. + +IN FIVE PARTS. + +I. FIFTY LESSONS ON THE SENSES, SIZE, FORM, PLACE, PLANTS, AND INSECTS. + + These lessons are presented objectively with a view to showing how + elementary work in natural science may be done. + +II. QUINCY SCHOOL WORK. + +III. LECTURES ON THE SCIENCE AND ART OF TEACHING. + + Specific instruction is given on how to teach Reading, Spelling, + Phonics, Language, Geography, Arithmetic, etc. + +IV. SCHOOL GOVERNMENT. + +V. "THE NEW DEPARTURE IN THE SCHOOLS OF QUINCY." By CHAS. FRANCIS ADAMS. + + DR. A.D. MAYO says, in the _New England Journal of Education_: + "Although we have given place in our book-notice column to an + appreciative mention of the volume, 'Development Lessons,' a new + reading seems to call for a new commendation of this admirable guide to + teachers. Mr. DeGraff needs no special 'boom' as a first-class + institute man, and his extracts of lectures in Part III. sparkle with + valuable suggestions. In no published work is Col. Parker really seen + to such advantage as in the 'reports of conversations' with him in Part + II., which can be studied with profit by every teacher. But perhaps the + most complete portion of this admirable book is the 178 pages of + lessons on the Senses, Size, Form, Place, Plants, and Insects, by MISS + M.K. SMITH, now Teacher of Methods in the State Normal School at Peru, + Neb." + +Handsomely Bound and Illustrated. 300 pages. Price by mail, $1.50. + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OBJECT LESSONS ON THE HUMAN BODY*** + + +******* This file should be named 15435.txt or 15435.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/5/4/3/15435 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. 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