summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/15435.txt
diff options
context:
space:
mode:
Diffstat (limited to '15435.txt')
-rw-r--r--15435.txt4323
1 files changed, 4323 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/15435.txt b/15435.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7cd651d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15435.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4323 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Object Lessons on the Human Body, by Sarah F.
+Buckelew and Margaret W. Lewis
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Object Lessons on the Human Body
+ A Transcript of Lessons Given in the Primary Department of School No. 49, New York City
+
+
+Author: Sarah F. Buckelew and Margaret W. Lewis
+
+Release Date: March 21, 2005 [eBook #15435]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OBJECT LESSONS ON THE HUMAN BODY***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Wallace McLean, Keith Edkins, and the Project Gutenberg
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+ file which includes the original illustrations.
+ See 15435-h.htm or 15435-h.zip:
+ (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/5/4/3/15435/15435-h/15435-h.htm)
+ or
+ (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/5/4/3/15435/15435-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+Practical Work in the School Room Series. Part I
+
+OBJECT LESSONS ON THE HUMAN BODY
+
+A Transcript of Lessons Given in the Primary Department of School No. 49,
+New York City
+
+Pupils' Edition (Revised)
+
+New York:
+Parker P. Simmons,
+Successor to
+A. Lovell & Company
+
+1904
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+AUTHOR'S NOTE TO THE PUPIL
+
+
+This book has been prepared to help you in learning about "the house you
+live in," and to teach you to take care of it, and keep it from being
+destroyed by two of its greatest enemies,--Alcohol and Nicotine.
+
+As you study its pages, be sure to find out the meaning of every word in
+them which you do not understand; for, if you let your tongue say what your
+mind knows nothing about, you are talking _parrot-fashion_.
+
+And do not forget that you must pay for all the knowledge you obtain,
+whether you are rich or poor. Nobody else can pay for you. You, your own
+self, must _pay attention_ with your own mind, through your own eyes and
+ears, _or do without knowledge_.
+
+Be wise: gain all the knowledge you can concerning everything worth
+knowing, and use it for the good of yourself and other people.
+
+"KNOWLEDGE IS POWER."
+
+
+
+[Illustration: A, the heart; B, the lungs; light cross lines, arteries;
+heavy lines, veins.]
+
+
+
+PART I.
+
+FORMULA FOR INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.
+
+1. My body is built of bones covered with flesh and skin; the blood flows
+through it, all the time, from my heart. I breathe through my nose and
+mouth, and take the air into my lungs.
+
+2. The parts of my body are the head, the trunk, the limbs.
+
+3. My head.
+ The crown of my head.
+ The back of my head.
+ The sides of my head.
+ My face.
+ My forehead.
+ My two temples.
+ My two eyes.
+ My nose.
+ My two cheeks.
+ My mouth.
+ My chin.
+ My two ears.
+ My neck.
+ My two shoulders.
+ My two arms.
+ My two hands.
+ My trunk.
+ My back.
+ My two sides.
+ My chest.
+ My two legs.
+ My two knees.
+ My two feet.
+ I am sitting erect.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA.
+
+1. Tell about your body.
+
+2. Name the parts of the body.
+
+3. Name the parts of the head, trunk, and limbs.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+THE NOSE AND THE MOUTH.
+
+Be sure to keep your mouth closed when you are not talking or singing,
+especially when you are walking, running, or _asleep_. The two nostrils are
+outside doors, always open to admit the air, and inside of the upper part
+of the nose there are two other openings, through which it passes into the
+throat. Air which goes this way is warmed, cleansed, and moistened, but
+that which is breathed directly through the mouth is not so well prepared
+for its work in the lungs.
+
+Do not use your mouth as a box or a pin-cushion; the pin, or whatever yon
+have put into it, may slip into your throat and cause your death.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS ON THE INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.
+
+Of what is the body built?--"Of bones."
+
+What covers the bones?--"Flesh."
+
+What covers the flesh?--"Skin."
+
+What flows through the body?--"Blood."
+
+Where does the blood flow from?--"The heart."
+
+When does the blood flow from the heart?--"Every time the heart beats."
+
+Show with your hand how the heart beats.
+
+When does the heart beat?--"All the time."
+
+What happens when the heart stops beating?--"We die."
+
+What do you see on the back of your hand, beneath the skin?--"Veins"
+
+What is in the veins?--"Bad blood."
+
+What are the veins?--"Pipes for the bad blood to pass through."
+
+Where do the veins carry the bad blood?--"To the heart."
+
+Where does the heart send the bad blood?--"To the lungs."
+
+What happens to the bad blood when in the lungs?--"It is made pure."
+
+What makes the bad blood pure?--"The air."
+
+How does the air get into the lungs?--"Through my nose, mouth, and
+windpipe."
+
+What is breathing?--"Letting the air into and out of my lungs, through my
+nose, mouth, and windpipe."
+
+When do you breathe?--"All the time."
+
+What do you breathe?--"Air."
+
+What do you breaths through?--"My nose, mouth, and windpipe."
+
+Where do you get the air?--"Everywhere."
+
+Where do the lungs send the pure blood?--"To the heart."
+
+Where does the heart send the pure blood?--"All through the body."
+
+How does the heart send the pure blood through the body?--"Through pipes
+called arteries."
+
+What kind of blood passes through the arteries?--"Pure blood."
+
+What kind of blood passes through the veins?--"Impure blood."
+
+What carries the pure blood through the body?--"The arteries."
+
+What carries the impure blood through the body?--"The veins."
+
+What makes blood?--"Food and drink."
+
+What is food?--"Anything good to eat."
+
+What is drink?--"Anything good to drink."
+
+Name some kinds of wholesome food.--"Meat, potatoes, oranges, apples, etc."
+
+Name some kinds of wholesome drink.--"Water, milk, lemonade, etc."
+
+What do you mean by wholesome food?--"Food that will make good blood."
+
+What do you mean by wholesome drink?--"Drink that will make good blood."
+
+What does the blood make?--"Bones, flesh, skin, hair, nails, and
+cartilage."
+
+What use is the blood to the body?--"It makes the body grow, and keeps it
+alive."
+
+Name some kinds of poisonous drinks.--"Rum, brandy, ale, cider, etc."
+
+What do you mean by poisonous drinks?--"Drinks which hurt or poison the
+body."
+
+Why do you say that rum and the other drinks you have named are
+poisonous?--"Because they do harm to every part of the body."
+
+Which part do they hurt most?--"The head or brain."
+
+What harm do they do to the brain?--"They make it unfit to do its work."
+
+What work does the brain do?--"Thinking."
+
+Then what harm do rum, brandy, wine, and these other drinks do to the
+brain?--"They make it unfit to think."
+
+What other poison do some people use?--"Tobacco."
+
+When do children use tobacco?--"When they chew tobacco; when they smoke
+cigars or cigarettes."
+
+How much does tobacco poison hurt children?--"More than it hurts anybody
+else."
+
+In what way does it hurt children?--"It keeps children from growing fast;
+from being strong and healthy; and from learning as well as they ought."
+
+How does it do all this mischief to children?--"It poisons their lungs,
+their heart and blood, and their brain."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+PART II.
+
+FORMULA FOR THE PARTS AND JOINTS OF THE BODY:
+
+1. My limbs are my two arms and my two legs.
+
+2. My arm has two parts:
+
+ my upper arm, my fore-arm;
+
+and three joints:
+
+ my shoulder joint, my elbow joint, my wrist joint.
+
+3. My hand is used in holding, throwing, catching, and feeling:
+
+ the palm of my hand,
+ the back of my hand,
+ my fingers,
+ my thumb,
+ my forefinger,
+ my middle finger,
+ my ring finger,
+ my little finger,
+ my knuckles,
+ my finger joints,
+ my nails,
+ the tips of my fingers,
+ the veins,
+ the ball of my thumb,
+ and the lines where the flesh is bent.
+
+4. My leg has two parts:
+
+ my thigh, and my lower leg;
+
+and three joints:
+
+ my hip joint, my knee joint, my ankle joint.
+
+5. My foot is used in standing, walking, running, skating, and jumping:
+
+ my instep,
+ my toes,
+ the sole of my foot,
+ the ball,
+ the hollow,
+ the heel,
+ my toe joints,
+ and my toe nails, which protect my toes.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA.
+
+1. Which are your limbs?
+
+2. Tell about your arm.
+
+3. Tell about your hand.
+
+4. Tell about your leg.
+
+5. Tell about your foot.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+[Illustration: THE ELBOW JOINT.
+(A hinge joint.)]
+
+[Illustration: THE HIP JOINT.
+(A ball-and-socket joint.)]
+
+Some joints, as those of the skull, are immovable; some, as those of the
+spine, may be moved a little; and others more or less freely, as those of
+the limbs. In machines, the parts which move upon each other need to be
+oiled, to keep them from wearing out; but the joints of our bodies oil
+themselves with a thin fluid, called _synovia_. This fluid resembles the
+white of an egg, and comes from a smooth lining inside of the joints. The
+ends of the bones which form joints are covered by gristle or _cartilage_,
+and are fastened together by very strong, silvery white bands, called
+_ligaments_. A sprain is caused by overstretching or tearing some of these
+ligaments.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS ON THE LIMBS AND JOINTS OF THE BODY.
+
+What is the trunk of your body?--"All the body but the head and limbs."
+
+Which are your limbs?--"My two arms and my two legs."
+
+How many limbs have you?--"Four."
+
+How many parts has your arm?--"Two parts: my upper arm and my fore-arm."
+
+How many parts has your leg?--"Two parts: my thigh and my lower leg."
+
+How many joints has your arm?--"Three joints: my shoulder joint, my elbow
+joint, my wrist joint."
+
+How many joints has your leg?--"Three joints: my hip joint, my knee joint,
+my ankle joint."
+
+What are joints?--"Bending places."
+
+How many kinds of joints have you?--"Two: hinge joints, and ball-and-socket
+joints."
+
+What kind of a joint is the shoulder joint?--"A ball-and-socket joint."
+
+Why do you call the shoulder joint a ball-and-socket joint?--"Because at
+the shoulder the arm may move in any direction."
+
+Tell how the shoulder joint is made.--"The upper end of the bone of the
+upper arm is rounded and fastened in a hollow place called a socket."
+
+Which of the joints of the arm and hand are hinge joints?--"The elbow
+joint, the wrist joint, the thumb joint, the finger joints."
+
+Which of the joints of the leg and foot are hinge joints?--"The knee joint,
+the ankle joint, the toe joint."
+
+Which of the joints of the leg is a ball-and-socket joint?--"The hip
+joint."
+
+Where is the heel?--"At the back part of the foot."
+
+Where is the ball of the foot?--"On the sole of the foot, behind the great
+toe."
+
+Where is the hollow of the foot?--"In the middle of the sole of the foot."
+
+Where is the sole of the foot?--"On the bottom of the foot."
+
+Where is the instep?--"Between the ankle joint and the toes."
+
+Where is the lower leg?--"Between the knee joint and the ankle joint."
+
+Where is the thigh?--"Between the hip joint and the knee joint."
+
+Where is the upper arm?--"Between the shoulder joint and the elbow joint."
+
+Where is the fore-arm?--"Between the elbow joint and the wrist joint."
+
+Where are the toe joints?--"Between the parts of the toes."
+
+Where are the finger joints?--"Between the parts of the fingers."
+
+Where is the ankle joint?--"Between the lower leg and the foot."
+
+Where is the knee joint?--"Between the thigh and the lower leg."
+
+Where is the hip joint?--"Between the trunk and the thigh."
+
+Where is the wrist joint?--"Between the fore-arm and the hand."
+
+Where is the elbow joint?--"Between the upper arm and the fore-arm."
+
+Where is the shoulder joint?--"Between the trunk and the upper arm."
+
+Where are the tips of the fingers?--"At the ends of the fingers."
+
+Where is the ball of the thumb?--"On the palm of the hand, below the
+thumb."
+
+Where is the palm of the hand?--"On the inside of the hand, between the
+wrist and fingers."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+[Illustration: THE SKELETON.]
+
+1. The skull.
+
+2. The spine.
+
+3. The ribs.
+
+4. The breastbone.
+
+5. The shoulder blades.
+
+6. The collar bones.
+
+7. The bone of the upper arm.
+
+8. The bones of the forearm.
+
+9. The bones of the wrist.
+
+10. The bones of the fingers.
+
+11. The bones of the thigh.
+
+12. The bones of the lower leg.
+
+13. The bones of the ankle.
+
+14. The bones of the toes.
+
+15. The kneepan.
+
+ 1. The skull.
+ 2. The spine.
+ 3. The ribs.
+ 4. The breastbone.
+ 5. The shoulder blades.
+ 6. The collar bones.
+ 7. The bone of the upper arm.
+ 8. The bones of the forearm.
+ 9. The bones of the wrist.
+ 10. The bones of the fingers.
+ 11. The bones of the thigh.
+ 12. The bones of the lower leg.
+ 13. The bones of the ankle.
+ 14. The bones of the toes.
+ 15. The kneepan.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+PART III.
+
+FORMULA FOR THE LESSON ON THE BONES OF THE BODY.
+
+1. My bones are hard; they make my body strong. There are about two hundred
+bones in my body.
+
+2. The bones of my head are
+
+ my skull and my lower jaw;
+
+my face has fourteen bones; my ear has four small bones; at the root of my
+tongue is one bone.
+
+3. The bones of my trunk are
+
+ my spine,
+ my ribs,
+ my breastbone,
+ my two shoulder blades,
+ and my two collar bones.
+
+4. My upper arm has one bone; my fore-arm has two bones; my wrist has eight
+bones; from my wrist to my knuckles are five bones; my thumb has two bones;
+each finger has three bones, making nineteen bones in my hand.
+
+5. My thigh has one bone; my lower leg has two bones; my knee-pan is the
+cap which covers and protects my knee; in my foot, near my heel, are seven
+bones; in the middle of my foot are five bones; my great toe has two bones;
+each of my other toes has three bones; making twenty-six bones in my foot.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA.
+
+1. Tell about your bones.
+
+2. Tell about the bones of the head.
+
+3. Tell about the bones of the trunk.
+
+4. Tell about the bones of the arm and hand, beginning with the upper arm.
+
+5. Count the bones of the hand.
+
+6. Tell about the bones of the leg and foot, beginning with the thigh.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+[Illustration: FIG. A.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, the upper row of the bones of the wrist.
+
+5, 6, 7, 8, the lower row of the bones of the wrist.
+
+9, 10, the lower ends of the bones of the fore-arm.
+
+11, 12, 13, 14, 15, the upper ends of the bones of the palm of the hand.
+
+The bones of the wrist are so firmly fastened together that they are seldom
+put out of place. The upper row joins with the bones of the fore-arm, the
+lower with those of the palm of the hand.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. B.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, the bones of the palm of the hand.
+
+6, 7, the bones of the thumb.
+
+8, 9, 10, the bones of the first or fore-finger.
+
+11, 12, 13, the bones of the second or middle finger.
+
+14, 15, 16, the bones of the third or ring finger.
+
+17, 18, 19, the bones of the fourth or little finger.]
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS ON THE BONES.
+
+How many bones in the body?--"About two hundred."
+
+Of what use are the bones to the body?--"They make the body strong; they
+form the framework of the body."
+
+How many bones in the face?--"Fourteen."
+
+How many bones in the ear?--"Four small bones."
+
+How many bones at the root of the tongue?--"One."
+
+How many bones in the upper arm?--"One."
+
+How many bones in the fore-arm?--"Two."
+
+How many bones between the wrist and the knuckles?--"Five."
+
+How many bones in the thumb?--"Two."
+
+How many bones in each of the fingers?--"Three."
+
+How many bones in the whole hand?--"Nineteen."
+
+How many bones in the hand and arm?--"Thirty."
+
+How many bones in the thigh?--"One long bone."
+
+How many bones in the lower leg?--"Two."
+
+How many bones in the heel?--"Seven."
+
+How many bones in the middle of the foot?--"Five."
+
+How many bones in the great toe?--"Two."
+
+How many bones in each of the other toes?--"Three."
+
+How many bones in the whole foot?--"Twenty-six."
+
+How many bones in the foot and leg?--"Thirty."
+
+How many bones in two arms and two hands?--"Sixty."
+
+How many bones in two legs and two feet?--"Sixty."
+
+How many bones in the limbs?--"One hundred and twenty."
+
+Where is the knee-pan?--"Over the knee joint."
+
+Where is the longest bone of the body?--"In the thigh."
+
+Where are the smallest bones of the body?--"In the ear."
+
+Point to the collar bones.
+
+Point to the shoulder blades.
+
+How many collar bones have you?--"Two."
+
+How many shoulder blades have you?--"Two."
+
+Point to the spine.
+
+Point to the breastbone.
+
+Point to the skull.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+EXERCISE FOR COUNTING THE BONES OF THE HAND.
+
+FOR PRIMARY CLASSES.
+
+I.
+
+1. Close both hands.
+
+2. Raise the forefinger of the right hand, as the index or pointing finger.
+
+3. Place the index finger upon the lower thumb joint of the left hand.
+
+4. Draw the index finger down to the wrist, over the bone between the thumb
+knuckle and the wrist, and count "One."
+
+5. Place the index finger on the knuckle of the first finger.
+
+6. Draw the index finger down to the wrist, over the bone leading from the
+first finger to the wrist, and count "Two."
+
+7. So on, for each of the three other bones of the hand. Repeat until no
+mistake is made in touching or counting.
+
+II.
