1 files changed, 6315 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/16273.txt b/16273.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dac9d4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/16273.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6315 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Manual of Heraldry; Fifth Edition, by
+Anonymous
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Manual of Heraldry; Fifth Edition
+       Being a Concise Description of the Several Terms Used, and Containing a Dictionary of Every Designation in the Science
+
+
+Author: Anonymous
+
+
+
+Release Date: July 12, 2005  [eBook #16273]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MANUAL OF HERALDRY; FIFTH
+EDITION***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Robert Connal, Wallace McLean, Lesley Halamek, and the
+Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+(https://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 16273-h.htm or 16273-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/6/2/7/16273/16273-h/16273-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/6/2/7/16273/16273-h.zip)
+
++-----------------------------------------------------------------+
+| Transcriber's Note: The following changes have been made to     |
+| inconsistent spelling in the original text: Chap. IV.: 'scarpe' |
+| for 'scrape'; and, in the dictionary: SEME/seme for SEME/seme.  |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MANUAL OF HERALDRY:
+
+Being a Concise Description of the Several Terms Used, and
+Containing a Dictionary of Every Designation in the Science
+
+Illustrated by Four Hundred Engravings on Wood
+
+Fifth Edition
+
+London:
+Arthur Hall, Virtue & Co.
+25, Paternoster Row.
+London:
+R. Clay, Printer, Bread Street Hill.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+ORIGIN OF COATS OF ARMS.
+
+
+Heraldry is the science which teaches how to blazon or describe in
+proper terms armorial bearings and their accessories.
+
+Many volumes have been written on the origin of Heraldry and even on
+the antiquity of separate charges contained in an escutcheon: it would
+be filling the pages of an elementary work on Heraldry to little
+purpose to enter upon an inquiry as to the exact period of the
+introduction of an art that has existed in some degree in all
+countries whose inhabitants have emerged from barbarism to
+civilization. In all ages men have made use of figures of living
+creatures, trees, flowers, and inanimate objects, as symbolical signs
+to distinguish themselves in war, or denote the bravery and courage of
+their chief or nation.
+
+The allegorical designs emblazoned on the standards, shields, and
+armour of the Greeks and Romans--the White Horse of the Saxons, the
+Raven of the Danes, and the Lion of the Normans, may all be termed
+heraldic devices; but according to the opinions of Camden, Spelman,
+and other high authorities, hereditary arms of families were first
+introduced at the commencement of the twelfth century. When numerous
+armies engaged in the expeditions to the Holy Land, consisting of the
+troops of twenty different nations, they were obliged to adopt some
+ensign or mark in order to marshal the vassals under the banners
+of the various leaders. The regulation of the symbols whereby the
+Sovereigns and Lords of Europe should be distinguished, all of whom
+were ardent in maintaining the honour of the several nations to which
+they belonged, was a matter of great nicety, and it was properly
+entrusted to the Heralds who invented signs of honour which could not
+be construed into offence, and made general regulations for their
+display on the banners and shields of the chiefs of the different
+nations. The ornaments and regulations were sanctioned by the
+sovereigns engaged in the Crusade, and hence the origin of the present
+system of Heraldry, which prevails with trifling variations in every
+kingdom of Europe.
+
+The passion for military fame which prevailed at this period led to
+the introduction of mock battles, called Tournaments. Here the Knights
+appeared with the Heraldic honours conferred upon them for deeds of
+prowess in actual battle. All were emulous of such distinctions. The
+subordinate followers appeared with the distinctive arms of their
+Lord, with the addition of some mark denoting inferiority. These marks
+of honour at first were merely pieces of stuff of various colours cut
+into strips and sewn on the surcoat or garment worn over armour, to
+protect it from the effect of exposure to the atmosphere. These strips
+were disposed in various ways, and gave the idea of the chief, bend,
+chevron, &c. Figures of animals and other objects were gradually
+introduced; and as none could legally claim or use those honourable
+distinctions unless they were granted by the Kings of Arms, those
+Heraldic sovereigns formed a code of laws for the regulation of titles
+and insignia of honour, which the Sovereigns and Knights of Europe
+have bound themselves to protect; and those rules constitute the
+science of Heraldry which forms the subject of the following pages.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. II.
+
+VARIOUS SORTS OF ARMS.
+
+
+Arms are not only granted to individuals and families, but also to
+cities, corporate bodies, and learned societies. They may therefore be
+classed as follows:--
+
+Arms of DOMINION, PRETENSION, CONCESSION. COMMUNITY, PATRONAGE,
+FAMILY. ALLIANCE, AND SUCCESSION.
+
+_Arms of Dominion or Sovereignty_ are properly the arms of the kings
+or sovereigns of the territories they govern, which are also regarded
+as the arms of the State. Thus the Lions of England and the Russian
+Eagle are the arms of the Kings of England and the Emperors of Russia,
+and cannot properly be altered by a change of dynasty.
+
+_Arms of Pretension_ are those of kingdoms, provinces, or territories
+to which a prince or lord has some claim, and which he adds to his
+own, though the kingdoms or territories are governed by a foreign king
+or lord: thus the Kings of England for many ages quartered the arms
+of France in their escutcheon as the descendants of Edward III., who
+claimed that kingdom, in right of his mother, a French princess.
+
+_Arms of Concession_ are arms granted by sovereigns as the reward of
+virtue, valour, or extraordinary service. All arms granted to subjects
+were originally conceded by the Sovereign.
+
+_Arms of Community_ are those of bishoprics, cities, universities,
+academies, societies, and corporate bodies.
+
+_Arms of Patronage_ are such as governors of provinces, lords of
+manors, &c., add to their family arms as a token of their superiority,
+right, and jurisdiction.
+
+_Arms of Family_, or paternal arms, are such as are hereditary and
+belong to one particular family, which none others have a right to
+assume, nor can they do so without rendering themselves guilty of a
+breach of the laws of honour punishable by the Earl Marshal and the
+Kings at Arms. The assumption of arms has however become so common
+that little notice is taken of it at the present time.
+
+_Arms of Alliance_ are those gained by marriage.
+
+_Arms of Succession_ are such as are taken up by those who inherit
+certain estates by bequest, entail, or donation.
+
+
+SHIELDS, TINCTURES, FURS, &c.
+
+The _Shield_ contains the field or ground whereon are represented the
+charges or figures that form a coat of arms. These were painted on the
+shield before they were placed on banners, standards, and coat armour;
+and wherever they appear at the present time they are painted on a
+plane or superficies resembling a shield.
+
+[Illustration: Escutcheon]
+
+[Illustration: Lozenge]
+
+Shields in Heraldic language are called Escutcheons or Scutcheons,
+from the Latin word _scutum_. The forms of the shield or field upon
+which arms are emblazoned are varied according to the taste of the
+painter. The Norman pointed shield is generally used in Heraldic
+paintings in ecclesiastical buildings: the escutcheons of maiden
+ladies and widows are painted on a lozenge-shaped shield. Armorists
+distinguish several points in the escutcheon in order to determine
+exactly the position of the bearings or charges. They are denoted in
+the annexed diagram, by the first nine letters of the alphabet ranged
+in the following manner:
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+|-----------------|
+|  A     B     C  |          A, the dexter chief.
+|                 |          B, the precise middle chief.
+|        D        |          C, the sinister chief.
+|                 |          D, the honour point.
+|        E        |          E, the fess point.
+|                 |          F, the nombril point.
+|        F        |          G, the dexter base.
+|                 |          H, the precise middle base.
+|  G     H     I  |          I, the sinister base.
+ \               /
+   \ --------- /
+
+
+
+The dexter side of the escutcheon answers to the left hand, and the
+sinister side to the right hand of the person that looks at it.
+
+
+TINCTURES.
+
+By the term _Tincture_ is meant that variable hue which is given to
+shields and their bearings; they are divided into colours and furs.
+
+The colours or metals used in emblazoning arms are--
+
+  yellow,
+  white,
+  red,
+  blue,
+  black,
+  green,
+  purple,
+  orange,
+  murrey.
+
+
+These colours are denoted in engravings by various lines or dots, as
+follows:
+
+[Illustration: OR]
+
+OR, which signifies _gold_, and in colour yellow, is expressed by
+dots.
+
+[Illustration: ARGENT]
+
+ARGENT signifies _silver_ or _white_: it is left quite plain.
+
+[Illustration: GULES]
+
+GULES signifies _red_: it is expressed by lines drawn from the chief
+to the base of the shield.
+
+[Illustration: AZURE]
+
+AZURE signifies _blue_: it is represented by lines drawn from the
+dexter to the sinister side of the shield, parallel to the chief.
+
+[Illustration: VERT]
+
+VERT signifies _green_: it is represented by slanting lines, drawn
+from the dexter to the sinister side of the shield.
+
+[Illustration: PURPURE]
+
+PURPURE, or _purple_, is expressed by diagonal lines, drawn from the
+sinister to the dexter side of the shield.
+
+[Illustration: SABLE]
+
+SABLE, or _black_, is expressed by horizontal and perpendicular
+lines crossing each other.
+
+[Illustration: TENNE]
+
+TENNE, which is _tawny_, or _orange_ colour, is marked by diagonal
+lines drawn from the sinister to the dexter side of the shield,
+traversed by perpendicular lines from the chief.
+
+[Illustration: SANGUINE]
+
+SANGUINE is _dark red_, or _murrey_ colour; it is represented by
+diagonal lines crossing each other.
+
+In addition to the foregoing tinctures, there are nine roundlets or
+balls used in Armory, the names of which are sufficient to denote
+their colour without expressing the same.
+
+[Illustration: BEZANT]
+
+BEZANT, _Or_.
+
+[Illustration: HURTS]
+
+HURTS, _Azure_.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE]
+
+PLATE, _Argent_.
+
+[Illustration: TORTEAUX]
+
+TORTEAUX, _gules_.
+
+[Illustration: GOLPE]
+
+GOLPE, _purpure_.
+
+[Illustration: ORANGE]
+
+ORANGE, _tenne_.
+
+[Illustration: POMEIS]
+
+POMEIS, _vert_.
+
+[Illustration: PELLET]
+
+PELLET, _sable_.
+
+[Illustration: GUZES]
+
+GUZES, _sanguine_.
+
+
+FURS.
+
+_Furs_ are used to ornament garments of state and denote dignity: they
+are used in Heraldry, not only for the lining of mantles and other
+ornaments of the shield, but also as bearings on escutcheons.
+
+WHITE, represented by a plain shield, like argent.
+
+[Illustration: ERMINE]
+
+ERMINE--white powdered with black tufts.
+
+[Illustration: ERMINES]
+
+ERMINES--field sable, powdering argent.
+
+[Illustration: ERMINOIS]
+
+ERMINOIS--field or, powdering sable.
+
+[Illustration: PEAN]
+
+PEAN--field sable; powdering, or.
+
+ERMYNITES--Argent, powdered sable, with the addition of a single red
+hair on each side the sable tufts. This fur is seldom seen in English
+heraldry; and it is impossible to give an example without using
+colour.
+
+[Illustration: VAIR]
+
+VAIR--argent and azure. It is represented by small bells, part
+reversed, ranged in lines in such a manner, that the base argent is
+opposite to the base azure.
+
+[Illustration: COUNTER-VAIR]
+
+COUNTER-VAIR, is when the bells are placed base against base, and
+point against point.
+
+[Illustration: POTENT]
+
+POTENT--an obsolete word for a crutch: it is so called in Chaucer's
+description of Old Age.
+
+  "So eld she was that she ne went
+  A foote, but it were by potent."
+
+The field is filled with small potents, ranged in lines, azure and
+argent.
+
+[Illustration: POTENT COUNTER-POTENT.]
+
+POTENT COUNTER-POTENT. The heads of the crutches or potents touch each
+other in the centre of the shield.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. III.
+
+LINES USED IN PARTING THE FIELD.
+
+
+Escutcheons that have more than one tincture are divided by lines; the
+straight lines are either perpendicular |, horizontal --, diagonal
+line dexter \, and diagonal line sinister /.
+
+Curved and angular lines are numerous, and each has an Heraldic name
+expressive of its form. The names and figures of those most commonly
+used by English armorists are as follow:--
+
+Engrailed
+
+[Illustration: Engrailed]
+
+Invected
+
+[Illustration: Invected]
+
+Wavy, or unde
+
+[Illustration: Wavy]
+
+Embattled, or crenelle
+
+[Illustration: Embattled]
+
+Nebule
+
+[Illustration: Nebule]
+
+Indented
+
+[Illustration: Indented]
+
+Dancette
+
+[Illustration: Dancette]
+
+Angled
+
+[Illustration: Angled]
+
+Bevilled
+
+[Illustration: Bevilled]
+
+Escartelle
+
+[Illustration: Escartelle]
+
+Nowy, or franche
+
+[Illustration: Nowy]
+
+Dove-tailed
+
+[Illustration: Dove-tailed]
+
+Embattled grady: sometimes called battled embattled
+
+[Illustration: Embattled grady]
+
+Potent
+
+[Illustration: Potent]
+
+Double arched
+
+[Illustration: Double arched]
+
+Arched or enarched
+
+[Illustration: Arched]
+
+Urdee
+
+[Illustration: Urdee]
+
+Radient
+
+[Illustration: Radient]
+
+If a shield is divided into four equal parts, it is said to be
+quartered: this may be done two ways, viz.--
+
+[Illustration: Quartered per cross]
+
+QUARTERED PER CROSS--The shield is divided into four parts, called
+quarters, by an horizontal and perpendicular line, crossing each other
+in the centre of the field, each of which is numbered.
+
+[Illustration: Quartered per Saltier]
+
+QUARTERED PER SALTIER, which is made by two diagonal lines, dexter and
+sinister, crossing each other in the centre of the field.
+
+[Illustration: Quarterings]
+
+The Escutcheon is sometimes divided into a great number of parts, in
+order to place in it the arms of several families to which one is
+allied; this is called a genealogical achievement. The compartments
+are called QUARTERINGS.
+
+
+DIFFERENCES.
+
+All members of the same family claim the same bearings in their coat
+of arms; and to distinguish the principal bearer from his descendants
+or relatives, it was necessary to invent some sign, so that the degree
+of consanguinity might be known. These signs are called DIFFERENCES.
+During the Crusades the only difference consisted in the bordure or
+border, which, as the name implies, was a border or edging running
+round the edge of the shield. The colour and form of this border
+served to distinguish the leaders of the different bands that served
+under one duke or chieftain. The same difference might be used to
+denote a diversity between particular persons descended from one
+family. At the present time they are not used to denote a difference,
+but as one of the ordinaries to a coat of arms. The annexed example
+exhibits the arms of the Monastery of Bermondsey. Party per pale,
+azure and gules; a bordure, argent. This bordure is plain; but they
+may be formed by any of the foregoing lines.
+
+[Illustration: Monastery of Bermondsey arms.]
+
+[Illustration: or, a bordure engrailed, gules]
+
+The annexed example is or, a bordure engrailed, gules.
+
+The differences used by armorists at the present time are nine in
+number. They not only distinguish the sons of one family, but also
+denote the subordinate degrees in each house.
+
+The Heir, or first son, the LABEL
+
+[Illustration: Label]
+
+Second Son, the CRESCENT
+
+[Illustration: Crescent]
+
+Third Son, the MULLET
+
+[Illustration: Mullet]
+
+Fourth Son, the MARTLET
+
+[Illustration: Martlet]
+
+Fifth Son, the ANNULET
+
+[Illustration: Annulet]
+
+Sixth Son, the FLEUR-DE-LIS
+
+[Illustration: Fleur-de-Lis]
+
+Seventh Son, the ROSE
+
+[Illustration: Rose]
+
+Eighth Son, the CROSS MOLINE
+
+[Illustration: Cross Moline]
+
+Ninth Son, the DOUBLE QUATREFOIL
+
+[Illustration: Double Quatrefoil]
+
+Should either of the nine brothers have male children, the eldest
+child would place the label on the difference that distinguished his
+father; the second son would place the crescent upon it; the third the
+mullet; continuing the same order for as many sons as he may have.
+
+The label only, is used in the arms of the royal family as a
+difference; but the points of the label are charged with different
+figures to distinguish the second and succeeding sons. The arms of the
+sons of King George III. were thus distinguished: the shield of the
+arms of the Prince of Wales by a label; the Duke of York's by the
+label, the centre point of which was charged with a red cross; that
+of the Duke of Clarence by a label, the dexter and sinister points
+of which were charged with an anchor, the centre point with the red
+cross; each of the succeeding sons were differenced by charges on the
+points of the labels.
+
+All the figures denoting differences are also used as perfect charges
+on the shield; but their size and situation will sufficiently
+determine whether the figure is used as a perfect coat of arms, or is
+introduced as a difference or diminution.
+
+Sisters have no differences in their coats of arms. They are permitted
+to bear the arms of their father, as the eldest son does after his
+father's decease.
+
+Guillim, Leigh, and other ancient armorists mention divers figures,
+which, they assert, were formerly added to coats of arms as marks of
+degradation for slander, cowardice, murder, and other crimes, and to
+them they give the name of abatements of honour; others have called
+them blots in the escutcheon: but as no instance can be produced of
+such dishonourable marks having been borne in a coat of arms, they
+may justly be considered as chimerical, or at any rate obsolete,
+and unworthy of consideration at the present time. Porney pithily
+observes, "that arms being marks of honour, they cannot admit of any
+note of infamy, nor would any one bear them if they were so branded.
+It is true, a man may be degraded for divers crimes, particularly high
+treason; but in such cases the escutcheon is reversed, trod upon, and
+torn in pieces, to denote a total extinction and suppression of the
+honour and dignity of the person to whom it belonged."
+
+The only abatement used in heraldry is the baton: this denotes
+illegitimacy. It is borne in the escutcheons of the dukes that assume
+the royal arms as the illegitimate descendants of King Charles the
+Second.
+
+[Illustration: Baton]
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IV.
+
+HONOURABLE ORDINARIES.
+
+
+Honourable ordinaries are the original marks of distinction bestowed
+by sovereigns on subjects that have become eminent for their services,
+either in the council or the field of battle. Volumes have been
+written upon the origin and form of the honourable ordinaries. These
+long and tedious inquiries can only be interesting to antiquaries: it
+is sufficient for the tyro in Heraldry to know that they are merely
+broad lines or bands of various colours, which have different names,
+according to the place they occupy in the shield; ancient armorists
+admit but nine honourable ordinaries--the chief, the pale, the bend,
+the bend sinister, the fess, the bar, the chevron, the cross, and the
+saltier.
+
+The _chief_ is an ordinary terminated by an horizontal line, which, if
+it is of any other form but straight, its form must be expressed; it
+is placed in the upper part of the escutcheon, and occupies one third
+of the field.
+
+Ex. Argent, on a chief, gules, two mullets, sable.
+
+[Illustration: Chief]
+
+Any of the lines before described may be used to form the chief.
+
+[Illustration: Chief]
+
+Ex. Argent, a chief, azure, indented.
+
+The chief has a diminutive called a _fillet_; it must never be more
+than one fourth the breadth of the chief.
+
+[Illustration: Fillet]
+
+Ex. Or, a chief, purpure, in the lower part a fillet, azure.
+
+This ordinary may be charged with a variety of figures, which are
+always named after the tincture of the chief.
+
+It may be necessary to inform the reader that, in describing a coat
+of arms, the general colour of the shield or the field is first
+described, then the honourable ordinaries, their tinctures, then the
+object with which they are charged. We shall have to remark more
+particularly on the order of describing ordinaries, tinctures, and
+charges on coats of arms, when we treat of the rules of heraldry; but
+the student might have been confused if this brief direction had been
+omitted, as we shall have to describe every shield of arms in the same
+order.
+
+The _pale_ is an honourable ordinary, consisting of two perpendicular
+lines drawn from the top to the base of the escutcheon, and contains
+one third of the width of the field.
+
+[Illustration: Pale]
+
+Ex. Azure, a pale, or.
+
+The pale may be formed of any of the lines before described; it is
+then called a _pale engrailed, a pale dancette_, &c.
+
+The pale has a diminutive called the _pallet_, which is one half the
+width of the pale.
+
+[Illustration: Pallet]
+
+Ex. Argent, a pallet, gules.
+
+The pale has another diminutive one fourth its size; it is called an
+_endorse_.
+
+[Illustration: Endorse]
+
+Ex. Argent, a pale between two endorses, gules.
+
+The pale and the pallet may receive any charge; but the endorse is
+never to be charged with any thing.
+
+
+THE BEND.
+
+The _bend_ is an honourable ordinary, formed by two diagonal lines
+drawn from the dexter chief to the sinister base, and contains the
+fifth part of the field if uncharged; but if charged with other
+figures, the third part of the field.
+
+[Illustration: Bend]
+
+Ex. Argent, a bend, vert.
+
+The bend has four diminutives, viz. the _garter_ which is half the
+breadth of the bend.
+
+[Illustration: Garter]
+
+Ex. Argent, a garter, gules.
+
+The _cotice_ which is the fourth part of the bend. Cotices generally
+accompany the bend in pairs; thus a bend between two cotices is said
+to be cotised.
+
+[Illustration: Cotice]
+
+Ex. Gules, a bend, argent, coticed of the same.
+
+The _riband_, which is one third less than the garter and the
+_bendlet_, must never occupy more than one sixth of the field.
+
+[Illustration: Riband]
+
+Ex. Argent, a riband vert.
+
+[Illustration: Bendlet]
+
+Ex. Gules, two bendlets, engrailed, argent.
+
+The _bend sinister_ is the same breadth as the bend dexter, and is
+drawn from the sinister to the dexter side of the shield.
+
+[Illustration: bend sinister]
+
+Ex. Argent, a bend sinister, purpure.
+
+The _scarpe_ is the diminutive of the bend sinister, and is half its
+size.
+
+[Illustration: scarpe]
+
+Ex. Argent, a scarpe, purpure.
+
+The _baton _is the fourth part of the bend, and, as before mentioned,
+it is a mark of illegitimacy, and seldom used in Heraldry, but by the
+illegitimate descendants of royalty.
+
+[Illustration: baton]
+
+Ex. Gules, a baton, sable, garnished, or.
+
+
+THE FESS AND BAR.
+
+The _fess_ is formed by two horizontal lines drawn above and below the
+centre of the shield. The fess contains in breadth one third of the
+field.
+
+[Illustration: fess]
+
+Ex. Argent, a fess, azure.
+
+The _bar _is formed in the same manner as the fess, but it only
+occupies the fifth part of the field. It differs from the fess, that
+ordinary being always placed in the centre of the field; but the bar
+may be placed in any part of it, and there may be more than one bar in
+an escutcheon.
+
+[Illustration: Bar]
+
+Ex. Gules, two bars, argent.
+
+The _closet_ is a diminutive of the bar, and is half its width.
+
+[Illustration: Closet]
+
+Ex. Argent, two closets, azure.
+
+The _barrulet_ is half the width of the closet.
+
+[Illustration: Barrulet]
+
+Ex. Gules, two barrulets, argent.
+
+The annexed example is to illustrate the word _gemels_, which is
+frequently used to describe double bars. The word _gemels_ is a
+corruption of the French word _jumelles_, which signifies double.
+
+[Illustration: Gemels]
+
+Ex. Azure, two bars, gemels, argent.
+
+When the shield contains a number of bars of metal and colour
+alternate, exceeding five, it is called _barry_ of so many pieces,
+expressing their numbers.
+
+[Illustration: Barry]
+
+Ex. Barry of seven pieces, argent and azure.
+
+
+THE CHEVRON.
+
+The figure of the _chevron_ has been described as representing the
+gable of a roof. It is a very ancient ordinary, and the less it is
+charged with other figures the more ancient and honourable it appears.
+
+[Illustration: Chevron]
+
+Ex. Argent, a chevron, gules.
+
+The diminutives of the chevron, according to English Heraldry, are the
+_chevronel_, which is half the breadth of the chevron.
+
+[Illustration: Chevronels]
+
+Ex. Argent, two chevronels, gules.
+
+And the _couple-close_, which is half the chevronel.
+
+[Illustration: Couple-closes]
+
+Ex. Gules, three couple-closes interlaced in base, or.
+
+_Braced_ is sometimes used for interlaced. See the word BRACED in the
+Dictionary.
+
+
+THE CROSS.
+
+This, as its name imports, was the distinguishing badge of the
+Crusaders, in its simplest form. It was merely two pieces of list or
+riband of the same length, crossing each other at right angles. The
+colour of the riband or list denoted the nation to which the Crusader
+belonged. The cross is an honourable ordinary, occupying one fifth of
+the shield when not charged, but if charged, one third.