+
+1. Raise the thumb, and place the index finger of the right hand on the
+middle of the upper part of the thumb for bone "Six"; then
+
+2. On the lower part of the thumb for bone "Seven." Repeat from the
+beginning, until the children can touch and count each bone properly.
+
+III.
+
+1. Keep the thumb erect; raise the first finger of the left hand.
+
+2. Place the index finger on the bone between the tip and the first joint
+of the first finger for bone "Eight."
+
+3. Between the first and middle joint for bone "Nine."
+
+4. Between the middle and third joint for bone "Ten." Review, from the
+beginning, until the class can touch and count every bone as directed.
+
+IV.
+
+1. Keep the thumb and forefinger erect; raise the second finger and touch,
+as in the lesson on the first finger bones, "Eleven," "Twelve," and
+"Thirteen." Review.
+
+2. Proceed in the same manner for the third and fourth fingers, always
+beginning with the bone nearest the tip of the finger, and touching that at
+the lowest part last.
+
+If the exercise has been properly performed, every child will say
+"Nineteen" as its index finger touches the lowest bone of the little
+finger, and all the fingers of every left hand will be outspread.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+THE BONES
+
+OF THE HEAD:
+Skull 8
+Face, including the lower jaw 14
+Tongue 1
+Ears 8
+ ----
+ 31
+OF THE TRUNK:
+Spine 24
+Ribs 24
+Breastbone 8
+Shoulder blades 2
+Collar bones 2
+ ----
+ 60
+OF THE UPPER LIMBS:
+Upper arms 1 x 2 = 2
+Fore-arms 2 x 2 = 4
+Wrists 8 x 2 = 16
+Hands 19 x 2 = 38
+ ----
+ 60
+OF THE LOWER LIMBS:
+Thighs 1 x 2 = 2
+Knee-pans 1 x 2 = 2
+Lower legs 2 x 2 = 4
+Feet 26 x 2 = 52
+ ----
+ 60
+
+Total, 211, not including the teeth.[1]
+
+We teach the children to say "about two hundred," because there is not
+always the same number of bones in the body. In some parts two or three
+bones unite and form one bone. For example: the breastbone of a child is
+made up of eight pieces; some of these unite as it becomes older, so that
+when fully grown it has but three pieces in this bone.
+
+[1] The teeth are not bone, but a kind of soft, bone-like substance, called
+_dentine_. Common ivory is dentine.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+PART IV.
+
+FORMULAS FOR THE LESSONS ON THE ORGANS OF SENSE.
+
+1. _The Eyes._--My eyes are to see with.
+
+My eye is like a ball in a deep, bony socket. The black circle in the
+centre is the pupil or window of my eye; the colored ring is the iris or
+curtain; the white part is the eyeball.
+
+My upper and lower eyelids cover and protect my eyes.
+
+My eyebrows are for beauty, and keep the perspiration from rolling into my
+eyes.
+
+My eyes are washed by teardrops every time I wink my eyelids.
+
+2. _The Ears._--My ears are to hear with:
+
+ the rim of my ear,
+ the flap of my ear,
+ the drum of my ear.
+
+The drum of my ear is protected by a fence of short, stiff hairs, and by a
+bitter wax about the roots of these hairs.
+
+3. _The Nose._--My nose is to smell and breathe with; it is in the middle
+of my face:
+
+ my two nostrils,
+ the bridge of my nose,
+ the cartilage,
+ the tip of my nose.
+
+My nostrils lead to a passage back of my mouth through which I breathe.
+
+The cartilage separates my nose into two parts.
+
+4. _The Mouth._--My mouth is to speak, eat, and breathe through:
+
+ my upper lip,
+ my lower lip.
+
+In my mouth are:
+
+ my tongue,
+ my lower teeth,
+ my upper teeth,
+ my lower teeth,
+ and my upper and lower jaws, covered with flesh called _gum_.
+
+5. _The Teeth._--My teeth are used in eating and talking.
+
+My teeth are made of a soft kind of bone, covered with enamel.
+
+I have three kinds of teeth: cutting teeth, tearing teeth, grinding teeth.
+
+A young child has twenty teeth, ten in each jaw.
+
+A grown person has thirty-two teeth, sixteen in each jaw.
+
+6. To preserve my teeth:
+
+ I must keep them clean.
+ I must not scratch the enamel.
+ I must not eat or drink anything very hot or very cold.
+ I must not use them for scissors or nut-crackers.
+ I must not burn them with tobacco or cigars.
+
+7. _About Eating._--When I eat I move my lower jaw only.
+
+ My tongue brings the food between my teeth,
+ the cutters cut it,
+ the tearers tear it,
+ the grinders grind it,
+ the saliva moistens it,
+ and my tongue helps me to swallow it.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULAS.
+
+1. Tell about your eyes.
+
+2. Tell about your ears.
+
+3. Tell about your nose.
+
+4. Tell about your mouth.
+
+5. Tell about your teeth.
+
+6. What is necessary if you would preserve your teeth?
+
+7. Tell about eating.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+[Illustration
+
+ 1, the muscle which raises the upper eyelid.
+ 2, the upper oblique muscle.
+ 7, the lower oblique muscle. The oblique muscles roll the eye
+ inward and downward.
+ 4, 5, 6, three of the _four_ straight muscles. Two of the straight
+ muscles roll the eye up and down; the other two move it right and left.
+ 3, the pulley through which the upper oblique muscle plays.]
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS ON THE DESCRIPTION OF THE EYES.
+
+Of what shape is the eye?--"It is round like a ball."
+
+In what is it placed?--"In a deep, bony socket."
+
+What is a socket?--"A hollow place."
+
+Why is the eye placed in a deep, bony socket?--"To keep it from getting
+hurt."
+
+Why would not an eye shaped like a cube do for us?--"It would not look
+well; it could not be rolled about."
+
+Why would not an eye shaped like a cone or cylinder do for us?--"It could
+not be rolled in every direction."
+
+Why is the ball-shape best for the eye?--"It looks best, and may be rolled
+in every direction."
+
+What part of the eye do we see through?--"The black spot in the centre."
+
+What is it called?--"The pupil."
+
+What shape is the pupil?--"Round like a circle."
+
+What color is the pupil?--"Black."
+
+Of what use is the pupil?--"To let light into the eye; to see through."
+
+What is around the pupil?--"A colored ring."
+
+What is the colored ring called?--"The iris."
+
+Of what use is the iris?--"It acts like a curtain to the eye; it lets in
+and keeps out light from the pupil."
+
+Of what shape is the iris?--"Round like a ring."
+
+Of what color is the iris?--"Sometimes blue, sometimes brown, sometimes
+gray."
+
+Does the iris always appear the same in size?--"It does not: sometimes it
+looks large, sometimes small."
+
+When is it the largest?--"When it rolls over the pupil to keep out the
+strong light."
+
+When is it the smallest?--"When it rolls backward, to let light into the
+pupil."
+
+When is the pupil the largest?--"When we are in the dark."
+
+When is the pupil the smallest?--"When we are in a bright light."
+
+What color is the eyeball?--"White."
+
+What shape is the eyeball?--"Round like a ball."
+
+How is the eyeball held in its socket?--"By cords made of flesh."
+
+Where are the eyebrows?--"Above the eyelids."
+
+Of what use are the eyebrows?--"To keep the perspiration from rolling into
+the eyes."
+
+Where are the eyelids?--"Over the eyes."
+
+Of what use are they?--"They cover the eyes and keep them from getting
+hurt."
+
+Where are the eyelashes?--"On the edges of the eyelids."
+
+Of what use are the tears?--"They keep the eyes clean; they make the eyes
+move easily in their sockets."
+
+Where are the tears made?--"Back of the eyebrows."
+
+When do the tears wash the eyes?--"Every time we wink our eyelids."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS ON THE EARS.
+
+Name the parts of the ear.
+
+Where are your ears?--"On the sides of my head."
+
+Which is the rim of the ear?--"The edge of the ear."
+
+Which is the flap of the ear?--"The lower part of the ear."
+
+Where is the drum of the ear?--"Inside of the ear."
+
+How is the drum protected?--"By stiff hairs and a bitter wax at its
+entrance."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS ON THE NOSE.
+
+Where is the nose?--"In the middle of the face."
+
+Name the parts of the nose.
+
+Where is the tip of the nose?--"At the end of the nose."
+
+Where is the bridge of the nose?--"At the top of the nose, between the
+eyes."
+
+Where is the cartilage?--"In the middle of the inside of the nose."
+
+Of what use is the nose?--"To smell and breathe through."
+
+What are the nostrils?--"The openings inside of the nose."
+
+Of what use are the nostrils?--"To let the air into and out of the opening
+back of the mouth."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS ON THE MOUTH, ETC.
+
+Where is the mouth?--"In the lower part of the face, between the nose and
+the chin."
+
+Of what use is the mouth?--"To breathe, speak, and eat through."
+
+What is in the mouth?--"My tongue, my upper teeth, my lower teeth, and my
+upper and lower jaws."
+
+What covers the jaws?--"Red flesh, called _gum_."
+
+Of what are the jaws composed?--"Of bones."
+
+Of what are the teeth made?--"Of dentine, covered with enamel." See note,
+p. 19.
+
+What is enamel?--"A smooth, white substance, harder than bone."
+
+Of what use are the teeth?--"To eat and talk with."
+
+What kinds of teeth have you?--"Cutting teeth, tearing teeth, grinding
+teeth."
+
+Describe the cutting teeth.--"The cutting teeth have broad and flat edges."
+
+Describe the tearing teeth.--"The tearing teeth are sharp and pointed."
+
+Describe the grinding teeth.--"The grinding teeth are the thick, back
+teeth."
+
+Which jaw is moved in eating?--"The lower jaw."
+
+What work do the teeth perform?--"They cut, tear, and grind the food."
+
+How many teeth has a child in a full set?--"Twenty teeth: ten in each jaw."
+
+How many teeth has a grown person in a full set?--"Thirty-two: sixteen in
+each jaw."
+
+What does the tongue do in eating?--"It rolls the food between the teeth,
+and helps in swallowing."
+
+What is the saliva?--"A kind of liquid, sometimes called _spit_."
+
+Of what use is it in eating?--"It wets and softens the food."
+
+What do you mean by preserve?--"To keep from injury."
+
+What do you mean by injury?--"Hurt."
+
+How do you preserve your teeth? See Formula.
+
+How do very hot or very cold drinks hurt the teeth?--"They crack the
+enamel."
+
+What happens if the enamel is cracked?--"The teeth decay."
+
+Then what must you do to preserve your teeth?--"I must try to keep the
+enamel from being cracked or injured in any way."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+PART V.
+
+FORMULA FOR DESCRIPTION OF THE BONES.
+
+1. My skull is formed of several bones united, like two saws with their
+toothed edges hooked into each other.
+
+2. My spine extends from the base of the skull behind, down the middle of
+my back.
+
+It is composed of twenty-four short bones, piled one upon the other, with
+cartilage between them.
+
+These bones are fastened together, forming an upright and flexible column,
+which makes me erect and graceful.
+
+3. My ribs are curved, strong, and light; there are twenty-four of them,
+twelve on each side; they are fastened at the back to my spine, in front to
+my breastbone, forming a hollow place for my heart, lungs, and stomach.
+
+4. My shoulder blades are flat, thin, and like a triangle in shape; they
+are for my arms to rest upon.
+
+5. My collar bones are fastened to my shoulder blades and my breastbone;
+they keep my arms from sliding too far forward.
+
+6. The bones of old people are hard and brittle; those of children soft and
+flexible; so I must sit and stand erect, that mine may not be bent out of
+shape. I must not wear tight clothing, or do anything that will crowd them
+out of their places.
+
+7. My bones are made from my food, after it has been changed into blood; so
+I must be careful to eat good, wholesome food, that they may be strong and
+healthy.
+
+8. I must not breathe impure air, because impure air makes bad blood, and
+bad blood makes poor bones.
+
+9. The body of every person is changing all the time, because the skin,
+flesh, and bones are always wearing out, and the blood is always repairing
+and building them again.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA.
+
+1. Tell about the skull.
+
+2. Tell about the spine.
+
+3. Tell about the ribs.
+
+4. Tell about the shoulder blades.
+
+5. Tell about the collar bones.
+
+6. Tell about the difference between the bones of old people and those of
+children.
+
+7. Of what are your bones made?
+
+8. If you wish your bones to be strong, why should you not breathe impure
+air?
+
+9. What have you learned about the change which is always taking place in
+the body?
+
+ * * * * *
+
+[Illustration: THE JOINTS OF THE SKULL.]
+
+ * * * * *
+
+A little girl was looking at some pictures of ladies in fashionable
+dresses. While admiring the beautiful styles and bright colors of the
+garments, she pointed to the waist of one, and exclaimed, "_That means
+trouble_." The waist was too small for a grown person, and could only have
+been made so by _tight-lacing_. The child had been taught that dresses,
+corsets, coats, vests, bands, or anything fastened tightly around the
+waist, press upon the ribs and crowd them out of place, preventing the
+heart, lungs, and other inside organs from working as they should, causing
+headache, dyspepsia, shortness of breath, and often ending in some
+incurable disease, so she knew that _tight clothing means trouble_ to the
+wearer.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1. Deformed by tight-lacing.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2. A natural, well-shaped chest.]
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS ON THE DESCRIPTION OF THE BONES.
+
+Point to the skull.
+
+Of what is it made?--"Several bones united together."
+
+How are the skull bones united?--"Like two saws with their toothed edges
+hooked into each other."
+
+What do you mean by _toothed_?--"Having points, like teeth."
+
+What covers the skull?--"Flesh, skin, and hair."
+
+Of what use is the skull?--"It protects the brain."
+
+What is the brain?--"That part of my body in which the thinking is done."
+
+Where is the spine?--"It extends from the base of my skull behind, down the
+middle of my back."
+
+What do you mean by _extends_?--"Goes from."
+
+What do you mean by _base_?--"The lower part of anything."
+
+Of what is the spine made?--"Of about twenty-four short bones, with
+cartilage between them."
+
+What is cartilage?--"An elastic substance, harder than flesh, but softer
+than bone."
+
+How are the bones of the spine placed?--"They are piled one upon the
+other."
+
+What do you mean by _forming_?--"Making."
+
+What do you mean by _upright_?--"In a vertical position."
+
+What do you mean by _flexible_?--"Easily bent."
+
+What do you mean by _column_?--"A pillar."
+
+What do you mean by _erect_?--"In a vertical position."
+
+Why is cartilage placed between the bones of the spine?--"To make the spine
+flexible; to keep the brain from injury when we walk or run."
+
+What do you mean by _elastic_?--"Springing back after having been
+stretched, squeezed, twisted, or bent."
+
+Tell about your ribs.--"My ribs are curved, strong, and light."
+
+Where are your ribs?--"On each side of my trunk."
+
+How many ribs have you?--"Twenty-four; twelve on each side."
+
+How are your ribs fastened?--"At the back to my spine; in front to my
+breastbone."
+
+What do your ribs form?--"A hollow place for my heart, lungs, and stomach."
+
+Where are your shoulder blades?--"In the upper part of my back."
+
+What shape are they?--"Flat, thin, and like a triangle."
+
+Of what use are your shoulder blades?--"For my arms to rest upon."
+
+Point to your collar bones.
+
+Where are they fastened?--"To my shoulder blades and my breastbone."
+
+Of what use are your collar bones?--"They keep my arms from sliding too far
+forward."
+
+Of what are your bones made?--"Of food after it has been changed into
+blood."
+
+Why should you eat wholesome food?--"That my bones may be strong and
+healthy."
+
+How does impure air hurt the bones?--"Impure air makes bad blood, and bad
+blood makes poor bones."
+
+Why should you sit and stand erect?--"Because my bones are easily bent out
+of shape; if I do not sit and stand erect, they will grow crooked."
+
+Why is it wrong to wear tight clothing?--"Because tight clothing crowds the
+bones out of shape."
+
+Whose bones are the more brittle, those of a child, or those of an old
+person?--"Those of an old person."
+
+What do you mean by _brittle_?--"Easily broken."
+
+Whose are the more flexible?--"Those of a child."
+
+What do you mean by _flexible_?--"Easily bent."
+
+What repairs the worn out bones, flesh, and skin of the body?--"The blood."
+
+What do you mean by _repairs_?--"Mends."
+
+What causes the bones, flesh, and skin of your body to change often?--"The
+bones, flesh, and skin are always wearing out, and the blood is always
+building and repairing them again."
+
+What are alcoholic liquors?--"Liquors which have alcohol in them."
+
+Name some alcoholic liquors.--"Beer, wine, rum, etc."
+
+Whose bones mend the more easily when broken, the bones of those who drink
+alcoholic liquors, or those of the people who do not use these
+poisons?--"The bones of those who _do not_ use alcoholic liquors."
+
+What other poison hurts the bones?--"Tobacco."
+
+How do alcohol and tobacco hurt the bones?--"They make bad blood, and bad
+blood makes poor bones."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+[Illustration: FRONT VIEW OF THE MUSCLES OF THE BODY.]
+
+ * * * * *
+
+PART VI.
+
+FORMULA FOR THE LESSON ON THE MUSCLES.
+
+1. Muscles are the red, elastic bands and bundles of thread like substance,
+called flesh, which cover the bones and make the eyeballs, the eyelids, the
+tongue, the heart, the lungs, and various other parts of the body.
+
+2. There are about four hundred and fifty muscles in my body.
+
+3. The work of the muscles is to support and move my bones, and different
+parts of the body.