+
+[Illustration: Cross]
+
+Ex. Or, a cross, gules.
+
+When the cross became the distinguishing badge of different leaders in
+the Crusades, the simple form given in the preceding example was not
+generally adopted. Some bordered the red list with a narrow white
+edge, others terminated the arms of the cross with short pieces of the
+same colour, placed transversely, making each arm of the cross have
+the appearance of a short crutch; the ends of these crutches meeting
+in a point, make the cross potent. There is so great a variety of
+crosses used in Heraldry that it would be impossible to describe them
+within the limits of this introduction to Heraldry. The reader will
+find a great number of those most used in English Heraldry described
+and illustrated in the Dictionary. He of course will understand, if a
+coat of arms comes under his notice where this ordinary is described
+as a cross engrailed, a cross invected, &c., that the form of the
+cross is the same as that in the last example, but that the lines
+forming it are engrailed, invected, &c. Small crosses borne as charges
+are called crosslets.
+
+See the words CROSS, CROSSLETS, in the Dictionary.
+
+
+THE SALTIER.
+
+The _saltier_ was formed by making two pieces of riband cross
+diagonally, having the appearance of the letter X, or, speaking
+heraldically, the bend and bend sinister crossing each other in the
+centre of the shield. The saltier, if uncharged, occupies one-fifth of
+the field; if charged, one-third.
+
+[Illustration: Saltier]
+
+Ex. Gules, a saltier, argent.
+
+Like the cross, the saltier may be borne engrailed, wavy, &c., and the
+termination of the arms of the saltier varied; but there are not so
+many examples of the variation of the form in the saltier as in the
+cross.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. V.
+
+SUBORDINATE ORDINARIES.
+
+
+In order more particularly to distinguish the subordinates in an army
+(the chieftains of different countries alone being entitled to the
+preceding marks of honour), other figures were invented by ancient
+armorists, and by them termed subordinate ordinaries. Their names and
+forms are as follows:--
+
+[Illustration: Gyron]
+
+The _gyron_ is a triangular figure formed by drawing a line from the
+dexter angle of the chief of the shield to the fess point, and an
+horizontal line from that point to the dexter side of the shield.
+
+The field is said to be _gyrony_ when it is covered with gyrons.
+
+[Illustration: Gyrony]
+
+Ex. Gyrony of eight pieces, argent and gules.
+
+[Illustration: Canton]
+
+The _canton_ is a square part of the escutcheon, usually occupying
+about one-eighth of the field; it is placed over the chief at the
+dexter side of the shield: it may be charged, and when this is the
+case, its size may be increased. The canton represents the banner of
+the ancient Knights Banneret. The canton in the example is marked A.
+
+See KNIGHTS BANNERET in the Dictionary.
+
+The _lozenge_ is formed by four equal and parallel lines but not
+rectangular, two of its opposite angles being acute, and two obtuse.
+
+[Illustration: Lozenge]
+
+Ex. Argent, a lozenge, vert.
+
+The _fusil_ is narrower than the lozenge, the angles at the chief and
+base being more acute, and the others more obtuse.
+
+[Illustration: Fusil]
+
+Ex. Argent, a fusil, purpure.
+
+The _mascle_ is in the shape of a lozenge but perforated through its
+whole extent except a narrow border.
+
+[Illustration: Mascle]
+
+Ex. Gules, a mascle, argent.
+
+The _fret_ is formed by two lines interlaced in saltier with a mascle.
+
+[Illustration: Fret]
+
+Ex. Azure, a fret, argent.
+
+_Fretty_ is when the shield is covered with lines crossing each other
+diagonally and interlaced.
+
+[Illustration: Fretty]
+
+Ex. Gules, fretty of ten pieces, argent.
+
+At the present time it is not usual to name the number of pieces, but
+merely the word fretty.
+
+The _pile_ is formed like a wedge, and may be borne wavy, engrailed,
+&c.; it issues generally from the chief, and extends towards the base,
+but it may be borne in bend or issue from the base.
+
+See PILE and IN PILE in Dictionary.
+
+[Illustration: Pile]
+
+Ex. Argent, a pile, azure.
+
+The _inescutcheon_ is a small escutcheon borne within the shield.
+
+[Illustration: Inescutcheon]
+
+Ex. Argent, a pale, gules, over all an inescutcheon or, a mullet
+sable.
+
+An _orle_ is a perforated inescutcheon, and usually takes the shape of
+the shield whereon it is placed.
+
+[Illustration: Orle]
+
+Ex. Azure, an orle, argent.
+
+The _flanche_ is formed by two curved lines nearly touching each other
+in the centre of the shield.
+
+[Illustration: Flanche]
+
+Ex. Azure, a flanche, argent.
+
+In the _flasque_ the curved lines do not approach so near each other.
+
+[Illustration: Flasque]
+
+Ex. Azure, a flasque, argent.
+
+In the _voider_ the lines are still wider apart; this ordinary
+occupies nearly the whole of the field: it may be charged.
+
+[Illustration: Voider]
+
+Ex. Azure, a voider, argent.
+
+The _tressure_ is a border at some distance from the edge of the
+field, half the breadth of an orle: the tressure may be double or
+treble.
+
+[Illustration: Tressure]
+
+Ex. Or, a double tressure, gules.
+
+Tressures are generally ornamented, or borne flory or counter flory as
+in the annexed example.
+
+[Illustration: Ornamented double tressure]
+
+Ex. Argent, a double tressure, flory and counter-flory, gules.
+
+
+CHARGES BORNE IN COATS OF ARMS.
+
+At first when the Feudal System prevailed, not only in England, but
+other parts of Europe, none but military chieftains bore Coats of
+Arms. And as few persons held land under the Crown but by military
+tenure, that is, under the obligation of attending in person with
+a certain number of vassals and retainers when their services were
+required by the king for the defence of the state, heraldic honours
+were confined to the nobility, who were the great landholders of the
+kingdom. When they granted any portion of their territory to their
+knights and followers as rewards for deeds of prowess in the field or
+other services, the new possessors of the land retained the arms of
+their patrons with a slight difference to denote their subordinate
+degree. The ingenuity of the armorist was not then taxed to find a
+multitude of devices to distinguish every family. And when chivalry
+became the prevailing pursuit of all that sought honour and
+distinction by deeds of arms and gallant courtesy, the knights assumed
+the privilege that warriors in all ages have used; viz. that of
+choosing any device they pleased to ornament the crests of their
+helmets in the field of battle, or in the mock combat of the
+tournament: the knight was known and named from the device used as
+his crest. Thus the heralds, in introducing him to the judges of the
+field, or to the lady that bestowed the prizes, called him the Knight
+of the Swan, the Knight of the Lion, &c., without mentioning any other
+title. And knights whose fame for gallantry and prowess was firmly
+established, had their crests painted over their coats of arms. In two
+or three generations the bearer of the arms established his right to
+a new crest, and the heralds, to preserve the memory of the ancient
+honour of the family, introduced the old crest into the coat of arms,
+either as a charge upon the principal ordinary, or on an unoccupied
+part of the field. This will in some measure account for the variety
+of animals and parts of animals found in shields of arms. When the
+sovereigns of Europe, to decrease the power of the great barons,
+bestowed estates and titles not only for deeds of arms, but wisdom in
+council, superior learning, and other qualities which the original
+bearers of arms thought beneath their notice, the heralds were obliged
+to invent new symbols in emblazoning the arms of the modern nobility;
+and when arms were granted to civic and commercial corporations, and
+to private individuals who had no claim to military honours, we can
+easily conceive that the ingenuity of the armorists was severely
+tested, and excuse the apparent confusion that prevailed in granting
+arms after the War of the Roses. Sir William Dugdale, in his treatise
+entitled "Ancient Usage in bearing Arms", states that, "Many errors
+have been and are still committed in granting coats of arms to such
+persons as have not advanced themselves by the sword, being such as
+rise by their judgment or skill in arts, affairs, and trades"; with
+good reason affirming that the latter should however only be allowed
+"notes or marks of honour fit for their calling, and to show forth the
+manner of their rising, and not be set off with those representations
+which in their nature are only proper for martial men."
+
+It would be utterly impossible to give either a graphic or written
+description of all the charges in a book of this size or even in one
+ten times as large. The sun, moon, stars, comets, meteors, &c.,
+have been introduced to denote glory, grandeur, power, &c.; lions,
+leopards, tigers, serpents, stags, have been employed to signify
+courage, strength, prudence, swiftness, &c.
+
+The application to certain exercises, such as war, hunting, music,
+fishing, &c., has furnished lances, swords, armour, musical
+instruments, architecture, columns, chevrons, builders' tools, &c.
+Human bodies, or distinct parts of them, are frequently used as
+charges. Trees, plants, fruits, and flowers have also been admitted
+to denote the rarities, advantages, and singularities of different
+countries.
+
+The relation of some creatures, figures, &c. to particular names
+has been a fruitful source for variety of arms. Thus, the family of
+Coningsby bears three conies; of Arundel, six swallows; of Corbet, a
+raven; of Urson, a bear; of Camel, a camel; of Starky, a stork; of
+Castleman, a castle triple-towered; of Shuttleworth, three
+weaver's shuttles. Hundreds of other names might be given, but the
+before-mentioned will be sufficient to show the reader the origin of
+many singular charges in coats of arms.
+
+Not only were natural and artificial figures used, but the lack of
+information on Zoology and other branches of Natural History led to
+the introduction of fabulous animals, such as dragons, griffins,
+harpies, wiverns, &c. A great number of charges, indeed most of them
+that require explanation, will be found in the Dictionary of Heraldic
+Terms, which will prevent the necessity of describing them more at
+large in this part of the book.
+
+
+THE EXTERNAL ORNAMENTS OF ESCUTCHEONS.
+
+The ornaments that accompany or surround escutcheons were introduced
+to denote the birth, dignity, or office of the person to whom the coat
+of arms belongs. We shall merely give the names of the various objects
+in this place, and refer the reader to the different words in the
+Dictionary. Over regal escutcheons are placed the crown which pertains
+to the nation over which the sovereign presides. The crown is
+generally surmounted with a crest: as in the arms of the kings of
+England, the crown is surmounted by a lion statant, guardant, crowned.
+
+Over the Papal arms is placed a tiara or triple crown, without a
+crest.
+
+Above the arms of archbishops and bishops the mitre is placed instead
+of a crest.
+
+_Coronets_ are worn by all princes and peers. They vary in form
+according to the rank of the nobleman. A full description will be
+found in the Dictionary of the coronets of the prince of Wales, royal
+dukes, dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, and barons.
+
+_Helmets_ are placed over arms, and show the rank of the person to
+whom the arms belong: 1st, by the metal of which they are made; 2dly,
+by their form; 3dly, by their position. See the word HELMET in the
+Dictionary.
+
+_Mantlings_ were the ancient coverings of helmets to preserve them and
+the bearers from the injuries of the weather. It is probable that they
+were highly ornamented with scroll-work of gold and silver, and their
+borders or edges cast into fanciful shapes. They are now formed into
+scroll-work proceeding from the sides of the helmet, and are great
+ornaments to an escutcheon. See a more full description under the word
+MANTLING.
+
+
+CHAPEAUX.
+
+A _chapeau_ is an ancient hat or rather cap of dignity worn by dukes.
+They were formed of scarlet velvet and turned up with fur. They are
+frequently used instead of a wreath under the crests of noblemen and
+even gentlemen.
+
+The wreath was formed by two large skeins of silk of different colours
+twisted together. This was worn at the lower part of the crest, not
+alone as an ornament, but to protect the head from the blow of a mace
+or sword. In Heraldry the wreath appears like a straight line or roll
+of two colours generally the same as the tinctures of the shield. The
+crest is usually placed upon the wreath.
+
+The crest is the highest part among the ornaments of a coat of arms.
+It is called crest from the Latin word _crista_, which signifies comb
+or tuft.
+
+Crests were used as marks of honour long before the introduction of
+Heraldry. The helmets and crests of the Greek and Trojan warriors are
+beautifully described by Homer. The German heralds pay great attention
+to crests, and depict them as towering to a great height above the
+helmet. Knights who were desirous of concealing their rank, or wished
+particularly to distinguish themselves either in the battle field or
+tourney, frequently decorated their helmets with plants or flowers,
+chimerical figures, animals, &c.; these badges were also assumed
+by their descendants. The difference between crests and badges as
+heraldic ornaments is, that the former are always placed on a wreath,
+in the latter they are attached to the helmet. The scroll is a label
+or ribbon containing the motto: it is usually placed beneath the
+shield and supporters; see the word MOTTO in the Dictionary.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VI.
+
+MARSHALLING CHARGES ON ESCUTCHEONS BY THE RULES OF HERALDRY.
+
+
+The symbolic figures of Heraldry are so well known to those acquainted
+with the science in every kingdom of Europe, that if an Englishman was
+to send a written emblazonment or description of an escutcheon to
+a French, German, or Spanish artist acquainted with the English
+language, either of them could return a properly drawn and coloured
+escutcheon; but a correct emblazonment would be indispensable. A
+single word omitted would spoil the shield.
+
+
+I.
+
+The reader has already been informed that in emblazoning an
+escutcheon, the colour of the field is first named; then the principal
+ordinary, such as the fess, the chevron, &c., naming the tincture and
+form of the ordinary; then proceed to describe the charges on the
+field, naming their situation, metal, or colour; lastly, describe the
+charges on the ordinary.
+
+
+II.
+
+When an honourable ordinary or some one figure is placed upon another,
+whether it be a fess, chevron, cross, &c., it is always to be named
+after the ordinary or figure over which it is placed, with either the
+words surtout or overall.
+
+
+III.
+
+In the blazoning such ordinaries as are plain, the bare mention of
+them is sufficient; but if an ordinary should be formed of any of the
+curved or angular lines, such as invected, indented, &c., the lines
+must be named.
+
+
+IV.
+
+When a principal figure possesses the centre of the field, its
+position is not to be expressed; it is always understood to be in the
+middle of the shield.
+
+
+V.
+
+When the situation of a principal bearing is not expressed, it is
+always understood to occupy the centre of the field. Ex. See Azure, an
+annulet argent, p. 48. (Dictionary)
+
+
+VI.
+
+The number of the points of mullets must be specified if more than
+five: also if a mullet or any other charge is pierced, it must be
+mentioned.
+
+
+VII.
+
+When a ray of the sun or other single figure is borne in any other
+part of the escutcheon than the centre, the point it issues from must
+be named.
+
+
+VIII.
+
+The natural colour of trees, plants, fruits, birds, &c., is to be
+expressed in emblazoning by the word _proper_; but if they vary from
+their natural colour, the tincture or metals that is used must be
+named.
+
+
+IX.
+
+Two metals cannot come in contact: thus or, cannot be placed on
+argent, but must be contrasted with a tincture.
+
+X.
+
+When there are many figures of the same species borne in coats of
+arms, their number must be observed as they stand, and properly
+expressed. The annexed arrangements of roundlets in shields will show
+how they are placed and described.
+
+[Illustration: Two roundlets in pale]
+
+[Illustration: Two roundlets in fess]
+
+The two roundlets are arranged in pale, but they may appear in chief
+or base; or in fess, as in No. 2.
+
+[Illustration: Three roundlets, two over one]
+
+Three roundlets, two over one; if the single roundlet had been at the
+top, it would have been called _one over two_.
+
+[Illustration: Three roundlets in bend]
+
+Three roundlets in bend. They might also be placed in fess, chief,
+base, or in pale.
+
+[Illustration: Four roundlets, two over two]
+
+Four roundlets, two over two. Some armorists call them _cantoned_ as
+they form a square figure.
+
+[Illustration: Five roundlets in saltier]
+
+Five roundlets; two, one, two, in saltier.
+
+[Illustration: Five roundlets in cross]
+
+Five roundlets; one, three, one, or in cross.
+
+[Illustration: Six roundlets paleway]
+
+Six roundlets; two, two, two, paleway.
+
+[Illustration: Six roundlets in pile]
+
+Six roundlets; three, two, one, in pile.
+
+There are seldom more figures than seven, but no matter the number;
+they are placed in the same way, commencing with the figures at the
+top of the shield, or in chief. If the field was strewed all over with
+roundlets, this would be expressed by the word _seme_.
+
+_Marshalling coats of arms_, is the act of disposing the arms of
+several persons in one escutcheon, so that their relation to each
+other may be clearly marked.
+
+In Heraldry, the husband and wife are called _baron and femme_; and
+when they are descended from distinct families, both their arms are
+placed in the same escutcheon, divided by a perpendicular line through
+the centre of the shield. As this line runs in the same direction, and
+occupies part of the space in the shield appropriated to the ordinary
+called the pale, the shield is in heraldic language said to be _parted
+per pale_. The arms of the baron (the husband) are always placed on
+the dexter side of the escutcheon; and the femme (the wife), on the
+sinister side, as in the annexed example.
+
+[Illustration: Parted per pale, baron and femme, two coats]
+
+Parted per pale, baron and femme, two coats; first, or, a chevron
+gules; second, barry of twelve pieces, azure and argent.
+
+If a widower marries again, the arms of both his wives are placed on
+the sinister side, which is parted per fess; that is, parted by an
+horizontal line running in the direction of the fess, and occupying
+the same place. The arms of the first wife are placed in the upper
+compartment of the shield, called the chief; the arms of the second
+wife in the lower compartment, called the base.
+
+[Illustration: Parted per pale, baron and femme, three coats]
+
+Parted per pale, baron and femme, three coats;--first, gules, on a
+bend azure, three trefoils vert: second, parted per fess, in chief
+azure, a mascle or, with a label argent for difference. In base
+ermine, a fess, dancette gules. The same rule would apply if the
+husband had three or more wives; they would all be placed in the
+sinister division of the shield.
+
+Where the baron marries an heiress, he does not impale his arms with
+hers, as in the preceding examples, but bears them in an escutcheon of
+pretence in the centre of the shield, showing his pretension to her
+lands in consequence of his marriage with the lady who is legally
+entitled to them. The escutcheon of pretence is not used by the
+children of such marriage; they bear the arms of their father and
+mother quarterly, and so transmit them to posterity. Annexed is an
+example of the arms of the femme on escutcheon of pretence.
+
+[Illustration: Baron and femme, two coats]
+
+Baron and femme, two coats; first, gules, a saltier argent; second, on
+an escutcheon of pretence, azure, a chevron, or.
+
+If a peeress in her own right, or the daughter of a peer, marries a
+private gentleman, their coats of arms are not conjoined paleways, as
+baron and femme, but are placed upon separate shields by the side of
+each other; they are usually inclosed in a mantel, the shield of the
+baron occupying the dexter side of the mantel, that of the femme the
+sinister; each party has a right to all the ornaments incidental to
+their rank. The femme claiming the arms of her father, has a right to
+his supporters and coronet. The baron, who only ranks as an esquire,
+has no right to supporters or coronet, but exhibits the proper helmet,
+wreath, and crest.
+
+The peeress, by marrying one beneath her in rank, confers no dignity
+on her husband, but loses none of her own. She is still addressed as
+"your ladyship," though her husband only ranks as a gentleman; and it
+is for this reason that the arms cannot be conjoined in one shield as
+baron and femme.
+
+Ex. Baron and femme, two atchievements. First, azure, a pile or, crest
+a star of six points, argent; second, gules, a cross flory argent,
+surmounted by an earl's coronet: supporters, on the dexter side a stag
+ducally gorged and chained, on the sinister side a griffin gorged and
+chained; motto, Honour and Truth.
+
+[Illustration: Baron and femme, two atchievements]
+
+In the arms of the femme joined to the paternal coat of the baron, the
+proper differences by which they were borne by the father of the lady
+must be inserted.
+
+If the arms of the baron has a bordure, that must be omitted on the
+sinister side of the shield.
+
+Archbishops and bishops impale the paternal arms with the arms of the
+see over which they preside, placing the arms of the bishopric on the
+dexter, and their paternal arms on the sinister side of the shield; a
+bishop does not emblazon the arms of his wife on the same shield with
+that which contains the arms of the see, but on a separate shield.
+
+Arms of augmentation are marshalled according to the direction of the
+College of Heralds: they are usually placed on a canton in the dexter
+chief of the shield; in some cases they occupy the whole of the chief.
+The mark of distinction denoting a baronet is usually placed on an
+escutcheon, on the fess point of the shield.
+
+The rules here laid down apply to funeral atchievements, banners, &c.
+The only difference, as will be seen by the annexed examples, is, that
+the ground of the hatchment is black, that surrounds the arms of the
+deceased, whether baron or femme, and white round the arms of the
+survivor.
+
+[Illustration: 1]
+
+In fig. 1. the black is left on the dexter side, showing that the
+husband is deceased, and that his wife survives him.
+
+[Illustration: 2]
+
+Fig. 2. shows that the husband survives the wife.
+
+[Illustration: 3]
+
+Fig. 3. shows that the husband and his first wife are deceased, and
+that the second wife is the survivor.
+
+[Illustration: 4]
+
+Fig. 4. The shield on the dexter side of the hatchment is parted per
+pale; first, the arms of the bishopric; second, the paternal arms of
+the bishop. The shield on the dexter (sic) side is the arms of the bishop
+impaling those of his wife as baron and femme; the ground of the
+hatchment is black round the sinister side of this shield, showing
+that it is the wife that is dead.
+
+[Illustration: 5]
+
+Fig. 5. is the hatchment of a lady that has died unmarried. The arms
+of females of all ranks are placed in a lozenge-shaped shield.
+
+[Illustration: 6]
+
+Fig. 6. is the hatchment of the widow of a bishop; the arms are the
+same as those displayed at fig. 4.: here the lozenge-shaped shield
+is parted per pale. Baron and femme:--first, parted paleways, on
+the dexter side the arms of the bishopric, on the sinister side the
+paternal arms of the bishop. Second, the arms of the femme: the widow
+of a bishop has a right to exhibit the arms of the see over which her
+husband presided, as though (sic) his death has dissolved all connection
+with the see. She has a right to emblazon all that will honour her
+deceased husband.
+
+For banners, pennons, guidons, cyphers, hatchments, &c., and all other
+matters where heraldic emblazonment is used in funeral processions,
+the reader is referred to the Dictionary.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VII.
+
+ORDER OF PRECEDENCY.
+
+
+The order of precedency to be observed in England was settled by an
+act of parliament passed in the thirty-first year of the reign of
+Henry VIII. The order has been varied at different periods to accord
+with the alterations in the families of the reigning monarchs, and
+the creation of new offices. The following table shows the order of
+precedency at the present time, viz. the eighth year of the reign of
+Queen Victoria.
+
+  The Queen.
+  The Prince of Wales.
+  The Queen's Children.
+  Prince Albert of Saxe Cobourg and Gotha.
+  The Queen's Uncles.
+  The Children of the Queen's Uncles.
+
+The following dignitaries precede all Dukes, except those of the blood
+royal:--
+
+  Archbishop of Canterbury, primate of all England.
+  Lord High Chancellor or Keeper.
+  Archbishop of York, primate of England.
+  Lord High Treasurer.
+  Lord President of the Privy Council.
+  Lord Privy Seal.
+
+The following dignitaries precede all of their own degree:--
+
+  The Earl Marshal.
+  Lord Steward of her Majesty's household.
+  Lord Chamberlain.
+  Secretaries of State.
+
+  Dukes according to the date of their patent.
+  Marquises according to the date of their patent.
+  Dukes' eldest Sons.
+  Earls according to their patents.
+  Marquises' eldest Sons.
+  Dukes' younger Sons.
+  Viscounts according to their patents.
+  Earls' eldest Sons.
+  Marquises' younger Sons.
+  Bishops of London, Durham, and Winchester; all other Bishops
+    according to their seniority of consecration.
+  Barons according to their patents.
+  Speaker of the House of Commons.
+  Viscounts' eldest Sons.
+  Earls' younger Sons.
+  Barons' eldest Sons.
+  Knights of the Garter, commoners.
+  Privy Councillors, commoners.
+  Chancellor of the Exchequer.
+  Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
+  Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench.
+  Master of the Rolls.
+  The Vice-Chancellor of England.
+  Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas.
+  Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer.
+  Judges and Barons of the degree of the Coif, according to seniority
+  Viscounts' younger Sons.
+  Barons' younger Sons.
+  Baronets.
+  Knights of the Bath.
+  Knights Commanders of the Bath.
+  Field and Flag Officers.
+  Knights Bachelors.
+  Masters in Chancery.
+  Doctors graduate.
+  Serjeants at Law.
+  Esquires of the King's Body.
+  Esquires of the Knights of the Bath.
+  Esquires by creation.
+  Esquires by office.