+
+4. The muscles may be named the muscles of my head, the muscles of my
+trunk, the muscles of my limbs.
+
+5. The muscles of my head cover and move the parts of my head and face. The
+muscles of my trunk cover and move the parts of my neck and trunk. The
+muscles of my limbs cover and mote the parts of my arms and legs.
+
+6. Those muscles are the weakest which I use least; those muscles are the
+strongest which I exercise most in work or play.
+
+7. If I would be strong and healthy,
+ my muscles must be used,
+ my muscles must be rested,
+ my muscles must be supplied with good blood.
+
+I must exercise in work and play to make them strong; I must sleep, or
+change my kind of work or play, to give them rest, when they are tired; I
+must breathe pure air, take wholesome food and drink, and live in the
+sunlight, to supply them with good blood; I must not weaken them by using
+alcohol or tobacco.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA.
+
+1. Tell about the muscles.
+
+2. How many muscles have you in your body?
+
+3. Of what use are the muscles?
+
+4. How may the muscles be named?
+
+5. Tell about the muscles of the head, trunk, and limbs.
+
+6. Which muscles are the weakest, and which are the strongest?
+
+7. What is necessary if you would have strong and healthy muscles?
+
+ * * * * *
+
+CLASSES AND WORK OF THE MUSCLES.
+
+The muscles are divided into two great classes: those which we may move as
+we choose, called _voluntary_ muscles, and those over which we have no
+power, called _involuntary_ muscles.
+
+Some muscles support and move the various parts of the body, others have
+different work to do. The heart, the great involuntary muscle, acts like an
+engine to drive the blood throughout the body; the lungs draw in and throw
+out the air in breathing; the stomach helps to churn and change food into
+blood; the tongue is used in speaking and eating.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS ON THE MUSCLES.
+
+What are the muscles?--"The lean flesh of the body; bands and bundles of
+fleshy threads which cover the body."
+
+Of what use are the muscles to the body?--"They cover the bones; they
+support and move the bones and different parts of the body."
+
+Name some parts of the body which are made of muscles.--"The eyeballs, the
+eyelids, the tongue, the heart, the lungs."
+
+What color are the muscles?--"Red."
+
+How do the muscles move the bones?--"By shortening or lengthening
+themselves according to the way the bones are to be moved."
+
+Tell how the muscles move your arm at the elbow.--"The muscles in the front
+part of the arm shorten themselves, to draw my fore-arm toward the
+shoulder; when I wish to stretch out the fore-arm these muscles lengthen,
+while another set of muscles shorten, to draw the fore-arm away from the
+upper arm."
+
+What do you say about the muscles because they have the power to shorten
+and lengthen themselves?--"They are elastic."
+
+About how many muscles are there in your whole body?--"About four hundred
+and fifty."
+
+How may these be divided as you study about them?--"They may be divided
+into the muscles of my head, the muscles of my trunk, and the muscles of my
+limbs."
+
+Of what use are the muscles of your head?--"They cover and move the parts
+of my head and face."
+
+Of what use are the muscles of your trunk?--"They move the parts of my neck
+and trunk."
+
+Of what use are the muscles of your limbs?--"They move the parts of my arms
+and legs."
+
+How can you make your muscles strong?--"By using them."
+
+How can you make your muscles weak?--"By not using them."
+
+What is necessary to make your muscles strong and healthy?--"They must be
+used; they must be rested when tired; they must be supplied with pure
+blood."
+
+How should the muscles be used?--"They should be exercised in work or
+play."
+
+How may they be rested?--"I may rest my muscles by changing position; by
+changing my kind of work or play; or by going to sleep."
+
+Explain what you mean by changing your position.--"If I am standing, I must
+sit or lie down to rest them; if they are tired, because I have been
+sitting too long, I must rest them by standing, walking, or running."
+
+What do you mean by changing the kind of work or play?--"If, in my work or
+play, my arms become tired, I must do something in which my arms may rest,
+though other parts of my body may be in exercise."
+
+How may you help supply your muscles with good blood?--"By breathing pure
+air; by taking wholesome food and drink; and by living in the sunlight."
+
+How does drinking alcoholic liquors hurt the muscles?--"It makes them weak,
+and unfit to move the parts of the body."
+
+What wonderful muscle moves without your will?--"The heart."
+
+How does alcohol hurt the heart?--"It makes it beat too fast."
+
+How does "beating too fast" hurt the heart?--"It makes it tired, and
+sometimes wears it out." See Appendices on Alcohol and Tobacco.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+[Illustration: THE SKIN (very highly magnified).--(From Walker's
+_Physiology_, 1884.)]
+
+A, arteries; V, veins; N, nerves; F, fat cells; E, the outer skin; CL, the
+color layer; D, the true skin; PT, a perspiratory tube; HF, a hair and hair
+sac; EP, muscles; SG, oil glands; TC, tactile corpuscles; CT, connective
+tissue.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+PART VII.
+
+FORMULA FOR THE LESSON ON THE SKIN.
+
+1. My skin covers my body.
+
+2. It is thin, elastic, flexible, porous, and absorbent.
+
+3. I have two skins; the inner skin is the true skin.
+
+4. My true skin is elastic, and like a net-work of blood-vessels and
+nerves. My true skin is covered with a jelly-like substance which gives
+color to my skin.
+
+5. My outside skin is not the same thickness over my whole body. In some
+parts, as on the palms of my hands and the soles of my feet, it is very
+thick and tough.
+
+6. If my outside skin be destroyed, it will grow again; if the jelly-like
+substance be destroyed, it will re-appear; but if my true skin be
+destroyed, it will never be perfectly renewed.
+
+7. More than half of the waste substance of my body passes from it through
+the pores of the skin, in the form of perspiration.
+
+8. If I would have a healthy skin,
+ I must perspire freely all the time,
+ I must keep my body clean,
+ I must wear clean clothing,
+ I must breathe pure air,
+ and live in the sunlight.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA.
+
+1. Where is your skin?
+
+2. Tell about the skin.
+
+3. How many skins have you?
+
+4. Tell about the true skin.
+
+5. What difference is there in the thickness of your outside skin?
+
+6. What happens if the different skins be destroyed?
+
+7. What passes through the pores of the skin?
+
+8. What is necessary if you would have a healthy skin?
+
+ * * * * *
+
+DIRECTIONS FOR BATHING.
+
+Bathe the whole body at least twice every week. Do not bathe when tired or
+after a hearty meal. After bathing _rub well_ with a coarse towel.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS ON THE SKIN.
+
+Of what use is the skin?--"It covers the muscles of the body."
+
+What can you tell about it?--"It is flexible, elastic, porous, and
+absorbent."
+
+Why do you say it is flexible?--"Because it is easily bent."
+
+Why do you say it is porous?--"Because it is full of little holes, or
+pores."
+
+Why do you say it is elastic?--"Because it will spring back after it is
+stretched, squeezed, twisted, or bent."
+
+Why do you say it is absorbent?--"Because it will soak up liquids."
+
+How many skins have you?--"Two; an outside skin, and an inner skin."
+
+Which is the true skin?--"The inner skin."
+
+Of what is the inner skin composed?--"Of blood-vessels and nerves."
+
+How do you know that the outer skin has no blood-vessels?--"Because if I
+put a pin through the outer skin the blood does not flow out, as it would
+if I had cut a blood-vessel."
+
+How do you know the outer skin has no nerves?--"Because if I put a pin
+through my outer skin it does not make me suffer pain, as it would if I had
+touched a nerve."
+
+What gives color to the skin?--"A jelly-like substance between the inner
+and the outer skin."
+
+What have you learned about the true skin?--"That it is of the same color
+in people of every nation."
+
+What difference is there in the thickness of the outer skin? [See Formula.]
+
+What passes through the pores of the skin? [See Formula.]
+
+What is this waste called when it comes from the surface of the
+skin?--"Perspiration."
+
+When does the perspiration flow through the pores of the skin?--"All the
+time, if the skin is healthy."
+
+Why do we not always see the perspiration which passes through the
+pores?--"Because it does not always form drops on the surface of the skin;
+it generally passes off in very fine particles."
+
+What becomes of the fine or minute portions of perspiration which pass from
+the body?--"Some of these portions are absorbed by the clothing; some pass
+into and mix with the air around us."
+
+What effect does the perspiration produce on the air and the clothing?--"It
+soon makes the air unfit to be breathed, and the clothing unfit to be
+worn."
+
+What is necessary if you would have a healthy skin? [See Formula.]
+
+Why must you wear clean clothing?--"That there may be nothing impure in the
+clothing for the pores of the skin to absorb."
+
+Why should you breathe pure air?--"Because air purifies the blood, and pure
+blood is necessary to make a healthy skin."
+
+How does drinking alcoholic liquors hurt the skin?--"It makes the blood
+impure, and impure blood makes unhealthy skin."
+
+In what other way does drinking these liquors hurt the skin?--"It gives the
+skin too much work to do."
+
+How does it give it too much work to do?--"It makes more waste substance to
+pass from it through the pores, in the form of perspiration."
+
+In what other way does drinking alcoholic liquors hurt the skin?--"It makes
+it a bad color."
+
+How does it make the skin a bad color?--"It stretches the little
+blood-vessels of the skin, and makes them too full of blood." See Appendix.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+[Illustration: THE HEART.]
+
+A, the right ventricle; B, the left ventricle; C, the right auricle D, the
+left auricle; E, the aorta; F, the pulmonary artery.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+PART VIII.
+
+FORMULA FOR THE LESSON ON THE HEART AND THE CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD.
+
+1. My heart is shaped like a cone, and placed in my chest near my
+breastbone, with its apex pointing downward to my left side. It beats about
+seventy times a minute, sending out about two ounces of blood at every
+beat.
+
+2. The blood when pure is of a bright red color; it is a liquid made from
+food and drink.
+
+3. It passes from my heart to all parts of my body, through pipes called
+arteries; these arteries spread out through the body like branches from a
+tree.
+
+4. As the blood flows from the heart, through the arteries, it gives
+nourishment to every part of the body, and carries away the impurities it
+meets, which makes it black and thick; when it comes through the veins,
+back to the heart, it is not fit to be used, so it goes to the lungs to be
+purified by the fresh air; then it returns to the heart to be sent again
+throughout the body; this happens once in from three to eight minutes, and
+is called the circulation of the blood.
+
+7. If I would be healthy,
+ my blood must be pure and circulate freely all the time.
+
+8. It will not circulate freely,
+ if I wear tight clothing,
+ if I do not exercise in work or play,
+ if I do not keep my body warm.
+
+9. It will be impure,
+ if I breathe bad air,
+ if I eat unwholesome food,
+ if I drink alcoholic liquors,
+ if I snuff, smoke, or chew tobacco.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA.
+
+1. Tell about the heart and where it is placed.
+
+2. Tell about the blood and of what it is made.
+
+3. Where does the good blood pass after it is sent out from the heart?
+
+4. Tell what the blood does as it flows through the body.
+
+5. What is this flowing of the blood to and from the heart called?
+
+6. How often does it happen?
+
+7. What is necessary if you would have pure blood?
+
+8. When will the blood not circulate freely?
+
+9. When will the blood be impure?
+
+ * * * * *
+
+HOW TO TREAT A WOUND.
+
+If it is only a flesh-wound or slight cut, wash it with cold water and
+bandage it with a clean, white rag. The edges of a deep cut should be drawn
+together and held in place by narrow strips of adhesive plaster, fastened
+across the wound from side to side.
+
+If the cut is very deep, and the blood flows very freely, send for a
+doctor. While you wait for him, knot a handkerchief, or suspender, or
+towel, in the middle, and twist it very tightly _over the cut artery, above
+the wound_. If a vein has been severed, twist the knotted handkerchief
+_below the wound_. If the blood continues to flow, tie a bandage both above
+and below the hurt part.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS ON THE HEART AND THE CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD.
+
+Of what shape is your heart?--"My heart is shaped like a cone."
+
+Where is it placed?--"In the chest, pointing toward my left side."
+
+What bone is it near?--"It is near my breastbone."
+
+Of what use is the heart?--"It contains the blood and sends it to the
+different parts of the body."
+
+How much blood is sent from the heart at each beat?--"About two ounces."
+
+What is the blood?--"A liquid made from food and drink."
+
+Of what color is the blood?--"Bright red, when pure; dark red, when
+impure."
+
+How does the heart send the blood through the body?--"Through pipes called
+arteries."
+
+What do the arteries resemble in the way they are arranged?--"The branches
+of a tree."
+
+What makes the blood impure?--"As the blood flows, it gives nourishment to
+every part of the body; this makes it poor. It also takes up the old
+worn-out particles; this makes it impure."
+
+Where do the arteries carry the impure blood?--"To the veins."
+
+Where do the veins carry the impure blood?--"To the heart."
+
+Where does the heart carry the impure blood?--"To the lungs."
+
+What happens to the impure blood in the lungs?--"It is made pure."
+
+What makes it pure?--"Pure air."
+
+Where do the lungs send the blood after it is made pure?--"Back to the
+heart."
+
+Where does the heart send the pure blood?--"Throughout the body."
+
+What is the journey of the blood to and from the heart to the different
+parts of the body called?--"The circulation of the blood."
+
+What is the circulation of the blood?--"The circulation of the blood is its
+journey from the heart to the different parts of the body, and from the
+different parts of the body back to the heart."
+
+How often does this circulation take place?--"Once in from three to eight
+minutes, according as the heart beats fast or slowly."
+
+What kind of blood is necessary to health?--"Pure blood."
+
+How should the blood circulate?--"Freely, all the time."
+
+What do you mean by freely?--"Without anything to hinder."
+
+What is necessary for the free circulation of the blood?--"I must wear
+clean clothing; I must exercise in work or play; I must keep my body warm."
+
+How does tight clothing hinder the free circulation of the blood?--"By
+pressing upon the arteries and veins; and when about the waist, causing the
+ribs and other parts of the body to press upon the heart."
+
+How does exercise help the free circulation of the blood?--"Exercise makes
+the heart beat faster, which causes the blood to more faster through the
+arteries and veins."
+
+Why does keeping the body warm help the circulation of the blood?--"Because
+the blood moves faster when it is warmest; cold chills the blood, and makes
+it move slowly."
+
+What harm do alcoholic liquors do to the heart?--"They make it tired, and
+sometimes wear it out."
+
+In what way do they make it tired?--"They make it beat too fast."
+
+Why does it beat too fast?--"Because it is hurrying to drive the alcohol
+out of the body."
+
+In what other way do alcoholic liquors hurt the heart?--"They produce
+disease in it."
+
+Tell one way by which the heart becomes diseased through alcoholic
+liquors?--"Alcohol softens the fibres of the muscles of the heart, and
+fills them with fat."
+
+What harm does this do to the heart?--"It makes it too weak to do its work,
+which is to pump the blood through the body."
+
+What sometimes happens when the heart is thus weakened?--"It stops beating,
+which causes sudden death."
+
+What harm does alcohol do to the blood?--"It uses up the water of the
+blood; it destroys the goodness of the red part; it makes the blood thin,
+impure, and unfit to do its work." See Appendices on Alcohol and Tobacco.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+[Illustration: THE LUNGS.]
+
+ 1, 2, the larynx, the upper part of the windpipe.
+ 3, the windpipe, or trachea.
+ 4, where the windpipe divides to right and left lungs.
+ 5, the right bronchial tube.
+ 6, the left bronchial tube.
+ 7, outline of the right lung.
+ 8, outline of the left lung.
+ 9, the left lung.
+ 10, the right lung.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+PART IX.
+
+FORMULA FOR THE LESSON ON THE LUNGS AND RESPIRATION.
+
+1. My lungs are the bellows or breathing machines of my body.
+
+2. They are composed of a soft, fleshy substance, full of small air-cells
+and tubes. They are porous and spongy when healthy, but in some diseases
+become an almost solid mass, through which the air cannot pass.
+
+3. I breathe by drawing the air through my windpipe, along the tubes into
+the cells of my lungs, swelling them out, and causing my chest to expand;
+then the chest contracts, and the impure vapor in my lungs is pressed out
+through the same tubes, windpipe, nose, and mouth, into the atmosphere.
+
+4. I cannot live without breathing, because if the air does not go down
+into my lungs, the dark blood in them is not changed into pure red blood,
+and goes back through my body dark blood, which cannot keep me alive.
+
+5. If I would have healthy lungs,
+ I must breathe pure air,
+ I must live in the sunlight,
+ I must keep my body clean,
+ I must wear loose clothing,
+ I must wear clean clothing,
+ I must sit and stand erect,
+ I must keep all parts of my body warm,
+ I must not change my winter clothing too early in the spring,
+ I must avoid draughts of cool air,
+ I must not rush into the cold when I am in a perspiration,
+ I must not poison my lungs with alcohol or tobacco.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA.
+
+1. What are the lungs?
+
+2. Describe the lungs.
+
+3. How do you breathe?
+
+4. Why can you not live without breathing?
+
+5. What is necessary if you would have healthy lungs?
+
+ * * * * *
+
+THE AIR AND THE LUNGS.
+
+The air which enters through the nose and mouth passes into a tube of
+muscles and ring-like pieces of cartilage. The upper part of this tube is
+the voice-box or _larynx_, covered by a spoon-shaped lid which closes when
+we swallow; the lower part is the _trachea_, and the two parts are the
+windpipe. The trachea divides into two branches, _the bronchial tubes_, one
+for each lung. These tubes divide again and again like the branches of a
+tree, and end in exceedingly small sacs or bags. The air in these sacs, or
+air-cells, gives _oxygen_ to the blood in the tiny blood-vessels of the
+lungs and takes from them the poison, _carbonic-acid gas_, water, and
+impurities, which it carries back through the windpipe into the outside
+air.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS ON THE LUNGS AND RESPIRATION.