+  Clergymen, Barristers at Law, Officers in the Royal Navy and Army who
+    are Gentlemen by Profession, and Gentlemen entitled to bear arms.
+  Citizens.
+  Burgesses.
+
+The Lords Spiritual of Ireland rank next after the Lords Spiritual of
+Great Britain; the priority of signing any treaty or public instrument
+by the members of the government is always taken by rank of place, not
+by title.
+
+The style prefixed to the titles of the peerage of Great Britain and
+Ireland are as follows :--
+
+  Princes of the Blood, His Royal Highness.
+  Archbishops, His Grace.
+  Dukes, The Most Noble His Grace.
+  Marquesses, the Most Honorable.
+  Earls, Viscounts, and Barons, The Right Honorable.
+  Bishops, The Right Reverend.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+DICTIONARY OF HERALDIC TERMS.
+
+
+ABAISSE. A French word, generally used in heraldry instead of the
+English word abased. When the fess, or any other ordinary properly
+placed above the fess point of the shield, is brought below it, that
+ordinary is said to be _abaisse_.
+
+ABATEMENT. Any figure added to coats of arms tending to lower
+the dignity or station of the bearer. Thus, the baton, denoting
+illegitimacy, is an abatement: so, also, are the differences in coats
+of arms showing the degrees of consanguinity.
+
+ADDORSED. Any animals set back to back. See LION.
+
+ALLERION. An eagle displayed, without beak or feet.
+
+[Illustration: Allerion]
+
+Ex. Argent, an allerion gules.
+
+ALTERNATE. Figures or tinctures that succeed each other by turns.
+
+AMETHYST. A precious stone of a violet colour, the name of which was
+formerly used instead of purpure, to denote the purple tincture when
+emblazoning the arms of the English nobility.
+
+ANNULET. A small circle borne as a charge in coats of arms.
+
+[Illustration: Annulet]
+
+Ex. Azure, an annulet argent. Annulets are added to arms for a
+difference. See DIFFERENCES, p. 13. [CHAP. III.]
+
+ANCIENT. A small flag or ensign. The bearer of the flag was called by
+its name. _Iago_ was ancient to the troops commanded by _Othello_.
+
+  "This is Othello's ancient, as I take it.
+  The same indeed, a very valiant fellow."   SHAKSPEARE.
+
+ARCHBISHOPS. Church dignitaries of the first class. There are but two
+in England--the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Archbishop of York.
+The former is the first peer of England next to the royal family, and
+has the title of _Grace_ given to him; and likewise _Most Reverend
+Father in God_. He is styled Primate of all England, and Metropolitan.
+
+The Archbishop of York has precedence of dukes and great officers of
+state, except the lord chancellor. He is called _His Grace_ and
+_Most Reverend Father in God_; and styled _Primate of England_ and
+_Metropolitan_.
+
+ARGENT. The French word for silver, of which metal all white fields or
+charges are supposed to consist.
+
+[Illustration: Argent]
+
+ARMED. This word is used to express the horns, hoofs, beak, or talons
+of any beast or bird of prey, when borne of a different tincture from
+those of their bodies.
+
+[Illustration: Armed]
+
+Ex. Crest, a demi-griffin armed, gules.
+
+ARMORIST. A person skilled in the bearings of coats of arms, and all
+relating to their emblazonment.
+
+ARMS. A word derived from the Latin _arma_, which signifies in
+Heraldry a mark of honour, serving to distinguish states, cities,
+families, &c.
+
+ARROWS. Short darts feathered at the ends.
+
+[Illustration: Arrows]
+
+Ex. Argent, three arrows paleways, points in chief sable, feathered.
+
+ASPECTANT. Animals placed face to face in a charge are said to be
+aspectant. If they are about to attack each other, they are said to be
+combatant.
+
+ASSUMPTIVE. Arms assumed without being sanctioned by a grant from the
+College of Heralds.
+
+ASSURGENT. A man or beast rising out of the sea is said to be
+assurgent.
+
+ATCHIEVEMENT. The coat of arms fully emblazoned according to the rules
+of Heraldry. The lozenge-shaped atchievements that are displayed on
+the outside of the houses of persons deceased are commonly called
+Hatchments.
+
+ATTIRED. When the horns of a stag are of a different tincture to its
+head, it is said to be attired.
+
+[Illustration: Attired]
+
+Ex. Argent, a stag lodged, proper, attired, or
+
+AUGMENTATION. This word signifies in Heraldry a particular mark of
+honour, granted by the sovereign in consideration of some noble
+action, or by favour; and either quartered with the family arms, or on
+an escutcheon or canton.
+
+[Illustration: Augmentation]
+
+Ex. Ermine, on a chevron azure, three foxes' heads erased, argent. The
+augmentation is in a canton azure, a fleur-de-lis argent.
+
+AZURE. The French word for _blue_: it is distinguished in heraldic
+engraving by lines running parallel to each other in an horizontal
+direction, as in the annexed example.
+
+[Illustration: Azure]
+
+BADGE. A distinctive mark worn by servants, retainers, and followers
+of royalty or nobility, who, being beneath the rank of gentlemen, have
+no right to armorial bearings. The rose and crown is the badge of the
+servants, &c., of the Kings of England: they are displayed as in the
+annexed example.
+
+[Illustration: Badge (Rose and Crown)]
+
+BANDED. Anything tied with a band.
+
+[Illustration: Banded]
+
+Ex. Argent. Three arrows proper, banded.
+
+BANNER. The principal standard of a knight. The great banner borne at
+the funeral of a nobleman contains all the quarterings of his arms: it
+varies in size according to the rank of the deceased. The banner of
+the sovereign is five feet square; that of a prince or duke, four feet
+square; for all noblemen of inferior rank, three feet square.
+
+BANNER ROLL is a small square flag containing a single escutcheon of
+the deceased. Thus, if there are twelve quarterings in the banner,
+the same number of banner rolls will be required to be borne in
+the funeral procession. The annexed engraving shows the banner and
+banner-roll.
+
+[Illustration: Banner roll]
+
+BAR. An honourable ordinary, occupying one-fifth of the shield. It may
+be placed in any part of the field. It has two diminutives, the closet
+and barrulet.
+
+[Illustration: Bar]
+
+Ex. Ermine, two bars gules.
+
+BARBED. Bearded. It is also applied to roses.
+
+[Illustration: Barbed]
+
+Ex. Azure, a rose argent, barbed, and seeded proper.
+
+BARON. The lowest title of the peerage of Great Britain.
+
+BARON AND FEMME. Terms used in Heraldry to denote the arms of a man
+and his wife, marshalled together. See p. 38. [CHAP. VI.]
+
+BARRULET. The smallest diminutive of the bar. The closet is half the
+bar; the barrulet half the closet.
+
+[Illustration: Barrulet]
+
+Ex. Gules, two barrulets argent.
+
+BARRY. A field divided transversely into several equal parts, and
+consisting of two different tinctures interchangeably disposed.
+
+[Illustration: Barry]
+
+Ex. Barry of eight pieces, azure and argent.
+
+BATON. BATUNE. BASTON. It is generally used as an abatement in coats
+of arms to denote illegitimacy.
+
+[Illustration: Baton]
+
+Ex. Or, a cross gules, over all a baton argent.
+
+BATTERING RAM. An instrument used for battering down walls before
+gunpowder was known in Europe: it is frequently borne as a charge in a
+coat of arms.
+
+[Illustration: Battering ram]
+
+Ex. Argent, a battering ram proper.
+
+BATTLE AXE. An ancient military weapon, frequently borne on arms as a
+mark of prowess.
+
+[Illustration: Battle axe]
+
+Ex. Argent, three battle axes gules two over one.
+
+BATTLEMENTS. Divisions or apertures on the top of castle walls or
+towers.
+
+[Illustration: Battlements]
+
+Ex. Gules, three towers embattled argent.
+
+BEAKED. The beak of a bird being of a different tint from the body is
+said to be beaked.
+
+[Illustration: Beaked]
+
+Ex. An eagle's head erased, beaked, or.
+
+BEAVER. That part of the helmet that defends the sight.
+
+[Illustration: Beaver]
+
+BELLED. Having bells.
+
+[Illustration: Belled]
+
+Ex. Argent, a barrulet gules, belled with three bells proper.
+
+BEND. One of the honourable ordinaries formed by two diagonal lines
+drawn from the dexter chief to the sinister base; it generally
+occupies a fifth part of the shield if uncharged, but if charged one
+third.
+
+[Illustration: Bend]
+
+Ex. Azure, a bend argent.
+
+BEND SINISTER. Is the reverse of the bend; it is seldom found in coats
+of arms, as it is reckoned an abatement.
+
+[Illustration: Bend sinister]
+
+Ex. Argent, a bend sinister gules.
+
+IN BEND. Figures placed in a slanting direction from the dexter chief
+to the sinister base are said to be in bend.
+
+[Illustration: In bend]
+
+Ex. Or, three torteaux in bend.
+
+BENDLET. A diminutive of the bend, of the same shape, but only half
+the width of the bend.
+
+BENDY. This word serves to denote a field divided diagonally into
+several bends, varying in metal and colour.
+
+[Illustration: Bendy]
+
+Ex. Bendy of six pieces, azure and argent.
+
+BESANT, or BEZANT. Gold coin of Byzantium; when they appear in a coat
+of arms their colour is not described: a besant is always or.
+
+[Illustration: Besant]
+
+BILLETS. This charge is, by some authors, supposed to represent tiles
+or bricks; by others that it represents a letter or billet. The name
+and form of the charge most accords with the latter opinion.
+
+[Illustration: Billets]
+
+Ex. Argent, three billets azure, two over one.
+
+BISHOPS. Church dignitaries: they are barons of the realm, and have
+precedence next to viscounts: they have the title of _lords_, and
+_right reverend fathers in God_.
+
+BLAZON. To describe in proper colours, or lines representing colours,
+all that belongs to coats of arms. Arms may also be emblazoned by
+describing the charges and tinctures of a coat of arms in heraldic
+terms.
+
+BLUE-MANTEL. A title of one of the pursuivants at arms. See HERALD.
+
+BORDURE or BORDER. This was the most ancient difference in coats of
+arms, to distinguish different branches of the same family. It is a
+border round the edge of the shield. Its situation is always the same;
+but the inner edge may be varied.
+
+[Illustration: Bordure]
+
+Ex. Argent, a sinister hand couped at the wrist and erected gules,
+within a bordure azure.
+
+BOTTONNY. See CROSS BOTTONNY.
+
+BOUJET. An ancient water bucket, frequently borne in shields of arms.
+
+[Illustration: Boujet]
+
+Ex. Argent, a boujet proper.
+
+BRACED. Two figures of the same form, interlacing each other.
+
+[Illustration: Braced]
+
+Ex. Vert, two triangles braced, argent.
+
+BRASED and BRAZED are words sometimes used by ancient armorists. They
+always describe things interlaced or braced together.
+
+BROAD ARROW. An ancient weapon of war, thrown by an engine. It is
+frequently borne as a charge in coats of arms.
+
+[Illustration: Broad arrow]
+
+Ex. Argent, a broad arrow gules.
+
+CABOCHED or CABOSHED. Beasts' heads borne without any part of the
+neck, and full faced.
+
+[Illustration: Caboched]
+
+Ex. Argent, a stag's head caboshed, proper.
+
+CALTROP. An iron instrument made to annoy an enemy's cavalry. They
+were formed of iron, being four spikes conjoined in such a manner that
+one was always upwards. It is found in many ancient coats of arms.
+
+[Illustration: Caltrop]
+
+Ex. Argent, a caltrop proper.
+
+CANTON. The French word for corner. It is a small square figure,
+generally placed at the dexter chief of the shield, as in the annexed
+example.
+
+[Illustration: Canton]
+
+CELESTIAL CROWN. Distinguished from any other crown by the stars on
+the points or rays that proceed from the circlet.
+
+[Illustration: Celestial crown]
+
+CHAPEAU. Cap of maintenance or dignity, borne only by sovereign
+princes. It is formed of crimson or scarlet velvet, lined with ermine.
+
+[Illustration: Chapeau]
+
+CHAPLET. An ancient ornament for the head, granted to gallant knights
+for acts of courtesy. It is frequently borne as a charge in a shield
+of arms, and always tinted in its natural colours. [Illustration:
+Chaplet]
+
+Ex. Argent, a chaplet proper.
+
+CHARGE. The figures or bearings contained in an escutcheon.
+
+CHECKY. The field covered with alternate squares of metal and fur.
+
+[Illustration: Checky]
+
+Ex. Checky, sable and argent.
+
+CHEVRON. This ordinary is supposed to represent the rafters of the
+gable of a house.
+
+[Illustration: Chevron]
+
+Ex. Or, a chevron gules.
+
+CHEVRONEL. The diminutive of the chevron, being one half its size.
+
+[Illustration: Chevronel]
+
+Ex. Argent, two chevronels gules.
+
+CHIEF. One of the honourable ordinaries. It is placed on the upper
+part of the shield and contains a third part of it. The letters show
+the points in the chief. A is the dexter chief; B, the precise middle
+chief; C, the sinister chief.
+
+[Illustration: Chief]
+
+CHIMERICAL FIGURES. Imaginary figures, such as griffins, dragons,
+harpies, &c.: all of them will be found under their proper names.
+
+CINQUE FOIL. Five leaves conjoined in the centre.
+
+[Illustration: Cinque foil]
+
+CIVIC CAP. A cap of dignity borne by mayors of cities or corporate
+bodies: it is formed of sables garnished with ermine.
+
+[Illustration: Civic cap]
+
+CLARION. A horn or trumpet borne in this shape in English and German
+coat-armour.
+
+[Illustration: Clarion]
+
+Ex. Azure, three clarions or.
+
+CLENCHED. The fingers pressed towards the palm of the hand.
+
+[Illustration: Clenched]
+
+Ex. Azure, a dexter arm vambraced couped, the fist clenched proper.
+
+CLOSE. A bird with its wings closed.
+
+[Illustration: Close]
+
+CLOSET. A diminutive of the bar, being only one half its width.
+
+[Illustration: Closet]
+
+Ex. Or, two closets azure.
+
+CLOSEGIRT. A figure whose dress is fastened round the waist.
+
+[Illustration: Closegirt]
+
+Ex. Gules, an angel erect with wings expanded or, dress closegirt.
+
+COAT ARMOUR, or Surcoat. A loose garment worn over the armour of a
+knight; hence the term coat of arms. On this garment were emblazoned
+the armorial bearings of the wearer.
+
+[Illustration: Coat Armour]
+
+COCKATRICE. A chimerical animal, a cock with a dragon's tail and
+wings.
+
+[Illustration: Cockatrice]
+
+COLLARED. Having a collar. Dogs and inferior animals are sometimes
+collared: the supporters and charges are generally said to be gorged.
+See GORGED.
+
+COMBATANT. A French word for fighting. See LION.
+
+COMPLEMENT. The Heraldic term for the full moon. When this figure is
+introduced as a charge in a coat of arms, it is called a moon in her
+complement.
+
+COMPONY. A term applied to a bordure, pale, bend, or any other
+ordinary, made up of squares of alternate metal and colour.
+
+[Illustration: Compony]
+
+Ex. Argent, an inescutcheon azure, border compony, or and gules.
+
+CONJOINED. Joined together.
+
+[Illustration: Conjoined]
+
+Ex. Argent, three legs armed, conjoined at the fess point at the upper
+extremity of the thigh, flexed in a triangle, garnished and spurred,
+or.
+
+CONY. An heraldic name for a young rabbit.
+
+[Illustration: Cony]
+
+COTICE. One of the diminutives of the bend: cotices are generally
+borne on each side of the bend.
+
+[Illustration: Cotice]
+
+Ex. Gules, a bend argent, coticed of the same.
+
+The cotices are frequently of a different tincture from the bend they
+cotice.
+
+COUCHANT. The French word for lying down with the breast towards the
+earth, and the head raised. See LION COUCHANT.
+
+COUNT. A nobleman that was deputed by the king to govern a county or
+shire: the title is not used in the British Peerage; his rank is equal
+to an earl.
+
+COUNTER. In Heraldry implies contrariety, as in the following
+examples:--
+
+COUNTER-CHANGED. The intermixture of metal with colours opposed to
+each other.
+
+[Illustration: Counter-changed]
+
+Ex. Per pale, or and azure, on a chevron, three mullets all
+counter-changed.
+
+COUNTER SALIENT. Two animals leaping different ways from each other.
+
+[Illustration: Counter salient]
+
+Ex. Argent, two foxes counter salient.
+
+COUNTER PASSANT. Two animals passing the contrary way to each other.
+
+[Illustration: Counter passant]
+
+Ex. Or, two lions passant counter passant gules, the uppermost facing
+the sinister side of the escutcheon, both collared sable, garnished
+argent.
+
+COUNTER FLORY. Any ordinary ornamented with fleurs-de-luce: the points
+of the flowers run alternately in a contrary direction.
+
+[Illustration: Counter flory]
+
+Ex. Or, a pale purpure, flory and counter flory gules.
+
+COUPED. From the French word _couper_, to cut. The cross in the
+example is couped, part of it being cut off, so as not to touch the
+edges of the shield.
+
+[Illustration: Couped]
+
+Ex. Azure, a cross couped argent.
+
+COUPED. The head or limbs of any animal cut close is called couped.
+
+[Illustration: Couped]
+
+Ex. Argent, a boar's head proper couped.
+
+COUPLE-CLOSE. One of the diminutives of the chevron, half the size of
+the chevronel.
+
+[Illustration: Couple-close]
+
+Ex. Argent, three couple-closes interlaced vert.
+
+COURANT. Running.
+
+[Illustration: Courant]
+
+Ex. Argent, a stag proper courant.
+
+CRENELLE. The French heraldic term for embattled. See EMBATTLED.
+
+[Illustration: Crenelle]
+
+CRESCENT. The half moon with its horns turned upwards.
+
+[Illustration: Crescent]
+
+Ex. Azure, a crescent argent.
+
+CREST. The ornament on the upper part of the helmet in Heraldry placed
+over coats of arms, either with or without the helmet. By referring to
+the title-page of this work the crests of Great Britain will be found
+with all the adornments of regal helmets.
+
+The English crest is a crown surmounted by a lion statant guardant
+crowned, or.
+
+The Scottish crest is an imperial crown, surmounted by a lion sejant
+guardant, displaying two sceptres or.
+
+The Irish crest is an ancient diadem surmounted by an embattled tower,
+a stag courant issuing from the portal.
+
+The crest of Wales is a dragon passant guardant, gules.--The whole of
+these crests, with mantlings, &c., are emblazoned on the title-page of
+this Manual.
+
+[Illustration: Crest]
+
+Crests are usually displayed upon a wreath as in the annexed example,
+which is a demi-lion rampant. If a crest this size had been placed
+upon an helmet of proportionate size it must have occupied a sixth
+part of this page, and the shield containing the arms to be in
+proportion considerably larger: in showing the crest without the
+helmet proportion is of little consequence. See HELMET, WREATH, and
+MANTLING.
+
+CRESTED. A cock or other bird, whose comb is of a different tincture
+from the body, is said to be crested. See JOWLOPED.
+
+CRINED. This is said of an animal whose hair is of a different
+tincture from its body.
+
+[Illustration: Crined]
+
+Ex. Argent, a mermaid gules, crined or.
+
+CROSIER. The pastoral staff of a bishop or abbot: a very frequent
+charge in ecclesiastical arms.
+
+[Illustration: Crosier]
+
+Ex. Or, a crosier gules, in bend.
+
+CROSS. An honourable ordinary, more used as a charge in a coat of arms
+than any of the others. During the Crusades for the recovery of the
+Holy Land, the troops of the different nations that joined in the
+Crusade displayed crosses on their banners and arms: every soldier
+bore a cross upon his dress; this was composed of two pieces of list
+or riband of equal length, crossing each other at right angles. The
+soldiers of France attached their national emblem, the fleur-de-lis,
+to the ends of the members of the cross; hence the introduction of the
+cross flory. The Crusaders from the Papal dominions placed transverse
+pieces on each member of the plain cross, and by this means
+transformed it into four small crosses springing from a centre,
+forming what is now called the cross-crosslet. It would be impossible
+within the limits of this work to give an example of all the crosses
+that have been introduced as bearings in coats of arms. Berry, in his
+comprehensive work on Heraldry, gives nearly two hundred examples,
+without giving all that might be found. The following are the crosses
+most used in English Heraldry.
+
+[Illustration: Cross]
+
+Cross
+
+[Illustration: Cross potent]
+
+Cross potent
+
+[Illustration: Cross flory]
+
+Cross flory
+
+[Illustration: Cross crosslet]
+
+Cross crosslet
+
+[Illustration: Cross bottonny]
+
+Cross bottonny
+
+[Illustration: Cross pattee]
+
+Cross pattee
+
+[Illustration: Cross raguly]
+
+Cross raguly
+
+[Illustration: Cross patonce]
+
+Cross patonce
+
+[Illustration: Cross moline]
+
+Cross moline
+
+[Illustration: Cross quadrate]
+
+Cross quadrate
+
+[Illustration: Cross quarter-pierced]
+
+Cross quarter-pierced
+
+[Illustration: Cross of Calvary]
+
+Cross of Calvary
+
+[Illustration: Cross fitchy]
+
+Cross fitchy
+
+[Illustration: Cross patriarchal]
+
+Cross patriarchal
+
+[Illustration: Cross potent rebated]
+
+Cross potent rebated
+
+CURTANA. The pointless sword of mercy is the principal in dignity of
+the three swords that are borne naked before the British monarchs at
+their coronation.
+
+[Illustration: Curtana]
+
+CROWN AND CORONETS.
+
+[Illustration: Crown, king of England]
+
+The crown of the king of England.
+
+[Illustration: Coronet, prince of Wales]
+
+Coronet of the prince of Wales
+
+[Illustration: Coronet, princess of England]
+
+Of a princess of England
+
+[Illustration: Coronet, marquis]
+
+Of a marquis
+
+[Illustration: Coronet, royal duke]
+
+Of a royal duke
+
+[Illustration: Coronet, earl]
+
+Of an earl
+
+[Illustration: Coronet, duke]
+
+Of a duke
+
+[Illustration: Coronet, viscount]
+
+Of a viscount
+
+[Illustration: Coronet, baron]
+
+Coronet of a baron
+
+DANCETTE. A zig-zag figure with spaces between the points, much larger
+than in the indented.
+
+[Illustration: Dancette]
+
+Ex. Argent, a pale, dancette vert.
+
+DEBRUISED. Any animal that has an ordinary placed upon it is said to
+be debruised.
+
+[Illustration: Debruised]
+
+Ex. Argent, a lion rampant guardant gules, debruised by a fess azure.
+
+DECRESSANT, or DECRESCENT. A moon in its wane, whose horns are turned
+to the sinister side of the escutcheon.
+
+[Illustration: Decressant]
+
+Ex. Azure, a moon decrescent, proper.
+
+DEMI, or DEMY. This particle is always joined to a substantive, and
+signifies half; as, a demi-lion, _i.e._ half a lion.
+
+DETRIMENT. The moon is said to be in its detriment when it is
+eclipsed.
+
+[Illustration: Detriment]
+
+Ex. Argent, the moon in her detriment sable.
+
+DEXTER. A word used in Heraldry to signify the right side of any
+thing.
+
+DIADEM, a circle of gold with points rising from it, worn by ancient
+kings as the token of royalty. The diadem of most of the monarchs
+of Europe, as represented in ancient statuary, stained glass, and
+paintings, resembles the annexed engraving; the kings of England, from
+the Conquest to Henry VII., all wore a diadem of this shape.
+
+[Illustration: Diadem]
+
+DIAMOND. The hardest and most valuable of precious stones; it was
+formerly used by English heralds to denote black or sable in blazoning
+the arms of the nobility.
+
+DIFFERENCE. The term given to a certain figure added to coats of
+arms to distinguish one family from another, and to show how distant
+younger branches are from the elder or principal branch. See p. 13.
+[CHAP. III.]
+
+DIMINUTION. A word sometimes used instead of difference.
+
+DISPLAYED. A bird whose wings are expanded and legs spread is said to
+be displayed.
+
+[Illustration: Displayed]
+
+Ex. Argent, an eagle displayed sable.
+
+DORMANT. The French word for sleeping, used to denote the posture of a
+lion, or any other beast reposing. See LION.
+
+DOUBLINGS. The lining of robes of state, as also the rows of fur set
+on the mantles of peers.
+
+DOUBLE TRESSURE. Two Tressures, or orles, one within the other.
+
+[Illustration: Double Tressure]
+
+DOVETAILED. A term borrowed from carpentry to show tinctures joined
+together by reversed wedges, which, being shaped like doves' tails,
+are by joiners called dovetailing.
+
+[Illustration: Dovetailed]
+
+Ex. Quarterly per pale dove-tailed, or and gules.
+
+DRAGON. An imaginary monster; a mixture of beast, bird, and reptile.
+It is frequently borne in crests and charges.
+
+[Illustration: Dragon]
+
+Ex. Argent, a dragon proper, tail nowed.
+
+DRAGON'S HEAD. Part of a celestial constellation, used by ancient
+English heralds to denote tenne when emblazoning the arms of
+sovereigns; this style of heraldry has become obsolete.
+
+DRAGON'S TAIL. Part of the same constellation; formerly used to denote
+sanguine.
+
+DUKE. The highest degree of British peerage next to the prince of
+Wales. This title is derived from the Latin word _dux_: the title of
+Duke was known in other parts of Europe long before it was introduced
+into England. The first person that was created a duke in this country
+was Edward the Black Prince, who was created duke of Cornwall by his
+father Edward the third. The title has since that time belonged to the
+first born son of the monarch of England. A duke formerly possessed
+great authority over the province that formed his dukedom, and had
+large estates annexed to his title to support its dignity. At the
+present time dukes are created by patent, and their dukedom is merely
+nominal, neither power nor possessions being annexed to the title.
+
+EAGLE. _Aquila_ in Ornithology. In Heraldry the eagle is accounted
+one of the most noble bearings, and ought to be given only to such as
+greatly excel in the virtues of generosity and courage, or for having
+done some singular service to their sovereign.
+
+EAGLET is a diminutive of eagle, properly signifying a young eagle.
+In Heraldry, when several eagles are on the same escutcheon, they are
+termed eaglets.
+
+EARL. The third degree of British peerage. Under the Danish and Saxon
+kings this was the highest title known in England conferred upon a
+subject. It was formerly the custom upon creating an earl to assign
+him, for the support of his state, the third penny from the fines and
+profits of the sheriff's court, issuing out of the pleas of the shire
+whence the earl took his title; as, formerly, there was no count or
+earl but had a county or shire for his earldom. When the number of
+earls was increased, they took their titles from towns and villages.
+An earl is now created by patent.
+
+EARL-MARSHAL OF ENGLAND. A very ancient, and formerly a very
+important, officer, who had several courts under his jurisdiction, as
+the Court of Chivalry, the Court of Honour. He still presides over the
+Heralds' College, and nominally over the Marshalsea Court. The title
+of Earl Marshal of England is now, and has been for some ages,
+hereditary in the noble family of the Howards.
+
+EASTERN CROWN. A crown with rays proceeding from a circle, called
+by heralds an Eastern crown, is found in ancient achievements. The
+annexed cut shows its form.
+
+[Illustration: Eastern Crown]
+
+EMBATTLED. A line, formed like the battlements on a wall or tower, is
+said to be embattled or crenelle. When the line is used to form one
+of the ordinaries, it is said to be embattled. See the lines, p. 11.
+[CHAP. III.]
+
+[Illustration: Embattled]
+
+Ex. Gules, a bend sinister embattled, argent.
+
+EMBATTLED GRADY. Where the battlements gradually rise one above
+another.
+
+[Illustration: Embattled Grady]
+
+Ex. Argent, a fess gules, embattled grady. See the lines, p. 11.
+[CHAP. III.]
+
+EMBOWED. Any thing bent or curved, like a bow.
+
+[Illustration: Embowed]
+
+Ex. Gules, a dolphin naiant embowed or.
+
+EMERALD. The name of a precious stone formerly substituted for vert in
+emblazoning the arms of the nobility of England.
+
+EN ARRIERE. An expression borrowed from the French, to signify any
+creature borne with its back to view.
+
+[Illustration: En arriere]
+
+Ex. Argent, an eagle proper en arriere.
+
+ENDORSE. The smallest diminutive of the pale.
+
+[Illustration: Endorse]
+
+Ex. Argent, a pale between endorses gules.
+
+ENGRAILED. Any object being edged with small semi-circles, the points
+turning outwards, is said to be engrailed.
+
+[Illustration: Engrailed]
+
+Ex. Argent, a pale azure engrailed.
+
+ENHANCED. A term applied to bearings placed above their usual
+situation.
+
+[Illustration: Enhanced]
+
+Ex. Argent, three bendlets, enhanced gules.
+
+ENSIGNED. This word, in heraldic description, means ornamented.
+
+[Illustration: Ensigned]
+
+Ex. Argent, a man's heart gules, ensigned with a celestial crown or.
+
+ERASED. Signifies any thing torn or plucked off from the part to which
+nature affixed it; generally applied to the head and limbs of man or
+beast.
+
+[Illustration: Erased]
+
+Ex. Argent, a leg erased at the midst of the thigh gules.
+
+ERECT. This is said of any animal or parts of animals, naturally
+horizontal, being placed in a perpendicular direction.
+
+[Illustration: Erect]
+
+Ex. Argent, a boar's head erect, and erased.
+
+ERMINE. A white fur with black spots, represented as in the annexed
+example.
+
+[Illustration: Ermine]
+
+ERMINES. This fur is represented by white spots on a black field.
+
+[Illustration: Ermines]
+
+ERMINOIS. A fur, the field, or, the spots or tufts, sable, as in the
+annexed example.
+
+[Illustration: Erminois]
+
+ESCALOP. The shell of a sea-fish, used to decorate the palmers on
+their way to and from Palestine; frequently used as a charge in
+Heraldry.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ESCUTCHEON. This word is sometimes used to express the whole coat of
+arms, sometimes only the field upon which the arms are painted. It
+more generally denotes the painted shields used at funerals. The
+field, if the husband is dead and wife survives, is black on the
+dexter side only; if the wife is deceased, it is black on the sinister
+side; if both, it is black all over. The example shows that this is
+the escutcheon of a deceased baron, whose lady survives.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ESCUTCHEON OF PRETENCE. A small escutcheon, on which a man bears the
+coat of arms of his wife, being an heiress. See p. 40. [CHAP. VI.]
+
+[Illustration: Ex. Argent, a chevron or, between three crosslets
+sable, on the fess point surtout the chevron an escutcheon of pretence
+gules, three quatrefoils argent.]
+
+ESQUIRE. The degree below a knight and above a gentleman. Those to
+whom this title is due by right, are all the younger sons of noblemen
+and their heirs male for ever, the four esquires of the king's body,
+the eldest sons of baronets, of all knights and of their heirs male:
+those who bear superior offices, as magistrates, high sheriffs,
+mayors, and aldermen, have it during their continuance in office and
+no longer. For the helmet of an esquire, see page 84.
+
+[Illustration: Etoile.]
+
+ETOILE. The French word for a star. It differs from the mullet in the
+number of points, and four of the points being rayant.
+
+FESS. An honourable ordinary occupying the third part of the shield
+between the centre and the base.
+
+[Illustration: Fess]
+
+Ex. Argent, a fess gules.
+
+[Illustration: Fess Point.]
+
+FESS POINT. The exact centre of the escutcheon, as seen in the annexed
+example. See the escutcheon lettered at p. 6., where this point is
+marked with the letter E. [CHAP. II.]
+
+FIELD. The whole surface of the shield or escutcheon: it is the ground
+upon which the colours, tinctures, furs, ordinaries, and charges, are
+represented.
+
+FIGURED. Those bearings which are depicted with a human face, are said
+to be figured.
+
+[Illustration: Figured]
+
+Ex. Gules, three bezants figured.
+
+FILLET. The only diminutive belonging to the chief; its width is
+one-fourth of the chief, and is always placed at the base of it. See
+CHIEF, p. 18. [CHAP. IV.]
+
+FIMBRIATED. An ordinary having a border of a different tincture is
+said to be fimbriated.
+
+[Illustration: Fimbriated]
+
+Ex. Azure, a bend gules, fimbriated argent.
+
+FITCHY. Is from the French word _fiche_, fixed. It is generally
+applied to crosses which have their lower branch pointed, so that it
+could be fixed in the ground. See CROSS FITCHY.
+
+FLANCHES. Are formed of two curved lines placed opposite each other.
+
+[Illustration: Flanche]
+
+Ex. Azure, a flanche argent.
+
+FLANK. That part of an escutcheon between the chief and the base.
+
+[Illustration: Flank]
+
+Ex. Argent, three mullets gules, accompanied with seven cross
+crosslets fitchy sable--three in chief, one in fess, two in flanks,
+one in base.
+
+FLASQUES. A subordinate ordinary formed by curved lines placed
+opposite each other, but not so near as in flanches.
+
+[Illustration: Flasque]
+
+Ex. Azure, a flasque argent.
+
+[Illustration: Fleur-de-lis.]
+
+FLEUR-DE-LIS. Supposed to represent the garden-lily. It is the bearing
+of the Bourbons of France, but is frequently introduced in English
+charges.
+
+FLORY. Signifies flowered or adorned with the fleur-de-lis. See FLORY
+COUNTER-FLORY, and CROSS-FLORY.
+
+FRET. Two laths interlaced with a mascle.
+
+[Illustration: Fret]
+
+Ex. Azure, a fret argent.
+
+FRETTY. This word denotes a field covered with fretwork or laths
+interlacing each other.
+
+[Illustration: Fretty]
+
+Ex. Gules, fretty argent.
+
+THE FUSIL. Is longer than the lozenge: the upper and lower ends are
+more acute.
+
+[Illustration: Fusil]
+
+Ex. Or, a fusil purpure.
+
+[Illustration: Galley.]
+
+GALLEY. An ancient vessel propelled by oars; frequently used in
+shields of naval officers.
+
+[Illustration: Gambe.]
+
+GAMBE. An obsolete French word, signifying a leg, and is still used in
+Heraldry, for the leg of a lion or other creature borne in coats of
+arms.
+
+GARBE. The heraldic term for a sheaf of any kind of corn.
+
+[Illustration: Garbe]
+
+Ex. Argent, a garbe proper.
+
+GARTER. One of the diminutives of the bend, being half the size.
+
+[Illustration: Garter]
+
+Ex. Or, a garter vert.
+
+[Illustration: Garter.]
+
+GARTER. The insignia of the most noble order of the knights of the
+garter. It is formed of blue velvet edged with gold wire, and lined
+with white satin; on the velvet is embroidered the motto of the order.
+See KNIGHT.
+
+[Illustration: Gauntlet.]
+
+GAUNTLET. Armour for the hand.
+
+GAZE. An intent look. This is said of a deer standing still, and
+turning its head to look earnestly at any object.
+
+[Illustration: Gaze]
+
+Ex. Argent, a stag at gaze proper.
+
+[Illustration: Gemels.]
+
+GEMELS. This word signifies double. The example contains two double
+bars, which in heraldic language would be called two bars gemels.
+
+[Illustration: Golp.]
+
+GOLPS. Roundlets of a purple tincture. The colour is not stated, as
+the name denotes the colour.
+
+GORGED. Any animals, particularly birds, that have collars round the
+neck, are said to be gorged.
+
+[Illustration: Gorged]
+
+Ex. A swan's head erased at the neck, ducally gorged or.
+
+[Illustration: Griffin.]
+
+GRIFFIN or GRYPHON. A chimerical animal, half bird, half beast.
+
+[Illustration: Guidon.]
+
+GUIDON. A small semi-oval flag used in funeral processions. It is
+generally charged with the paternal arms of the deceased.
+
+[Illustration: Gules.]
+
+GULES. Signifies red. It is represented in engraving by lines running
+parallel with each other, from the chief to the base, as in the
+example.
+
+[Illustration: Gutty.]
+
+GUTTY. A term derived from the Latin word _gutta_, a drop. A field
+bearing drops, as in the example, is called gutty.
+
+[Illustration: Gyron.]
+
+GYRON. A triangular figure formed by two lines from one of the angles
+of the shield to the centre. The gyron may be drawn in any part of the
+shield, but it is generally placed as in the annexed example.
+
+GYRONNY. When the field is covered with gyrons, their points uniting
+in the centre.
+
+[Illustration: Gyronny]
+
+Ex. Gyronny of eight pieces, azure, argent, and gules.
+
+HABERGEON. A coat of mail: it is also called a corslet and cuirass.
+
+[Illustration: Habergeon]
+
+Ex. Argent, an habergeon proper.
+
+HABITED. Clothed figures, either as charges or supporters, are said to
+be habited.
+
+[Illustration: Harpy.]
+
+HARPY. A chimerical animal, having the head and breast of a woman, and
+the body and legs of a bird.
+
+HAURIENT. A fish, in a perpendicular direction, with its head upwards.
+
+[Illustration: Haurient]
+
+Ex. Argent, a salmon proper haurient.
+
+HELMET. An ancient piece of defensive armour for the head; it covered
+the face, leaving an aperture in the front, secured by bars: this was
+called the visor. The helmet is now placed over a coat of arms; and by
+the metal from which it is made, the form, and position, denotes the
+rank of the person whose arms are emblazoned beneath it.
+
+The helmets of sovereigns are formed of burnished gold; those of
+princes and peers, of every degree, silver figured with gold; knights,
+esquires, and gentlemen, polished steel.
+
+The helmets of the king, the royal family, and peers, are open-faced
+and grated: the number of bars served formerly to distinguish the
+bearer's quality. The helmets of knights are open-faced, without bars.
+Esquires and gentlemen are known by the close helmet.
+
+[Illustration: Grated helmet, direct front view.]
+
+The position of the helmet is a mark of distinction. The direct front
+view of the grated helmet belongs to sovereign princes and dukes.
+
+[Illustration: Grated helmet, profile.]
+
+The grated helmet in profile is common to all degrees of peerage under
+a duke.
+
+[Illustration: Open helmet, direct front view.]
+
+The helmet without bars, with the beaver open, standing directly
+fronting the spectator, denotes a knight.
+
+[Illustration: Closed helmet, profile.]
+
+The closed helmet seen in profile is appropriated to esquires and
+gentlemen. See CREST, BEAVER, MANTLING.
+
+HERALD. An officer at arms, whose business it is to declare war,
+proclaim peace, marshal all the solemnities at the coronation;
+baptisms, marriages, and funerals of the sovereign and nobility; and
+to ascertain and blazon coats of arms.
+
+The principal herald is Garter-King-at-Arms. It is his office to
+regulate the solemnities, and emblazon the arms of the sovereign,
+knights, and officers of the most noble order of the Garter.
+Garter-King-at-Arms likewise presides over all heraldic ceremonies of
+the Court. His crown of gold is formed with oak leaves, one shorter
+than the other, springing from a circlet of gold, having engraved upon
+it the words "MISERERE MEI DEUS." His tabard, as principal herald, is
+of crimson velvet, splendidly embroidered with the arms of England.
+
+Clarencieux and Norroy are called provincial kings-at-arms, the former
+regulating all things connected with Heraldry in the provinces south
+of the Trent; the latter in the provinces north of the Trent. They
+have likewise crowns; and though the office of herald is not of so
+much importance now as it was formerly, it is still considered a post
+of great honour and emolument.
+
+There are eight heralds that are not kings-at-arms. Their tabards
+are of silk, embroidered with the royal arms. They are called York,
+Lancaster, Somerset, Richmond, Chester, and Windsor. George the First
+created a new herald called Hanover, and another called Gloucester.
+
+The kings-at-arms, heralds, and pursuivants, form the Heralds'
+College, by whom all matters connected with the coats of arms of every
+gentleman in the kingdom are arranged and determined.
+
+HILTED. The handle of a sword tinctured.
+
+[Illustration: Hilted]
+
+Ex. Argent, a sword proper couped, hilted or.
+
+[Illustration: HONOUR POINT]
+
+HONOUR POINT. That part of the shield between the precise middle chief
+and the fess point. In the annexed example the large dot in the centre
+shows the fess point; the point within the letter D, the _honour
+point_. See p. 6. [CHAP. II.]
+
+HORNED. This term is used to denote that the horn of a unicorn is of a
+different tincture from his body.
+
+[Illustration: Horned]
+
+Ex. Azure, three unicorns' heads proper, erased, horned or.
+
+HUMETTY. A term used to denote an ordinary, parts of which are couped
+or cut off, so that it does not touch the edges of the shield.
+
+[Illustration: Humetty]
+
+Ex. Argent, a fess humetty gules, between three mullets sable.
+
+[Illustration: HURTS]
+
+HURTS. Blue roundlets: the colour is expressed in the name; therefore
+the tincture is not otherwise named in emblazoning a coat of arms.
+
+[Illustration: Spearhead imbued.]
+
+IMBUED. Weapons spotted with blood are said to be imbued. The example
+shows a spearhead imbued.
+
+IMPALED. Two coats of arms, conjoined paleways, in one shield.
+
+[Illustration: Impaled]
+
+Ex. Argent, a fess gules, impaled with argent, a bend azure. See p.
+38. [CHAP. VI.]
+
+INCRESCENT. The new moon, with her horns turned towards the dexter
+side of the shield.
+
+[Illustration: Increscent]
+
+Ex. Azure, a moon increscent argent.
+
+INDENTED. A serrated figure, much smaller than the dancette.
+
+[Illustration: Indented]
+
+Ex. Or, a chief gules, indented.
+
+INESCUTCHEON. The name given to small escutcheons forming a bearing of
+a coat of arms.
+
+[Illustration: Inescutcheon]
+
+Ex. Argent, three inescutcheons gules.
+
+INVECTED. A line formed with small semicircles, with the points turned
+inward. Any ordinary drawn with this line is called invected.
+
+[Illustration: Invected]
+
+Ex. Argent, a bend gules, invected between two hurts.
+
+ISSUANT, or ISSUING. Rays or other charges proceeding from any part of
+the escutcheon. See RAY.
+
+KNIGHT. A title of honour conferred upon a subject for eminent
+services performed in war. In the course of time, knights that had
+gained riches and high titles formed societies under the control and
+direction of their monarchs in every part of Europe. The limits of
+this work will only permit us to notice the orders of knighthood
+introduced into England.
+
+The KNIGHTS-BACHELORS were the earliest order of knighthood in
+England. The title was conferred for services in war. It was merely
+personal, and, like the knighthood conferred upon individuals at the
+present time, did not descend to their posterity.
+
+[Illustration: Knights-Banneret]
+
+KNIGHTS-BANNERET. This ancient and honourable order has become
+extinct. It obtained the title of banneret from the knights having
+the right of having a square banner borne before them on the field
+of battle, and at jousts and tournaments. Sir W. Segar gives the
+following account of the creation of a knight-banneret:--"It is a
+military order, and can only be conferred upon persons that have
+performed some heroic act in the field. When this action is known to
+the king, or general of the army, he commands the attendance of the
+gallant warrior, who is led, between two knights, into the presence of
+the king or general with his pennon of arms in his hand, and there
+the heralds proclaim his merit, and declare him fit to become a
+knight-banneret, and thenceforth to display a banner in the field.
+Then the king or general causes the point of the pennon to be cut off
+to make it square; it is then placed at the top of his lance, and the
+new-made knight returns to his tent, the trumpets sounding before
+him." Knights-banneret were certainly created in the reign of Edward
+I., but how long before that time it is impossible to tell.
+
+KNIGHTS OF THE GARTER. This is considered the most honourable order
+of knighthood in Europe: it was founded by Edward III. in 1349; the
+fraternity consists of twenty-six knights, to which are added the
+princes of the blood royal. The king of England is the sovereign of
+the order; their officers are a prelate, chancellor, registrar, and
+king-at-arms.
+
+The college of the order is in Windsor Castle, with the chapel of St.
+George and the chapter-house. These buildings were erected by the
+royal founder expressly for the accommodation of the knights of the
+garter.
+
+The garter is considered the principal ensign of this order: it is
+worn on the left leg below the knee; it is formed of blue velvet,
+edged with gold: on the velvet is embroidered the motto of the order,
+HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE.
+
+The collar is of gold, weighing thirty ounces troy weight, and
+contains twenty-six garters enamelled proper, in each a rose gules
+between; the garters are connected by knots. The George is attached to
+this collar: it represents St. George (the patron Saint of the order)
+attacking the dragon; it is of gold enamelled, and may be enriched
+with jewels at the pleasure of the possessor.
+
+THE KNIGHTS OF ST. PATRICK. This illustrious Irish order was founded
+by George III., 1783. It consists of the sovereign, a grand
+master, the princes of the blood royal, and thirteen knights. The
+lord-lieutenant for the time being is grand master. The device on the
+jewel of this order is argent, a cross saltier gules surmounted with
+a trefoil vert, charged with three imperial crowns or, the whole
+inclosed in a circle of gold, bearing the motto QUIS SEPARABIT.
+MDCCLXXXIII. An engraving of this jewel will be found on the sinister
+side of the title-page.
+
+THE KNIGHTS OF THE THISTLE. The most ancient order of the Thistle was
+founded by James V. of Scotland, 1540, and revived by James II., king
+of Great Britain, 1687, incorporated by Queen Anne, whose statutes
+were confirmed by George I. The order consists of the sovereign and
+twelve brethren or knights. Their motto is the national motto, NEMO ME
+IMPUNE LACESSET; their badge or jewel, St. Andrew, supporting a cross,
+surrounded with rays of gold, an engraving of which will be found on
+the dexter side of the title-page.
+
+[Illustration: Knight and Baronet]
+
+KNIGHT AND BARONET. A degree of honour next to a baron, created by
+King James I. to induce the English gentry to settle in the province
+of Ulster. The title is knight and baronet; it is hereditary: the arms
+are distinguished by an augmentation of a human hand gules, generally
+borne on an escutcheon in the centre of the shield.
+
+[Illustration: Knight and Baronet of Nova Scotia]
+
+KNIGHT AND BARONET OF NOVA SCOTIA. A new creation during the reign
+of George I. to induce capitalists to settle in that part of North
+America. The title is hereditary: the arms are argent, St. Andrew's
+Cross gules surtout, an escutcheon or, with a lion rampant gules
+within a double tressure of the same, surmounted by a king's crown as
+a crest.
+
+KNIGHTS OF THE BATH. An ancient and honourable military order of
+knighthood. The date of its origin is too remote to be traced with
+certainty: by some authors it is said to have been instituted in
+Normandy before the Conquest; it was re-established in England by
+Henry IV., and revived by George I. The chapel of this order is Henry
+VII.'s chapel in Westminster Abbey: the Dean of Westminster for the
+time being is always dean of the order of the Bath. The number of the
+knights is according to the pleasure of the sovereign. At the close of
+the late war the Prince Regent, afterwards George IV., remodelled this
+order of knighthood; and to enable himself to bestow marks of honour
+upon the naval and military officers that had distinguished themselves
+on the ocean and in the field, he divided the order into three
+classes: first, all the noblemen that were Knights of the Bath were
+henceforth to be called Knights Grand Crosses of the Bath, which
+was also the title of the commanders of fleets and armies that were
+rewarded by being admitted into the highest class of this noble order.
+
+The second class are called Knights Commanders of the Bath; a great
+number of naval and military officers above the rank of captains in
+the navy and majors in the army are admitted into this class.
+
+The third class is styled Companions of the Order of the Bath, and is
+open to officers of inferior rank.
+
+The Knights Grand Crosses of the Bath attach the initials K.G.C.B. to
+their names and titles.
+
+The Knights Commanders use the initials K.C.B.
+
+The Companions are known by the initials C.B.
+
+[Illustration: Label]
+
+LABEL. The noblest of abatements serving as a difference between the
+eldest and the junior sons. See DIFFERENCE.
+
+LANGUED. A term derived from the French word _langue_, tongue. It
+signifies in Heraldry that the tongue of a bird or beast is of a
+different tincture from the body.
+
+LION. The strength, courage, and majestic deportment of this noble
+animal, has gained him the regal titles of monarch of the forest and
+king of beasts. Ancient heralds selected the figure of the lion as
+symbolic of command, strength, power, courage, and other qualities
+attributed to that animal. Armorists have introduced lions to denote
+the attributes of majesty, might, and clemency, subduing those that
+resist, and sparing those that yield to authority. The lion has been
+depicted in every attitude which could by any means be construed into
+a compliment to the person the sovereign delighted to honour, by
+raising him to a rank that enabled him to bear arms. Was it a warrior,
+who, though victorious, was still engaged in struggling with the foes
+of his sovereign, the lion rampant was considered a proper emblem of
+the hero. The warrior having overcome his enemies in the field, yet
+retaining his military command for the safety and honour of his
+country, was typified by the lion statant gardant. We might easily
+find examples to show the propriety of the emblem for all the
+positions of the lion introduced as charges in coats of arms; but the
+two given will be sufficient: the rest may easily be imagined by the
+intelligent reader. The following are the most usual positions in
+which the lion appears in shields of arms:--
+
+[Illustration: Rampant]
+
+Rampant.