+
+Of what are the lungs composed?--"Of a soft, fleshy substance, full of
+small air-cells and tubes."
+
+Of what use are the lungs?--"They are the breathing machines of the body."
+
+How do the lungs appear when healthy?--"Porous and spongy."
+
+How does the air get into the lungs?--"The air flows through the nose and
+mouth, into the windpipe and along the air-tubes, into the air-cells of the
+lungs."
+
+What does the air do in the lungs?--"It swells the lungs and causes the
+chest to expand."
+
+What do you mean by expand?--"To increase in size."
+
+How is the air expelled from the lungs?--"The chest contracts and sends
+the impure air through the tubes and windpipe, the nose and mouth, into the
+atmosphere."
+
+What do you mean by contracts?--"Becomes smaller."
+
+What do you mean by atmosphere?--"The air."
+
+Of what use is the air when it is in the lungs?--"It makes the blood pure."
+
+Why can you not live without breathing?--"Because, if I do not breathe,
+pure air cannot get into the lungs to make the bad blood pure, and I cannot
+live if the dark, impure blood is sent back again through my body."
+
+Why must you live in the sunlight?--"Because the sunlight helps to purify
+the blood and strengthen the body."
+
+Why must you wear loose clothing?--"Because tight clothing stops the
+circulation of the blood."
+
+Why must you avoid tight-lacing?--"Because tight-lacing crowds the ribs
+against the lungs, so that the lungs cannot move freely."
+
+Why should you wear clean clothing?--"That nothing impure may pass into the
+body through the pores of the skin."
+
+Why should you keep the body clean?--"That the pores of the skin may not be
+closed, but remain open to let the perspiration pass through."
+
+What has the cleanliness of the body to do with the health of the
+lungs?--"If the body is not kept clean, the perspiratory pores become
+clogged."
+
+What happens when the perspiratory pores are clogged?--"The impure
+particles which should pass through them stay in the body, and cause
+disease in the lungs or other parts."
+
+Why should you sit and stand erect?--"Because, if I am in the habit of
+stooping, my lungs will be crowded, and will not have enough room to move
+freely."
+
+Why should you keep all parts of the body warm?--"Because chilling any part
+of the body causes the blood to chill in that part, and thus hinders its
+circulation."
+
+Why should you not change your winter clothing too early in the spring of
+the year?--"I may take cold if not warmly clothed during the cool days of
+early spring."
+
+Why should you avoid draughts of cool air?--"Because the cool air blows
+upon some parts of the body and closes the pores of the skin, checking the
+perspiration, and hindering the circulation of the blood."
+
+Why should you not rush suddenly from a warm to a cool place?--"Because
+when warm the pores of the skin are open; if I rush suddenly into the cool
+air, these pores are closed too quickly."
+
+Why does stopping the perspiration hurt the lungs more or less?--"The
+impurities it ought to carry away remain in the body, make the blood
+impure, and produce disease in some part; very often that part is the
+lungs."
+
+What harm does alcohol do in the lungs?--"It fills the lungs with impure
+blood."
+
+What harm does it do to the air-cells?--"It hardens the walls of the
+air-cells of the lungs."
+
+What harm is done by the hardening of these air-cells?--"1. The lungs
+cannot take in enough of the gas called oxygen to purify the blood
+perfectly. 2. The gases or vapors in the lungs cannot pass freely through
+the hardened air-cells."
+
+What happens from this?--"The lungs become diseased."
+
+From what disease do some hard drinkers suffer?--"Alcoholic consumption,
+for which there is no cure." See Appendices on Alcohol and Tobacco.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+[Illustration: THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.]
+
+ 1. The upper jaw.
+ 2. The lower jaw.
+ 3. The tongue.
+ 4. The roof of the mouth.
+ 5. The food-pipe.
+ 6. The windpipe.
+ 7, 8. Where the saliva is made.
+ 9. The stomach.
+ 10. The liver.
+ 11. Where the bile is made.
+ 12. The duct through which the bile passes to the small intestine.
+ 13. The upper part of the small intestine.
+ 14. Where the pancreatic juice is made.
+ 15. The small intestine.
+ 16. The opening of the small into the large intestine.
+ 17-20. The large intestine.
+ 21. The spleen.
+ 22. The spinal column.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+PART X.
+
+FORMULA FOR THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS AND DIGESTION.
+
+1. When my food is chewed, it is rolled by my tongue into the oesophagus,
+or food-pipe, which is back of my windpipe, and leads from my mouth down
+along the side of my spine, to the left and upper end of my stomach.
+
+2. My stomach is an oblong, soft, and fleshy bag, extending from my left to
+my right side, below my lungs and heart.
+
+3. It is composed of three coats or membranes, and resembles tripe.
+
+4. The _outer coat_ is smooth, thick, and tough. It supports and
+strengthens the stomach.
+
+5. The _middle coat_ is fibrous. Its fibres have the power of contracting,
+sometimes pressing upon the food, and sometimes pushing it along toward the
+opening which leads out of the stomach.
+
+6. The _inner coat_ is soft, thick, spongy, and wrinkled. It prepares a
+slimy substance and a fluid. The slimy substance prevents the stomach from
+being irritated by the food. The fluid dissolves the food.
+
+7. Food passes through several changes after it enters the mouth.
+
+8. It is changed into pulp in the _mouth_, by the action of the teeth and
+the saliva. This is called _mastication_. It is changed in the _stomach_,
+by the action of the stomach and the gastric juice, into another kind of
+pulp called _chyme_. The chyme is changed by the bile and another kind of
+juice, called _pancreatic_ _juice_; these separate the nourishing from the
+waste substance. The nourishing, milk-like substance is called _chyle_. The
+waste substance passes from the body. The chyle is poured into a vein
+behind the collar bone, and passes through the heart to the lungs, where it
+is changed into blood.
+
+9. If I would have a healthy stomach,
+ I must be careful what kind of food I eat,
+ I must be careful how much I eat,
+ I must be careful how I eat,
+ I must be careful when I eat.
+
+10. I must eat wholesome food, good bread, ripe fruits, rather than rich
+pies or jellies.
+
+11. I must eat enough food, but not too much.
+
+12. I must eat slowly,
+ I must masticate my food thoroughly,
+ I must masticate and swallow ray food without drinking
+
+13. I must take my food regularly but not too often,
+ I must rest before and after eating, if possible,
+ I must not eat just before bedtime.
+
+14. I must breathe pure air,
+ I must sit, stand, and walk erect,
+ I must not drink alcoholic liquors,
+ I must not snuff, smoke, or chew tobacco.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA.
+
+1. Describe the process of eating.[2] See page 21.
+
+2. Where does the food go after it is chewed?
+
+3. Describe the stomach.
+
+4. Of what is the stomach composed?
+
+5. Describe the outer coat of the stomach, and tell its use.
+
+6. Describe the middle coat of the stomach, and tell its use.
+
+7. Describe the inner coat of the stomach, and tell its use.
+
+8. What happens to the food after it enters the mouth?
+
+9. Tell about these changes.
+
+10. What is necessary if you would have a healthy stomach?
+
+11. What kind of food must you eat?
+
+12. How much food must you eat?
+
+13. How must you eat?
+
+14. When must you eat?
+
+15. What other rules must you obey?
+
+[2] See Formula 7 on the Organs of Sense.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+"EAT TO LIVE, NOT LIVE TO EAT."
+
+There is pleasure in eating, because God has given us the sense of taste,
+that we may enjoy our food. But not everything which pleases this sense is
+good for the body, so we should learn what things are wholesome and choose
+them for our food and drink, refusing everything which is unwholesome.
+Those who obey these rules "_eat to live_" and never become drunkards or
+gluttons.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS ON THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS AND DIGESTION.
+
+What happens to the food after it is chewed?--"It is rolled by my tongue
+into the oesophagus or food-pipe."
+
+Where is the oesophagus or food-pipe?--"It passes from the mouth down the
+left side of the spine."
+
+What is the stomach?--"A fleshy bag which receives and changes the food we
+eat."
+
+Where is the stomach?--"In the front part of the chest, below the heart and
+lungs."
+
+Of what is the stomach composed?--"Of three coats or membranes."
+
+What do you mean by composed?--"Made of."
+
+What do you mean by membrane?--"A thin skin."
+
+What are the coats of the stomach called?--"The outer coat, the middle
+coat, the inner coat."
+
+Describe the outer coat of the stomach.--"The outer coat is smooth, thick,
+and tough."
+
+Of what use is the outer coat of the stomach?--"It strengthens and supports
+the stomach."
+
+What do you mean by supports?--"Holds."
+
+Describe the middle coat of the stomach.--"The middle coat is composed of
+fleshy fibres, which have the power of making themselves long or short."
+
+What do you mean by fibrous?--"Composed of threads."
+
+What do you mean by fibres?--"Threads."
+
+Of what are the fibres of the stomach composed?--"Of flesh."
+
+Of what use are the fibres of the stomach?--"They press upon the food, and
+push it toward the opening which leads out of the stomach."
+
+Describe the inner coat of the stomach.--"The inner coat is soft, thick,
+spongy, and wrinkled."
+
+Of what use is the inner coat of the stomach?--"It prepares a slimy
+substance and a fluid."
+
+Of what use is the slimy substance?--"It prevents the stomach from being
+irritated by the food."
+
+Of what use is the fluid?--"It dissolves the food."
+
+What do you mean by slimy?--"Soft, moist, and sticky."
+
+What do you mean by irritate?--"To produce unhealthy action."
+
+What do you mean by dissolves?--"Melts."
+
+Where is the food changed after it is taken into the mouth?--"First it is
+changed in the mouth; second, it is changed in the stomach; third, it is
+changed after leaving the stomach; fourth, it is changed in the lungs."
+
+By what is it changed in the mouth?--"By the action of the teeth and the
+saliva."
+
+By what is it changed in the stomach?--"By the action of the stomach and a
+kind of fluid called gastric juice."
+
+By what is it changed after leaving the stomach?--"By the action of the
+bile and the pancreatic juice."
+
+By what is it changed in the lungs?--"Nobody knows."
+
+Into what is it changed in the mouth?--"Into pulp."
+
+Into what is it changed after leaving the stomach?--"Into chyle and waste
+substance."
+
+Into what is it changed in the lungs?--"Into blood."
+
+What is the change in the mouth called?--"Mastication, or chewing."
+
+What is the change in the stomach called?--"Chymification, or
+chyme-making."
+
+What is the change after leaving the stomach called?--"Chylification, or
+chyle-making."
+
+What is necessary, if you would have a healthy stomach?--"I must be careful
+what kind of food I eat; how much I eat; and when I eat."
+
+What kind of food must you eat?--"Wholesome food, etc." See Formula.
+
+How much must you eat?--"Enough, but not too much."
+
+How must you eat?--"Slowly."
+
+How should your food be masticated?--"Thoroughly."
+
+When must you eat?--"Regularly, but not too often."
+
+When should you avoid eating?--"Just before bedtime."
+
+What kind of air should you breathe?--"Pure air."
+
+How should you sit, stand, and walk?--"Erect."
+
+Why should you not eat too much food?--"Because, if I eat too much food, my
+stomach will have too much work to do in changing it into chyme."
+
+Why should you eat slowly?--"That I may have time to masticate the food
+thoroughly."
+
+Why should you masticate your food thoroughly?--"That it may be well
+prepared to enter the stomach."
+
+Why should the food be well prepared to enter the stomach?--"Because, if it
+is not well prepared in the mouth, the stomach will have too much work to
+change it into chyme."
+
+Why should you eat regularly, but not too often?--"Because the stomach
+needs rest, which it cannot have, if I eat too often."
+
+Why should you avoid eating just before bedtime?--"Because, while I am
+asleep, the stomach cannot do the work of changing the food as it ought to
+be changed; because the stomach should rest with the other parts of the
+body."
+
+Why should you breathe pure air?--"Because pure air helps to make pure
+blood, which the stomach needs to make it strong and healthy."
+
+Why should you sit, stand, and walk erect?--"That the stomach may not be
+crowded out of its place, or pressed upon by other parts of the body."
+
+In what way does tobacco hurt the stomach?--"It poisons the saliva and
+prevents it from preparing the food to enter the stomach."
+
+What harm does tobacco do inside the stomach?--"It weakens the stomach and
+makes it unfit to change the food into chyme."
+
+How will wise children treat tobacco?--"Let it alone. They will not chew,
+snuff, or smoke the vile weed."
+
+Is alcohol food or poison?--"It is poison."
+
+How do we know it is not food?--"Because it cannot be changed into blood."
+
+How has this been proved?--"Alcohol has been found in the brain, and other
+parts of drunkards, with the same smell and the same power to burn easily
+which it had when it was taken into the mouth."
+
+How do you know it is a poison?--"Because it does harm to every part of the
+body, beginning in the stomach."
+
+What harm does alcohol do in the stomach?--"It hinders the stomach from
+doing its work; it burns the coats of the stomach; it destroys the gastric
+juice; it hardens the food, so that it cannot be dissolved by the gastric
+juice."
+
+What does the stomach do with alcohol?--"Drives it out as soon as
+possible."
+
+Where does the stomach send it?--"Into the liver."
+
+Where does the liver send it?--"To the heart; and the heart sends it to the
+lungs."
+
+What do the lungs do with the alcohol?--"They drive it out as soon as they
+can."
+
+Where do the lungs send some of it?--"Through the nose and mouth, into the
+air."
+
+What harm does the alcohol do in the breath?--"It poisons the air; it tells
+that some kind of alcoholic liquor has been taken into the stomach."
+
+From what you have learned about alcohol, what do you think is the only
+safe rule to obey concerning cider, beer, wine, and all alcoholic
+liquors?--"I must not drink them, if I wish to have a strong and healthy
+stomach."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+[Illustration: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.--(From Walker's _Physiology_.)]
+
+1. The large brain. 2. The small brain. 3. The spinal cord. 4, 5. Nerves.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+PART XI.
+
+FORMULA FOR THE LESSON ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
+
+1. My brain is a soft gray-and-white mass resembling marrow.
+
+2. It is placed in a bony box called the skull; it is covered and held
+together by three coats or membranes.
+
+3. The outer membrane is thick and firm; it strengthens and supports the
+brain.
+
+4. The middle membrane is thick, and somewhat like a spider's web in
+appearance.
+
+5. The inner membrane is a network of blood-vessels.
+
+6. From the brain, white or reddish gray pulpy cords, called nerves, pass
+to all parts of the body. These nerves are of two kinds: nerves of feeling,
+and nerves of motion.
+
+7. If I prick my finger, a nerve of feeling carries the message to my
+brain; if I wish to move my finger, a nerve of motion causes my finger to
+obey my will.
+
+8. Twelve pairs of nerves pass from the base of the brain: the first pair,
+called the nerves of smell, to my nose; the fourth pair, called the nerves
+of sight, to my eyes; the fifth pair, called the nerves of taste, to my
+mouth, tongue, and teeth. One pair pass to my face; another to my ears. The
+ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth pairs to my tongue and parts of my
+throat and neck.[3]
+
+9. The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves extending from the base of my
+brain, down through the whole length of my spine, or backbone. It is the
+largest nerve in my body.
+
+10. From the spine, thirty-one pairs of nerves, called _spinal nerves_,
+pass to different parts of my body; some to the lungs, some to the heart,
+some to the stomach, some to the bones, and some to the muscles and skin.
+
+11. If a nerve be destroyed it cannot carry messages to and from the brain.
+Before filling a tooth, the dentist sometimes destroys its nerve.
+
+12. If a nerve be pressed upon too long it cannot perform its duty. If I
+press upon the nerve passing to my foot, I stop it from communicating with
+the brain; the foot loses its feeling, or, as I say, "is asleep."
+
+13. If I drink alcoholic liquors, or snuff, smoke, or chew tobacco, my
+brain and nerves cannot do their work well; because alcohol and nicotine
+are very poisonous to the brain and nerves.
+
+14. The brain must be supplied with good blood;
+
+The brain must be used;
+
+The brain must be rested;
+
+I must drink wholesome drink, eat wholesome food, take enough exercise, and
+breathe pure air, that my brain may be supplied with pure blood;
+
+I must study and think, that my brain may grow and be strong for work;
+
+I must rest my brain when it is tired, either by changing my employment, or
+by going to sleep;
+
+I must not poison my brain with alcohol or tobacco.
+
+[3] NOTE.--_A fuller description of the Nerves of the Brain_: Twelve pairs
+of nerves pass from the base of the brain; the first pair, called the
+nerves of smell, to my nose; the second pair, called the nerves of sight,
+to my eyes; the third, fourth, and sixth pairs to the muscles of my eyes;
+the fifth pair to my forehead, eyes, nose, ears, tongue, teeth, and
+different parts of my face; the seventh pair to different parts of my face;
+the eighth pair, called the nerves of hearing, to the inner part of my ear;
+the ninth pair to my mouth, tongue, and throat; the twelfth pair to my
+tongue; the eleventh pair to my neck; the tenth pair to my neck, throat,
+lungs, stomach, and different parts of my body.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS ON THE FORMULA.
+
+1. Describe the brain.
+
+2. Where is the brain placed?
+
+3. Describe the outer membrane of the brain.
+
+4. Describe the middle membrane of the brain.
+
+5. Describe the inner membrane of the brain.