+
+[Illustration: Rampant gardant]
+
+Rampant gardant.
+
+[Illustration: Rampant regardant]
+
+Rampant regardant.
+
+[Illustration: Salient]
+
+Salient.
+
+[Illustration: Statant gardant]
+
+Statant gardant.
+
+[Illustration: Passant]
+
+Passant.
+
+When the lions' heads are placed in the same position as in rampant
+gardant and regardant, they are then said to be passant gardant and
+regardant.
+
+[Illustration: Sejant]
+
+Sejant.
+
+[Illustration: Couchant]
+
+Couchant.
+
+[Illustration: Dormant]
+
+Dormant.
+
+Thus far the lion is drawn in natural positions; these are considered
+the most honourable, as they have never been properly inserted in arms
+but for persons of high authority and pre-eminent courage and virtue.
+There are a great many deviations from the above, which are marks of
+great honour. It is considered that a lion cannot bear a rival in the
+field; therefore if two or more lions are introduced they are supposed
+to be lion's whelps, or in Heraldic terms lioncels.
+
+[Illustration: Two lioncels addorsed]
+
+Two lioncels addorsed or back to back.
+
+[Illustration: Lioncels combatant]
+
+Lioncels combatant.
+
+[Illustration: Lion rampant double-headed]
+
+Lion rampant double-headed.
+
+[Illustration: An incorporated lion gardant in the fess point]
+
+An incorporated lion gardant in the fess point.
+
+There are a great number of ways of introducing this charge: many
+of them will be seen under the proper words that describe their
+condition: such as the word debruised, where the lion is confined by
+the fess passing over it; demi-lion or half lion; but the examples
+here given will be sufficient to explain their positions, active or
+passive. If no mention is made of the tincture it is always supposed
+that they are proper, that is, to be coloured like nature: they are
+introduced in arms of every metal and tincture known in Heraldry.
+
+[Illustration: Lodged]
+
+LODGED. A stag sitting on the ground with its head erect, is said to
+be lodged.
+
+LOZENGE. An angular figure, known as diamond-shaped, to distinguish it
+from the square.
+
+[Illustration: Lozenge]
+
+EX. Or, a lozenge vert.
+
+LOZENGY. Covered with lozenges.
+
+[Illustration: Lozengy]
+
+EX. Lozengy gules and argent.
+
+LUNA. The moon: it formerly signified argent in emblazoning the arms
+of sovereigns.
+
+MANCHE. An ancient sleeve with long hangings to it.
+
+[Illustration: Manche]
+
+EX. Argent, a manche, gules.
+
+MANED. When the manes of horses, unicorns, &c. are of a different
+tincture from their bodies they are said to be maned.
+
+MANTLE. A long robe or cloak of state.
+
+MANTLING. The flowing drapery forming the scroll-work displayed on
+either side of the helmet from beneath the wreath, representing the
+ancient covering of the helmet, used to protect it from stains or
+rust. When the mantling incloses the escutcheon, supporters, &c.,
+it represents the robe of honour worn by the party whose shield it
+envelopes. This mantle is always described as doubled, that is, lined
+throughout with one of the furs, as ermine, pean, vary. For examples
+of mantling, see the arms and crests of England, Scotland, and
+Ireland.
+
+MARQUIS. The second order of nobility in England, next in rank to a
+duke.
+
+MARSHAL. A title of honour. See EARL MARSHAL.
+
+TO MARSHAL. To place persons in due order, according to their
+precedency, in public processions, such as coronations, proclamations
+of peace or war, funerals, &c.
+
+MARSHALLING ARMS. The disposing of several coats of arms belonging
+to distinct families in the same escutcheon, together with their
+ornaments, parts, and appurtenances.
+
+MARTLET. An imaginary bird said to be without legs; it is used both as
+a charge and a difference.
+
+[Illustration: Martlet]
+
+EX. Argent, a martlet, gules.
+
+MASCLE. An open lozenge-shaped figure, one of the subordinate
+ordinaries.
+
+[Illustration: Mascle]
+
+EX. Argent, a mascle, vert.
+
+MEMBERED. A term used to express the beak and legs of a bird when they
+are of a different tincture from its body.
+
+MERCURY. The name of the planet, used by ancient heralds to describe
+purple in blazoning the arms of sovereigns.
+
+METAL. The two metals used in Heraldry are gold and silver, called or
+and argent. It is against the rules of Heraldry to place metal upon
+metal, or colour upon colour, unless for special reasons. Therefore,
+if the field be of any colour, the bearing must be of one of the
+metals, and on the contrary, if the field be of one of the metals, the
+bearing must be of some colour.
+
+MILLRIND. The iron placed in the centre of a grindstone to protect
+the hole in the centre from the action of the axis; it is a charge
+frequently borne on escutcheons of persons connected with agriculture.
+
+[Illustration: Millrind]
+
+EX. Argent, a millrind, gules.
+
+[Illustration: MITRE.]
+
+MITRE. A sacerdotal ornament for the head, worn by Roman Catholic
+archbishops and bishops on solemn occasions. Certain English abbots
+formerly wore mitres, and they are frequently found as charges in the
+arms of abbeys and monasteries. The annexed is a representation of the
+mitre of the archbishops and bishops of the church of England, borne
+as a mark of distinction over the arms of the see, or over their
+paternal achievements, when impaled with the arms of their see. The
+prelates of the Protestant Church of England never wear mitres.
+
+[Illustration: MITRE.]
+
+The Bishops of Durham were formerly princes of the Palatinate of
+Durham, and wore a ducal coronet surmounted by a mitre. They still
+retain the coronet and mitre as an heraldic distinction, borne over
+the arms of the bishopric.
+
+MORION. A steel cap or helmet formerly worn by foot soldiers below the
+rank of gentlemen.
+
+MOTTO. A word or short sentence inserted in a scroll, which is
+generally placed beneath the escutcheon; in some instances it is
+placed above the crest. The motto frequently alludes to the name of
+the bearer of the arms, as the motto of the Right Honourable Lord
+Fortescue--FORTE SCUTUM SALUS DUCUM, a strong shield is the safety of
+commanders. Sometimes the motto is the watchword or war-cry in the
+battle where the original bearer won the honours that are retained
+by his descendants. Generally the motto is founded upon the piety,
+loyalty, valour, fortitude, &c. of the persons to whom arms were
+granted.
+
+[Illustration: MOUND.]
+
+MOUND. A globe encircled with a band and surmounted with a cross; it
+is an ensign of royalty, signifying dominion.
+
+MULLET. From the French word _molette_, the rowel of a spur: it is
+generally drawn with five points, as in the annexed example: when more
+points are used they are named.
+
+[Illustration: Mullet]
+
+EX. Azure, a mullet or.
+
+MURAILE. A French term for walled.
+
+MURREY. A word used by ancient armorists instead of sanguine.
+
+NAIANT. A French term for swimming. This term is used in Heraldry when
+a fish is drawn in an horizontal position.
+
+[Illustration: Naiant]
+
+EX. Argent, a salmon proper, naiant, its head towards the sinister
+side of the shield.
+
+NAISSANT. A French word signifying coming out. It is used when a lion
+or any other animal appears to be rising out of the centre of an
+ordinary.
+
+[Illustration: Naissant]
+
+EX. Or, from the midst of a fess, gules, a lion rampant naissant.
+
+NEBULE, or NEBULY. A French word, signifying cloudy, represented by a
+curved line, thus--
+
+[Illustration: NEBULE, or NEBULY.]
+
+NOBILITY. Under this denomination are comprehended--dukes, marquises,
+earls, viscounts, and barons only. Archbishops and bishops are
+included in the rank of clergy.
+
+NOMBRIL POINT. That part of the shield below the fess point. See page
+6. letter F. [CHAP. II.]
+
+NORROY. The name of one of the Kings-at-Arms. See King-at-Arms.
+
+NOWED. This word signifies tied or knotted, and is applied to
+serpents, wiverns, or any animals whose tails are twisted and enfolded
+like a knot.
+
+[Illustration: EX. Argent, a serpent nowed proper.]
+
+OGRESSES. Black roundlets.
+
+OR. The French word for gold. This tincture is denoted in engraving by
+small points.
+
+[Illustration: EX. Or, a bend gules.]
+
+ORANGES. Roundlets tinctured tenne.
+
+ORDINARY. A term used to denote the simple forms which were first used
+as heraldic distinctions, and therefore called honourable ordinaries,
+as conferring more honour than later inventions. They are the chief,
+pale, bend, bend sinister, fess, bar, chevron, cross, and cross
+saltier. There are thirteen subordinate ordinaries. The form, size,
+and place that the honourable and subordinate ordinaries occupy in an
+achievement are all described in the Manual, and in this Dictionary
+under their different names.
+
+[Illustration: ORLE.]
+
+ORLE. A subordinate ordinary composed of double lines going round the
+shield at some distance from its edge; it is half the width of the
+bordure.
+
+OVER ALL. This expression describes a figure borne over another and
+obscuring part of it.
+
+[Illustration: Over all]
+
+EX. Quarterly or and gules, over all a bend vair.
+
+PALE. One of the honourable ordinaries formed by two perpendicular
+lines drawn from the base to the chief. The pale occupies one third of
+the shield.
+
+[Illustration: Pale]
+
+EX. Azure, a pale or
+
+PALL. A scarf in the shape of the letter Y, forming part of the
+vesture of a Roman Catholic prelate. It is introduced as the principal
+bearing of the archbishops of Canterbury, Armagh, and Dublin.
+
+[Illustration: Pall]
+
+Ex. Azure, on a pall argent, four crosses fitchy sable, in chief a
+cross pattee of the second.
+
+[Illustration: PALLET]
+
+PALLET. A diminutive of the pale.
+
+PALY. A field divided by perpendicular lines into several equal parts
+of metal and tincture interchangeably disposed.
+
+[Illustration: Paly]
+
+Ex. Paly of four, argent and gules.
+
+PARTY or PARTED signifies divided, and applies to the several parts of
+an escutcheon parted by a line, which always runs in the direction
+of one or more of the honourable ordinaries, as may be seen in the
+following examples:--
+
+[Illustration: Parted per pale and par bend sinister]
+
+PARTED PER PALE AND PER BEND SINISTER Counterchanged, or and gules.
+
+[Illustration: Parted per pale and per chevron]
+
+PARTED PER PALE AND PER CHEVRON. Gules and or, counter changed.
+
+PARTY PER FESS. A shield parted in the centre by an horizontal line
+through the fess point.
+
+[Illustration: Party per fess]
+
+Ex. Party per fess, engrailed, argent and gules.
+
+PARTY PER PALE. This signifies a shield parted by a perpendicular line
+down the centre, so that one shield may contain two coats of arms.
+
+[Illustration: Party per pale]
+
+Ex. Parted per pale, gules and argent.
+
+PASCHAL LAMB, or HOLY LAMB.
+
+[Illustration: Paschal lamb]
+
+Ex. Argent, a lamb passant, carrying a banner charged with a cross.
+
+PASSANT. Passing or walking. See LION PASSANT and PASSANT GUARDANT.
+
+PATONCE. See CROSS.
+
+PATTE. A cross small in the centre, wide at the ends. See CROSS.
+
+PATRIARCHAL CROSS. Cross used by patriarchs in the Greek church. See
+CROSS.
+
+PEARL. A precious stone, used by ancient heralds for argent in
+emblazoning the arms of peers.
+
+PEAN. The name of a fur, the field sable, the tufts or.
+
+PEER. Name given to all persons included in the rank of nobility.
+
+PELLETS. A name given to black roundlets.
+
+PENDANT. A shield suspended or hanging from a branch of a tree,
+or from a nail. Shields of arms frequently appear drawn thus in
+architecture, and when described are said to be pendant.
+
+[Illustration: Pennons]
+
+PENNONS. Small flags borne at the end of a lance of an esquire or
+gentleman bearing his paternal arms. The end of the pennon was cut
+off upon the person being created a knight banneret. See BANNERET.
+Penoncels or Pencils were small flags decorating the helmet or the
+horse armour. They are now only used at funerals. The large flag in
+the engraving is a pennon, the smaller, penoncels or pencils.
+
+PHEON. A missile instrument with a barbed head, thrown from a cross
+bow.
+
+[Illustration: Pheon]
+
+Ex. Argent, a pheon proper.
+
+PIERCED OR PERFORATED. Cut through the centre.
+
+[Illustration: Pierced]
+
+Ex. Argent, a mullet pierced, sable, on a chief azure, three mullets
+pierced, of the first.
+
+PILE. An angular figure like a wedge, formed by lines running from the
+dexter and sinister chief to the middle base.
+
+[Illustration: Pile]
+
+Ex. Argent, a pile, purpure.
+
+IN PILE. Arms or other charges that are placed so as to form the shape
+of a pile are said to be borne in pile.
+
+[Illustration: In pile]
+
+Ex. Argent, three swords in pile, their points towards the base.
+
+PLATE. One of the six roundlets; its colour is argent, but the
+tincture is not mentioned, as the plate is always silver.
+
+POMEIS. Green roundlets.
+
+[Illustration: Pommelled]
+
+POMMELLED. The pommel of the sword is the round ball or knob at the
+end of the hilt of a sword.
+
+[Illustration: Portcullis]
+
+PORTCULLIS. A grating suspended by chains, used to defend the entrance
+to a castle.
+
+POTENT. The ancient name of a crutch: when the field is covered with
+figures like small crutches it is called potent; when the heads of the
+crutches touch each other it is called counter potent.
+
+[Illustration: Potent and counter potent]
+
+Ex. Argent and azure, potent and counter potent. Some armorists call
+counter potent vary cuppy.
+
+PRINCE. The only Principality in Great Britain is that of Wales. The
+title of Prince of Wales is usually conferred upon the eldest son of
+the British monarch. All other sons, grandsons, brothers, uncles, and
+nephews, are called princes of the blood royal. For instance, the
+Duke of Cambridge, the uncle of Queen Victoria, is styled His Royal
+Highness Prince Adolphus Frederick Duke of Cambridge.
+
+His son is styled Prince George of Cambridge.
+
+PRINCESS. Daughter of a sovereign. In England the eldest daughter
+of the monarch is called the Princess Royal; the others by their
+Christian names.
+
+PROCLAMATION. A publication by the authority of the King.
+Proclamations of peace or war, or other matters of importance, are
+usually read by one of the heralds. They are addressed to the whole
+community under their different orders or ranks, viz. Clergy,
+Nobility, Gentry, Burgesses, and Commons.
+
+PROPER. This word is used to denote that animals introduced as charges
+in an escutcheon appear in their natural colour. Modern writers on
+Heraldry consider this word superfluous, as the omission of the name
+of any metal or tincture is quite sufficient to make any person
+conclude that a lion, horse, or other animal is to be represented as
+it appears in nature.
+
+[Illustration: Purpure]
+
+PURPURE. The colour of purple, described in engraving by lines drawn
+diagonally from the sinister to the dexter side of the shield.
+
+PURSUIVANTS. Four officers of the Heralds' College, whose duty it
+is to attend the King-at-Arms on public occasions, and preside over
+certain departments of the Heralds' Office.
+
+They are called--Rouge Croix,
+                 Blue Mantle,
+                 Rouge Dragon,
+                 Portcullis.
+
+They are entitled to rank as gentlemen, but not esquires.
+
+[Illustration: Quartered]
+
+QUARTERED. A shield divided into four equal parts by a cross is said
+to be quartered. The quarter occupying the dexter chief is marked 1,
+or the first quarter; that occupying the sinister chief, 2; the dexter
+base, 3; the sinister base, 4; as in the annexed example.
+
+QUARTERLY. This term is used to signify that the shield is quartered.
+In describing the royal arms of England we should say--Quarterly,
+first and fourth gules, three lions passant guardant, or. Second, or,
+a lion rampant gules, within a double tressure of the same, flory and
+counter flory. Third, azure, a harp or, stringed, argent.
+
+[Illustration: Quartered or Parted per Saltier]
+
+QUARTERED OR PARTED PER SALTIER. A field divided by diagonal lines
+crossing each other in the centre of the field.
+
+[Illustration: Quarter foil]
+
+QUARTER FOIL. A four-leaved flower.
+
+QUARTERINGS. An escutcheon divided into any number of squares is said
+to contain as many quarterings; they may be as numerous as the arms
+required. An escutcheon containing a number of quarterings is called a
+genealogical achievement.
+
+QUADRATE. Square. See CROSS QUADRATE.
+
+QUARTER PIERCED. See CROSS QUARTER PIERCED.
+
+RADIENT. Any charge having rays or beams about it.
+
+[Illustration: Radient]
+
+Ex. Azure, a pale, or, radient.
+
+RAGULY. Any bearing that is ragged, like the trunk or limbs of a tree
+lopped of its branches, is said to be raguly. See CROSS.
+
+RAMPANT. Any beast in a fighting attitude. See LION RAMPANT.
+
+RAY. A stream of light proceeding from a luminous body.
+
+[Illustration: Ray]
+
+Ex. Azure, a ray of the sun issuing out of the dexter corner of the
+escutcheon. The lines on each side are not noticed.
+
+REST. The figure inserted in the illustration of the word "clarion" is
+by some writers on Heraldry thought to represent a rest for a lance,
+and they give the charge that name. See CLARION.
+
+REGARDANT. An animal looking towards the sinister side of the shield.
+See LION REGARDANT.
+
+RIBAND. A diminutive of the bend.
+
+[Illustration: Riband]
+
+Ex. Gules, a riband, or.
+
+ROUNDLETS. Small round figures, all named from different metals and
+tinctures. See p. 8. [CHAP. II.]
+
+RUBY. A precious stone, formerly used instead of gules.
+
+SABLE. The term used in Heraldry for black.
+
+SALIENT. An animal springing forward. See LION SALIENT.
+
+SALTIER. One of the honourable ordinaries, by Scottish heralds called
+St. Andrew's Cross.
+
+[Illustration: Saltier]
+
+Ex. Argent, a saltier, gules
+
+SANGUINE. One of the heraldic tinctures. It is a dark red or blood
+colour. By some armorists it is called murrey. The latter word is
+considered obsolete.
+
+SAPPHIRE. The name of a precious stone, formerly used to express
+azure.
+
+SARDONYX. A precious stone, formerly used to denote sanguine in
+emblazoning the arms of the English nobility.
+
+SATURN. The name of a planet, used to denote sable in emblazoning the
+royal arms by ancient armorists.
+
+[Illustration: Sceptre]
+
+SCEPTRE. A royal staff; an ensign of sovereignty borne in the hand. It
+was originally a javelin without a head. Sceptres of the present
+time are splendidly decorated with jewellery. The annexed engraving
+represents two sceptres of the kings of England: _the sceptre with
+the dove_ is of gold, three feet seven inches long; the circumference
+of the handle is three inches, and two inches and a quarter at the end
+of the staff; the pomel is decorated with a fillet of table diamonds
+and other precious stones; the mound at the top is enriched with a
+band of rose diamonds; upon the mound is a small cross of Calvary,
+over which is a dove with its wings expanded, as the emblem of mercy.
+
+_The royal Sceptre with the Cross_ is of gold; the handle is plain,
+and the upper part wreathed; it is in length two feet nine inches, the
+fleur-de-lis of six leaves; the mound, and the cross above it, are
+richly embellished with amethysts and diamonds.
+
+SCARPE. A diminutive of the bend sinister.
+
+[Illustration: Scarpe]
+
+Ex. Argent, a scarpe, gules.
+
+SCROLL. The riband below the escutcheon, on which the motto is
+inscribed.
+
+SEEDED. When the seed of a rose or any other flower is of a different
+tint from the petal, it is called seeded. The heraldic colour of the
+seed in the centre of a flower is or, but, as in other proper names,
+the colour of the seed is not mentioned unless it is of a different
+tincture.
+
+[Illustration: Set foil or Six foil]
+
+SET FOIL OR SIX FOIL. Six leaves conjoined in the centre.
+
+SEGREANT. This term is used to describe a griffin displaying its wings
+as if about to fly.
+
+[Illustration: Segreant]
+
+Ex. A griffin rampant, segreant, gules.
+
+SEJANT. French word for sitting. See LION SEJANT.
+
+SEME. A French word for strewed. A field powdered or strewed with any
+object is said to be seme: thus a shield may be seme of fleur-de-lis,
+seme of hearts, &c.
+
+SINISTER. A term used in Heraldry to signify the left side of any
+object. Thus a bend proceeding from the top of the left side of the
+shield is called a bend sinister.
+
+SLIPPED. Torn from the stock or branch.
+
+[Illustration: Slipped]
+
+Ex. Azure, three laurel leaves slipped, argent.
+
+SOL. A planet, formerly used to denote or, in emblazoning royal arms.
+It is the Latin name for the sun.
+
+SOL, or THE SUN IN ITS SPLENDOUR. The sun is said to be in its
+splendour when it is figured (that is, delineated with a human face)
+and surrounded with rays. Sometimes this figure is called a sun in its
+glory.
+
+[Illustration: Sol, or The Sun in its Splendour]
+
+Ex. Azure, a sun in its splendour.
+
+STANDARD. A large square flag bearing the whole of the achievements of
+the monarch or nobleman, as seen in the royal standard of England. The
+royal standard, when placed before the pavilion of the monarch either
+at a tournay or in an encampment, was eleven yards long and three
+yards broad.
+
+The length of the standard when borne in the field denoted the rank
+of the leader: that of a duke was seven yards long; a peer of lower
+degree raised a standard five yards in length; that of a knight
+banneret was only four. In modern times standards of peers or knights
+banneret are seldom displayed but in funeral processions. The standard
+is then long and narrow, and pointed at the end; that of a duke is
+about fifteen feet in length, peers of lower degree about twelve.
+
+The flag borne as the ensign of a regiment of cavalry is called a
+standard. The flags of foot soldiers are called colours.
+
+STAR. This celestial figure is always represented as argent, and is
+supposed to have six rays or points; if they have more points the
+number must be named. See ETOILE.
+
+STATANT. An animal standing still with all its legs on the ground. See
+LION STATANT.
+
+SUPPORTERS are figures standing on the scroll, placed on each side of
+the shield as if to support it. Supporters in English Heraldry are
+granted only to persons included in the rank of nobility or to knights
+banneret by favour of the sovereign.
+
+The origin of this addition to the external ornaments of the
+escutcheon may be traced to the practice which originally prevailed
+in the regulation of tournaments. Some days prior to the tournament
+taking place, each knight desirous of entering the lists was required
+to hang up his shield, upon which his arms were emblazoned, at
+the place appointed by the prince or nobleman that proclaimed the
+tournament, that they might be examined by the heralds, to prevent
+unqualified persons entering the lists. Each shield thus exhibited
+was guarded or supported by the servants of the knight to whom it
+belonged, and to disguise their livery these guardians of the shield
+assumed the appearance of savages, Moors, lions, griffins, and various
+other animals.
+
+In after times, on the creation of a peer, the Heralds selected the
+supporters they deemed most appropriate, having some allusion either
+to the deeds, name, title, arms, or motto of the newly-created peer.
+
+SURMOUNTED. A figure or bearing having another over it.
+
+[Illustration: Surmounted]
+
+Ex. Gules, a sword erect in pale, argent, surmounted by two keys,
+saltier, or.
+
+SURTOUT. The French word for "over all." See ESCUTCHEON OF PRETENCE
+and OVER ALL.
+
+TALBOT. A dog formerly used for hunting. It is formed something
+between a hound and a beagle, with a large snout, and long, round,
+thick ears.
+
+[Illustration: Talbot]
+
+Ex. Argent, a talbot's head erased, seme of billets.
+
+TENNE, or TAWNEY. One of the tinctures used in emblazoning arms. It
+signifies orange colour, and is represented in engraving by lines
+drawn diagonally from the sinister to the dexter side of the shield,
+traversed by perpendicular lines from the base to the chief.
+
+[Illustration: Tiara]
+
+TIARA. The Pope's mitre, with its triple crowns.
+
+TINCTURE. A term used in Heraldry to express colour.
+
+TOPAZ. The name of a precious stone, formerly used instead of or, in
+emblazoning the arms of the English nobility.
+
+TORTEAUX. Red roundlets.
+
+[Illustration: Torteaux]
+
+Ex. Argent, three torteaux in bend, sinister.
+
+TOURNAMENTS were combats of honour, in which persons of noble birth
+entered the lists to gain reputation in feats of arms. The name is
+derived from _tourner_, to turn, from the horsemen turning frequently
+as they rode round the enclosure, and during the course of the
+engagement. The design of tournaments was to train the nobility to
+the use of arms; none, therefore, were admitted to these sports but
+persons of noble birth, who could prove their descent, at least, by
+three generations. They were also required to be men of unspotted
+honour and integrity.
+
+It was customary for princes, on some public festivity or rejoicing,
+to appoint a day for these entertainments, and give public notice to
+the knights in their own territories, as well as in the neighbouring
+states.
+
+The knights generally made their appearance four days before the
+combat. They endeavoured to excel each other in the splendour of their
+equipage and dress, and in the excellence and beauty of their horses,
+which were adorned with the most costly caparisons. Their armorial
+ensigns were displayed with great pomp during three days, that all who
+viewed them might judge if they were worthy of entering the lists. The
+field where the tournament was to be held was railed in with pales.
+This place was called the lists. A king was appointed to preside over
+the sports, as were also judges to examine the knights' armour and
+arms, and to see that no unfair advantage was taken. A number of other
+officers were appointed, which our space will not allow us to mention.
+
+A short distance from the lists were the galleries and pavilions for
+the spectators; the most splendid was that fitted up for the lady who
+presided as queen of the tournament and her attendants, all splendidly
+attired. The most noble and most beautiful ladies of the court crowded
+to these martial entertainments to inspire the combatants with ardour,
+by giving them some token or favour, such as a scarf, veil, or
+bracelet, with which the knight adorned his helmet or spear.
+
+Their arms were lances of light wood, without iron at the top; swords
+without edge or point; in some instances wooden swords were used.
+The knights were formed into two parties, and entered the lists by
+different barriers, riding round the lists several times to pay their
+respects to their sovereign and the ladies. At length the heralds
+sounded to arms; the quadrils, or troop, took their stations; when the
+charge was sounded, the knights rushed against each other with the
+utmost impetuosity. The clashing of swords, the sounding shields, the
+war-cry of the knights, who shouted the name of their ladye-love in
+the midst of the mimic strife, greatly excited the spectators, who, in
+return, cheered and encouraged the combatants. When the knights were
+brave and determined, the contest lasted some hours; the vanquished,
+that is, those who were thrown from their horses, withdrew from the
+lists as quietly as possible, leaving the field to their successful
+opponents. The victory was decided by the number of knights unhorsed.
+The prizes to the victors were adjudged and delivered by the queen
+and the ladies. This authority of the fair sex contributed greatly to
+polish the manners of the nobility and gentry of the middle ages, who
+were anxious to court the favour of those who were the distributors of
+public honours.
+
+Sometimes this entertainment was followed by jousts. Two cavaliers,
+out of gallantry, would break a lance in honour of the ladies. These
+were followed by others until the lists were again cleared for the
+tournament. The difference between tournaments and jousts was, that
+the former were in the nature of battles, the latter of duels.
+
+When the sports were over, the heralds and pursuivants declared the
+names and titles of the knights, and proclaimed the heraldic ornaments
+which the emperor, king, or prince that presided at the tournament
+granted to those whom he pleased to reward or favour.
+
+Notwithstanding all the precautions to prevent the mischief that might
+happen at these martial exercises few were exhibited in which a great
+number were not wounded, some killed in the melee, others crushed by
+the falling of the scaffolds, or trod to death by the horses. Kings,
+princes, and gallant knights from every part of Europe have perished
+at different times while attending or taking part in those mimic
+battles. Successive popes thundered out their anathemas against all
+that encouraged this warlike and dangerous amusement. Those who
+perished in these sanguinary entertainments were denied the honour of
+Christian burial; and yet, so strong was the passion of the nobility
+of Europe for these martial sports, from a desire to display their
+grandeur, courage, and address before the ladies and the assembled
+multitude, that no bulls, decretals, or anathemas of the church were
+able to restrain them. The use of gunpowder, and the consequent
+inutility of armour to defend the person in battle, gradually put
+an end to these animating shows. The tragical death of Henry II. of
+France, in 1559, who was accidentally killed in a tournament, caused
+laws to be passed prohibiting their being held in that kingdom. They
+were continued in England till the beginning of the seventeenth
+century.
+
+An attempt was made to revive these martial exhibitions in Scotland, a
+few years ago, by Lord Eglintoun, the acknowledged leader in all manly
+sports, elegant athletic exercises, and baronial liberality. This
+noble peer proclaimed a tournament to be held at Eglintoun Castle on
+the 28th and 29th of August, 1839. The lists were duly prepared, a
+covered pavilion was erected for the accommodation of the ladies,
+which would contain 3000 persons. In front of this pavilion was the
+throne of the Queen of Beauty and her attendants. Around the lists,
+at convenient distances, were arranged the tents or pavilions of the
+knights, over which floated the gonfalon, or great banner, emblazoned
+with the arms and motto of the knight to whom the tent was
+appropriated, penons and penoncils fluttered at each angle of the
+pavilion, and the shield was placed over the entrance. The knights
+vied with each other in the decoration of their pavilions; all was in
+accordance with ancient customs: and if the shade of Froissart had
+witnessed the scene, it could not have complained of modern innovation
+or misplaced ornament. The procession of the King of the tournament,
+the Queen of Beauty, with the judges, heralds, pursuivants,
+halberdiers, musicians, men-at-arms, as also the splendid retinues
+of the noble challenger and the gallant knights, presented a scene
+unparalleled for magnificence and heraldic emblazonment since the days
+of Edward IV. Every form was observed in this modern tournament; and a
+more interesting scene for the historian, the antiquary, and armorist,
+could not be exhibited. Unfortunately, the continued rain cast a gloom
+over this animated spectacle, which nevertheless excited the highest
+admiration of all who beheld it: a spectator of the scene could well
+imagine the enthusiasm similar ones would create in the minds of the
+gay and brave of former times. It is deemed necessary to briefly
+notice the last tournament held in Britain; as any one that requires
+full information on every part of heraldic ornament, processional
+arrangement, and technical definition, may find positive examples in
+the details of this gorgeous exhibition.
+
+TRANSPOSED. Charges or bearings placed contrary to their usual
+situation.
+
+[Illustration: Transposed]
+
+Ex. Argent, a pile, azure, issuing from the chief between two others,
+transposed.
+
+TREFOIL. Three-leaved grass: the shamrock of Ireland. When a flower or
+leaf is introduced as a charge in a shield of arms, if it is of its
+natural colour, or, in heraldic language, proper, the tincture is not
+named, but if of any other colour it must be described.
+
+[Illustration: Trefoil]
+
+Ex. Argent, three trefoils, gules, one over two.
+
+[Illustration: Tressure]
+
+TRESSURE. An ordinary not so broad as an orle. It generally forms a
+border to the inescutcheon. Tressures are frequently borne double,
+and sometimes treble. They are generally ornamented flory and
+counter-flory. The example contains only a single tressure. The
+arms of Scotland exhibit an example of a double tressure flory and
+counter-flory, as exhibited in the shield on the title-page of this
+Manual. See DOUBLE TRESSURE.
+
+TRICORPORATED. Three lions rampant, conjoined, under one head,
+guardant, in the fess points. See LIONS.
+
+TRIPPING. The motion of deer, between running and walking.
+
+[Illustration: Tripping]
+
+Ex. Argent, a stag proper, tripping.
+
+[Illustration: Turband]
+
+TURBAND. In coats of arms, where the knight was a Crusader, this
+figure often appears. It was the form of the sultan's turban at that
+period.
+
+[Illustration: Turreted]
+
+TURRETED. A wall or castle having small turrets. In the annexed
+example the square tower has circular turrets at the angles, and is
+therefore said to be turreted.
+
+TUSKED. Any animal having tusks of a different tincture from its body
+is said to be tusked.
+
+[Illustration: Tusked]
+
+Ex. Argent, a boar's head, erased proper, tusked gules.
+
+UNDY. A term used to express the word wavy by Gwillim and other
+ancient armorists.
+
+[Illustration: Wavy]
+
+Ex. Argent, a bend undy, gules.
+
+[Illustration: Vair]
+
+VAIR. A kind of fur formerly used for the lining the garments of
+knights. It is represented in engraving by the figures of small bells
+ranged in lines, as in the annexed example. Unless the colour of the
+fur is named, vair is always argent and azure. The bend, the cross and
+saltier, are sometimes formed of this fur.
+
+VAMBRACED. Armour for the arms.
+
+[Illustration: Vambraced]
+
+Ex. Argent, three dexter arms, vambraced, couped.
+
+VAMPLATE. A word used by ancient heralds for armour for the hand,
+instead of gauntlet.
+
+VENUS. The name of the planet, used for the colour vert by ancient
+heralds, who emblazoned the arms of sovereigns by planets instead of
+metals and colours.
+
+VERDOY. A bordure charged with eight leaves.
+
+[Illustration: Verdoy]
+
+Ex. Vert, a bordure argent, verdoy, of trefoils.
+
+[Illustration: Vert]
+
+VERT. Green. It is represented in engraving by diagonal lines drawn
+from the dexter to the sinister side of the shield.
+
+VISCOUNT. A title of honour, a degree below an earl.
+
+VOIDED. A term applied when any part of an ordinary is left open to
+the field.
+
+[Illustration: Voided]
+
+Ex. Gules, a bend sinister, voided, argent.
+
+VOIDER. A subordinate ordinary.
+
+[Illustration: Voider]
+
+Ex. Azure, a voider, argent.
+
+[Illustration: Volant]
+
+VOLANT. The French word for flying. It is used in Heraldry to express
+the same action.
+
+VORANT. Swallowing or devouring: any animal, in a charge, devouring
+another creature.
+
+[Illustration: Vorant]
+
+Ex. Argent, a serpent crowned, or, vorant an infant.
+
+VULNED. A word that signifies wounded, used in emblazonry to denote an
+animal wounded by another creature.
+
+VULNING. Any creature in the act of wounding itself.
+
+[Illustration: Vulning]
+
+Ex. Argent, a pelican's head, erased, vulning.
+
+WALLED. A term sometimes used in Heraldry. When an ordinary is edged
+or guarded by an embattled wall.
+
+[Illustration: Walled]
+
+Ex. Azure, on a pale, walled on each side with three battlements
+argent, an endorse gules.
+
+WAVY. Curved lines, undulating like the waves of the sea.
+
+[Illustration: Wavy]
+
+Ex. Argent, the lower half of the shield three bars wavy, azure.
+
+WHITE. This word is only used to describe a plain fur. It is
+represented as argent.
+
+WINGED. When the wings of a bird, or those of chimerical figures which
+are drawn with wings, are of a different tincture to their bodies,
+they are said to be winged. Thus, in the arms of the state of Venice
+there is a lion sejant guardant, winged or.
+
+[Illustration: Wings erect]
+
+WINGS ERECT. Wings are called erect when their long feathers point
+upwards.
+
+[Illustration: Wings inverted]
+
+WINGS INVERTED. When the feathers point downwards.
+
+WIVERN. A chimerical animal, the upper part resembling a dragon.
+
+[Illustration: Wivern]
+
+Ex. Argent, a wivern, wings raised.
+
+[Illustration: Wreath]
+
+WREATH. A chaplet of two different-coloured silks wound round each
+other, and placed on the top of the helmet for the crest to rest upon.
+In Heraldry it is usually drawn straight, as in the lower example.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VIII.
+
+HERALDRY IN CONNECTION WITH HISTORY, ARCHITECTURE, INTERIOR
+DECORATION, COSTUME, AMUSEMENT, RELIGIOUS SOLEMNITIES, FUNERAL RITES,
+ETC.
+
+
+In the preface to this Manual, we stated that Heraldry might be
+considered as the symbolic history of the nobility of Britain, from
+the Conquest to the reign of Elizabeth. It would require a volume of
+far greater pretensions than this to enter fully upon the heraldic
+history of the peerage; but the assertion may be borne out by merely
+glancing at the supporters of the shields containing the arms of the
+British monarchs during that period.
+
+Supporters were not introduced in English heraldry previous to the
+reign of Richard II. The shield of this luxurious monarch is supported
+on each side by an angel habited, and beneath the shield by a white
+hart couchant, gorged and chained or, beneath a tree. The shield of
+Henry IV., the founder of the Lancastrian dynasty, was supported on
+the dexter side by a swan, on the sinister side by an antelope, both
+gorged and lined or. The shield of the gallant Henry V. was supported
+on the dexter side by a lion rampant guardant, crowned or; on the
+sinister side by an antelope, gorged and chained. Henry VI. had two
+antelopes as supporters to his achievement. The shield of the gallant
+Yorkist Edward IV. is supported on the dexter side by a lion rampant
+argent, the tail passed between his legs, and turned over his back;
+on the sinister by a white hart, and in some instances by a bull.
+The supporters of the shield of Richard III. were two boars rampant
+argent, tusked and bristled or. Henry VII., as a descendant of the
+Welch prince Cadwallader, assumed the red dragon as the supporter
+of the dexter side of his shield; the sinister was supported by a
+greyhound argent, collared gules. The shield of Henry VIII. was
+supported on the dexter side by a lion guardant, crowned or; on the
+sinister by a dragon gules. Edward VI. had the same supporters. Mary
+on her marriage with Philip of Spain, empaled the arms of Spain
+and England as baron and femme; the dexter side of the shield was
+supported by the imperial eagle, the sinister by a lion rampant,
+crowned or. Queen Elizabeth rescued England from this degradation; the
+crowned lion rampant of England resumed his place as the supporter of
+the dexter side of the shield, and the red dragon on the sinister. On
+the union of England with Scotland, the supporters of the royal arms
+were, on the dexter side a lion guardant, crowned or, on the sinister
+maned and unguled or, white unicorn, gorged and chained of the same.
+The supporters of the royal arms have continued the same to the
+present time; and, as an emblem of union and strength, long may they
+continue.
+
+The reader may easily read the vicissitudes and changes of dynasty in
+the great change of these emblems of support and dignity during the
+period of time that elapsed from the reign of Richard II. to James
+I.; and even the brief notice here given would enable the reader to
+determine the date of any building if the royal arms and supporters
+were placed within it.
+
+Heraldry had taken too firm a hold of the minds of the higher classes
+of society to escape the notice of the architects who were engaged by
+the sovereigns of England and by the wealthy barons, to erect those
+splendid ecclesiastical edifices that still exist as the architectural
+gems of Britain. Westminster Abbey teems with heraldic ornament, not
+only in the gorgeous chapel of Henry VII., but in those parts of the
+structure erected at a much earlier period. During the time when
+those styles of Gothic architecture prevailed that are now called the
+decorated and the perpendicular, the roof, the columns, the stained
+glass windows, the seats, altar, tombs, and even the flooring, were
+filled with emblazonment. A branch of art which our forefathers found
+so useful as an ornament to architecture cannot be beneath the notice
+of those who are desirous of treading in their footsteps.
+
+Nor was heraldic ornament confined to architecture. It formed the
+grand embellishment of the interior of the palaces and baronial
+castles,
+
+  "The gorgeous halls which were on every side,
+  With rich array and costly arras dight."
+
+The canopies of state, the furniture and plate, were all emblazoned
+with the arms of the royal and noble owners. And even at the present
+day, heraldry is far more effective for interior decoration than the
+unmeaning Italian scroll-work that is substituted for it. Some idea of
+the value of both may be formed by glancing at the interior decoration
+of the new Royal Exchange; and it is to be regretted that the shields
+containing the arms of the different countries should not have
+occupied the walls, as an indication of the spot where the natives
+of those countries might be found; and that the compartments of the
+ceiling, if such ornament should be found in a building of this
+kind at all, should not be filled with the Italian floral scroll
+decoration.
+
+In a preceding chapter of this Manual, the reader has been informed
+that the arms of a knight were emblazoned on the surcoat or outer
+garment that was worn over his armour, which was the origin of the
+term Coat of Arms. Heraldic emblazonment was plentifully strewed over
+the mantles of the nobility when they assembled on state solemnities.
+Nor was this ornament confined to the garments of males. Ladies
+delighted to appear in the cognizances of their lords, or in their own
+paternal bearings. Armourists that have amused themselves by treating
+on the curious and obsolete terms of heraldry, have supposed that the
+flanch and flasque represent that part of female attire which covered
+the body from the lower part of the neck to the waist, and that
+this part of the ladies' dress contained the heraldic bearing. Our
+contracted space will not allow our indulging in fanciful research,
+nor would it benefit our readers if we did so. Suffice it that we have
+ample proof that heraldry formed the decoration of female attire.
+
+Numerous instances may be found, either in stained glass, monumental
+brasses, or illuminated genealogies, of female figures bearing
+heraldic devices on their apparel. A married lady or widow had her
+paternal arms emblazoned upon the fore part of her vest, which by
+ancient writers is called the kirtle, and the arms of the husband on
+the mantle, being the outer and the most costly garment, and therefore
+deemed the most honourable. This is called bearing arms kirtle and
+mantle.
+
+Our frontispiece contains two figures kneeling, taken from _Dallaway's
+Heraldry_. They are to be found in an illuminated pedigree of the
+Weston family. The male figure is that of Sir John de Weston, of
+Weston-Lizars, in Staffordshire, and Isabel his wife, whose paternal
+name was Bromley. In three quarterfoils beneath the figures are
+shields: the first contains the arms of Weston, sable, an eagle
+displayed or, with a lable argent, fretty gules; the centre shield
+is argent, fretty gules; that under the lady is her paternal arms,
+quarterly per fess dancette, or and gules. The figure of the knight
+is represented in chain armour, over which is a surcoat, on which his
+arms are emblazoned. The vest or kirtle of the lady is formed
+entirely of the colours of her arms disposed quarterly, and parted
+horizontally, or fessways, by the line dancette. As both the knight
+and his lady appear together, each bears their own arms; but if either
+had been drawn separately, the arms of both would have appeared on one
+person; if on the male, they would have been empaled baron and femme
+upon the surcoat; if on the female, they would have appeared on kirtle
+and mantle. This lady is drawn with a kirtle only.
+
+In some of the later monumental brasses, the arms on female figures
+are arranged differently; the arms of the baron appearing on the
+outside of the mantle, hanging over the dexter shoulder, the paternal
+arms of the femme on the lining of the mantle turned outwards on the
+sinister side of the figure.
+
+The reader will find, by referring to the word TOURNAMENT in the
+Dictionary, that Heraldry formed the great embellishment of that
+animated and costly amusement: and that the attainment of heraldic
+honours was the only means of gaining permission to join in it, and
+by this means only was a passport obtained to high society. These
+honours, which cost some trouble in gaining, could be lost by
+misconduct. Arms were forfeited for uncourteous demeanour, disregard
+of authority, falsehood, oppression, and ungentlemanly conduct; and
+there can be little doubt but, in a semi-barbarous age, when prowess
+in the field of battle was considered the highest acomplishment, that
+the dread of a blot on the escutcheon, or a reversal of the shield of
+arms, restrained many a proud baron in his tyrannical proceedings
+to those beneath him, and tended to keep down the insolence of the
+upstart favourites of royalty. Heraldry tended to soften and polish
+the manners, and, by the introduction of the manufacture of silken
+housings tapestry, and carpeting, to increase the comforts and
+pleasures of society, and compelled those who were anxious to exhibit
+the insignia of gentility, to seek distinction by other means than
+rapine and violence.
+
+The term Canting Heraldry frequently occurs in ancient and modern
+authors. It is a term of contempt and derision, applied to symbolic
+bearings that are assumed without the authority of the Heralds'
+College. In many cases they allude to the name or occupation of the
+bearer: the motto is probably a pun upon the figures contained in the
+shield, or some technical expression used by the parties in their
+agricultural or commercial pursuits.
+
+No person, when heraldry was in its greatest repute, dared assume any
+cognizance or bearing without permission of the Earl Marshal or the
+Kings-at-Arms. Any individuals, who presumed, by assumption, to offend
+the laws of the court of honour, were liable to heavy fines and
+personal duresse, which in many instances have been rigidly enforced.
+
+
+THE END.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+AUGUST, 1862.
+
+NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS
+
+PUBLISHED BY
+
+ARTHUR HALL, VIRTUE & CO., 25, PATERNOSTER ROW.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This day, price 7s. cloth gilt,
+
+THINGS HARD TO BE UNDERSTOOD;
+
+OR, EXPLANATIONS OF DIFFICULT DOCTRINES AND MISINTERPRETED TEXTS.
+
+By the Rev. JOHN CUMMING, D.D., F.R.S.E
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This day, price 7s. 6d., post 8vo., cloth,
+
+A NOBLE PURPOSE NOBLY WON.
+
+AN OLD, OLD STORY.
+
+By the Author of "Mary Powell"
+
+New and Cheaper Edition.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LATELY PUBLISHED BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
+
+THE CHRONICLE OF ETHELFLED.
+
+Price 6s., in antique.
+
+THE COTTAGE HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
+
+With numerous Woodcuts. Price 2s. 6d., in cloth.
+
+OLDEN TALES.
+
+DEBORAH'S DIARY. With Illustrations. Cheap edition, price 2s.
+
+HOUSEHOLD OF SIR THOMAS MORE. Price 2s. 6d.
+
+THE COLLOQUIES OF EDWARD OSBORNE. Price 2s. 6d.
+
+THE OLD CHELSEA BUN HOUSE. Uniform.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In post 8vo., price 12s.,
+
+THE CELT, ROMAN, AND SAXON.
+
+A History of the Early Inhabitants of Britain, down to the Conversion
+of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. Illustrated by the Ancient
+Remains brought to light by recent research. By THOMAS WRIGHT, Esq.
+M.A., F.S.A. With numerous Engravings. New edition, enlarged.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ILLUSTRATED WORKS BY MR. BARTLETT.
+
+NEW EDITIONS AT REDUCED PRICES.
+
+All in super-royal 8vo., price 10s. 6d. each, cloth gilt; or 21s. each
+in morocco.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WALKS ABOUT JERUSALEM AND ITS ENVIRONS.
+
+Illustrated by Twenty-four Engravings on Steel, Two Maps, and many
+superior Woodcuts.
+
+"We have at length, in this attractive volume, the _desideratum_
+of a complete picturesque guide to the topography of
+Jerusalem."--_Patriot._
+
+"The volume is well got up in point of embellishments, and contains
+much valuable matter, with illustrations beautifully executed."--_Ch.
+of England Mag._
+
+"Our impression is, that Jerusalem was never before so successfully
+delineated."--_Evangelical Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FOOTSTEPS OF OUR LORD AND HIS APOSTLES
+
+IN SYRIA, GREECE, AND ITALY.
+
+A Succession of Visits to the Scenes of New Testament Narrative. With
+Twenty-three Steel Engravings, and several Woodcuts.
+
+"This is one of the happiest of the many happy Christmas ventures that
+the publishers have put forth. It is got up in excellent taste, and
+written in a pleasing and attractive style."--_Church and State
+Gazette._
+
+"If beauty of design and execution, combined with elegance of
+narrative and trustworthy description, can be any recommendation to
+a book, it is sufficient to say that this excellent volume possesses
+every one of these features, and establishes its own character without
+the need of any further praise."--_Bell's Messenger._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE PILGRIM FATHERS;
+
+OR, THE FOUNDERS OF NEW ENGLAND IN THE REIGN OF JAMES THE FIRST.
+
+With Twenty-eight Illustrations on Steel, and numerous Woodcuts.
+
+"This is a good thing well done; a book that ought to be a household
+treasure in the family of the more than _fifty millions_ of Englishmen
+and Americans, who are, if right-minded men, most deeply interested in
+the history it details. The story of the plantation of British America
+is, with the sole exception of the Sacred Records, the most important
+narrative in the annals of the world. No discovery of new lands like
+that of Columbus--no discovery in science, or in arts, approaches it
+in the magnitude of its glorious results."--_Standard._
+
+"We can commend Mr. Bartlett's book as handsomely issued, carefully
+got together, and full of interesting reading. The illustrations are
+sufficiently varied--alternating between the Fens of Lincolnshire,
+the flats of Holland, and the scenery of Plymouth Sound."--_Athenaeum._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PICTURES FROM SICILY.
+
+Illustrated with Twenty-three Engravings on Steel, and several
+Woodcuts.
+
+"As a work of reference it is of the highest utility; as an ornamental
+book it is unsurpassed; and as a guide to the traveller it has no
+equal in the English language."--_Observer._
+
+"This is a very handsome and pleasing pictorial hand-book of the
+beauties of Sicily. The illustrations do honour alike to the artist,
+engraver, and publishers--and the style is, generally speaking,
+graphic and faithful ... with an interest beyond its pictorial
+claims."--_Athenaeum._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FORTY DAYS IN THE DESERT;
+
+ON THE TRACK OF THE ISRAELITES;
+
+OR, A JOURNEY FROM CAIRO BY WADY FEIRAN TO MOUNT SINAI AND PETRA.