+
+6. Tell about the nerves.
+
+7. Tell about the use of the two kinds of nerves.
+
+8. Tell about the nerves which pass from the brain.
+
+9. Tell about the spinal cord.
+
+10. Tell about the nerves which pass from the spinal cord.
+
+11. What happens if a nerve be destroyed?
+
+12. What happens if a nerve be pressed upon too long?
+
+13. What happens if you drink alcoholic liquors, or snuff, smoke, or chew
+tobacco?
+
+14. What is necessary if you would have a healthy brain?
+
+ * * * * *
+
+THE BRAIN AND ITS WORK.
+
+The brain is egg-shaped, and of two parts, the large brain (_cerebrum_),
+and the little brain (_cerebellum_). These are composed of a white and gray
+substance, which in the large brain is so folded and wrinkled that it looks
+like the meat of an English walnut; in the little brain it is so arranged
+that it resembles a tree, and is called _arbor vitae_, tree of life. The
+mind does its thinking through the large brain, and controls its muscles
+through the little brain.
+
+A drunken man can not walk straight because alcohol has hurt the little
+brain; he can not think straight because it has poisoned the large brain.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+[Illustration: THE BRAIN AND THE SPINAL CORD.]
+
+C, the large brain (_cerebrum_). B, the small brain (_cerebellum_). S, a
+portion of the spinal cord.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
+
+Where is your brain?--"In my skull."
+
+What color is the brain?--"Gray and white."
+
+What does the brain resemble?--"Marrow."
+
+How is the brain protected?--"By three coats or membranes."
+
+What may you name these membranes?--"The outer membrane, the middle
+membrane, and the inner membrane."
+
+Describe the outer membrane. See Formula.
+
+Describe the middle membrane. See Formula.
+
+What are the nerves?--"White ashen-gray pulpy cords, which are found in the
+brain."
+
+Where do they go from the brain?--"To every part of the body."
+
+How many kinds of nerves have you?--"Two."
+
+What names are given to the two kinds of nerves?--"Nerves of motion and
+nerves of feeling."
+
+Which is the largest nerve in the body?--"The spinal cord."
+
+Where is the spinal cord?--"It extends from the brain throughout the whole
+length of the backbone."
+
+How may you describe the spinal cord?--"It is a bundle of nerves, etc." See
+Formula.
+
+Where are the spinal nerves?--"They pass from the spinal cord to different
+parts of the trunk and limbs."
+
+How many pairs of nerves pass from the base of the brain?--"Twelve."
+
+Where do the first pair go?--"To the nose."
+
+What are they called?--"The nerves of smell."
+
+Where do the second pair go?--"To the eyes."
+
+What are the second pair called?--"The nerves of sight."
+
+Which move the muscles of the eyes?--"The third, fourth, and sixth pairs."
+
+Where do the fifth pair go?--"To the forehead, eyes, nose, ears, tongue,
+teeth, and different parts of the face."
+
+The seventh pair?--"To the different parts of the face."
+
+The eighth pair?--"To the inner ear."
+
+What are the eighth pair called?--"The nerves of hearing."
+
+Where do the ninth pair go?--"To the mouth, tongue, and throat."
+
+Where do the twelfth pair go?--"To the tongue."
+
+Where do the eleventh pair go?--"To the neck."
+
+Where do the tenth pair go?--"To the neck, throat, lungs, stomach, and
+different parts of the body."
+
+What happens if a nerve be destroyed?--"It cannot carry messages to the
+brain."
+
+What happens if a nerve be pressed upon too long?--"It cannot carry
+messages to the brain."
+
+What is necessary if you would have a strong, healthy brain?--"My brain
+must be used; my brain must be rested; my brain must be supplied with pure
+blood."
+
+How must you use your brain?--"In thinking and studying."
+
+How may the brain be rested?--"By sleep."
+
+In what other way may the brain be rested?--"By thinking of something
+different from that which made it tired."
+
+What two brain-poisons have you learned about?--"Alcohol and tobacco."[4]
+
+With what may you show the harm done by alcohol to the gray part of the
+brain?--"With alcohol and the white of an egg."
+
+How could you show it with these?--"I would pour the alcohol upon the white
+of the egg."
+
+What would then happen?--"The white of the egg would harden as if it had
+been boiled."
+
+What is in the white of an egg?--"Water and albumen."
+
+Where else may we find albumen?--"In some seeds, and in the gray part of
+the brain and the nerves."
+
+What harm does alcohol do to the nerves?--"It takes away their moisture and
+hardens them."
+
+What harm does this do to them?--"It paralyzes them, or makes them lose
+their power."
+
+What happens when nerves are paralyzed?--"They lose their power over the
+muscles; they are unfit to carry messages to and from the brain."
+
+What harm does alcohol do to the gray part of the brain?--"It hardens it,
+as it hardens the white of an egg."
+
+What harm does this do to the brain?--"It paralyzes it, or makes it lose
+its power."
+
+What then happens?--"It cannot properly do its work of thinking, and cannot
+control the nerves."
+
+What disease is sometimes caused by this hardening of the brain by
+alcohol?--"Paralysis, which often ends in death."
+
+What harm does alcohol do to the blood-vessels of the brain?--"It fills
+them with impure blood."
+
+What disease is caused by the blood-vessels of the brain being filled with
+impure blood?--"Congestion of the brain, or apoplexy, which ends in death."
+
+What else frequently happens to those who drink alcoholic liquors?--"They
+become crazy, or insane."
+
+If you wish to have a strong, healthy brain, what should you do about these
+liquors?--
+
+ "Never put them into my mouth,
+ To steal away my brains."
+
+Tell of what dreadful disease people die who are bitten by a mad dog.--"Of
+hydrophobia."
+
+Of what dreadful disease do people sometimes die who are bitten by the
+serpent in alcoholic liquors?--"Of delirium tremens."
+
+Which is the more dreadful, hydrophobia or delirium tremens?--"One is as
+dreadful as the other."
+
+How can you be sure never to have delirium tremens?--"By drinking nothing
+which has alcohol in it."
+
+Will a little beer or wine hurt you?--"Yes, it may make me love the taste
+of alcohol."
+
+What harm is there in loving the taste of alcohol?--"I may love it so much
+as to become a drunkard."
+
+Tell once more how you should treat alcoholic liquors.--"I should never
+drink a drop of them."
+
+[4] See Appendices.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ALCOHOL.
+
+THE STORY ABOUT ALCOHOL.
+
+Several hundred years ago many people were trying to discover something
+that would keep them young and strong, and prevent them from dying. It is
+said by some that a man named Paracelsus, in making experiments, discovered
+_alcohol_. He called it "the water of life," and boasted that he would
+never be weak and never die; so he went on drinking alcoholic liquors until
+at last he died in a drunken fit.
+
+What is this alcohol which has done and is doing so much mischief in the
+world? I will show you some. What does it look like?--"Water." Yes; and if
+you were to smell it you would say it has a somewhat pleasant odor; if you
+were to taste it, that it has a hot, biting taste, _i.e._, is pungent. If
+you put a lighted match to it you would notice that it burns easily, and
+with a flame, and may therefore be said to be combustible and inflammable.
+
+What does it come from? Is it one of the drinks God has given us? Some of
+the class think it is; we will try to learn whether this answer is correct
+or not. If we study about it very carefully we shall discover that it is
+not a natural drink, that it is not found except where it has been made
+from decayed or rotten fruits, grains, or vegetables.
+
+If you take some apples, and squeeze the juice out of them, you will find
+it sweet and pleasant; let that juice stand for several days and what will
+happen to it?--"It will get bad." Yes; or, as grown people say, it will
+_work_ or _ferment_; that is, the sugary part of the juice will be
+separated into a kind of gas and a liquid. The gas is called _carbonic acid
+gas_; the liquid is _alcohol_. Both the gas and the liquid are poisonous.
+
+Alcohol may also be obtained from other fruits, as grapes, and from some
+grains and vegetables. But all these must first become rotten before
+alcohol will come out of them. This is one reason why we think that God,
+who gives us good, wholesome food, did not intend alcohol to be a drink for
+man, else He would have put it into the delicious ripe fruit, and not made
+it impossible to get until they decay.
+
+Now let us put upon the blackboard something which will help us remember
+what we have learned about
+
+ ALCOHOL.
+DISCOVERED BY DESCRIPTION. MADE FROM
+Paracelsus. Water-like; with a Fruits, Grains, or
+ pleasant odor; a Vegetables.
+CALLED hot, biting taste;
+"The water of life." and will burn with a
+ flame.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+USES OF ALCOHOL.
+
+We put some sugar into water; the children see that it melts; then some
+glue or shellac is placed in the same liquid; they see that this is not
+melted, but that, when alcohol is used instead of water, the glue or
+shellac is dissolved. From this experiment they learn that alcohol is used
+in making varnishes.
+
+Some water is poured into one saucer, and alcohol into another; a lighted
+match is applied to each; the class notices that the alcohol takes fire and
+burns, while the water does not.
+
+Next, we fill a lamp with alcohol, and put a wick into it; when the wick
+becomes wet with the fluid it burns steadily and without smoke, as may be
+seen by holding a clean white saucer over the flame. This shows why
+jewellers and others, who wish to use a lamp to make things very hot,
+prefer alcohol to kerosene, which, as the children know, smokes
+lamp-chimneys, or anything else, so easily.
+
+We show a thermometer; the children are told its use if they are not
+already familiar with the instrument; we talk about the quicksilver in the
+tube, about its rising or falling according to the degree of heat or cold;
+then we inform the class that in some countries where it is very cold
+quicksilver freezes; for this reason alcohol, which does not freeze, is
+colored red and put into the thermometer tube to be used in these Arctic
+regions.
+
+Another use for alcohol is to keep or preserve substances. This we
+illustrate by placing a piece of meat into some alcohol. We explain that
+the water in the meat is that which causes it to decay. Alcohol has the
+power to take up or _absorb_ water; so when meat is put into this liquid
+the water from the meat is absorbed by it, and the meat does not become
+bad. Those who wish to preserve insects a long time, and doctors who desire
+to keep any portion of a human body after death, put these into alcohol, in
+which they may be kept for a long time.
+
+Lastly, we let the children smell cologne or other perfumery, and tell them
+this is made from different oils mixed with alcohol.
+
+At the close of this lesson the class is ready to help us make the
+following BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.
+
+FACTS ABOUT ALCOHOL. GOOD USES OF ALCOHOL.
+It melts gums. To melt gums.
+Burns with a flame. To make varnishes.
+Burns without smoke. To burn in lamps.
+Will not freeze. To make camphene, etc.
+Likes water. To put into thermometer
+Mixes with oils. tubes.
+ To preserve meats, etc.
+ To make perfumery.
+ In making jewelry.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+USES OF ALCOHOL--_concluded_.
+
+You see alcohol is very useful for some purposes; but do people ever drink
+it? Some of the children think not, and we grant that no one is foolish
+enough to drink _raw_ alcohol, because it is too strong. It would take only
+a little to make them drunk, and only a few ounces to kill them instantly.
+
+We ask the pupils if they have ever seen a drunken person, and what made
+that person drunk? We soon obtain an answer, and place upon the board "Rum,
+gin, whiskey, brandy," as the names of drinks which will take away the good
+sense of those who drink them. To these are added "Wine, beer, ale, lager,
+and cider."
+
+We explain that all these have alcohol in them, as may be known by smelling
+them, or by smelling the breath of those who have drunk even a little of
+them; and that because they contain alcohol they are called _alcoholic
+liquors_. If a person drinks any one of them he will be poisoned, more or
+less, according to how much he takes. The children are astonished at the
+word _poisoned_, but we explain that the very word, _intoxicated_, means
+poisoned. So a drunken man is a poisoned man. If enough alcohol, or
+alcoholic liquor, is drunk by anyone, he will drop down dead as quickly as
+if he were shot by a cannon ball.
+
+When told that alcohol is not a food, but a poison, the class readily
+understands what we mean, and we have no difficulty in having the following
+statements prepared and memorized:
+
+ * * * * *
+
+FOOD.
+
+That which makes the body grow, and helps to keep it alive.
+
+POISON.
+
+That which hurts the body, and makes it die.
+
+ALCOHOL.
+
+QUALITIES. GOOD USES.
+Water-like, _looks like To melt gums.
+water_. To make varnishes.
+Transparent, _may be seen To burn in lamps.
+through clearly_. To make camphene, etc.
+Odorous, _has a smell_. To put in thermometer
+Pungent, _has a hot, biting tubes.
+taste_. To preserve meats, insects,
+Liquid, _will flow in etc.
+drops_. To make perfumery.
+Poisonous, _hurts the In making jewelry.
+body_.
+Intoxicating, _takes away the BAD USE.
+senses; makes drunk_. To drink.
+Absorbent, _takes up or
+absorbs water_.
+Inflammable, _burns with a
+flame_.
+Uncongealable, _will not
+freeze_.
+Innutritious, _not good for
+food_.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ABOUT FERMENTATION AND FERMENTED LIQUOR.
+
+_ALCOHOL._--Alcohol may be obtained from any substance which contains sugar
+or starch, or both sugar and starch, as apples, pears, grapes, potatoes,
+beets, rice, barley, maple, honey, etc.
+
+Alcohol can be obtained only by _fermentation_. By fermentation we mean the
+change which takes place when a juice containing sugar decays, or goes to
+pieces. You know decay always makes things fall to pieces.
+
+You ask, what pieces is sugar made of? Very, very little pieces, called
+_atoms_. There are different kinds of sugar. In that made from grapes,
+called _grape sugar_, there are six atoms of carbon, twelve of hydrogen,
+and six of oxygen. What are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen? Oxygen is the
+kind of gas which keeps animals alive, and makes things burn. Hydrogen is
+another kind, which you have smelled perhaps when water has been spilled on
+a hot stove; the gas burned in street-lamps is hydrogen that has been
+driven out of coal. Carbon you see in charcoal and soot; the black lead of
+your lead-pencils is mostly composed of carbon and iron; lamp-black is pure
+carbon, without form or shape.
+
+We will let these circles of colored paper stand for the atoms of carbon,
+hydrogen, and oxygen in grape sugar,--the largest, which are red, for the
+oxygen; the second size, which you notice are black, will represent atoms
+of carbon; while the little blue ones will make you think of hydrogen.
+
+If you remember that it takes one atom of carbon and two of oxygen to make
+carbonic acid gas; also, that two atoms of carbon, one of oxygen, and six
+of hydrogen to form alcohol, you can easily find that two atoms of carbonic
+acid gas and two atoms of alcohol may be formed from an atom of sugar. So
+the more sugar a juice contains the more alcohol may be formed from it.
+
+_CIDER._--Cider is made by pressing the juice out of apples. This sweet
+cider ferments, and the sugar part of it changes into carbonic acid gas and
+alcohol. People who do not understand this go on drinking cider, not
+knowing that it makes drunkards of those who drink much of a beverage which
+seems so pleasant and harmless.
+
+_WINES._--Wines are made from the juices of fruits which have sugar in
+them, especially grapes. Sometimes people have what they call _home-made
+wines_, which they make from blackberries, currants, elderberries,
+gooseberries, cherries, or other fruits. They may ask you to take some,
+saying, "This will do you no harm; we did not put any alcohol into it."
+They do not know what you have learned, that alcohol is always formed in
+fermented juices which contain sugar. It does not wait to be put into the
+home-made wines; it quietly comes in as they are getting made, at home or
+any other place, and will make people drunk as surely as when it is found
+in brandy or any other liquor.
+
+Some of the wines in the stores are made from grape juice, but many more
+are made by mixing hurtful and poisonous things together to make the liquor
+strong, and give it what is called a fine color and good taste.
+
+_BEER AND ALES._--These are made from grains and hops, which contain no
+sugar, it is true, but are composed of starch, which may be changed into
+sugar. When a seed of grain is put into the ground and begins to grow, the
+starch in it becomes sugar, which feeds the young plant. When a brewer
+wishes to make beer, he takes some grain, puts it in a dark place, wets it,
+and leaves it to sprout, or begin to grow. Then he puts it into an oven to
+dry it, and make it stop growing. This makes what is called _malt_. The
+malt is mashed and soaked in warm water to get the sugar out of it; this
+forms a liquid called _sweet wort_. The wort is separated from the mashed
+grain and boiled; yeast is mixed with it to help it to ferment more
+quickly; it soon becomes changed; a dirty yellow scum filled with bubbles
+comes to the top, which we know is the poisonous carbonic acid gas; the
+other poison, alcohol, stays in the liquid and makes the beer taste good to
+those who like it.
+
+Liquors made from grain are called _malt liquors_. Lager beer, and all
+kinds of ales and porters, are malt liquors. They make people dull,
+sluggish, and stupid who drink much of them. They do much mischief in the
+body, though it takes a larger quantity of any one of them to make a person
+drunk than it does of whiskey or brandy.
+
+ AN ATOM OF
+GRAPE SUGAR. CARBONIC ACID GAS. ALCOHOL.
+Carbon, 6 atoms. Carbon, 1 atom. Carbon, 2 atoms.
+Oxygen, 6 atoms. Oxygen, 2 atoms. Oxygen, 1 atom.
+Hydrogen, 12 atoms. Hydrogen, 6 atoms.
+
+SUB-FERMENTED GRAPE SUGAR MAKES 2 atoms of carbonic acid gas and 2 atoms of
+alcohol.
+
+ ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS
+ MADE FROM
+ FRUITS. GRAINS.
+_Cider._ _Wines._ _Beer, Ales, etc._
+Apples. Grapes, Gooseberries, Barley, Oats,
+_Perry._ Currants, Elderberries, Wheat, Peas, etc.
+Pears. Blackberries, Cherries, etc. Corn, (with hops).
+
+ * * * * *
+
+DISTILLATION.
+
+How does the sugar in grapes and other fruits become alcohol?--"By
+fermenting." Yes, and liquors made by fermenting are called _fermented
+liquors_. What other alcoholic drinks have you heard about beside cider,
+wines, beer, and ales?--"Gin, whiskey, brandy, rum." These are stronger
+than the fermented liquors, that is, they contain more alcohol; they are
+made by what is called _distillation_.
+
+If you boil water, and let the steam from it fall upon a cold plate, the
+steam will change back into liquid and become _distilled_ water. Making a
+liquid boil, catching the vapor or steam and cooling it, is what we mean by
+distillation.
+
+If two or more liquids are mixed together, the one that boils with the
+least heat will be drawn off first. The alcohol of beer, cider, and wines
+is mixed with water; it boils at a lower heat than water, so can be drawn
+off from it very easily. This does not make more alcohol, it only makes the
+alcohol stronger by separating it from the water.
+
+When beer or any other alcoholic liquor is to be distilled, it is poured
+into a large copper boiler, called a _still_, and boiled. A tube carries
+the vapor from the boiler into a cask filled with cold water. This tube is
+coiled like a spiral line or worm through the cask; it is called _the worm
+of the still_, and the cask is _the worm-tub_. As the vapor passes through
+the tube, it cools and drops out at the end into the worm-tub, changed into
+a liquid stronger in alcohol than that from which it was drawn or
+distilled.
+
+In this way gin is made from beer, brandy from wine, and rum from fermented
+molasses. These are very strong drinks, and only hard drinkers like them.
+But very few people begin by taking these; they first learn to like alcohol
+by drinking cider, beer, or wine, and end with gin, whiskey, or rum when
+they have become drunkards.
+
+DEFINITIONS.
+
+_DISTILLATION._ Drawing the vapor from a boiling liquid and cooling it.
+
+_STILL._ Machinery for distilling; the boiler which holds the liquid.
+
+_THE WORM OF THE STILL._ The tube which passes from the still to a cask, in
+which it coils like a worm.
+
+_WORM-TUB._ The cask which holds the tube or worm, and receives the
+distilled liquid.
+
+_DISTILLED LIQUID._ A liquid formed by cooled steam.
+
+_DISTILLED LIQUORS._ Liquors made by distilling alcoholic liquors.
+
+_FERMENTED._ Changed by decay.
+
+_FERMENTED LIQUORS._ Liquors which have been fermented or changed by decay,
+and contain alcohol.
+
+_UNFERMENTED._ Not decayed.
+
+_UNFERMENTED LIQUORS._ Liquors which contain no alcohol.
+
+ KINDS OF LIQUORS
+[5]UNFERMENTED. FERMENTED. DISTILLED.
+Grape juice, Hard cider, Gin,
+Sweet cider, (Malt liquors) Brandy,
+Root beer, Beer, Whiskey,
+Ginger beer. Lager beer, Rum.
+Perry. Ale,
+ Porter,
+
+ Wine.
+
+[5] These soon become fermented; they then contain alcohol.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+HARM DONE BY ALCOHOL IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE BODY.
+
+Raw alcohol does not do much harm to people because it is too strong for
+them to drink much of it; but the alcohol hidden in cider, ale, wine,
+whiskey, and other alcoholic drinks kills not less than _sixty thousand_
+persons in this country every year, besides those who die from its use in
+other parts of the world.
+
+There is great excitement when there is a mad dog around; and, if any one
+is bitten and dies from the dreadful hydrophobia, people are ready to
+destroy all the dogs of the neighborhood; but when a drunkard dies from
+delirium tremens or alcohol craziness, how few take any notice of the cause
+of his death, or do all they can to wage war against the use of alcoholic
+liquors.
+
+But why do we say such hard things against these liquors which some people
+love so well and think so harmless? In what way do they hurt and kill
+people? Let us see. Where does what we drink go after it has been put into
+the mouth?--"Into the stomach." If it were the right thing to go into the
+stomach, into what would it be changed?--"Into something which helps to
+make good blood."
+
+Learned men, who have examined and carefully studied about these things,
+tell us that _the stomach is hurt_ by alcohol, because the fiery fluid is
+not food, but poison which makes the stomach very sore, and gives it hard
+work to do. The veins of the stomach take it up and send it into the liver.
+The liver, which is a large organ weighing about four pounds, lies on the
+right side below the lungs; its work is, to help make the blood pure. It
+can do nothing with alcohol, so it drives it along to the heart; the heart
+sends it to the lungs; the lungs throw some of it out through the breath,
+which smells of the vile stuff that has been poisoning every part it has
+passed through since it entered the mouth.
+
+Some of the alcohol does not get out of the lungs through the breath, but
+goes with the blood back to the heart, and from the heart is sent through
+the arteries to every part of the body. No part of the body wants it.
+
+_The Skin_ drives some of it out, through its little pores, with the
+perspiration.
+
+_The Kidneys_, which lie in the back below the waist, on each side of the
+spine, send off some of the poison.
+
+Yet some of it gets into _the brain_, and there does very much mischief, of
+which you will learn more by and by. You know, if the brain is hurt, the
+mind cannot do its work of thinking properly; thus, alcohol does great
+_harm to the mind_ through the brain.
+
+_The muscles_ and _the bones_ are hurt by not being supplied with pure
+blood; _the heart_ gets tired out with overwork, and _the lungs_ become
+diseased through this same terrible alcohol.
+
+Therefore, if you would be strong and healthy, have nothing to do with
+alcoholic liquors; for
+
+ ALCOHOL POISONS
+The stomach, The liver, The blood,
+The heart, The lungs, The brain,
+The bones, The muscles, The skin,
+ And every part of the body.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+IN THE STOMACH.
+
+Children who have learned the Lesson on Digestion, and know about the coats
+of the stomach, about mastication and chyme-making, are easily made to
+understand why anything which has alcohol in it is unfit to go into the
+stomach.
+
+If we touch a drop of alcohol to the eye, it will make it sore; so alcohol
+in the stomach irritates its coats and makes them sore.
+
+Alcohol poisons the gastric juice. If we get some of this juice from the
+stomach of a calf which has just been killed, and mix alcohol with it, the
+alcohol will separate the watery part from the _pepsin_ or white part. This
+is what alcohol does in the stomach. It takes up water from the gastric
+juice, which prevents the pepsin from mixing well with the food, and
+hinders the change of the food into chyme, which cannot take place without
+pepsin.
+
+The children have already learned that alcohol keeps meat from decaying, or
+going to pieces. We explain that food in the stomach must go to pieces to
+prepare it to make blood; when mixed with alcohol, it is preserved, and the
+gastric juice cannot melt or dissolve it. Thus the stomach is hindered from
+doing its work until it gets rid of the alcohol.
+
+A true story we have read will help you to remember how troublesome alcohol
+is to the stomach. Some men in Edinburgh were paid their wages, one
+Saturday, soon after they had eaten their dinner. They got drunk and
+remained so till the next day at noon. When they became sober they had a
+headache and were so ill that they sent for a doctor; he gave them some
+medicine which brought up their Saturday's dinner just as it had gone down
+into the stomach. The poor stomach could do nothing with dinner mixed with
+whiskey or rum, because these liquors are half alcohol.
+
+You have already learned that the stomach hurries to drive out the alcohol
+into the liver; the liver sends it with the blood into the heart; the heart
+pours it into the lungs; the lungs breathe it out through the nose and
+mouth, and tell that some kind of alcoholic liquor has been taken into the
+stomach.
+
+Remember, that the alcohol which comes out in the breath is a part of that
+which _went into the mouth_. It could not be changed. It did nothing but
+mischief in its journey, which shows that it is not food, but poison. God,
+who created the body, has not given any part of it power to change alcohol
+into blood.
+
+People sometimes take ale or wine because they think it gives them an
+appetite. This is a great mistake. When any alcoholic liquor goes into the
+stomach, there is such hard work to get it out that the pain of hunger is
+not felt; when it is out, the stomach is tired and does not tell the brain
+that it is hungry. When alcohol is poured into it, day after day, it loses
+its desire for good, wholesome food, _and wants more and more alcoholic
+liquor_. It has an appetite for alcohol.
+
+Alcohol makes the stomach sore and full of disease; people who take much of
+it in liquors always suffer much from dyspepsia.
+
+So, if the stomach could speak, it would say: "Don't pour any alcohol into
+me, though you mix it and call it ale, cider, wine, or any other name that
+makes folks think it will do me no harm. You cannot deceive me. I know
+alcohol as soon as it comes down, and it always makes me suffer."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.
+
+ALCOHOL--
+ Burns or inflames the coats of the stomach.
+ Spoils the gastric juice.
+ Makes the food hard to be dissolved.
+ Makes the stomach tired and weak.
+ Takes away the appetite for wholesome food.
+ Makes an appetite for alcoholic liquors.
+ Causes disease in the stomach and other digestive organs.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTION ON BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.
+
+What harm does alcohol do in the stomach?
+
+ * * * * *
+
+TO THE BONES, MUSCLES, AND SKIN.
+
+_TO THE BONES._--You have already learned that the bones require to be
+supplied with good blood to make them strong and healthy, and that alcohol
+does not make good blood, so we need spend no time in deciding that
+alcoholic liquors do injury to the bones, and that the bones of those who
+drink these liquors are less likely to heal, when broken, than those of
+persons whose blood has not been poisoned by alcohol.
+
+_TO THE MUSCLES._--The muscles, as you know, cover and move the bones; good
+blood makes them grow, and keeps them healthy and strong. People like to
+have plenty of good muscle, for this not only gives them strength, but
+makes them look plump and well.
+
+Alcohol poisons the blood by killing many of the very little, round, red
+parts in it, called by a long name, which you can learn if you try. This
+hard name is _corpuscles_ [kor'pussls]; _corpuscle_ means _a little body_.
+
+These little bodies float in the fluid portion of the blood, and go to
+every part of the body to help keep it alive and healthy. When alcohol
+hurts them, they turn into a poor kind of fat, like suet, and cannot do any
+good. They stay in different parts and do much harm. Sometimes they lodge
+between the muscles, and make a person look strong because plump; but he is
+not strong, for his muscles are filled with fat.
+
+Sometimes the liver or the heart, which are only large muscles, become so
+heavy and soft with fat that they cannot do their work properly; they
+become weak and diseased, wear out, and cause the death of their owner, who
+has poisoned them with ale, wine, or other alcoholic drink.
+
+_TO THE SKIN._--Alcohol hurts the skin also, by feeding it with poisoned
+blood, by giving the pores extra work in carrying off some of the alcohol
+in the perspiration, and by making the little blood-vessels larger than
+they should be in a way you will learn more about by and by. These little
+blood-vessels become very full of blood, and cause the red face and blue
+nose which mark the drinker of alcoholic liquors. This redness of the skin
+tells of the mischief which alcohol is doing inside of the body. It is the
+danger-signal which warns against the use of the fiery poison.
+
+ ALCOHOL HURTS
+THE BONES, THE MUSCLES, THE SKIN,
+By supplying them with By supplying them with By supplying it with
+bad blood. bad blood; bad blood;
+ By loading them with By over-working the
+ fat which makes them perspiratory pores.
+ weak.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+TO THE BLOOD, THE LUNGS, AND THE HEART.
+
+_TO THE BLOOD._--The wonderful fluid which is the life of the body consists
+of a water-like liquid in which floats millions of the very little,
+circle-shaped, red particles which you have been taught to call
+_corpuscles_. You have also been told that alcohol kills these little
+bodies, and thus takes some of the life out of the blood, and fills it with
+useless, suet-like fat.
+
+The blood, you know, flows everywhere through the body, giving its goodness
+to make every part grow and live, and carrying away the worn-out particles
+it meets. Blood, when poisoned with alcohol, goes through the body, giving
+disease and death instead of health and life. So, if you want good, red
+blood, do not let alcohol get into it.
+
+_TO THE HEART._--When alcohol comes with the blood from the liver, the
+heart begins to beat fast to get rid of the firewater; this makes it very
+tired, for it always has enough to do in carrying bad blood to the lungs,
+and pumping good blood into the arteries, without having the extra trouble
+of driving out alcohol. Wise people will not give it this extra work to do.
+
+Besides, we told you, in the talk about the harm done by alcohol to the
+muscles, that the heart,--which is only a large muscle, or rather many
+muscles fastened together so as to make a pear-shaped organ about the size
+of your fist,--is hurt in another way by alcohol. It gets too much of the
+poor kind of fat from the blood, which fills between the muscles, and after
+awhile makes the walls of the heart so soft and weak, that we could almost
+push through them with a finger, if we could get at them.
+
+Very often the tired, overworked, weakened heart suddenly stops beating,
+and the person who would keep on drinking beer, wine, brandy, or rum falls
+down dead. "Died from heart disease," people say, when the truth is, _died
+from drinking alcoholic liquors_.
+
+_TO THE LUNGS._--What are the lungs?--"The breathing-machines of the body."
+What do they throw out?--"Bad air." What do they take in?--"Fresh air." In
+pure air there is a good kind of gas which is necessary to keep us alive;
+this gas is called _oxygen_.
+
+When air is taken into the lungs, the oxygen mixes with the blood in them
+and makes it pure. If alcohol is in the lungs, it hardens the walls of
+their air-cells, and keeps out the oxygen or good gas; at the same time it
+keeps in the impure gas, called _nitrogen_, which ought to come out through
+the nose and mouth into the air. Thus the blood in the lungs cannot be
+properly purified, and goes back to the heart impure blood which is unfit
+to be used.
+
+The lungs are also obliged to work faster when alcohol is in them, because
+with the heart they are striving to drive out the enemy. This makes the
+lungs tired, sore, and inflamed. They are not as strong to do their work,
+and are more likely to breathe in any contagious disease than are the lungs
+of people who do not drink alcoholic liquors.
+
+Some people go on drinking these poisons for many years, and seem not to be
+hurt by them; but at last they suffer from what is called Alcoholic
+Phthisis, a kind of consumption which doctors cannot cure.
+
+ HARM DONE BY ALCOHOL TO THE
+HEART. BLOOD-VESSELS. LUNGS.
+Overworks it. Hurries the blood through Makes them work too
+Makes it tired. them. fast.
+Loads it with fat. Stretches the small Heats and inflames
+Softens and destroys arteries and makes them them.
+it. unfit to work. Hardens the walls of
+ Poisons the blood in the their air-cells.
+ hair-like blood-vessels Keeps in the poisonous
+ (capillaries). gas.
+ Keeps out the good gas
+ (oxygen).
+ Weakens them and makes
+ them diseased.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+THE BLOOD ("The life ... is in the blood")
+
+Consists of
+ A colorless liquid (plasma), and
+ Little, red, circle-shaped bodies (corpuscles).
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ALCOHOL (a blood-poison)
+
+Mixes with the colorless liquid, and takes away some of its goodness.
+
+Makes some of the corpuscles
+ Smaller.
+ Change shape.
+ Lose color.
+ Lose oxygen.
+ Die, and change into useless fat
+
+ * * * * *
+
+TO THE BRAIN AND NERVES.
+
+Where is your brain?--"In my skull." What color is it?--"Gray and white."
+What does it resemble?--"Marrow." What work is done in the brain?--"The
+work of thinking." You may repeat what you have learned about the membranes
+of the brain. (See Formula for the Lesson on the Nervous System.)
+
+You say "the inner membrane is a net-work of blood-vessels." If these are
+blood-vessels in the membranes, what fills them?--"Blood." Do you think
+alcohol can get into the brain?--"Yes." How can it get there?--"It goes
+there with the blood." How can we know that alcohol does mischief in the
+brain? You cannot answer? Did you never see a drunken man? Now tell me how
+you might know his brain has been hurt by alcohol.--"He talks funny; he
+acts strangely; he is very cross; he does not know what he is doing; he
+walks crookedly; he falls down; sometimes he falls asleep, and is almost
+like a dead man; he is dead drunk."
+
+Let us study to learn why the drunken man does such strange things. The
+alcohol in this bottle, and this egg which you see, will help us find the
+cause of the mischief. You may tell what is in the egg.--"A white liquid
+and a yellow liquid." How could they be made hard?--"By making the egg hot;
+by boiling." We will try what alcohol will do to the white part. You see
+when it is poured upon the white of the egg it hardens this part as boiling
+would harden it. This white portion is composed of water and something
+called _albumen_. The alcohol dries up the water and thickens the albumen.
+
+Albumen is found not only in eggs but in some seeds, as beans, peas, corn,
+etc., also in the gray part of the brain and in the nerves.
+
+We will talk first of the harm alcohol does to the nerves. You know they
+are the grayish-white cords which pass from the brain and the spine to
+every part of the body. What do they act like in the kind of work they
+do?--"Like telegraph wires." What is their work?--"To carry messages to and
+from the brain." What kinds of nerves have you learned about?--"Nerves of
+feeling and nerves of motion."
+
+When alcohol touches a nerve, it draws away the moisture or water from it,
+and hardens the white part or albumen; this makes the nerve shrivel as if
+it had been burned; it loses its power to feel and move, or, to use a long
+word, is _paralyzed_.