+
+Illustrated with Twenty-seven Engravings on Steel, a Map, and numerous
+Woodcuts.
+
+"Mr. Bartlett has made a book, pleasant in letter-press, as well as
+attractive in its illustrations--delicately finished line engravings
+of subjects particularly well chosen."--_Athenaeum._
+
+"A very handsome volume, copiously and cleverly illustrated in
+the vignette style; an elegant table-book, or most acceptable
+present."--_Atlas._
+
+"Entertainingly written, and crowded with steel engravings of
+a superior character, which combine to make it a very handsome
+volume."--_Critic._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE NILE BOAT;
+
+OR, GLIMPSES OF THE LAND OF EGYPT.
+
+Illustrated by Thirty-five Steel Engravings, Maps, and numerous
+Woodcuts.
+
+"There is an actuality about the descriptions, and a beauty about the
+illustrations, that render this glimpse of Egypt peculiarly charming.
+The sketches and descriptive maps render the views witnessed in the
+'Nile Boat' beautiful realities."--_The Sun._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GLEANINGS ON THE OVERLAND ROUTE.
+
+Illustrated by Twenty-eight Steel Plates and Maps, and Twenty-three
+Woodcuts.
+
+"The reader will find abundance of interesting and amusing information
+in the volume. As a work of art, it possesses very considerable
+merit."--_Chambers's Journal._
+
+"An individual of able research and active observation conveys to us
+his impressions in language terse, concise, and never tedious;
+we listen with pleasure to his tale. Well executed pictorial
+illustrations considerably enhance the merits of this pleasing
+work."--_Tait's Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JERUSALEM REVISITED.
+
+With Twenty-two Steel Engravings and Woodcuts.
+
+"A beautiful monument for a lover of Art."--_Athenaeum._
+
+"An interesting book to look through, and a useful book to
+read,"--_Leader._
+
+"Mr. Bartlett was a remarkably clever and faithful sketcher, and had
+an unusual power of expressing space and size in the limits of a small
+vignette."--_Guardian._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ARTHUR HALL, VIRTUE, & CO., 25, PATERNOSTER ROW.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WORKS BY THE AUTHOR OF "MARY POWELL."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This day, price 7s. 6d., post 8vo., cloth,
+
+THE DAY OF SMALL THINGS.
+
+By the Author of "Mary Powell."
+
+"Close the curtains, draw the sofa by the fire, fit the ottoman to
+your feet, and adjust the light. If the reader be thus prepared he is
+ready to commence reading 'The Day of Small Things.' What is this neat
+and unpretending volume by the authoress of 'Mary Powell?' It is a
+string of pearls. Yes. Yet the simile will not be perfect unless the
+thread on which they are strung be golden. Then we will accept the
+resemblance.... The authoress of 'Mary Powell,' and, we add, 'The Day
+of Small Things,' feels her own power, and knows how deeply trifles,
+when judiciously introduced, will tell.... It is a cornucopia filled
+with rich moral fruits of every kind; and, though small are the hints
+thrown out here and there, or the advice casually given, still in the
+aggregate their voice becomes powerful, and we find that we have been
+reading a powerful lesson while we were scanning the jottings of a
+diary.... The work is worthy of its author, and will be a general
+favourite."--_Atlas._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+New and Cheaper Edition, post 8vo., price 7s. 6d., cloth gilt,
+
+POPLAR HOUSE ACADEMY.
+
+"A tale as touching and alluring as it is simple--a tale sure to
+interest, whether by its sweet scenes of pathos, its continuous
+interest, its exquisite traits of nature, or its unaffected,
+unobtrusive tone of true piety."--_Literary Gazette._
+
+"In every thing that the author of 'Mary Powell' writes, there is a
+pleasant vein of quiet, refined cheerfulness, which, like the tone of
+a sweet voice, makes one listen with pleasure."--_Athenaeum._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Second Edition, price 7s. 6d., post 8vo., cloth, with Frontispiece,
+
+THE GOOD OLD TIMES.
+
+A Tale of Auvergne.
+
+"It is written in a clear, pointed style, embellished with original
+fancies, and eloquent with an earnest meaning. The various scenes and
+characters are obviously studies from life--the life of restlessness,
+of fear, of devotion, among the friends of martyrs, described by the
+chroniclers of that epoch, stained with the blood of fanatical wars
+and persecutions. Colette, as delicately and distinctly limned in
+the successive chapters, might have formed a figure in the
+fifteenth-century group, drawn by a home-inspired artist. Then, the
+struggle round the walls of Le Puy is a picture of olden warfare, of
+arquebus and halberd battles, of priestly soldiers, sworn to shed no
+blood, but casuistically, with a ponderous club, immortalizing the
+miserable _routiers_. Again, the _cretin_ is a portrait painfully
+accurate. Indeed, the entire story is vivified by its evident
+reality."--_Athenaeum._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Third Edition, price 7s. 6d., post 8vo., cloth, with Coloured
+Frontispiece by
+
+WARREN,
+
+THE PROVOCATIONS OF MADAME PALISSY.
+
+"On the basis of the true history of Palissy, the writer has formed
+the present work; has given a very spirited sketch of his labours; has
+exhibited the extravagances, amounting to crime, of a man of genius
+driving on in pursuit of his darling object; and has depicted, as the
+title promises, with a good deal of power, the plagues of a wife who
+has such a husband."--_Christian Observer._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In post 8vo., price 7s. 6d. cloth gilt,
+
+FAMILY PICTURES.
+
+  TWILIGHT IN AN UNINHABITED HOUSE.
+  OF A FINE OLD ENGLISH MERCHANT.
+  FATHER AND SON.
+  A GENTLEMAN OF THE OLD SCHOOL.
+  A GHOST STORY.
+  CHARLES LAMB.
+  SIR FRANCIS BARING.
+  ON LEAVING AN OLD FAMILY HOUSE.
+  LONE HEATHS AND HIGHWAYMEN.
+  ON THE SACRED AFFECTIONS.
+  A SCRAP OF AUTOBIOGRAPHY.
+  THE EMPEROR ALEXANDER.
+  THE EVELYNS OF WOTTON.
+  FABIAN'S DILEMMA.
+  CLAREMONT AND THE PRINCESS CHARLOTTE.
+  THE FATHER OF A FAMILY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In post 8vo., price 7s. 6d., cloth gilt, with Frontispiece,
+
+THE YEAR NINE.
+
+A Tale of the Tyrol.
+
+"A highly interesting volume, in which the noble stand made by an
+army of peasants for independence is told with great power and
+pathos."--_Morning Herald._
+
+"Sweet 'Mary Powell' exchanges her lute for a cymbal, clanging with
+her white fingers upon the sounding brass. The subject is well
+chosen, and the theme inspiriting. 'Hofer' is the hero of her
+lute."--_Art-Journal_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+New Edition, price 7s. 6d., cloth gilt, with Coloured Frontispiece
+after WARREN,
+
+CLAUDE THE COLPORTEUR.
+
+"The hero of the narrative is, in plain English, a Bible hawker
+among Roman Catholics chiefly; and his difficulties, ill-treatment,
+conversations, and beneficial influence, form the staple of the book--
+his character is well drawn."--_English Churchman._
+
+"The volume is one of no ordinary merit; for it throws intense
+interest around common occurrences and common characters, and presents
+not only a vivid series of pictures, but a well-sustained tale."--
+_Church and State Gazette._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Post 8vo., cloth, price 7s. 6d., with Frontispiece,
+
+SOME ACCOUNT OF MRS. CLARINDA SINGLEHART.
+
+"It may be said of all her works, that of their kind they are very
+good; and this cannot fail to give pleasure to every reader capable
+of appreciating literary merit, and it will commend itself for family
+reading, on account of the genial tone of the morality which runs
+throughout."--_Atlas._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Third Edition, post 8vo., price 7s. 6d., antique,
+
+YE MAIDEN & MARRIED LIFE OF MARY POWELL.
+
+Afterwards MISTRESS MILTON.
+
+"This is a charming little book; and whether we regard its subject,
+cleverness, or delicacy of sentiment and expression,--to say nothing
+of its type and orthography,--it is likely to be a most acceptable
+present to young or old, be their peculiar taste for religion, morals,
+poetry, history, or romance."--_Christian Observer._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ARTHUR HALL, VIRTUE, & CO., 25, PATERNOSTER ROW.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHEAP AND POPULAR TALES BY F.E. SMEDLEY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Price 2s. 6d. boards; 3s. 6d. cloth,
+
+FRANK FAIRLEGH;
+
+OR, SCENES FROM THE LIFE OF A PRIVATE PUPIL.
+
+"There is no reason to complain of any want of vivacity in this story.
+The author has made himself well qualified for the task, and excites
+mirth by the recital of some curious adventures. If any of our
+readers wish to read a very entertaining and laughter-provoking
+story, we cannot do better than suggest a perusal of 'Frank
+Fairlegh.'"--_Somerset Gazette._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Price 3s. boards; 4s. cloth,
+
+LEWIS ARUNDEL;
+
+OR, THE RAILROAD OF LIFE.
+
+"The task of the reviewer becomes a pleasant one when such works
+as the one before us is forced upon his perusal. We must once more
+commend the taste and talent of the author of 'Lewis Arundel.'"
+--_Weekly Times._
+
+"Sparkling like a firefly, 'Frank Fairlegh' bustles through the scenes
+of his story, if not the most profound, certainly one of the gayest
+and prettiest writers of the day."--_Bath Journal._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Price 1s. 6d. boards; 2s. 6d. cloth,
+
+THE FORTUNES OF THE COLVILLE FAMILY;
+
+OR, A CLOUD AND ITS SILVER LINING.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This day, in fcap., price 2s. boards; 2s. 6d, cloth,
+
+SEVEN TALES BY SEVEN AUTHORS.
+
+Edited by F.E. SMEDLEY, Esq., Author of "Frank Fairlegh," &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ARTHUR HALL, VIRTUE & CO., 25, PATERNOSTER ROW.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ILLUSTRATED WORKS FOR THE YOUNG.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Cheap Edition, 2s. boards; fine paper, 4s, cloth gilt,
+
+A BOY'S ADVENTURES IN THE WILDS OF AUSTRALIA.
+
+By WILLIAM HOWITT. With Designs by HARVEY.
+
+"All the boys in England, whether 'old boys' or young ones, will
+rejoice in this fascinating book, full of anecdote and wild
+adventure."--_Athenaeum._
+
+"A capital book, full of humour, adventure, excitement, and
+those incidents of peril and pleasure which seem indigenous to
+Australia."--_Church and State Gazette._
+
+"In vivid portraiture of things as they are, it far excels every
+publication that has yet reached us from Australia."--_British Banner._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Fcap. 8vo., 7s. 6d., cloth lettered,
+
+NAOMI; or, THE LAST DAYS OF JERUSALEM.
+
+By Mrs. J.B. WEBB. New Edition, with Designs by GILBERT, and View and
+Plan of Jerusalem.
+
+"It is in truth an admirable little volume, and well worthy of a yet
+more extensive patronage than it has already received."--_Maidstone
+Journal._
+
+"One of the most interesting works we have read for some time. We are
+not surprised at the popularity it has attained--it deserves it; and
+we cordially wish it further success."--_Metropolitan._
+
+"The plot is easy, natural, and well sustained. The narrative
+gracefully written.... Seldom have we read a tale better adapted for
+its purpose."--_Monthly Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Tenth Edition, corrected and enlarged, 18mo., 2s. 6d. cloth; or 3s.
+scarlet, gilt edges,
+
+SELECT POETRY FOR CHILDREN.
+
+With brief Explanatory Notes, arranged for the use of Schools and
+Families.
+
+By JOSEPH PAYNE.
+
+"A very nice little volume, containing a charming collection of
+poetry."--_Spectator._
+
+"It is really a treat to see anything so simply good as the little
+volume before us."--_Metropolitan Magazine._
+
+"Pieces that are at once sprightly and instructive, pathetic and
+devout."--_Congregational Magazine._
+
+"A very pleasing and suitable collection."--_Westminster Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+New and Cheaper Edition, with Illustrations by GILBERT, fcap., 3s. 6d.
+cloth
+
+WINTER EVENINGS;
+
+Or, TALES OF TRAVELLERS. By MARIA HACK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Fcap., 3s. 6d. cloth, or 5s. gilt edges,
+
+CANADIAN CRUSOES.
+
+A Tale of the Rice Lake Plains. By Mrs. TRAILL. New and Cheaper
+Edition, edited by AGNES STRICKLAND. Illustrated by HARVEY.
+
+"A very delightful book for young readers. The interest is deep and
+well sustained. Mr. Harvey has contributed some excellent woodcuts,
+and the book is altogether a pretty and interesting one."
+--_Guardian._
+
+"The book is exceedingly well calculated for children, to whom
+its interesting contents, its handsome appearance, and beautiful
+illustrations, will render it an acceptable present."--_Tait's
+Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+New and Improved Edition, with Frontispiece, 18mo., 1s. 6d. cloth
+gilt,
+
+NURSERY RHYMES.
+
+An ILLUSTRATED EDITION, in large type, with 16 Cuts by GILBERT, 16mo.,
+2s. 6d. cloth, gilt edges.
+
+"These verses for children have never been surpassed for the happy
+union of fancy and precept, the simplicity and intelligibility of
+the ideas and words, and the fluency and conciseness of the rhymes."
+--_Spectator._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+By the same Authors,
+
+ORIGINAL POEMS FOR INFANT MINDS.
+
+New and Improved Edition, with Frontispiece, Two Vols., 18mo., 1s. 6d.
+each, cloth gilt.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+32mo. cloth, gilt edges, 1s.,
+
+BASKET OF FLOWERS;
+
+OR, PIETY AND TRUTH TRIUMPHANT.
+
+A Tale for the Young.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+16mo. gilt edges, 2s. 6d.,
+
+THE BOY AND THE BIRDS.
+
+By EMILY TAYLOR. With Sixteen fine Woodcuts, from LANDSEER'S Designs.
+
+"A delightful book for children. The birds tell of their habits to a
+little inquiring boy, who goes peeping into their nests and watching
+their doings, and a very pleasant way they have of talking, sure to
+engage the young reader's attention. The designs are pretty, and
+nicely cut on wood."--_Spectator._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+In foolscap 8vo. cloth, 2s. 6d.,
+
+COLA MONTI;
+
+OR, THE STORY OF A GENIUS.
+
+A Tale for Boys. By the Author of "John Halifax Gentleman," &c.
+
+With Four Illustrations by FRANKLIN.
+
+"No one possessing common sensibility can read this book without
+a thoughtful brow and a glistening eye."--_Chambers's Edinburgh
+Journal._
+
+"An exceedingly well-told tale, which will interest boys of
+all ages.... As a holiday companion, few books would be more
+popular."--_English Churchman._
+
+"A lively narrative of school-boy adventures."
+
+"A very charming and admirably-written volume.... It is adapted to
+make boys better."
+
+"A simple and pleasing story of school-boy life."--_John Bull._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In fcap. 8vo., 7s. 6d., elegantly bound and gilt,
+
+DOCTOR'S LITTLE DAUGHTER.
+
+THE STORY OF A CHILD'S LIFE AMIDST THE WOODS AND HILLS.
+
+By ELIZA METEYARD. With numerous Illustrations by HARVEY.
+
+"This is a very delightful book, especially calculated for the
+amusement and instruction of our young friends; and is evidently the
+production of a right-thinking and accomplished mind."--_Church of
+England Review._
+
+"An elegant, interesting, and unobjectionable present for young
+ladies. The moral of the book turns on benevolence."--_Christian
+Times._
+
+"This Story of a Child's Life is so full of beauty and meekness, that
+we can hardly express our sense of its worth in the words of common
+praise."--_Nonconformist._
+
+"This will be a choice present for the young."--_British Quarterly
+Review._
+
+"The whole story is told with a most touching grace, and a golden glow
+of poetry pervades it. The fine designs of Harvey, which illustrate
+the book, add greatly to its attractiveness, and we cannot entertain
+a doubt of its becoming one of the most popular volumes in the
+'Children's Library.'"--_Eliza Cook's Journal._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Second Edition, in square 16mo., handsomely bound in cloth, price 2s.
+6d. with gilt edges,
+
+HOW TO WIN LOVE;
+
+OR, RHODA'S LESSON.
+
+A Story Book for the Young. By the Author of "Life for a Life," &c.
+With Illustrations on Steel.
+
+"A very captivating story."--_Morning Post._
+
+"Just what a story for children ought to be."--_Douglas Jerrold's
+Newspaper._
+
+"Truthfulness, descriptive talent, and pure morality in every
+line."--_Literary Gazette._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+16mo. cloth, price 2s.,
+
+OPEN AND SEE;
+
+OR, FIRST READING LESSONS.
+
+By the Author of "Aids to Development," &c. &c. With Twenty-four
+Engravings on Wood.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Fcap. 8vo., price 3s. 6d. cloth gilt,
+
+RECOLLECTIONS OF MRS. ANDERSON'S SCHOOL.
+
+A Book for Girls. By JANE WINNARD HOOPER. Illustrated by FRANKLIN.
+
+"A pretty unpretentious volume, neatly embellished, and gay in its
+livery of green and gold. Outside and in 'tis precisely the _beau
+ideal_ of a present or a prize-book for a young lady. More fresh and
+more delightful reading than this book it has rarely been our fortune
+to meet."--_Morning Advertiser._
+
+"An amusing series of descriptions likely to interest the young folks
+for whom they are intended."--_Express._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+18mo. cloth, price 2s.,
+
+ROBINSON CRUSOE.
+
+With Illustrations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A New and Revised Edition, with Eighty-eight cuts, 18mo. cloth
+lettered, price 2s.,
+
+RURAL SCENES;
+
+OR, A PEEP INTO THE COUNTRY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 18mo. cloth, price 2s.,
+
+SANDFORD AND MERTON.
+
+With Cuts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+New Edition, cloth, 1s.; gilt edges, 1s. 6d.,
+
+WATTS'S (Dr.) DIVINE AND MORAL SONGS FOR CHILDREN.
+
+With Anecdotes and Reflections, by the Rev. INGRAM COBBIN, M.A. With
+Frontispiece and Fifty-seven Woodcuts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ARTHUR HALL, VIRTUE & CO., 25, PATERNOSTER ROW.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ILLUSTRATED WORKS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In small 4to., price 21s., cloth and gold,
+
+THE ILLUSTRATED BOOK OF SOUTH WALES,
+
+THE WYE, AND THE COAST.
+
+By Mr. and Mrs. S.C. HALL. With Drawings on Wood by J.D. Harding, F.W.
+Hulme, W.S. Coleman, D.H. M'Ewen, Birket Foster, and other artists.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Cheaper Edition, in One Volume, price 12s. bound in cloth; in morocco,
+21s.,
+
+PILGRIMAGES TO ENGLISH SHRINES.
+
+By Mrs. S.C. HALL.
+
+With Notes and Illustrations by F.W. FAIRHOLT, F.S.A.
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+  Birth-place of John Bunyan.
+  Burial-place of John Hampden.
+  Residence of Hannah More.
+  Tomb of Sir Thomas Gresham.
+  Tomb of Thomas Gray.
+  Birth-place of Chatterton.
+  Birth-place of Richard Wilson.
+  House of Andrew Marvel.
+  Tomb of John Stow.
+  Heart of Sir Nicholas Crispe.
+  Printing Office of Caxton.
+  Shaftesbury House.
+  Dwelling of James Barry.
+  Residence of Dr. Isaac Watts.
+  Prison of Lady Mary Grey.
+  Studio of Thomas Gainsborough.
+  Tomb of John Kyrle.
+  Tomb of William Hogarth.
+  Grave of Izaak Walton.
+  Grave of William Penn.
+  Monument of Wren.
+  Grave of Lady Rachel Russel.
+  Edgeworthstown.
+  Garden of Sir Thomas More.
+  Esher--Residence of Jane Porter.
+  Grave of Sir Richard Lovelace.
+  Grave of Grace Aguilar.
+  Dwelling of Edmund Burke.
+  Remains of Clarendon House.
+  Flaxman's Monument.
+  Village of Eyam.
+  Monument of Edward Bird, R.A.
+  Grave of Mrs. Hofland.
+  Chertsey and its Neighbourhood.
+
+"Descriptions of such Shrines come home with deep interest to all
+hearts--all English hearts--particularly when they are done with the
+earnestness which distinguishes Mrs. Hall's writings. That lady's
+earnestness and enthusiasm are of the right sort--felt for freedom of
+thought and action, for taste, and for genius winging its flight in
+a noble direction. They are displayed, oftentimes most naturally,
+throughout the attractive pages of this volume."--_Observer._
+
+"Mrs. Hall's talents are too well known to require our commendations
+of her 'Pilgrimages,' which are every way worthy of the beautiful
+woodcuts that illustrate almost every page: and this is very high
+praise indeed."--_Standard._
+
+"The illustrations are very effective; and the whole work, externally
+and internally, is worthy of the patronage of all who love to be
+instructed as well as amused."--_Church and State Gazette._
+
+"The book is a pleasant one; a collection of a great deal of
+curious information about a number of curious places and persons,
+cleverly and readily put together, and combined into an elegant
+volume."--_Guardian._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ARTHUR HALL, VIRTUE & CO., 25, PATERNOSTER ROW.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WORKS BY MARTIN F. TUPPER, ESQ., D.C.L., F.R.S.,
+
+Author of "Proverbial Philosophy."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In a handsome volume, cloth, gilt edges, price 7s. 6d.,
+
+THREE HUNDRED SONNETS.
+
+"There is an elaborate sumptuousness about it that is quite
+imposing."--_Saturday Review._
+
+"These Sonnets will increase his reputation, for they are decidedly
+the best things we ever saw of his."--_Globe._
+
+"A work which, for its moral purpose and its handsome form, is well
+calculated to grace any library in the kingdom."--_Observer._
+
+"There is a great deal in the present volume which will appeal to
+English feelings."--_Illustrated News of the World._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Cheap Edition, in One Vol., price 2s. 6d. boards; 3s. 6d. cloth,
+
+THE CROCK OF GOLD,
+
+AND OTHER TALES.
+
+With Illustrations by JOHN LEECH.
+
+"We have rarely had occasion to speak more highly of any work than
+of this. The purpose of the writer is admirable, the manner of his
+working out the story is natural and truthful, and the sentiments
+conveyed are all that can be desired."--_Bell's Weekly Messenger._
+
+"This charming tale has won its way to the well-merited distinction of
+a 'Popular Edition,' embellished with a characteristic frontispiece
+from the telling pencil of John Leech. We can read it again and again
+with fresh pleasure."--_Literary Gazette._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Third Edition, with Vignette, fcap., cloth, 7s. 6d.,
+
+BALLADS FOR THE TIMES,
+
+AND OTHER POEMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Second Edition, fcap., cloth, 3s. 6d.,
+
+LYRICS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Fcap., cloth, 2s. 6d., with Portrait,
+
+PROVERBIAL PHILOSOPHY.
+
+Translated into French.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Price 3s., cloth,
+
+KING ALFRED'S POEMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ARTHUR HALL, VIRTUE & CO., 25, PATERNOSTER ROW.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WORKS BY THE REV. J. CUMMING, D.D., F.R.S.E.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In Three Vols., price 18s., cloth,
+
+APOCALYPTIC SKETCHES;
+
+OR, LECTURES ON THE BOOK OF REVELATION.
+
+New Edition, thoroughly revised, corrected, and arranged.
+
+     I. THINGS THAT WERE.
+    II. THINGS THAT ARE.
+   III. THINGS THAT WILL BE.
+
+This Work has undergone a most elaborate revision and correction by
+the Author. New matter of great value has been introduced, allusions
+to circumstances now obsolete have been expunged, and fresh and
+interesting evidence of the fulfilment of the prophecies of the book
+have been added. These volumes form a LIBRARY EDITION of a work of
+unprecedented popularity, replete with interest, and strikingly
+illustrative of a much neglected portion of the Word of God.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In fcap., price 3s. 6d., cloth,
+
+RUTH:
+
+A CHAPTER IN PROVIDENCE
+
+"The genius of the preacher has fallen on a theme peculiarly
+agreeable, abounding in nature, truth, simplicity, and pathos. We
+predict for the publication a very extensive and enduring popularity."