+
+Alcohol paralyzes all the nerves it touches. It makes them so stupid that
+they cannot understand what the brain says to them, and they do not carry
+the right messages back to it. For instance: when the nerves of the stomach
+are poisoned by the alcohol in beer, wine, etc., they do not feel the pain
+of hunger as much as they otherwise would, and they let the brain think the
+stomach is satisfied and does not need any more food, when it is only
+stupefied by these liquors.
+
+Again, it is the work of some nerves to tell the muscles of the small
+arteries to tighten, or contract, when too much blood is coming into them.
+Alcohol so paralyzes these nerves that they do not carry their message; the
+arteries let in the blood, and become swollen and enlarged. They tell the
+mischief done to them, by causing the skin to be red or flushed. If people
+drink much of any intoxicating liquor, and often, their skin is always a
+bad color, or, as grown folks say, becomes permanently discolored. All this
+because the nerves have been made unfit to do their duty by alcohol poison.
+
+The nerves also lose power over the muscles of the limbs. This is plainly
+seen in the trembling of the hands and the unsteady walking of the
+drunkard; but is equally true of those who drink only a little now and
+then. Their nerves are not as strong and wide-awake to control the
+machinery of the body as they would be if no alcohol were troubling them.
+
+Sometimes the nerves of hearing and sight tell the brain queer stories, and
+the poor brain believes them all, for it, too, is stupefied by the same
+fire-water which has hurt the nerves. Indeed, the harm done by alcohol to
+the brain is greater than that done to any other part of the body. It takes
+the water from the albumen, and makes the white part of the brain hard, as
+if it had been cooked. It kills the little, circle-shaped, red parts of the
+blood--the corpuscles; these collect in the blood-vessels of the brain, and
+keep the blood from flowing as fast as it ought, which causes disease and
+very often death. Sometimes the brain is so much injured by the poison that
+the drinker becomes crazy, and is a great deal of trouble to himself and
+everybody else.
+
+Since all this is true, wise children will let cider, lager, ale, wine, and
+every other kind of alcoholic drink alone, and never, NEVER,
+
+ "Put an enemy into their mouths,
+ To steal away their brains."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ HARM DONE BY ALCOHOL TO THE
+NERVES. BRAIN.
+Takes away their moisture, and Fills or congests its
+paralyzes them. blood-vessels with impure
+Takes away their power to blood.
+control the muscles. Collects in it, and paralyzes
+Makes them unfit to carry it.
+messages to and from the Hardens its albumen.
+brain. So hurts it as to cause
+ craziness (insanity) and
+ death.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+MORE ABOUT THE HARM DONE BY ALCOHOL.
+
+In the lessons you have learned you have been taught about the harm done by
+alcohol to the body and the mind; can you tell, from what you have seen of
+drunken people, in what other way alcoholic liquors hurt them?--"They make
+people waste their money; they make them waste their time; they make them
+cross; they make them fight; they make them say silly and wicked words;
+they sometimes make fathers and mothers hurt their children; they make
+people lose their good name; they often make them do things for which they
+are sent to prison."
+
+Yes, this is only some of the mischief done by alcohol. If you could fly
+around the world and see everybody who has been hurt in any way by this
+terrible poison, what a sad, sad sight you would behold! At least half the
+trouble in the world comes from strong drink.
+
+Are _you_, little girl, little boy, going to join the army of drunkards?
+No, indeed! you think; but probably no one who has become a drunkard ever
+intended to do so. They all began with one glass, a few drops of some
+alcoholic liquor,--cider, wine, or beer perhaps,--and thus learned to love
+the taste of alcohol, and soon became its slaves. For this poison has the
+strange power of making those who drink it want more and more of itself,
+though they know it is doing them harm.
+
+The only safety is in letting alcoholic liquors alone, forever.
+
+BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.
+
+ ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS HURT
+ The body,
+ The mind, and
+ The soul;
+ AND MAKE PEOPLE
+WASTE LOSE UNFIT TO UNFIT TO SERVE
+Money, Strength, Think, or Themselves,
+Talents, and Health, and Work. Their neighbor,
+Time. Good name. or GOD.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+STORIES ABOUT THE HARM DONE BY ALCOHOL.[6]
+
+A YOUNG BEGINNER.--The hardest drinker I ever knew commenced on cider when
+he was only five years old. He would go to the barrel of cider in the
+cellar, which had been put there to make vinegar, and, getting a straw,
+would suck all the cider he wanted; and then, after he had played awhile,
+he would go back and get more. He kept on drinking alcoholic liquors of
+some kind, until he died a drunkard.
+
+CIDER DELIRIUM.--Dr. J.H. Travis, of Masonville, N.Y., was once called to a
+child six years old, who was raving in the wildest delirium. His symptoms
+were so peculiar that he questioned the family closely, and found that the
+day previous, at a raising, the child had drank freely of cider. After the
+men left he had procured a straw and gone to the barrel and drank till he
+was senseless, and after this the delirium came on. He exhibited undoubted
+symptoms of delirium tremens. Cider was the common beverage of the family.
+Dr. Travis has been called to several other cases of delirium tremens from
+the use of cider.--_Mrs. E.J. Richmond._
+
+A CAUTION TO MOTHERS.--One of the first literary men in the United States
+said to a temperance lecturer: "There is one thing which I wish you to do
+everywhere; entreat every mother never to give a drop of strong drink to a
+child. I have had to fight as for my life all my days to keep from dying a
+drunkard, because I was fed with spirits when a child. I thus acquired an
+appetite for it. My brother, poor fellow, died a drunkard."
+
+A GIRL DRUNKARD.--A young girl of eighteen, beautiful, intelligent, and
+temperate, the pride of her home, was recommended to take a little gin for
+some chronic ailment. She took it; it soothed the pain; she kept on taking
+it; it created an artificial appetite, and in four years she died a
+drunkard.--_Medical Temperance Journal._
+
+"A LITTLE WON'T HURT HIM."--I was the pet of the family. Before I could
+well walk I was treated to the sweet from the bottom of my father's glass.
+My dear mother would gently chide with him, "Don't, John, it will do him
+harm." To this he would smilingly reply, "This little sup won't hurt him."
+When I became a school-boy I was ill at times, and my mother would pour for
+me a glass of wine from the decanter. At first I did not like it; but, as I
+was told that it would make me strong, I got to like it. When I became an
+apprentice, I reasoned thus: "My parents told me that these drinks are
+good, and I cannot get them except at the public-house." Step by step I
+fell.... I have grown to manhood, but my course of intemperance has added
+sin to sin. My days are now nearly ended. Hope for the future I have
+none.--_Dying Drunkard._
+
+DANGER.--In one of Mr. Moody's temperance prayer meetings at Chicago, a
+reformed man attributed a former relapse of drunkenness wholly to a
+physician's prescription to take whiskey three times a day!
+
+KILLED BY THE POISON.--Many years ago, when stage coaches were in use in
+England, during a very cold night, a young woman mounted the coach. A
+respectable tradesman sitting there asked her what induced her to travel on
+such a night, when she replied that she was going to the bedside of her
+mother, of whose illness she had just heard. She was soon wrapped in such
+coats, etc., as the passengers could spare, and when they stopped the
+tradesman procured her some brandy. She declined it at first, saying she
+had never drank spirits in her life. But he said, "Drink it down; it won't
+hurt you on such a bitter night." This was done repeatedly, until the poor
+girl fell fast asleep, and when they arrived in London she could not be
+roused. She was stiff and cold in death, and the doctor, on the coroner's
+inquest, said that she had been killed by the brandy.--_Mrs. Balfour._
+
+IN CASE OF SHIPWRECK.--In the winter of 1796 a vessel was wrecked on an
+island of the Massachusetts coast, and five persons on board determined to
+swim ashore. Four of them drank freely of spirits to keep up their
+strength, but the fifth would drink none. One was drowned, and all that
+drank spirits failed and stopped, and froze one after another, the man that
+drank none being the only one that reached the house at some distance from,
+the shore, and he lived many years after that.
+
+IT EXHAUSTS STRENGTH.--Concerning one cold winter when there were very
+severe snow-storms in the Highlands of Scotland, James Hogg, the poet,
+says: "It was a received opinion all over the country that sundry lives
+were lost, and a great many more endangered, by the administration of
+ardent spirits to the sufferers _while in a state of exhaustion_. A little
+bread and sweet milk, or even bread and cold water, proved a much safer
+restorative in the fields. Some who took a glass of spirits that night
+never spoke another word, even though they were continuing to walk and
+converse when their friends joined them. One woman found her husband lying
+in a state of insensibility; she had only sweet milk and oatmeal cake to
+give him, but with these she succeeded in getting him home and saving
+him."--_Bacchus._
+
+SHIPMASTER OF THE KEDRON.--"I was brought up in a temperance school, and
+when I shipped before the mast I stuck to my principles, though everyone
+else on board drank excepting two boys whom I persuaded to abstain. In a
+very severe storm off a lee-shore, when it was so cold they had to break
+the icicles off the ropes to tack the ship, all drank but myself and these
+two boys. The men would work very well for a few minutes, and then slack
+off and take another drink, until they were all keeled up, and we three
+boys had all we could do to keep the ship from going ashore. If we had
+drank with the rest, all would have been lost, for the men were too drunk
+to save themselves. Providentially, the storm abated before morning, and we
+were saved. Now, for many years I have been captain of my own ship, and I
+never give out one drop of liquor."--_Captain Brown._
+
+ON THE PLAINS.--Twenty-six men, travelling on one of the great Western
+plains in the United States, were overtaken by cold and night. They had
+food, clothing, and whiskey, but no fire. They were warned not to drink
+whiskey or they would freeze. Three did not drink a drop, and though they
+felt cold they did not suffer nor freeze. Three more drank a little, and
+though they suffered much they did not freeze. Seven others that drank a
+good deal had their toes and fingers frozen. Six that drank pretty strong
+were badly frozen and never got over it. Four that got very boozy were
+frozen so badly that they died three or four weeks afterward. Three that
+got dead drunk were stiff dead by daylight. They all suffered just in
+proportion to the amount of whiskey they took. They were all strong men,
+and had about the same amount of clothing and blankets; the whiskey was all
+that made the difference.
+
+THE RED RIVER EXPEDITION in Canada, in 1870, is often quoted as one of the
+most laborious on record, 1200 troops travelling 1200 miles through a very
+dense wilderness, and having all their supplies to carry. They were
+ninety-four days out, and none of them had liquor. They were constantly wet
+through, sometimes for days together, and all the while at the severe labor
+of rowing, poling, tracking, and portaging, yet they were always well and
+cheery, and there was a total absence of crime.
+
+IN AFRICA it is far safer to do without intoxicating drink. Livingstone
+says that he lived without it for twenty years. Stanley performed his
+wonderful journey without it. Bruce said more than one hundred, years ago:
+"I laid down as a positive rule of health that spirits and all fermented
+liquors should be regarded as poisonous. Spring, or running water, if you
+can find it, is to be your only drink."
+
+WATERTON, the great naturalist, who travelled so much in South America,
+says: "I eat moderately, and never drink wine, spirits, or any fermented
+liquors in any climate. This abstemiousness has proved a faithful friend."
+He died by accident at the age of eighty-three.
+
+MR. HUBER, who saw 2160 perish of cholera in twenty-five days in one town
+in Russia, says that "Persons given to drinking are swept away like flies.
+In Tiflis, containing 20,000 inhabitants, every drunkard has fallen." Of
+204 cases of cholera in the Park Hospital, New York, there were but six
+temperate persons, and these recovered. In Albany, where cholera prevailed
+with severe mortality for several weeks, only two of the 5000 members of
+temperance societies became its victims. In Montreal, where the victims of
+the disease were intemperate, it usually cut them off. In Great Britain,
+those who have been addicted to spirituous liquors and irregular habits
+have been the greatest sufferers from cholera. In some towns the drunkards
+are all dead.--_Bacchus._
+
+MALT LIQUORS, under which title are included all kinds of porters and ales,
+produce the worst species of drunkenness. The effects of malt liquors are
+more stupefying than those of ardent spirits, and less easily removed. In a
+short time they render dull and sluggish the gayest disposition.--_Anatomy
+of Drunkenness._
+
+GINGER-BEER.--A man who has been a temperance-worker for forty-five years,
+says that there is often alcohol in ginger-beer. He told of a case known to
+him of a reformed man who, after drinking some, felt strongly drawn to the
+bar-room, where he drank until he brought on delirium tremens. The beer
+will sometimes ferment enough in a few hours to produce alcohol--if it
+answers the conditions--a sweet liquid and a ferment.
+
+DANGER TO THE REFORMED.--A lady who had become a drunkard through taking
+alcoholic drinks as medicines, at length, after many efforts, succeeded in
+breaking away from the power of the appetite, and for a long time she
+seemed to be saved. At length she went to visit her mother, and that mother
+put brandy peaches on the table for tea. They aroused the slumbering
+appetite, the victim fell again, became worse than ever, and died a
+miserable drunkard.
+
+[6] From _Juvenile Temperance Manual_, by Julia Colman.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+STORIES ABOUT THE RIGHT WAY TO TREAT ALE, BEER, Etc.
+
+THE RIGHT SIDE.--"Boys, which is the right side of the public house? Can
+you tell me?"--"Yes, sir, the outside."
+
+THE GOAT AND THE ALE.--Many years ago, when everybody drank freely, a Welsh
+minister named Rees Pritchard was at the ale-house drinking, when he took
+it into his head to offer some ale to a large tame goat. The animal drank
+till he fell down drunk, and the minister drank on till he was carried home
+drunk. The next day he was sick all day, but on the third day he went again
+to the ale-house, and began to drink. The goat was there, and he offered
+him more ale, but the animal would not touch it. The minister, seeing the
+animal wiser than himself, was ashamed, and gave up drinking, and became a
+worthy minister.
+
+HOW THE MONKEY WAS CURED.--A monkey named Kees had been taught to drink
+brandy. At dinner every day he had his share like his more manly (?)
+neighbors, only that his was given to him in a plate. One day, as he was
+about to drink it, his master set it on fire, and he ran off frightened and
+chattering. No inducement could afterward make him drink brandy. We have
+many stories of animals who would never drink again after they had once
+experienced its effects.
+
+THE KEEN MARKSMAN does not poison his nerves and brain with alcohol. Angus
+Cameron, a Highlander, at the age of twenty, took the Queen's prize for the
+best marksmanship, and when he was twenty-two (in 1869), he won in the same
+way a cup worth $1000. He made the best shot each time that ever had been
+made in the contest, and neither of them has been beaten by anyone else.
+Angus is a slight, modest, unassuming young man, who had been a Band of
+Hope boy. When he was announced as the winner, and all the friends made an
+ado over him, and offered him a generous glass of champagne, he quietly
+refused their mistaken kindness, and kept his pledge.
+
+BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, when a printer boy in London, would drink no beer, and
+his companions called him the water American, and wondered that he was
+stronger than they who drank beer. His companion at the press drank six
+pints of beer every day, and had it to pay for. He was not only saved the
+expense, but he was stronger than they, and better off in every way. If he
+had gone to drinking beer at that time, like the other printer boys, it is
+likely we should never have heard of him.
+
+OATMEAL DRINK.--"In Boulton and Watts' factory we saw an immense workman at
+the hottest and heaviest work, wielding a ponderous hammer, and asked him
+what liquor he drank. He replied by pointing to an immense vessel filled
+with water and oatmeal, to which the men went and drank as much as they
+liked." This is made by adding one pound fine oatmeal to each gallon of
+water, and is much used in factories and at heavy work of all kinds in
+Government works, instead of the old rations of alcoholic liquors. Iron
+puddlers, glass blowers, and athletic trainers, all do their work now
+better without alcoholic liquors.
+
+A CHANGE IN AFFAIRS.--A poor boy was once put as an apprentice to a
+mechanic; and, as he was the youngest, he was obliged to go for beer for
+the older apprentices, though he never drank it. In vain they teased and
+taunted him to induce him to drink; he never touched it. Now there is a
+great change. Every one of those older apprentices became a drunkard, while
+this temperance boy has become a master, and has more than a hundred men in
+his employ. So much for total abstinence.
+
+BOOKS BETTER THAN BEER.--An intelligent young mechanic stood up in a
+temperance meeting and said: "I have a rich treat every night among my
+books. I saved my beer money and spent it in books. They cost me, with my
+book-case, nearly $100. They furnish enjoyment for my winter evenings, and
+have enabled me, by God's blessing, to gain much useful knowledge, such as
+pots and pipes could never have given me."
+
+A LITTLE DRUMMER-BOY was a favorite among the officers, who one day offered
+him a glass of strong drink. He refused it, saying that he was a Cadet of
+Temperance. They accused him of being afraid; but that did not move him.
+Then the major commanded him to drink, saying: "You know it is death to
+disobey orders." The little fellow stood up at his full height, and fixing
+his clear blue eyes on the face of the officer, he said: "When I entered
+the army I promised my mother on bended knees that, by the help of God, I
+would not taste a drop of rum, and I mean to keep my promise. I am sorry to
+disobey orders, sir, but I would rather suffer than disgrace my mother, and
+break my temperance pledge." He was excused from drinking.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+TOBACCO.
+
+INTRODUCTORY LESSON.
+
+You have been learning about the poison alcohol, and what mischief is done
+by it; we will now study about another poison which thousands of persons
+are using every day. It is rolled in cigars and cigarettes, and hidden in
+snuff and pieces of tobacco, and does more harm to children and young
+people who use these things than to grown persons.