+--_British Standard._
+
+"If the story loses somewhat of its simplicity under the glowing pen
+of the eloquent doctor, it gains, on the other hand, by the pure
+evangelical tone which runs like a golden thread through all the
+history."--_Atlas._
+
+"Indeed, the book is a woman's book, and we shall be much mistaken
+if it do not prove more attractive--as it will be certainly more
+useful--to sensible women than half the sentimental trash which they
+are insulted by having offered to them."--_Freeman._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Second and Cheaper Edition, in fcap., price 5s., cloth,
+
+CONSOLATIONS;
+
+OR, LEAVES FROM THE TREE OF LIFE.
+
+"There are few of the varieties of human trouble, or the forms
+and appliances of Christian solace, that are not described by the
+author."--_Literary Gazette._
+
+"The present volume is worthy to take rank with the best and most
+successful of the Rev. Author's previous works. Its consolations are
+leaves gathered from the tree of life, fresh in their lovely verdure,
+impregnated with the sweet odours of the Gospel. The author's
+contributions to religious literature are marked not less by their
+eminently evangelical and practical characters, their purity and
+loftiness of thought, than by their beautiful simplicity of language
+and style."--_Morning Herald._
+
+"This volume is eminently practical, and is marked by all the author's
+characteristic excellences. We have not read a book from Dr. Cumming
+for a long time which we can more conscientiously commend."--_Weekly
+Christian News._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Cheap Edition, Tenth Thousand, in One Volume, containing 688 pages,
+price 6s., cloth lettered,
+
+THE CELEBRATED PROTESTANT DISCUSSION,
+
+Between the Rev. JOHN CUMMING, D.D., and DANIEL FRENCH, Esq.,
+Barrister-at-Law, held at Hammersmith, in 1839.
+
+"No clergyman's library can be complete without it."--_Bell's
+Messenger._
+
+"A compendium of argument."--_Gentleman's Magazine._
+
+"The subject (_pro_ and _con_) is all but exhausted."--_Church and
+State Gazette._
+
+"This cheap reprint of a masterly discussion contains the most
+comprehensive view of all points at issue between Protestants and
+Romanists with which we are acquainted."--_Biblical Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Price 1s. 6d. each.
+
+  THE FINGER OF GOD.
+  CHRIST OUR PASSOVER.
+  THE COMFORTER.
+
+Or 2s. 6d. in cloth gilt.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Price 1s. each.
+
+  INFANT SALVATION.
+  MESSAGE FROM GOD.
+  BAPTISMAL FONT.
+
+Or 2s. with gilt edges.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 4to., cloth, gilt edges, 21s.,
+
+DAILY FAMILY DEVOTION; OR, GUIDE TO FAMILY WORSHIP.
+
+With Twenty-four Engravings.
+
+PREFACE.
+
+The Services are meant to embody the wants, and praises, and
+intercessions of Christians of every section of the Church of Christ.
+Any family of any branch of the Protestant Church may use them. They
+are meant for man in the world, and designed to render family worship
+full, without tediousness. They are suited, the writer trusts, by the
+generality and commonness of the prayers, for every class and type in
+this busy world. With earnest hearts to feel and use them, and the
+teaching of God's Holy Spirit, these forms may become instinct with
+life, and unload many a full soul that cannot strike out words for
+itself. The Annotations are necessarily few.
+
+This work is designed to introduce or facilitate the practice of
+Family Worship. By constructing the daily prayer on the passage
+of Scripture selected for reading, greater variety, interest, and
+practical use are associated with the exercise. What God declares is
+thus solemnly accepted in prayer; what He promises is embraced by
+adoring hope; and for special blessings disclosed or promised in his
+holy word, thanksgiving and praise are ascribed to Him from whom
+cometh down every good and perfect gift, to whom belong the glory and
+the honour.
+
+_Shortly._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SCRIPTURE READINGS;
+
+OR, POPULAR AND PRACTICAL EXPOSITIONS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT.
+
+Vol. XII.--THE EPISTLES OF ST. JAMES, &c., price 6s. in cloth.
+
+Into the Comments and Expositions will be introduced illustrative
+extracts from a variety of valuable sources, giving clear
+illustrations of disputed passages; so that when the series on the
+New Testament is finished, every family may find in the library
+a storehouse of useful, interesting, Protestant, and evangelical
+instruction.
+
+ALREADY COMPLETE:
+
+  Vols. I. to IV.--THE FOUR GOSPELS, price 20s.
+  Vol. V.--THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, price 7s.
+  Vol. VI.--EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS, price 4s. 6d.
+  Vol. VII.--THE CORINTHIANS, price 5s.
+  Vol. VIII.--GALATIANS, EPHESIANS, AND PHILIPPIANS, price 6s.
+  Vol. IX.--COLOSSIANS AND THESSALONIANS, price 4s. 6d.
+  Vol. X.--TIMOTHY, &c., price 4s.
+  Vol. XI.--THE HEBREWS, price 5s.
+  THE REVELATIONS, price 7s. 6d.
+
+"One of the most valuable of Dr. Cumming's numerous publications,
+and likely to become the most popular, and the most lasting in its
+popularity, for it has enduring qualities which belong to all ages
+and generations. The text is simply and clearly opened--critical
+explanations are given only when they are required--so as not to
+encumber, but to elucidate; and the practical applications are such
+as to suit all classes of persons."--_Church of England Quarterly
+Review._
+
+"The comments are made with great lucidity. The result is the throwing
+of an additional flood of light on the already dazzling truths of Holy
+Writ. The uses of such a work are self-obvious; and when we add that
+the plan is carried out with all the lucidity, faithfulness, piety,
+honest reasoning, and felicity of thought and expression which mark
+its predecessors, we have only said enough to mark our sense of its
+value."--_Church and State Gazette._
+
+"For the purpose for which 'the Readings' are intended, they are
+in every sense admirably adapted. They combine simplicity with
+faithfulness, and critical interpretation with most attractive
+explanation; so that a child may understand them."--_Bell's
+Messenger._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+READINGS ON THE PROPHETS.
+
+In monthly numbers, price 4d.,
+
+SABBATH MORNING READINGS ON THE BOOK OF DANIEL.
+
+By the Rev. JOHN CUMMING, D.D., F.R.S.E.
+
+"The Author has not published any exposition of the last prophecy of
+Daniel, but having studied and lectured on it in the light of
+existing complications and events, he is satisfied that it will prove
+interesting and instructive."
+
+Price 3s. complete, in cloth.
+
+LATELY PUBLISHED:
+
+  THE BOOKS OF SAMUEL,
+  price 5s.
+
+  THE BOOKS OF KINGS,
+  price 4s. 6d.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Fourth and Cheaper Edition, revised, fcap. 8vo. cloth, price 3s. 6d.,
+
+THE DAILY LIFE; OR, PRECEPTS AND PRESCRIPTIONS FOR CHRISTIAN LIVING.
+
+"Popular, clear, captivating, and animated."--_British Banner._
+
+"Dr. Cumming is famous for the number and variety of his
+illustrations, chiefly drawn from natural and familiar objects.
+The volume before us strikes us as being remarkably
+felicitous."--_Clerical Journal._
+
+"It is written in the same terse and vigorous style and earnestness of
+tone as those of its predecessors, and the strong common sense with
+which its teaching is enforced, will attract while it improves the
+student."--_Church and State Gazette._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Sixth Edition, in fcap. 8vo., price 3s. cloth, gilt edges,
+
+OUR FATHER.
+
+Manual of Family Prayers for General and Special Occasions, with Short
+Prayers for Spare Minutes, and Passages for Reflection.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHEAP EDITIONS.
+
+  CHURCH BEFORE THE FLOOD.
+  Fcap. 8vo., price 3s. 6d.
+
+  PROPHETIC STUDIES;
+  Or, Lectures on the Book of Daniel. Fcap., price 3s. 6d.
+
+  TENT AND ALTAR.
+  Fcap., price 3s. 6d.
+
+  APOCALYPTIC SKETCHES.
+  Original Edition, with Index, &c. Three Vols., price 3s. 6d. each.
+
+  FORESHADOWS;
+  Or, Lectures on our Lord's Miracles and Parables,
+  Two Vols., price 3s. 6d. each.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ARTHUR HALL, VIRTUE, & CO., 25, PATERNOSTER ROW.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WORKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ALPHA AND OMEGA.
+
+A Series of Scripture Studies, forming a History of the great events
+and characters in Scripture. By GEORGE GILFILLAN, author of "The Bards
+of the Bible," &c. In two vols., price 10s. 6d. cloth.
+
+"We know no reading more fascinating than that which Mr. Gilfillan has
+provided in these volumes."--_Leader._
+
+"A lasting monument alike of Mr. Gilfillan's genius as a writer, and
+accomplishments as a divine."--_Scottish Review._
+
+"We cheerfully acknowledge the religious correctness which pervades
+these discourses, and admit that the style, especially in the
+descriptive passages, not unfrequently attains to real eloquence."
+--_Baptist Magazine._
+
+"He has extraordinary power of word-painting, and passages from these
+sermons might be quoted, as some of the brightest specimens of English
+composition."--_John Bull._
+
+"Much that is thoughtful and true is expressed in pleasing form, and
+we do not doubt that the work will be popular."--_Clerical Journal._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Nineteenth Edition, 800 pp., 8vo. cl., strongly bound, 21s.; or in
+calf, 26s.,
+
+TABLES OF SIMPLE INTEREST
+
+FOR EVERY DAY IN THE YEAR,
+
+At 5, 4-1/2, 4, 3-1/2, 3, and 2-1/2 per cent. per annum, from L1 to
+L100, &c.
+
+By JAMES LAURIE.
+
+"In the great requisites of simplicity of arrangement and
+comprehensiveness, we have none better adapted for general use."
+--_McCulloch's Commercial Dictionary._
+
+"Mr. Laurie was well known as one of the most correct and industrious
+authorities on commercial calculations, and the practical value of his
+various tables have long been recognised."--_Times._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Third Edition, 8vo. cloth, 7s.,
+
+HIGH RATE TABLES,
+
+At 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 9-1/2 per cent, per annum, from 1 day to 100
+days.
+
+By JAMES LAURIE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+New Edition, fcap. cloth, 3s.; gilt edges, 3s. 6d.,
+
+MANUAL OF HERALDRY,
+
+Being a concise Description of the several Terms used, and containing
+a Dictionary of every Designation in the Science. Illustrated by 400
+Engravings on Wood.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Price 4s. post 8vo. cloth, gilt edges,
+
+SCRIPTURE SITES AND SCENES,
+
+FROM ACTUAL SURVEY, IN EGYPT, ARABIA, AND PALESTINE.
+
+Illustrated by Seventeen Steel Engravings, Three Maps, and
+Thirty-Seven Woodcuts. By W.H. BARTLETT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+New Editions.
+
+RIPPON'S (Dr.) SELECTION OF HYMNS
+
+FROM THE BEST AUTHORS,
+
+Including a great number of Originals, intended as an Appendix to Dr.
+Watts's Psalms and Hymns.
+
+_Nonpareil 32mo._    _s._  _d._
+Roan                  1     6
+----, gilt edges      2     0
+Morocco               5     0
+
+_Long Primer 24mo._  _s._  _d._
+Roan                  2     6
+----, gilt edges      3     0
+Morocco               6     0
+
+_Large Type._        _s._  _d._
+Sheep                 5     0
+Roan, gilt edges      6     0
+Morocco               9     0
+
+
+BOUND WITH WATTS'S HYMNS,
+
+1 vol. 32mo., roan, 3s.; gilt edges, 3s. 6d.; morocco, 6s. 6d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BIBLE CHANTS, ADAPTED FOR PUBLIC WORSHIP.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+New Edition, fcap. 8vo. cloth gilt, 1s.,
+
+THE CHANT-BOOK:
+
+A SELECTION OF THE PSALMS AND OTHER PORTIONS OF HOLY SCRIPTURE,
+ARRANGED AND MARKED FOR CHANTING.
+
+By WILLIAM SHELMERDINE, Conductor of the Sacred Harmonic Society, and
+Organist of the Mechanics' Hall, &c., &c., Nottingham.
+
+With a Preface by the Rev. J.A. BAYNES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In crown 8vo., price 2s. 6d.,
+
+ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY CHANTS,
+
+ANCIENT AND MODERN.
+
+Arranged for four Voices, with an Accompaniment for the Organ or
+Pianoforte.
+
+To accompany the above.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In fcap. 8vo., price 5s., cloth gilt,
+
+THE PRINCE OF THE HOUSE OF DAVID;
+
+OR, THREE YEARS IN THE HOLY CITY.
+
+Edited by the Rev. Professor J.H. INGRAHAM, Rector of St. John's
+Church, Mobile. Illustrated with Engravings.
+
+"Our perusal of it has been only to impress us with the ability of the
+author in the use of the materials, and in the structure of a pleasing
+and most affecting tale."--_Clerical Journal._
+
+"This is the best production of its class that has come to our hands
+for a long time, and it is but candid and just to say that it adds
+very much to the stores of knowledge already existing about the
+East."--_British Standard._
+
+"We hardly know what to say about this book; it is written in
+beautiful style, and it conveys much valuable information as to the
+customs and manners of the inhabitants of the Holy Land."--_Wesleyan
+Times._
+
+"The whole is written in a semi-poetical style, which will prove
+attractive to religious readers."--_Leader._
+
+"The volume contains much information as to Jewish manners and
+customs."--_Baptist Magazine._
+
+"Professor Ingraham has worked out his plan with diligence and
+reverence."--_Literary Gazette._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+In post 8vo., price 7s. 6d., cloth gilt,
+
+FATHER AND DAUGHTER.
+
+A Portraiture from the Life. By FREDRIKA BREMER.
+
+"Another of those beautiful stories of home-life in Sweden for which
+Miss Bremer is so justly famed."--_Patriot._
+
+"A work by Miss Bremer can never fail to delight a great number of
+readers. It is like a walk through the fields on a frosty day--so free
+and buoyant is the air--so fresh and sparkling the aspect of nature
+and human nature in these northern regions."--_John Bull._
+
+"'Father and Daughter' might have made a name for a less distinguished
+writer.... Of course the book will be read by everybody. Many will
+applaud."--_Leader._
+
+"The book introduces us to people and things which are new to the
+novel-reading public, and which possess in themselves no ordinary
+degree of interest."--_Atlas._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In fcap., with Frontispiece, price 5s., cloth,
+
+THE MILL IN THE VALLEY.
+
+A Tale of German Rural Life. By the Author of "An English Girl's
+Account of a Moravian Settlement in the Black Forest."
+
+"A pretty tale, from the pen of a young but ready writer.... A
+religious story--simple, sketchy, and quietly romantic."--_Athenaeum._
+
+"This pretty volume is grave, thoughtful, and frequently pathetic;--a
+poem in prose, abounding in striking incident, rapid transitions, and
+pleasing surprise. It is likely to be admired by young persons, and
+extensively read."--_Christian Witness._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ARTHUR HALL, VIRTUE, & CO., 25, PATERNOSTER ROW.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EDUCATIONAL WORKS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Improved Edition, 18mo., cloth lettered, price 1s. 6d.,
+
+ACKWORTH VOCABULARY;
+
+Or, ENGLISH SPELLING-BOOK; with the meaning attached to each Word.
+
+Compiled for the use of Ackworth School.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+New Edition, 18mo., cloth lettered, price 2s.,
+
+BARBAULD'S LECONS POUR DES ENFANS,
+
+Depuis l'age de Deux Ans jusqu'a Cinq. Avec une Interpretation
+Anglaise.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+18mo., sewed, price 1s.,
+
+BARBAULD'S HYMNS EN PROSE.
+
+Traduits de l'Anglais. Par M. CLEMENCE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+12mo. cloth, price 2s.,
+
+BELLENGER'S ONE HUNDRED CHOICE FABLES,
+
+Imitated from LA FONTAINE. Intended for Persons about to learn the
+French language. With a DICTIONARY. New Edition, revised and corrected
+by C.J. DELILLE, Professor at Christ's Hospital.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Crown 8vo., cloth, price 4s.,
+
+MANUAL OF THE ANALOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HUMAN MIND.
+
+By the Rev. J. CARLILE, D.D. New Edition, enlarged.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Seventh Edition, 12mo. cloth, price 1s. 6d.,
+
+CHRISTIE'S CONSTRUCTIVE ETYMOLOGICAL SPELLING-BOOK.
+
+Exhibiting the Etymology and Meanings of 8,000 Words, with Lessons on
+Etymology, and Notes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Crown 8vo, cloth, with Frontispiece, price 5s.,
+
+THE EARTH AND ITS INHABITANTS.
+
+By MARGARET E. DARTON.
+
+"This is a valuable volume, containing a very clear, correct account
+of the leading facts connected with the surface of the earth, and its
+inhabitants.... As far as it goes, it is comprehensive, well written,
+and interesting, worthy of the daughter of Maria Hack, whose books
+will always be dear to the young and the old."--_Gentleman's
+Magazine._
+
+"We have rarely met with a volume containing so much valuable
+information for educational purposes as is brought together in this
+volume. It is prepared, too, in a manner which will immediately
+attract the interest of the young, in whose minds it will indelibly
+fix the numerous facts, with which every page abounds."--_Bell's
+Messenger._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Improved Edition, 12mo. cloth, price 2s.,
+
+GILES'S ENGLISH PARSING;
+
+Comprising the Rules of Syntax, exemplified by appropriate Lessons
+under each Rule.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+New Edition, 18mo., cloth, price 1s. 6d.,
+
+HOPKINS' EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY,
+
+On an Improved Plan.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+New Edition, price 1s. 6d., in cloth,
+
+PICTORIAL SPELLING-BOOK;
+
+Or, Lessons on Facts and Objects, With 130 Graphic Illustrations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+16mo. cloth, price 2s. 6d.,
+
+CHILD'S FIRST STEP TO ENGLISH HISTORY.
+
+By ANN RODWELL. With many Cuts. New Edition, revised by JULIA CORNER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+New Edition, 12mo. cloth, price 1s. 6d.,
+
+DERIVATIVE SPELLING-BOOK,
+
+In which the origin of each word is given from the Greek, Latin,
+Saxon, German, Teutonic, Dutch, French, Spanish, and other Languages,
+with the Parts of Speech, and the Pronunciation accented. By J.
+ROWBOTHAM, F.R.S.A.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+New and Enlarged Edition, fcap. 8vo., price 5s. cloth, red edges,
+
+STUDIES IN ENGLISH POETRY,
+
+With short Biographical Sketches, and Notes Explanatory and Critical,
+intended as a Text-book for the higher Classes in Schools, and as an
+Introduction to the Study of English Literature. By JOSEPH PAYNE.
+
+"The plan and the execution are equally good; altogether it is an
+excellent reading book of poetry."--_Watchman._
+
+"The work is deserving of commendation, as comprehending much that is
+excellent--the very flowers and gems of English poetry--and nothing
+exceptionable."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+New and Improved Edition, 12mo. cloth, price 2s. 6d.,
+
+A CATECHISM OF FAMILIAR THINGS,
+
+Their History, and the Events which led to their discovery: with a
+short Explanation of some of the principal Natural Phenomena. For the
+use of Schools and Families. By E.A. WILLEMENT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+M'HENRY'S SPANISH COURSE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+New Edition, revised, 12mo. bound, price 6s.,
+
+NEW AND IMPROVED GRAMMAR,
+
+Designed for every Class of Learners, and especially for
+Self-instruction. Containing the Elements of the SPANISH Language,
+and the Rules of Etymology and Syntax Exemplified; with NOTES
+and APPENDIX, consisting of Dialogues, Select Poetry, Commercial
+Correspondence, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Fifth Edition, price 3s., bound,
+
+EXERCISES ON THE ETYMOLOGY, SYNTAX, AND IDIOMS, &c., OF THE SPANISH
+LANGUAGE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Price 4s., bound,
+
+KEY TO THE EXERCISES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Price 5s. 6d. in 12mo. and 8vo.,
+
+SYNONYMES OF THE SPANISH LANGUAGE EXPLAINED.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WHEELER'S ABRIDGMENTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In Two Volumes, 18mo. cloth, price 2s. each,
+
+A POPULAR ABRIDGMENT OF OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY,
+
+For Schools, Families, and General Reading. Explained by Historical
+and Geographical Illustrations, and numerous Map Diagrams.
+
+"Every effort has been made to meet the wants of the general reader,
+and we find that he has fully succeeded in rendering his little
+labours universally acceptable."--_Britannia._
+
+"Two admirable and unexceptionable little volumes: they display both
+learning and research, and the explanations introduced where required
+are singularly lucid."--_New Quarterly Review._
+
+"We can strongly recommend them, in the belief that they are admirable
+for condensation, clearness, and judicious selection."--_London
+Quarterly Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE ANALYSES AND SUMMARIES
+OF
+OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Sixth edition, revised and improved, post 8vo., cloth, red edges,
+price 5s. 6d.,
+
+ANALYSIS AND SUMMARY OF OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY AND THE LAWS OF MOSES;
+
+With a Connexion between the Old and New Testaments; an Introductory
+Outline of the Geography, Political History, &c. By J.T. WHEELER,
+F.R.G.S., &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Fourth Edition, revised, post 8vo., cloth, red edges, price 5s. 6d.,
+
+ANALYSIS AND SUMMARY OF NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY;
+
+Including,
+  1. The Four Gospels harmonised into one continuous Narrative.
+  2. The Acts of the Apostles, and continuous History of St. Paul.
+  3. An Analysis of the Epistles and Book of Revelation.
+  4. An Introductory Outline of the Geography, Critical History,
+Authenticity, Credibility, and Inspiration of the New Testament. The
+whole illustrated by copious Historical, Geographical, and Antiquarian
+Notes, Chronological Tables, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+COMPANION ATLAS TO THE SERIES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Small folio, illustrated by large coloured Maps, and a View and Plan
+of Jerusalem, extra cloth, price 7s. 6d.,
+
+AN ANALYSIS AND SUMMARY OF THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY
+
+OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS;
+
+Comprising a Geographical Account of every Nation mentioned in the Old
+and New Testaments, illustrated and explained by brief Reviews of the
+Political History, digested into continuous narratives.
+
+The above Work is intended more especially to accompany the Analyses
+and Summaries of Old and New Testament History, but such additions
+have been introduced as will, it is hoped, render it of service to
+Biblical Students generally.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ARTHUR HALL, VIRTUE, & CO., 25, PATERNOSTER ROW.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MOST ELEGANT PRESENT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE
+
+BOOK OF THE THAMES, from its Rise to its Fall.
+
+BY
+MR. AND MRS. S.C. HALL
+
+WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS,
+
+
+THE AUTHORS TO THE PUBLIC.
+
+We have the honour to submit to the public a "Book of the Thames, from
+its Rise to its Fall," hopeful that our readers may share with us
+the enjoyment we have so long and so often derived from the "King of
+Island Rivers."
+
+We have traced the bountiful river from the bubbling well out of
+which it issues, in the meadow by Trewsbury Mead--its lonely
+birthplace--through its whole course, gathering tributaries, and
+passing with them through tranquil villages, populous towns, and
+crowded cities; ever fertilizing, ever beautifying, ever enriching,
+until it reaches the most populous city of the modern or the ancient
+world, forming thence the great highway by which a hundred nations
+traverse the globe. Aided by several accomplished artists, we have
+largely illustrated this volume, not only by engravings of its
+picturesque scenery, but by introducing the various objects of
+interest that are found upon its banks.
+
+OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
+
+"It is a book to endear to us our native England, and, produced with
+all the elegance of the printer's and the binder's art, will richly
+adorn the drawing-room table."--_Daily News._
+
+"It is by far the pleasantest book, certainly the most complete in
+design and execution, that has been published about the Thames for
+many years, and we can easily understand that in writing it the
+authors performed 'a labour of love.'"--_Morning Post._
+
+"This is one of the best in appearance of the ornamental works of the
+season ... the binding and the typography are excellent, and the style
+lively, superficial, and showy."--_John Bull._
+
+"A faithful as well as an agreeable guide to whatever of interest
+occurs along the entire course of the river. In short, it is a
+pleasant, well-written, and very handsome book on the pleasantest
+river an author could have to write about."--_Literary Gazette._
+
+IN THREE BINDINGS:
+
+Cloth          18s.
+Superbly gilt  21s.
+Morocco        26s.
+
+ARTHUR HALL, VIRTUE, & CO., 25, PATERNOSTER ROW.
+MENZIES, EDINBURGH.
+M'GLASHAN, DUBLIN.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MANUAL OF HERALDRY; FIFTH
+EDITION***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 16273.txt or 16273.zip *******
+
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/6/2/7/16273
+
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+