+
+Perhaps you know how a person feels who takes tobacco or smokes a cigar for
+the first time; if not, we will tell you. He begins to be dizzy, to
+tremble, to become faint, and to vomit; his head aches, and he is so sick
+for hours, often for several days, that he scarcely knows what to do. Why
+is he so sick? Because tobacco poison has been taken into his lungs; also,
+some has mixed with the saliva and gone down into his stomach; and each
+part it has reached is striving to drive it out, and is saying, by the pain
+it causes, "You have given me poison; do not give me any more." If he had
+taken enough it would have killed him.
+
+He recovers from this sickness and tries chewing or smoking again and
+again, until he becomes accustomed to the poison and can chew or smoke and
+it does not hurt him; so he thinks, but he is very much mistaken.
+
+Tobacco is a poison, and hurts everybody who uses it every time they do so,
+although it does its evil work very slowly, unless taken in large
+quantities. To understand more about this we will try to learn how tobacco
+is obtained, what poison is in it, and in what way it harms people.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+THE STORY ABOUT TOBACCO.
+
+_HOW IT CAME TO BE USED._--Tobacco is the leaves of the tobacco plant, a
+native of America. It was used by the Indians of this country before
+Columbus came here in 1492. Some of the Spaniards who were with him on his
+second visit took some of it back with them to Portugal, and told the
+people they had discovered a wonderful medicine. From Spain tobacco seed
+was sent to France by Jean Nicot, in 1560. It is said that Sir Walter
+Raleigh carried it to England in 1586, when Elizabeth was queen.
+
+In a few years many civilized people were snuffing, chewing, and smoking
+tobacco, like the wild Indians, although it cost them a great deal of money
+to do so. King James does not seem to have liked it very much, for he said,
+"It is a custome loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the
+brain, and dangerous to the lungs." He called the smoke "stinking fumes."
+
+_THE TOBACCO PLANT._ This plant belongs to the same family as the deadly
+nightshade, henbane, belladonna, thorn-apple, Jerusalem cherry, potato,
+tomato, egg-plant, cayenne pepper, bitter-sweet, and petunia. Most of the
+plants of this Nightshade family have more or less poison in their leaves
+or fruit. Tobacco is supposed to have been named from the pipe used by the
+Indians in smoking its leaves.
+
+The common tobacco plant grows from three to six feet high, and has large,
+almost lance-shaped, leaves growing down the stems; its flowers are
+funnel-shaped and of a purplish color. When fresh the leaves have very
+little odor or taste.
+
+_HOW TOBACCO IS USED._--When the plants are ripe, they are cut off above
+the roots and placed where they will become dry, sometimes in a building
+made for this purpose, called "a tobacco house." After a short time they
+begin to smell strong and taste bitter. They are then stripped from the
+stems very carefully and sorted. The leaves nearest the root are considered
+the poorest, those at the top generally the best.
+
+The different sorts are packed in separate hogsheads, and sent away to be
+sold to manufacturers of cigars, snuff, etc.
+
+The manufacturer has some leaves rolled into cigars, some pressed into
+cakes for chewing, or into little pieces to be smoked in a pipe; while some
+are ground for snuff. While the dried leaves are being rolled, pressed, or
+ground, various substances are mixed with them to give them an agreeable
+odor and pleasant taste.
+
+Yet, however pleasant the manufacturer may make them as he rolls, presses,
+or grinds, he cannot take the poison out of them. It remains in its brown
+covering to do much harm to those who may smoke the cigars, use the snuff,
+or chew the tobacco.
+
+BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.
+
+ THE TOBACCO PLANT.
+NATIVE OF FOUND BY TAKEN TO GROWS IN THE
+America. Columbus, 1492. Portugal, Torrid and
+ 1496. temperate zones.
+ France, 1560.
+(About 50 species.) England, 1586.
+
+ DESCRIPTION. FAMILY
+_Height_, 3 to 6 feet. _The same as the_ Jerusalem Cherry,
+_Leaves,_ lance-ovate, and running Petunia,
+down the stem. Potato,
+_Stem,_ hairy and sticky. Tomato,
+_Flowers,_ funnel-shaped and Egg-plant,
+purplish. Red pepper, etc.
+
+ HOW MADE READY FOR USE.
+ (1) (2)
+Cut-off above the roots. Flavored and scented.
+Dried. Rolled for cigars.
+Stripped; sorted. Pressed for chewing.
+Packed, and sold to the Ground for snuff.
+manufacturers.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+THE POISON IN TOBACCO AND THE HARM IT DOES.
+
+_THE POISON._--What is the poison in fermented liquors?--"Alcohol." In
+distilled liquors?--"Alcohol" True; and the strongest poison in tobacco is
+_nicotine_, named from the man who first sent it to France, Jean Nicot.
+Beside this it contains several others, some of which we shall tell you
+about when we make up our blackboard outline.
+
+Tobacco, like alcohol, is a narcotic; that is, it soothes pain and produces
+sleep. Alcohol acts first upon the nerves; tobacco upon the muscles, which
+it weakens and causes to tremble. It often causes palpitation of the heart.
+
+If the skin is scratched or punctured, and tobacco poison put into the
+wound, it will do the same harm as if it were taken into the stomach.
+Tobacco is so dangerous that physicians do not use it much as a medicine.
+
+_HARM DONE IN THE STOMACH._--You remember that after alcohol has been
+swallowed, the little mouths of the stomach take it up and carry it to the
+liver, which sends it with the blood to different parts of the body.
+
+Tobacco, as we have already told you, poisons more slowly. People do not
+swallow it purposely, yet some of it goes down, accidentally, into the
+stomach with the saliva, and makes trouble there, causing nausea and
+vomiting when taken for the first time. By and by the stomach seems to take
+the poison without being hurt, but it really suffers from dyspepsia or
+other diseases, and often loses its appetite for wholesome food.
+
+_HARM DONE IN THE MOUTH, THROAT, AND LUNGS._--The mouth takes in some of
+the poison through the pores of the membrane, or skin, which lines it;
+those who smoke, sometimes have what is called "smokers' sore throat";
+besides this, the senses of taste and smell arc more or less injured by
+nicotine and the other poisons in tobacco.
+
+The fumes, or smoke, from the weed fills the air with poisonous vapor which
+irritates the lungs, not only of the smoker, but of all who are where they
+must breathe the same atmosphere. Lungs thus irritated are liable to become
+diseased.
+
+Cigarettes are still more injurious than cigars because of the smoke from
+their paper coverings; also, because from the way they are made, more of
+the tobacco poison goes into the lungs. The cheap cigarette which boys use
+is made from cast-away cigar stumps and other filthy things.
+
+_HARM DONE IN THE BRAIN AND NERVES._--The smoker feels so rested and
+comfortable, after his cigar, and his brain is so rested, that he does not
+think about the mischief that is going on among its blood-vessels and
+nerves; perhaps he has never heard that tobacco, snuffed, chewed, or smoked
+hurts the brain, and does not learn about it until he finds he is losing
+his memory, that his mind is not so strong to think as it should be, and
+his will too weak to help him conquer his love for the snuff, tobacco, or
+cigar, when he wishes to stop using it. He has become the slave of tobacco,
+and it is not easy to get free from his cruel enemy.
+
+The nerves also lose their power, or become more or less paralyzed by
+nicotine and the other tobacco poisons.
+
+_MORE ABOUT THE HARM DONE BY TOBACCO._--Some persons who continue to use
+tobacco are strong enough to throw off the poison through the lungs, the
+skin, and in other ways; but how much better it would be if they were not
+obliged to employ their strength in getting rid of that which does them no
+good, which only gives a little pleasure to nobody but themselves, and
+often makes those suffer who are compelled to remain where they are having
+"a good smoke." Beside, their breath and clothing have the tobacco odor,
+which not only makes the air impure, but is disagreeable to most people.
+
+If this be true of smoking, what shall we say about the filthy habit of
+chewing, and the utterly useless and disgusting practice of taking snuff,
+which injures the voice as well as the senses of taste and smell?
+
+And what about spitting tobacco juice on the floors of cars, steamboats,
+churches,--any place where it is convenient for the man or boy who has lost
+his common politeness in his love for tobacco?
+
+We must not forget that cigars, etc., cost money. No one who smokes, chews,
+or snuffs would throw away dollars and cents which might be put into the
+savings bank, or used in buying something worth having for himself or
+somebody else.
+
+Lastly, we would have you know that tobacco causes thirst, and this often
+leads to drinking alcoholic liquors. Some one who has studied this subject,
+says that "nine out of ten of the boys and young men who become drunkards
+have first learned to smoke or chew tobacco." A New York daily paper gave a
+list of 294 cases of insanity caused by drinking, in 246 of which the
+whiskey drinking followed tobacco chewing.
+
+Tobacco and alcohol make thousands of wretched homes, and send a great many
+people to prison or to the insane asylum; so we entreat you to turn from
+beer, wine, and all alcoholic liquors as you would from a serpent, and say
+No, when tempted to smoke a cigar or use tobacco in any form.
+
+Do this all the more decidedly because, as we have told you before, alcohol
+and tobacco hurt children and young persons in every way more than they
+injure any one else. If you have begun to use these poisons, give them up
+this very day, before the habit of using them becomes too strong for you to
+break.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+QUESTIONS ON THE USE OF TOBACCO.
+
+Of what poison beside alcohol have you been studying?--"Tobacco."
+
+How is tobacco used?--"Some take it in snuff; some chew it; some smoke it
+in a pipe; some smoke it in cigars or cigarettes."
+
+What is the name of the strongest poison in tobacco?--"Nicotine."
+
+What harm does tobacco poison do to the body?--See Blackboard Outline.
+
+What harm does it do to the mind?--See Blackboard Outline.
+
+Whom does it harm most?--"Those who begin to use it when they are children
+or very young."
+
+What happens to children or young people if they use tobacco in any
+way?--"They are not healthy; they are not strong; they do not grow fast;
+they look pale and sickly."
+
+How does the tobacco poison hurt their minds?--"They cannot learn fast;
+they often forget what they have learned."
+
+What often makes tobacco-chewers, snuffers, and smokers disagreeable to
+clean people?--"Their breath smells of tobacco; their clothes smell of
+tobacco; they poison the air with tobacco-fumes; some have the filthy habit
+of spitting tobacco-juice wherever they happen to be."
+
+What other harm does the use of tobacco do to people?--"It makes them waste
+time and money; it leads some to drink alcoholic liquors and to go with bad
+company."
+
+If you are wise how will you treat tobacco?--"I will let it alone."
+
+If you have begun to use it what had you better do?--"Give it up to-day."
+
+Why to-day?--"Because the longer I use it the harder it will be for me to
+give it up."
+
+If you keep on using it what will you be?--"A tobacco slave."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.
+
+ TOBACCO.
+POISONS IN TOBACCO SMOKE. EFFECTS OF THE POISONS.
+Carbonic acid Causes sleepiness and headache.
+Carbonic oxide Causes trembling of the muscles and
+ heart.
+Ammonia Bites the tongue; makes too much
+ work for the salivary glands.
+Nicotine See below.
+
+
+
+ NICOTINE
+IS CAUSES
+Odorous, Weakness,
+Pungent, Nervousness,
+Emetic, Dizziness,
+Poisonous, Nausea,
+Pain-soothing, Faintness,
+Sleep-producing, _i.e._ Narcotic. Loss of strength,
+ Stupor,
+ _If taken in large quantities_ Convulsions and Death.
+
+
+
+ SOME OF THE HARM DONE BY TOBACCO
+ TO THE BODY. TO THE MIND, ETC.
+Poisons the saliva. Makes the memory poor.
+Injures the sense of smell, taste, Lessens the power to think.
+sight, and hearing. Weakens the will.
+Causes "smokers' sore-throat." Makes people grow in selfishness
+Injures the stomach, causing and impoliteness.
+dyspepsia, etc. Makes people waste time and
+Often takes away the appetite for money.
+wholesome food. Often leads to drunkenness and bad
+Irritates the air-cells of the company.
+lungs. Sometimes causes insanity.
+Causes palpitation of the heart.
+Weakens the muscles, causing
+trembling.
+Injures the eyes.
+Excites, then stupefies and
+paralyzes the brain and the nerves.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+OPIUM AND OTHER NARCOTICS.
+
+_OPIUM._--Opium is the juice obtained from the seed-vessels of the white
+poppy before they are ripe; this is dried, and smoked in a pipe or chewed.
+It makes a person feel very pleasant and happy for a little while, then so
+horribly wretched that he takes more of the poison to forget his misery. So
+he keeps on until mind and body are a complete wreck. Now and then an opium
+slave gets free from the dreadful habit which has mastered him, but usually
+the slavery ends only in death.
+
+_LAUDANUM AND MORPHINE._--These soothe pain and cause sleep; but beware of
+them; they are made from opium, and like it, though more slowly, hurt mind
+and body.
+
+Beware also of _chloral hydrate_ and _chloroform_, which physicians give to
+ease suffering and produce sleep. _Endure pain_ rather than form the habit
+of using these narcotics.
+
+_HASHISH, ETC._--This is prepared from the hemp plant growing in hot
+countries, and is a terribly exciting poison.
+
+The _areca nut_, the seed from a kind of palm, pear-shaped, and resembling
+a nutmeg, is mixed with quick-lime and wrapped in a betel-leaf, which grows
+on a vine belonging to the pepper family. This mixture reddens the saliva
+and lips, and blackens the teeth. It is chewed by millions of people in
+India.
+
+The leaves of the _coca_, also of the _thorn apple_, are smoked or chewed
+by the South American Indian.
+
+ALL these poisons mean the same thing,--
+
+ _A little pleasure_, DISEASE, and DEATH.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+Practical Work in the School-Room.
+
+BY SARAH F. BUCKELEW & MARGARET W. LEWIS.
+
+Part I.--THE HUMAN BODY.
+
+TEACHERS' EDITION.
+
+A TRANSCRIPT OF LESSONS GIVEN IN THE PRIMARY DEPARTMENT OF GRAMMAR SCHOOL
+NO. 49, NEW YORK CITY.
+
+This work was prepared especially to aid Teachers in giving oral
+instructions in Physiology to Primary and Intermediate Classes. It is,
+perhaps, the only Physiology published that is suitable for these grades.
+Considerable attention is paid to the subject of Alcohol and Narcotics.
+
+ "First is given _a model lesson_; second, _a formula_, embodying the
+ principal facts given during the development and teaching; third,
+ _questions for the formula_; fourth, _directions for teaching_; and
+ fifth, _questions on the lesson_. These last are important. A full plan
+ of lessons is given for each week for five months, in each of six
+ grades, showing exactly how much work ought to be attempted. No book
+ could be made more helpful to teachers. To the thousands who are
+ asking, 'Tell us how to teach,' here are full, minute, and correct
+ instructions. Even the answers expected are given, blackboard outlines
+ are arranged, and nothing is wanting to make the book as useful to
+ teachers as it is possible for any book to be. It ought to have a large
+ sale. No book published during the last ten years will do more to drive
+ away routine from the school-room and introduce thought than this, _if
+ only the teachers will use it_. Its introduction displaces nothing but
+ the old-fashioned monotonous recitations. Let them go; we welcome this
+ book as an important aid in hastening along the good time of better
+ teaching. It is excellently printed, with good paper and
+ binding."--_The New York School Journal._
+
+Illustrated. Price by mail, 75 cents.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+DEVELOPMENT LESSONS.
+
+BY PROF. E.V. DEGRAFF & MISS M.K. SMITH.
+
+IN FIVE PARTS.
+
+I. FIFTY LESSONS ON THE SENSES, SIZE, FORM, PLACE, PLANTS, AND INSECTS.
+
+ These lessons are presented objectively with a view to showing how
+ elementary work in natural science may be done.
+
+II. QUINCY SCHOOL WORK.
+
+III. LECTURES ON THE SCIENCE AND ART OF TEACHING.
+
+ Specific instruction is given on how to teach Reading, Spelling,
+ Phonics, Language, Geography, Arithmetic, etc.
+
+IV. SCHOOL GOVERNMENT.
+
+V. "THE NEW DEPARTURE IN THE SCHOOLS OF QUINCY." By CHAS. FRANCIS ADAMS.
+
+ DR. A.D. MAYO says, in the _New England Journal of Education_:
+ "Although we have given place in our book-notice column to an
+ appreciative mention of the volume, 'Development Lessons,' a new
+ reading seems to call for a new commendation of this admirable guide to
+ teachers. Mr. DeGraff needs no special 'boom' as a first-class
+ institute man, and his extracts of lectures in Part III. sparkle with
+ valuable suggestions. In no published work is Col. Parker really seen
+ to such advantage as in the 'reports of conversations' with him in Part
+ II., which can be studied with profit by every teacher. But perhaps the
+ most complete portion of this admirable book is the 178 pages of
+ lessons on the Senses, Size, Form, Place, Plants, and Insects, by MISS
+ M.K. SMITH, now Teacher of Methods in the State Normal School at Peru,
+ Neb."
+
+Handsomely Bound and Illustrated. 300 pages. Price by mail, $1.50.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OBJECT LESSONS ON THE HUMAN BODY***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 15435.txt or 15435.zip *******
+
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/5/4/3/15435
+
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
+paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works. See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+ the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+ you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is
+ owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+ has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+ Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments
+ must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+ prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+ returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+ sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+ address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+ the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+ you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+ does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+ License. You must require such a user to return or
+ destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+ and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+ Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+ money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+ electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+ of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+ distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.
+
+
+Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+ Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+ Chief Executive and Director
+ gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations. To donate, please visit:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+
+Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+ https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.25.1) at 2026-03-09 11:05:20 +0000